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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] 1. Field of the Invention [0002] This invention relates to an apparatus and method for enhancing extruded polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film adhesion to a cellulosic substrate. Such structures of this type, generally, use specialized primers which are applied in-line on the extruder such that the adhesion of PET to the cellulosic substrate can be greatly increased. This is accomplished by improvement of the chemical bond between the polymer film and substrate/primer. [0003] 2. Description of the Related Art [0004] When a cellulosic substrate such as paper or paperboard is extrusion coated with polymer, the polymer film formed during the process must have adequate adhesion to the substrate in order to withstand subsequent converting and end-use requirements. Historically, when extrusion coating the above-mentioned polymer onto the substrate adhesion could be determined adequate at “ambient” conditions; however, adhesion could be poor at higher humidity conditions (higher substrate moisture content). During the extrusion process, the polymer adheres to the substrate both through establishing chemical bonds and mechanically locking around the fibers on the surface of the substrate. This “break down” of adhesion strength at the higher humidity levels is a result of chemical bond degradation. [0005] The main end-use for a paperboard substrate coated with PET is in the frozen food market where the paperboard is formed into a carton which serves as a vessel to hold, distribute, and reconstitute the food. This food vessel is subjected to many different environments during this process, usually including one of high humidity, such as in a freezer, refrigerator or during distribution. Reduced adhesion can result in inferior carton performance due to the film layer separating from the paperboard. If adhesion could be improved at higher humidity levels (higher board moisture content) it would be of great value due to increased carton end-use performance. [0006] Historically, running higher PET coat weights has been the method to cope with the above phenomena. The high coat weight would improve the mechanical bond enough to overcome the break down of the chemical bond at the higher humidity levels. However, the drawbacks of this method are mainly higher cost due to increased use of polymer and a detrimental effect on converting and heat sealing. [0007] With respect to polyethylene (PE)—coated paper, such as for ink jet printing paper, the paper cannot be heated beyond 120° C. because of the low melting point of PE. This makes it unsuitable as a substrate for high-temperature applications, such as electrophotography, limits the range of available curing chemistries for ink jet receiving coatings, and slows down ink jet coating lines because driers must operate at low temperature. Also, it is known that adhesion of PET to the smooth surface of fine papers, regardless of coat weight, cannot be achieved. [0008] It is known, in paperboard packaging, to manufacture a material via the adhesion lamination process. Exemplary of such prior art is U.S. Pat. No. 4,900,594 ('594) to J. R. Quick et al., entitled “Pressure Formed Paperboard Tray With Oriented Polyester Film Interior.” This process involves the use of film manufactured in a separate process then adhered to the paperboard via an adhesive. However, there is no reference to film adhesion at high humidity. [0009] It is also known to adhere PET to paper. Exemplary of such prior art are U.S. Pat. No. 3,904,104 ('104) to W. P. Kane, entitled “Polyethylene Terephthalate/Paperboard Blank and Container Formed From Such Blank,” U.S. Pat. No. 3,924,013 ('013) to W. P. Kane, entitled “Method of Cooking Food in a Polyethylene Terephthalate/Paperboard Laminated Container,” U.S. Pat. No. 3,939,025 ('025) to W. P. Kane, entitled “Method of Making a Polyethylene Terephthalate Laminate,” and U.S. Pat. No. 3,967,998 ('998) to W. P. Kane, entitled “Polyethylene Terephthalate/Paperboard Laminate and Method of Making it, Container Blank Formed From Such Laminate and Container Formed From Such Blank, and Cooking Method Using Such Container.” For adhering PET to paperboard, the '104, '013, '025, and '998 references describe heating an uncoated paper surface to at least 285° F. by means of flame or hot gas. The paper should be in a pH range 7-7.5 and the intrinsic viscosity of the PET should be in the range of 0.51-0.85. However, no coat weights or adhesion characteristics at high moisture levels are given. [0010] It is further known to improve the adhesion of PET via the coextrusion process. Exemplary of such prior art is U.S. Pat. No. 4,455,184 ('184) to K. P. Thompson, entitled “Production of Laminate Polyester and Paperboard.” The process of the '184 reference involves the use of a layer of Ethylene Methyl Acrylate (EMA), Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) or blends containing these components. The materials described for promoting the adhesion all have low melt temperatures compared to PET. Consequently, this imbalance of melt temperatures limits the end-use range of the materials. For example, the PET film would delaminate when forming cartons via hot air due to the low melt temperature of the adhesive layer and cause blisters. Also, there is no reference to PET adhesion at high humidity in the '184 reference. [0011] Finally, it is known to employ a process to improve PET adhesion via corona treatment. Exemplary of such prior art is U.S. Pat. No. 4,147,836 ('836) to S. W. Middleton et al., entitled “Polyester Coated Paperboard for Forming Food Containers and Process for Producing the Same.” Again, as with previous reference, the '836 reference does not disclose adhesion of PET at high humidity. [0012] It is apparent from the above that there exists a need in the art for an apparatus and method that is capable of adhering polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to a cellulosic substrate through simplicity of parts and uniqueness of structure, and which at least equals the adhesion characteristics of the known apparatus and method, but which at the same time enhances the adhesion of PET to a cellulosic substrate. It is the purpose of this invention to fulfill this and other needs in the art in a manner more apparent to the skilled artisan once given the following disclosure. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0013] Generally speaking, this invention fulfills these needs by providing a method for enhancing extruded polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film adhesion to a cellulosic substrate, wherein said method is comprised of the steps of: coating a cellulosic substrate with a layer of a water-based PET primer emulsion; drying the primer emulsion layer; and coating the primer emulsion layer with a layer of PET. [0014] In certain preferred embodiments, the water-based PET primer is applied at a coat weight rate of 0.5-6 pounds/3000 sq. ft. Also, the PET layer is applied over the primer in a coat weight rate of 6-30 pounds/3000 sq. ft. Finally, the cellulosic substrate is paper and/or paperboard. [0015] In another further preferred embodiment, through the use of the specialized primer applied on-line by the extruder, adhesion of PET to paperboard can be greatly increased at high humidity levels. Added benefits include reduced costs due to lower than typical coat weights and faster extruder line speed. [0016] The preferred method, according to this invention, offers the following advantages: good stability; good durability; excellent economy; reduced coat weights; enhanced adhesion; and faster extruder line speeds. In fact, in many of the preferred embodiments, these factors of excellent economy, reduced coat weights, enhanced adhesion, and faster extruder line speeds are optimized to an extent that is considerably higher than heretofore achieved in prior, known PET coating systems. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING [0017] The above and other features of the present invention, which will become more apparent as the description proceeds, are best understood by considering the following detailed description, in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which the single FIGURE is a cross sectional view of a extrusion coater with a primer station, according to the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0018] With reference first to the FIGURE, there is illustrated an advantageous environment for use of the concepts of this invention. In particular, extrusion coater 2 is illustrated. Coater 2 includes, in part, unwind roll 4 , primer coating unit 6 , primer drying section 8 , conventional extruder 10 , and rewind roll 12 . [0019] Paperboard unwound roll 4 is produced from a cellulosic substrate, such as a 0.018 inch thick bleached sulfate sheet. Definitely, the term paperboard describes paper within a thickness range of 0.012-0.024 inches. The invention is relative to the full scope of such a range, as applied to packaging and beyond. [0020] In use for food carton stock, paperboard is usually clay coated on at least one side surface and frequently on both sides. The paperboard trade characterizes a paperboard web or sheet that has been clay coated on one side as C1S and as C2S for a sheet coated on both sides. Compositionally, this paperboard coating is a fluidized blend of minerals such as coating clay, calcium carbonate, and/or titanium dioxide with starch which is smoothly applied to the traveling web surface. Successive densification and polishing by calendering finishes the mineral coated surface to a high degree of smoothness in the superior graphics print surface. Preferably, in the present invention, the paperboard formed into roll 4 is C1S paperboard with the particulate mineral coating being located on the side of the paperboard not in contact with the primer or the PET coating. [0021] It is to be understood that uncoated paper in the thickness range of 0.004 and 0.01 inches can also be coated, according to the present invention. The uncoated paper is conventionally machine finished. [0022] During the operation of coater 2 , paper or paperboard is unwound from roll 4 and precedes past primer coating unit 6 . The method of primer application is preferably via gravure; however, other techniques such as rod, roll, blade or other means capable of applying a solution can be incorporated. Prior to the printer application, the paper/paperboard web should be heat treated by a conventional flame or corona treatment. [0023] If applied to paperboard, the primer, preferably, is formulated from a water-based PET emulsion produced by the Mica Corporation of Stratford, Conn., under the product identification of M-1173. Other primers manufactured or compounded from Eastman Chemical's (Kingsport, Tenn.) line of water-based PET emulsions by other coating companies such as Michelman, Inc. Of Cincinnati, Ohio, have also performed well in promoting adhesion to paperboard at high humidity levels. The optimal primer application coat weight for the material described is around 2 pounds/3000 sq. ft. wet. A range of 0.50-6 pounds/3000 sq. ft. wet will also provide adhesion improvement. [0024] If applied to paper, the primer, preferably, is formulated from a water-based PET emulsion produced by the Mica Corporation of Stratford, Conn., under the product identification of M-1173. Other primers manufactured or compounded from Eastman Chemical's (Kingsport, Tenn.) line of water-based PET emulsions by other coating companies such as Michelman, Inc. Of Cincinnati, Ohio, have also performed well in promoting adhesion to paper. The optimal primer application coat weight for the material described is around 6 pounds/3000 sq. ft. wet. A range of 1.5-18 pounds/3000 sq. ft. wet will also provide adhesion improvement. [0025] As the attached FIGURE indicates, drying of the applied primer prior to extrusion coating is necessary. Flame treatment, typically, used for promotion of PET adhesion, is not necessary with the primer method described in the present invention. Drying, preferably, is carried out by a conventional forced air or infrared heater. [0026] The PET coat weight applied on extruder 10 over the primer is in the range of 6-30 pounds/3000 sq. ft. with the optimal being around 9 pounds/3000 sq. ft. Finally, the primed and PET coated paper/paperboard web is wound upon rewind roll 12 . [0027] For fine papers, preferably, the PET is pigmented with a blend of anatase TiO 2 (preferably 15%), an ultramarine blue pigment (300 ppm expressed as a % weight of the extrusion coated layer), and a optical brightener (300 ppm optical brightener such as OB3, manufactured by Eastman Chemical). This pigmented PET has a blue tint and decreased yellowness. This PET coating is applied over a coatweight range of 9-14 pounds/3000 sq. ft. with the optimal coat weight being 10-11 pounds/3000 sq. ft. In this manner, the paper, coated according to the present invention would have a structure from top to bottom of: [0028] (un)pigmented PET/primer/uncoated fine paper/primer/(un)pigmented PET [0029] In order to demonstrate the efficacy of the present invention, typical PET ovenable paperboard was compared with a PET extruded ovenable paperboard produced, according to the present invention. Below is Table 1 of the test results. TABLE 1 MD/CD Adhesion MD/CD Adhesion Sample @70F/50% RH @80F/80% RH Conventional Ovenable Yes No PET ovenable with primer Yes Yes [0030] The water-based primer from Mica, Inc. was used to investigate possible adhesion improvements for ovenable paperboard. The primer samples were prepared using a conventional #3 wire wound rod on a conventional lab coater and dried for 15 seconds in a 250° F. oven. The wet weight application for the primer was approximately 1.9 pounds/3000 sq. ft. using the #3 wire wound rod. The #3 rod was chosen to emulate previously successful gravure roll applications. [0031] For the extrusion coated primer sample, the burners were turned off to prevent premature activation of the primer. The unprimed paperboard produced during the primer trial (burner off) had no adhesion. Polyester coat weights for the test were conventionally applied in the 7-8 pounds/3000 sq. ft. range. Both the conventional ovenable paperboard and the primer coated paperboard of the present invention had good adhesion at time of manufacture. Samples of conventional ovenable board and paperboard produced, according to the present invention, were subjected to specific humidity/temperature conditioning and tested for adhesion. As one can see, at high humidity conditions [80% relative humidity (RH)], the conventional paperboard did not provide proper adhesion. Conversely, the primed, PET coated paperboard exhibited adhesion at this high humidity. [0032] The method described in the present invention allowed the preparation of PET-coated fine papers intended for use in digital printing or other applications that would benefit from PET. As discussed earlier, PET does not readily adhere onto the smooth, machine finished surface of fine papers even at high coat weights. Hence, the only prior option for preparation of such products was to utilize some sort of adhesive layer, such as an extrusion coated tie layer used in the previously discussed '184 reference. [0033] In particular, Ethylene Methyl Acrylate copolymer (EMA), was evaluated as a tie layer between pigmented PET and a conventional fine paper. Equistar's EM 806-009 ethylene methyl acrylate copolymer (6 g/10 min melt index), containing 20% methyl acrylate, was used. A conventional machine finished fine paper was used. Pigmented (Eastman SB038-03AP) PET was used only after runnability was established; unpigmented PET (Eastman 9921) was used for most conditions. The substrate's surface was pretreated with a conventional flame treatment. Typical line speed was 350 ft/min and the air gap was maintained at 6″. A glossy chill roll was used for all conditions. [0034] Fiber tear adhesion was obtained even at the lowest coat weights attempted, namely 2 lb/3000 ft 2 for EMA and 15 lb/3000 ft 2 for PET. However, when samples were placed in a convection oven at 300° F., they blistered within 5-10 sec. [0035] Surprisingly, fiber tear adhesion was also obtained when the aqueous primer of the present invention was applied in line with a gravure roll at approximately 2.4 lb/3000 ft 2 wet. The pigmented PET was the same, albeit the coat weight where fiber tear adhesion was obtained was as low as approximately 9 lb/3000 ft 2 , the lowest attempted in this experiment. The paper was flame treated immediately prior to primer application, and the primer was fully dried by forced air before the web reached the PET melt. Flame treatment after primer application was avoided to prevent damaging the primer. Samples obtained from these experiments were placed in a conventional oven at 300° F. for at least one minute and no blisters were detected. These pigmented PET-coated papers had superior gloss (20° gloss: approximately 100), CIE brightness approximately 89 and whiteness approximately 94 (CIELAB 10°/D65/RSEX). [0036] Once given the above disclosure, many other features, modifications or improvements will become apparent to the skilled artisan. Such features, modifications or improvements are therefore, considered to be a part of this invention, the scope of which is to be determined by the following claims.	This invention relates to an apparatus and method for enhancing extruded polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film adhesion to a cellulosic substrate. Such structures of this type, generally, use specialized primers which are applied in-line on the extruder such that the adhesion of PET to the cellulosic substrate can be greatly increased. This is accomplished by improvement of the chemical bond between the polymer film and substrate/primer.	3
CLAIM OF PRIORITY TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application entitled “MATERIALS FOR GAS CAPTURE, METHODS OF MAKING MATERIALS FOR GAS CAPTURE, AND METHODS OF CAPTURING GAS” having Ser. No. 61/576,416, filed on Dec. 16, 2011, which is entirely incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND Due to the increasing dependence on fossil fuels to meet our energy needs during the last few decades, the release of the greenhouse gas CO 2 has increased exponentially. Approximately 33 billion tons of carbon in the form of CO 2 was emitted into the atmosphere in 2010, and this trend is increasing every year. Due to rapid development worldwide, the energy demand is increasing. Unfortunately, there will be no significant change in the coming years in terms of the source of this energy, and fossil fuel will remain the major source for fulfilling this energy requirement. Therefore, there are extensive efforts underway to develop technologies that will allow fossil fuel to be used with reduced CO 2 emissions. CO 2 capture and sequestration using solid adsorbents have received extensive interest due to their good sorption capacity, stability, ease of handling and reusability. A wide range of materials, such as amine-functionalized silica, oxides, zeolites, carbon, polymers and, recently, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), have been used. Among these materials, organic amino-functionalized silica has shown promise in fulfilling the desired working capture capacity. Although functionalization with organic amino moieties such as (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) can result in high amine loadings onto the support material, the longevity of this type of material appears to be limited due to leaching of the organics from the support. Other disadvantages include the structural degradation of the support upon grafting and a drastic decrease in textural properties (surface area, pore volume and pore size). Additionally, the grafting processes are not clean and green because they require the use of expensive chemicals (such as APTES) or toxic solvents (e.g., toluene) and require multistep operations (extractions, filtration, washing, and drying). More critically, their thermal stability is a major concern. Degradation of the amines from solid supports can reduce the capture capacity, restrict the regeneration and reusability and produce toxic volatile molecules. Therefore, there is a need to overcome these serious issues. SUMMARY In accordance with the purpose(s) of the present disclosure, as embodied and broadly described herein, embodiments of the present disclosure, in one aspect, relate to materials that can be used for gas (e.g., CO 2 ) capture, methods of making materials, methods of capturing gas (e.g., CO 2 ), and the like, and the like. In an embodiment, a method of removing CO 2 , among others, includes: providing an ammonolyated/nitradated material; and exposing the ammonolyated/nitradated material to CO 2 , wherein at least a portion of the CO 2 is captured by the ammonolyated/nitradated material. In an embodiment, a structure, among others, includes: an ammonolyated/nitradated material having the characteristic of capturing CO 2 . In an embodiment, a method of making ammonolyated/nitradated material, among others, includes: providing a material; dehydroxylating the material; and exposing the material to ammonia at a temperature of about −273 K to 2000 K or more to form an ammonolyated/nitradated material. In an embodiment, a method of removing elements, among others, includes: providing an ammonolyated/nitradated material; and exposing the ammonolyated/nitradated material to a matrix that includes the elements, wherein at least a portion of these elements is captured/removed by the ammonolyated/nitradated material. In an embodiment, a method of removing organic molecules, among others, includes: providing an ammonolyated/nitradated material; and exposing the ammonolyated/nitradated material to a matrix that includes the molecules, wherein at least a portion of these elements is captured/removed by the ammonolyated/nitradated material. Other structures, methods, features, and advantages will be, or become, apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following drawings and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional structures, systems, methods, features, and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the present disclosure, and be protected by the accompanying claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Many aspects of this disclosure can be better understood with reference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon clearly illustrating the principles of the present disclosure. Moreover, in the drawings, like reference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout the several views. FIG. 1.1 illustrates a general overview of the ammoniation of silica, as a function of reaction temperature. FIG. 1.2 illustrates cyclic chlorination and ammoniation of silica. FIG. 2.1 illustrates Scheme 1, which is a representative synthesis of KCC1-NH 2 , MCM41-NH 2 , and SBA15-NH 2 . FIGS. 2.2A , 2 . 2 B, and 2 . 2 C illustrate nitrogen isotherms for KCC-1, SBA-15, and MCM-41. FIGS. 2.3A , 2 . 3 B, and 2 . 3 C illustrates CO 2 adsorption isotherms for KCC-1, SBA-15, and MCM-41. FIG. 2.4 illustrates the adsorption of CO 2 on nitridated KCC-1 and SBA-15. FIG. 2.5 illustrates a graph of the effect of nitridation temperature on KCC-1, SBA-15, and MCM-41. FIG. 2.6 illustrates a graph of the thermal stability of KCC-1 (bottom line) and SBA-15 (top line). FIG. 3.1 illustrates graphs of the CO 2 adsorption on calcined and nitrided ( 3 . 1 a ) KCC-1, ( 3 . 1 c ) SBA-15, and ( 3 . 1 e ) MCM-41 at 25° C.; Rate of adsorption of CO 2 on ( 3 . 1 b ) KCC-1-N700, ( 3 . 1 d ) SBA-15-N700, and ( 3 . 1 f ) MCM-41-N700 at 25° C. FIG. 3.2 illustrates graphs of the CO 2 adsorption at 25° C. and 50° C. on ( 3 . 2 a ) KCC-1-N700, ( 3 . 2 b ) SBA-15-N700, ( 3 . 2 c ) MCM-41-N700; and isosteric heats of adsorption of ( 3 . 2 d ) KCC-1-N700, ( 3 . 2 e ) SBA-15-N700, and ( 3 . 2 f ) MCM-41-N700 at different CO 2 loading. FIG. 3.3 illustrates TEM images of ( 3 . 3 a ) KCC-1, ( 3 . 3 b ) KCC-1-N700, ( 3 . 3 c ) KCC-1-N700-R, ( 3 . 3 d ) SBA-15, ( 3 . 3 e ) SBAC-15-N700, ( 3 . 3 d ) SBA-15-N700-R, ( 3 . 3 g ) MCM-41, ( 3 . 3 h ) MCM-41-N700, and ( 3 . 3 i ) MCM-41-N700-R. FIG. 3.4 illustrates XRD patterns of ( 3 . 4 a ) SBA-15 nitrided materials ( 3 . 4 c ) MCM-41 nitrided materials and ( 3 . 4 e ) KCC-1 nitrided materials; adsorption-desorption isotherms of N 2 on ( 3 . 4 b ) SBA-15 nitrided materials, ( 3 . 4 d ) MCM-41 nitrided materials, and ( 3 . 4 f ) KCC-1 nitrided materials. FIG. 3.5 illustrates IR spectra of KCC-1 Series of materials. FIG. 3.6 illustrates IR spectra of MCM-41 Series of materials. FIG. 3.7 illustrates 29 Si-MAS-NMR of KCC-1 Series of materials. FIG. 3.8 illustrates 29 Si-MAS-NMR of SBA-15 Series of materials. FIG. 3.9 illustrates 29 Si-MAS-NMR of MCM-41 Series of materials. FIG. 3.10 illustrates the regeneration and reuse of sorbents: KCC-1-N700, SBA-15-N700 and MCM-41-N700. FIG. 3.11 illustrates the thermal gravimetric analysis of sorbents in air and in argon. FIG. 3.12 illustrates the thermal stability of the synthesized nitrided materials. DETAILED DESCRIPTION This disclosure is not limited to particular embodiments described, and as such may, of course, vary. The terminology used herein serves the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present disclosure will be limited only by the appended claims. Where a range of values is provided, each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range, is encompassed within the disclosure. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included in the smaller ranges and are also encompassed within the disclosure, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the disclosure. Embodiments of the present disclosure will employ, unless otherwise indicated, techniques of material science, chemistry, physics, and the like, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. The following examples are put forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to perform the methods and use the compositions and compounds disclosed and claimed herein. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.), but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in ° C., and pressure is at or near atmospheric. Standard temperature and pressure are defined as 20° C. and 1 atmosphere. Before the embodiments of the present disclosure are described in detail, it is to be understood that, unless otherwise indicated, the present disclosure is not limited to particular materials, reagents, reaction materials, manufacturing processes, dimensions, frequency ranges, applications, or the like, as such can vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for purposes of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be limiting. It is also possible in the present disclosure that steps can be executed in different sequence, where this is logically possible. It is also possible that the embodiments of the present disclosure can be applied to additional embodiments involving measurements beyond the examples described herein, which are not intended to be limiting. It is furthermore possible that the embodiments of the present disclosure can be combined or integrated with other measurement techniques beyond the examples described herein, which are not intended to be limiting. It should be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a support” includes a plurality of supports. In this specification and in the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of terms that shall be defined to have the following meanings unless a contrary intention is apparent. Each of the applications and patents cited in this text, as well as each document or reference cited in each of the applications and patents (including during the prosecution of each issued patent; “application cited documents”), and each of the PCT and foreign applications or patents corresponding to and/or claiming priority from any of these applications and patents, and each of the documents cited or referenced in each of the application cited documents, are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference. Further, documents or references cited in this text, in a Reference List before the claims, or in the text itself; and each of these documents or references (“herein cited references”), as well as each document or reference cited in each of the herein-cited references (including any manufacturer's specifications, instructions, etc.) are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference. Discussion Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for materials that can be used for gas (e.g., CO 2 ) capture, methods of making materials, methods of capturing gas (e.g., CO 2 ), and the like. An advantage of an embodiment of the present disclosure is that the materials (also referred to as “functionalized particles or materials” or “ammonolyated/nitradated material”) show excellent CO 2 capture (e.g., absorption or adsorption) capability while also being stable (e.g., thermally stable). In addition, an advantage of an embodiment of the present disclosure is that the particles can be regenerated and reused several times. Furthermore, an advantage of an embodiment of the present disclosure is that the method for making the materials is not complex. In an embodiment, the ammonolyated/nitradated material can be an ammonolyated/nitradated silica material, an ammonolyated/nitradated metal oxide material, or an ammonolyated/nitradated non-metal oxide material. FIG. 1.2 provides an exemplary example of ammonolyated/nitradated silica material. In an embodiment, the ammonolyated/nitradated material can have the characteristic of capturing one or more gases (e.g., CO 2 , H 2 S, alkane, olefin, hydrogen, oxygen, ammonia, CO, acid gases, inert gases, and a combination thereof). In addition, the ammonolyated/nitradated material can be used to capture or remove metals or elements in any oxidation state (e.g., heavy metal, light metal, and metal such as copper, copper compounds, palladium, palladium compounds, gold, gold compounds, cadmium, cadmium compounds, arsenic, actinium, thorium, uranium, radium, arsenic, arsenic compounds, arsine, barium, soluble compounds, sulfate, beryllium, beryllium compounds, boron, borates, boron halides, cadmium, salts, chromium, chromium compounds, germanium tetrahydride, indium, indium compounds, iron salts, soluble iron compounds, lead, lead salts, lead organo compounds, manganese compounds, mercury metal, mercury compounds, mercury organo compounds, molybdenum compounds, nickel compounds, osmium compounds, osmium tetroxide, rhodium compounds, selenium compounds, silver compounds, soluble silver compounds, tellurium compounds, thallium compounds, soluble thallium compounds, tin compounds, inorganic and organic tin compounds, tungsten compounds, tungsten compounds soluble, uranium compounds, yttrium metal, yttrium compounds, zinc, zinc compounds, chromates, oxide dust, zirconium compounds, and a combination thereof), or organic molecules (e.g., aldehyde, ketone, alcohols, alkanes, alkenes, amine, acid, base, and a combination thereof). Furthermore, the ammonolyated/nitradated material can be used as a catalyst support. In an embodiment, the ammonolyated/nitradated material can have dimensions of about 1 nm to 1,000,000 cm, and any increment there between. In an example, the ammonolyated/nitradated material can have any shape (e.g., spherical) and when the ammonolyated/nitradated material has a spherical shape, it can have a diameter in the range noted above. In an embodiment, the ammonolyated/nitradated material can have a porous structure, a non-porous structure, an amorphous structure, or a crystalline structure. In general, the porous structure has a larger surface area than a non-porous structure of similar dimensions. In an embodiment, the porous structure can include a plurality of pores that can extend into the particle in random and/or defined channels. In an embodiment, one or more of the pores can extend through the materials. In an embodiment, the ammonolysis reaction can occur on the surface of the materials as well as within the pores so that amine groups are formed on the materials and within the channels. In an embodiment, the nitridated silica silanol groups of parent materials (KCC-1, SBA-15 and MCM-41), was replaced by amine groups. In an embodiment, the concentration of amine groups varies from about 0.1% to 70%, about 10 to 70%, about 30 to 70%, or about 50 to 70%, depending on temperature of nitridation. In an embodiment, the surface area and other structural properties can be altered by adjusting the temperature of the nitridation. As mentioned above, the ammonolyated/nitradated material can be an ammonolyated/nitradated silica material. In an embodiment, the silica material can be precipitated silica, fumes silica, fused silica, silica aerogel, silicates, hydrophobic or hydrophilic silica, silica from the MCM family, silica from the SBA family, silica from the KCC family, and their composites with other materials like metal or non-metal oxides. In a particular, embodiment, the silica can be purchased and has the trade names of KCC-1, MCM, and SBA. In an embodiment, the ammonolyated/nitradated silica material has a plurality of silicon-amine groups and/or silicon-oxynitide groups. The KCC family is discussed in patent application PCT/US10/48004 (HIGH SURFACE AREA FIBROUS SILICA NANOPARTICLES), which is incorporated herein by reference. The KCC family is related to a new family of well-ordered nanoparticles with a particularly high surface area. The high surface area is due to the fibrous morphology of the nanoparticles. The nanoparticles show excellent physical properties, including a high surface area and a fibrous surface morphology, which makes it possible to obtain a high concentration of highly dispersed and easily accessible moieties on the surface of the nanoparticle. The nanoparticles also possess a high thermal stability and a high mechanical stability, rendering them suitable for a wide variety of applications in industry. The KCC family generally includes nanoparticles that have a plurality of fibers, wherein each fiber is in contact with at least one other fiber. The term “nanoparticle” as used herein refers to a particle having a maximum diameter of between 1 and 5000 nm. “Plurality” as used herein refers to three or more. A “fiber” as used herein refers to a slender, threadlike structure that includes a length and a maximal thickness. Thickness can vary along the length of the fiber or it can be uniform along the length of the fiber. Different fibers can be of variable thickness or can be of uniform thickness. Similarly, fibers can be of variable length or can be of uniform length. In some embodiments, fibers are of varying lengths and varying thicknesses. In other embodiments, the fibers of a single nanoparticle are of uniform thickness and length. In particular embodiments, the nanoparticle includes silica (silicon dioxide), titania, alumina, ceria, zirconia, or a mixture thereof. In an embodiment, the fibers of a single nanoparticle may be of a length of about 1, 10, 50, 100, 500, or 1000 nm to about 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, or 5000 nm, including all values and ranges there between. In particular embodiments, each fiber has a length of about 1, 10, 50, 100, or 500 nm to about 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 or 1000 nm, including all values and ranges there between. In more particular embodiments, each fiber has a length of about 1 nm to about 500 nm. The maximum thickness of a particular fiber can range from about 1 nm to about 100 nm. In more particular embodiments, the maximum thickness of a particular fiber can be about 1 nm to about 50 nm, about 1 nm to about 10 nm, or about 4 nm to about 10 nm. In some embodiments, each fiber has a length of about 1 nm to about 1000 nm and a thickness of about 1 nm to about 50 nm. In further embodiments, each fiber of a single nanoparticle has a length of about 1 nm to about 250 nm, and a thickness of about 1 nm to about 10 nm. The number of fibers of a nanoparticle can vary. In some embodiments, the nanoparticle includes at least about 100 fibers, at least about 1000 fibers, at least about 10,000 fibers, at least about 100,000 fibers, or at least about 1,000,000 fibers or more, or any range of number of fibers derivable therein (e.g., about 100 to 1,000,000 fibers, 100,00 to 1,000,000 fibers, and the like). In some embodiments, the nanoparticle has a configuration that is substantially spherical (herein referred to as a “nanosphere”). In such embodiments, the nanoparticle includes fibers that are substantially radially oriented within the nanosphere (i.e., converging to a central region of the nanoparticle). In such embodiments, the length of a fiber is the distance from the peripheral end of the fiber to the point the fiber attaches to another nanofiber in the central region of the nanosphere and is thus approximately equal to the radius of the nanosphere. In particular embodiments, the nanoparticle is a nanosphere comprised of silica that includes at least 100 fibers, where each fiber has a length of about 1 nm and about 250 nm and each fiber has a thickness of about 1 nm and about 10 nm. In particular embodiments, as discussed above, the fibers are composed of silica. In further embodiments, the silica fibers include one or more attached ligands. A “ligand” as used herein refers to an ion, a molecule, a compound, a macromolecule, or a molecular group that is in contact with the fiber. In an embodiment, the contact may be direct contact, such as through a covalent bond or an ionic bond. For example, the ligand may be covalently attached to an oxygen atom of silica. Alternatively, the contact may be indirect, such as through an intervening molecule, such as a linker. The ligand may be attached by simple absorption or adsorption. In certain aspects, an intervening molecule is in contact with the ligand and the fiber. Non-limiting examples of linkers include an alkyl, a hydride, a carbene, a carbyne, a cyclopentadienyl, an alkoxide, an amido, or an imido group. The contact may be by simple absorption or adsorption of moieties onto the fibrous surface, admixed into the substance of the fibers, or inside the fibrous surface. Non-limiting examples of ligands include metal catalytic molecules and organic molecules. “Metal catalytic molecule” as used herein refers to a metal ion, a metal oxide, any of various organometallic complexes or any molecule to which a metal ion or metal oxide is bound. Non-limiting examples of metals include Au, Pt, Pd, Ag, Ni, Ru, Rh, Ir, Os, Co, Mo, W, Re, Mn, In, Ga, Cd, Cr, Zr, Ta, Fe, and Cu. Non-limiting examples of metal oxides include various metal oxides of the above metals, Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , CeO 2 , CuO, ZnO, SiO 2 , V 2 O 5 , MgO, La 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , SnO 2 , MnO 2 , MoO 3 , Mo 2 O 5 , and zeolites. In some embodiments, the nanoparticle has a diameter of about 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70.80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 nm to about 1000, 1500, 2000, 25000, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500 or 5000 nm, including all values and ranges there between. In further embodiments, the nanoparticle has a diameter of about 100 nm to about 750 nm. In still further embodiments, the nanoparticle has a diameter of about 250 nm to about 500 nm. In particular embodiments, the nanoparticle is a nanosphere comprised of a plurality of fibers having a thickness of about 1 nm to about 10 nm and a length of about 25 nm to about 250 nm, where the nanoparticle is composed of silica and has a diameter of about 50 nm to about 500 nm. In a more particular embodiment, the nanosphere has a diameter of about 250 nm to about 450 nm. As mentioned above, the ammonolyated/nitradated material can be an ammonolyated/nitradated metal oxide material. In an embodiment, the metal oxide material can include the oxide of a metal such as Au, Pt, Pd, Ag, Ni, Ru, Rh, Ir, Os, Co, Fe, Cu, as well as combinations of one or more of these. In an embodiment, the ammonolyated/nitradated metal oxide material has a plurality of metal oxide-amine groups and/or oxynitide groups. As mentioned above, the ammonolyated/nitradated material can be an ammonolyated/nitradated non-metal oxide material. In an embodiment, the ammonolyated/nitradated non-metal oxide material has a plurality of non-metal oxide-amine groups and/or oxynitide groups. The following illustrates some exemplary ways in which the amine and/or oxynitide groups are attached to the material, in this case Si, but is not limited to, Si. Nitridation (ammoniation) of silica base materials: Surface Chemistry: Highly dispersed silica dehydroxylated above temperature 723K is able to react with NH 3 forming NH 2 groups. Formation of the type and concentration of nitrogen containing species such as SiN 3 O, Si—NH 2 , Si—NH, and SiN 3 is highly dependent on reaction temperature. Adsorption of ammonia on silica and formation of Si—NH 2 can occur by two possible mechanisms: A) At moderate temperature: (<673K) Si—OH+NH 3 →Si—NH 2 +H 2 O B) High temperature (up to 773K) Si—O—Si+NH 3 →Si—NH 2 +Si—OH At temperature above 873K the formation of silazane (Si—NH—Si) species is favored with following possible mechanisms: Si—O—Si—NH 2 →Si—NH—Si—OH Si—NH 2 +Si—OH→Si—NH—Si+H 2 O Under very high temperature of up to 1473K result in formation of silicon-oxynitride (Si 2 N 2 O) with residual silica. The effect of reaction temperature on ammoniation of silica is shown in FIG. 1.1 . It can be seen that for all regions an overlap of effect can be observed: at almost every reaction temperature, a mixture of several surface species are observed. Alternative Approach: Due to the difficulties encountered in direct ammoniation, a pre-activation of the silica surface method is can be used, prior to the ammoniation. This preactivation usually includes a replacement of the surface hydroxyls groups by more reactive groups. CCl 4 , SOCl 2 , chlorosilanes, B 2 H 6 or BCl 3 , can do this. In these cases, the uptake of ammonia is enhanced typically with a factor 10. Reaction of Ammonia with Unmodified Silica Surface: 1) At Moderate Temperatures Ammonia chemisorption only occurs at reaction temperatures above 673 K, and proceeds according to two reaction mechanisms. The main reaction (A) is a substitution reaction: —Si—OH+NH 3 →—Si—NH 2 +H 2 O (A) Second possible mechanism is dissociative reaction with siloxane bridges —Si—O—Si—+NH 3 →—Si—NH 2 +—Si—OH (B) This reaction only occurs at relatively high (+773 K) pretreatment and reaction temperatures. 2) At High Temperatures At higher temperature, the formation of silazane species is promoted probably due to a secondary reaction of the Si—NH 2 species with (strained) siloxane bridges, according to reaction (C) 3) At Very High Temperatures The final product of this directs nitridation method is silicon-oxynitride (Si 2 N 2 O) with residual silica. The nitridation is not restricted to the surface, but the N diffuses also into the bulk structure of the silica. No adequate mechanisms were presented yet to explain the observed reactions. Chlorination of Silica Surfaces: The reaction between silica and halogenating reagents permits the direct replacement of hydroxyl groups with halogen atoms, yielding reactive ═Si—X surface groups. Reaction with SOCl 2 One of the most common methods for the preparation of ═Si—Cl groups is the treatment of the silica with thionyl chloride. In order to achieve a maximum conversion, the reaction is preferably carried out at temperatures above the boiling point of SOCl 2 . After reaction, the physisorbed gases have to be removed by heating the product at 473 K under vacuum Reaction with CCl 4 Complete chlorination of the surface hydroxyl groups can also be achieved by treatment with CCl 4 . The reaction is believed to proceed according to mechanism Ammoniation of the Chlorinated Silica Surface: Ammoniation of chlorinated surface takes place by thorough following reaction Ammoniation with Trichlorosilane: The ammoniation of chlorosily!ated silica is exemplified for the case of trichlorosilylated silica. Ammoniation at Room Temperature: When the silica gel is treated with trichlorosilane, prior to the ammoniation, the ammonia uptake capacity is enhanced with a factor 5-10. This enhancement is effective in the entire reaction temperature region. The room temperature ammoniation of chlorinated silica surfaces is completed within 5 minutes. Obviously, all ammoniation reactions occur in the gaseous phase. Following is a possible reaction mechanism for this reaction: Ammoniation at Higher Temperatures When the reaction temperature is raised above 423 K, the reaction mechanism becomes more complex: NH 4 Cl sublimes from the surface and the amine function get gradually convert towards silazane and nitride species. Cyclic Chlorination and Ammoniation of Silica as Shown in FIG. 1.2 : This reaction will densify the NH 2 group o silica surface Cycle 1: Dehydroxilation of silica followed by Chlorination (with CCl 4 , HSiCl 3 , SOCl 2 , etc) and ammonia adsorption. Cycle 2: Subjecting the ammoniated trichlorosilylated silica sample to another trichlorosilylation at room temperature followed by ammoniation Embodiments of the present disclosure also include methods of making ammonolyated/nitradated material. Initially, the material (e.g., silica, metal oxide, and the like) is dehydroxylated or used without dehydroxylation. In an embodiment, the dehydroxylating can be conducted by heating the material to a sufficient temperature to remove the water (e.g., from 100 to 1500K or more). In an embodiment, the temperature in the dehydroxylating step can increase at a rate of 1° C./min to 1° C./h and can be held at the desired temperature for about 0.1 h to 100 hours. Next the material is exposed to ammonia at a temperature of about −273 K to 2000 K or more to form an ammonolyated/nitradated material. In an embodiment, the temperature of the ammonolysis step can increase at a rate of 1° C./min to 1° C./h and can be held at the desired temperature for about 0.1 to 1000 hours. In an embodiment, the temperature of the ammonolysis step can be controlled to select the type of groups (e.g., amine, oxynitride, and the like) formed on the material. Additional details are provided in the Example section. As noted above, the ammonolyated/nitradated material can be used to capture a gas such as CO 2 . In an embodiment, the method includes exposing the ammonolyated/nitradated material to CO 2 , where a portion of the CO 2 is captured by the ammonolyated/nitradated material. In an embodiment, the ammonolyated/nitradated material can be used in a filter or other structure to capture CO 2 . In an embodiment, the ammonolyated/nitradated material can be used in a system (e.g., engine system, fuel cell system, various industries and the like) that generates CO 2 , so that the ammonolyated/nitradated material can capture the generated CO 2 . As noted above, a different gas or a combination of gases can be captured. EXAMPLE Example 1 Due to dependence of our energy needs on fossil fuels, during last few decades the release of greenhouse gas CO 2 has increased exponentially. About 7963 million tons of carbon as CO 2 was emitted in year 2009 to the atmosphere by burning of fossil fuel globally 1 and this trend is increasing every year. Due to rapid development word-wide, energy demand is increasing and unfortunately, there will be no significant change in coming years in terms of source of this energy and fossil fuel will be the major source of this energy need. Other non-conventional energy sources like, solar, nuclear or biofuel cannot replace fossil fuel at current stage. 2 Therefore, there are extensive efforts going on to develop technologies that will allow us to use fossil fuel, but will reduce CO 2 emission. CO 2 capture and sequestration showed promising results and to achieve this solid absorbents have received extensive interest, due to their stability, ease of handling and reusability. 3-13 A wide range of materials, such as including amine functionalized silica, 3-13, 15-21 oxides, 3-13, 22-23 zeolites, 3-13, 24-25 carbon, 3-13 polymer 3-13 and recently metal organic framework (MOFs) 12, 26-29 have been used. Among them, amine functionalized silica and polymers have shown promise to meet the desired working capture capacity 3-4 mmol/g. 13 Although grafting amine functionality on these surfaces is a good option to reach working capture capacity, their thermal stability is a problem. 30-33 Degradation of the amines for solid supports can reduce its capture capacity, restrict its regeneration-reusability and can also produce toxic volatile molecules. To overcome this serious problems, development of new sorbent with enhanced stability is an urgent need. In a continuation of our quest for sustainable protocols using morphologically controlled functionalized nanomaterials, 34-38 herein, we report use of ammonolyated/nitradated material as novel absorbent for CO 2 capture. Three series of functionalized materials (based on KCC-1, silica aerogel, fumes silica, MCM-family, IBN-family, and SBA-family), with silicon-amine (Si—NH 2 , Si—NH, Si—N) group were prepared via ammonolysis using ammonia gas and showed excellent CO 2 capture capability. To the best of our knowledge, use of these materials is unprecedented and has never been reported before in the history of CO 2 absorbent materials. 2-33 The first step to demonstrate this concept was to functionalize KCC-1, silica aerogel, fumed silica, IBN-7, MCM-41 and SBA-15 with amino groups. Functionalization was achieved by their post-synthetic modification using ammonolysis, under flow of ammonia gas at various temperatures (Scheme 1 in FIG. 2.1 ). Synthesis of KCC-1, SBA-15 and MCM-41: KCC-1, 35 SBA-15 39 and MCM-41 40 were synthesized as per previously reported procedures through template mediated hydrolysis-polycondensation of tetraethyl orthosilcate (TEOS). In the case of KCC-1, TEOS (2.5 g) was dissolved in a solution of cyclohexane (30 mL) and pentanol (1.5 mL). A stirred solution of cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) (0.5 g) and urea (0.6 g) in water (30 mL) was then added. This mixture was stirred for 30 min at room temperature, and was then exposed to microwave energy at 120° C. for 2.5 h. The product formed was washed with water and air-dried for 12 h. This material is designated as KCC-1. In the case of SBA-15, tri-block poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) [(EO) 20 (PO) 70 (EO) 20 ] (4 g) was dissolved in water (30 mL) and hydrochloric acid (2M, 120 mL) and then stirred for 30 min at 40° C. TEOS (9.15 mL) was then added to this and solution is further stirred at for 24 h. This mixture was then autoclaved at 100° C. for 24 h. The product formed was washed with water and dried at 80° C. 24 h. This material is designated as SBA-15. In the case of MCM-41, cetyltetrabutyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) (8.8 g) was dissolved in a mixture of water (208 mL) and aqueous ammonia (96 mL, 30%) at 35° C. To this solution, TEOS (40 mL) was slowly added while stirring and stirring was continued for 3 h. The gel formed was aged in a closed container at room temperature for 24 h. The product obtained was washed with water and air-dried. This material is designated as MCM-41. Removal of Template: The amino functional density/loading on the surface of silica can depend on the density of surface silanols. That means, the higher the silanol density, the better the amine loading and greater the CO 2 capture capacity. 4 Therefore we use two different methods to remove the template molecules. The first method uses calcination in air; the above synthesized materials (KCC-1, SBA-15 and MCM-41) were placed in a quartz tube and then heated at 550° C. for 6 h in the continuous flow of air. The materials obtained were designated as KCC-1 Cal , SBA-15 Cal , MCM-41 Cal . The second method uses solvent extraction; the above synthesized materials (KCC-1, SBA-15 and MCM-41) were taken in a round bottom flask and refluxed in ethanol for 8 h. The material was then filtered and re-dispersed in fresh ethanol and again refluxed for another 8 h. The obtained material was then dried and was designated as KCC-1 Sol , SBA-15 Sol , MCM-41 Sol . Amino-Functionalization: Amino-functionalization of these materials was achieved via thermal ammonolysis using flow of ammonia gas. 42-50 Typically, ammonolysis was carried out by loading 50 mg to 50 gm of material (KCC-1 Cal , SBA-15 Cal , MCM-41 Cal , KCC-1 Sol , SBA-15 Sol , MCM-41 Sol ) on an aluminum boat or in a dynamic plug flow reactor, housed in a tube furnace. First, the pretreatment was performed at 773 K for 1-4 h in N 2 or argon flow to remove adsorbed water on the silica surface. Then, the furnace temperature was then further increased to required temperatures (in the range from −273 K to 2000K) (5 K/min), and was maintained for 1-50 h under an NH 3 atmosphere. The furnace was then cooled down to room temperature in N 2 or argon flow. Nitrogen Isotherms: Nitrogen isotherms for the materials corresponding to the materials in the Table below are shown FIGS. 2.2A , 2 . 2 B, and 2 . 2 C. Degassing Condition—Temperature: 350° C., Heating rate: 10° C./min, Time: 240 min Surface Area (m 2 /g) Sample Name Before Nitridation After Nitridation KCC-1 473.72 394.31 SBA-15 775.81 520.91 MCM-41 995.83 905.94 CO 2 Adsorption Isotherm: CO 2 adsorption isotherms for KCC-1, SBA-15, and MCM-41 are shown in FIGS. 2.3A , 2 . 3 B, and 2 . 3 C. (Nitridation Conditions: Temp: 1173K, NH 3 flow rate: 300 mL/min, Time: 10 hr) CO 2 Adsorption Isotherm: (Nitridation Conditions: Temp: 773K, NH 3 flow rate: 300 mL/min, Time: 10 hr) FIG. 2.4 Adsorption of CO 2 on Nitridated KCC-1 and SBA-15. The Curves in the FIG. 3.1 are the CO 2 adsorption isotherm on the nitridated KCC-1 and SBA-15. They belong to type II isotherm. Such isotherm type is originated in the different adsorption mechanism of gases commonly seen in activated charcoal. CO 2 is condensable and multilayer adsorption or condensation in micro or mesopores might take place. This isotherm is a sign of multi-layer adsorption. It can be firmly concluded from above graph that nitridation temperature plays a key role in amount of CO 2 capture. (DATA for MCM-41 not yet available at 773K). This effect can be attributed to formation of various ammonia species at different temperature on surface of silica. More detailed study at various different temperatures, ramp time, hold time, ammonia flow, is under progress and will be added in later stage, as soon as completed. 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Jiacheng Wang, Qian Liu, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 83 (2005) 225-232. 48. Nitridation mechanism of mesoporous silica: SBA-15. Naotaka Chino, Tatsuya Okubo, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 87 (2005) 15-22. 49. Effect of Pore Structure on the Nitridation of Mesoporous Silica with Ammonia. Fumitaka Hayashi, Ken-ichi Ishizu, and Masakazu I, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2010, 2235-2243. 50. Fast and Almost Complete Nitridation of Mesoporous Silica MCM-41 with Ammonia in a Plug-Flow Reactor. Fumitaka Hayashi, Ken-ichi Ishizu, and Masakazu Iwamoto, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 93 [1] 104-110 (2010). Example 2 Brief Introduction We report the use of silicon oxynitrides as novel adsorbents for CO 2 capture. Three series of functionalized materials based on KCC-1, SBA-15 and MCM-41 with Si—NH 2 groups were prepared using a simple one-step process via thermal ammonolysis using ammonia gas, and they demonstrated excellent CO 2 capture capabilities. These materials overcome several limitations of conventional amine-grafted mesoporous silica. They offer good CO 2 capture capacity, faster adsorption-desorption kinetics, efficient regeneration and reuse, more crucially excellent thermal and mechanical stability even in oxidative environments, and a clean and green synthesis route, which allows the overall CO 2 capture process to be practical and sustainable. Introduction: Due to the increasing dependence on fossil fuels to meet our energy needs during the last few decades, the release of the greenhouse gas CO 2 has increased exponentially. Approximately 33 billion tons of carbon in the form of CO 2 was emitted into the atmosphere in 2010, 1 and this trend is increasing every year. Due to rapid development worldwide, the energy demand is increasing. Unfortunately, there will be no significant change in the coming years in terms of the source of this energy, and fossil fuel will remain the major source for fulfilling this energy requirement. Therefore, there are extensive efforts underway to develop technologies that will allow fossil fuel to be used with reduced CO 2 emissions. CO 2 capture and sequestration using solid adsorbents have received extensive interest due to their good sorption capacity, stability, ease of handling and reusability. 2-6 A wide range of materials, such as amine-functionalized silica, 2,3 oxides, 2,4 zeolites, 2,5 carbon, 2 polymers 2 and, recently, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), 6 have been used. Among these materials, organic amino-functionalized silica has shown promise in fulfilling the desired working capture capacity. 2k Although functionalization with organic amino moieties such as (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) can result in high amine loadings onto the support material, the longevity of this type of material appears to be limited due to leaching of the organics from the support. Other disadvantages include the structural degradation of the support upon grafting and a drastic decrease in textural properties (surface area, pore volume and pore size). Additionally, the grafting processes are not clean and green because they require the use of expensive chemicals (such as APTES) or toxic solvents (e.g., toluene) and require multistep operations (extractions, filtration, washing, and drying). More critically, their thermal stability is a major concern. 2,7 Degradation of the amines from solid supports can reduce the capture capacity, restrict the regeneration and reusability and produce toxic volatile molecules. To overcome these serious issues, the development of a new, robust sorbent with enhanced stability is urgently necessary. In continuation with our objective to develop sustainable protocols using morphologically controlled functionalized nanomaterials, 8 herein, we report the use of silicon oxynitrides as novel adsorbents for CO 2 capture. Three series of functionalized materials (based on KCC-1, SBA-15 and MCM-41) with Si—NH 2 groups were prepared using a simple, one-step, thermal ammonolysis process, and these materials showed excellent CO 2 capture capabilities. These materials overcome several limitations of conventional amine-grafted mesoporous silica, including sustainable synthesis protocol, a good CO 2 capture capability, fast kinetics, and advantages in terms of both chemisorption and physisorption. More importantly, they exhibit excellent thermal stability and regenerability and a low sorbent cost. The first step in accomplishing these adsorbent designs was to functionalize KCC-1, 8d SBA-15 9 and MCM-41 10 with amino groups. Functionalization was achieved by postsynthetic modification using ammonolysis 11 under a flow of ammonia (NH 3 ) gas at various temperatures ( FIG. 2.1 ). Results and Discussion: Evaluation of As-Synthesized Sorbent Materials for CO 2 Capture: To assess the performance of these nitrided silica materials, we evaluated them on the basis of six critical factors important for any material being considered as a sustainable CO 2 sorbent 2k : 1) Capture capacity, 2) Kinetics of adsorption, 3) Regeneration and reuse, 4) Mechanical strength, 5) Thermal stability and 6) Sorbent cost. CO 2 -Capture Capacity: The CO 2 -adsorption capacity of a sorbent material is of principal importance for the sustainability and practicality of the capture process. The capacity determines the economics of the CO 2 capture plant, including the amount of adsorbent material required and the size and volume of the adsorber vessels. As-synthesized materials were probed for CO 2 capture using a volumetric method. The sample cell was loaded with approximately 150 mg of as-synthesized materials, and after the adsorbent was outgassed in a vacuum at 350° C. for 4 h to remove any adsorbed impurities, the adsorption run was performed using highly pure CO 2 between 0 to 1 atmospheric pressure at 25° C. To optimize the nitridation temperature for the maximum CO 2 capture capacity, a wide range of nitrided KCC-1, SBA-15 and MCM-41 materials were prepared by conducting ammonolysis at different temperatures (Table 1, the nitrided samples were named KCC-1-N, SBA-15-N and MCM-41-N followed by the nitridation temperature.). As can be clearly perceived from the data in Table 1, temperature plays a key role in the extent of nitridation and consequently in the nitrogen content and the textural properties of the materials. The nitrogen content increased linearly with the reaction temperature. TABLE 1 Physicochemical properties, nitrogen content and CO 2 adsorption capacity of calcined and nitrided materials. BET Surface BJH Pore Volumes Nitrogen Content CO 2 Adsorption Sample ID Area (m 2 g −1 ) (cm 3 g −1 ) (weight %) Capacity (mmol g −1 ) KCC-1 473 0.83 0.02 0.56 KCC-1-N400 468 0.78 0.56 0.38 KCC-1-N500 443 0.71 1.42 0.71 KCC-1-N600 435 0.68 1.82 1.26 KCC-1-N700 418 0.65 6.8 1.86 KCC-1-N800 407 0.52 12.75 1.53 KCC-1-N900 394 0.45 21.05 1.41 SBA-15 775 1.17 0.01 0.76 SBA-15-N400 761 1.14 0.12 0.88 SBA-15-N500 754 1.10 0.65 1.28 SBA-15-N600 746 1.08 1.74 1.93 SBA-15-N700 728 1.05 7.89 2.22 SBA-15-N800 668 0.91 14.16 2.02 SBA-15-N900 520 0.85 24.17 2.12 MCM-41 995 1.27 Not detected 1.25 MCM-41-N400 960 1.25 0.05 1.12 MCM-41-N500 948 1.10 0.70 1.70 MCM-41-N600 941 0.94 1.64 2.20 MCM-41-N700 935 0.87 8.38 2.72 MCM-41-N800 921 0.68 13.67 2.18 MCM-41-N900 905 0.53 22.45 2.29 The density of amino functionality (FIGS. 3 . 5 - 3 . 7 ) on the surface of silica is largely depends on the density of surface silanols. That means, more the silanols density, better will be the amine loading and greater will be the CO 2 capture capacity. Recently, Yang et al have reported, 12 increased surface silanol density on solvent extracted SBA-15 to be beneficial for higher amine loading and subsequently the CO 2 adsorption capacity. However, in our study nitridation of solvent extracted samples have shown considerably lower CO 2 capture capacity compare to their calcined analogous (Table 3), probably due to incomplete removal of template. The adsorption isotherms of CO 2 on nitrided KCC-1, SBA-15 and MCM-41 materials are plotted in FIG. 3.1 . It was observed that the adsorbed amount of CO 2 on the calcined silica (before nitridation) as a function of pressure exhibits a linear relationship in the entire pressure range, which clearly indicates physisorption. However, the isotherms of CO 2 on the nitrided silica sorbents are type-I ( FIG. 3.1 a, c, e ), with a slope in the low-pressure range, which indicates chemisorption with strong interactions between CO 2 molecules and amino groups. It is also clear that the adsorbed amount of CO 2 on the nitrided silica is much higher than the amount on the calcined silica before nitridation (Table 1). Therefore, the behavior of these materials in carbon dioxide adsorption may be primarily attributed to the change in their chemical surface properties, particularly in the density of the surface amino functionality. Modifying the silica surface with a high-temperature ammonia treatment appears to be a suitable approach to enhance chemisorption without cancelling the contribution of physisorption. The maximum CO 2 capture capacity of the KCC-1 nitrided series was 1.86 mmol g −1 ( FIG. 3.1 a ). Similarly, the maximum capture capacities for the SBA-15 and MCM-41 nitrided series were 2.22 mmol g −1 ( FIG. 3.1 c ) and 2.72 mmol g −1 ( FIG. 3.1 e ), respectively. These values are close to the working capture capacity. 2 The CO 2 capture capacity increases linearly with nitridation temperature from 300 to 700° C. for all three nitrided series ( FIGS. 3.1 a, c, e ). However, the materials that were nitrided at 800° C. and 900° C. exhibited reduced capture capacity (Table 1). Although nitrogen content of these material increased with the nitridation temperature (Table 1), but this is not reflected in an enhancement of the CO 2 adsorption capacity. This indicates that the type of surface nitrogen species on nitrided silica is highly temperature dependent. It is reported that ammonolysis of the silanol groups of silica occurs above 400° C. and proceeds via two different pathways. [11j] The main pathway is a substitution reaction; —Si—OH+NH 3 →—Si—NH 2 +H 2 O. The key feature of this reaction mechanism is the fact that a certain type of proton mobility is induced in the surface silanols by the interaction with ammonia, which causes the H 2 O leaving group to be subsequently replaced by NH 3 . The rate-limiting step in this reaction is the formation and desorption of the water molecule. This mechanism could explain why we were able to achieve a much higher degree of nitridation in present study using a flow system compared with the results obtained using a static boat system. 11i The second pathway, which can occur at temperatures greater than 500° C., involves dissociative reactions with siloxane silica bridges: —Si—O—Si—+NH 3 →—Si—NH 2 +—Si—OH. Notably, at temperatures greater than 700° C., the formation of silazane (—Si—NH—Si—) species is reported due to a secondary reaction of the —Si—NH 2 species with siloxane bridges: —Si—NH 2 +—Si—OH→—Si—NH—Si—+H 2 O. Thus, at higher temperatures, the surface amines are getting incorporated into the bulk matrix of the silica. 11j This behavior was confirmed by 29 51-MAS-NMR spectroscopic analysis of the as-synthesized materials (FIGS. 3 . 8 - 3 . 10 ). Kinetics of CO 2 Capture: For a sorbent to be practically usable, it should adsorb and desorb CO 2 as fast as possible. To study the kinetics using a TGA analyzer, the nitrided materials were first heated up to 110° C. under a flow of 100 mL/min argon, held for 2 h, cooled down to 25° C., and maintained for 1 h at this temperature to stabilize the sample weight. The flow was then switched to 100 mL/min of CO 2 and maintained for 2 h to evaluate the CO 2 adsorption rate. The adsorption on optimized materials, i.e., KCC-1-N700 ( FIG. 3.1 b ), SBA-15-N700 ( FIG. 3.1 d ), and MCM-41-N700 ( FIG. 3.1 f ), exhibits very fast kinetics with almost complete uptake of CO 2 within 0.5 to 2 min. Fast kinetics are possible because of the unaltered morphological features of these materials even after nitridation, which contributes to CO 2 physisorption, and the amino-functionalized surface contributes to chemisorption. Desorption was performed by heating the sample under argon to 110° C. (via a 10° C./min ramp), and was completed within 8-10 minutes for all the materials. Thus, the observed fast kinetics will have a shorter adsorption/desorption cycle time, and more CO 2 will be absorbed in a shorter amount of time, which will reduce the overall cost of the capture process. To understand the interaction of CO 2 with amine groups, isosteric heats of adsorption on KCC-1-N700 ( FIG. 3.2 a , 3 . 2 d ), SBA-15-N700 ( FIG. 3.2 b , 3 . 2 e ), and MCM-41-N700 ( FIG. 3.2 c , 3 . 2 f ), were calculated from the CO 2 adsorption isotherms at 25 and 50° C. by using Clausis-Clapeyron equation. For all three materials, the heat of adsorption decreased gradually as the CO 2 amount loading was increased, which indicates moderate chemisorption strength of these oxynitride materials. Regeneration and Reuse of Sorbents: A good sorbent should desorb CO 2 easily at low temperatures and must retain its capture capacity during continual adsorption-desorption cycles. The regeneration-reuse capability of optimized nitrided materials (KCC-1-N700, SBA-15-N700 and MCM-41-N700) was studied by conducting a multicycle adsorption-desorption experiment. After the first cycle was completed, the material was regenerated by a thermal swing at 150° C. and was reused for another CO 2 sorption cycle. It was found that the synthesized sorbents could be used at least five times without any change in their capture capacity ( FIG. 3.11 ). This ease of regeneration-reuse will help sustain the overall CO 2 capture process. Mechanical Strength of Sorbents: Excellent mechanical strength is a prerequisite for a sorbent to be practically viable. To evaluate the mechanical strength of our synthesized nitrided materials, we conducted transmission electron microscopy (TEM) ( FIG. 3.3 ), X-ray diffraction (XRD) ( FIGS. 3.4 a, c, e ) and N 2 -adsorption-desorption ( FIG. 3.4 b, d, f ) analysis of calcined, nitrided and recycled samples (denoted by the suffix ‘R’ in the sample name). The morphology and structure of these materials was first studied by TEM. FIG. 3.2 a indicates that the KCC-1 includes spheres of uniform size with diameters ranging from 250 to 450 nm with a unique fibrous morphology. This morphology remains intact even after nitridation and after five cycles of CO 2 capture ( FIG. 3.3 a, b, c ). In the cases of SBA-15 ( FIGS. 3.3 d, e, f ) and MCM-41 ( FIGS. 3.3 g, h, i ), the structural ordering (ordered cylindrical pores open at both ends) of the materials is well preserved even after nitridation and after five regeneration-reuse cycles with no detectable changes in their mesoporous structures. The small-angle XRD patterns of nitrided and recycled SBA-15, MCM-41 ( FIGS. 3.4 a and c respectively) showed three well-resolved peaks that can be indexed as (100), (110), and (200) because of their hexagonal symmetry. In the case of KCC-1-based sorbents, the diffraction patterns exhibited a broad hump ( FIG. 3.4 e ) as opposed to sharp peaks for SBA-15 and MCM-41. This is due to the fibrous nature of KCC-1 8d compared with the ordered mesoporous structures of SBA-15 and MCM-41. These results indicate that the structural changes resulting from the thermal treatment with ammonia do not occur at the expense of structural ordering. The nitrogen sorption measurements were also performed (at −196° C.) to evaluate the change in the quality and structural ordering of our materials after nitridation and recycling. The nitrogen sorption isotherm of the KCC-1 series is typical of type IV ( FIG. 3.4 f ). The BET surface area and the BJH pore volume of KCC-1-N700 were slightly reduced to 418 m 2 g −1 (from 473 m 2 g −1 of KCC-1) and 0.65 cm 3 g −1 (from 0.83 cm 3 g −1 of KCC-1), respectively. However, no significant changes in the surface area and pore volume of recycled KCC-1-N700-R were observed compared to KCC-1-N700 (Table 1). This clearly indicates the robust nature of KCC-1 (which is already known to be thermally stable even after heating in air up to 900° C.) 8d and its nitrided version. A typical type IV isotherm with the hysteresis loop of type H1 with parallel adsorption and desorption branches, which are characteristic of capillary condensation and evaporation processes, was observed in the SBA-15 and MCM-41 and their nitrided and recycled versions ( FIGS. 3.4 b and d , respectively). The surface areas of SBA-15-N700 and MCM-41-N700 decreased to 728 m 2 g −1 (from 775 m 2 g −1 of SBA-15) and 935 m 2 g −1 (from 995 m 2 g −1 of MCM-41), respectively. However, no significant change in the surface area of their recycled version was observed when compared with their nitrided counterpart. There was a minor reduction in the pore volume after nitridation of both the SBA-15 and MCM-41 series, which remained unchanged in the recycled materials. Some of the disadvantages of organic amine-grafted silica are the drastic decrease in textural properties that occur after grafting. Although such grafting introduces a high concentration of amino groups, they block the porous structure of the support, which reduces the surface area, pore volume and, more critically, the accessibility of free amino groups for CO 2 capture. 2 We have compared performance of our nitrided materials over conventional APTES-grafted materials. In case of nitrided materials, unlike organic amine-grafted silica, we did not observe significant changes in the morphology of the materials or any significant deterioration in surface area and pore volume (Table 2). This indicates the good mechanical strength of these materials and the excellent accessibility of surface amino groups, which will help the CO 2 capture process to be sustainable. TABLE 2 Comparison of organic amine-grafted silica and nitrided silica. KCC1- KCC1- SBA15- SBA15- MCM41- MCM41- Properties N700 APTES N700 APTES N700 APTES Surface Area (m 2 g −1 ) 418 106 728 294 935 14 Pore Volume (cm 3 g −1) 0.65 0.56 1.05 0.526 0.87 0.03 N 2 Contents (%) 6.8 4.65 7.89 9.1 8.38 6.1 CO 2 Capture (mmol g −1 ) at 1.86 1.23 2.22 2.04 2.72 1.63 1 bar, 25° C. % Wt. Loss up to 800° C. 2.90 19.30 1.95 38 3.53 25 Thermal Stability of Sorbents: Thermal stability is another very crucial factor determining the usefulness of a sorbent material. Although functionalization with organic amino moieties such as APTES can result in high amine loadings onto the support material, the lifetime of such materials is limited due to leaching or thermal degradation of the organics from the support. 2,7 To evaluate the thermal stability of our synthesized nitrided materials, we conducted a thermal gravimetric analysis under argon (Ar) and under air from room temperature to 1000° C. ( FIG. 3.12 ). Weight losses of only 2.9, 1.95 and 3.53% (attributed to the loss of moisture and CO 2 adsorbed from the atmosphere) for KCC-1-N700, SBA-15-N700 and MCM-41-N700, respectively, were observed, which indicates the high thermal stability of these materials under an inert atmosphere. In an oxidative environment also, only minor weight losses of 3.73, 4.14, and 4.79% were observed respectively, which were due to the loss of moisture and CO 2 adsorbed from the atmosphere. This is probably the highest thermal stability for any amine-grafted silica material reported for CO 2 capture. However, it is important to note that these materials are not stable against hydrolysis. Sorbent Cost: The cost of the sorbent material is one of the most decisive factors. Our synthesis protocol is simple: treatment of silica with ammonia with no other chemical or complicated process. In the case of conventional organic amino-functionalized materials, expensive chemicals (such as APTES), toxic solvents and even multistep operations are required, which makes them very expensive and non-sustainable. However, use of the stabilizers/organic surfactants/organic solvents in the (pre)synthesis of inorganic support materials (KCC-1, MCM-41 and SBA-15) cannot be avoided in this process also, as these are essential to synthesis the porous supports. Therefore, as-synthesized nitrided materials involving a comparatively clean and green synthesis appear to be a viable alternative to existing sorbents. Conclusions: In summary, three series of amino-functionalized materials based on KCC-1, SBA-15 and MCM-41 were prepared via thermal ammonolysis and evaluated as sorbents for CO 2 capture. These materials appear to exhibit the following advantages over conventional amine-grafted silica: 1) good CO 2 capture capacity; 2) faster kinetics, which will have a shorter adsorption/desorption cycle time and cause more gas to be absorbed in a shorter amount of time; 3) easy regeneration and efficient reuse of sorbents; 4) excellent mechanical strength, which will help to sustain the overall CO 2 capture process; 5) high thermal stability in inert and oxidative environment, which will help these materials retain a good capture capacity even after several temperature swing regeneration cycles in an industrial environment; and 6) comparatively green material synthesis and less expensive production costs, which allows the overall process to be sustainable. Supplemental Section: Synthesis of KCC-1, SBA-15 and MCM-41: KCC-1, SBA-15 and MCM-41 were synthesized following a previously reported procedure via the template-mediated hydrolysis-polycondensation of tetraethyl orthosilcate (TEOS). In the case of KCC-1, TEOS (2.5 g) was dissolved in a solution of cyclohexane (30 mL) and pentanol (1.5 mL). A stirred solution of cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) (0.5 g) and urea (0.6 g) in water (30 mL) was then added. This mixture was stirred for 30 min at room temperature and was then exposed to microwaves at 120° C. for 2.5 h. The product was washed with water and air dried. The template was removed by calcination at 550° C. for 6 h in a continuous flow of air, and the obtained material is designated as KCC-1. In the case of SBA-15, tri-block poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) [(EO) 20 (PO) 70 (EO) 20 ] (4 g) was dissolved in a mixture of water (30 mL) and hydrochloric acid (2 M, 120 mL) and stirred for 30 min at 40° C. TEOS (9.15 mL) was then added, and the solution was further stirred for 24 h. This mixture was then autoclaved at 100° C. for 24 h. The product formed was washed with water and dried at 80° C. for 24 h. The template was removed by calcination at 550° C. for 6 h in a continuous flow of air, and the obtained material is designated as SBA-15. In the case of MCM-41, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) (8.8 g) was dissolved in a mixture of water (208 mL) and aqueous ammonia (96 mL, 35%) at 35° C. To this solution, TEOS (40 mL) was added slowly under stirring. After further stirring for 3 h, the gel formed was aged in a closed container at room temperature for 24 h. The product was washed with water and air dried. The template was removed by calcination at 550° C. for 6 h in a continuous flow of air, and the obtained material is designated as MCM-41. Amino-Functionalization by Nitridation: The amino-functionalization of these materials was achieved via thermal ammonolysis (nitridation) using a flow of ammonia gas. Nitridation was performed using a plug-flow fixed-bed metal reactor (inner diameter of 5 mm) placed vertically inside the tubular furnace. Typically, 200-300 mg of material (KCC-1, SBA-15 or MCM-41) was loaded in the reactor with a 100 mL/min flow of argon, and the furnace was heated to 100° C. at a ramp rate of 5° C./min. The flow was changed to pure ammonia gas and held for 10 h at the desired temperature (400, 500, 600, 700, 800 or 900° C.). The furnace was cooled to 100° C., the gas flow was changed to 100 mL/min of argon, and the furnace was further cooled to room temperature. The nitrided samples were designated as KCC-1-N, SBA-15-N and MCM-41-N followed by the nitridation temperature. Organic Amine Grafting: Grafting of APTES was achieved by refluxing 0.5 g of calcined KCC-1, SBA-15 or MCM-41 with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (5 mL) in 50 mL of toluene for 24 h. The resulting material was washed repeatedly with toluene and then dried under vacuum at 60° C. for 12 h. The obtained samples were designated as KCC-1-APTES, SBA-15-APTES, MCM-41-APTES. TABLE 3 Physicochemical properties, nitrogen contents and CO 2 adsorption capacity of solvent extracted-nitridated materials. BET Average Surface Pore BJH Pore Nitrogen CO 2 Adsorption Area Diameter Volumes Content Capacity Sample ID (m 2 g −1 ) (nm) (cm 3 g −1 ) (wt. %) (mmol g −1 ) KCC-1-Series KCC-1-Sol 397 7.31 0.78 Not detected 0.19 KCC-1-Sol-N400 361 7.28 0.73 0.55 0.27 KCC-1-Sol-N500 349 7.21 0.61 0.53 0.31 KCC-1-Sol-N600 351 7.24 0.57 0.90 0.48 KCC-1-Sol-N700 328 7.18 0.41 4.32 1.07 KCC-1-Sol-N800 331 7.03 0.32 12.75 1.18 KCC-1-Sol-N900 304 6.94 0.23 21.05 1.12 SBA-15-Series SBA-15-Sol 602 7.15 0.83 0.01 0.76 SBA-15-Sol-N400 590 7.02 0.78 0.07 0.88 SBA-15-Sol-N500 568 6.95 0.71 0.54 1.28 SBA-15-Sol-N600 547 6.84 0.63 0.84 1.93 SBA-15-Sol-N700 519 6.69 0.52 4.87 2.22 SBA-15-Sol-N800 461 6.31 0.41 7.89 2.02 SBA-15-Sol-N900 403 6.08 0.29 14.76 2.12 MCM-41-Series MCM-41-Sol 490 1.97 1.23 1.06 1.25 MCM-41-Sol-N400 483 1.95 1.19 0.53 1.12 MCM-41-Sol-N500 470 1.86 1.13 0.7 1.70 MCM-41-Sol-N600 458 1.72 1.12 1.64 2.20 MCM-41-Sol-N700 447 1.66 1.03 8.38 2.72 MCM-41-Sol-N800 438 1.54 0.92 13.67 2.18 MCM-41-Sol-N900 430 1.37 0.88 22.45 2.29 References, each of which is incorporated herein by reference 1. 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Jaroniec and G. A. Ozin, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 11662; f) J. Wang and Q. Liu, Micro. Meso. Mater., 2005, 83, 225; g) N. Chino and T. Okubo, Micro. Meso. Mater., 2005, 87, 15; h) F. Hayashi, K. Ishizu and I. Masakazu, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem., 2010, 15, 2235; i) F. Hayashi, K. Ishizu and M. Iwamoto, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2010, 93, 104; j) P. Fink, B. Muller and G. J. Rudakoff, Non - Crystalline Sol., 1992, 145, 99. 12. L. Wang and R. T. Yang, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2011, 115, 21264. It should be noted that ratios, concentrations, amounts, and other numerical data may be expressed herein in a range format. It is to be understood that such a range format is used for convenience and brevity, and thus, should be interpreted in a flexible manner to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited. To illustrate, a concentration range of “about 0.1% to about 5%” should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly recited concentration of about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt %, but also include individual concentrations (e.g., 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) and the sub-ranges (e.g., 0.5%, 1.1%, 2.2%, 3.3%, and 4.4%) within the indicated range. In an embodiment, the term “about” can include traditional rounding according to significant figures of the numerical value. In addition, the phrase “about ‘x’ to ‘y’” includes “about ‘x’ to about ‘y’”. When a range includes “zero” and is modified by “about” (e.g., about one to zero or about zero to one), about zero can include, 0, 0.1. 0.01, or 0.001. While only a few embodiments of the present disclosure have been shown and described herein, it will become apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and changes can be made in the present disclosure without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. All such modification and changes coming within the scope of the appended claims are intended to be carried out thereby.	In accordance with the purpose(s) of the present disclosure, as embodied and broadly described herein, embodiments of the present disclosure, in one aspect, relate to materials that can be used for gas (e.g., CO 2 ) capture, methods of making materials, methods of capturing gas (e.g., CO 2 ), and the like.	1
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] (a) Field of the Invention [0002] The present invention relates to a processing method for ceramic, whereby a manufacturing process can expedite technological processes, economizes on cost of equipment and energy resources, and quickly achieves drying and removing of adhesives, extenders or lubricants. The present invention is extremely suited to the manufacturing process of ceramic material. [0003] (b) Description of the Prior Art [0004] In general, ceramic material has distinctive characteristics of being brittle, and having low resilience and extensibility. The ceramic material also lacks conductivity, and can therefore be used as an excellent insulator of electricity and heat. Because the ceramic material possesses very high bonding stability, and thus has an extremely high melting point, as well as being able to maintain good chemical stability in an adverse corrosive environment. Having foresaid properties, the ceramic material has become an essential material component in engineering projects, and is employed in such areas as bricks and tiles in construction work, electronic ceramics utilized by electronic industries, high temperature engine parts, and so on, all of which are excellent examples of areas where the ceramic material is being put to use. [0005] The ceramic material possesses high ignition point, add to this phase decomposition when subject to high temperature makes manufacturing methods of ceramic products entirely different to those employed for plastic or metal. Majority of ceramics melt at a temperature above 1500° C., and is thus almost impossible to employ melt-casting methods to mold the ceramic material. Thus the manufacturing methods employed to produce most traditional and fine ceramic products is a so-called sintering method, whereby powder or pulverized material is first molded, and subsequently heated to a sufficiently high temperature, thereby enabling the powder within the material to bond and hold together as an integral whole. [0006] In order to facilitate easy molding of the ceramic powder into pellets, when mulling the ceramic powder, a mold assisting agent is usually added such as an adhesive, a bulking agent, a surface active agent or a lubricant to the ceramic powder, and thereafter molded into pellets. Prior to the pellets being subjected to high temperature sintering, the pellets undergo a degreasing treatment with an objective of eliminating relevant macromolecules utilized in the molding process, macromolecules eliminated include the adhesive, the bulking agent, the surface active agent or the lubricant. [0007] The present invention does not review or assess problems involved in molding methods of the pellets, sintering, the ceramic material or composition of additives; but is particularly directed towards general problems of the degreasing treatment during a manufacturing process, and proposes an alternative method to resolving such. [0008] In general, current prevalent degreasing treatments include a solvent degreasing treatment and a thermal degreasing treatment. [0009] Wherein the solvent degreasing treatment involves immersing the pellets into a solvent, therewith extracting the adhesive, the bulking agent, the surface-active agent or the lubricant from the pellets. However, the solvent degreasing method causes recycling problems pertinent to environmental protection, and increases handling costs. [0010] Whereas the thermal degreasing treatment involves placing the pellets into a heating furnace, whereby high temperature facilitates decomposition, evaporation and melting of the adhesive, the bulking agent, the surface-active agent, the lubricant or the macromolecules, and thereby achieves objective of eliminating binders. However, the heating furnace needs preheating in order to reach a required thermal degreasing temperature adequate to proceed with degreasing. This preheating time and energy requisite, with additional expended energy necessary to maintain temperature during the degreasing process over an extended period results in considerable pecuniary waste, which is an efficiency problem absolute taboo in an effective manufacturing process. [0011] Today is an age where great importance is attached to environmental protection, particularly usage and recycling of energy resources. However, chemical solvents employed in the solvent degreasing treatment are not environmentally friendly, and frequency of usage of such chemical solvents is restrictive. The heating furnace employed in the thermal degreasing treatment is extremely energy wasteful, wherefore, there is a necessity and a demand for exploitation of the manufacturing process that can rapidly degrease, reduce wastage of energy resources, and is environmental protective. [0012] Patent communiqué or related data regarding aforementioned problems have been published worldwide, for instance: Manufacturing Process for Complex Shaped Chromium Carbide/Aluminum Oxide Ceramic Components using Injection Molding (Republic of China patent No. 333482). According to disclosures made in aforementioned patent, many defects can be discerned that derive from procedural steps involved in the degreasing treatment. For example: [0013] (1) Raising and lowering of temperature of the heating furnace is troublesome and wasteful of time. If time required to raise the temperature of the heating furnace from room temperature to a temperature necessary for degreasing, in addition to time required to lower temperature of the heating furnace after degreasing is completed could be shortened, then manufacturing costs can be reduced, in addition to enhancing efficiency of the manufacturing process. [0014] (2) Incapable of completely concentrating energy in the pellets. When heating the conventional heating furnace, over 50% of the energy is absorbed through body of the heating furnace and dissipated to atmosphere. In practice, the energy required to degrease the pellets does not exceed 30%. Wasting such a large amount of energy in order to achieve an objective of degreasing is not in keeping with economic effectiveness. [0015] (3) The heating furnace occupies space, and is not provided with maneuverability. The body of the heating furnace is bulky, and heavy. Great inconvenience results if the heating furnace needs to be moved. [0016] (4) Cost of the heating furnace facility is high. An increased onus is put on expenditure and maintenance costs, if pollution results from decomposition of binder compounds, then problems will easily arise from the heating furnace and fireproof materials. [0017] (5) Time limited efficacy in usage of chemical solvent is restrictive. If the chemical solvent is used for degreasing, after usage of the chemical solvent for a period of time or increasing quantity of pellets, then effectiveness of chemical extractability will certainly decrease. After-treatment of the chemical solvents that have lost efficacy is also a difficult environmental protection problem. [0018] In addition, Republic of China patent No. 167524 proposed a method for thermal treatment of unstable ceramic by means of microwave heating, having a primary objective to apply a microwave technique in a sintering process of the ceramic material. Patent No. 167524 discloses that an appropriate amount of powder bed forms a microwave receptor, whereby the powder bed must be provided with properties of heating, protective, deoxidizing, and thermal conductive according to requirements. The properties are configured with regard to requirements of the “sintering” process of the ceramic material. However, patent No. 167524 does not confer on the “degreasing” manufacturing process of the ceramic pellets prior to the sintering process. Wherefore, patent No. 167524 fails to provide any solution to the aforementioned manufacturing problems encountered during the degreasing treatment (the solvent degreasing treatment, the thermal degreasing treatment, and so on). SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0019] Primary steps of the present invention consist of: (a) Manufacture pellets: After mulling ceramic powder material with an adhesive, a bulking agent or a lubricant, manufacture the pellets through molding methods such as injection or scraping; (b) Cover the pellets with microwave dielectric: Bury the pellets in the microwave dielectric; (c) Place into a microwave environment: Place the aforementioned pellets covered with the microwave dielectric into the microwave environment capable of generating microwaves; (d) Microwave degreasing: Regulate microwave power and time period in the microwave environment, whereby the microwave dielectric powder absorbs the microwaves and thereby allows degreasing of the pellets embedded within the microwave dielectric powder. (e) Complete degreasing: Acquire degreased pellets. [0025] A primary objective of the present invention is to provide a processing method for ceramic that expedites the manufacturing process, economizes on cost, and quickly achieves drying and removing of adhesives, extenders or lubricants. The present invention is extremely suited to post thermal treatment degreasing procedures of molded pellets after mulling of high melting point ceramic powder material along with the adhesive, the extender or the lubricant, and provides a manufacturing process that can avoid having to confront problems associated with energy wastage from raising and lowering of temperature of a heating furnace and problems of bulky equipment. Procedural steps of the present invention primarily consist of placing pellets in a container filled with microwave dielectric powder, ensuring the pellets are uniformly embedded in the microwave dielectric powder, and then placing the container within a microwave field and regulating microwave power to an appropriate amount, whereupon the microwave dielectric powder surrounding and covering the pellets subsequently absorbs the microwaves and thereby facilitates indirect degreasing of the pellets. [0026] Another objective of the present invention is to provide and perfect a technique for the processing method for ceramic that economizes on time required to raise and lower the temperature, thereby enhancing efficiency of the manufacturing process. [0027] Yet another objective of the present invention is to provide and perfect a technique for the processing method for ceramic that utilizes a re-usable microwave dielectric, thereby preventing environment pollution. [0028] And yet another objective of the present invention is to provide and perfect a technique for the processing method for ceramic whereby energy is concentrated, thereby achieving objective of economizing on usage of energy resources. [0029] Still yet another objective of the present invention is to provide and perfect a technique for the processing method for ceramic where equipment is of low cost, is light and portable, thereby reducing burden of cost expenditure and is convenient for personnel to move. [0030] To enable a further understanding of the said objectives and the technological methods of the invention herein, the brief description of the drawings below is followed by the detailed description of the preferred embodiments. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0031] FIG. 1 shows a flow chart of a processing method for ceramic according to the present invention. [0032] FIG. 2 shows a schematic view of an embodiment according to the present invention. [0033] FIG. 3 shows a schematic view depicting a sintering process of an embodiment according to the present invention. [0034] FIG. 4 shows a shows a graph plotting sintering time against temperature comparing sintering according to the present invention with that of conventional sintering means. [0035] FIG. 5 shows a table comparing compression resistance between a finished product after sintering of ceramic material produced according to the present invention with that of a finished ceramic product produced by conventional sintering means. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0036] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 , which show primary steps of a processing method for ceramic according to the present invention consisting of: (a) Manufacture pellets: After mulling ceramic powder material with an adhesive, a bulking agent or a lubricant, manufacture the pellets through molding methods such as injection or scraping; (b) Cover the pellets with microwave dielectric: Bury the pellets ( 1 ) in the microwave dielectric ( 2 ) (the pellets and the microwave dielectric can be placed together in a container ( 3 ); (c) Place into a microwave environment: Place the aforementioned pellets ( 1 ) covered with the microwave dielectric ( 2 ) into the microwave environment ( 4 ) capable of generating microwaves (for instance a microwave oven); (d) Microwave degreasing: Regulate microwave power and time period in the microwave environment ( 4 ), whereby the microwave dielectric ( 2 ) powder absorbs the microwaves and thereby allows degreasing of the pellets ( 1 ) embedded within the microwave dielectric ( 2 ) powder; (e) Complete degreasing: Acquire degreased pellets ( 6 ) (or degreased half finished product). [0042] During process of degreasing, because the pellets themselves manufactured from ceramic powder material cannot absorb microwaves, therefore the present invention uniformly embeds the pellets ( 1 ) in the microwave dielectric ( 2 ) powder, and the pellets ( 1 ) undergo degreasing through the surrounding microwave dielectric ( 2 ) powder absorbing the microwaves. [0043] During aforementioned degreasing process, an operator can directly observe result of degreasing through a transparent window ( 41 ) configured in the microwave environment ( 4 ) (for instance, a microwave oven window). [0044] The aforementioned microwave dielectric ( 2 ) powder can be compounds composed from carbides, nitrides, titanates, oxides, sulfides or other chemical compounds. Wherein the carbides can be silicon carbide (SiC), titanium carbide (TiC) or tungsten carbide (WC). The nitrides can be titanium nitride (TiN), aluminum nitride (AlN) or silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ). The titanates can be molybdenum titanate, calcium titanate, strontium titanate or lead titanate. The oxides can be nickel oxide (NiO), cobalt oxide (CoO), calcium manganate (CaMnO 3 ), lanthanum manganate (LaMnO 3 ), tin dioxide (SnO 2 ), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), magnesium tungstate (MgWO 4 ), magnesium oxide (MgO), nickel oxide (NiO), strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ) or strontium zirconate (SrZrO 3 ). The sulphides can be iron sulphide (FeS) or manganese sulphide (MnS). The chemical compounds can be ferric oxide alone or compounded with other metal oxide compounds (Fe 2 O 3 -MeO) including nickel oxide (NiO), cobalt oxide (CoO), molybdenum oxide (MoO), magnesium oxide (MgO), zinc oxide (ZnO), cupric oxide (CuO), lithium oxide (Li 2 O), calcium oxide (CaO), iron oxide (FeO), beryllium oxide (BeO), lead oxide (PbO), strontium oxide (SrO), lanthanum oxide (La 2 O 3 ), chromium oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ), tin oxide (SnO 2 ) or tungsten oxide (WO 3 ). In addition, nickel oxide (NiO), cobalt oxide (CoO), molybdenum oxide (MoO), magnesium oxide (MgO), zinc oxide (ZnO), cupric oxide (CuO), lithium oxide (Li 2 O), calcium oxide (CaO), iron oxide (FeO), beryllium oxide (BeO), lead oxide (PbO), strontium oxide (SrO), lanthanum oxide (La 2 O 3 ), chromium oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ), tin oxide (SnO 2 ), tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) can be used alone or compounded. Furthermore, the compounds such as lithium oxide (Li 2 O), lanthanum oxide (La 2 O 3 ), calcium oxide (CaO), strontium oxide (SrO), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), arsenic oxide (Sb 2 O 5 ), tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ), chromium oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ) or zinc oxide (ZnO) can be added to the aforementioned oxide compounds. [0045] Referring to FIG. 3 , which shows the degreased pellets ( 6 ) (or degreased half finished product) after the microwave degreasing, which can then undergo further direct heating to a sintering temperature. The degreased pellets ( 6 ) are put into a sintering furnace ( 5 ) already raised to a sintering temperature to undergo sintering (or make use of the microwaves in the microwave environment ( 4 ) to undergo direct sintering thereof). After a sintering process is completed, a finished product ( 7 ) is removed. Employing such follow-up sintering process, can thereby economize on time and energy sources required to gradually increase temperature. [0046] Referring to FIG. 4 , which shows a graph plotting sintering time against temperature, and compares sintering of the ceramic material produced after degreasing treatment according to the present invention as depicted in FIG. 3 and described above with that of the ceramic material produced by conventional sintering means. FIG. 5 shows a table of experimental results obtained when comparing compression resistance at temperatures of 1200° C. and 1150° C. between the finished product ( 7 ) after sintering of the ceramic material produced from the degreasing treatment according to the present invention as depicted in FIG. 3 and described above with that of a finished ceramic product produced by conventional sintering means. The sintering period was 3 hours in each case, and FIG. 5 shows on comparison that the finished product acquired after sintering of the ceramic material produced from the degreasing treatment according to the present invention as depicted in FIG. 3 and described above possesses a superior sintering density. [0047] It is of course to be understood that the embodiments described herein is merely illustrative of the principles of the invention and that a wide variety of modifications thereto may be effected by persons skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.	A processing method for ceramic, having processing steps consisting of: (a) Manufacture pellets; (b) Cover the pellets with microwave dielectric; (c) Place the pellets into a microwave environment; (d) Microwave degreasing; (e) Complete degreasing. Procedural steps of the present invention primarily consist of placing the ceramic pellets in a container filled with microwave dielectric powder, placing the container within the microwave environment, and then regulating microwave power and time period for degreasing, whereupon the microwave dielectric powder surrounding and covering the pellets subsequently absorbs the microwaves and thereby facilitates indirect degreasing of the pellets.	2
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This application claims the priority of Chinese Application No. 201110074598.5 filed on Mar. 25, 2011 and titled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR ADJUSTING DEMODULATION PILOT IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM”, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [0002] This application claims the priority of Chinese Application No. 201110083209.5 filed on Apr. 02, 2011 and titled “METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR ADJUSTING DEMODULATION PILOT IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM”, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [0003] This application claims the priority of Chinese Application No. 201110130194.3 filed on May 19, 2011 and titled “COMMUNICATION SYSTEM”, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0004] The present invention relates to the wireless communication technology field, particularly, relates to a method and device for configuring a pilot in a wireless communication system. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0005] The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technology can overcome frequency selective fading in a broadband mobile channel with low complexity, and thus is widely used in various broadband mobile communication systems. In order to correlatively detect each OFDM data subcarrier symbol, a pilot plays an important role in the system. Through the pilot symbols, the receiver estimates a wireless channel H, and then assists the equalizer or demodulator to equalize the channel or related detected data symbols. In addition to the correlation detection or demodulation function, the pilot is used in the system for measuring the quality or state of the wireless channel, and aiding the scheduler to implement functions such as frequency selective scheduling and link adaptation. [0006] The Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) multiple antenna technology can improve the reliability and capacity of a wireless communication system by utilizing space scattering characteristics of the wireless propagation channel, and thus is also applied widely in various types of wireless systems. The MIMO-OFDM technology has become the default configuration in a broadband mobile communication system. In recent years, the function of the pilot is more refined in the MIMO-OFDM system. For example, the LTE-Advanced system specifically sets a pilot and a measurement pilot, which are respectively used for the system correlation detection and channel measurement functions. The reason for this design is that a multi-antenna pre-coding technology is used in MIMO systems, and particularly when the pre-coding matrix is unknown by the receiver, the pilot has to be pre-coded along with data symbols, but the pre-coding per se can somewhat change frequency domain characteristics of the mobile channel. Therefore, the pilot and the measurement pilot have to be separated. [0007] In various existing mobile communication systems or wireless LAN systems, the pilot is usually fixedly configured in the system according to a certain pattern. Take an LTE-Advanced system as an example, in each time-frequency Resource Block (RB), the pilot configuration is shown in FIG. 1 , wherein a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) in the LTE system is used to allocate various resources for uplink and downlink transmission in the entire system, and plays an crucial schedule role in the system. The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) is used for transmission of signaling at the service or control plane, where CRS is a common pilot and DMRS is a dedicated pilot. Depending on spatial data streams transmitted in parallel, the number of ports for the pilot may vary, but the time domain pilot density and the frequency domain pilot density are constant which has been determined in the system specifications. [0008] In 802.11 wireless LAN systems, the pilot is also fixed in each physical frame header, i.e. a long training sequence. Regardless of the length of the transmission cycle, the propagation environment and the used transmission format, the configuration of the pilot does not change. [0009] As well known, the mobile channel is complex and changeable, and in different propagation environments, the mobile channel's frequency selective fading, time selective fading and space selective fading will be significantly different. Using pilot in fixed pattern is not conducive to its adaption to a complex, and changing mobile communication environment, and further causes certain loss in the system capacity. Take LTE-Advanced as an example: when the terminal operates in indoor environment, due to its lower moving speed, the mobile channel has a longer correlation time (>10 ms). However, whatever the correlation time is, there will be a constant repetition for the pilot in each sub-frame (1 ms) in LTE-A system. Take 802.11 system as an example again: when the system works in outdoor hotspot, due to the rapid change of surrounding environment, for example: the movement of the car, even if the terminal is stationary, the channel between the AP and the terminal will still have a Doppler spread, and thereby forming time selective fading. But no matter how the environment changes, the 802.11 system's pilot function will be borne by the long training sequence which has a fixed location in the physical frame. Thus, the fixed pilot can't adapt to environmental change. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0010] The present invention provides a method and device for configuring pilots in a wireless communication system, to adaptively configure the pilots, and improve system performance. [0011] The technical solutions of the present invention are implemented as follows. [0012] A method of configuring a pilot in a wireless communication system, including: [0013] configuring pilots in real time for different transmission in the transmission process, based on at least one of current wireless channel characteristic parameters, device capability information of a communication peer, and system requirement information; and [0014] sending a configuration result to the communication peer. [0015] In an embodiment, configuring pilots in real time includes: [0016] configuring a time domain pilot density to be within a preset time domain density range corresponding to at least one of the current wireless channel characteristic parameters, device capability information of a communication peer and system requirement information; [0017] and/or configuring a frequency domain pilot density to be within a preset frequency domain density range corresponding to at least one of the current wireless channel characteristic parameters, device capability information of a communication peer and system requirement information. [0018] Optionally, the wireless channel characteristic parameters include: a wireless channel correlation bandwidth and wireless channel correlation time; [0019] the wider the wireless channel correlation bandwidth is, the less the corresponding frequency domain density within the preset the frequency domain density range is; and [0020] the longer the wireless channel correlation time is, the less the corresponding time domain density within the preset the time density range is. [0021] Optionally, the device capability information of the communication peer includes: frequency synchronization accuracy and/or sampling phase synchronization accuracy; [0022] the higher the frequency synchronization accuracy is, the less the corresponding time domain density within the preset time domain density range is, and the less the corresponding frequency domain density within preset frequency domain density range; and [0023] the higher the sampling phase synchronization accuracy is, the less the corresponding time domain density within the preset time domain density range is, and the less the corresponding frequency domain density within the preset frequency domain density range is. [0024] Optionally, configuring the time domain pilot density to be within the preset time domain density range corresponding to the device capability information of the communication peer includes: configuring the time domain pilot density to be within the preset time domain density range corresponding to at least one of the frequency synchronization accuracy and the sampling phase synchronization accuracy; and [0025] configuring the frequency domain pilot density to be within the preset frequency domain density range corresponding to the device capability information of the communication peer includes: configuring the frequency domain pilot density to be within the preset frequency domain density range corresponding to at least one of the frequency synchronization accuracy and the sampling phase synchronization accuracy. [0026] Optionally, the system requirement information includes a modulation format; [0027] the higher the modulation order is, the larger the corresponding time domain density within the preset time domain density range is, and the larger the corresponding frequency domain density within the preset frequency domain density range is. [0028] Optionally, the system requirement information further includes a coding scheme and/or a code rate; [0029] after being configured to be within the preset time domain density range corresponding to the system requirement information, the time domain pilot density is further finely adjusted according to a preset time domain adjustment value corresponding to the coding scheme and/or the code rate; and [0030] after being configured to be within the preset frequency domain density range corresponding to the system requirement information, the frequency domain pilot density is further finely adjusted according to a preset frequency domain adjustment value corresponding to the coding scheme and/or the code rate. [0031] Optionally, the system requirement information includes at least one of a modulation format, a coding scheme and a code rate; [0032] the higher a modulation order is, the larger the corresponding time domain density within the preset time domain density range is, and the greater the corresponding frequency domain density within the preset frequency domain density range is; [0033] the higher a code word error correction capability is, the less the corresponding time domain density within the preset time domain density range is, and the less the corresponding frequency domain density within the preset frequency domain density range is; and [0034] the higher the code rate is, the larger the corresponding time domain density within the preset time domain density range is, and the larger the corresponding frequency domain density within the preset frequency domain density range is. [0035] Optionally, configuring the time domain pilot density to be within the preset time domain density range corresponding to the system requirement information includes: configuring the time domain pilot density to be within the preset time domain density range corresponding to at least one of the modulation format, the code word error correction capability and the code rate; and [0036] configuring the frequency domain pilot density to be within the preset frequency domain density range corresponding to the system requirement information includes: configuring the frequency domain pilot density to be within the preset frequency domain density range corresponding to at least one of the modulation format, the code word error correction capability and the code rate. [0037] Optionally, when configuring the time domain pilot density and the frequency domain pilot density, the method further includes: [0038] in a resource block, setting a preset OFDM symbol as a starting insertion location, determining OFDM symbols into which the pilots are to be inserted according to a result of configuring the time domain pilot density, then setting a preset subcarrier as the starting insertion location for each of the OFDM symbols into which the pilots are to be inserted, and inserting the pilots according to a result of configuring the frequency domain pilot density. [0039] Optionally, when configuring the time domain pilot density, the method further includes: [0040] in a resource block, setting a preset OFDM symbol as a starting insertion location, determining OFDM symbols into which the pilots are to be inserted according to a result of configuring the time domain pilot density, and then inserting the pilots in preset subcarriers for each of the OFDM symbols into which the pilots are to be inserted. [0041] Optionally, when configuring the frequency domain pilot density, the method further includes: [0042] in a resource block, setting a preset subcarrier as a starting insertion location, determining subcarriers into which the pilots are to be inserted according to a result of configuring the frequency domain pilot density, and inserting the pilots in the preset OFDM symbols for each of the subcarriers into which the pilots are to be inserted. [0043] In an embodiment, sending the configuration result to the communication peer specifically includes: [0044] carrying information indicating the pilot configuration result in the signal sent to the communication peer; [0045] or, sending signaling used to indicate the pilot configuration result to the communication peer via a control channel. [0046] A device of configuring a pilot in a wireless communication system, including: [0047] a configuring unit, which is adapted to configure pilots in real time for different transmission in the transmission process based on at least one of current wireless channel characteristic parameters, device capability information of a communication peer, and system requirement information; and [0048] a transmitting unit, which is adapted to send a configuration result from the configuration unit to the communication peer. [0049] in an embodiment, the configuring unit is adapted to configure a time domain pilot density to be within a preset time domain density range corresponding to at least one of the current wireless channel characteristic parameters, device capability information of the communication peer, and system requirement information; and/or to configure a frequency domain pilot density to be within a preset frequency domain density range corresponding to at least one of the current wireless channel characteristic parameters, device capability information of the communication peer, and system requirement information. [0050] Optionally, the wireless channel characteristic parameters include: a wireless channel correlation bandwidth and wireless channel correlation time; [0051] the wider the wireless channel correlation bandwidth is, the less the corresponding frequency domain density within the preset the frequency domain density range is; and [0052] the longer the wireless channel correlation time is, the less the corresponding time domain density within the preset the time density range is. [0053] Optionally, the device capability information of the communication peer includes: frequency synchronization accuracy and/or sampling phase synchronization accuracy; [0054] the higher the frequency synchronization accuracy is, the less the corresponding time domain density within the preset time domain density range is, and the less the corresponding frequency domain density within preset frequency domain density range; and [0055] the higher the sampling phase synchronization accuracy is, the less the corresponding time domain density within the preset time domain density range is, and the less the corresponding frequency domain density within the preset frequency domain density range is. [0056] Optionally, the configuring unit configures the time domain pilot density to be within the preset time domain density range corresponding to the device capability information of the communication peer by configuring the time domain pilot density to be within the preset time domain density range corresponding to at least one of the frequency synchronization accuracy and the sampling phase synchronization accuracy; and [0057] the configuring unit configures the frequency domain pilot density to be within the preset frequency domain density range corresponding to the device capability information of the communication peer by configuring the frequency domain pilot density to be within the preset frequency domain density range corresponding to at least one of the frequency synchronization accuracy and the sampling phase synchronization accuracy. [0058] Optionally, the system requirement information includes a modulation format; [0059] the higher the modulation order is, the larger the corresponding time domain density within preset time domain density range is, and the larger the corresponding frequency domain density within the preset frequency domain density range is. [0060] Optionally, the system requirement information further includes a coding scheme and/or a code rate; [0061] after configuring the time domain pilot density to be within the preset time domain density range corresponding to the system requirement information, the configuring unit further finely adjusts the time domain pilot density according to a preset time domain adjustment value corresponding to the coding scheme and/or the code rate; and [0062] after configuring the frequency domain pilot density to be within the preset frequency domain density range corresponding to the system requirement information, the configuring unit further finely adjusts the frequency domain pilot density according to a preset frequency domain adjustment value corresponding to the coding scheme and/or a code rate. [0063] Optionally, the system requirement information includes at least one of a modulation format, a coding scheme and a code rate; [0064] the higher a modulation order is, the larger the corresponding time domain density within the preset time domain density range is, and the greater the corresponding frequency domain density within the preset frequency domain density range is; [0065] the higher a code word error correction capability is, the less the corresponding time domain density within the preset time domain density range is, and the less the corresponding frequency domain density within the preset frequency domain density range is; and [0066] the higher the code rate is, the larger the corresponding time domain density within the preset time domain density range is, and the larger the corresponding frequency domain density within the preset frequency domain density range is. [0067] Optionally, the configuring unit configures the time domain pilot density to be within the preset time domain density range corresponding to the system requirement information by configuring the time domain pilot density to be within the preset time domain density range corresponding to at least one of the modulation format, the code word error correction capability and the code rate; and [0068] the configuring unit configures the frequency domain pilot density to be within the preset frequency domain density range corresponding to the system requirement information by configuring the frequency domain pilot density to be within the preset frequency domain density range corresponding to at least one of the modulation format, the code word error correction capability and the code rate. [0069] Optionally, the configuring unit includes: [0070] a setting module, which is adapted to, in a resource block, set a preset OFDM symbol as a starting insertion location, determine OFDM symbols into which the pilots are to be inserted according to a result of configuring the time domain pilot density, then set a preset subcarrier as the starting insertion location for each of the OFDM symbols into which the pilots are to be inserted, and insert the pilots according to a result of configuring the frequency domain pilot density. [0071] Optionally, the configuring unit includes: [0072] a setting module, which is adapted to, in a resource block, set a preset OFDM symbol as a starting insertion location, determine OFDM symbols into which the pilots are to be inserted according to a result of configuring the time domain pilot density, and then insert the pilots in preset subcarriers for each of the OFDM symbols into which the pilots are to be inserted. [0073] Optionally, the configuring unit includes: [0074] a setting module, which is adapted to, in a resource block, set a preset subcarrier as a starting insertion location, determine subcarriers into which the pilots are to be inserted according to a result of configuring the frequency domain pilot density, and insert the pilots in the preset OFDM symbols for each of the subcarriers into which the pilots are to be inserted. [0075] In an embodiment, the transmitting unit carries information indicating the pilot configuration result in the signal sent to the communication peer; or, sends signaling used to indicate the pilot configuration result to the communication peer via a control channel. [0076] As can be seen from the above, in the pilot adjustment solution provided in the present invention, an appropriate number of pilots are configured for different transmission depending on the device capabilities, system requirements, characteristics of a channel between the transmitter and the receiver. When wireless propagation environment between the transmitter and the receiver changes, the pilot configuration is also varied with the propagation environment. In accordance with the invention, the configuration of pilots may be adjusted depending on not only the device capabilities and system requirements, but also the wireless propagation environment, so that the pilot configuration may be adapted to any change of the communication link, thereby improving transmission reliability as well as increasing average system capacity. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING [0077] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the pilot configuration in each time-frequency resource block of an LTE-Advanced system in the prior art; [0078] FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing a pilot configuration method in the wireless communication system provided by the present invention; [0079] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a pilot configured in an embodiment of the present invention; [0080] FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the structure of a transmission frame in an embodiment of the present invention; [0081] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a pilot configured in another embodiment of the present invention; and [0082] FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the structure of a device for configuring a pilot in an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0083] In view of the deficiencies in the prior art, the present invention proposes a pilot configuration method for a wireless communication system to adaptively configure pilots according to mobile communication environment changes, device capabilities and system requirements, and the method is applicable to various wireless communication systems. [0084] The concept of the invention includes: based on at least one of current device capability information of a communication peer, current system requirement information, and characteristics of a wireless channel between the transmitter and the receiver, configuring pilots in real time for different transmission in the transmission process. [0085] Referring to FIG. 2 , the invention provides a method of configuring a pilot in a wireless communication system, and the method includes the following steps S 01 -S 02 . [0086] At step S 01 , pilots are configured in real time for different transmission in the transmission process, based on at least one of current wireless channel characteristic parameters, device capability information of a communication peer, and system requirement information. [0087] The different transmission includes transmission with different communication peers, or different occurrences of transmission with the same communication peer, etc. [0088] At step S 02 , the configuration result is sent to the communication peer. [0089] As an alternative example, configuring pilots in real time in step S 01 includes: configuring a time domain pilot density and/or a frequency domain pilot density. If only the time domain pilot density is configured, the frequency domain pilot density may be predetermined and constant; and if only the frequency domain pilot density is configured, the time domain pilot density may be preset and remain unchanged. [0090] Further, different time domain density ranges and frequency domain density ranges are preset for different wireless channel characteristic parameters, different time domain density ranges and frequency domain density ranges are preset for different device capability information, and different time domain density ranges and frequency domain density ranges are preset for different system requirement information. Each of the time domain density ranges and the frequency domain density ranges contains more than one specific density. [0091] In this case, in configuring the time domain pilot density, the time domain pilot density is configured to be within the preset time domain density range corresponding to at least one of the current wireless channel characteristic parameters, device capability information of a communication peer, and system requirement information. In configuring the frequency domain pilot density, the frequency domain pilot density is configured to be within the preset frequency domain density range corresponding to at least one of the current wireless channel characteristic parameters, device capability information of a communication peer, and system requirement information. [0092] Specifically, if the pilot is configured based on only one of the wireless channel characteristics parameters, device capability information of a communication peer, and system requirement information, then, [0093] in configuring the time domain pilot density, the time domain pilot density is configured to be within the preset time domain density range corresponding to the information; and [0094] in configuring the frequency domain pilot density, the frequency domain pilot density is configured to be within the preset frequency domain density range corresponding to the information. [0095] If the pilot is configured based on at least two of the wireless channel characteristics parameters, device capability information of a communication peer and system requirement information, then, [0096] in configuring the time domain pilot density, the preset time domain density ranges corresponding to said at least two of the wireless channel characteristics parameters, device capability information of a communication peer and system requirement information are determined respectively, and if the determined two or more density ranges are similar or identical, for example, two of the density ranges overlap, then the time domain pilot density is configured to be within both of the preset time domain density ranges corresponding to the two information on which the configuration is based; and if the determined two or more density ranges differentiate significantly from each other, for example, there is no common portion between two of the density ranges, one of the two density ranges is selected depending on the actual application requirements or predetermined criteria, and the time domain pilot density is configured to be within the selected density range; and [0097] in configuring the frequency domain pilot density, the preset frequency domain density ranges corresponding to said at least two of the wireless channel characteristics parameters, device capability information of a communication peer and system requirement information are determined respectively, and if the determined two or more density ranges are similar or identical, for example, two of the density ranges overlap, then the frequency domain pilot density is configured to be within both of the preset frequency domain density ranges corresponding to the two information on which the configuration is based; and if the determined two or more density ranges differentiate significantly from each other, for example, there is no common portion between two of the density ranges, one of the two density ranges is selected depending on the actual application requirements or predetermined criteria, and the frequency domain pilot density is configured to be within the selected density range. [0098] For example, in configuring the time domain pilot density based on both wireless channel characteristics parameters and system requirement information, if it is determined that a pilot is to be inserted every 16 OFDM symbols based on the wireless channel characteristics parameters, and it is determined that a pilot is to be inserted every 8 OFDM symbols based on the system requirement information, then the time domain pilot density is configured in such a way that a pilot is inserted every 8 OFDM symbols in accordance with the actual application requirements or predetermined criteria. [0099] The wireless channel characteristic parameters, device capability information of the communication peer and system requirement information each may include a variety of specific parameters, based on which various embodiments are provided for illustrating real-time configuration of pilots below. [0100] As an alternative embodiment, the wireless channel characteristic parameters may include: wireless channel correlation time and a wireless channel correlation bandwidth. The wider the wireless channel correlation bandwidth is, the less the corresponding frequency domain density within the preset the frequency domain density range is; and the longer the wireless channel correlation time is, the less the corresponding time domain density within the preset the time density range is. [0101] In this case, if the pilot is configured in real time only based on the current wireless channel characteristic parameters, then [0102] in the configuration of the time domain pilot density, the time domain pilot density is configured to be within the present time domain density range corresponding to the current wireless channel correlation time; and [0103] in the configuration of the pilot frequency domain density, the pilot frequency domain density is configured to be within the preset frequency domain density range corresponding to the current wireless channel correlation bandwidth. [0104] As an alternative embodiment, device capability information of the communication peer may include: a frequency synchronization accuracy and/or a sampling phase synchronization accuracy. The higher the frequency synchronization accuracy is, the less the corresponding time domain density within the preset time domain density range is, and the less the corresponding frequency domain density within preset frequency domain density range; and the higher the sampling phase synchronization accuracy is, the less the corresponding time domain density within the preset time domain density range is, and the less the corresponding frequency domain density within the preset frequency domain density range is. [0105] In this case, in configuring a pilot based on only the current device capability information of the communication peer, the real-time pilot configuration includes that: [0106] if the pilot is configured based on one of the frequency synchronization accuracy and the sampling phase synchronize accuracy, then [0107] in configuring the time domain pilot density, the time domain pilot density is configured to be within the preset time domain density range corresponding to the information on which the configuration is based; and in configuring the frequency domain pilot density, the frequency domain pilot density is configured to be within the preset frequency domain density range corresponding to the information on which the configuration is based; [0108] and if the pilot is configured based on both the frequency synchronization accuracy and the sampling phase synchronize accuracy, then [0109] in configuring the time domain pilot density, preset time domain density ranges corresponding to the current frequency synchronization accuracy and the current sampling phase synchronize accuracy are determined respectively, and if it is determined that the determined two density ranges are similar or identical, for example, there is a common portion between these two density ranges, then the time domain pilot density is configured to be within both of the preset time domain density ranges corresponding to the frequency synchronization accuracy and the sampling phase synchronize accuracy; and if it is determined that the determined two density ranges differentiate from each other significantly, for example, there is no common portion between these two density ranges, then one of the density ranges is selected depending on the actual application requirements or predetermined criteria, and the time domain pilot density is configured to be within the selected density range; and [0110] in configuring the time domain pilot density, preset frequency domain density ranges corresponding to the current frequency synchronization accuracy and the current sampling phase synchronize accuracy are determined respectively, and if it is determined that the determined two density ranges are similar or identical, for example, there is a common portion between these two density ranges, then the frequency domain pilot density is configured to be within both of the preset frequency domain density ranges corresponding to the frequency synchronization accuracy and the sampling phase synchronize accuracy; and if it is determined that the determined two density ranges differentiate from each other significantly, for example, there is no common portion between these two density ranges, then one of the density ranges is selected depending on the actual application requirements or predetermined criteria, and the frequency domain pilot density is configured to be within the selected density range. [0111] For example, if different clock sources are used for the above-described frequency synchronization accuracy and phase synchronize sampling accuracy, the accuracies may likely differentiate from each other significantly. For example, in configuring the time domain pilot density, the preset time domain density ranges respectively corresponding to the frequency synchronization accuracy and the phase synchronize sampling accuracy may differentiate from each other significantly, in this case, the preset time domain density range corresponding to the poor one from the accuracies may be chosen for pilot configuring. [0112] In an alternative embodiment, the system requirement information includes a modulation format, which specifically refers to a modulation order. The higher a modulation order is, the larger the corresponding time domain density within the preset time domain density range is, and the greater the corresponding frequency domain density within the preset frequency domain density range is. [0113] In this case, in configuring a pilot based on current system requirement information only, the real-time pilot configuring includes: [0114] in configuring a time domain pilot density, the time domain pilot density is configured to be within the preset time domain density range corresponding to the modulation order; and [0115] in configuring a pilot frequency domain density, the frequency domain pilot density is configured to be within the preset frequency domain density range corresponding to the modulation order. [0116] Further, the system requirement information may also include a coding scheme and/or a code rate, wherein the coding scheme specifically refers to a code word error correction capability, and the code rate specifically refers to a coding rate. The code word error correction capability corresponds to a preset time domain adjustment value and a preset frequency domain adjustment value, and the code rate corresponds to a preset time domain adjustment value and a preset frequency domain value. These various preset adjustment values are determined depending on the actual system performance. [0117] In this case, during real-time pilot configuring, after the time domain pilot density is configured based on the modulation order, the density may be further finely adjusted according to the preset time domain adjustment value corresponding to the coding scheme and/or the code rate. After the frequency domain pilot density is configured based on the modulation order, the density may be further finely adjusted according to the preset frequency domain adjustment value corresponding to the coding scheme and/or the code rate. [0118] As an alternative embodiment, the system requirement information includes at least one of a modulation format, a coding scheme and a code rate. The modulation format specifically refers to a modulation order, the coding scheme specifically refers to a code word error correction capability, and the code rate specifically refers to a coding rate. The higher a modulation order is, the larger the corresponding time domain density within the preset time domain density range is, and the greater the corresponding frequency domain density within the preset frequency domain density range is; the higher a code word error correction capability is, the less the corresponding time domain density within the preset time domain density range is, and the less the corresponding frequency domain density within the preset frequency domain density range is; and the higher the code rate is, the larger the corresponding time domain density within the preset time domain density range is, and the larger the corresponding frequency domain density within the preset frequency domain density range is. [0119] In this case, if a pilot is configured based on the current system requirement information only, the real-time pilot configuring includes that: [0120] if the pilot is configured based upon only one of the modulation format, the coding scheme and the code rate, then [0121] in configuring a time domain pilot density, the time domain pilot density is configured to be within the preset time domain density range corresponding to said one of the modulation format, the coding scheme and the code rate on which the configuration is based; and [0122] in configuring a frequency domain pilot density, the frequency domain pilot density is configured to be within the preset frequency domain density range corresponding to said one of the modulation format, the coding scheme and the code rate on which the configuration is based. [0123] If the pilot is configured based on at least two of the modulation format, the coding scheme and the code rate, then [0124] in configuring the time domain pilot density, preset time domain density ranges corresponding to two or more of the modulation format, the coding scheme and the code rate on which the configuration is based are respectively determined, and if the determined two or more density ranges are similar or identical, for example, there is a common portion between the two or more density ranges, the time domain pilot density is configured to be within both of the preset time domain density ranges corresponding to said two or more of the modulation format, the coding scheme and the code rate on which the configuration is based; and if the determined two or more density ranges differentiate from each other significantly, for example, there is no common portion between the two or more density ranges, one of the density ranges is selected depending on the actual application requirements or predetermined criteria, and the time domain pilot density is configured to be within the selected density range; and [0125] in configuring the frequency domain pilot density, preset frequency domain density ranges corresponding to two or more of the modulation format, the coding scheme and the code rate on which the configuration is based are respectively determined, and if the determined two or more density ranges are similar or identical, for example, there is a common portion between the two or more density ranges, the frequency domain pilot density is configured to be within both of the preset frequency domain density ranges corresponding to said two or more of the modulation format, the coding scheme and the code rate on which the configuration is based; and if the determined two or more density ranges differentiate from each other significantly, for example, there is no common portion between the two or more density ranges, one of the density ranges is selected depending on the actual application requirements or predetermined criteria, and the frequency domain pilot density is configured to be within the selected density range. [0126] The pilot configuration method provided in the present invention achieves the following technical effects: [0127] first, when the pilot is configured based on the device capability information of the communication peer, the reliability of transmission is improved and the communication quality is ensured; [0128] secondly, when the pilot is configured based on system requirement information, it is possible to adapt to a change of system requirements, to reducing pilot overhead; and [0129] thirdly, while the pilot is configured based on wireless channel characteristics parameters, the pilot configuration may be adapted to any communication link changes, to be suitable for more channel environment and application scenarios. [0130] To make the principles, features and advantages of the present invention more clear, the present invention is described in detail below with reference to the particular application examples. In the following embodiments, the configuration is conducted at a center access point (CAP), and a station (STA) is used as a communication peer of the CAP, and a demodulating pilot is used as an example for configuring. A First Application Example [0131] In the present application example, a CAP configures pilots based on current wireless channel characteristic parameters. [0132] The CAP may obtain the current wireless channel characteristic parameters by many ways, for example, by channel measuring, or by information interacting with the STA. [0133] In this application example, it is assumed that a station STA 1 is in a moving state and stations STA 2 and STA 0 are rest. [0134] The CAP may obtain correlation time of the stations STA 0 , STA 1 , and STA 2 by channel measurement (e.g., Doppler spectral measurements), and obtain correlation bandwidths of the stations STA 0 , STA 1 , and STA 2 through channel measurements (such as power delay spectral measurement). Specifically, the wireless channel correlation time of the moving station STA 1 is less than that of the stations STA 0 and STA 2 in the rest state, and the wireless channel correlation bandwidth of the moving station STA 1 is less than that of the stations STA 0 and STA 2 in the rest state. [0135] If both time domain pilot density and frequency domain pilot density are configured at present, the configuring process specifically includes Steps 1 and 2 below. [0136] At Step 1 , a time domain pilot density is configured based on the wireless channel correlation time. [0137] For example, a result of pilot configuring by the CAP in the time domain is shown in FIG. 3 . Specifically, a set of pilots are configured for the station STA 1 every 32 OFDM symbols, and a set of pilots are configured for the stations STA 0 and STA 2 every 256 OFDM symbols. [0138] At Step 2 , a frequency domain pilot density is configured based on the wireless channel correlation bandwidth. [0139] For example, the CAP configures a set of pilots for the station STA 1 every 2 used subcarriers, and configures a set of pilots for the stations STA 0 and STA 2 every 4 used subcarriers. [0140] Via a control channel used for indicating resource scheduling, the CAP configures a number of signaling bits (such as 1-2 bits) to indicate the configured time domain pilot period (i.e. an interval of OFDM symbols) and frequency domain pilot period (i.e. an interval of subcarriers). [0141] As for downlink data transmission, for example, the CAP inserts pilots during downlink transmission according to the configuration result by operations as follows: in a resource block allocated to the STA, the first OFDM symbol is taken as a starting insertion location for pilot in the time domain, then OFDM symbols into which the pilots are to be inserted are determined according to a configuration result of the time domain pilot density, and then for each of the OFDM symbols into which the pilots are to be inserted, the first subcarrier is taken as a starting insertion location for pilot, and pilots are inserted in accordance with a configuration result of the frequency domain pilot density. [0142] In addition to the configuration process described above, it is possible to configure either the time domain pilot density or the frequency domain pilot density only. [0143] In configuring the time domain pilot density only, to insert pilots during downlink data transmission, the CAP takes the first OFDM symbol as an insertion position for pilot in the time domain within a resource block allocated to the STA, determines OFDM symbols into which pilots are to be inserted according to a configuration result of the time domain pilot density, and then inserts a pilot into the preset subcarrier for each of the OFDM symbols into which the pilots are to be inserted. [0144] In configuring frequency domain pilot density only, to insert pilots during downlink data transmission, the CAP takes the first subcarrier as an insertion position for pilot within a resource block allocated by the STA, determines OFDM symbols into which pilots are to be inserted according to a configuration result of the frequency domain pilot density, and then inserts a pilot in the preset OFDM symbol for each of the subcarriers into which pilots are to be inserted. [0145] The pilot inserted by the CAP may occupy one or more continuous OFDM symbols in the time domain, and the number of OFDM symbols occupied in the time domain by the pilot to be inserted can be determined by the CAP according to the number of space-time streams. [0146] In the uplink transmission, the STA inserts pilots in a resource block according to the configuration result informed by the CAP, and the pilots are inserted in a way same as that of the CAP. [0147] In the present application example, the pilot configuration is adjusted according to conditions of the wireless channel between the STA and the CAP, for adapting to communication link changes, to improve the reliability of transmission and ensure the communication quality, and further increase the average system capacity, meantime, it is applicable to more channel environments and application scenarios. A Second Application Example [0148] In the present application example, the CAP configures the pilot based on the device capability information of the communication peer. [0149] The CAP interacts with stations STA 1 and STA 2 for device capabilities. To overcome the affection of a synchronization error on OFDM data symbol detection, the CAP has to transmit a set of pilots periodically, to correct phase offset accumulation caused by the synchronization error. Pilots configured for the station SATI are contained in a downlink transmission channel in the transmission frame structure as shown in FIG. 4 . [0150] The CAP may acquire the device capability information of the communication peer by various ways, for example, by capability negotiating with the STA. [0151] Assuming that the station STA 1 is a low-end device with significant sampling synchronization error and frequency synchronization error. The station STA 2 is a high-end device with small sampling synchronization error and frequency synchronization error. The sampling synchronization errors accumulate along with increasing OFDM symbols. [0152] If a time domain pilot density and a frequency domain pilot density are configured based on the current frequency synchronization accuracy, the configuring process specifically includes the following Steps 1 and 2 . [0153] At Step 1 , the time domain pilot density is configured base on the frequency synchronization accuracy. [0154] For example, the configuration result by the CAP is shown in FIG. 5 . Specifically, a set of pilots are configured for the station STA 1 every 16 OFDM symbols, and a set of pilots are configured for the station STA 2 every 512 OFDM symbols. [0155] Step 2 , the pilot is configured in the frequency domain based on the frequency synchronization accuracy. [0156] For example, a set of pilots are configured for the station STA 1 every 2 used subcarriers, and a set of pilots are configured for the station STA 2 every 4 used subcarriers. [0157] In a control channel used for indicating resource scheduling, the CAP configures a number of signaling bits (such as 1-2 bits) to indicate a time domain pilot period and a frequency domain pilot period. [0158] As for downlink data transmission, for example, the CAP inserts pilots during downlink transmission according to the configuration result by operations as follows: in a resource block allocated to the STA, the first OFDM symbol is taken as a starting insertion location for pilot, then OFDM symbols into which the pilots are to be inserted are determined according to a configuration result of the time domain pilot density, and then for each of the OFDM symbols into which the pilots are to be inserted, the first subcarrier is taken as a starting insertion location for pilot, and pilots are inserted in accordance with a configuration result of the frequency domain pilot density. [0159] In the uplink transmission, the STA inserts a pilot into a resource block according to a configuring result informed by the CAP, and the way of inserting the pilot is the same as that of the CAP. [0160] In the present application example, the pilot configuration is adjusted based on the device capability information of the STA, and different pilot configuration is used for the STAs with different device capabilities, to improve transmission reliability and ensure the communication quality. A Third Application Example [0161] In the present application example, the pilot is configured according to the system requirement information, which is known to the CAP. [0162] In the wireless communication system, the station STA 1 is closer to the CAP, while the station STA 2 is farther to the CAP. [0163] In this application example, the pilot is configured based on the modulation order and the code rate, respectively. [0164] During the downlink transmission, the station STA 1 is closer to the CAP, so that a link propagation loss is small and the power of a signal received by the station STA1 is high, thus a high-order modulation scheme such as 64 QAM may be employed for data transmission. The station STA 2 is farther from the CAP, so that the link propagation loss is relative large and the power of a signal received by the station STA 2 is low, thus a low-order modulation scheme such as QPSK is employed for data transmission. Since the high-order modulation is more sensitive to a channel fast fading than the low-order modulation, the CAP configures a higher pilot density for the station STA 1 but a lower pilot density for the station STA 2 . [0165] In addition, if the station STA 1 employs a higher coding rate but the station STA 2 employs a lower coding rate considering the channel environment, more density pilots (i.e., a higher pilot density) is configured for the station STA 1 in the frequency domain and the time domain, to accommodate such a code rate change, and ensure communication reliability. [0166] In the technical scheme provided by this application example, the pilot is configured according to the system requirement information, to adaptively accommodate any changes in system requirements, thus improving the reliability of transmission and ensuring the communication quality, and further increasing the average system capacity while the reduced pilot overhead. A Fourth Application Example [0167] This application example gives an implementation that the CAP transmits the pilot configuration result. [0168] Here, there are two preset time domain density ranges corresponding to wireless channel characteristics parameters, one of which includes a specific time domain density represented by a time domain pilot interval 0 , and the other of which includes another specific time domain density represented by a time domain pilot interval 1 . The time domain pilot interval 0 is a short pilot interval (which means OFDM symbols followed by each set of pilots), and the time domain pilot interval 1 is a long pilot interval (which means OFDM symbols followed by each set of pilots). [0169] Here, assume the device capability information of the communication peer and the system requirement information respectively correspond to preset time domain density ranges which are the same as those for the above-described wireless channel characteristic parameters. [0170] The CAP broadcasts the number of OFDM symbols indicated by the time domain pilot intervals 0 and 1 respectively, in the periodically broadcasted broadcast information frame (BCF), so that each STA may acquire these two parameters by detecting the BCF after accessing to a wireless network including the CAP. [0171] After configuring the time domain pilot density for an STA in real time, the CAP indicates whether a time domain pilot interval 0 or a time domain pilot interval 1 is currently configured by 1 bit in the scheduling signaling on a control channel. [0172] In this present application example, it is assumed that there are three preset frequency domain density ranges corresponding to the wireless channel characteristics parameters, where, the first preset frequency-domain density range includes a frequency domain density represented by a frequency domain pilot pattern 1 , the second preset frequency domain density range includes a frequency-domain density represented by a frequency domain pilot pattern 2 , and the third preset frequency domain density range includes a frequency domain density represented by a frequency domain pilot pattern 3 . The frequency domain pilot pattern 1 is such that a pilot is inserted every 1 used subcarrier, the frequency domain pilot pattern 2 is such that a pilot is inserted every 2 used subcarriers, and the frequency domain pilot pattern 3 is such that a pilot is inserted every 4 used subcarriers. [0173] Here, assume the device capability information of the communication peer and the system requirement information respectively correspond to preset time domain density ranges which are the same as those for the above-described wireless channel characteristic parameters. [0174] After configuring the frequency domain pilot density for an STA in real time, the CAP indicates whether a frequency domain pilot pattern 1 , a frequency domain pilot pattern 2 or a frequency domain pilot pattern 3 is currently configured by 2 bits in the scheduling signaling on a control channel. [0175] The above application examples each are described in connection with demodulating pilots. However, the configuring method of the present invention can also be used for configuring other types of pilots, such as a sounding pilot. [0176] The present invention provides a device 100 of configuring a pilot in a wireless communication system, as shown in FIG. 6 , the device 100 includes: [0177] a configuring unit 20 , which is adapted to configure pilots in real time for different transmission in the transmission process based on at least one of current wireless channel characteristic parameters, device capability information of a communication peer, and system requirement information; and [0178] a transmitting unit 30 , which is used to send a configuration result from the configuration unit 20 to the communication peer. [0179] As an alternative embodiment, the device 100 may further include an acquiring unit 10 , which is used for obtaining at least one of the wireless channel characteristic parameters, device capability information of a communication peer, and system requirement information. To obtain the wireless channel characteristic parameters, the acquiring unit 10 specifically includes: [0180] a measuring unit 10 a, which is used for measuring a wireless channel between the transmitting end and the receiving end, to obtain the wireless channel characteristic parameters; or [0181] a communication unit 10 b , which is used for information interaction between the transmitting end and the receiving end, to obtain the wireless channel characteristic parameters. [0182] As an alternative embodiment, the configuration unit 20 may further include: a setting module 20 a, which is adapted to, in a resource block, set a preset OFDM symbol as a starting insertion location, determine OFDM symbols into which the pilots are to be inserted according to a result of configuring the time domain pilot density, then set a preset subcarrier as the starting insertion location for each of the OFDM symbols into which the pilots are to be inserted, and insert the pilots according to a result of configuring the frequency domain pilot density. [0183] As an alternative embodiment, the configuration unit 20 may further include: a setting module 20 a, which is adapted to, in a resource block, set a preset OFDM symbol as a starting insertion location, determine OFDM symbols into which the pilots are to be inserted according to a result of configuring the time domain pilot density, and then insert the pilots in preset subcarriers for each of the OFDM symbols into which the pilots are to be inserted. [0184] As an alternative embodiment, the configuration unit 20 may further include: a setting module 20 a, which is adapted to, in a resource block, set a preset subcarrier as a starting insertion location, determine subcarriers into which the pilots are to be inserted according to a result of configuring the frequency domain pilot density, and insert the pilots in the preset OFDM symbols for each of the subcarriers into which the pilots are to be inserted. [0185] As an alternative embodiment, the configuration unit 20 operates as per the previously described configuration, and the transmitting unit 30 operates as per the transmission mode as described above. [0186] The preferable embodiments of the invention have been disclosed as above, but are not used to limit the invention. One skilled in the art can make possible changes and modification according to the spirit and scope of the present invention. The protection range of the invention should be defined by the scope of the claim.	Disclosed is a method for configuring a pilot frequency in a wireless communication system, comprising: on the basis of at least one item among a current wireless channel characteristic parameter, device capability information of a correspondent node, and system requirement information, configuring in real-time a pilot frequency for different transmissions during a transmission process; and transmitting the configuration result to the correspondent node. Also disclosed is a corresponding device for configuring the pilot frequency. The present invention allows for configuration in real-time of the pilot frequency. This facilitates improved transmission reliability and guaranteed communication quality, and reduces pilot frequency overhead, and at the same time, is applicable in additional number of channel environments and application scenarios.	7
PRIORITY CLAIM [0001] The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/734,167 filed Nov. 7, 2005, and entitled “RESIDENTIAL SEALCOATING MACHINING HAVING CLEANABLE MANIFOLD”, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The invention relates generally to seal coating machines for applying sealant to an asphalt surface. More specifically, the invention is directed to a towable seal coating machine having a removable distribution manifold for easy cleaning of the manifold following application of the sealant to a residential asphalt surface. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Asphalt is used for constructing a large percentage of the paved roadways, parking lots and residential driveways in the United States. Asphalt generally comprises a combination of aggregates (crushed stone and sand), filler (cement, hydrated lime or stone dust) and a bituminous binder (called asphalt cement or asphalt binder). When used in construction, asphalt has a number of advantages including smoothness when applied, ease of construction and durability. While asphalt construction has a number of advantages, asphalt can begin to break down due to oxidation, exposure to ultraviolet rays and exposure to oil and gas spills. As such, asphalt maintenance is important and especially so for residential homeowners that can incur significant expense due to damaged asphalt driveways. [0004] The most common form of asphalt maintenance is the application of an asphalt sealant or sealcoat applied in a thin layer directly on the asphalt surface. Application of sealcoat provides a number of benefits including protecting the asphalt from exposure to oxygen and water, preventing ultraviolet rays from penetrating the asphalt, resisting damage caused by oil or gas spills, smoothing the asphalt surface and restoring the original look and color of the asphalt. [0005] Depending upon environmental conditions (sun exposure, temperature variation, amount of moisture) and traffic on the sealcoat, asphalt driveways may require the application of sealcoat every 1 to 3 years. Sealcoat generally comprises a mixture of emulsified asphalt, water, mineral fillers and various other mixtures. Sealcoat can be applied using a squeegee, stiff broom or mechanical sprayers/applicators. Representative sprayers/applicators include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,533,336; 3,703,856; 3,841,779; 3,940,213; 3,989,403; 4,026,658; 4,302,128; 4,315,700; 4,575,279; 4,688,964; 4,831,958; 5,362,178; 5,735,952; 5,549,457; 6,102,615; and 6,290,428, all of which are herein incorporated by reference. [0006] Many homeowners apply sealcoat to their asphalt driveways themselves. While the sealcoating process can be successfully accomplished by homeowners, the process is generally messy and can destroy the brushes and components used in the sealcoating process. As such, it would be advantageous for residential homeowners to have an apparatus allowing for quick and efficient application of sealcoat while allowing for easy cleaning and maintenance of the apparatus. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0007] The invention addresses the aforementioned needs by providing a residential sealcoat applicator apparatus that quickly and efficiently applies sealcoat and is easily cleanable upon completion of the sealcoating process. [0008] In one aspect, a representative embodiment of a sealcoating apparatus comprises a towable implement having a mounting frame, a sealcoat reservoir, a distribution manifold and an applicator member. The sealcoat reservoir can supply sealcoat to the distribution manifold and applicator member at the direction of a supply valve accessible to an operator on a tow vehicle. The applicator member can be vertically adjustable from an upward transport disposition to a downward application disposition through use of a manually adjusted repositionable wheel assembly. The distribution manifold is operably removable so as to allow for cleaning of the distribution manifold following completion of the sealcoating process. [0009] In another aspect, a residential sealcoating process can be accomplished utilizing a towable sealcoating apparatus that is disassemblable for cleaning upon completion of the sealcoating process. The sealcoating process can include supplying liquid sealcoat to an asphalt surface through a distribution manifold that generally evenly distributes sealcoat for application with an applicator member. A repositionable wheel assembly can be adjusted so as to vary the position of the applicator member between an upward transport disposition and a downward application disposition. Upon completion of the sealcoating process, the distribution manifold can be removed and cleaned allowing the towable sealcoating apparatus to be successfully used for subsequent sealcoating applications. [0010] The above summary of the various embodiments of the invention is not intended to describe each illustrated embodiment or every implementation of the invention. The figures in the detailed description that follow more particularly exemplify these embodiments. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0011] The invention may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments of the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which: [0012] FIG. 1 is a perspective view an embodiment of a residential sealant applicator of the present invention; [0013] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the residential sealant applicator of FIG. 1 ; [0014] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the residential sealant applicator of FIG. 1 ; and [0015] FIG. 4 is a perspective view the residential sealant applicator of FIG. 1 applying an asphalt sealant to a residential, asphalt surface. [0016] While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0017] As illustrated in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 , a towable sealcoating apparatus 100 of the present invention can comprise a towable frame 102 , a sealcoat reservoir 104 , a distribution manifold 106 and an applicator member 108 . Operation of towable sealcoating apparatus 100 can be controlled by a sealcoat delivery control 110 and an applicator position control 112 . The components of the towable sealcoating apparatus 100 can be permanently attached such as, for example, by welding the components together. Alternatively, the components of the towable sealcoating apparatus 100 can be disassembled using suitable fasteners such as, for example, nuts and bolts, cotter pins and similar connectors, to promote ease of shipping and assembly of the towable sealcoating apparatus 100 . [0018] Towable frame 102 can comprise a pair of side members 114 a , 114 b and an end member 116 . Side members 114 a , 114 b and end member 116 can be fabricated of suitable materials such as, for example, carbon steel and aluminum channel. Side members 114 a , 114 b and end members 116 can be attached using suitable attachment methods such as, for example, welding or using connectors such as nuts and bolts. A mounting floor 118 is mountably attached between side members 114 a , 114 b . Towable frame 102 can further comprise a towing receiver 120 and a repositionable wheel assembly 124 . Towing receiver 120 can comprise any of a variety of suitable towing receiver configurations include a ball receiver, a 3-point hitch and a drawbar hitch. Repositionable wheel assembly 124 can comprise a pair of wheels 126 a , 126 b , a pair of extension members 128 a , 128 b and a mounting member 130 . [0019] Sealcoat reservoir 104 comprises a tank assembly 132 having an inlet port 134 and an outlet port 136 . Tank assembly 132 can be constructed of suitable materials such as, for example, suitable plastics and metals. Tank assembly 132 is operably mounted to the mounting floor 118 . [0020] Distribution manifold 106 can comprise a supply portion 138 and a distribution portion 140 . Distribution manifold 106 can be constructed of suitable materials such as, for example, PVC pipe. Supply portion 138 includes a supply end 142 and a distribution end 144 . Distribution portion 140 includes a plurality of distribution bores 146 generally evenly spaced across the length of distribution portion 140 . [0021] Applicator member 108 can comprise a suitable applicator such as, for example, a squeegee 148 or alternatively, a brush 149 , operably attached to the end member 116 and preferably extending beyond the side members 114 a , 114 b. [0022] Sealcoat delivery control 110 can comprise a delivery lever 150 , a delivery bracket 152 , a pair of bracket mounts 154 a , 154 b , a lever arm 156 and a delivery valve 158 . Delivery bracket 152 can be mounted over tank assembly 132 using bracket mounts 154 a , 154 b attached to the towable frame 102 . Delivery valve 158 is fluidly, operably mounted within the supply portion 138 . Delivery lever 150 operably connects to delivery valve 158 with lever arm 156 . [0023] Applicator position control 112 can comprise a positioning arm 160 , a positioning bracket 162 , an adjustment arm 164 and an attachment arm 166 . Positioning arm 160 is rotatably attached to the positioning bracket 162 wherein the positioning bracket 162 is coupled to the towable frame 102 using a suitable attachment method such as, for example, welding, bolting and the like. Adjustment arm 164 is attached to the positioning arm 160 on one end and to the attachment arm 166 at the other end. Attachment arm 166 further attaches directly to the mounting member 130 . [0024] As illustrated in FIG. 4 , towable sealcoating apparatus 100 can be used with a suitable towing implement such as, for example, a lawn tractor 200 or all-terrain vehicle. Towable sealcoating apparatus 100 can be used to resurface and sealcoat an asphalt driveway 202 . For example, towable sealcoating apparatus 100 can be attached to the lawn tractor 202 by positioning towing receiver 120 over a ball hitch on the lawn tractor 202 . Wheels 126 a , 126 b are generally sized such that attachment of the towable sealcoating apparatus 100 to the lawn tractor 200 results in the towable sealcoating apparatus 100 being tilted such that the towing receiver 120 is at a higher elevation than the end member 116 . When towable sealcoating apparatus 100 is in such tilted orientation as shown in FIG. 4 , outlet port 136 is positioned so as gravity feed sealcoat into the supply portion 136 of distribution manifold 106 . [0025] In operation, an operator aligns lawn tractor 200 , and consequently, towable sealcoating apparatus 100 , with a portion of the asphalt driveway 202 in which, sealcoat is to be applied. The operator grasps the positioning arm 160 and pulls the positioning arm 160 toward the lawn tractor 200 which, causes adjustment arm 164 to pull the attachment arm 166 forward. As the attachment arm 166 is pulled toward the lawn tractor 200 , mounting member 130 is caused to rotate such that the extension members 128 a , 128 b rotatably direct the wheels 126 a , 126 b toward the end member 116 . As the extension members 128 a , 128 b are rotated, the ground clearance between the squeegee 148 and the driveway 202 is reduced until the squeegee 148 is in physical contact with the driveway 202 . [0026] The operator then opens delivery valve 158 by pulling delivery lever 150 toward the lawn tractor 200 such that the lever arm 156 actuates the delivery valve 158 to an open position. As delivery valve 156 is opened, sealcoat within tank assembly 130 begins flowing from outlet port 134 into supply end 140 , through supply portion 136 , out distribution end 142 and into distribution portion 138 due to the tilted configuration of the towable sealcoating apparatus 100 . The sealcoat is flowably dispensed out the distribution bores 144 and onto the driveway 202 . The operator directs the lawn tractor 200 forward such that the squeegee 148 comes into contact with and evenly spreads the sealcoat on the driveway 202 . Preferably, squeegee 148 extends beyond the width of the lawn tractor 200 such that the operator can do a next pass on the driveway 202 without driving the lawn tractor 200 over previously applied sealcoat. Upon completion of the sealcoating process, the operator closes the delivery valve 156 by directing the delivery lever 150 away from the lawn tractor 200 and raises the squeegee 148 by directing the positioning arm 160 away from the lawn tractor 200 . [0027] Once the driveway 202 has been sealcoated, the distribution manifold 106 can be removed from the tank assembly 132 , preferably by removing a quick connect or similar style fitting, that connects the supply end 142 to the outlet port 136 . This allows for easy access and cleaning of the distribution manifold 106 and delivery valve 158 such that the towable sealcoating apparatus 100 can continue to be reused for subsequent sealcoat applications. In some embodiments, supply portion 136 and distribution portion 140 can be detachably removed from the delivery valve 158 to provide individual cleaning and maintenance access to each component. In addition, portions of the distribution manifold 106 can comprise flexible tubing/hose allowing for flexibility and quick connection of the components using connectors such as, for example, barbed fittings and/or hose clamps. [0028] Although various embodiments of the invention have been disclosed here for purposes of illustration, it should be understood that a variety of changes, modifications and substitutions may be incorporated without departing from either the spirit or scope of the invention.	A towable, residential sealcoating apparatus and related methods for applying sealcoat to a residential, asphalt driveway. The towable, residential sealcoating apparatus can include a towable implement having a mounting frame, a sealcoat reservoir, a distribution manifold and an applicator member. The sealcoat reservoir can supply sealcoat to the distribution manifold and applicator member at the direction of a supply valve accessible to an operator on a tow vehicle. The applicator member can be vertically adjustable from an upward transport disposition to a downward application disposition. The distribution manifold is operably removable so as to allow for cleaning of the distribution manifold following completion of the sealcoating process.	4
RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 15/296,993 filed Oct. 18, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/213,696 filed Mar. 14, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,470,226 issued Oct. 18, 2016, which claimed the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/785,246 filed Mar. 14, 2013, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD [0002] The disclosed design relates to a valve assembly for use in reciprocating, positive displacement pumps, such as mud pumps, well service pumps, and other industrial applications. More particularly, the disclosed design is especially suitable for use in a fracking pump for subterranean production services. More specifically, the presently disclosed design relates to a multi-part valve assembly of various materials constructed in a novel manner that replaces conventional two and three part welded valves. BACKGROUND [0003] Valves have been the subject of engineering design efforts for many years, and millions of them have been used. The engineering development of valves has stagnated in this crowded and mature field of technology. Improvements have been elusive in recent years, even as the cost of materials and manufacturing has continued to climb. [0004] The basic valve structure is present in several U.S. patent publications. Some of these describe conventional methods of building a valve, and others describe methods that have been rejected by industry. Fewer disclosures teach multiple component valves, as valves having multiple components have heretofore been disfavored for a number of reasons. Primarily, they are viewed as more costly to manufacture. Multiple components require multiple manufacturing steps, assembly steps, and fit-tolerances requirements that valves having fewer parts do not have. Secondly, each assembly and connection is deemed a potential failure point, so these valves are, again, disfavored. [0005] Fracking valves are a particular valve used to pump hard material into a production wellbore for the purpose of fracturing the reservoir containing formations to increase fluid flow into the wellbore. Such pumps are reciprocating, positive displacement pumps in which the valves are held closed by springs and open and close by differential pressure. The pumps deliver clear fluids or slurries through simple poppet valves that are activated (opened and closed) by the fluid pressure differential generated when the mechanical energy of the pump is converted into fluid pressure. [0006] In oil and gas exploration, there are two common reciprocating, positive displacement applications; mud pumps and well service pumps. The disclosed design is also appropriate in both of these categories as well as other, general industrial reciprocating, positive displacement applications. Pump valves in these applications must be guided as they move back and forth about an axis parallel to the fluid flow. The guides may be “stems” or “wings” and these may be on either side or both sides of the valve. They must remain an inseparable part of the pump valve during its useful life. [0007] Due to the hardness of the material being pumped, valves include a soft seating material, such as a urethane insert, such that a seal can be obtained. The softer insert component necessitates at least some assembly in frack valves. Other than the inclusion of the insert, conventional manufacturing practice has been to minimize the number of components in a valve assembly. [0008] Conventional pump valves are thus made from a pair of near net shape pieces of low carbon alloy steel that are welded together and then carburized to produce a hard, wear resistant surface. The process of manufacturing such near net shapes is expensive. Alternatively, pump valves are made from high carbon, low alloy steels of one expensive piece that requires detailed finishing, as these alloys are generally not welded. [0009] One form of convention valve manufacturing includes making the components of the valve of high alloy steel such as 8620 or 4130. These are expensive grades of steel for manufacturing a limited life product. Additionally, conventional manufacturing techniques generate material waste. [0010] Conventional valve guides are manufactured by investment casting. It is common practice to forge a one-piece valve and top stem of low carbon alloy steel. The two pieces are welded together and carburized as a single piece. [0011] An alternative known method of making valves is to make a single investment casting of the entire valve for assembly with only the insert. As with the other method, the entire part is then carburized to harden it. [0012] An alternative known method of making valves is to make a single piece forging from a high carbon alloy steel. Areas that require hardened surfaces are induction or flame hardened. However, the only areas of the valve that require hardened surfaces are relatively small and include the face of the valve and the outer edges of the guides. [0013] The disclosed design replaces expensive raw material forms with a combination of inexpensive pieces and allows the most productive selective hardening processes to be used. SUMMARY [0014] The disclosed design provides a pump valve and a method of manufacturing and assembling the pump valve that allows the use of materials usually considered unsuitable for multiple components welded together to be constructed as a weldment. [0015] This disclosed design provides for the use of high carbon or high carbon alloy steel that can be induction or flame hardened and a collection of inexpensive pieces to be assembled and captured as a finished unit at the time of welding. The weld can be a solid state inertia or friction weld or any appropriate melt fusion technique. The assembly includes a retaining pin, a guide, a valve, an insert, a retainer, and a retainer cap. The retainer cap is welded to an end of the retaining pin to compress the other elements into an assembly. [0016] One embodiment of the disclosed design provides for the assembly of several components of simpler geometry that would not generally be considered candidates for welding because of their composition. [0017] In another embodiment, a valve assembly is provided comprising a retaining pin, a wing guide located on the retaining pin, and a valve located on the retaining pin above the guide. An insert is located on the valve. An insert retainer is located on the retaining pin above the insert. A retainer cap is welded to the retaining pin to hold the collective assembly together. [0018] In another embodiment, the top stem, retainer, wing guide stem, and wing guide are comprised of a low carbon, or low alloy steel material, and the valve is comprised of steel higher in carbon content than that of the retaining pin, guide, and retainer. [0019] In another embodiment, the weld between the retainer cap and the retaining pin is an inertia weld. [0020] In another embodiment, the retainer cap has a nonagon configuration. [0021] In another embodiment, the guide has a top portion and three legs extending downward from the top portion. A footer extends outward from each leg. Three stabilizers extend downward from the top portion, one each between the downwardly extending legs. [0022] In another embodiment, a plurality of tabs extends outward from the top portion. The tabs engage the internal circumference of a circular recess in the valve to center the guide concentrically with the valve. [0023] In another embodiment, the retaining pin has a generally triangular head for fitted engagement with the underside of the guide. [0024] An advantage of the above summarized invention is that many of the parts may be made of material that is easy to machine, such that these components can be made less expensively. [0025] Another advantage is that many of the components need not be heat treated, eliminating a costly process step that is applied to the entirety of conventional valve assemblies. [0026] Another advantage is that it is unnecessary to selectively and manually apply and remove expensive compounds needed to prevent carburization of several surfaces to which hardening is undesirable. [0027] More recently, an improvement to the above disclosed design has been developed, for which this summary continues. [0028] In the more recent, present embodiments, an improved valve assembly is provided. The assembly includes a retaining pin having a retaining cap on its upper end. Located on the retaining pin are an insert retainer, an insert beneath the insert retainer, a valve beneath the insert, and a guide beneath the valve. The guide has a generally truncated pyramid shape, and a central portion on its upper end. The central portion is centered on the retaining pin. The retaining pin has an expanded lower end to secure the valve assembly together. [0029] In another embodiment, the guide is bell-shaped. In the guide, four legs are interconnected by a generally square base. In another embodiment, the guide has a window opening on each of the four sides. [0030] In another embodiment, the guide has a substantially circular top, and has a conical upper portion extending downward from the top. There is a continuous base, with four legs connecting the upper portion to the base. In this embodiment and others, the guide has eight perimeter extents along the base. [0031] In another embodiment, a washer is located between the retaining pin and the central portion of the guide. The retainer pin end may be formed by hot pressing the pin. [0032] Advantages and features of the embodiments presently disclosed will become more readily understood from the following detailed description and appended claims when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like numerals represent like elements. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0033] FIG. 1 is an isometric view of the valve assembly shown in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention, as viewed from the top of the valve. [0034] FIG. 2 is an isometric view of the valve assembly of FIG. 1 as viewed from the bottom of the valve. [0035] FIG. 3 is an isometric exploded view of the valve assembly of FIGS. 1-2 shown in accordance with certain embodiments of the present invention. [0036] FIG. 4 is a bottom view of the valve assembly embodiment of FIGS. 1-3 , illustrating a section line A-A through this view of the valve assembly. [0037] FIG. 5 is a sectional view of the valve assembly embodiment of FIGS. 1-4 sectioned at A-A as illustrated in FIG. 4 . [0038] FIG. 6 is an isometric view of the retaining pin component of the valve assembly embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 . [0039] FIG. 7 is a bottom view of an in-process guide component of the valve assembly embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 . [0040] FIG. 8 is a bottom view of the guide component of FIG. 7 after a forming step. [0041] FIG. 9 is an isometric view of the guide component of FIG. 8 . [0042] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional side view of the valve component of the valve assembly embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 . [0043] FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional side view of the insert component of the valve assembly embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 . [0044] FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional side view of the retainer component of the valve assembly embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 . [0045] FIG. 13 is a bottom view of the retainer cap of the valve assembly embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 . [0046] FIG. 14 is a sectional view of the retainer cap of the valve assembly embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 sectioned at B-B as illustrated in FIG. 13 . [0047] FIG. 15 is an isometric view of the valve assembly shown in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed design, as viewed from the top of the valve assembly. [0048] FIG. 16 is an isometric view of the valve assembly of FIG. 15 as viewed from the bottom of the valve assembly. [0049] FIG. 17 is an isometric exploded view of the valve assembly of FIGS. 15-16 shown in accordance with certain embodiments of the disclosed design. [0050] FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of the retaining pin component of the valve assembly embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 15-17 . [0051] FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional side view of the insert retainer component of the valve assembly embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 15-17 . [0052] FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional side view of the spacer component of the valve assembly embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 15-17 . [0053] FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional side view of the insert component of the valve assembly embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 15-17 . [0054] FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional side view of the valve component of the valve assembly embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 15-17 . [0055] FIG. 23 is an isometric view of the guide component of the valve assembly embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 15-17 . [0056] FIG. 24 is a side view of the guide component of FIG. 22 . [0057] FIG. 25 is a top view of the valve assembly embodiment of FIGS. 15-17 , illustrating a section line A-A through this view of the valve assembly. [0058] FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional view of the valve assembly embodiment of FIGS. 15-17 sectioned at A-A as illustrated in FIG. 18 , illustrating the valve assembly in process, before compressed expansion of the bottom of the retaining pin. [0059] FIG. 27 is a cross-sectional view of the valve assembly embodiment of FIG. 26 , illustrating the completed valve assembly, with compressed expansion of the bottom of the retaining pin. [0060] The drawings constitute a part of this specification and include exemplary embodiments to the disclosed design, which may be embodied in various forms. It is to be understood that in some instances various aspects of the disclosed design may be shown exaggerated or enlarged to facilitate an understanding of the disclosed design. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0061] The following description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the disclosed design, and is provided in the context of a particular application and its requirements. Various modifications to the disclosed embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosed design. Thus, the disclosed design is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein. [0062] FIG. 1 is an isometric view of an embodiment of a valve assembly 10 as viewed generally from the top of valve assembly 10 . FIG. 2 is an isometric view of this embodiment of valve assembly 10 as viewed generally from the bottom of valve assembly 10 . [0063] FIG. 3 is an isometric exploded view of an embodiment of valve assembly 10 , illustrating the multiple components of this embodiment. Valve assembly 10 comprises a retaining pin 20 . A guide 30 is positioned on retaining pin 20 . A valve 50 is positioned on retaining pin 20 above guide 30 . An insert 60 is positioned on and in engagement with valve 50 . A retainer 70 is positioned on retaining pin 20 above and engaging insert 60 and valve 50 . A retainer cap 80 is welded to retaining pin 20 and optionally to retainer 70 . [0064] FIG. 4 is a bottom view of the embodiment of valve assembly 10 illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 , and providing a section line A-A through this view of valve assembly 10 . [0065] FIG. 5 is a sectional view of the valve assembly embodiment of FIGS. 1-4 sectioned at A-A as illustrated in FIG. 4 . Valve assembly 10 is illustrated at a valve seat and extending into a valve port 100 . As shown, guide 30 centers valve assembly 10 inside valve port 100 . Valve 50 engages a valve seat portion above valve port 100 in normal operation, as does insert 60 . Retainer 70 compresses insert 60 , valve 50 , and guide 30 between retaining pin 20 and retainer cap 80 . Retainer cap 80 is welded at 90 to retaining pin 20 to form a secure valve assembly 10 in which the component parts do not rotate relative to each other. In an optional embodiment illustrated, retainer cap 80 is also welded at 92 to retainer 70 . In a preferred embodiment, retainer cap 80 is friction, or inertia welded at 90 to retainer pin 20 and/or friction or inertia welded at 92 to retainer 70 . [0066] FIG. 6 is an isometric view of an embodiment of the retaining pin 20 component of the illustrated embodiment of valve assembly 10 . In the embodiment illustrated, retaining pin 20 has a triangular shaped base 22 . Referring back to FIG. 4 , it is seen that a substantially triangular head 22 of retaining pin 20 provides an increased contact surface area to better secure the generally triangular configuration of guide 30 into valve assembly 10 . [0067] A pin shaft 24 extends upwards from the center of base 22 . An end face 26 is formed on the end of pin shaft 24 opposite to base 22 . In the disclosed assembly, retaining pin 20 may be made of low carbon steel, such as 1018 or other suitable material. In this embodiment, heat treatment of retaining pin 20 is advantageously not required. [0068] FIG. 7 is a bottom view of an embodiment of guide 30 of valve assembly 10 , shown in process. Among the several unique features of this embodiment is the inclusion of a flat stock guide component 30 , shown here after stamping and prior to forming. Optionally, guide 30 may be formed by laser cutting. Guide 30 has an aperture 32 for positioning guide 30 over retaining pin 20 . At this stage, guide 30 has a substantially flat central portion 40 . [0069] Referring to FIG. 7 , dashed lines A, B and C illustrate nine separate folds of the flat stock of guide 30 that are required to create the final part illustrated in this embodiment. Folds ‘A’ create three footers 38 . Folds ‘B’ create three legs 36 , which include footers 38 . Folds ‘C’ create three stabilizers 34 . Of these components, only footers 38 may come into contact with valve port 100 ( FIG. 4 ). Footers 38 may have hardfacing or other treatment applied to enhance their wear resistance without the need to heat treat the entire valve assembly. [0070] FIG. 8 is a bottom view of guide 30 of FIG. 7 after a forming step which includes the bending of folds A, B and C. FIG. 9 is an isometric view of the embodiment of guide 30 illustrated in FIG. 8 . As best seen in FIG. 9 , folds A have created footers 38 which extend substantially perpendicular, one each, in relation to legs 36 . Folds B have created legs 36 which extend downward and substantially perpendicular in relation to top surface 34 . Folds C have created stabilizers 34 , which also extend downward and substantially perpendicular in relation to top surface 40 . [0071] In a preferred embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9 , the folds at B and C can be advantageously formed such that contiguous stabilizers 34 and legs 36 provide a singular substantially continuous structure. In this manner, stabilizers 34 and legs 36 provide mutual support and strengthen the structure of guide 30 . [0072] As best seen in FIGS. 7 and 9 , a plurality of tabs 42 is provided that extends outward from central portion 40 . Tabs 42 may be used to provide locating structures for accurate bending of folds A, B, and C. Referring back to FIG. 4 , tabs 42 further provide triangulated positioning of guide 30 inside a recess 57 (see FIG. 10 ) of valve 50 of valve assembly 10 . In this manner, a more accurate concentric alignment of the guide 30 and footers 38 can be achieved with regard to the center of valve 50 . It is understood that such concentricity between these structures is critical to the life and performance of valve assembly 10 . It is further understood that direct three-point alignment between valve 50 and guide 30 is superior to the inevitable accumulated tolerances realized in aligning all components on a third body, such as retaining pin 20 . [0073] As described, the unique configuration and process for manufacturing guide 30 may be advantageously made of an inexpensive low carbon, or low carbon alloy sheet steel, or other affordable material. Guide 30 may also be made of high carbon steel. It may only be necessary to heat treat or otherwise surface treat legs 36 of guide 30 . Legs 36 and/or guide 30 may be readily heat treated by various means, including, but not limited to, induction or laser heat treating, spot welding, or conventional hardfacing. [0074] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional side view of an embodiment of valve 50 of valve assembly 10 . In this embodiment, valve 50 has an aperture 52 for location of valve 50 onto retaining pin 20 . Valve 50 has a recess 57 on bottom surface 54 and an opposite top surface 55 connected at their centers by aperture 52 . Valve 50 has a valve face 56 . A tongue and groove 58 is provided between valve face 56 and top surface 55 . Recess 57 of bottom surface 54 engages central portion 40 of guide 30 when assembled on retaining pin 20 . Tabs 42 of guide 30 position guide 30 centrally by engaging the inner circumference of recessed surface 54 . [0075] Valve face 56 is commonly angled between 30 and 45 degrees relative to recessed bottom surface 54 . Valve 50 may be made of suitable steel such as 4150 or other relatively hard steel. In one embodiment, valve 50 may be hardened by induction hardening or other appropriate heat treating method. Advantageously, valve 50 may be heat treated without the requirement to heat treat the entire valve assembly 10 . [0076] FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional side view of an embodiment of insert 60 of valve assembly 10 . Insert 60 has an aperture 62 . Insert 60 has a top surface 68 and a face 66 . A tongue and groove 64 is provided between aperture 62 and face 66 . Tongue and groove 64 is configured for complementary engagement with tongue and groove 58 of valve 50 . Aperture 62 fits over valve 50 to engage insert 60 with valve 50 . [0077] Insert face 66 is commonly angled between 30 and 45 degrees relative to insert top surface 68 , such that when insert 60 is located onto valve 50 , insert face 66 and valve face 56 form a semi-continuous surface for engaging the valve seat portion of valve port 100 , as best seen in FIG. 5 . [0078] Insert 60 may be made of urethane or other suitable material that is used to manufacture inserts for conventional valve designs. Insert 60 operates to provide a seal with the valve seat of valve port 100 when debris common to operations such as fracking prevents a metal-to-metal seal. In a preferred embodiment, insert 60 is compressively fit over valve 50 , thereby enhancing the wear performance of the elastomeric insert 60 . [0079] FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional side view of an embodiment of retainer 70 of valve assembly 10 . Retainer 70 has an aperture 72 for location onto retaining pin 20 . Retainer 70 has a bottom surface 74 and a top surface 76 . Bottom surface 74 engages top surface 62 of insert 60 when assembled on retaining pin 20 . Retainer 70 may be advantageously made of low carbon steel such as 1020 steel or other suitable material. In the embodiment illustrated, heat treatment is optional, and not required. [0080] In the embodiment illustrated, a first circular recess 78 is located in top surface 76 . In an optional embodiment, a second circular recess 79 is located on top surface 76 . [0081] FIG. 13 is a bottom view of an embodiment of retainer cap 80 of the valve assembly 10 embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 . FIG. 14 is a sectional view of the embodiment of retainer cap 80 sectioned at B-B as illustrated in FIG. 13 . Referring to FIGS. 13 and 14 , retainer cap 80 has a head portion 82 on top of a stem portion 84 . A substantially flat base 86 is located at the end of stem 84 . A flash trap 88 is formed on the underside of head portion 82 , adjacent stem 84 , to facilitate welding. [0082] In the embodiment illustrated, as best seen in FIG. 13 , the exterior of head portion 82 is configured to have nine symmetrical sides. The nonagon exterior perimeter generates contiguous sides having an angle ‘A’ of about 40 degrees between them. Other shapes may be used. Retainer cap 80 may be made of a low alloy, or low carbon steel. Heat treatment of retainer cap 80 is optional, and is not required. [0083] In the assembly of valve assembly 10 , guide 30 , valve 50 , insert 60 , and retainer 70 are stacked on pin shaft 24 of retaining pin 20 . Force is applied between head 22 and retainer cap 80 to compress the assembly. Base 86 of retainer cap 80 is welded to end face 26 of retaining pin 20 . This weld can be a solid state inertia or friction weld or any appropriate meld fusion technique. In another embodiment illustrated, cap 80 may optionally be welded directly to retainer 70 on top surface 76 between first recess 78 and second recess 79 . [0084] FIGS. 15-27 are directed to the alternatives in embodiment and improvements to the disclosed embodiments of FIGS. 1-14 . [0085] FIG. 15 is an isometric view of an embodiment of a valve assembly 110 of the disclosed design as viewed generally from the top of valve assembly 110 . FIG. 16 is an isometric view of this embodiment of valve assembly 110 as viewed generally from the bottom of valve assembly 110 . [0086] FIG. 17 is an isometric exploded view of an embodiment of valve assembly 110 , illustrating the multiple components of this embodiment. Valve assembly 110 comprises a retaining pin 120 . An insert retainer 140 is positioned on retaining pin 120 . In an alternative embodiment, not illustrated, retaining pin 120 and insert retainer 140 are a unitary component. An insert 150 is positioned on retaining pin 120 beneath insert retainer 140 . A valve 160 is positioned on retaining pin 120 beneath insert 150 . Valve 160 is positioned in engagement with insert 150 . A guide 170 is located on retaining pin 120 beneath valve 160 . A spacer 190 may optionally be located on retaining pin 120 beneath guide 170 . [0087] FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of retaining pin 120 of the embodiment of valve assembly 110 illustrated in FIGS. 15-17 . Retaining pin 120 has a cap 122 and a shaft 124 extending from cap 122 . An expanded end face 126 (see FIG. 27 ) is formed on the end of pin shaft 124 opposite to cap 122 to complete assembly of valve assembly 110 . This process is completed by upset forge or similar method. In the disclosed assembly, retaining pin 120 may be made of low carbon steel, such as 1018 or other suitable material. In this embodiment, heat treatment of retaining pin 120 is advantageously not required. [0088] FIG. 19 is a cross-sectional side view of insert retainer 140 component of the embodiment of valve assembly 110 illustrated in FIGS. 15-17 . Retainer 140 has an aperture 142 for location onto shaft 124 of retaining pin 120 . Retainer 140 has a top surface 144 and a bottom surface 146 . Bottom surface 146 engages a top surface 154 of insert 150 when assembled on retaining pin 120 . Retainer 140 may be advantageously made of low carbon steel such as 1020 steel or other suitable material. In the embodiment illustrated, heat treatment is optional, and not required. [0089] FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional side view of spacer 190 component of the embodiment of valve assembly 110 illustrated in FIGS. 15-17 . Spacer 190 may be located on shaft 124 of retaining pin 120 as best seen in FIG. 27 . In this position, and unique to the construction and assembly of the presently disclosed valve assembly 110 , an expanded end face 126 (see FIG. 27 ) is formed on the end of pin shaft 124 to complete assembly of valve assembly 110 and hold the several components together in compression. This process may be completed by upset forge or similar method. In this process, spacer 190 absorbs and distributes the impact forces endured by retaining pin 120 when expanded end face 126 is formed, thus protecting the integrity and geometry of guide 170 . [0090] FIG. 21 is a cross-sectional side view of insert 150 of the embodiment of valve assembly 110 illustrated in FIGS. 15-17 . Insert 150 has an aperture 152 . Insert 150 has a top surface 154 and a face 156 . A tongue and groove 158 is provided between aperture 152 and face 156 . Tongue and groove 158 is configured for complementary engagement with a tongue and groove 168 of valve 160 (see FIG. 7 ). Aperture 152 fits over valve 160 to engage insert 150 with valve 160 . [0091] Insert face 156 is commonly angled between 30 and 45 degrees relative to insert top surface 154 , such that when insert 150 is located onto valve 160 , insert face 156 and valve face 166 form a semi-continuous surface for engaging the valve seat portion of valve port 100 (not shown for this embodiment, however, see FIG. 5 ). [0092] Insert 150 may be made of urethane or other suitable material that is used to manufacture inserts for conventional valve designs. Insert 150 operates to provide a seal with the valve seat portion of valve port 100 when debris common to operations such as fracking prevents a metal-to-metal seal. In this embodiment, insert 150 is compressively fit over valve 160 , thereby enhancing the wear performance of the elastomeric insert 150 . [0093] FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional side view of valve component 160 of the embodiment of valve assembly 110 illustrated in FIGS. 15-17 . In this embodiment, valve 160 has an aperture 162 for location of valve 160 onto retaining pin 120 . Valve 160 has a top surface 164 for engagement with retainer 140 on assembly of valve assembly 110 . [0094] Valve 160 has a valve face 166 . Valve 160 has a tongue and groove 168 provided between top surface 164 and valve face 166 . Tongue and groove 168 is configured for complementary engagement with a tongue and groove 158 of insert 150 , as best seen in FIG. 27 . [0095] Valve 160 has a bottom surface 169 on its side opposite to top surface 164 . Valve face 166 is commonly angled between 30 and 45 degrees relative to bottom surface 169 . Valve 160 may be made of suitable steel such as 4150 or other relatively hard steel. In one embodiment, valve 160 may be hardened by induction hardening or other appropriate heat treating method. Quenching and tempering may provide desirable wear hardness to valve face 166 . Advantageously, valve 160 may be heat treated without the requirement to heat treat the entire valve assembly 110 . [0096] FIG. 23 is an isometric view of a guide 170 component of the embodiment of valve assembly 110 illustrated in FIGS. 15-17 . Guide 170 has a top 174 with a central aperture 172 for locating guide 170 on shaft 124 of retaining pin 120 . An optional transition 176 extends downward from top 174 . Transition 176 may be a spherical segment (shown) or a conical segment, or similar transitional geometry. Four legs 178 extend downward from transition 176 . Transition 176 provides strength to guide 170 as between the connection of legs 178 to top 174 . [0097] FIG. 24 is a side view of guide 170 of FIG. 23 . Referring to FIGS. 23 and 24 , a continuous base 180 is provided to connect each of legs 178 . In the embodiment illustrated, base 180 has facets 182 formed at the bottom of each leg 178 . A beam 184 extends between each facet 182 . Alternating between facets 182 and beams 184 , base 180 is a continuous structure connecting from which legs 178 extend. [0098] In the embodiment illustrated, base 180 is comprised of two pairs of opposing parallel beams 184 , oriented perpendicular to each other, to form a substantially square base 180 . Facets 182 may be chamfered edges between beams 184 , or radii. Facets 182 position guide 170 thus and valve assembly 110 in a centered position inside a pump valve port 100 (represented by circle 102 in FIG. 23 ) with at least four curves of contact when facets 182 are circular sections and at least eight points of contact (edges 183 ) when facets 182 are not circular sections. [0099] As seen in FIG. 23 , a substantially square and symmetrical flow portal 188 is formed inside base 180 to permit high and even flow. Also seen are large windows 186 , formed between legs 178 . Windows 186 and flow portal 188 provide highly symmetrical flow paths through valve assembly 110 , which, combined with the distributed guide contact described further below, extend the life of valve assembly 110 . [0100] In the embodiment illustrated, an edge 183 may be formed between each facet 182 and beam 184 . Edges 183 ( FIG. 23 ) provide eight points of contact for guide 170 to distribute centralizing forces within valve port 100 (represented by circle 102 in FIG. 23 ). In the embodiment illustrated, guide 170 has a generally truncated pyramid shape. Guide 170 may be advantageously and economically created by stamping and forming. [0101] In this manner, a more accurate concentric alignment of valve assembly 110 can be achieved as to the centerline of a pump cylinder in which valve assembly 110 is disposed. It is understood that such concentricity is essential to the life and performance of valve assembly 110 . It is further understood that direct eight-point guide 170 alignment between valve assembly 110 and the cylinder in which it is disposed is superior to two, three, or four point contact with regard to the life of valve assembly 110 . [0102] FIG. 25 is a top view of an embodiment of valve assembly 110 , illustrating a section line A-A through this view of valve assembly 110 . [0103] FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of valve assembly 110 of FIGS. 15-17 sectioned at A-A as illustrated in FIG. 25 , illustrating valve assembly 110 during the assembly process, and before compressed expansion of the bottom of shaft 124 of retaining pin 120 . [0104] FIG. 27 is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of valve assembly 110 of FIG. 25 , illustrating completion of the assembly, with formation of expanded portion 126 on the bottom of shaft 124 of retaining pin 120 . [0105] As described, the unique configuration and process for manufacturing guide 170 may be advantageously made of an inexpensive low carbon, or low carbon alloy sheet steel, or other affordable material. Guide 170 may also be made of high carbon steel. It may only be necessary to heat treat or otherwise surface treat guide 170 . Guide 170 may be readily heat treated by various means, including, but not limited to, induction or laser heat treating, spot welding, or conventional hardfacing. [0106] In the assembly of valve assembly 110 , retainer 140 , insert 150 , valve 160 , guide 170 , and spacer 190 are stacked on shaft 124 of retaining pin 120 . Force is applied between cap 122 and the heated end of shaft 124 to compress the assembly and form expanded portion 126 on the bottom of shaft 124 of retaining pin 120 to hold valve assembly 110 together, and in compression. [0107] Expanded end 126 can be advantageously formed by hot pressing technology. This process has been demonstrated in test pieces as being a highly economical and reliable means for assembly of valve assembly 110 . [0108] Having thus described the disclosed design by reference to certain of its embodiments, it is noted that the embodiments disclosed are illustrative rather than limiting in nature and that a wide range of variations, modifications, changes, and substitutions are contemplated in the foregoing disclosure and, in some instances, some features of the disclosed design may be employed without a corresponding use of the other features. Many such variations and modifications may be considered desirable by those skilled in the art based upon a review of the foregoing description of preferred embodiments. Accordingly, it is appropriate that the appended claims be construed broadly and in a manner consistent with the scope of the disclosed design.	The present disclosure discloses a multi-component valve system for use in pumps such as fracking pumps for use in subterranean resource production. The assembly includes a retaining pin having a retaining cap on its upper end. Located on the retaining pin are an insert retainer, an insert beneath the insert retainer, a valve beneath the insert, and a guide beneath the valve. The guide has a generally truncated pyramid shape, and a central portion on its upper end. The central portion is centered on the retaining pin. The retaining pin has an expanded lower end to secure the valve assembly together.	5
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a wearing ring, particularly for protecting a cable guidance tube on a robot. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Such wearing rings are positioned at critical points of a protective tube for cables on machines, particularly a robot, in order to prevent damage to the protective tube by rubbing or abrading at such critical points, such as points where it can contact moving robot parts, such as a rocker, arm or hand. As the wearing rings are located at critical points, they can themselves be worn away. This is often not frequently sufficiently well observed, so that the danger exists that following the wearing through of the wearing ring the protective tube is also damaged, especially if the wearing ring and tube has inconspicuous colours, particularly the same colouring. The wearing rings generally comprise two half-shells, which are interconnected by metal screws. If the wearing ring is worn away in the vicinity of the screw fastening, then the countersunk screw heads appear and can then damage robot parts along which rub the wearing rings and therefore the projecting screw heads. Finally, frequently a one-piece tube is not desired and used and instead the protective tube consists of at least two parts, namely parts with different elasticity. They have to be interconnected by additional coupling sleeves, which increase costs. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Whilst avoiding the aforementioned disadvantages, the problem of the invention is to provide a wearing ring, which can in particular further reduce the risk of damage to the protective tube. According to the invention, the set problem is solved by a wearing ring of the aforementioned type, which is characterized in that it has two layers, one of which coaxially surrounds the other. As a result of the substantially coaxial layers of the wearing ring having different light absorption and therefore light reflection, i.e. different colours, after the wearing away of the outer layer, when then the lower layer is made visible by a different colour, it is easily possible to establish that the wearing ring has worn to such an extent that it must be replaced. The lower layer preferably has a reflecting power which is very noticeable, particularly e.g. bright red. If, according to a preferred development, the layers engage in one another by means of ribs and grooves, it is easily possible to monitor the progression of the wearing of the wearing ring. As soon as the colour of the outer layer is no longer visible in the rib area thereof, the maximum wearing ring wear limit is reached. According to another preferred development, the outer layer, possibly with the exception of its ribs, has a constant, radial thickness. In particularly preferred manner, the layers are firmly interconnected and either the layers are firmly interconnected by a two-stage layer injection moulding process which welds together the layers or the layers are bonded together. Alternatively, the layers may only be interconnected in frictionally engaging manner and in particular the layers are frictionally interlinked via their ribs and grooves. For solving the inventive problem, in the case of a wearing ring it is also possible to provide it on its inside with at least four circumferential ribs. In that at least four ribs are provided on the inner circumference of the wearing ring, particularly on its inner layer, the latter can be used for connecting two tube parts, which are in each case held by means of two inner circumferential ribs of the wearing ring. Then, advantageously, the wearing ring can be used as a coupling sleeve for two tube pieces, e.g. when using tube pieces having a differing elasticity. For solving a further partial problem, the invention also provides for two half-shells forming the wearing ring to have an injection moulded inner thread and plastic screws engaging therein, the screws more particularly being made from polyamide. This obviates the use of metal parts for linking the two half-shells of the wearing ring, so that it is possible to prevent damage to robot parts rubbing along the wearing ring even when the plastics material has worn away to a significant extent, as disadvantageously occurs in the known wearing parts having metal screws. The various features of novelty which characterize the invention are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and specific objects attained by its uses, reference is made to the accompanying drawings and descriptive matter in which preferred embodiments of the invention are illustrated. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawings: FIG. 1 A robot in side view. FIG. 2 The robot in front view corresponding to arrow II in FIG. 1 . FIG. 3 A protective tube for cables with its essential components. FIG. 4 A larger-scale representation of a detail of the protective tube of FIG. 3 . FIG. 5 An axially parallel cross-section through an inventive wearing ring. FIG. 6 A larger-scale partial representation of the object of FIG. 5 . FIG. 7 An axis-perpendicular cross-section along A—A through a wearing ring according to FIG. 5 . DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The robot 1 of FIG. 1 has a base 2 firmly connected to the ground and on which is located the robot base member 3 or “roundabout” rotatable around the vertical A-axis. With the latter a rocker 6 can pivot about the vertical B-axis by means of a motor 4 . To its free end remote from the base 3 is provided a robot arm 8 pivotable with it about he horizontal C-axis by means of the motor 7 . The arm 8 carries at its front, free end 9 a robot hand 11 , which is in turn pivotable about at least one further, horizontal D-axis and the E-axis perpendicular thereto. The pivoting about the E-axis can take place through a drive motor 11 located at the rear end of the arm 8 by about the E-axis can take place through a drive motor 11 located at the rear end of the arm 8 by means of drive elements extending through said arm 8 . Further movements of a complicated robot hand, such as a double angle hand or a tool can be brought about by further motors 11 , 11 ′ located at the rear end of the arm 8 , once again by means of drive elements extending through said arm 8 . Both the motors and also the tools, such as e.g. a welding tool, must be supplied with power from the robot base 2 . This can take place through the robot elements (rocker, arm) or on the outside of the robot, which is in many cases more advantageous. To protect the cables for a power supply to the motors and tools, they are surrounded by a protective tube 12 , which is guided along the outside of the robot and fixed in punctiform manner thereto. The protective tube 12 is provided with ribs 13 . At its ends the tube is provided with end pieces 14 . It can have wearing rings 16 , as well as a compression spring 17 , which bring it into a starting position on relieving with respect to the robot movement. A spring end holder 18 is provided as an abutment for the compression spring. In the represented embodiment, the tube is fixed to the base 3 by a bulkhead 19 , as well as well as over the tube length by clamp straps 31 and by means of tube holders 22 . The wearing rings 16 prevent a direct rubbing and therefore damage to the tube on moving robot parts, such as rocker 6 , arm 8 and hand 11 . The tube holder 22 supports and guides the tube 12 at one or more points on the robot arm 8 and rocker 6 . As can be gathered from FIGS. 5 and 6, the wearing rings 16 (FIG. 3) or the half-shells 16 a , 16 b forming the same (FIG. 7) in each case comprise two coaxial layers 23 , 24 engaging in one another by means of ribs 23 a , 24 a and corresponding grooves 23 b , 24 b . The axial outer contour of the wearing ring is pitch circular. With the exception of the ribs 23 a and in the vicinity of the grooves 23 b , the radial thickness of the outer layer 23 is constant, whereas the thickness of the layer 24 changes in the axial direction and is determined by the pitch circular outer contour and the cylindrical passage of the wearing ring 16 , with the exception of the ribs 26 . The layers 23 , 24 have a different colouring or in other words have a different optical absorption capacity or reflection capacity, this or the colour of the inner layer 24 being chosen in such a way that there is a clear contrast with respect to the absorption capacity or colour of the outer layer 23 and the inner layer has a bright colour, particularly red. The two layers 23 , 24 need only be interconnected in frictionally engaging manner by means of the ribs and grooves 23 a , 23 b , 24 a , 24 b . Alternatively they can be bonded together. As the ring is made from plastic they can also be welded together. They can also be jointly produced in a two-stage injection moulding process, in that firstly one part, particularly the layer 24 is injection moulded in an injection mould and then the layer 23 is moulded round the layer 24 . On the substantially cylindrical inner wall of its layer 24 , the wearing ring 16 has four inwardly projecting ribs 26 with which the wearing part 16 engages in grooves (FIG. 4) provided between the ribs 13 of the tube 12 and is so axially fixed to said tube 12 that the wearing part 16 cannot slide along the tube and modify its axial position. The four ribs 26 also make it possible, in the vicinity of the wearing ring 16 to interconnect by means of their ribs two ribbed tube pieces, e.g. having different elasticity, so that the wearing ring 16 serves as a coupling sleeve for the two tube pieces. As has been stated, the wearing rings 16 comprise two semicircular halves 16 a , 16 b , which, accompanied by the interposing of the tube 12 for forming the wearing ring 16 , are placed against one another and surround the tube and are interconnected in the vicinity of their end walls 27 . In the wearing ring according to the invention this is brought about by polyamide cylinder head screws 28 , which are inserted in a depression 29 of the half-shell 16 a , are passed with the screw portion through a bore of the half-shell 16 a and screwed into an injection moulded inner thread of the other half-shell 16 b and vice versa for the screw 28 projecting in the lower area of FIG. 7 from half-shell 16 b to half-shell 16 a. While specific embodiments of the invention have been shown and described in detail to illustrate the application of the principles of the invention, it will be understood that the invention may be embodied otherwise without departing from such principles.	A wearing ring, particularly for protecting a cable guidance tube on a robot, characterized in that the wearing ring has two layers, whereof one coaxially surrounds the other.	1
RELATED APPLICATION(S) [0001] This application is PCT filing related to US Utility Application No. 12/402,407 Filed on Mar. 11, 2009 and Provisional Application No. 61106965 filed on Oct. 20, 2008 and Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/068,915 filed on Mar. 11, 2008. TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention generally relates to a light beam producing luminaire, specifically to a luminaire containing a plurality of light outputs which provide an integrated and pre-aligned output to provide improved functionality. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Luminaires used in the entertainment industry such as those commonly used in theatres, television studios, concerts, theme parks, night clubs and other venues can typically be broadly categorized into two main categories each with differing optical properties. The two categories are imaging and non-imaging. The imaging type (commonly known as spot lights) are designed to project a focused image of a pattern or stencil or are provided with a shutter system to allow sharp cut-off of the light to stop it impinging on a curtain or other areas of the stage. They are also often used to provide accent lighting to a well defined area of the scene. The non-imaging type typically produces a soft-edged diffuse beam often used for general illumination and to provide background lighting and color. The present invention is concerned with a luminaire which combines a plurality of light sources which may be of both the imaging and non-imaging types into a single luminaire. [0004] It is known to overlay and combine the images from a plurality of imaging luminaires into a single image. These images may completely overlap and be aligned so as to create a brighter image or may be positioned adjacent to each other so as to provide a single larger image. However such devices utilize a plurality of separate luminaires and typically all such luminaires are of the imaging type. The well known DL2 image projector produced by High End Systems in Austin, Tex. is a typical example of imaging luminiars used in this way. It is also well known to provide an overlay of the output from a plurality of luminaires where some of the luminaires are non imaging and some are imaging. The result may be an area illuminated to a background level and color by the non imaging luminaires with images from the imaging luminaires superimposed. However again the user needs to install and focus a number of different luminaires to achieve the desired result. These problems are compounded when automated moving luminaires are utilized. [0005] There is a need for a luminaire which can provide a plurality of overlaid outputs which may be of both imaging and non imaging type and may be incorporated into a single automated luminaire. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0006] For a more complete understanding of the present invention and the advantages thereof, reference is now made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals indicate like features and wherein: [0007] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the disclosure with a plurality of light outputs; [0008] FIG. 2 illustrates an elevation front view of an exemplary embodiment of the disclosure showing a luminaire with a plurality of light outputs; [0009] FIG. 3 illustrates an elevation front view of a further exemplary embodiment of the disclosure showing a luminaire with a plurality of light outputs; [0010] FIG. 4 illustrates the output produced by the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2 ; [0011] FIG. 5 illustrates the output produced by the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3 ; [0012] FIG. 6 illustrates the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1 where the output beams are substantially aligned; [0013] FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of an alignment system; DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0014] Preferred embodiments of the present invention are illustrated in the FIGUREs, like numerals being used to refer to like and corresponding parts of the various drawings. [0015] The present invention generally relates to a light beam producing luminaire, specifically to a luminaire containing a plurality of light outputs which provide an integrated and pre-aligned output to provide improved functionality. [0016] In one embodiment the present invention utilizes two light output optical systems within a single luminaire where one optical system is an imaging system and the other optical system is a non-imaging system. [0017] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of the disclosure with a plurality of outputs each associated with a separate optical system. A luminaire 1 has a first output optical system 3 and a second output optical system 4 . Output optical system 3 produces a light beam 5 which may impinge on a surface 2 . Surface 2 may be a projection screen, a stage set, scenery or any other object. Output optical system 4 produces a light beam 6 which may impinge on the same surface 2 . Light beams 5 and 6 may be directed so as to substantially overlap on the surface 2 . [0018] In a preferred embodiment of the luminaire system 1 the direction of the two beams can be aligned. Each beam 5 and 6 have a center optical axis 10 and 12 respectively. The adjustment means allow a user to adjust the direction of the beam so they align or substantially align on the projection surface 2 as described further below. [0019] Output optical systems 3 and 4 may be the same or different. Both systems 3 and 4 could be image projection systems or one optical system may be an imaging system and the other may be a non-imaging system. Although only two imaging systems are here illustrated the disclosure is not so limited and any number or combinations of imaging systems may be utilized. [0020] FIG. 2 illustrates an elevation front view of an exemplary embodiment of the luminaire 1 with a plurality of light outputs 3 & 4 where the imaging systems of the light outputs differ. Luminaire 1 has a first output optical system 3 where output optical system 3 is a projected image system and a second output optical system 4 where output optical system 4 is a non-image projection light system. Output optical system 3 may be a gobo or pattern based image projection system, a film based image projection system, a video based image projection system or other image projection system known in the art. Output optical system 4 may be a wash light comprising a plurality of LED illuminators or other non-imaging optical system as known in the art. [0021] FIG. 4 illustrates the output produced by the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2 where the output 5 from imaging optical system 3 and output 8 from non-imaging optical system 4 substantially overlap on surface 2 . Output 8 is shown here as an oval for illustrative purposes only to indicate how the two outputs 5 and 8 overlap. In practice the beam 8 from non-imaging optical system 4 may be soft edged and diffuse providing general illumination on surface 2 , it may also be round, elliptical or any other shape as known in the art. The shape and character of the non-imaging output 8 may be controlled by optical devices in the luminaire not covered by this disclosure such as beam focus, beam shaping, barn doors and other devices well known in the art. [0022] FIG. 3 illustrates an elevation front view of a further exemplary embodiment of the disclosure showing a luminaire with a plurality of light outputs 3 & 13 where the imaging systems of the light outputs are the same. Luminaire 1 has a first output optical system 3 where output optical system 3 is an imaging system and a second output optical system 13 where output optical system 13 is also an imaging system. Output optical systems 3 and 13 may be gobo or pattern based image projection systems, film based image projection systems, video based image projection systems or other image projections system known in the art. [0023] FIG. 5 illustrates the output produced by the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3 where the output 5 from imaging optical system 3 and output 6 from a further imaging optical system 4 b substantially overlap on surface 2 . Outputs 5 and 6 are shown here as text images for illustrative purposes only to indicate how the two outputs 5 and 6 overlap. In practice the beams 5 and 6 from imaging optical systems 3 and 13 may comprise any image as known in the art. The shape and character of the imaging outputs 5 and 6 may be controlled by optical devices in the luminaire not covered by this disclosure such as beam focus, beam size or zoom, image selection, image color, image distortion, image manipulation and other devices well known in the art. [0024] In a yet further embodiment and referring again to FIG. 1 the direction of output optical system 3 and the direction of output optical system 4 may be controlled such that their resultant light beams 5 and 6 substantially align on surface 2 . FIG. 6 illustrates the system as shown in FIG. 1 where either or both of output optical system 3 and output optical system 4 are angled such that output beams 5 and 6 are substantially aligned and the center optical axes 10 and 12 are coincident on projection surface 2 . Such alignment systems may be manual in some embodiments. In other embodiments the alignment system may be operated by a user via remote control. In yet other embodiments the alignment system may be automatic. The alignment system may include a sensor to measure the separation from luminaire 1 to surface 2 such as an optical range finder, acoustic range finder or other device known in the art. Alternatively the user may input data to luminaire 1 indicative of the separation from luminaire 1 to surface 2 . The separation information however obtained may then be used by processes within luminaire 1 to control motors or other alignment altering devices so as to substantially align optical systems 3 and 4 on surface 2 . FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of the invention incorporating alignment altering devices. Output optical system 3 of luminaire 1 is free to rotate about axis 25 and output optical system 4 is free to rotate about axis 26 . Motor 22 is coupled through push rod 21 to output optical system 3 such that rotation of motor 22 causes linear motion of push rod 21 which, in turn, results in rotation of optical system 3 about axis 25 . Similarly motor 24 is coupled through push rod 23 to output optical system 4 such that rotation of motor 24 causes linear motion of push rod 23 which, in turn, results in rotation of optical system 4 about axis 26 . Rotation of motors 22 and 24 may be actioned locally or remotely through a communications link. Although a linear push rod is here illustrated to link motors 22 and 24 to optical systems 3 and 4 the invention is not so limited and other mechanisms including but not limited to gears, worm drives, lead screws and solenoids as well understood in the art may be used to translate the rotation of motors 22 and 24 to a rotation of optical systems 3 and 4 respectively. Additionally although two motors 22 and 24 are herein illustrated and both optical systems 3 and 4 are rotated further embodiments where only one of optical systems 3 or 4 rotates while the other remains static are envisaged. [0025] In yet further embodiments luminaire 1 may be an automated luminaire where movement such as pan and tilt and optical functionality of the luminaire may be controlled remotely. Such automation utilizing control data from a lighting control desk via a standard data protocol such as DMX512, Artnet, RDM or ACN is well known in the art. [0026] While the disclosure has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments may be devised which do not depart from the scope of the disclosure as disclosed herein. The disclosure has been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made hereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.	The present invention provides multiple projection systems within a single automated luminaire. The invention provides means for aligning the output of the multiple automated luminaries on a projection surface.	6
FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates generally to a modular non-contact visitation station for use in visitation and processing of individuals in a custodial setting such as jails or prisons to isolate an inmate from visitors. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Visitation stations are used to provide non-contact or visitation between individuals in settings such as jails, security institutions, or hospitals to allow visitation without allowing physical contact between the visitors. Prior art visitation stations are custom enclosures having see-through windows or facilities for mounting telephone equipment, video monitors or other communication equipment. [0003] Prior art visitation stations are constructed of wood or plastic or metal and may be limited by the strength and size of interlinking parts. Interlinking adjacent stations together may be unsafe due to utility connections daisy chained between adjacent stations and in intensive use applications the integral linking of stations may create safety hazards or expensive retrofits. In addition, in intensive use applications such as prisons and jails, wood or other components may be disassembled to fashion weapons from the resulting pieces. [0004] Multiple stations are formed by building individual stations ganged together to create a multi user assembly. Inter-station wiring is run by drilling though adjacent or intermediate walls along wire raceways in legs or the enclosure. [0005] This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/929,766 filed Jan. 29, 2014 and claims the benefit of the filing date of said co-pending provisional Application Ser. No. 61/929,766. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0006] The present invention relates generally to a modular non-contact visitation station for use in visitation and processing of individuals in a custodial setting such as jails or prisons to isolate an inmate from visitors. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0007] Visitation stations are used to provide non-contact or visitation between individuals in settings such as jails, security institutions, or hospitals to allow visitation without allowing physical contact between the visitors. Prior art visitation stations are custom enclosures having see-through windows or facilities for mounting telephone equipment, video monitors or other communication equipment. [0008] Prior art visitation stations are constructed of wood or plastic or metal and may be limited by the strength and size of interlinking parts. Interlinking adjacent stations together may be unsafe due to utility connections daisy chained between adjacent stations and in intensive use applications the integral linking of stations may create safety hazards or expensive retrofits. In addition, in intensive use applications such as prisons and jails, wood or other components may be disassembled to fashion weapons from the resulting pieces. [0009] Multiple stations are formed by building individual stations ganged together to create a multi user assembly. Inter-station wiring is run by drilling though adjacent or intermediate walls along wire raceways in legs or the enclosure. [0010] Each of these prior art designs requires additional labor cost and time to install and configure. Therefore, it is desirable to provide a modular visitation station for adaptation in single or multi-ganged installations mounted on a floor or wall. It is further desirable to provide an expandable visitation station allowing a common utility connection to be expanded to adjacent units and having an interconnecting means between stations of sufficient strength and adaptability to interconnect a large number of visitation stations. The expandable visitation station allowing expandability to a back-to-back far side by side configuration. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0011] One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a modular visitation station having modular sides built on an expandable base to form a side by side or back to back station with integral wiring pathway in the base, divider panels and modular legs. The visitation station comprises a plurality of interwired and attached visitation modules adapted to provide a use with non-contact with another user. The base may have a modular design having a plurality of fastener holes on the bottom surface, a wire raceway extending through the base from the bottom surface to the top surface and a sloped writing top surface to discourage the placement of drinking cups. The wiring raceway is provided in the base to facilitate power and communication connections from the floor to the equipment enclosure. A single base may be configured for a single visitation module or may be configured for multiple visitation modules separated by divider panels. Additional bases may be attached to the modular visitation station to expand the number of interconnected modules. [0012] A panel being an end panel or isolating divider panel is placed at both sides of each module to isolate adjacent visitors and provide privacy from passers by. Each end panel has a sound absorber surface adjacent the base and an outside surface. The sound absorbers may have an opening on an inside surface of the end panel or isolation panel adjacent the base plate. The isolation or divider panel is mounted between side-by-side adjacent visitation modules. The divider panel may have a sound absorber on both sides to provide privacy from adjacent users. [0013] The visitation station may have a faceplate on the base and spaced from the outer edge of the base to allow use of a writing area. The faceplate may be a window, a mounting surface, video screen or mounting surface for a camera, display, or other equipment to facilitate non-contact visitation. The faceplate may be in wiring communication with an adjacent equipment enclosure. The visitation station may further be configured with integral seating adapted to position the user in front of the faceplate. [0014] An equipment space is defined between the end panels or isolation panels and behind the faceplate. This equipment space forms an enclosure having wire openings in the base, divider panel, top and back panel and to the faceplate for mounted equipment, utility connections and interwiring adjacent visitation modules. The back-to-back visitation station may have an equipment space configured between opposing faceplates. Single sided side-by-side modules may define the equipment space between a back panel and faceplate. The equipment enclosure is further enclosed by the base, an end panel or divider panel on either side and top panel on the top. Equipment mounted in the equipment enclosure may provide lighting, video or audio communication to a user of the visitation station. Power and communication connections may also be mounted in this space. Each equipment enclosure is in wiring communication with attached equipment enclosures on the visitation station. [0015] The means for supporting the modular visitation station may comprise a wall mount adapter for attaching to an existing wall or legs to hold the visitation station in a stand alone configuration or both wall mount and legs. Legs may be attached to the bottom surface either ganged together or attached individually. The legs may have a foot adapted to engage the floor on one end and a flange adapted to engage the base on another end. The wire raceway may be integral to the leg to extend from an opening in the foot through the flange and the base to the equipment enclosure defining an enclosed wiring path for wiring utilities accessed through the floor. The wall mount adapter may include a wiring access through the back panel of the visitation station which may be joined to conduit in the wall providing utility wiring such as power, communication and sensors. The wiring access extends into the equipment enclosure. [0016] The invention may provide interconnection between adjacent modules to allow indefinite number of side-by-side visitation modules ganged together. The module interconnection provides secure attachment between adjacent modules using divider panels. Wiring may be connected to adjoining visitation stations from the equipment enclosure through the top panel conduit opening, the wire raceway in the base, the wire channel in the divider panel or the wire access in the back panel. Back-to-back visitation station may be interwired through the equipment enclosure. Side-by-side visitation stations may be interwired through the wire channel in the divider panels. [0017] A top panel may be used on top of each visitation station to secure equipment and connections behind the faceplate. The top panel may enclose the equipment enclosure defined behind the faceplate for mounting communication or video equipment. The faceplate may further comprise a solid mounting surface for externally mounted devices such as telephone equipment or microphones and cameras. A transparent window may be used to isolate the visitor from video equipment such as a video monitor for a visual interface between visitors. Each visitation module is thereby defined by the faceplate, writing surface on the base and end or divider panels. The top panel and the end panels having an anti-ligature configuration. [0018] The above description sets forth, rather broadly, the more important features of the present invention so that the detailed description of the preferred embodiment that follows may be better understood and contributions of the present invention to the art may be better appreciated. There are, of course, additional features of the invention that will be described below and will form the subject matter of claims. In this respect, before explaining at least one preferred embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of the construction and to the arrangement of the components set forth in the following description or as illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING [0019] FIG. 1 is substantially a perspective view of a first embodiment of the invention. [0020] FIG. 2 is substantially a perspective exploded view of the base of the first embodiment of the invention. [0021] FIG. 3 is substantially a perspective exploded view of the top of the first embodiment. [0022] FIG. 4 is substantially an exploded view of the front panel assembly of the first embodiment. [0023] FIG. 5 is substantially an exploded perspective view of the final assembly of the first embodiment. [0024] FIG. 6 is substantially a perspective view of a second embodiment. [0025] FIG. 7 is substantially a perspective view of a third embodiment. [0026] FIG. 8 is substantially a side elevation of the third embodiment. [0027] FIG. 9 is substantially a top plan view of the third embodiment DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0028] In the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of this application. The drawings show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. [0029] Referring to FIG. 1 , the modular visitation station is generally referred to by the number 10 shown in a back-to-back or double sided configuration having a first visitation module 12 in the front and a second visitation module 14 attached in a back-to-back configuration. Each visitation module 12 , 14 may further comprise a base 16 , legs 18 , end panels 20 and a first faceplate 22 . Visitation station 10 components may be formed from steel, stainless steel, aluminum, engineered plastic such as Lexan® by GE, or other durable materials suitable for intensive use applications. [0030] Continuing to refer to FIG. 1 , the base 16 may further comprise a top 24 and a front edge 34 . The top 24 may be adapted as a writing surface. The first faceplate 22 may further comprise, a right side 26 , a top panel 40 , a first bottom 35 and a transparent window 28 having an outside frame 29 mounted thereon and may be further adapted for mounting communication equipment such as hand set 30 . A first seat 36 may be adapted to hold a visitor (not shown) seated in front of first visitation module 12 defined by base 16 , front edge 34 , first and second end panels 20 and faceplate 22 . The first seat 36 is connected to the station 10 by first station link 37 and supported by first seat leg 38 . Legs 18 may have feet 21 for securing to floor 128 with fasteners 39 . Each end panel 20 may have an inside 44 and an outside 46 . A sound absorber portion 48 may be formed on inside surface 44 of end panel 20 . [0031] Referring to FIG. 2 , visitation station 10 may comprise base 16 having a front edge 34 , first left end 52 , first right end 54 , back edge 56 and wire raceway 50 extending through base 16 . Base 16 may further comprise an elongate configuration comprising a purality of side-by-side visitation modules between left end 52 and right end 54 . Leg 18 a may further comprise, a wire conduit 57 in the leg 18 a , the wire conduit 57 having a bottom end opening to foot 21 and a top end in wiring communication with wire raceway 50 by wire opening 58 through the base flange 106 , The wiring opening 58 adapted to align with wire raceway 50 when leg 18 a is attached to base 16 . [0032] Referring to FIG. 3 , the top portion of visitation station 10 may comprise a pair of faceplate frames 78 , 78 a mounted in spaced relation between end and divider panels 20 , 60 . Divider panel 60 may have sound absorber portion 48 on both sides 65 to isolate visitor noise from adjacent visitors and surrounding people. In this back-to-back configuration, first faceplate frame 78 and second faceplate frame 78 a may be mounted in spaced relation between first end panel 20 and first divider panel 60 . End panels 20 and divider panels 60 may have a similar rectangular form with each having a top edge 68 , a bottom edge 72 and opposing outside edges 74 . Top edge 68 may have an anti-ligature configuration having rounded or sloped corners 69 . Mounting plate 70 may comprise spacer bar 61 , first panel flange 62 and second panel flange 64 . Mounting plate 70 may be attached to faceplate 22 at fasteners holes 59 on spacer bar 61 and further attached to end panels 20 by panel flange 62 , 64 on panel inside 44 and divider panels 60 at either first side 65 or second side 66 . [0033] Continuing to refer to FIG. 3 , First faceplate frame 78 and mounting plate 70 may be attached between panels 20 , 60 by first panel flange 62 attaching to inside 44 with threaded fasteners 85 or the like in fastener holes 59 and second panel flange 64 likewise attaching to divider panel 60 . First faceplate frame 78 may be attached to end panel 20 at first left member 80 and to divider panel 60 at first right member 82 by threaded fasteners 85 extending through members 80 , 82 . Second faceplate frame 78 a may likewise be attached to divider panel 60 at second right member 82 and to end panel 16 at second left member 80 . An equipment space configured as an equipment enclosure 92 may be defined between frames 78 , 78 a , end panel 20 , divider panel 60 and base 16 with wiring raceway 50 formed in base 16 between first frame 78 and second frame 78 a and wire channel 150 in divider panel 60 . Equipment enclosure 92 provides space for mounting and power and communication connections for faceplate 22 and attached equipment (not shown). Both wiring raceway 50 and wire channel 150 open to enclosure space 92 to provide wiring between adjacent visitation stations and wiring to utility sources outside the visitation station 10 . [0034] Referring to FIG. 4 , the back-to-back visitation station 10 may define first visitation module 12 and second visitation module 14 . Faceplate 22 may attach to a top plate 40 adapted to close the top of the equipment enclosure 92 . Equipment such as camera 90 on faceplate 22 has wires 93 extending into equipment space 92 for connection to transmitter 95 . Top plate 40 may be attached to top 84 of faceplate frame 78 and between end panels 20 and divider panel 60 above faceplate 22 . Top plate 40 may further attach to both faceplate frames 78 , 78 a . Front panel 76 may be attached to frame 78 to close the equipment enclosure 92 between panels 20 , 60 . Top panel 40 may be attached to frame top 84 and to end or divider panels 20 , 60 . Top plate 40 may have panel flanges 94 for attaching to end and divider panels 20 , 60 . Conduit opening 250 may be formed in top plate 40 to provide wire access to equipment enclosure 92 from above visitation station 10 . Faceplate 22 may further be disposed between top plate 40 and frame 78 to provide tamper resistant mounting and prevent removal without tools. Fasteners 85 may be used on faceplate 22 adjacent base 16 to hold faceplate 22 on equipment enclosure 92 . [0035] Referring to FIG. 5 , visitation station 10 upper assembly 96 and lower assembly 98 may be separately assembled and attached to each other at the mounting site. Upper assembly 96 may comprise end panels 20 joined in spaced relation by mounting plate 70 and faceplate frame 78 attached to the inside surface 44 of each end panel 20 or divider panel 60 . Lower assembly 98 may comprise base 16 having bottom surface 102 . Legs 18 are attached to bottom surface 102 at flange 104 . Faceplate frame screws 85 extend through base 16 to engage faceplate frame 78 . Base ends 52 , 54 are generally similar having a base flange 106 extending from base bottom surface 102 with panel fastener holes formed through base flange 106 . Panel fastener holes in base flange 106 on first end 52 may be used to interconnect base 16 to end panels 20 or divider panels 60 . [0036] Referring to FIG. 6 , modular visitation station 100 may comprise an additional visitation module 112 mounted side-by-side with first visitation module 12 . Modular visitation station 100 may have a respective first and second end panel 20 . Base 16 may extend between first end panel 20 and second end panel 120 or may be formed by assembling first base portion 116 a with second base portion 116 b . Divider panel 60 may be disposed between respective base portions 116 a , 116 b , faceplates 22 , 22 a and top panels 40 , 140 . The first base portion 116 a is connected to the second base portion 116 b by connecting both base portions 116 a , 116 b to divider panel 60 . [0037] Referring to FIG. 7 , modular visitation station 200 may have a plurality of single sided visitation modules 142 , 144 adapted in a side-by-side configuration. First visitation module 142 and generally similar second visitation module 144 may be divided by divider panel 360 . First visitation module 142 may have a base top 124 surrounded on three sides by first end panel 320 , first faceplate 322 and divider panel 360 . First end panel 320 may be connected to first faceplate 322 and first base 316 . First visitation module 142 may further comprise back panel 356 on first base 316 to enclose and define equipment enclosure 392 . The first visitation module 142 may be attached side-by-side to similarly configured second visitation module 144 . Base 316 on first visitation module 142 may be connected between end panel 320 and divider panel 360 or configured as part of an elongate base 316 extending between the respective end panels 320 , 320 a . Base 316 may extend between end panels 320 , 320 a thereby supporting a plurality of visitation modules 142 , 144 . Additional visitation modules 144 may be added by replacing one end panel 320 with a new divider panel 360 and connecting faceplate 322 , top 340 and base 316 to new divider panel and likewise reconnecting end panel 320 to close the new configuration. Equipment enclosure 392 is between base 316 , top 340 end panel 320 , divider panel 360 , faceplate 322 and back panel 356 . Conduit opening 550 may be formed in top 340 , wire raceway 350 in leg 318 a extending through base 360 and wire channel 450 in divider panel 360 each provide access to wiring 126 to enter equipment enclosure 392 . Divider panel 260 may be connected between visitation modules 142 , 144 and back panel 356 . [0038] Continuing to refer to FIG. 7 , side-by-side second base 316 a may be generally similar to first base 316 both of which may be attached to divider panel 360 . Second faceplate 322 a and second end panel 220 a may be attached to second base 316 a to form second visitation module 144 . First seat 36 is fixed to first visitation module 142 and second seat 36 a is fixed to second visitation module 144 . Back panel 356 may extend between end panels 320 or be individually configured for each visitation module 142 , 144 to be sized and connected similar to the respective faceplate 322 . End panel may have vent 321 opening to equipment enclosure 392 . [0039] Referring to FIG. 8 , modular visitation station 200 wire raceway 350 may open into equipment enclosure 392 from floor through leg 318 a at wire track 350 extending through base 316 . First visitation module 142 and second visitation module 144 may be attached and interwired to each other by wire channel 450 . Modular visitation station 200 may have faceplate 322 , 322 a spaced from back panel 356 having equipment enclosure 392 between faceplate 322 and back panel 356 . Rear wire access 650 on back panel 356 may extend through back panel 356 to open into equipment enclosure 392 . Wall mounted modular visitation stations 200 may not require legs 318 . [0040] Referring to FIG. 9 , visitation station 200 may comprise several visitation modules 142 , 144 each having equipment enclosures 392 , 392 a , 392 b , faceplates 322 , 322 a , 322 b and separated by divider panels 360 , 360 a . Equipment enclosures 392 , 392 a , 392 b may be interwired by wire channel 450 in each divider panel 360 , 360 a to allow a single utility connection to service all attached equipment enclosures 392 , 392 a , 392 b . Conduit access 550 , 550 a , 550 b in top panel 340 , 340 a , 340 b provides wiring access from above modular visitation station 200 . Wire raceway 350 in base 316 provides wire access from below visitation station 200 and may provide interwiring access between equipment enclosures 392 , 392 a , 392 b . Rear wire access 650 may provide wiring access through the back panel 356 . [0041] Although the description above contains many specifications, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing illustrations of some of the embodiments of this invention. Thus, the scope of the invention should be determined by the appended claims and their legal equivalents rather than by the examples given. Further, the present invention has been shown and described with reference to the foregoing exemplary embodiments. It is to be understood, however, that other forms, details, and embodiments may be made with out departing from the spirit and scope of the invention which is defined in the following claims.	The invention is directed to a modular visitation station having an expandable construction to adapt to provide individual visitation modules interwired together in a combination of back-to-back or side-by-side configurations. The visitation station may utilize single utility access for power or communications to connect each attached visitation module. Wiring access is provided between modules, and to the floor, wall or ceiling access points.	4
RELATED APPLICATIONS This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/665,281, filed Oct. 31, 2012 and entitled “Optical Device for Semiconductor Based Lamp,” which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 8,324,645, issued Dec. 4, 2012, also entitled “Optical Device for Semiconductor Based Lamp,” both of which are herein incorporated by reference for all purposes. BACKGROUND The present invention relates generally to electrical lighting devices, and, more particularly, to an electrical lighting device utilizing light emitting diodes (LEDs). A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor diode based light source. When a diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. When used as a light source, the LED presents many advantages over incandescent light sources. These advantages include lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and reliability. However, the LED as a light source has its disadvantages. One of the disadvantages is that the light emitted from a LED chip concentrates in a direction normal or perpendicular to the surface of the LED chip. That is, LED light is strong in the upright direction and drastically diminished in the sideway directions. In order to make a LED light more like a traditional incandescent light source with uniform light emitting intensity in all directions, reflectors have been used to redirect the LED beam from upright to sideways. However, redirecting light merely sacrifices light in the upright direction in favor of sideway directions and may not be an efficient uniform wide-angle light source. As such, what is desired is a LED light bulb that can uniformly emit light in most directions from the LED chip. SUMMARY One embodiment of an optical device for a semiconductor based lamp comprises a semiconductor based light-emitting device and a light-redirecting member. The light-redirecting member has a reflective surface that redirects at least some of the light emitted from the semiconductor-based light-emitting device ambiently, away from the lamp, and into the surrounding environment in divergent lateral and at least partially downward directions, without further reflection. The light-redirecting member also passes some of the light emitted from the semiconductor-based light-emitting device upwardly into a surrounding environment. In one embodiment, the reflective surface is approximately conical and has an opening, where the approximately conical reflective surface surrounds the opening. A vertex angle defined by the approximately conical reflective surface is relatively narrower for a first portion of the light-redirecting member near a base of the light-redirecting member than for a second portion of the light-redirecting member far from the base of the light-redirecting member. In another embodiment, both vertical and horizontal cross-sections of the approximately conical reflective surface are curved. In yet another embodiment, a frosted semi-transparent cover enclosing the light-emitting device and light-redirecting member. A gap between the semi-transparent cover and an outer edge of the light-redirecting member passes some of the light emitted from the semiconductor-based light-emitting device upwardly into a surrounding environment. Another embodiment of an optical device for a semiconductor based lamp comprises a semiconductor based light-emitting device and a light-redirecting member. The light-redirecting member has a reflective surface that redirects at least some of the light emitted from the semiconductor-based light-emitting device ambiently, away from the lamp, and into the surrounding environment in divergent lateral and at least partially downward directions, without further reflection. A frosted semi-transparent cover encloses the light-emitting device and light-redirecting member. Furthermore, a gap between the semi-transparent cover and an outer edge of the light-redirecting member passes some of the light emitted from the semiconductor-based light-emitting device upwardly into a surrounding environment. The optical device radiates light broadly and divergently about the optical device into the surrounding environment, including generally upward, lateral, and at least partially downward directions. In one embodiment, the reflective surface is approximately conical. The light-redirecting member has an opening. The approximately conical reflective surface surrounds the opening. In another embodiment, both vertical and horizontal cross-sections of the approximately conical reflective surface are curved. A vertex angle defined by the approximately conical reflective surface is relatively narrower for a first portion of the light-redirecting member near a base of the light-redirecting member than for a second portion of the light-redirecting member far from the base of the light-redirecting member. The construction and method of operation of the invention together with additional objectives and advantages thereof will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The drawings accompanying and forming part of this specification are included to depict certain aspects of the invention. A clearer conception of the invention, and of the components and operation of systems provided with the invention, will become more readily apparent by referring to the exemplary, and therefore non-limiting, embodiments illustrated in the drawings, wherein like reference numbers (if they occur in more than one view) designate the same elements. The invention may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the description presented herein. FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an optical device for a LED lamp according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 illustrates the working mechanism of the optical device shown in FIG. 1 . FIG. 3 illustrates dimensional considerations of the optical device for achieving a uniform light dispersion pattern. FIGS. 4A-4G illustrate several alternative light redirecting features that can be applied to the LED lamp of FIG. 1 . FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate simulation results of the LED lamps based on FIGS. 5C and 5D of the present invention. DESCRIPTION The present invention discloses an optical device for semiconductor based lamp. The optical device spreads semiconductor based lamp's directional light to directions of a wide angle, so that the light emitting pattern of the semiconductor based lamp resembles that of a traditional incandescent light bump. FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an optical device 100 for a LED lamp according to an embodiment of the present invention. The optical device 100 comprises a base 110 on which a LED device 115 is mounted. The LED device 115 can be formed in a single semiconductor substrate or by an array of LEDs. A cone-shaped light-redirecting member 120 is secured to the base 110 by three legs 130 . The legs 130 may be on the outside of or under the light redirection member 120 . The legs 130 may be knife-shaped with knife edge toward a central axis of the light redirection member 120 to avoid light shielding. Or, the legs 130 may be made of thin wires to avoid light shielding. Using metal to construct the light-redirecting member 120 and the mounting legs 130 has a benefit of better dissipating heat generated by the LED device 115 . Referring to FIG. 1 again, the light-redirecting member 120 has an opening 125 in the center thereof. The opening 125 is positioned directly above the LED device 115 . FIG. 2 illustrates the working mechanism of the optical device 100 shown in FIG. 1 . A diameter of the opening 125 is smaller than a diameter of the semiconductor device 115 . Light beams 210 emitted from the center of the LED device 115 goes right through the opening 125 . Light beams 221 a , 222 a , 223 a , 224 a emitted from the peripheral area of the LED device 115 are reflected by the cone-shaped light-redirecting member 120 into lateral beams 221 b , 222 b , 223 b , 224 b . Therefore, the optical device 100 allows both the upright light beams 210 and lateral beams 221 b , 222 b , 223 b , 224 b to be emitted from the LED device 115 . Furthermore, FIG. 2 shows the light beams 223 a and 224 a that in a normal angle to the surface of the LED device 115 . The LED device 115 also emits light beams 221 a and 222 a in off-normal directions albeit not as intense as the normal directional beams 223 a and 224 a . A sum of these light beams, both normal ( 223 a and 224 a ) and off-normal ( 221 a and 222 a ), provides a light source that has a relatively uniform dispersion pattern in more directions from the LED device 115 . FIG. 3 illustrates dimensional considerations of the optical device 100 for achieving a uniform light dispersion pattern. A height H of the optical device 100 is measured from the top of the light-redirecting member 120 to the bottom of the LED device 115 . A width F of the optical device 100 is generally measured as a diameter of the light-redirecting member 120 . In order to retrofit the optical device 100 into a limited space of a traditional incandescent light bulb, a ratio of the height H to the diameter D of the LED device 115 , i.e., H over D, and the width F to the diameter D of the LED device 115 , i.e., F over D, must both be less than four. The above ratios can be more critical when the diameter D of the LED device 115 is equal to or above one forth of the bulb diameter. In generally, a ratio between a diameter F of the light-redirecting member 120 and a diameter D of the LED device 115 is between 0.7 and 2. A ratio between a diameter E of the opening 125 and the diameter D of the LED device 115 should be less than 0.7. Although not shown in FIG. 3 , FIG. 1 shows that the LED device 115 is mounted on the base 110 . Preferably the dimension of the base 110 is larger than that of the LED device 115 . FIGS. 4A-4G illustrate several alternative light redirecting features that can be applied to the LED lamp 100 of FIG. 1 . Referring to FIG. 4A , the light-redirecting member 120 is comprised of a cone-shaped plate structure 410 made of a material of plastic, glass or metal. A reflective layer 412 is then plated on the bottom of the plate structure 410 . Alternatively, FIG. 4B illustrates a solid structure 420 with cone-shaped surface plated with a reflective layer 412 . The solid structure 420 preserve the opening 125 for allowing light to be directly emitted in the upright direction. Referring to FIG. 4C , the light-redirecting member 403 comprises a flat ring 430 surrounding the center opening 125 . A reflective surface follows the contours of the bottom surfaces 412 and 430 . Referring to FIG. 4D , the light-redirecting member 404 comprises a bottom facing reflective surface 440 as an outer ring of the reflective surface 412 . With the addition of the bottom facing reflective surface 440 , some of the light beams, such as 442 , is re-directed downward. As a result, light emitting pattern from such light-redirecting member 120 is more of a global pattern. Referring to FIG. 4E , a main portion of the reflective surface 450 is approximately horizontally positioned, so that more emitted light will be reflected downward. Slanted surface 452 surrounding the horizontal reflective surface 450 makes more light to be reflected downward. Referring to FIG. 4F , the LED device 115 is raised by a protruding member 460 . The protruding member 460 has side reflective surfaces 462 . A light beam 465 is reflected twice, once by the bottom facing reflective surface 440 and the other by the side reflective surface 462 . Such structure is also instrumental for achieving a more global light-emitting pattern. Referring to FIG. 4G , a frosted semi-transparent cover 470 encloses a LED light source with the light-redirecting member 120 for further enhancing the uniformity of emitted light intensity. Such LED light source more resembles a traditional incandescent light bulb. Moreover, the light-redirecting member 120 passes light upwardly not only through the opening 125 but also through a space 126 between the distal edge of the light-redirecting member 120 and the frosted semi-transparent cover 470 . FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate simulation results of the LED lamps based on FIGS. 5C and 5D of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 5A , circular polar plot 500 shows far-field distribution (light intensity distribution) 502 and 504 on circular angular scale 506 , with off-axis angle, with zero denoting the on-axis direction, and 180 degree the opposite direction, totally backward. This is possible for those preferred embodiments having some sideways extension so that 180 degree is unimpeded by the source. Referring to FIG. 5C , a diameter of the LED device 115 is 20 mm. A width of the light-redirecting member 405 is 32 mm. A diameter of the opening 125 of the light-redirecting member 405 is 12 mm. A distance between a top of the light-redirecting member 405 and the surface of the LED device 115 is 8 mm. The far-field distribution 502 shows that light intensity below the LED device 115 has fairly large intensity. The far-field distribution 504 shows that light is also emitted to above the LED device 115 . Referring to FIG. 5B , far-field distribution 520 is obtained when a frosted cover 570 similar to the frosted cover 470 of FIG. 4G is applied as shown in FIG. 5D . The far-field distribution 522 shows that the light emitting pattern is close to a circle which means that light is emitted from the LED lamp uniformly in all directions. The above illustration provides many different embodiments or embodiments for implementing different features of the invention. Specific embodiments of components and processes are described to help clarify the invention. These are, of course, merely embodiments and are not intended to limit the invention from that described in the claims. Although the invention is illustrated and described herein as embodied in one or more specific examples, it is nevertheless not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims. Accordingly, it is appropriate that the appended claims be construed broadly and in a manner consistent with the scope of the invention, as set forth in the following claims.	An optical device for a semiconductor based lamp comprises a semiconductor based light-emitting device and a light-redirecting member. The light-redirecting member has a reflective surface that redirects at least some of the light emitted from the semiconductor-based light-emitting device ambiently, away from the lamp, and into the surrounding environment in divergent lateral and at least partially downward directions, without further reflection. A frosted semi-transparent cover encloses the light-emitting device and light-redirecting member. A gap between the semi-transparent cover and an outer edge of the light-redirecting member passes some of the light emitted from the semiconductor-based light-emitting device upwardly into a surrounding environment.	5
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an organopolysiloxane composition for molding purposes used for producing a molding matrix, which upon curing displays superior mold releasability relative to casting resin materials such as urethane resins, epoxy resins, dicyclopentadiene resins and polyester resins. 2. Description of the Prior Art The production from an original mold of a silicone rubber matrix from an organopolysiloxane composition, and the subsequent injection of a material such as a urethane resin, an epoxy resin, a dicyclopentadiene resin or a polyester resin into this matrix to form a resin molded replica product is a well-known technique. In recent years, resin molded products produced in this manner have been supplied for use in automobile components and household electrical components, and the characteristics of such resin molded products are being given serious consideration. As a result, the improvements in the characteristics of the casting resins have been quite dramatic, although unfortunately these improvements have resulted in a deterioration in the durability of the silicone rubber matrix, and the number of replica products that can be produced from a single matrix has decreased. Consequently, improvements in durability of the mold releasability (hereinafter, “mold release durability”) or mold durability of the silicone rubber matrix with respect to these resins have been keenly sought. An improvement in mold release durability upon addition of an alkali metal hydroxide to a silicone composition is disclosed in (Japanese) Laid-open publication (kokai) No. 4-216864 corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 5,288,795, whereas in (Japanese) Laid-open publication No. 5-279571, an improvement in mold releasability is disclosed for compositions incorporating a compound selected from the group consisting of an organotin compound, an organotitanium compound and an imidazole derivative. A technique for improving polyester mold durability using a radical scavenger is disclosed in (Japanese) Laid-open publication No. 11-158385 corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 6,251,327 and EP 0 905 196 A2. However, even with these modifications, the mold durability is still not entirely satisfactory. A composition using a polyfunctional cross-linking agent and a difunctional cross-linking agent is also disclosed in (Japanese) Laid-open publication No. 11-158385. However, the proportion of the difunctional cross-linking agent within the combined total of the cross-linking agents cannot be ascertained from the content of the above publication, and there is no indication that a combination of polyfunctional and difunctional chain extending agents produces superior mold release durability. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide an organopolysiloxane composition for molding purposes which displays superior mold releasability relative to materials such as urethane resins, epoxy resins, dicyclopentadiene resins and polyester resins. The inventors of the present invention discovered that by combining a polyfunctional cross-linking agent and a difunctional cross-linking agent as a chain lengthening agent within an organopolysiloxane composition, and moreover by ensuring that the number of SiH groups within the difunctional cross-linking agent accounted for 20 to 70 mol % of the total number of SiH groups within the combined cross-linking agent, a composition could be produced which conformed to the above object, and as a result were able to complete the present invention. In other words, the present invention provides an organopolysiloxane composition for molding purposes comprising (A) an organopolysiloxane with at least two alkenyl groups bonded to silicon atoms in a single molecule, having a viscosity at 25° C. of 0.05 to 100 Pa·s, (B) a straight chain organopolysiloxane with a hydrogen atom bonded to a silicon atom at both terminals and with no aliphatic unsaturated bonds within the molecule, having a viscosity at 25° C. of 0.001 to 1.0 Pa·s, (C) an organohydrogenpolysiloxane with at least three hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms within a single molecule and comprising a RHSiO unit and a R 2 XSiO 1/2 unit (wherein R is an unsubstituted or a substituted monovalent hydrocarbon group with no alkenyl groups, and X represents a hydrogen atom or a group represented by R as defined above) within the molecule as essential components, having a viscosity at 25° C. of 0.001 to 1.0 Pa·s, (D) an effective quantity of a hydrosilylation reaction catalyst, (E) no more than 50 parts by weight of a finely powdered silica with a specific surface area of at least 50 m 2 /g per 100 parts by weight of the constituent (A), and (F) 0 to 20 parts by weight of a non-functional organopolysiloxane having a viscosity at 25° C. of 0.01 to 500 Pa·s per 100 parts by weight of the constituent (A), wherein the total number of hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms within the aforementioned constituent (B) and constituent (C) is in a range of 1 to 5 atoms per alkenyl group within the aforementioned constituent (A), and the number of hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms within the constituent (B) accounts for 20 to 70 mol % of the combined number of hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms within the constituent (B) and the constituent (C). An organopolysiloxane composition for molding purposes according to the present invention displays superior mold releasability relative to materials such as urethane resins, epoxy resins, dicyclopentadiene resins and polyester resins, and moreover also displays superior elongation at shearing and tear strength and can be suitably used as a highly durable mold composition. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention is now described in more detail. [Constituent (A)] In the present invention, constituent (A) is an organopolysiloxane with at least two alkenyl groups bonded to silicon atoms in a single molecule. Specific examples of the alkenyl groups within the constituent (A) include vinyl groups, allyl groups, propenyl groups, isopropenyl groups, butenyl groups, isobutenyl groups, pentenyl groups, hexenyl groups and heptenyl groups, although vinyl groups are preferred. There are no particular restrictions on the bonding position of the alkenyl groups within the constituent (A), and molecular chain terminals and/or molecular side chains are suitable. Furthermore, examples of organic groups other than the alkenyl groups which may be bonded to the silicon atoms of the constituent (A) typically include unsubstituted or substituted monovalent hydrocarbon groups of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and preferably of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, with specific examples including alkyl groups such as methyl groups, ethyl groups, propyl groups, butyl groups, pentyl groups and hexyl groups; cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopentyl groups and cyclohexyl groups; aryl groups such as phenyl groups, tolyl groups, xylyl groups, and naphthyl groups; aralkyl groups such as benzyl groups and phenethyl groups; and halogen substituted alkyl groups such as 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl groups and 3-chloropropyl groups, although in terms of ease of synthesis, methyl groups are preferable. The viscosity at 25° C. of the constituent (A) can be chosen from within a range from 0.05 to 100 Pa·s, with values from 0.1 to 30 Pa·s being preferable. The siloxane skeleton of the organopolysiloxane of the constituent (A) may be either a straight chain or a branched chain, or a mixture of the two, although a substantially straight chain diorganopolysiloxane in which the backbone chain comprises repeating diorganosiloxane units and both terminals of the molecular chain are blocked with a triorganosiloxy group are preferable. [Constituent (B)] The constituent (B) used in the present invention is a straight chain organopolysiloxane having two SiH groups within the molecule, with a hydrogen atom bonded to a silicon atom at both terminals of the molecular chain (namely, SiH groups), and with no aliphatic unsaturated bonds within the molecule. The viscosity at 25° C. of the constituent (B) is within a range from 0.001 to 1.0 Pa·s, with values from 0.01 to 0.1 Pa·s being preferable. This straight chain organopolysiloxane functions so as to increase the molecular chain length of the aforementioned constituent (A) during the curing process, and has a significant effect on the molding durability. An example of this organopolysiloxane can be represented by a general formula (I) shown below. wherein, R is an unsubstituted or substituted monovalent hydrocarbon group with no alkenyl groups, and n is a number such that a viscosity at 25° C. for the organopolysiloxane which falls within the range described above. In the general formula (I), R represents an unsubstituted or substituted monovalent hydrocarbon group which incorporates no alkenyl groups, and is typically of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and preferably of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, with specific examples including alkyl groups such as methyl groups, ethyl groups, propyl groups, butyl groups, pentyl groups and hexyl groups; cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopentyl groups and cyclohexyl groups; aryl groups such as phenyl groups, tolyl groups, xylyl groups, and naphthyl groups; aralkyl groups such as benzyl groups and phenethyl groups; and halogen substituted alkyl groups such as 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl groups and 3-chloropropyl groups. n is a number which produces a viscosity at 25° C. for this organopolysiloxane which falls within the aforementioned range from 0.001 to 1.0 Pa·s, and preferably within a range from 0.01 to 0.1 Pa·s. [Constituent (C)] In the present invention, constituent (C) is an organohydrogenpolysiloxane with at least three hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms (SiH groups) within a single molecule. The hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms may be positioned on terminal siloxane units and on siloxane units positioned within the polymer chain, or may be positioned only within the siloxane chain. This organohydrogenpolysiloxane is a straight chain siloxane polymer, incorporating units of RHSiO groups and R 2 XSiO 1/2 groups within the molecule as essential units, and may optionally incorporate units of R 2 SiO groups. Specific examples are presented below. wherein, R represents the same meaning as described above, p and q each represent an integer of 1 or greater, and p or p+q are values which satisfy the aforementioned viscosity range. In these formulas, R represents the same meaning as described for the general formula (I), namely, an unsubstituted or substituted monovalent hydrocarbon group which incorporates no alkenyl groups, and is typically of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and preferably of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and X represents either H or a group represented by R as described above. The viscosity at 25° C. of the organohydrogenpolysiloxane of the constituent (C) is within a range from 0.001 to 1.0 Pa·s, with values from 0.01 to 0.1 Pa·s being preferred. The total number of hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms (namely, SiH groups) within the aforementioned constituent (B) and constituent (C) is in a range of 1 to 5 atoms, and preferably 1 to 3 atoms, per alkenyl group within the aforementioned constituent (A). Furthermore, the number of hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms within the constituent (B) accounts for 20 to 70 mol %, and preferably 30 to 60 mol %, of the total number of hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms within the combined constituent (B) and the constituent (C). [Constituent (D)] In the present invention, the hydrosilylation reaction catalyst of the constituent (D) may be any catalyst which promotes the addition reaction (hydrosilylation) between the alkenyl groups of the constituent (A) and the SiH groups within the constituent (B) and the constituent (C), and any of the catalysts commonly used for such purposes can be used. For example, at least one catalyst selected from the group consisting of platinum based catalysts, palladium-based catalyst based catalysts and rhodium based catalysts may be used, and specific examples include chloroplatinic acid, alcohol modified products of chloroplatinic acid, coordination compounds of chloroplatinic acid with olefins, vinyl siloxanes or acetylene compounds, tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium and chlorotris (triphenylphosphine) rhodium, although platinum based compounds are particularly desirable. The constituent (D) should be used in quantities which offer effective catalytic action (so-called catalytic quantity), so that for example, the quantity of the catalyst (in terms of the weight of the metallic element) should be 0.01 to 500 ppm, and preferably 0.1 to 100 ppm, relative to the combined weight of the constituent (A), the constituent (B) and the constituent (C). [Constituent (E)] In the present invention, the finely powdered silica of the constituent (E) functions as a reinforcing agent. A composition of the present invention is particularly suited for use as a mold material, and the cured product is formed into a matrix which may be any one of a variety of different shapes. Consequently, the cured product may be formed into a reverse taper shaped matrix, in which case the strength characteristics of the matrix, and particularly the tear strength, are important, and by using finely powdered silica as a reinforcing agent in compositions of the present invention, it becomes possible to form cured products capable of satisfying these types of strength requirements. The finely powdered silica must have a specific surface area of at least 50 m 2 /g, as measured by BET methods, with values of 100 to 300 m 2 /g being preferred. At specific surface area values less than 50 m 2 /g, satisfactory strength characteristics cannot be obtained. Examples of this type of finely powdered silica, which display a specific surface area within the aforementioned range, include synthetic silica, e.g., dry process silica such as fumed silica and wet process silica. These types of silica have a large number of silanol groups on the surface, and so may also be used as so-called treated silica, where the surface is treated with a material such as a halogenated silane, an alkoxy silane or a silazane compound. Furthermore, the amount of this finely powdered silica incorporated into the composition should be no more than 50 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the organopolysiloxane of the constituent (A), with quantities of 10 to 40 parts by weight being preferred, and with the actual amount being selected from within this range so as to achieve an appropriate degree of strength. If the amount of this silica exceeds 50 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the constituent (A), then the workability of the composition deteriorates. [Constituent (F)] In the present invention the constituent (F) is optionally used where necessary as an internal mold releasing agent for the composition, and should preferably comprise a straight chain non-functional organopolysiloxane. If this organopolysiloxane were to have functional groups capable of undergoing addition reactions such as alkenyl groups or hydrosilyl groups (SiH groups), then it would become immobilized within the cured rubber, and provide no effect in reducing the release force. Consequently, examples of suitable substituent groups for bonding to the silicon atoms of this non-functional organopolysiloxane include alkyl groups such as methyl groups, ethyl groups and propyl groups, aryl groups such as phenyl groups and tolyl groups, and halosubstituted alkyl groups such as 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl groups and 3-chloropropyl groups. The viscosity at 25° C. of the non-functional organopolysiloxane is within a range from 0.01 to 500 Pa·s, with values of 0.03 to 100 Pa·s being preferred. The amount of this constituent incorporated into the composition should be from 0 to 20 parts by weight, and preferably 5 to 10 parts by weight, per 100 parts by weight of the constituent (A). If the amount of the constituent (F) exceeds 20 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the constituent (A), then oil bleeding becomes a problem, and the transference of silicone to the resin replica products becomes increasingly likely. [Other Constituents] In a composition of the present invention, in addition to the constituents described above, other known extenders may also be added, provided the objects of the present invention in improving the mold release durability are not impaired. Examples of such extenders include organopolysiloxane resins incorporating SiO 2 units or R 1 SiO 3/2 units and with at least two alkenyl groups in a single molecule. Furthermore, reaction retarding agents may also be used, and any of the conventional addition reaction retarding agents may be used, including acetylene based compounds such as 3-methyl-1-butyn-3-ol, 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyn-3-ol and phenylbutynol; alkenylsiloxanes such as 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane and 1,3-divinyltetramethyldisolxane; triazole compounds such as benzotriazole; as well as other phosphine compounds and mercapto compounds, any of which can be added in small or minute quantities. In addition, other additives including inorganic pigments such as cobalt blue; coloring agents such as organic dyes; and additives for improving the heat resistance and fire resistance such as cerium oxide, zinc carbonate, manganese carbonate, red iron oxide, titanium oxide and carbon black may also be added. EXAMPLES As follows is a more detailed description of the present invention using a series of examples, although the present invention is in no way limited to the examples presented. Example 1 A mixture of: (a) 35 parts by weight of a dimethylpolysiloxane with both terminals of the molecular chain blocked by a vinyldimethylsilyl group and having a viscosity at 25° C. of approximately 1 Pa·s, (a′) 30 parts by weight of a dimethylpolysiloxane with both terminals of the molecular chain blocked by a vinyldimethylsilyl group and having a viscosity at 25° C. of approximately 0.4 Pa·s, 20 parts by weight of hydrophobic silica with a specific surface area of 120 m 2 /g which had been treated with trimethylsilyl groups, and 25 parts by weight of powdered quartz with an average particle diameter of 5 μm was placed in a kneader, and with the mixture undergoing constant stirring, 5 parts by weight of hexamethyldisilazane and 2.5 parts by weight of water were added, and the resulting mixture was then stirred for 1 hour without heating. The temperature was then raised to 150° C., and the mixing continued for a further 2 hours, before the temperature was once again cooled to room temperature. To 100 parts by weight of the thus obtained mixture were added: (b) 4.0 parts by weight of a dimethylpolysiloxane with a hydrogen atom bonded to a silicon atom (SiH group) at both terminals of the molecular chain (wherein the proportion of silicon atom bonded hydrogen atoms=0.13 weight %) and having a viscosity at 25° C. of 0.018 Pa·s, (c) 2.3 parts by weight of a methylhydrogenpolysiloxane with hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms on side chains of the molecular chain (wherein the proportion of silicon atom bonded hydrogen atoms=0.38 weight %) and having a viscosity at 25° C. of 0.015 Pa·s, 4 parts by weight of a dimethylpolysiloxane with both terminals of the molecular chain blocked with a trimethylsilyl group and having a viscosity at 25° C. of approximately 100 Pa·s, sufficient quantity of a complex of chloroplatinic acid and divinyltetramethyldisiloxane to provide 30 ppm of platinum metal relative to the combined quantity of the aforementioned constituents (a), (a′), (b) and (c), and 0.1 parts by weight of 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane as a retarding agent, and following careful stirring of the mixture, the mixture was degassed under vacuum to complete the production of the composition. This composition was then cured for 2 hours at 60° C., and used to prepare a sheet in accordance with JIS K 6249, and the general properties of the sheet were then measured. A concave shaped matrix was also formed by curing a sample of the above composition under the same conditions. A urethane resin (3017 manufactured by H & K Corporation) was then poured into this concave shaped mold, and molding carried out by curing the urethane resin over a one hour period at 70° C. This molding operation was repeated until the urethane resin adhered to the silicone mold, and the mold durability was evaluated based on the number of such molding operations performed. The general properties, and the results of the mold durability evaluation are shown in Table 1. Example 2 A mixture of: (a) 65 parts by weight of a dimethylpolysiloxane with both terminals of the molecular chain blocked by a vinyldimethylsilyl group and having a viscosity at 25° C. of approximately 1 Pa·s, 20 parts by weight of hydrophobic silica with a specific surface area of 120 m 2 /g which had been treated with trimethylsilyl groups, and 35 parts by weight of powdered quartz with an average particle diameter of 5 μm was placed in a kneader, and with the mixture undergoing constant stirring, 5 parts by weight of hexamethyldisilazane and 2.5 parts by weight of water were added, and the resulting mixture was then stirred for 1 hour without heating. The temperature was then raised to 150° C., and the mixing continued for a further 2 hours, before the temperature was once again cooled to room temperature. To 100 parts by weight of the thus obtained mixture were added: (b) 3.5 parts by weight of a dimethylpolysiloxane with a hydrogen atom bonded to a silicon atom at both terminals of the molecular chain (wherein the proportion of silicon atom bonded hydrogen atoms=0.13 weight %) and having a viscosity at 25° C. of 0.018 Pa·s, (c) 1.4 parts by weight of a methylhydrogenpolysiloxane with hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms on side chains of the molecular chain (wherein the proportion of silicon atom bonded hydrogen atoms=0.38 weight %) and having a viscosity at 25° C. of 0.15 Pa·s, 5 parts by weight of a dimethylpolysiloxane with both terminals of the molecular chain blocked with a trimethylsilyl group and having a viscosity at 25° C. of approximately 100 Pa·s, sufficient quantity of a complex of chloroplatinic acid and divinyltetramethyldisiloxane to provide 30 ppm of platinum metal relative to the combined quantity of the aforementioned constituents (a), (b) and (c), and 0.1 parts by weight of 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane as a retarding agent, and following careful stirring of the mixture, the mixture was degassed under vacuum to complete the production of the composition. This composition was then cured for 2 hours at 60° C., and used to prepare a sheet in accordance with JIS K 6249, and the general properties of the sheet were then measured. The mold durability was also evaluated in the same manner as described for the Example 1, and these results are shown in Table 1. Example 3 A mixture of: (a) 65 parts by weight of a dimethylpolysiloxane with both terminals of the molecular chain blocked by a vinyldimethylsilyl group and having a viscosity at 25° C. of approximately 1 Pa·s, 20 parts by weight of hydrophobic silica with a specific surface area of 120 m 2 /g which had been treated with trimethylsilyl groups, and 35 parts by weight of powdered quartz with an average particle diameter of 5 μm was placed in a kneader, and with the mixture undergoing constant stirring, 5 parts by weight of hexamethyldisilazane and 2.5 parts by weight of water were added, and the resulting mixture was then stirred for 1 hour without heating. The temperature was then raised to 150° C., and the mixing continued for a further 2 hours, before the temperature was once again cooled to room temperature. To 100 parts by weight of the thus obtained mixture were added: (b) 6.9 parts by weight of a dimethylpolysiloxane with a hydrogen atom bonded to a silicon atom at both terminals of the molecular chain (wherein the proportion of silicon atom bonded hydrogen atoms=0.07 weight %) and having a viscosity at 25° C. of 0.04 Pa·s, (c) 1.3 parts by weight of a methylhydrogenpolysiloxane with hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms on side chains of the molecular chain (wherein the proportion of silicon atom bonded hydrogen atoms=0.38 weight %) and having a viscosity at 25° C. of 0.15 Pa·s, sufficient quantity of a complex of chloroplatinic acid and divinyltetramethyldisiloxane to provide 30 ppm of platinum metal relative to the combined quantity of the aforementioned constituents (a), (b) and (c), and 0.1 parts by weight of 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane as a retarding agent, and following careful stirring of the mixture, the mixture was degassed under vacuum to complete the production of the composition. This composition was then cured for 2 hours at 60° C., and used to prepare a sheet in accordance with JIS K 6249, and the general properties of the sheet were then measured. Furthermore, the mold durability was also evaluated in the same manner as described for the Example 1, and these results are shown in Table 1. Example 4 A mixture of: (a) 65 parts by weight of a dimethylpolysiloxane with both terminals of the molecular chain blocked by a vinyldimethylsilyl group and having a viscosity at 25° C. of approximately 1 Pa·s, 20 parts by weight of dried silica with a specific surface area of 200 m 2 /g, and 35 parts by weight of powdered quartz with an average particle diameter of 5 μm was placed in a kneader, and with the mixture undergoing constant stirring, 5 parts by weight of hexamethyldisilazane and 2.5 parts by weight of water were added, and the resulting mixture was then stirred for 1 hour without heating. The temperature was then raised to 150° C., and the mixing continued for a further 2 hours, before the temperature was once again cooled to room temperature. To 100 parts by weight of the thus obtained mixture were added: (b) 3.5 parts by weight of a dimethylpolysiloxane with a hydrogen atom bonded to a silicon atom at both terminals of the molecular chain (wherein the proportion of silicon atom bonded hydrogen atoms=0.13 weight %) and having a viscosity at 25° C. of 0.18 Pa·s, (c) 1.4 parts by weight of a methylhydrogenpolysiloxane with hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms at a terminal of the molecular chain and on side chains of the molecular chain (wherein the proportion of silicon atom bonded hydrogen atoms=0.38 weight %) and having a viscosity at 25° C. of 0.15 Pa·s, 5 parts by weight of a dimethylpolysiloxane with both terminals of the molecular chain blocked with a trimethylsilyl group and having a viscosity at 25° C. of approximately 100 Pa·s, sufficient quantity of a complex of chloroplatinic acid and divinyltetramethyldisiloxane to provide 30 ppm of platinum metal relative to the combined quantity of the aforementioned constituents (a), (b) and (c), and 0.1 parts by weight of 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane as a retarding agent, and following careful stirring of the mixture, the mixture was degassed under vacuum to complete the production of the composition. This composition was then cured for 2 hours at 60° C., and used to prepare a sheet in accordance with JIS K 6249, and the general properties of the sheet were then measured. The mold durability was also evaluated in the same manner as described for the Example 1, and these results are shown in Table 1. Example 5 A mixture of: (a) 100 parts by weight of a dimethylpolysiloxane with both terminals of the molecular chain blocked by a vinyldimethylsilyl group and having a viscosity at 25° C. of approximately 1 Pa·s, 15 parts by weight of hydrophobic silica with a specific surface area of 120 m 2 /g which had been treated with trimethylsilyl groups, and 30 parts by weight of wet silica with a specific surface area of 200 m 2 /g was placed in a kneader, and with the mixture undergoing constant stirring, 5 parts by weight of hexamethyldisilazane and 2.5 parts by weight of water were added, and the resulting mixture was then stirred for 1 hour without heating. The temperature was then raised to 150° C., and the mixing continued for a further 2 hours, before the temperature was once again cooled to room temperature. To 100 parts by weight of the thus obtained mixture were added: (b) 4.5 parts by weight of a dimethylpolysiloxane with a hydrogen atom bonded to a silicon atom at both terminals of the molecular chain (wherein the proportion of silicon atom bonded hydrogen atoms=0.13 weight %) and having a viscosity at 25° C. of 0.018 Pa·s, (c) 1.5 parts by weight of a methylhydrogenpolysiloxane with hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms on side chains of the molecular chain (wherein the proportion of silicon atom bonded hydrogen atoms=0.4 weight %) and having a viscosity at 25° C. of 0.01 Pa·s, sufficient quantity of a complex of chloroplatinic acid and divinyltetramethyldisiloxane to provide 30 ppm of platinum metal relative to the combined quantity of the aforementioned constituents (a), (b) and (c), and 0.1 parts by weight of 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane as a retarding agent, and following careful stirring of the mixture, the mixture was degassed under vacuum to complete the production of the composition. This composition was then cured for 2 hours at 60° C., and used to prepare a sheet in accordance with JIS K 6249, and the general properties of the sheet were then measured. The mold durability was also evaluated in the same manner as described for the Example 1, and these results are shown in Table 1. Example 6 A mixture of: (a) 93 parts by weight of a dimethylpolysiloxane with both terminals of the molecular chain blocked by a vinyldimethylsilyl group and having a viscosity at 25° C. of approximately 5 Pa·s, (a′) 7 parts by weight of an organopolysiloxane resin comprising 39.5 mol % of (CH 3 ) 3 SiO 1/2 units, 6.5 mol % of (CH 3 ) 2 (CH 2 ═CH)SiO 1/2 units, and 54 mol % of SiO 2 units, and 25 parts by weight of hydrophobic silica with a specific surface area of 120 m 2 /g which had been treated with trimethylsilyl groups was placed in a kneader, and with the mixture undergoing constant stirring, 5 parts by weight of hexamethyldisilazane and 2.5 parts by weight of water were added, and the resulting mixture was then stirred for 1 hour without heating. The temperature was then raised to 150° C., and the mixing continued for a further 2 hours, before the temperature was once again cooled to room temperature. To 100 parts by weight of the thus obtained mixture were added: (b) 6 parts by weight of a dimethylpolysiloxane with a hydrogen atom bonded to a silicon atom at both terminals of the molecular chain (wherein the proportion of silicon atom bonded hydrogen atoms=0.13 weight %) and having a viscosity at 25° C. of 0.018 Pa·s, (c) 0.7 parts by weight of a methylhydrogenpolysiloxane with hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms at a terminal of the molecular chain and on side chains of the molecular chain (wherein the proportion of silicon atom bonded hydrogen atoms=0.48 weight %) and having a viscosity at 25° C. of 0.012 Pa·s, sufficient quantity of a complex of chloroplatinic acid and divinyltetramethyldisiloxane to provide 30 ppm of platinum metal relative to the combined quantity of the aforementioned constituents (a), (a′), (b) and (c), and 0.1 parts by weight of 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane as a retarding agent, and following careful stirring of the mixture, the mixture was degassed under vacuum to complete the production of the composition. This composition was then cured for 2 hours at 60° C., and used to prepare a sheet in accordance with JIS K 6249, and the general properties of the sheet were then measured. Furthermore, the mold durability for this composition was also evaluated in the same manner as described for the Example 1, and these results are shown in Table 1. Comparative Example 1 A mixture of: (a) 65 parts by weight of a dimethylpolysiloxane with both terminals of the molecular chain blocked by a vinyldimethylsilyl group and having a viscosity at 25° C. of approximately 1 Pa·s, 20 parts by weight of hydrophobic silica with a specific surface area of 120 m 2 /g which had been treated with trimethylsilyl groups, and 15 parts by weight of powdered quartz with an average particle diameter of 5 μm was placed in a kneader, and with the mixture undergoing constant stirring, 5 parts by weight of hexamethyldisilazane and 2.5 parts by weight of water were added, and the resulting mixture was then stirred for 1 hour without heating. The temperature was then raised to 150° C., and the mixing continued for a further 2 hours, before the temperature was once again cooled to room temperature. To 100 parts by weight of the thus obtained mixture were added (b) 0.67 parts by weight of a dimethylpolysiloxane with a hydrogen atom bonded to a silicon atom at both terminals of the molecular chain (wherein the proportion of silicon atom bonded hydrogen atoms=0.26 weight %) and having a viscosity at 25° C. of 0.005 Pa·s, (c) 1.84 parts by weight of a methylhydrogenpolysiloxane with hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms at a terminal of the molecular chain and on side chains of the molecular chain (wherein the proportion of silicon atom bonded hydrogen atoms=0.54 weight %) and having a viscosity at 25° C. of 0.012 Pa·s, 5 parts by weight of a dimethylpolysiloxane with both terminals of the molecular chain blocked with a trimethylsilyl group and having a viscosity at 25° C. of approximately 100 Pa·s, sufficient quantity of a complex of chloroplatinic acid and divinyltetramethyldisiloxane to provide 30 ppm of platinum metal relative to the combined quantity of the aforementioned constituents (a), (b) and (c), and 0.1 parts by weight of 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane as a retarding agent, and following careful stirring of the mixture, the mixture was degassed under vacuum to complete the production of the composition. This composition was then cured for 2 hours at 60° C., and used to prepare a sheet in accordance with JIS K 6249, and the general properties of the sheet were then measured. Furthermore, the mold durability was also evaluated in the same manner as described for the Example 1, and these results are shown in Table 2. Comparative Example 2 Using 100 parts by weight of a compound mixture prepared in the same manner as the Example 1 but without the addition of the powdered quartz with an average particle diameter of 5 μm, a composition was prepared according to the Example 1, with the exceptions of not adding the constituent (B), but adding 3.1 parts by weight of a methylhydrogenpolysiloxane with hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms at a terminal of the molecular chain and on side chains of the molecular chain (wherein the proportion of silicon atom bonded hydrogen atoms=0.54 weight %) and having a viscosity at 25° C. of 0.012 Pa·s (12 mm 2 /s), and the thus prepared composition was cured and used to prepare a sheet, and the general properties of the sheet were then measured. Furthermore, the mold durability was also evaluated in the same manner as described for the Example 1, and these results are shown in Table 2. TABLE 1 Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 Ex. 5 Ex. 6 Hardness 35 38 40 38 25 20 (type A) Elongation 480 470 450 460 600 850 at shearing (%) Tensile 5.4 5.3 4.9 5.3 7.0 5.0 strength (MPa · s) Tear 17 22 22 21 25 10 strength (kN/m) Rate of 37 46 49 46 49 70 linear cross- linking (%)* Mold 65 70 70 70 75 65 release repetitions (times) The ratio (mol %) of SiH groups in the constituent (B) relative to the total number of SiH groups in the combined constituent (B) and constituent (C) TABLE 2 Comp. EX 1 Comp. EX. 2 Hardness 40 40 (type A) Elongation at 410 410 shearing (%) Tensile 5.0 5.0 strength (MPa · s) Tear strength 12 8 (kN/m) Rate of 15 — linear cross- linking (%) Mold release 45 30 repetitions (times) *The ratio (mol %) of SiH groups in the constituent (B) relative to the total number of SiH groups in the combined constituent (B) and constituent (C)	An organopolysiloxane composition for molding purposes is provided which includes: (A) an organopolysiloxane with at least two alkenyl groups bonded to silicon atoms, (B) a straight chain organopolysiloxane with a hydrogen atom bonded to a silicon atom at both terminals, (C) an organohydrogenpolysiloxane with at least three hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms within a single molecule and including a RHSiO unit and a R 2 XSiO 1/2 unit (wherein R is an unsubstituted or a substituted monovalent hydrocarbon group with no alkenyl groups, and X represents either a hydrogen atom or a group represented by R as defined above) within the molecule, (D) a hydrosilylation reaction catalyst, and (E) finely powdered silica, wherein the total number of hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms within the constituent (B) and the constituent (C) ranges from 1 to 5 per alkenyl group within the constituent (A), and the number of hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms within the constituent (B) accounts for 20 to 70 mol % of the combined number of hydrogen atoms bonded to silicon atoms within the constituent (B) and the constituent (C). This composition displays superior mold releasability relative to materials such as urethane resins, epoxy resins, dicyclopentadiene resins and polyester resins, and moreover also displays superior elongation at shearing and tear strength, and can be suitably used as a highly durable mold composition.	2
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/537,480 filed Jun. 29, 2012 and entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING A CARRIER TO INTERFERENCE MATRIX BASED ON SUBSCRIBER CALLS” which is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 8,233,907 filed Nov. 3, 2004 entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTING A CARRIER TO INTERFERENCE MATRIX BASED ON SUBSCRIBER CALLS” both of which are incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to the field of frequency planning for wireless networks. 2. Description of the Related Art As wireless subscribers travel, they are switched between different transmitter, or cell, sites. Each site may be divided into sectors, with each sector served by one or more base stations located at the transmitter site. A base station, or base transceiver station, comprises an antenna and a radio transceiver at the cell site. In order to accommodate as many users as possible, the base station is not in constant contact with each wireless device operating in its range. Instead, when a wireless device enters the coverage area of a cell, it contacts the server base station through a control channel. This control channel carries information between the wireless device and the server base station necessary for the wireless device to operate properly with the server base station. When a user initiates a wireless operation, the wireless device instructs the server base station, through the control channel, that the device is attempting an operation. The server base station then switches the wireless device to a traffic channel to conduct the operation. As the wireless subscriber continues to travel, the wireless device must switch from one cell to another. This process is known as a handoff. To facilitate the handoff process, the wireless device constantly measures the control channel signal strength of the server base station, and the signal strength of the signals from base stations serving adjacent sectors or located at neighboring towers, to determine which one will provide the best service. The wireless device transmits these signal strength measurements back to the server base station, which stores the measurements to compute an average over a short period of time. In a GSM system, the data is transmitted once every 480 microseconds and in TDMA systems once per second. As these data are transmitted so frequently and the wireless subscriber may be moving rapidly, any data over ten seconds old is not useful for purposes of evaluating the need for a handoff and is constantly purged from the server base station shortly after receipt. When neighboring sites or sectors are transmitting the same frequency (i.e., are co-channels), they may interfere with each other. To mitigate this co-channel interference, cellular providers institute frequency planning. The carrier-to-interference (C/I) ratio is a measure of the strength of the desired signal relative to that of interference signals. To track the level of interference, it is standard to construct a matrix of C/I values for neighboring base stations. The frequency planners are then able to use the data in this matrix to better adjust for interfering frequencies. Several prior art methods of developing this matrix are currently in use. One method for creating the C/I matrix is often termed the “Listening only Control Channel” (the “LICC” or “Ericsson”) method. This method entails measuring the control channel signal strength of the site in question. A LICC capability must be added for each site sector (using otherwise valuable bandwidth). This method involves measuring the signal strength of the uplink (the signal from the wireless device to the tower), and during the data collection period, the two traffic channels associated with the control channel must be blocked. When a user originates a call, a request is sent over the control channel to its server base station. It is the strength of this uplink signal that is measured. There are a number of drawbacks to this method: (1) the only measurement made is during the initial communication with the base station and because the data points collected are limited to those associated with originations, the geographical scope is limited; (2) the transceiver uses valuable bandwidth that thus cannot be used for normal communications; (3) cells for which most of the traffic involves handoffs do not provide enough data points for the C/I matrix; and (4) the only measurement taken is on the uplink and therefore this approach does not actually measure the signal strength on the downlink, so that, as indicated above, only a limited number of data points are collected as compared to the average call length. A second method for collecting interference data is the “Drive Test” method. In this method, a color code identifies each base station by frequency. A technician travels to various geographical locations and measures the signal strength at that location. The digital verification color code identifies the base station transmitting each signal. The technician measures all of the signals at each location and the strongest signal should indicate the server station. Therefore, the matrix must be manually generated by entering the data collected for each station by hand. The first drawback of the “Drive Test” is that this method is geographically limited. It will not be possible to take measurements from within many buildings or on side streets, so the areas sampled will be limited. Power control is in the downlink (tower to wireless device) direction, and the station will dynamically adjust power as necessary to ensure transmittal. Therefore, the measurement may be of an intentionally low power signal. This test is expensive to implement because someone must be paid for the time of driving between sites to take measurements and entering the data. Also, changes in the topography and signal propagation resulting from new buildings and other structures require taking new measurements. The color code system only functions if there is a moderate level of interference. If two signals measured are both strong, then it will be difficult to decode the color code, and the technician must manually turn the signals on and off at each base station to test them and to determine which is likely causing the interference. A third method is called the “Predictive Method” and uses propagation models. Because each signal degrades as it propagates through the air, computer models may be used to determine where the signals may interfere. However, this method also suffers from several drawbacks. First, there is a high degree of error because there are no actual measurements. Second, the models do not take into account differences in terrain or buildings. Third, any changes in the system require a new evaluation. Therefore, the model is inherently conservative in order to take into account the practical differences. Because each of the three methods has a high cost in labor, or equipment, or both, there is a need for a system to inexpensively collect and process the necessary data for a C/I matrix. Additionally, each of the prior methods accurately measures or predicts only that interference relating to the geographical features existing at the time the measurements are taken. It is desirable to have an automatic process that continuously collects new data as new buildings, roads and highways are constructed. To the extent that the prior art methods attempt to collect and measure actual data, these methods require the use of extra equipment or the dedication of valuable bandwidth to the measuring process, rather than keeping the bandwidth available to service customers. Further, none of the prior methods result in measurements that accurately reflect the interference within the system during operation because the data is collected during a very small amount of time as compared to the average length of a call, is limited in geographic scope because a technician is not able to access every possible location to take measurements, or has a high error rate because the method is based on computer models, not actual circumstances. Therefore, a system that uses current data and continuously monitors all calls from any geographic location and collects data during the full duration of these calls without using additional bandwidth would be very desirable and useful. Desirably, such a system would collect accurate and complete real-time, actual-use data to create a more accurate and useful C/I matrix and would thus enable the provider to better plan its frequency usage, thereby more effectively using available frequencies and better serving its customers. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Among the advantages thereof, the present invention solves the current problems associated with constructing a Carrier to Interference (C/I) matrix by establishing a new system and method for collecting and processing data resulting from actual customer calls. Further, in a preferred embodiment thereof, the system and method also calculates values for the frequency of occurrence of interference in a given measurement period and the volume of traffic affected (traffic weight) by the given magnitude of the interference. The invention preferably uses existing network infrastructure and procedures to provide signal strength data necessary to construct the C/I matrix. In this regard, wireless devices conventionally measure and transmit to the base station, the signal strengths of the base station and of nearby stations for use in determining whether handoff is needed. In accordance with an important aspect of the invention, the signal strength measurements, which are normally discarded, are collected and used to provide the source data. According to one aspect thereof, the present invention uses the measurements provided by each wireless device with respect to the signal strength of its server base station and neighboring base stations. The wireless device measures the signal strength of the downlink signal (i.e., the signal from the call tower to the wireless device from each of these stations) and, in a preferred embodiment, transmits the measurements back to the server base station. According to this aspect of the invention, these measurements are collected and used to determine the magnitude of the C/I ratio (which is, as indicated above, a measure of the magnitude of the interference), the frequency of occurrence of interference of the given magnitude, and the traffic weight (and therefore, the approximate number of customers) affected by that interference. The system of the present invention is automated and is, therefore, substantially more efficient than some of the prior art systems discussed above. Better statistical data is provided because the wireless device constantly takes signal strength measurements during a call. Also, because wireless devices are used everywhere and the signal strength measurement is automatic, there are no geographic limitations on the measurements, as with other methods. Thus, an actual-use sampling of data is provided between wireless sites and sectors, something that other methods cannot provide. Further, the system and method of the present invention avoid the need to dedicate valuable bandwidth in obtaining the signal strength measurements and are capable of processing the data so obtained using automated systems that reduce the time and expense normally associated with processing such data and creating a C/I matrix. Further features and advantages of the present invention will be set forth in, or apparent from, the detailed description of preferred embodiments thereof which follows. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Many aspects of the invention will be better understood by reference to the following drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art wireless network. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram depicting a plurality of prior art transmission sites that may broadcast interfering signals. FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of a system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention for constructing a C/I matrix. FIG. 4 is an exemplary C/I matrix generated by an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 is an exemplary storage table containing values calculated by an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a histogram generated by an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION A system or method in accordance with the present invention may serve various multi-technology wireless devices providing voice, data, video, or any other content. Further, the technologies employed may employ any transmission method including digital, analog or a combination of digital and analog. Therefore, the term wireless device as understood herein includes all devices capable of the wireless electronic communication of any type of data. A system or method in accordance with the present invention may be implemented with hardware, firmware, software or a combination thereof. Both information storage and computations may be accomplished through an information processor and a memory device. These may be located within multiple network elements comprising a data processor, including but not limited to, a base station, a Mobile Switching Center (MSC), a Base Station Controller (BSC), an Operations Center (OC) or a separate system. Referring now to the figures, wherein like numbers represent like elements throughout, FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary network of wireless transmitters, denoted 101 , which provide geographic coverage for wireless devices denoted 102 . The transmitters 102 are interconnected by, and communicate, either directly or indirectly, through, a Mobile Switching Center 103 . For purposes of illustration only, GSM base stations are linked through a Base Station Controller to the Mobile Switching Center 103 . TDMA base stations would be linked directly to the Mobile Switching Center 103 . The invention described herein is compatible with, for purposes of illustration and not limitation, a fully wireless system or a partially wireless system. As FIG. 1 further illustrates, and as is well known, wireless devices 102 communicate with and through wireless transmitters 101 . The wireless devices 102 herein are equipped to communicate, with the proper network protocol, through the wireless transmitters 101 and, as explained below, to measure the signal strength of the transmissions from a number of wireless transmitters 101 . FIG. 2 illustrates a network of three wireless transmitter sites 201 . The transmitted signals from the sites are denoted 202 . The coverage area for each wireless transmitter 201 is denoted 203 and is illustrated as being, but is not limited to, a 360 -degree region surrounding the corresponding wireless transmitter 201 . Each coverage area 203 may be divided into a number of sectors, or divisions within the coverage area, denoted 205 . When two or more wireless transmitters 201 operate on the same frequency or operate in sectors 205 on the same frequency, such operation is herein termed “co-channel operation.” Each wireless transmission site 201 may be associated with one or more base stations 206 . When a wireless device operates through a particular transmission site 201 , the device operates through a base station 206 at the site. The base station in such an operation is herein termed the server base station. A wireless device may also simultaneously receive a signal from another base station 206 in a different sector or located at a different neighboring transmission site 201 . Such a signal is considered to be from what is herein termed a potentially interfering base station. The number of base stations 206 at a wireless transmission site 201 defines the number of sectors 205 into which the coverage area 203 for that site is divided, since each base station 206 serves one sector 205 . By way of example, referring to FIG. 2 , one base station 206 may serve the entire geographic area 203 covered by a wireless transmission site 201 as indicated by the site 201 shown at the right hand portion of FIG. 2 , or serve one or more sectors 205 within area 203 , as illustrated by the sites 201 shown at the center and left hand portions of FIG. 2 . FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary system or method according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention. The system, which is generally denoted 300 , includes a data storage device 304 for storing measurements of the strength of signals 301 received by the wireless device 302 from a server base station and potentially interfering base stations. In the illustrated embodiment, the various signal strength measurements are transmitted to the base station 303 , and then to the data storage device 304 . Periodically, the stored measurements from storage device 304 are supplied or transmitted to a processor 305 which performs calculations based upon the signal strength measurements. These calculations are used to produce at least one interference indicia, such as the C/I ratio but may also produce other interference indicia. These calculations are also used to create a corresponding C/I matrix. The C/I matrix is transmitted to a C/I processor and data storage device 306 for storing the resulting matrices for further evaluation. The wireless device 302 continuously measures the strength of the signal 301 from the server base station through which the device 201 is operating as well as the strength of the signals 301 from the base stations of the neighboring sectors and transmission sites. The signal strength measurements in this exemplary embodiment are logarithmic values corresponding to the measured strength of the signals 301 . In a preferred embodiment, data storage device 304 provides for long-term storage of these signal strength measurements for signals 301 from the server base station 303 , and the signals 301 from each of the potentially interfering base stations, each pair (i.e., the server base station and the individual base station) being herein termed a base station pair. The data storage device 304 may be located at any place in the network system, including but not limited to, the base station, the base station controller, the mobile switching center, the operations center, a stand alone apparatus connected to the wireless network, and the like. As mentioned above and indicated by block 305 a , the processor 305 will calculate a C/I ratio for the given base station pair. This C/I ratio indicates the level of interference between the base station pair. The calculation is carried out by the processor 305 by dividing the value for strength of the signal 301 from server base station, herein termed the carrier signal strength “C,” by the value for the strength of the signal 301 from each potentially interfering base station, herein termed the interference signal strength “I,” Remembering that in this implementation each of the signal strength values C and I is logarithmic, the calculation of the ratio between each of the base station pairs involves subtracting the logarithmic value for the signal from the interfering base station from the logarithmic value for the signal from the server base station 303 . Thus, a C/I ratio indicating little interference will be a large number, a C/I ratio indicating substantial interference will be a low number approaching zero, and a C/I ratio indicating that the signal from the interfering station is stronger than the server station 303 will be a negative number. These data sets will be available for each instance a wireless device 302 measures the signal strengths for each base station pair. The data storage device 306 stores the data sets. In a preferred embodiment, the processor 305 also sorts the calculated C/I ratios according to magnitude ranges for the C/I ratio. For example, the number of calculated C/I ratios having a magnitude greater than 20 are sorted separately in one range, as are those in other ranges, e.g., between 9 and 10, 8 and 9, etc., down to those between 1 and zero and those having a negative value. The data storage device 306 stores the number of instances that the calculated C/I ratios occur for each range of interest. As indicated by block 305 b , in a preferred embodiment, the processor 305 is also programmed to compute the value, as a percentage, of the frequency of occurrences of a specified C/I ratio or over a selected measurement period. The frequency of occurrence calculation for a given C/I ratio is accomplished by dividing the number of occurrences of the specific C/I ratio by the total number of measurements taken in the given time period for the same base station pair, and then multiplying the result by one hundred. This value corresponds to the frequency with which the particular C/I ratio magnitude occurs. Preferably, this calculated value for frequency of occurrence is also stored in the data storage device 306 . As is also indicated by block 305 b , the processor 305 also may calculate the volume of traffic, herein termed traffic weight, affected by the particular C/I ratio magnitude. The traffic weight will be calculated by dividing the number of occurrences of the particular C/I ratio magnitude by the traffic weight constant for the particular wireless network protocol. In the illustrative example, this constant is 1/3600 for TDMA, and 48/3600 for GSM. This calculation provides a measurement of affected traffic weight expressed in Erlangs, the units of measurement for traffic weight. Preferably, these calculated values for traffic weight are also stored in the data storage device 306 . The C/I matrix stored in the data storage device 306 may be accessed from a remote terminal 307 . Referring to FIG. 4 , there is shown an exemplary C/I matrix 400 . The calculated data processed by the processor 305 and transmitted to data processor and storage device 306 as depicted by the schematic of FIG. 3 provides the information to generate matrix 400 . Generally described, the matrix 400 is a two-dimensional plot of a listing of neighboring, and possibly interfering, base stations along the x- and y-axes. One axis 401 contains a listing of the base stations (BS#X . . . BS#n) as used as server stations. The other axis 402 includes the same listing of base stations (BS#X, . . . BS#n) when interfering with the server base stations. Matrix 400 is of the type used in the wireless industry as a frequency planning tool and typically contains the C/I ratio magnitudes between multiple base station pairs. The C/I ratio magnitude for the base station pair represents the corresponding interference, and therefore, potential subscriber problems, created by the base station pair, and is typically used to determine which base station pairs should not be co-channels. The cells in the C/I matrix 400 according to this embodiment may contain specific calculated C/I values but the cells also may contain links either to tables that have been generated or specific values derived from the tables so generated. Referring to FIG. 5 , a table 500 is provided, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention which lists three important parameters that are useful in frequency planning. These parameters as presented as a function of the desired ranges to be evaluated, indicated at 501 , as shown, comprise the number of instances of C/I ratio magnitudes in a certain range, indicated at 502 , the frequency of occurrences associated with each range of those C/I ratio magnitudes, indicated at 503 , and the traffic weight affected by each range of C/I ratio magnitudes, corresponding to each specific base station pair, indicated at 504 . As described above, in one embodiment, a table corresponding to table 500 occupies, referring to FIG. 4 , one cell 403 of the C/I matrix 400 corresponding to the base station pair. The table 500 is created by a processor, such as processor 405 of FIG. 2 , that sorts the information by the C/I ratio magnitude ranges 501 . Bins or cells 505 , each corresponding to a specified C/I ratio magnitude range 501 , are incremented by one for each instance that a C/I ratio magnitude is determined for the given range. Similarly, the table 500 also provides the frequency of occurrences indicated at 503 , for a given C/I ratio magnitude of the corresponding range, in one bin or cell of the bins or cells 506 corresponding to the different frequency ranges, as well as the traffic weight, indicated at 504 , affected by a given C/I ratio magnitude for the measurement period in a bin or cell of the bins of cells 507 corresponding to these different frequency ranges. Thus, for each base station pair, actual data for a current measurement period is collected and analyzed to determine the number of occurrences of a C/I ratio magnitude, the frequency of such occurrences, and the volume, or traffic weight, affected by the occurrences. Referring to FIG. 6 , in accordance with a further aspect of the invention, a further output is provided in the form of a histogram for each given base station pair. The ordinate or y-axis represents the number of occurrences of C/I ratios over a measurement period, as indicated at 601 . The abscissa or x-axis represents the C/I ratio magnitudes, as indicated at 602 . The result is a tabular representation of which ratio magnitudes occurred most. Also provided are a representation of the frequency of occurrence of a given C/I ratio magnitude range, as indicated at 604 , and of the traffic weight affected by the given magnitude, as indicated at 605 . In one preferred embodiment, a Radio Network Management Server (RNM) is employed in carrying out the method of the invention. The RNM is a standard sub-system in the wireless network that conventionally collects various data for active cells including downlink serving signal strength frequencies (these being generally considered as the channels assigned to the neighbor cell sections). In accordance with this embodiment, the RNM would be configured to collect channel quality messages from every active cell on the associated MSC. Preferably, some channels would be added to in the neighbor list of each cell sector which would allow the wireless devices (mobiles) to perform downlink measurements on these frequencies. The channels are selected so that they help determine the level of interference from specific cell sectors. Many variations and modifications may be made to the above-described embodiments of the invention without departing from the spirit and the principles of the invention. All such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure and the present invention and protected by the following claims.	A conventional wireless device constantly measures the signal strength of its server base station and the strength of signals from surrounding base stations for handoff purposes. The wireless device transmits this information to its serving base station, which discards the information a short time afterward, following handoff. The present system and method store the formerly discarded information in one of several existing network elements or in a separate computer system. This information is used to generate a carrier to interference ratio, which indicates the level of interference between station pairs, and to also generate a carrier to interference matrix, including identifying potential interference for each station pair. The frequency of occurrences during predetermined desired periods of time and the volume of traffic affected by each level of interference may also be calculated. This provides comprehensive, continuous, real-time information for wireless frequency planning.	7
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention is directed to method and apparatus for forming bias laid, non-woven fabrics wherein, preferably, the yarns in at .[.feast.]. .Iadd.least .Iaddend.two of the .[.paers.]. .Iadd.layers .Iaddend.of fabric are .[.psid.]. .Iadd.laid .Iaddend.at an angle of from 30° to 150° to the long axis of the fabric. In such fabrics, the yarns in the various layers are neither knitted, nor woven, but are held together by stitching through the layers, or by other external means, such as adhesive bonding. 2. The Prior Art The history of fabric formation is a long one. Most fabrics are made by the now traditional processes of knitting, weaving, etc., and sophisticated machinery has been developed for automatically manufacturing fabrics in accordance with these techniques. For many modern usages, particularly in areas where structural strength and integrity are required, fabrics manufactured by the older techniques cannot be used. Such uses include structural parts for high speed airplanes where the fabric is to be impregnated with a curable resin system. In the modern usages referred to, the traditional knitted or woven fabrics do not provide sufficient strength, even when impregnated with a curable resin system, following cure, to provide the necessary uniformity and strength. Accordingly, non-woven fabrics have been developed for such utilization. The non-woven fabrics which have been developed for these structural uses involve a series of layers which are laid down, generally in a continuously formed fabric, and with at least the final width of the fabric during formation, the layers ultimately being held together by stitching through the layers, knitting with a loose stitch through the layers, or adhesively bonding threads of the layers at crossing points. The composition of the stitching material or of the adhesive material is not of critical importance, so long as the material has sufficient strength to hold the various layers together up to the time of resin impregnation, since the final strength of the part formed and the holding of the various yarns of the fabric in their proper position is accomplished by the cured resin. The most desirable of the non-woven fabrics for structural purposes has been found to be those with at least two layers, the yarns of which are at an angle of approximately 45° to the long axis of the fabric direction, the two layers lying at 90° to each other. There can be more than two layers of yarns, depending upon the end use to which the fabric is to be put and either the first two layers, or any successive layers, can be placed at angles varying from 30° to 150° to the long axis of the fabric. If desired, a series of warp threads, lying parallel to the long axis of the fabric, a series of weft threads, lying at approximately 90° to the long axis of the fabric, or both, can be included. Once all of the fabric layers have been placed, the fabric is held together for storage, shipment, and ultimate impregnation, by one of the referenced methods, i.e., stitching, loose weave knitting, or adhesive bonding. Among patents showing the formation of similar, types of fabric are Eaton, U.S. Pat. No. 3,607,565; Smith, U.S. Pat. No. 3,765,893; and Campman et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,325,999. The Campman et al patent particularly describes a number of methods for forming bias laid, non-woven fabrics, as generally referred to in the present patent application. However, as will be observed from a review of Campman et al, successive courses of each set of yarns there are laid in a pattern such that each course is angled at 90° to the previous course. For purposes of this invention, a course is defined as the plurality of yarns laid together in traversing the distance from one side of the fabric being formed to the opposite side: when the plurality of yarns reverses directions, and returns from the second side to the first side, that is a second course. In Campman et al, prior to the reversal of direction of the yarns, so as to lay a second course, the yarns are wrapped around a series of pins, the number of pins corresponding to the number of yarns being laid. When the plurality of yarns is returned to the first side of the forming fabric, the yarns are wrapped about a set of pins formed on the conveyor on the first side, and, again, direction reversed by 90° so as to be returned to the second side for a fourth course. Campman et al do show one embodiment in which the courses of yarns formed by a single set of moving yarns are parallel to each other. That is, essentially, shown in FIG. 10 of the Campman et al patent, and the portion of the disclosure relating to that figure. However, a relatively complex mechanism is necessary to accomplish this parallelism between courses, the complex mechanism including two sets of pins on each side of the fabric being formed to allow the second, or return course, to be parallel to the first. None of the other automatic types of bias fabric formation machinery known to applicant provide even a mechanism of this complexity for forming parallel courses. The inability to provide parallel courses results, in many instances, in a diminution of strength of the structural member being formed from these bias laid, non-woven fabrics. Further, because there is a waste of yarn due to the 90° return angle, which causes the second course to partially overlie the first cource, the expense of the bias laid, non-woven fabric is greater than it would be if parallel courses were possible. A method and apparatus which would provide for the yarns in successive courses to be laid parallel to those in previous courses, without the complicated mechanisms of the prior art, would be extremely valuable. Similarly, method and apparatus which would allow for the use, but spacing, of a number of yarns greater than the number of pins formed on the traveling conveyors would provide for greater flexibility in the formation of bias laid, non-woven fabrics, and the production, with relative ease, of fabrics tailored to particular structural uses, as dictated by the needs of those uses. Still further, some overlapping of courses can be provided for, but that overlapping can be controlled, again for the needs of the structural item to be formed, and not as dictated by the limitations of the method and apparatus for forming the bias laid, non-woven fabric. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the present invention, bias laid, non-woven fabrics can be produced with all of the yarns in a given layer parallel to each other, without the use of complex machinery. Further, if desired, there can be a slight, but controlled overlapping of the yarns in a given layer employing a slightly different method of operation of the equipment, and a slightly different process. Still further, because of the manner in which the equipment is formed, the number of yarns in a given course need not correspond to the number of attachment points on the conveyor in the same space. While the disclosure of the present invention primarily describes the use of a sewing machine to bind together the various layers of a bias laid, non-woven fabric, it will be appreciated that other methods of bonding the layers to each other can be employed, including loose weave knitting, adhesive application, etc. In accordance with the present invention, the apparatus for stitching the various layers of the bias laid, non-woven fabric together can be any of the machines presently employed in the textile industry for such a purpose. For example, the machine presently sold by Liba Maschinenfabrik GmbH of West Germany under the designation Copcentra-HS is suitable for formation of fabrics in accordance with the present invention. Both because this machine is known to the trade, and because the present invention does not include, as novel subject matter, the method of stitching the various layers together, this specification will not include a detailed description of the sewing machine. The Liba Copcentra-HS machine is provided, in its operative gearing, with an oscillating crank mechanism. Because of the inherent nature of the operation of such a crank, the oscillating drive shaft controlled by the mechanism moves more slowly before its direction is reversed. By keying the movement of the yarn laying mechanism to this oscillating drive shaft, movement of the yarn laying mechanism is slowed at the end of each course, which allows the conveyor mechanisms to move relatively further forward than would otherwise be true, and aid in gaining parallelism of the various courses. This will be explained more fully in this specification. In accordance with the present invention, a pair of parallel conveyors is formed, the front supports of the conveyors being at the head of a bonding mechanism, such as a Liba Copcentra-HS stitching machine. Each conveyor carries a series of equidistantly spaced needles which extend outwardly from the space between the conveyors and are angled slightly toward the bonding mechanism. The fabric to be formed is placed on these conveyors and, more particularly, the individual yarns are placed around or on the individual needles. In general terms, each conveyor is comprised of an endless chain to which are attached members on which the individual needles are formed, the members, on the operating portion of the conveyor belt, forming a continuous, moving bar. The drive mechanism for the conveyors is independent of the drive mechanism for the yarn carriers, at least in the sense that the conveyors are moved at a constant speed. Yarn carriers move back and forth between the moving conveyors. Each yarn carrier carries a plurality of individual, equally spaced yarns. The yarn carriers are caused to have downwardly beyond each conveyor and, more particularly, beyond the needles formed on the conveyors, so as to place the individual yarns around the needles, or to cause a needle to impale one of the yarns. Thus, it will be recognized that the number of yarns in a given linear dimension need not equal the number of needles in the same linear dimension. When the number of yarns in a given linear dimension is greater than the number of needles in the same linear dimension, some of the yarns will be impaled by the needles, providing for a more uniform coverage. In this way, the density of each layer can be controlled, as desired. The number of yarn carriers employed, and thus the number of individual layers, is determined by the end use of the bias laid, non-woven fabric being produced. The angle at which the yarn carriers place the courses of yarn on the moving conveyors is, likewise, determined by the end use to which the final fabric is to be put. While for many uses, angles of 45° to the long axis of the fabric, for each of two courses, is preferred, it will be apparent that other angular settings can be employed and that more than two layers can be placed on the moving conveyors. Generally, the bias laid layers are at angles of between 30° and 150° to the long axis of the fabric. In addition to the bias laid layers, however, a warp layer can be included in the fabric being formed, the yarns in the warp layer being placed in the standard manner essentially parallel to the moving conveyors. Similarly, one of the yarn carriers can be so angled as to place a weft layer onto the fabric being formed, the angle of the weft layer being the standard, essentially 90°, to the long axis of the fabric. As previously indicated, the two conveyors move at a constant speed toward the bonding mechanism where the fabric layer are bound together. The yarn carrying means, while moving at a generally constant speed across the fabric being laid, are slowed down in their travel across the fabric at the end of each course. Because the movement of the yarn carrier is keyed to an oscillating crank mechanism, and because that crank mechanism slows down near the end of each stroke, movement of the yarn carrying mechanism is also slowed near the end of the stroke, which is keyed to correspond with the end of the course. However, the conveyors do not move rapidly enough relative to the movement of the yarn carrier for each of the needles which is surrounded by a yarn or which impales a yarn in a given course to be moved clear of the yarns on the yarn carrier prior to the yarn carrier beginning its return movement for the next course. As a consequence, if no additional action is taken, the trailing needles from the first course will again be surrounded by or will again impale yarns as the yarn carrier begins its return motion. If parallelsim in courses is desired, the yarn carrier is fitted with a mechanism which causes it to be moved generally rearwardly at the end of the course, the amount and timing of the rearward motion being such that the conveyor will have moved forward a distance calculated to cause the needles employed for the second course to be those immediately behind the needles employed for the first course, with no overlap. In this way, the courses of fabric laid down as the fabric is being formed can and will be parallel to each other. Of course, the yarns in succeeding layers can be placed over the first layer in exactly the same way, but at a different angle, chosen according to the end use to which the material so formed is to be put. Further, there may be some overlapping in a given course, while still maintaining parallelism, by proper control of the mechanism for moving the yarn carrier rearwardly. While for many utilizations the complete parallelism of courses within a layer is desirable, for some utilizations, it has been found that extra strength in the final product is obtained when the bias laid, non-woven fabric has some angular overlap from one course to the next. This, of course, is in addition to the overlap of layer upon layer of bias laid fabrics. When a fabric of this type is to be made, the means previously described for forcing the yarn carrier in a direction away from the sewing or bonding head is not employed. However, because of the keying of the yarn carrier movement to the oscillating crank mechanism, the 90° turns described by Campman et al are not experienced. Rather, the group of yarns is returned in a direction generally the same as that in which the prior course was laid, but with a few of the conveyor needles being covered by yarns from each course, so as to result in a slight overlapping of yarns which are at small acute angle to each other before contacting the opposite side of the moving fabric in formation. Again, this is accomplished with the relatively simply mechanism of the present invention and, again, any number of layers can be employed, including the 0° warp and 90° weft layers, in addition to the bias-laid layers. In this configuration, as well, some of the yarns will be wrapped around the needles on the side conveyors, while other yarns will be impaled by the needles. The reasons are the same as for the fully parallel course fabric configuration. With the fabric in the configuration just described, additional density can be achieved without the necessity for further layers of yarn. Thus, the present invention provides for the formation of bias laid fabrics where all of the yarns in a given layer are parallel to each other, or some portion of the yarns are at a slight, acute angle to the yarns in the preceding and following courses. The parallelism in a given layer is achieved without complex machinery. Further, because the number of yarns need not equal the number of needles over a given linear dimension, greater density and uniformity are provided. Use can be made of the mechanism of the bonding portion of the apparatus to control the laying of the yarns so as to achieve these advantages. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the accompanying drawings FIG. 1 is a plan view of one preferred form of bias fabric in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 2 is a plan view of a second form of bias fabric in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 3 is an end view of a machine for stitching the bias laid fabric employed in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 4 is a plan view of an oscillating crank mechanism employed in the stitching portion of the device shown in FIG. 3; FIG. 5 is a representational view of a portion of the drive mechanism connection between the oscillating crank mechanism of FIG. 4 and the yarn guide employed in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 6 is a perspective view, partly representational, showing the mechanism for placing the bias laid yarns on the conveyors; FIG. 7 is a plan view of the yarn carrier employed in accordance with the present invention, and means for moving it from its normal travel path; FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the cam mechanism for depressing the position of the yarn guide at the end of each course; FIG. 8A is a sectional view along the line 8A--8A of FIG. 8; FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the overall fabric forming mechanism in accordance with the present invention; and FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a single needle block, in accordance with the present invention, positioned on the chain conveyor. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In FIG. 1, a bias laid fabric 10 formed from two layers of yarn, the layers intersecting each other at approximately a 90° angle, and all of the yarns in a given layer being parallel, is illustrated. The arrow A illustrates the direction of travel of the fabric in formation on machinery and in accordance with a method to be described below. As shown, one course of yarns C is laid in a direction, generally from left to right, as shown in the drawing. At the termination on the right hand side, the yarns are hooked around or onto needles on a conveyor, as will be described later, and the direction of the yarn carrier is reversed to go, generally, from right to left. Because of the coordination between the moving conveyors and the yarn carrier, the yarns in the second course C' are laid down parallel to the yarns in the first course C. The solid lines 11 in FIG. 1 represent yarns laid down in the same layer as those in courses C and C', but prior to the laying of courses C and C'. For illustrational purposes, the dotted lines 12 in FIG. 1 represent a layer laid on top of the solid line yarns in the first layer, the yarns 12 having been laid over the yarns 11, in the same manner and, as can be seen, parallel to each other, but at an angle of approximately 90° to the yarns 11. The fabric 20 of FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment of bias laid fabric in accordance with the present invention. As can be seen from the following description, the yarns in a given layer in accordance with this embodiment are not parallel to each other, but are laid down so that there is a partial overlap of a second course over a first course, the yarns in a succeeding course being at an acute angle to the yarns in the previous course. As illustrated, the yarns in a first course A are laid in a generally left to right direction. When the yarn carrier carrying the yarns A reaches the right hand side, it is depressed to wrap the yarns around or impale them on the needles on the conveyors. When the yarn carrier returns to the left hand side, the conveyor has not moved a distance sufficicent to clear all of the yarns in the course A. As a consequence, some of the yarns in the course A', the following course, overlap some of the yarns in the course A, to provide the slight overlap described, the yarns in course A' being at an acute angle relative to the yarns in course A. Similarly when the yarn carrier has completed its traverse to the right, and has been depressed to wrap the individual yarns around or impale them on the needles of the right hand conveyor, the conveyor will not have moved a sufficient distance to totally clear all of the yarns from course A', so that the following course, which is not illustrated, will slightly overlap the rearward yarns in course A'. Other solid line yarns 21 illustrated in FIG. 2 represent yarns of the same layer as courses A and A' which were previously laid, while for illustrational purposes, the dotted lines 22 represent yarns laid subsequent to laying of the yarns in the layer including courses A and A', to form a second layer. This second layer is placed in the same manner as courses A and A', but overlying that layer, so that, again, there is a slight overlapping of the yarns in the second layer. An overview of the placement of the bias laid yarns in accordance with the present invention is shown in FIG. 9. Two endless conveyors 30 and 31 are shown, respectively, on the left and right hand sides. These conveyors 30 and 31, which are of the same length, are driven at the same speed by forward pulleys 32 and 33 and are suspended on rearward pulleys 34 and 35. Forward pulleys 32 and 33 are connected by axial member 36, while rearward pulleys 34 and 35 are connected by axial member 37. Each conveyor includes a plurality of blocks 40, better illustrated in FIG. 10, which are carried on the conveyor means, such as endless chain 41. Formed onto, or from, each block are a series of sharp needles 42 which, as illustrated by angle C are directed slightly forwardly relative to the direction of travel of the upper portion of each conveyor, along the long axis of the fabric being formed. Formed across, but slightly above, the conveyors 30 and 31 are a plurality of guide arms 50, 51. Two such arms are illustrated for laying of two layers of yarn, but it will be appreciated that additional guide arms and complete yarn laying assemblies can be provided, depending upon the number of layers of yarn to be incorporated into the bias laid fabric. Moving along each of the guide arms is a member 52 to which is attached a yarn carrier 53, each yarn carrier being employed for laying a plurality of yarns 54. A more complete illustration of the feeding of the yarns to the yarn carrier 53, along with the yarns supplied is given in FIG. 5. A yarn storage unit or creel 60 supports a plurality of spools or bobbins 61 from which the yarn to be made into the fabric is drawn. An individual spool or bobbin feeds a single yarn 54 to a yarn guide 62 and, from the yarn guide 62, the plurality of yarns 54 is led to the yarn carrier 53, from which it is placed on the moving fabric being formed. The yarn guide and yarn carrier act to provide for uniform tension in the yarns 54 being laid, and to provide accurate spacing between individual yarns 54. The guide members 50 and 51, are provided with a generally horizontal slot 70, best illustrated in FIG. 8. A guide pin 71, formed or attached into the portion of the yarn catrier 53 which is adjacent the guide 50 or 51 rides in this generally horizontal slot 70, as shown in FIGS. 8 and 8A. At either end of the guides 50 and 51, at a point beyond each of the conveyors 30 and 31, the generally horizontal slot is formed with a gradual curve 72, downwardly, so formed as to cause the yarn carrier 53 to move downwardly, and to carry the individual yarns 54 to a point below the individual needles 42 on the bars 40. As the yarn carrier 53 reverses direction, to travel to the opposite side of the yarn forming mechanism, it moves upwardly along the cam slot 72, causing the individual yarns to be placed around the needles as illustrated, for example, by yarns 73 in FIG. 10, or to be impaled on the needles, as illustrated by yarns 74 in FIG. 10. In this manner, the individual yarns are held in their desired position at the end of a course, and proper tension is applied to the yarns forming the next course as the yarn carrier 53 makes a return pass across the fabric forming mechanism. A more detailed view of the yarn carrier 53 of the present invention, in a desired embodiment in accordance with the present invention, is illustrated in FIG. 7. The guide 50 has slidably mounted to it the mounting member 52 and, through that mounting member is placed the guide pin 71. The yarn carrier 53, as illustrated in FIG. 7, is slidably mounted within the pin 71 and is attached, at one end, to a tension spring 80, for a purpose to be described. As illustrated, the device also includes a pneumatic cylinder 81, attached to a source of air or other gas under pressure 82. The pneumatic cylinder 81 is also connected with the hollow pin 71 by connection 83. When it is desired to move the yarn carrier 53 rearwardly, to the position shown as 53A in FIG. 7, this being in a direction shown by arrow D in FIG. 9, air or other high pressure gas is caused to flow by air cylinder 81 into the hollow pin 71 where it acts to force yarn carrier 53 to the position 53A. When the air pressure is relieved, tension spring 80 causes the yarn carrier to return to the position 53. It will be appreciated that the application of air or other high pressure gas is timed to coincide with the positioning of the yarn carrier 53 at a position outside either the conveyor 30 or the conveyor 31, the purpose being to delay the placement of yarns 54 on the return movement of yarn carrier 53 until the conveyor 30 or conveyor 31 has moved to a point that the needles 42 to be contacted by the yarns 54 are those immediately beyond the needles on which the yarns of previous course have been wrapped around or impaled on. Similarly, the release of air pressure is timed to allow the yarn carrier 53 to assume the position 53 shown in FIG. 7 on the return traverse of the yarn carrier across the fabric forming mechanism. Obviously, the pneumatic system can be replaced by other mechanisms, such as a solenoid, to accomplish the same purpose. FIG. 3 illustrates one of the means for holding together the yarns which have been laid to form the bias laid, non-woven fabric in accordance with the present invention. Illustrated are a stitching machine 91, which may be the Liba-Copcentra-HS previously referred to, as well as the blocks 40 formed on conveyors 30 and 31 as they pass over rearward pulleys 34 and 35. Also illustrated is guide arm 51 with member 52. The forward pulleys 32 and 33 are not visible, since, in addition to being in front of the pulleys 34 and 35, they are actually on the side of machine 91 opposite that of the figure, the side illustrated being that toward which the conveyors 30 and 31 move, as illustrated in FIG. 9. The stitching machine 91 has a machine compartment 92 within which is located an oscillating crank mechanism 93, as illustrated in FIG. 4. It is not believed necessary to describe the specific parts of the oscillator crank mechanism as they are, essentially, standard for such a mechanism. As is known, at either end of a cycle of operation, as illustrated by the upper limit or lower limit of the crank member 94, the oscillating drive shaft is moving more slowly than in the center of the oscillation. By appropriate gearing, this oscillating drive shaft is keyed to the yarn carrier drive mechanisms and the reversal of the oscillating drive shaft is made to coincide with the extreme position of the travel of yarn carriers 53. The oscillating drive shaft 95 is illustrated, for example, in FIG. 4. The specific type of connection, such as by gearing, drive belt, etc., is not believed important to the present invention. Rather, connecting gear boxes 100, pulleys 101, and drive belts 102 are illustrated in FIG. 5 as examples of a means of connecting and keying the oscillating drive shaft 95 shown in FIG. 4 to the yarn carrier 53 so that the yarns 54 are moved at the proper time and at the proper speed. In accordance with the present invention, in order to form a bias laid, non-woven fabric employing the apparatus of the present invention, a series of spools or bobbins 61 of a yarn selected based upon the end use to which the fabric is to be put are placed upon a creel 60. It will be apparent that the denier of the yarn is also based upon the end use to which the fabric is to be put and, within very broad limits, the process of the present invention is not affected by the denier of the yarn. Further, different layers of the fabric can be formed from different yarn compositions, again depending upon the end use to which the fabric is to be put. Thus, it will be appreciated that neither the composition nor the exact size of the yarn are a factor of the present invention. Yarns from individual bobbins or spools 61 are fed through openings in the yarn guide 62, one yarn per opening. These yarns are then fed through individual openings in the yarn carrier 53. The only place that spacing is important is in the yarn carrier 53 and the spacing, in that apparatus, along with the spacing of the needles 42 determines the density of the fabric being formed. Generally, there are from 1 to 60 or more yarns per linear inch of the fabric being formed. In a preferred embodiment, in accordance with the present invention, there are 16 needles 42 per linear inch, but there are 20 openings per linear inch of fabric in the yarn carrier 53. It will be appreciated that the spacing of the yarn in the openings in yarn carrier 53 are not the same as the number of yarns to be laid per linear inch of fabric, in view of the angling of the yarn carrier 53 relative to the long axis of the fabric being formed. The needles 42 are generally angled at approximately 5° to 45° to the forward direction of the bar. It will thus be appreciated that in this preferred embodiment there are fewer needles than yarns. Because of this, while some of the yarns will be wrapped around needles 42 and, indeed, in a few cases more than one yarn may wrap around the same needle, some of the yarns will be impaled by the needle, as illustrated by 74 in FIG. 10. Because of the systems of the prior art where the yarns were carried to the needles and fed over the needles by a tube, this system of the present invention was basically impossible in the prior art. In fact, the impaling of a few of the yarns on the needles, and the utilization of a number of yarns greater than the number of needles per linear inch provides for more uniform coverage and for the ability to form different densities of fabric, particularly the density in a particular layer. Through a driving means the yarn carriers are moved back and forth across the long axis of the fabric being formed. Either the bonding mechanism contains a driving means, such as an oscillating crank mechanism, which causes the speed of the yarn carrier to be reduced near the end of its travel, or such an oscillating crank mechanism is provided, separate and apart from the bonding unit, in order to accomplish the same results. In addition to being slowed down by this mechanism at either end of its travel, it is necessary to cause the yarn carrier to drop down below the level of the needles 42, when the carrier has passed beyond those needles and the associated conveyor. This dropping down is required in order to allow the yarns to be wrapped around the needles, or to be impaled by them. This is accomplished by mounting the yarn carrier on a guide pin which travels in a horizontal slot in a guide arm, that slot being angled downwardly beyond the conveyor, so as to cam the yarn carrier downwardly, and move the yarns below the horizontal level of the needles. On the return stroke, the yarn carrier moves upwardly, completing the operation of wrapping the yarns around the needles, or impaling them, and then returns across the fabric being formed. When it is desired, because of the end use of the fabric being formed, the courses of yarns, i.e., the yarns laid in successive passes back and forth by given yarn carrier, are made parallel. In part, this parallel laying of the yarns is accomplished by the manner in which the yarn carriers are keyed to the oscillating crank of the bonding unit, or to the separate oscillating crank unit, when compared with the speed at which the conveyors 30 and 31 are driven. However, generally, the relative speeds are such that all of the needles on which yarn has been wound or impaled by a given pass of the yarn carrier have not moved forward and out of the way of the yarn carrier. To allow additional relative motion of the conveyor compared with the yarn carrier, the yarn carrier can be provided with a mechanism, such as a pneumatic cylinder, which moves the yarn carrier generally rearwardly, or in a direction generally opposite that of the direction in which the conveyor is moving. This movement is so timed that the conveyor is allowed to move forwardly a distance sufficient that when the yarn carrier 53 returns to its regular path of travel during its return pass across the mechanism, the needles around which it wraps the yarn or impales the yarn are those immediately following those needles acted upon in the immediately preceding course or pass. In this way, the yarns laid down in each layer are all parallel to each other, as illustrated in FIG. 1. As the fabric which has been laid reaches the forward part of the conveyors 30 and 31, it passes through the bonding mechanism representationally illustrated at 91. As indicated, this bonding mechanism can be a Liba Copcentra-HS unit which will provide stitching through the various layers which have been put down on the apparatus, and in accordance with the method just described. The number of rows of stitching need only be sufficient to allow the fabric so formed to be held together and stored, prior to being employed in its ultimate use. As indicated, the fabric formed in accordance with the present process is generally used in the formation of structural parts, as in airplanes, and in such a use is wrapped around a mold, or laid into a particular position, after which, or prior to, being impregnated with a resin. When the fabric is fully in place and impregnated, the resin is cured to complete formation of the part. While the description of the present invention has involved a stitching of the various fabric layers together, it will be appreciated that other methods for holding the non-woven fabric in place can be employed. For example, a loose knitting operation, as is known in the art can be employed. Further, a light resin spray can be applied to bond the fibers at their crossing points. Again, the material which is employed for this bonding, or the materials used, are not of critical importance, as the ultimate strength of the bias laid non-woven fabric comes from the resin which is finally used for impregnation and which is cured with the fabric in place. If the bonding mechanism used for the fabric does not have a device, such as the oscillating crank of the Liba Copcentra-HS, then such a mechanism must be independently provided for driving of the yarn carriers in order to provide for their reduced speed of motion near the ends of the travel paths. No mention has yet been made in this specification of the loops which are obviously formed, either by the yarns wrapping around the various needles or by being impaled on them. As is apparent, these loops are at the extremities of the width of the fabric being formed. After stitching or other methods of bonding, so that the fabric is generally held together, the loops can be cut away by any known mechanism. Once the other bonding means have been put into place, the loops, which had served only the function of holding the fabric in place up until that time, are no longer required. The various steps and equipment just described for formation of a bias laid, non-woven fabric where all of the yarns in a particular layer are parallel to each other apply, with essentially one exception, to the formation of a fabric where all of the yarns in a given layer are not parallel, but where there is a minor overlap of such yarns, the yarns in one course forming a minor acute angle with those of the prior course. In general, that acute angle is from about 2° to 20° and is employed when the end use for the fabric requires such an overlap. Generally, the referenced mechanism for moving the yarn carrier rearwardly is not employed when the fabric is to take this form, such as is illustrated in FIG. 2. This minor overlap is achieved by using some percentage of the needles from a previous course on the return course, the number of needles being generally no more than about 50% of those in the previous course in an overlap relationship. This small overlap, rather than, for example, the complete overlap and reversal shown in Campman et al, is accomplished because of the slowing of the yarn carriers at the ends of their path of travel in each course. While the invention has been illustrated and described in accordance with particular embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variations are possible within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be considered as limited except as set forth in the appended claims.	Non-woven, bias laid fabrics, where the various fabric layers are held together by external means, such as stitching, and wherein, preferably, at least two of the layers are formed at an angle of from 30° to 150° relative to the long axis of the fabric, are formed by directing at least two pluralities of yarns back and forth across the width of the forming fabric, to be wrapped around or mounted on a series of needles formed on a moving conveyor, one conveyor being placed on either side and moving in the direction of the long axis of the fabric. Speed of movement of the yarns can be determined by the speed of movement of the mechanism for the machine operated to hold the various fabric layers together; preferably said machine mechanism moves more slowly near the ends of each cycle, so that yarn carriers are similarly slowed at either end of the forming fabric width, aiding in making successive courses of yarn lie parallel to each other without the necessity for extra equipment. In one embodiment of the invention, the yarn carriers are provided with means to propel them in a direction generally away from the bonding portion of the machine to further assure the parallelism of successive courses of yarn. It is not necessary that the number of needles correspond to the number of yarns.	3
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to bushings useful for making connections to electrical switchgear. More particularly, the present invention relates to an easily removable bushing having improved dielectric properties and improved arc-tracking resistance for use in gas-insulated switchgear. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The bushings of the present invention are used to connect high voltage lines to padmounted and subsurface electrical switchgear. Such switchgear are typically mounted within sealed housings and insulated with oil. The bushings used in these applications are typically bolted to the external surface of the wall of the switchgear housing and can easily be removed for repair or replacement. Recently, the electrical distribution industry has begun to use padmounted and subsurface switchgear in which sulfur hexafiouride (SF 6 ) replaces oil as the insulating medium. SF 6 gas is preferable to oil in many instances where safety is an issue, in part because it decreases the risk of explosion. Because SF 6 is less insulating than oil along surfaces of solid insulators, bushings used in SF 6 -insulated applications must have greater resistance to arcing than those used in oil-insulated applications. Arcing can occur either through the medium surrounding the components, or can occur across the surface of the components. The latter phenomenon is called are tracking. When SF 6 is used as the insulating medium, however, greater precautions must be taken to prevent the gas from escaping, because its presence is necessary primarily to preserve the insulation integrity of the switchgear. Bushings designed for use in SF 6 applications are typically designed to be welded to the bushing housing in order to form an unbroken joint and thereby eliminate the need for elastomeric seals, which can be affected by the insulating gas. Presently, bushings designed to be welded to the housing wall have several disadvantages. First, because it is not practical to un-weld and re-weld a bushing in the field, the entire switchgear is typically removed to an operating facility when a connection needs to be replaced or repaired. This is costly and inefficient. Second, weld-mounted bushings typically include an integral metal flange molded into the bushing body, for welded attachment to the housing wall. The inclusion of this flange in the bushing body adds complexity to the manufacture of molded bushings, with the result that welded bushings are not available in as many configurations as are bolt-mounted bushings. In contrast, bolted-mounted bushings designed for use with oil-insulated switchgear are in abundant supply and are relatively easy to manufacture and install. However, when a bolt-mounted bushing is used in a gas-insulated environment, the dielectric properties of the bushing are generally not adequate to withstand the voltage stress and dielectric breakdown results. Specifically, the shank of the bushing is shorter and includes a shielding layer of semiconductive material around its middle. The inner edge of the shielding layer is the site of significant voltage stress. Hence, it is desired to provide a bolt-mounted bushing that is simple and inexpensive to manufacture and install, yet suitable for use in gas-insulated switchgear. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention comprises the application of an insulating layer over the outer surface of the inner shank of a bolt-mounted bushing. The insulating layer is preferably in direct contact with the bushing surface and preferably comprises a high voltage type heat-shrinkable tubing. The insulating layer overlaps the inner edge of any shielding layer, thereby reducing the localized voltage stresses between that edge and the high-voltage connection. Additionally, the insulating layer having higher dielectric properties as compared to the bushing material prevents the tendency to arc track over the surface. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING For a detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings wherein: FIG. 1 is an elevation view of the bushing of the present invention, partially in cross-section. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIG. 1, a bushing 10 is shown mounted through a wall 12 of a switchgear housing. The housing contains the switchgear (not shown) and an insulating medium, such as SF 6 gas. Wall 12 has an inner surface 14 and an outer surface 16. A plurality of mounting studs 18 extend outward from outer surface 16. Bushing 10 comprises a non-conductive body 20 that extends through wall 12 and includes an inner shank 22 and an outer shank 24. Extending through body 20 and coaxial therewith is a conducting core 21, which provides the connection between the switchgear and the external electrical components (not shown). Conducting core 21 protrudes beyond shank 22 to form a stud 23. Between inner shank 22 and outer shank 24 is a radially extending flange 26. A bushing clamp 28 is received over studs 18 and bears on flange 26, so as to retain bushing 20 on wall 12. Clamp 28 is held in place by nuts 29 tightened onto studs 18. Preferably, a gasket 27 is positioned between flange 26 and outer surface 16 of wall 12 and is compressed by the tightening of nuts 29 to ensure adequate sealing of the switchgear housing and containment of the insulating medium therein. The middle portion of bushing 20, including flange 26, is preferably coated with a semiconductive coating 30, which shields bushing 20 and increases its withstand voltage. Semiconductive coating 30 is preferably a thin layer, such as may be obtained by painting the desired semiconductive material onto bushing 20. An example of a preferred shielding semiconductive coating is Electrodag® 213, manufactured by Acheson Colloids Company of Port Huron, Mich. It has been found that when bolt-mounted bushings constructed in accordance with the foregoing description are used in an SF 6 environment, the inner edge 32 of semiconductive coating 30 creates localized voltage stresses as a result of the high voltage difference between stud 23 and the housing wall, or ground. These stresses are particularly acute when inner edge 32 is uneven. When the voltage stresses become too high, electrical breakdown occurs in the form of an arc between stud 23 of conducting core 21 and semiconductive coating 30, and may cause damage to the bushing or other nearby equipment. Such arcing may be along the surface of inner shank 22, or may be through the SF 6 gas itself. It has further been found that the application of a tightly sealed layer 34 of arc tracking resistant, insulating material to the outer surface of inner shank 22 will mitigate the arcing problem. This is particularly true if layer 34 overlaps the inner edge 32 of semiconductive coating 30. According to a preferred embodiment, insulating layer 34 comprises a layer of heat-shrinkable, halogen-free polyolefin. Examples of the preferred material include the BBI Series Heat Shrinkable Tubing manufactured by 3M of Minneapolis, Minn., and Heat Shrinkable Polymeric Products manufactured by Raychem Corporation of Menlo Park, Calif. A heat shrinkable layer is preferred because it is easy to apply and results in a uniform, sealed layer that conforms to the outer contours of the bushing. Heat shrinkable tubing is available in several size increments, each of which can shrink as much as 50 percent in diameter. If the proper initial size of heat-shrinkable tubing is selected and the tubing is tightly conformed to inner shank 22, a complete seal between shank 22 and insulating layer 34 will be formed. In addition, it is preferred that layer 34 overlap inner edge 32 of layer 30 by at least 1/8 inch. Applied in this manner, insulating layer 34 will provide adequate protection from electrical breakdown. When insulating layer 34 is applied in the foregoing manner, it increases the resistance of the bushing to both surface breakdown (arc tracking) and breakdown through the gas insulating medium. Thus, the withstand voltage of the bushing is increased and it becomes usable in the gas-insulated environment for which it was formerly unsuited. Consequently, it is possible to provide inexpensive, bolt-mountable bushings that are capable of operating in an SF 6 environment. Likewise, it is possible to adapt existing stocks of bushings originally intended for use in oil, so that they may be used in gas-insulated switchgear. By eliminating the requirement for special welded bushings, flexibility is increased and a significant cost savings is realized. While a preferred embodiment of the invention has been shown and described, modifications thereof can be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention.	A bushing wherein the voltage stress across the surface of the bushing is alleviated by placement of a layer of insulating material in direct contact with the surface. The insulating material is preferably a high-voltage type, heat-shrinkable, halogen-free polyolefin, and is preferably fully shrunk to conform to the contours of the outer surface of the bushing.	7
This is a continuation-in-part of Application No. 06/841,887 filed Mar. 20, 1986 and now abandoned. FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a method for separating methyl t-butyl ether from hydrocarbons using certain higher boiling liquids as the extractive agent in extractive distillation. DESCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART Extractive distillation is the method of separating close boiling compounds by carrying out the distillation in a multiplate rectification column in the presence of an added liquid or liquid mixture, said liquid(s) having a boiling point higher than the compounds being separated. The extractive agent is introduced near the top of the column and flows downward until it reaches the stillpot or reboiler. Its presence on each plate of the rectification column alters the relative volatility of the close boiling compounds in a direction to make the separation on each plate greater and thus require either fewer plates to effect the same separation or make possible a greater degree of separation with the same number of plates. The extractive agent should boil higher than any of the close boiling liquids being separated and not form a minimum azeotrope with them. Usually the extractive agent is introduced a few plates from the top of the column to insure that none of the extractive agent is carried over with the lowest boiling component. This usually requires that the extractive agent boil about twenty Centigrade degrees or more higher than the lowest boiling component. At the bottom of a continuous column, the less volatile components of the close boiling mixtures and the extractive agent are continuously removed from the column. The usual methods of separation of these two components are the use of another rectification column, cooling and phase separation, or solvent extraction. Methyl t-butyl ether has become important commercially because of its utility as a substitute for tetra ethyl lead as an octane number enhancer in gasoline. This and other ethers are commonly produced by reacting a hydrocarbon stream containing olefins with an alcohol to form the ether. Thus the reaction product can contain a number of hydrocarbons as well as the ether. If any of these hydrocarbons boil close to the ether, separation by rectification becomes difficult to impossible depending on the proximity of the boiling points. Methyl t-butyl ether boils at 53° C. and there are several hydrocarbons that boil close to this temperature. The most commonly encountered hydrocarbon boiling in this region is cyclopentane which boils at 50° C. With a boiling point difference of only 3° C., these two are very difficult to separate. Their relative volatility is 1.2, a relationship which requires 100 theoretical plates in a rectification column to obtain 99% purity. Extractive distillation would be an attractive method of effecting the separation of methyl t-butyl ether from hydrocarbons if agents can be found that (1) will alter the relative volatility between methyl t-butyl ether and hydrocarbons, (2) form no azeotropes with methyl t-butyl ether or hydrocarbons and (3) are easy to recover from methyl t-butyl ether, that is boil sufficiently above methyl t-butyl ether to make separation by rectification possible with only a few theoretical plates. Extractive distillation typically requires the addition of an equal amount to twice as much extractive agent as the methyl t-butyl ether-hydrocarbons on each plate in the rectification column. The extractive agent should be heated to about the same temperature as the plate into which it is introduced. Thus extractive distillation imposes an additional heat requirement on the column as well as somewhat larger plates. However this is less than the increase occasioned by the additional agents required in azeotropic distillation. Another consideration in the selection of the extractive distillation agent is its recovery from the bottoms product. The usual method is by rectification in another column. In order to keep the cost of this operation to a minimum, an appreciable boiling point difference between the compound being separated and the extractive agent is desirable. Twenty Centigrade degrees or more difference is recommended. It is also desirable that the extractive agent be miscible with methyl t-butyl ether otherwise it will form a two phase azeotrope with the methyl t-butyl ether in the recovery column and some other method of separation will have to be employed. Vu Pre Petrochemiu, German Patent No. 3015-882, Nov. 6, 1980, described the use of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, ethanolamine, isopropanolamine and dimethylformamide used individually as the extractive distillation agent to separate methyl t-butyl ether from methanol, water and/or hydrocarbons. OBJECTIVE OF THE INVENTION The object of this invention is to provide a process or method of extractive distillation that will enhance the relative volatility of hydrocarbons from methyl t-butyl ether in their separation in a rectification column. It is further objective of this invention to identify organic compounds which are stable, can be separated from methyl t-butyl ether by rectification with relatively few plates and can be recycled to the extractive distillation column and re-used with little decomposition. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The objects of this inention are provided by a process for separating cyclopentane (CP) from methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) which entails the use of certain oxygenated, nitrogenous and/or sulfur containing organic compounds as the agent in extractive distillation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION I have discovered that certain oxygenated, nitrogenous and/or sulfur containing organic compounds will effectively enhance the relative volatility between cyclopentane (CP) and methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) and permit the separation of CP from MTBE by rectification when employed as the agent in extractive distillation. Table 1 lists dimethylsulfoxide and its mixtures and approximate proportions that I have found to be effective. The data in Table 1 was obtained in a vapor-liquid equilibrium still. In each case, the starting material was a 10%-90% CP-MTBE mixture because this is the usual combination occuring in commercial production. The ratios are the parts of extractive agent used per part of CP-MTBE mixture. The compound that is effective as an extractive distillation agent when used alone is dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The compounds which are effective when used in mixtures of two or more components with DMSO are acetophenone, 2-octanone, benzophenone, N,N-dimethyl-acetamide, dimethylformamide, methyl glutaronitrile, propiophenone, N-methyl pyrrolidone, acetamide, diisobutyl ketone, ethylene glycol butyl ether acetate, ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate and hexylene glycol diacetate. The ratios in Table 1 are the parts of extractive agent used per part of CP-MTBE mixture. For example in Table 1, one part of DMSO with one part of CP-MTBE mixture gives a relative volatility of 8.9. One half part of DMSO mixed with one half part of 2-octanone with one part of CP-MTBE mixture gives a relative volatility of 9.1. One third parts of DMSO plus 1/3 parts of dimethylformamide plus 166 parts of N-methyl pyrrolidone mixed with one part of CP-MTBE mixture gives a relative volatility of 16.8. In every example in Table 1 the starting material is a 10-90% mixture of CP-MTBE which possesses a relative volatility of 1.2. The DMSO, DMFA, acetamide mixture listed in Table 1 and whose relative volatility had been determined in the vapor-liquid equilibrium still, was then evaluated in a glass perforated plate rectification column possessing 4.5 theoretical plates. The results are listed in Table 2. The CP-MTBE mixture used contained 6% CP, 94% MTBE. The first line in Table 2 is the result obtained after one hour operation with from one to two parts of extractive agent per part of CP-MTBE mixture being boiled up to the condenser. TABLE 1______________________________________Extractive Distillation Agents Containing Dimethylsulfoxide. RelativeCompounds Ratio Volatility______________________________________None -- 1.2Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) 2 8.9DMSO, Dimethylformamide (DMFA) .sup. (1/2).sup.2 13.2DMSO, Diisobutylketone " 4.1DMSO, Ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate " 4.0DMSO, N--Methylpyrrolidone " 8.0DMSO, 2-Octanone " 9.1DMSO, DMFA, Acetamide .sup. (1/3).sup.3 5.5DMSO, DMFA, Acetophenone " 4.9DMSO, DMFA, Benzophenone " 7.7DMSO, DMFA, Diisobutyl ketone " 4.8DMSO, DMFA, N,N--Dimethyl acetamide " 4.6DMSO, DMFA, Ethylene glycol butyl ether " 4.8acetateDMSO, DMFA, Ethylene glycol ethyl ether " 4.3acetateDMSO, DMFA, Hexylene glycol diacetate " 6.7DMSO, DMFA, Methyl glutaronitrile " 11.9DMSO, DMFA, N--Methyl pyrrolidone " 16.8DMSO, DMFA, Propiophenone " 7.0______________________________________ TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Data From Run Made In Rectification Column at 630 mm. Hg. Time Overhead Stillpot Temp., °C. Weight % Cyclopentane RelativeAgent min. Temp. °C. At Start When Sampling Overhead Bottoms Volatility__________________________________________________________________________DMSO, DMFA, Acetamide 60 45 49 60 99.4 5.5 5.7" 90 44.5 49 64 99.5 6.0 5.9" 120 44.5 49 68 99.5 6.1 5.95 Average 5.85__________________________________________________________________________ The second line is the result after 1.5 hours which is usually the maximum time required for the equipment to come to equilibrium. The third line is the result after two hours of total operating time and indicates that equilibrium through-out the column has been achieved. THE USEFULNESS OF THE INVENTION The usefulness or utility of this invention can be demonstrated by referring to the data presented in Tables 1 and 2. All of the successful extractive distillation agents show that CP can be removed from MTBE by means of distillation in a rectification column and that the ease of separation as measured by relative volatility is considerable. Without these extractive distillation agents, virtually no improvement will occur in the rectification column. The data also show that the most attractive agents will operate at a boilup rate low enough to make this a useful and efficient method of recovering high purity cyclopentane and methyl t-butyl ether from any mixture of these two. The stability of the compounds used and the boiling point difference is such that complete recovery and recycle is obtainable by a simple distillation and the amount required for make-up is small. WORKING EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1 Five grams of cyclopentane (CP), 45 grams of methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) and fifty grams of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were charged to an Othmer type glass vapor-liquid equilibrium still and refluxed for three hours. Analysis of the vapor and liquid by gas chromatography gave vapor composition of 24.5% CP, 75.5% MTBE and a liquid composition of 3.5% CP, 96.5% MTBE. This indicates a relative volatility of 8.9. EXAMPLE 2 Fifty grams of the CP-MTBE mixture, 25 grams of DMSO and 25 grams of 2-octanone were charged to the vapor-liquid equilibrium still and refluxed for six hours. Analysis indicated a vapor composition of 14.2% CP, 85.8% MTBE; a liquid composition of 1.7% CP, 98.3% MTBE which is a relative volatility of 9.1. EXAMPLE 3 Fifty grams of the CP-MTBE mixture, 17 grams of DMSO 17 grams of dimethylformamide and 17 grams of N-methyl pyrrolidone were charged to the vapor-liquid equilibrium still and refluxed for eight hours. Analysis indicated a vapor composition of 17.7% CP, 82.3% MTBE and a liquid composition of 1.6% CP, 98.4% MTBE which is a relative volatility of 16.8. EXAMPLE 4 A glass perforated plate rectification column was calibrated with ethylbenzene and p-xylene which possesses a relative volatility of 1.6 and found to have 4.5 theoretical plates. A solution of 40 grams of CP and 360 grams of MTBE was placed in the stillpot and heated. When refluxing began, an extractive agent consisting of 33.3% each of DMSO, DMFA and acetamide was pumped into the column at a rate of 20 ml/min. The temperature of the extractive agent as it entered the column was 40° C. After establishing the feed rate of the extractive agent, the heat input of the CP-MTBE in the stillpot was adjusted to give a reflux rate of 10-20 ml/min. After one hour of operation, overhead and bottoms samples of approximately two ml. were collected and analysed using gas chromatography. The overhead analysis was 99.4% CP, 0.6% MTBE. The bottoms analysis was 5.5% CP, 94.5% MTBE. Using these compositions in the Fenske equation, with the number of theoretical plates in the column being 4.5, gave an average relative volatility of 5.7 for each theoretical plate. After 1.5 hours of total operating time, the overhead and bottoms samples were again taken and analysed. The overhead composition was 99.5% CP, 0.5% MTBE and the bottoms composition was 6% CP and 94% MTBE. This gave an average relative volatility of 5.9 for each theoretical plate. After two hours of total operating time, the overhead and bottoms samples were again taken and analysed. The overhead composition was 99.5% CP, 0.5% MTBE and the bottoms composition was 6.1% CP, 93.9% MTBE. This gave an average relative volatility of 5.95 for each theoretical plate.	Methyl t-butyl ether cannot be separated from close boiling hydrocarbons by distillation because of the proximity of their boiling points. Methyl t-butyl ether can be readily separated from close boiling hydrocarbons by using extractive distillation in which the extractive agent is higher boiling oxygenated, nitrogenous and/or sulfur containing organic compound or a mixture of two or more of these. Typical examples of effective agents are dimethylsulfoxide; dimethylsulfoxide and 2-octanone; dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide and N-methyl pyrrolidone.	2
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a fire suppression system for a cookstove or a range. In particular, the invention relates to an automatic self-contained fire suppression system which may be installed (retrofitted) in an existing hood over a cookstove or range or which may be constructed with its own hood for installation over a cookstove or range. The system is further described with reference to a particular method for its use. 2. The Prior Art It is well known to place an exhaust hood over a cookstove or range. Such a hood usually contains a fan and in some cases contains fire suppression equipment. Known fire suppression equipment used in hoods placed over cookstoves or ranges are disclosed in several prior U.S. patents. These prior patents disclose numerous arrangements for automatically extinguishing stove fires. Early fire suppression systems for use with cook stoves and ranges were mainly concerned with delivering fire retardant onto the cooking surface to stop a fat or grease fire. The early systems did not include means for shutting down the stove and the exhaust fan, or activating an alarm. U.S. Pat. No. 3,653,443 to Dockery, which is hereby incorporated by reference, discloses an improved fire suppression system which, in addition to releasing fire retardant, sounds an alarm, shuts down the stove and exhausts smoke. One of the disadvantages of the Dockery system is that it is not easily retro-fitted into existing hoods. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,773,485 and 4,834,188 to Silverman, which are hereby incorporated by reference, disclose a fire suppression system which is readily retro-fitted to existing stove hoods. Silverman's system is installed within and adjacent to the stove hood. That is, a portion of Silverman's system is fitted within an existing hood and another portion of Silverman's system is located adjacent to the existing hood and the two portions are connected by a series of conduits, wires and pulleys. A clear disadvantage of Silverman's system is that it is not self-contained. Although Silverman suggests that his system is readily retro-fitted to existing hoods, his system requires substantial modification to the existing hood. Holes must be drilled. Pulleys must be mounted to carry wires attached to fusible links. Nozzles attached to conduits must be mounted inside the hood and the conduits must extend through the existing hood to an external supply of fire retardant. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,813,487 and 4,979,572 to Mikulec, which are hereby incorporated by reference, disclose a system similar to Silverman's, but which does not require so much drilling and cutting of the existing hood. Mikulec's system provides most of the mechanical parts in a single piece which is mounted from the rear of an existing hood at a specified angle. This piece is also connected by wire to a device for shutting down the stove. One of the disadvantages of Mikulec's system is that there must be room for it behind the existing hood and the angle of mounting is limited. Moreover, Mikulec's system is limited in features, being essentially a fire extinguisher and a stove shut off switch. In addition, Mikulec's system leaves components exposed to direct heat, grease, and possible fire thereby compromising the operation of the system. U.S. Pat. No. 4,830,116 to Walden et al., which is hereby incorporated by reference, discloses a fire suppression system where tanks containing fire suppression fluids are located remote from the hood. The system includes means for shutting down the stove, sounding an alarm and activating an exhaust fan. Walden's system is clearly not self-contained and is not easily retrofitted to existing hoods. All of the known systems have particular disadvantages, some of which are mentioned above. No one of the known systems contains all of the features taught by all of the other systems. Also, while, most stove fires are the result of grease or fat, none of the known systems pays particular attention to the danger of splashing the grease or fat when fire retardant is sprayed through a nozzle over the stove. Unless the nozzles are properly positioned, the first spray of fire retardant may serve only to spread the burning fat or grease beyond the stove top. Moreover, cooking fat and grease always accumulates in the hood over the stove and can clog nozzles unless special measures are taken to prevent this. None of the known systems addresses this problem. Further, all of the known systems rely on a pressurized supply of fire retardant, but none of them provide any means for warning when the pressure is too low to be effective in releasing the supply of fire retardant. While two of the known systems (Silverman and Walden) provide a pressure sensing means at the supply of fire retardant, the pressure sensing means is used to sense release of the retardant and shut down the stove. None of the known systems contains a means for warning that the system may not operate properly because the pressure has dropped too low. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, all of the prior art systems tend to act in only two modes: on or off. In other words, all of the features are activated simultaneously or automatically with a predetermined time delay or not at all. This assumes that all stove fires will require the same treatment and that no early warning or provisional measures can be used to avert a serious fire without engaging the full force of the suppression system. However, it should be appreciated that the release of fire retardant is a drastic step which should be used as a last resort. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an object of the invention to provide means by which the fire suppression system may be activated in stages so that early warning alarms and appliance shutdown can prevent fires before they happen and fire retardant can be released only as a last resort. It is a further object of the invention to provide a fire suppression system which can be easily retrofitted to an existing stove or range hood. It is also an object of the invention to provide means for sounding an alarm, activating an exhaust fan, shutting down the stove and other appliances, and dispensing fire retardant onto the stove top or range. It is another object of the invention to arrange nozzles for delivery of fire retardant so that grease or fat fires will not be splashed, and so that grease or fat accumulating in the hood will not clog the nozzles or allow fires to spread into duct work, into walls, or other cavities. It is yet another object of the invention to provide warning means to sound an alarm when the system is inoperable due to low pressure. In accord with these objects and others which will be discussed in detail below, the fire suppression system of the present invention broadly comprises, within a hood, at least one thermal detector for detecting a plurality of temperatures, an exhaust fan, an alarm, a relay means for shutting off gas or electricity to a stove, and a fire extinguisher system including a pressurized canister in a heat insulated portion of the hood, and at least one nozzle. The thermal detector(s) detect(s) when a first predetermined temperature has been reached above a stove or oven and is coupled to and activates the exhaust fan. The thermal detector(s) also detect(s) when a second predetermined temperature (typically indicative of a fire) has been reached and is coupled to and activates an alarm. The second predetermined temperature is also preferably used to activate the relay means to shut off the energy source of the stove or oven. Alternatively, the automatic shut-off may occur at a third predetermined temperature. Another thermal detector, preferably in the form of a fusible link is used to mechanically activate the extinguisher system should an even higher temperature be reached even after the fan has been turned on, the alarm sounded, and the energy source turned off. When the fire extinguisher system is activated, a fire retardant is sprayed from the protected canister through one or more strategically placed nozzles. Additional preferred aspects of the system include the use of detachable nozzle caps which automatically release when fire retardant is sprayed, but which otherwise protect the nozzles from grease build-up, nozzles which are designed to spray in a conical mist to avoid splashing grease, and the provision of a pressure monitoring means coupled to the canister which activates an alarm and the stove shut-off when the pressure is below a predetermined threshold. It will be appreciated that the fire prevention methods are directed to the apparatus of the invention. Additional objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reference to the detailed description taken in conjunction with the provided figures. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a fire suppression system fitted inside a hood; FIG. 2 is a view similar to FIG. 1, with some cover panels exploded to expose the interior of the system; FIG. 3 is a view similar to FIG. 2 but without the hood and from a different angle to expose more of the interior of the system; FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 3, but from a different angle to expose more details of one embodiment of the invention; FIG. 5 is an end view of a nozzle used in one embodiment of the invention; FIG. 5a is a side elevational view in partial section along line A--A of FIG. 5 together with a side elevational view of a nozzle cap; FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a side view of spray patterns of nozzles used in one embodiment of the invention; FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a plan view of spray patterns of nozzles used in one embodiment of the invention; FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary circuit which can be used to operate the system; FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between FIG. 9a and FIG. 9b; and FIGS. 9a and 9b together form a flow chart showing the different modes of operation of the preferred system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to FIG. 1, the fire suppression system is shown generally as 10. FIG. 1 also shows an attached hood 20. As mentioned above, the fire suppression system 10 of the present invention is self-contained and may be fitted into an existing hood 20 or may be manufactured with an attached hood 20. The fire suppression system 10 may be considered as having two sections, the fire control section 12 and another section 14 which may contain a fan, filters, lighting, ductwork and/or other components as will be discussed in detail below. In general, the fire control section 12 may be enclosed by removable thermal panels 22 and the other section 14 may be covered with a baffle style filter 24. Both sections 12 and 14 may be covered from below by a single bottom assembly 18 which may be provided with an opening or filter 28 for lighting which may be contained in section 14. The bottom assembly 18 may be hinged or connected in any other conventional way and panels 22 should stay in place when the bottom assembly is opened. FIG. 1 also shows other portions of the fire suppression system such as nozzle assembly 32, fusible link 34, cable 36, and heat sensor(s) 38, all of which will be discussed in detail below. FIG. 2 shows the interior of the fire suppression system with bottom assembly 18 hinged and open, two thermal panels 22 removed exposing canister 52 containing fire retardant under pressure, and filter 24 removed exposing fan assembly 42 and a lighting enclosure 26. The thermal panels 22 provide excellent protection for the canister 52 against the heat due to fires. FIGS. 3 and 4 show the mechanical and hydraulic aspects of the fire retardant system. In particular, hydraulically, tubing 54 is provided to connect the canister 52 to one or more nozzle assemblies 32 (32A and 32B). Mechanically, a cable 36 containing fusible links 34 is connected to a fixed point such as 37, extended along a series of pulleys 40 for the purpose of locating the fusible links at desired locations, and is connected to release valve 56 on canister 52. Release valve 56 is spring loaded by spring 57 so that a break in the tension of cable 36 causes release valve 56 to open. Cable 36 may also provided with a remote cable pull 30 to manually release the fire retardant in canister 52. Because cable 36 is under tension, when a fusible link 34 melts at a predetermined temperature (typically 260° F.), the cable 36 mechanically activates release valve 56, and fire retardant is delivered from canister 52 through tubing 54 to nozzle assembly 32. Also seen in FIG. 3 is an electrical panel 50 inside the fire control section 12. While panel 50 is shown connected to indicator lamp 44, reset button 46, test switch 47 and emergency bypass switch 48, many other configurations are possible as will be discussed below. While FIGS. 1-4 show nozzle assembly 32 as including two nozzles (32A and 32B), it is a feature of the invention to provide one or more nozzles strategically arranged. In a preferred embodiment, nozzle assembly 32 comprises two nozzles: one 32A located in the plenum or grease collection area and one 32B located over the stove pointed between burners. The openings in these two nozzles are preferably dimensioned so that 25% of the fire retardant is delivered into the plenum and 75% to the stove top. It is also desirable that the nozzles 32A and 32B be provided with caps 62 to prevent their clogging with grease. Caps 62 should be attached in such a way that the discharge of fire retardant causes them to detach readily. It is also preferred that the nozzles be designed so that droplet and pressure of liquid from them does not cause splashing of grease on the stove top. The nozzles and their caps are discussed in more detail below with reference to FIGS. 5-7. Canister 52 may contain any known fire retardant under pressure, but the preferred embodiment contains between thirty-one and forty-four ounces of liquid potassium salt solution charged to approximately 195 PSI and regulated to dispense through nozzles 32 at about 60 PSI. As aforementioned, the fire control section 12 housing canister 52 and electronics panel 50 is ideally enclosed with removable thermal panels 22. This will protect the electrical panel and the canister which supplies the fire retardant from the heat and flames of fire. Thermal panels 22 may be constructed of 1/2", 2600 degree KAOWOOL furnace blanket insulation encapsulated in 22 gauge sheet metal. The remainder of the system 10 may be housed in 22 gauge stainless steel or other suitable material. Ideally, the entire system 10 is dimensioned so that it can easily fit inside an existing hood 20. Existing hoods are generally 30" to 42" wide and the system 10 can easily fit in a 30" wide space. In one embodiment of the invention, the fire control section 12 is 9"-12" tall and 9" deep. Obviously, the dimensions of the system 10 can easily be modified. The examples given here are merely to show how the entire system 10 can be designed to fit into an existing hood 20. As mentioned above, the fire control section 12 contains the electrical components 50 and the supply of fire retardant, canister 52. The other section 14 is provided with an exhaust fan 42 and optionally with a lighting unit 26. The fan 42 may be recirculating or provided with ducts to direct exhaust to a remote location. In either case, a filter 24 is preferably provided with a built-in grease collector. Ideally, filter 24 is removable for cleaning either manually or in a dishwasher. Turning to FIGS. 5 and 5a, a side view is seen in partial cross section of a nozzle 32 and a nozzle cap 62. Cap 62 is removably attached to nozzle 32 by means of a biasing O-ring 133 so that cap 62 will pop off when fire retardant is sprayed through the nozzle 32. Nozzle 32 includes a flow regulator 134 which is factory preset to ideally spray between 0.28 and 0.32 gallons per minute at a pressure of about 60 PSI and at a droplet size of approximately 900 microns Sauter mean. In this manner, splashing of grease is minimized, and fires may be easily extinguished. FIGS. 6 and 7 are schematic side and plan views of the spray pattern ideally employed by nozzle 32 in a preferred embodiment of the invention. Referring in particular to FIG. 6, where a single nozzle is used over the stove top, the nozzle is preferably designed to spray a full conical pattern with an apex angle of approximately 47°. This angle is useful because, as shown in FIG. 6 and 7, placement of nozzle 32 at a distance A=32" or B=24" from burners 72 will result in a spray coverage diameter of approximately a=28" or b=22", which depending on the type of four burner stove top should be sufficient to cover the same. Clearly, other angles and distances could be used to accommodate other stove tops. Also, it should be appreciated that the plenum nozzle preferably has a spray pattern with a different apex angle (e.g., 60°), as a wider spray is required in the smaller plenum area. FIG. 8 shows one example of how the electrical components of the invention may be arranged to assist in the method of operation of the fire suppression system. The electrical components are best described with reference to the method of operation discussed below. Referring now to FIGS. 8 and 9, the preferred fire suppression system described herein is designed to operate in several modes, and automatically activates and deactivates certain devices (a fan 42, an alarm 132, and a gas valve 130) depending on information obtained from switches and sensors. In the currently preferred embodiment, these switches and sensors include three electronic temperature sensors 110, 112 and 114, a pressure sensor 116, a test switch 47, and a door switch 118. The three electronic temperature sensors are used to control the fan 42, the alarm 132 and the gas valve 130 and are shown schematically as switches which open and close at given temperatures. Clearly, they could be arranged in other ways such as remote sensors with mechanical or electronic relays attached. The pressure sensor 116 (also seen in FIG. 4) is used to detect a drop in pressure in the canister 52, and to sound an alarm in such a situation. The door switch 118 places the system in different modes depending upon whether the bottom assembly 18 (FIGS. 1 and 2) is open or closed. The test switch 47 is used to test the functioning of the system. In addition to the temperature and pressure sensors, and the test and door switches, a "gas reset" switch 120, a fan switch 124, and a work light 126 with manual switch 128 are also preferably included. The gas reset switch 120 is used to turn on the energy supply to the stove after it has been shut off by one of the sensors. While the circuit described herein makes reference to a gas stove, it is clearly adaptable to use with an electric stove. The fan switch 124 is used to manually activate a fan, if it has not been automatically activated by a temperature sensor, or automatically deactivated due to a fire. The work light 126 may be manually activated by switch 128 and is automatically turned off in the case of fire. It will be appreciated, that, if desired, work light 126 may be arranged to stay on at all times. In the schematic diagram of FIG. 8, a portion of the circuit is AC powered, and another portion is DC powered as shown. In particular, in the preferred embodiment, the fan 42 and work light 126 are run under AC power, while the alarm 132 and gas valve 130 are run under DC power. Also as shown in FIG. 8, a "AC" panel light L1 is included to show when power is supplied to the circuit, and a "DC" panel light L2 may be included to indicate whether the gas supply has been stopped. As described in more detail below, the various switches and sensors in different modes, turn the fan on or off, cut power to the work light, activate an alarm, and stop the supply of gas or electricity to the stove to shut the stove down. Referring now both to the schematic of FIG. 8 and the flow chart of FIGS. 9a and 9b, it can be seen how the different modes of operation are activated. When power is applied to the circuit at 902, if there is correct pressure in the canister at 904, the light and fan may be manually switched on if desired at 910. However, if there is a pressure drop in the canister, if the door is not open at 906, the alarm 132 is sounded, and the gas valve 130 is shut off at 908. Effectively, then, the user is notified that because of a drop in pressure in the canister 904, the fire suppression system will not function properly, and the stove should not be used. In order to turn off the alarm, the door may be opened at 906. In order to operate the stove, however, gas reset switch 120 must be pressed at 912. In the schematic of FIG. 8, it can be seen that gas reset switch 120 supplies voltage to relay control RC2 which forces relay R2 into its normally closed position in series with stove shut-off 130 and its normally open position in series with alarm 132. If temperature sensor 114 and pressure sensor 116 are closed (which they will be if the temperature is below 180° F.) and the pressure in canister 52 is above a preset limit, the gas valve 130 will be opened allowing gas to feed into the stove at 914 in FIG. 9a. In the case of an electric stove, a relay switch could be substituted for gas valve 130. If the reset switch is not pressed, the gas valve remains closed as shown at 916 in FIG. 9a. If the temperature as sensed by temperature sensor 110 rises to 160° F. as shown at 918 in FIG. 9a, temperature sensor 110 closes and turns on the fan 42 (at 920) if it is not already on. This is the first step of the preferred fire suppression method whereby the fan 42 can control the flow of heat towards the sensors thereby allowing better sensing of heat for possible fire conditions as well as providing a mechanism for cooling the cooking area. If despite the turning on of the fan 42, the temperature rises to 180° F. at 922, the temperature sensor 112 closes and turns on the alarm 132 at 924 to warn occupants that a fire or high heat condition exists so they may take manual measures to control it and/or evacuate. If desired, contacts may also be provided to allow for tie-in into existing alarm systems on and/or off premises. If the temperature rises to 200° F. at 926, temperature sensor 114 opens, thereby closing the gas valve at 928 and also removing voltage from relay control RC2. As a result, the relay control RC2 opens relay R2 so that gas valve 130 stays closed until it is reset as discussed above and below. If the temperature rises to 260° F. as shown at 930 in FIG. 9b, which would indicate an uncontrolled fire despite the activation of the previously described provisional measures, the mechanical system described in FIGS. 1-3 operates by fusible links 34 melting as described above, thereby activating the fire extinguisher at 932. As described above, with one nozzle directed toward the cook top, and another located in the plenum, the fire should be extinguished. It should be appreciated that even if the previously described sensors fail, the pressure sensor 116 will detect the release of fire retardant from canister 52 (brought on by the melting of the fusible links) and will (de)activate relay control RC1. As a result, relay control RC1 closes the normally open relay R1(NO) thereby activating the alarm (if not already activated by sensor 112), and opening the normally closed relay R1(NC), thereby shutting off the fan 42 (in order to avoid the spreading of the fire) and work light 126 (in order to avoid burning in the AC circuit). In addition, the pressure sensor 116 closes the gas valve 130 if not already closed by sensor 114. On the other hand, if the temperature does not reach 260° F., but begins to drop, additional modes are activated. When the temperature drops to 180° F. at 934, sensor 114 closes and the reset switch 120 may be used to turn the stove back on at 936. When the temperature drops to 160° F. at 938, temperature sensor 112 opens and the alarm turns off at 940. When the temperature drops to 140° F. at 942, temperature sensor 110 opens and fan 42 is shut off at 944 unless it was manually switched on by switch 124. The pressure switch 116 and door switch 118 effect additional modes of operation. If the pressure in canister 52 drops below a preset limit at 904 in FIG. 9a, pressure switch 116 opens and stops the supply of voltage to the relay controls RC1 and RC2, which in turn cause the poles of relays R1 and R2 to cut off power to the fan 42 and the light 126, and which activate the alarm 132 and to shut off power to the stove as shown at 908 in FIG. 9a. It should be appreciated that pressure switch 116 will open after the mechanical system triggers a release of fire retardant from canister 52 so that this mode of operation will occur if the temperature reaches 260° F. or if there is a pressure drop in canister 52 regardless of the temperature. In another mode of operation, when the door switch 118 indicates that the bottom assembly 18 is open (position B on FIG. 8 and 906 in FIG. 9a), pressure switch 116 is bypassed. Thus, power is supplied to the fan 42 and light 126, the alarm 132 is not activated by a pressure drop, and gas valve 130 remains open or may be reset by reset switch 120. This mode serves as a bypass to temporarily turn off the alarm if for some reason a pressure drop in canister 52 causes the stove to shut down and the alarm to be activated. It should be appreciated, however, that some warning (e.g., written on the door) should be given to alert the user that this mode of operation should only be used to temporarily turn off the alarm until the unit can be serviced. The operation of the test switch 47 can be appreciated from the schematic of FIG. 8. The test switch is a normally closed on-off switch and it is located behind the bottom assembly 18 so that the door switch 118 must be in the B (open) position before the test switch is pressed. If the bottom assembly is opened, the test switch 47 is turned to the off position, and the bottom assembly is then closed (switch 118 to position A), the stove (gas valve 130), the light 126 and the fan 42 will shut off and the alarm 132 will sound. If the bottom assembly is then opened (switch 118 to position B), the alarm shuts off, the fan and light are turned back on and the reset switch 120 may be used to restart the stove. Test switch 47 may then be closed and normal operation resumed. There have been described and illustrated herein fire suppression systems and methods. While particular embodiments of the invention have been described, it is not intended that the invention be limited thereto, as it is intended that the invention be as broad in scope as the art will allow and that the specification be read likewise. Thus, while particular temperatures have been disclosed at which the fan, alarm, energy shut-off, and fire extinguisher are activated, it will be appreciated that other temperatures could be utilized. Also, while particular electrical components and materials have been specified, it will be appreciated that the electrical components may be analog or digital, that suitable mechanical equivalents could be utilized (e.g., for the housing, insulation, etc.). Further, the number, location, and kinds of filters, fans, lights, sensors, alarms, etc. may be changed according to need, and some of the different modes of operation may be eliminated, or different modes of operation added as deemed necessary for a given application, provided that at a minimum, at least one, and preferably two or three provisional remedies are utilized before activating the fire extinguisher. It will therefore be appreciated by those skilled in the art that yet other modifications could be made to the provided invention without deviating from its spirit and scope as so claimed.	A fire suppression system for use with a cookstove or range operates in several modes or stages to warn of, prevent, and extinguish stovetop fires. The system includes a pressurized supply of fire retardant connected to a nozzle. A fusible link releases the fire retardant through the nozzle. Several sensors are attached to a circuit so that increasing ambient temperature can be monitored. The supply of fire retardant is provided with a low pressure sensor which may be overridden. On sensing a first temperature increase, a fan is switched on. At a second temperature, an alarm is activated. At a third temperature, the stove is shut down. The fusible link is designed to melt at a temperature higher than the third temperature so that provisional measures may be activated prior to dispensing the fire retardant. Methods related to the fire suppression system are also disclosed.	0
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION The present application claims priority to Korean Patent Application Number 10-2008-0109852 filed Nov. 6, 2008, the entire contents of which application is incorporated herein for all purposes by this reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a variable intake system, and more particularly to a variable intake system in which a variable pipe is formed in a plenum of an intake manifold to improve intake efficiency. 2. Description of Related Art Generally, an intake manifold guides intake air to combustion chambers and uniformly distributes a mixture of air and fuel to a plurality of combustion chambers. The intake manifold includes a plurality of runners that are connected to intake ports and a plenum that is disposed to be connected to the runners, and efficiency of an engine is varied according to the capacity of the plenum. In order to improve the efficiency of the intake manifold a variable pipe is further formed on the plenum, however it is difficult to secure appropriate length and cross-section of the variable pipe according to the layout of the engine. The information disclosed in this Background of the Invention section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Various aspects of the present invention are directed to provide a variable intake system having advantages of variably improving intake efficiency and securing the length and the cross-section of a variable pipe according to the layout of an engine by changing the structure of the variable pipe. In an aspect of the present invention, the variable intake system may include a single plenum that is connected to runners and that has a space formed therein, a first barrier that divides the space inside the plenum into a first space and a second space, a first variable valve that is mounted on the first barrier to connect or isolate the first space and the second space to/from each other, a variable pipe of which one side thereof is connected to the plenum and the other side is closed, a second barrier that divides the variable pipe into at least two spaces, and a second variable valve that is mounted on the second barrier to connect or isolate the at least two spaces to/from each other. The first barrier and the second barrier may be connected to each other. The second variable valve may be disposed in an end portion that is a closed part of the variable pipe, the second barrier of the variable pipe is disposed in a length direction of the variable pipe, and the at least two spaces of the variable pipe are disposed in a vertical (or up/down) direction. The first variable valve or the second variable valve may be variably opened or closed according to engine rotation speed or the opening amount of a throttle valve. The runners may include at least a first runner that is connected to a first bank of an engine and at least a second runner that is connected to a second bank of the engine. In another aspect of the present invention, a control method of a variable intake system including a single plenum that is connected to runners and that has a space formed therein, a first barrier that divides the plenum into a first space and a second space, a first variable valve that is mounted on the first barrier to connect or isolate the first space and the second space to/from each other, a variable pipe of which one side thereof is connected to the plenum and the other side is closed, a second barrier that divides the variable pipe into at least two spaces, and a second variable valve that is mounted on the second barrier to connect or isolate the at least two spaces to/from each other, may include, detecting rotation speed of an engine, detecting an opening amount of a throttle valve, and controlling an opening amount of the second variable valve according to the rotation speed of the engine and/or the opening amount of the throttle valve. The control method of a variable intake system may further include controlling the opening amount of the first variable valve according to the rotation speed of the engine and/or the opening amount of the throttle valve. The control method of a variable intake system may further include closing the first variable valve and the second variable valve at a first predetermined engine speed and opening the first variable valve and the second variable valve at a second predetermined engine speed, wherein the first predetermined engine speed is lower than the second predetermined engine speed. The control method of a variable intake system may further include opening the first and second variable valves in a case in which the rotation speed of the engine is larger than or equal to a first predetermined value and the opening amount of the throttle valve is larger than or equal to a predetermined opening amount, closing the first variable valve and opening the second variable valve in a case in which the rotation speed of the engine is less than the first predetermined value and is larger than a second predetermined value, and closing the first and second variable valves in a case in which the rotation speed of the engine is less than the second predetermined value and is larger than or equal to a third predetermined value. The control method of a variable intake system may further include closing the first and second variable valves in a case in which the rotation speed of the engine is less than a third predetermined value. The control method of a variable intake system may further include comprising opening the first and second variable valves in a case in which the opening amount of the throttle valve is less than the predetermined opening amount. As stated above, in the variable intake system according to the present invention, the variable pipe efficiently absorbs a pressure wave generated in the plenum to improve intake efficiency. Further, the pressure wave inside the plenum is efficiently absorbed according to the closing state and the opening state of the variable valve that is mounted on the barrier. In addition, the variable pipe is divided into upper and lower portions and therefore it is possible to dispose the variable pipe in a narrow space. The methods and apparatuses of the present invention have other features and advantages which will be apparent from or are set forth in more detail in the accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein, and the following Detailed Description of the Invention, which together serve to explain certain principles of the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary variable intake system according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is an external perspective view of an exemplary variable intake system according the present invention. FIG. 3 is an internal top plan view of an exemplary variable intake system according to the present invention. FIG. 4 is an internal side view of an exemplary variable intake system according to the present invention. FIG. 5 is a graph showing the performance of an exemplary engine that is equipped with an exemplary variable intake system according to the present invention. FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing constituent elements of an exemplary variable intake system according to the present invention. FIG. 7 is a control flowchart of an exemplary variable intake system according to the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments of the present invention(s), examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described below. While the invention(s) will be described in conjunction with exemplary embodiments, it will be understood that present description is not intended to limit the invention(s) to those exemplary embodiments. On the contrary, the invention(s) is/are intended to cover not only the exemplary embodiments, but also various alternatives, modifications, equivalents and other embodiments, which may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary variable intake system according to the present invention. Referring to FIG. 1 , a variable intake system includes runners 112 that are connected to intake ports, a plenum 110 that is connected to the runners 112 , a zip tube 105 that supplies the plenum 110 with external air, and a throttle valve 100 that is mounted on the front portion of the zip tube 105 . Also, a variable pipe 125 is further disposed in one side of the plenum 110 in the variable intake system, and one end portion of the variable pipe 125 communicates with the plenum 110 and the other end portion has a closed structure. A barrier 115 is disposed in the zip tube 105 , the plenum 110 , and the variable pipe 125 , and the barrier divides the internal space thereof. Also, a first variable valve 120 and a second variable valve 130 are mounted on the barrier 115 . The first variable valve 120 is disposed inside the plenum and the second variable valve 130 is disposed inside the variable pipe 125 . In this case, the first and second variable valves 120 and 130 are respectively opened or closed to improve intake efficiency according to the RPM of the engine or the opening amount of the throttle valve 100 . In various embodiments of the present invention, the runners 112 includes first runners that are connected to a first bank of the engine and second runners that are connected to a second bank of the engine, and it is desirable that the above structure is applied to V-type engine. FIG. 2 is an external perspective view of an exemplary variable intake system according to the present invention. Referring to FIG. 2 , the variable intake system includes the runners 112 , the plenum 110 , the zip tube 105 , the variable pipe 125 , and the second variable valve 130 . Six runners 112 are sequentially disposed in a cylinder arrangement direction, and the plenum 110 is extended in a direction that the runners 112 are disposed. The runners 112 are connected to one edge of the plenum 110 , and the zip tube 105 and the variable pipe 125 are connected to the other edge of the plenum 110 . As shown in FIG. 2 , the plenum 110 is disposed in one (left) side of the upper portion of the engine, and therefore it is easy to design the layout of the engine. FIG. 3 is an internal top plan view of an exemplary variable intake system according to the present invention, and FIG. 4 is an internal side view of an exemplary variable intake system according to the present invention. Referring to FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 , a first barrier 115 a divides the inside space of the plenum 110 into upper and lower spaces, and a second barrier 115 b divides the inside space of the variable pipe 125 into upper and lower spaces. The first and second barriers 115 are connected with each other in various embodiments of the present invention. Also, the first variable valve 120 is disposed in the first barrier 115 a to be opened or closed, and the upper and lower spaces of the plenum 110 communicate with each other through the first variable valve 120 . Also, the second variable valve 130 is disposed on the second barrier 115 b , and a valve vane 300 that is connected to the second variable valve 130 is operated by the second variable valve 130 . Accordingly, the spaces that are divided in an upper/lower direction of the variable pipe 125 are opened or closed by the valve vane 300 . Referring to FIG. 4 , the plenum 110 includes a right plenum 110 a that is formed in an upper portion and a left plenum 110 b that is formed in a lower portion thereof, and the left and right plenums 110 a and 110 b are connected or intercepted by the first variable valve 120 . The upper space of the variable pipe 125 is connected to the right plenum 110 a and the lower space is connected to left plenum 110 b . Also, the second barrier 115 b that is mounted in the variable pipe 125 is formed in a length direction of the variable pipe 125 , and the second variable valve 130 is formed in an end portion of the second barrier 115 b. Referring to FIG. 4 , the variable pipe 125 absorbs a pressure wave of the plenum that is generated during an intake stroke to improve intake efficiency. FIG. 5 is a graph showing the performance of an engine that is equipped with an exemplary variable intake system according to the present invention. Referring to FIG. 5 , the horizontal axis designates RPM of the engine and the vertical axis designates torque that is output by the engine. Also, a first line 500 , a second line 505 , a third line 510 , and a fourth line 515 respectively shows the relationship of the torque and the RPM according to the operating condition of the engine. The first line 500 shows the torque of the engine in a state in which both the first and second variable valves 120 and 130 are closed, and the second line 505 shows the torque of the engine in a state in which the first variable valve 120 is closed and the second variable valve 130 is opened. The third line 510 shows the state in which the first and second variable valves 120 and 130 are opened. Further, the fourth line 515 shows the state in which the first and second variable valves 120 and 130 are variably controlled according to the RPM of the engine. As shown in FIG. 5 , when the first and second variable valves 120 and 130 are variably controlled according to the RPM of the engine, the torque of the engine is raised overall. FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing constituent elements of an exemplary variable intake system according to the present invention. Referring to FIG. 6 , the variable intake system includes a battery 600 , a PCM 610 , first and second solenoid valves 612 and 614 , first and second actuators 620 and 622 , the first and second variable valves 120 and 130 , a vacuum tank 630 , and a surge tank 640 . The PCM 610 receives electric power from the battery 600 and supplies operating signals to the first and second solenoid valves 612 and 614 , and the first and second solenoid valves 612 and 614 use air pressure of the vacuum tank 630 and the surge tank 640 to control the first and second variable valves 120 and 130 through the first and second actuators 620 and 622 . FIG. 7 is a control flowchart of an exemplary variable intake system according to the present invention. Referring to FIG. 7 , an electronic control unit (ECU) detects the opening amount of the throttle valve 100 and the RPM of the engine in a starting step S 70 . In a first step S 71 , it is determined whether the opening amount of the throttle valve 100 is higher than 25%. When the opening amount of the throttle valve 100 is higher than 25%, it is determined whether the RPM of the engine is higher than a predetermined value of 5000 in a second step S 72 . When the RPM of the engine is higher than the predetermined value of 5000 in the second step S 72 , the first and second variable valves 120 and 130 are opened in a third step S 73 . In a case in which the opening amount of the throttle valve 100 is less than 25% in the first step S 71 , both the first and second variable valves 120 and 130 are opened in the fourth step S 74 . Also, when the RPM of the engine is less than 5000 in the second step S 72 , a fifth step S 75 is executed. It is determined whether the engine RPM is higher than 4000 in the fifth step S 75 . If the engine RPM is higher than 4000, a sixth step S 76 is executed. The first variable valve 120 is closed and the second variable valve 130 is opened in the sixth step S 76 . If the engine RPM is less than 4000 in the fifth step S 75 , the seventh step S 77 is brought to effect. It is determined whether the engine RPM is higher than a predetermined value of 1400 in the seventh step S 77 . If the engine RPM is higher than 1400, the eighth step S 78 is carried out. The first and second variable valves 120 and 130 are both closed in the eighth step S 78 . If the engine RPM is less than 1400 in the seventh step S 77 , the fourth step S 74 can be carried out so as to improve the idling stability of the engine according to various embodiments of the present invention. The resonance frequency of the intake is varied to improve the performance of the engine by opening or closing the first and second variable valves that are respectively mounted on the plenum and the variable pipe in various embodiments of the present invention. Particularly, the variable pipe is divided into upper and lower portions such that the installation thereof becomes easier in a narrow space. For convenience in explanation and accurate definition in the appended claims, the terms “upper” and “lower” are used to describe features of the exemplary embodiments with reference to the positions of such features as displayed in the figures. The foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain certain principles of the invention and their practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to make and utilize various exemplary embodiments of the present invention, as well as various alternatives and modifications thereof. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the Claims appended hereto and their equivalents.	A variable intake system may include a single plenum that is connected to runners and that has a space formed therein, a first barrier that divides the space inside the plenum into a first space and a second space, a first variable valve that is mounted on the first barrier to connect or isolate the first space and the second space to/from each other, a variable pipe of which one side thereof is connected to the plenum and the other side is closed, a second barrier that divides the variable pipe into at least two spaces, and a second variable valve that is mounted on the second barrier to connect or isolate the at least two spaces to/from each other to improve intake efficiency.	5
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICTIONS [0001] This application contains subject matter that is related to the subject matter of the following co-pending applications, each of which is assigned to the assignee of this application, International Business Machines Corporation of Armonk, N.Y. Each of the below listed applications is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. High Speed Domino Bit Line Interface Early Read and Noise Suppression, Attorney Docket POU9 2004 0217; Global Bit Select Circuit With Dual Read and Write Bit Line Pairs, Attorney Docket POU9 2004 0214; Local Bit Select Circuit With Slow Read Recovery Scheme, Attorney Docket POU9 2004 0224; Global Bit Line Restore Timing Scheme and Circuit, Attorney Docket POU9 2004 1234. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] 1. Field of the Invention [0003] This invention relates to a high performance domino STATIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (SRAM) in which the core memory cells are organized into sub-arrays accessed by local bit lines connected to global bit lines, and more particularly to an improved domino SRAM. [0004] 2. Description of Background [0005] A static semiconductor memory typically includes six-transistor cell in which four transistors are configured as a cross-coupled latch for storing data. The remaining two transistors are used to obtain access to the memory cell. During a read access, differential data stored in the memory cell is transferred to the attached bit line pair. A sense amplifier senses the differential voltage that develops across the bit line pair. During a write access, data is written into the memory cell through the differential bit line pair. Typically, one side of the bit line pair is driven to a logic low level potential and the other side is driven to a high voltage level. The cells are arranged in an array that has a grid formed of bit lines and word lines, with the memory cells disposed at intersections of the bit lines and the word lines. The bit lines and the word lines are selectively asserted or negated to enable at least one cell to be read or written to. [0006] As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, in prior art domino SRAM design the cells are arranged into groups of cells, typically on the order of eight to sixteen cells per group. Each cell in a group is connected to a local bit line pair. The local bit line pair for each group of cells is coupled to a global bit line pair. Rather than use sense amplifier to detect a differential voltage when reading a cell, in a domino SRAM the local bit lines are precharged and discharged by the cell in a read operation, which discharge is detected and determines the state of the cell. The local bit line, the precharge means, and the detection means define a dynamic node of the domino SRAM. Domino SRAMs of the type discussed here are explained in greater detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,729,501, 6,058,065 and 6,657,886, which are incorporated herein by reference. [0007] In a domino SRAM array, in the read operation the cell must produce a bit line voltage large enough to drive off the SRAM macro with no help from a sense amplifier. In this situation, the “write” operation becomes the primary design focus due to a situation called “Fast Read before Write”. [0008] The problem occurs when a cell is slow to write but very fast to read, which can result in both of the local bit lines being pulled down to ground making the cell un-writable. For example, during a write to the opposite state, the “write transistor” in the “local bit selector” pulls down on one “local bit line”, while the cell pulls down on the opposite “local bit line”, resulting in both “local bit lines” being pulled down to ground, thereby preventing the cell from writing. A cell that is slow to write, but very fast to read, is caused by manufacturing process variations. Due to device parametric variations, the PFET could be skewed to the strong side and the NFET to the weak side, making the NFET pass gate more difficult to overcome the PFET in a write operation. If the device and metal capacitance is on the low side, and the NFET pass gate threshold voltage Vt is low, the cell could have a fast read. [0009] A similar problem can occur when a timing mismatch takes place between the “row” select and the “column” select lines. For example, if the row line becomes active before the write signal arrives at the “local bit select”, the cell is in read mode before the write can occur, resulting in a similar situation where both “local bit lines” are pulled down to ground leaving the cell in a “un-writeable” state. (Remember, 6T cells are good at pulling down on their local bit lines, but poor at pulling up because their pass gates are NFETs.) This “Fast Read before Write” is not a problem in traditional SRAM designs using sense amp's because the “bit selector” used there has bit line clamps to prevent this from occurring. Also, the traditional approach has more cells on a bit line (i.e. on the order of 128-to-256 cells vs. 8-to-16 cell in our new approach) making the bit lines much more capacitive and much slower to develop a voltage differential; therefore, making it less likely to have the “Fast Read before Write” situation even without the clamps. One way to minimize the problem in Domino Read SRAMs is to “push-out” the “row” select signal to guarantee the “write data” is available to the local bit line before the cell is selected. However, some cells will still cause a “Fast Read before Write” because they are “slow to write but very fast to read” even though they are within the normal manufacturing window. This solution results in a performance slow-down and does not solve or prevent the un-writeable state. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0010] An object of this invention is the provision of domino SRAM circuit that allows both the read function and the write function to be optimized. For example, larger write transistors can be used without affecting the read performance. [0011] Another object of the invention is the provision of a domino SRAM circuit that prevents the cell from being in a state in which it cannot be written to because of a just previous read. [0012] Briefly, this invention contemplates the provision of a domino SRAM in which active pull-up PFET devices overwhelm “slow to write but very fast to read” cells and allow the cells to recover from the timing mismatch situations described above. This approach allows the traditional “bit select” clamp to actively control the “local select” through “wired-or” PFET pull-up transistors. Separate read and write global “bit line” pairs allow the read and write performance to be optimized independently. For example, larger write transistors will not effect the read performance as is the case in the traditional “local bit select” approach where a single bit line pair is used for reading and delivering the write data to the SRAM cells. As a result, this solution does not slow down the read/write operation, and in fact it improves the performance over the traditional “local bit select” approach. This global dual bit line pair approach also prevents a fast reading cell from corrupting the “write data”. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0013] The subject matter, which is regarded as the invention, is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the claims at the conclusion of the specification. The forgoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention are apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the drawings in which: [0014] FIG. 1 is a partially block diagram and partially schematic diagram of sub array of N cells served by a local bit select in accordance with the teachings of this invention. [0015] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a prior art local bit select circuit. [0016] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a local bit select circuit in accordance with the teachings of this invention. [0017] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a one bit×M bits array in accordance with the teachings of this invention. [0018] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a global bit select circuit interfaced to control the local bit select in accordance with the teachings of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0019] Referring to FIG. 1 , it shows a domino SRAM “subarray” accessed by a Local Bit Select logic. This subarray has 0 through N cells labeled “top” and 0 through N cells labeled “bottom” with the top and bottom cells mirrored around a low active input “OR” function 2 , with half the cells on one side and half on the other. The local bit lines are “OR'ed” together (i.e. the top local bit line complement (LBC) is “OR'ed” with the bottom LBC, and the top local bit line true (LBT) is “OR'ed” with the bottom LBT) to drive the “Wired OR” NFET, output which are connected to the complement and true global read bit lines. In standby state, the local bit lines are pre-charged to high level. In read mode, the active memory cell (from either the top or bottom subarray) pulls down on one of the local bit line. The active low bit line, through the OR gate, turns on the “wired OR” NFEET to pull down the global read bit line. Arranging the cells around a central point of the “OR” function 2 , reduces the RC delay on the “local bit lines” because the distance to the furthest cell has been reduced by half. This improves both the write performance as well as the read access time of the subarray. The local bit select circuit, in addition to providing the read signal transfer, also provides the write control function. It has a set of global write bit lines (complement and true lines) as input. The write operation is controlled by the local write control line. Each local bit select circuit also performs the bit line pre-charge function (also known as bit line restore) at the end of an active read or write cycle. The local bit line's restore operation is triggered by the “Reset” signal. [0020] Referring now to FIG. 2 , it shows a typical prior art local bit select circuit for a domino RAM array. It consists of a pair of restore PFET transistors pr 1 -pr 2 connecting the high power supply Vdd to bit line complement (blc) and bit line true (blt) respectively (hence the local bit lines are pre-charged to high level). The restore PFET is controlled by an active low Reset signal (i.e., low level turns on the restore PFETs). The local bit select circuit also has a pair of cross-coupled PFET transistors pc 1 -pc 2 to hold the non-active bit line (either blc or blt) high during a read or write operation. The read operation of the local bit lines is done through PFET transistors P 1 -P 2 , outputs of which are connected to the global bit lines glt and glc. The global bit lines are pre-charged low by restore devices in a typical global bit select circuit (not shown). In a read operation, the local bit line (either blc or blt) is pulled down by the selected memory cell. The active low bit line then turns on the read PFET (P 1 or P 2 ) to pull up the global bit line. The write operation of the local bit line is control by the NFET transistor pairs N 1 -N 3 and N 2 -N 4 . In a write operation, the local write control input is turned on (high). One side of the global bit line is pulled high while the other side stays low. The high global bit line (either glt or glc) then turns on either NFET transistor N 1 or N 2 to pull down on the local bit line to write into the memory cell. [0021] Consider a specific case of a fast read before write where a six-transistor cell is fast to read and slow to write due to mismatched pass gates. Assume the cell currently holds the value ‘1’ and a ‘0’ is to be written. The “row” and “column” select lines activate the write function. When the RowSelect line (also know as the word line) is activated, with a ‘1’ stored in the memory cell (not shown), the cell begins to pull down the ‘bic’ line in the local bit select. At the same time, the Local-Write-Control line is turned ON. For writing a ‘0’ into the cell, the global bit line glc is activated (i.e., pull high), driving the the NFETs N 2 and N 4 to pull down the ‘blt’ line. In this conventional design, both local bit lines blc and blt are falling to ground due to a fast read before write situation. The fast read and slow write situation could result in both bit lines falling to ground, and cause fighting between the cross coupled PFETs Pc 1 and Pc 2 . Another drawback of this approach is that transistors P 1 and P 2 tend to amplify any dip or glitch on the local bit lines, which tends to aggravate the problem. As a result, a malfunction in write-thru (write data is passing out to the read port) will occur. Looking at this design under the situation discussed above, i.e. writing a ‘0’ into a 6T cell holding a ‘1’, where the cell is fast to read and slow to write, as ‘blc’ is pulled low, ‘glt’ is pulled high through P 1 . Since we are writing a ‘0’, P 1 is fighting to pull ‘glt’ high while the write data is trying to pull it low. When glt is pulled high by P 1 , it turns on N 1 , further pulling blc down to enforce a “1” in the memory cell, therefore preventing a “0” to be written. Write malfunction thus occurs. [0022] This same situation results when the “row” select signal arrives before the “column” select signal. Assuming the same parameters as above, the cell will begin to pull down on ‘blc’ because it is in read mode due to the arrival of the “row” select signal. The cell will continue to pull down ‘blc’ until the “column” select signal arrives to activate glc, and N 2 /N 4 are allowed to pull down the ‘blt’ line. If the delta between the “row” and “column” signal is too great, we see the same result as above. There is no way for this circuit to pull up the correct side to perform a correct write operation. [0023] FIG. 3 shows the local bit select circuit design in accordance with the teachings of this invention and which solves the fast read before write situation. The two key transistors are P 4 and P 5 , circled with the reference number 1 b. These PFETs are cross coupled with their drains attached respectively to the local bit lines blt and blc, and their gate inputs attached respectively to the global write bit lines glc and glt. PFET P 4 and P 5 suppress the fast read before write situation. These PFETS allow the local bit lines to be driven high (overcoming a pitfall of the conventional design as discussed above). Looking at this design under the conditions discussed above, writing a “0” to a 6T cell holding a “1” where the cell is fast to read and slow to write, the global write bit line glt is pulled low and glc is kept high, PFET P 5 is turned ON and P 4 is turned OFF. As the cell pulls down the ‘blc’ line due to fast read, P 5 (driven by a low ‘glt’ signal) keeps the ‘blc’ line in a high state. P 5 could overcome the cell's pulling down on the blc because its strength (i.e., device size) is chosen to be larger than that of the memory cell. With glt at low level, the “write transistor” N 0 drives the ‘blt’ line low to perform a write “0” operation. The correct local bit line falls to ground as the other bit line is kept high, allowing a successful write to occur. [0024] The PFETs P 4 and P 5 also prevent the fast read before write situation due to a mismatch in the “row” and “column” selects signals. Assume we wish to write a ‘0’ into a cell that holds a ‘1’, as in the above example. If the “row” select signal arrives first, the cell begins to pull down on the ‘blc’ line in the local bit select. This line will continue to fall until the “column” select signal arrives and the write data can be written. However, without P 4 and P 5 , if the “row” select is active for too long before the “column” select signal arrives, the cell may pull down ‘blc’ to a point where it cannot be recovered (pulled high). With the addition of P 4 and P 5 , when the “column” select signal arrives, the data on the ‘glt’ line allows ‘blc’ to be pulled high through P 5 , while it writes a ‘0’ to ‘bit’ through N 0 , allowing a successful write to occur. [0025] There are other advantages to this new design. Referring to FIG. 1 , the coupling of the global write bit lines to the global read bit lines through the “OR” gates 2 tends to filter out any small glitches on the local bit lines, which is a problem with the prior design. Also, the ‘glt/glc’ signals are pre-charged to ‘1’ (the high voltage state, Vdd) and driven to ‘0’ (the low voltage state, ground) in the new design. The opposite occurs in the conventional design. This is an advantage for the new design because the pull down function is stronger than pull up due to strength advantage of an NFET vs. PFET. This allows the ‘glt/glc’ lines to be driven to their correct state more quickly, lessening the time of a fast read before write situation. [0026] FIG. 4 shows a One Bit×M Bits Tall Array using the invention described above. [0027] Referring now to FIG. 5 , it shows a global bit select circuit to interface the global read bit line pair and the global write bit line pair to the local bit line pair via the Local Bit Select function shown in FIG. 1 . A key component of allowing the global write bit lines to directly affect the local bit lines through P 4 and P 5 is to encode the column select into the global write bit lines. The global write bit lines are not allowed to fall to ground and affect the local bit lines, unless the “column select” signal has already been received. This ensures that P 4 and P 5 do not interrupt the local bit lines when they are performing a read operation. [0028] Another advantage of splitting the two global bits lines of a conventional design into the 4 bit lines (2 for read/2 for write) is that there is a performance gain. The bit lines now have less loading on them, because the devices needed to control reading/writing to the bit lines are now divided onto two separate groups of bit lines, making them faster. For example, if larger write transistors are needed, the read performance is not burdened by to additional capacitance in the new circuit described here. [0029] The global bit line circuit shown in FIG. 5 has a global read bit line pair input (rglc/rglt) and a global write bit line pair output (wglc/wglt). These two global bit line pairs are connected to the local bit select circuits along the bit column. It also has a pair of write data port (Write-Data-In-c/Write-Data-In-t) and a pair of read data output (Read-Data-Out-t/Read-Data-Out-c). Column select signals come in as the Global-Column-Select and Global-Write-Control. The Global-Column-Select, as the name suggests, selects the bit column for a read or a write operation. The Global-Write-Control enables the column for a write operation. The co-pending application entitled Global Bit Select Circuit With Dual Read and Write Bit Line Pairs, referred to above, and incorporated herein by reference, discloses the global bit select circuit in greater detail.	A domino SRAM is provided with active pull-up PFET devices that overwhelm “slow to write but very fast to read” cells and allow the cells to recover from timing mismatch situations. This approach allows the traditional “bit select” clamp to actively control the “local select” through “wired-or” PFET pull-up transistors. Separate read and write global “bit line” pairs allow the read and write performance to be optimized independently	6
FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates generally to milk sampling for diagnostic purposes, and more specifically to a method and apparatus for extracting a sample of milk to be tested from the milk line in a milking system, whilst substantially avoiding interruption of the routine milking procedure. BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION Milking of an animal is effected by means of a claw having attached thereto cups which are connected to the animals teats. In the mechanised situation which exists in a milking installation, a milk line connects to the claw to receive the milk. In order to draw off the milk, a constant vacuum of about 0.5 Bar is applied to the milk line, switchable on and off by a valve. The vacuum is switched on prior to commencement of milking and connects the cups to the teats. After milking has been completed, the vacuum is switched off. A second vacuum system provides a pulsating vacuum to the outside of the liners, to stimulate milk flow and maintain blood circulation in the teats. It will be understood, therefore, that in the environment of a milking installation, there are generally available two sources of vacuum namely a constant or steady vacuum and a pulsating vacuum. The Invention According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of extracting a sample of milk from a milk line to which a vacuum is applied, for extracting milk from an animal, according to which a portion of the milk is a milk/air mixture flowing in the milk line is diverted through a by-pass, in which is provided an extraction means operable by at least one of a fixed vacuum and a pulsating vacuum for separating from the milk flowing in the by-pass a sample thereof and delivering it to a testing device. The said extraction means may also serve to control activation of the testing device for the purpose of testing the extracted milk sample. Initiation of an operating cycle to the sample extracting means may be effected manually. Preferably, in an upstream part of the sample extracting means, the milk flowing in the by-pass is raised to a pressure slightly above atmosphere pressure. This is desirable in order to cause the sample of milk to be delivered to the testing device, notwithstanding the vacuum which is appplied to said by-pass to cause milk to be drawn through the milk line when said means is not delivering a sample. Preferably, the operating cycle of the sample extracting means is timed, and milk is delivered to the testing device only for a portion of said operating cycle. Thus, according to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of extracting a sample of milk from a milk line to which a vaccuum is applied for extracting milk from an animal, according to which a portion of the milk flowing in the milk line is diverted through a by-pass, in which is provided an extraction means operable by at least one of a fixed vacuum and a pulsating vacuum for separating a sample from the milk flowing in the by-pass and delivering the sample to a testing device, the extraction means being operable over an operating cycle which is timed. When the sample extracting means also controls activation of the testing device, the latter may be activated for a subsequent portion of the operating cycle. Preferably, at the junction where the by-pass connects to the milk line, the line is so formed as to produce a reservoir of milk. In this way a constant flow of milk is generated through the by-pass. In a preferred method, at a delivery device from which milk is delivered to the testing device, when the delivery device is restored to open the by-pass to a through flow of milk, a temporary inflow of air through the delivery device caused by the vacuum applied in the by-pass, cleans the delivery device of residual milk. Preferably, when the milk line is cleaned by flushing with cleaning fluid following the completion of a milking operation, the cleaning fluid also passes through the by-pass to clean the sample extracting means and delivery device. The invention also relates to sample extracting apparatus for carrying out the above described method. According to another aspect of the invention there is provided apparatus for extracting a sample of milk from a milk line to which a vacuum is connectable, the milk line in use being connected to an animal being milked, comprising a sample extracting means for passing a flow of milk received from the milk line, said means comprising a pump for pressurizing milk and for operating a timer, and a sampling valve receiving the pressurized milk and for delivering a sample of milk to a diagnostic testing device, said sampling valve being operable under control of the timer. Preferably the milk pump and the sample valve are vacuum operated. Where a pulsating vacuum is available, the milk pump may to advantage be operated by the pulsating vacuum, whilst the sampling valve is preferably operated from a source of steady vacuum. The testing device may also be an actuable device for carrying out the diagnostic test, and this device also may be operable by a steady vacuum under control of the timer. If desired a plurality of testing devices for carrying out different diagnostic tests may be similarly operated and controlled. One such diagnostic test may be a test for progesterone content of the milk. A preferred pump is single acting reciprocating pump. The linear stroke of the pump piston is preferably converted to a rotary movement by a suitable transmission device, for example a double-ratchet mechanism which indexes a gear wheel on both the forward and reverse strokes of the pump. In a preferred embodiment, the timer is driven by the transmission device through reduction gearing. In the timer, one or more timing cams are driven through a clutch, such as a wrap spring clutch, which includes a manually operable release, e.g. a pawl. When the pawl is released, as by a push-button, an operating cycle is initiated during which the timing cam or cams are permitted to perform one complete revolution. A camming surface on one of the timing cams mechanically controls a valve which opens a steady vacuum to the sampling valve for a portion of the operating cycle, thereby diverting the pressurized flow of milk through the sampling device to the testing device. During a later portion of the operating cycle, a camming surface on another timing cam may in similar manner cause activation of the testing device. Except when the sampling valve is operated, milk flows through the pump and the sampling valve. Thus, when the milk line is flushed following a milking operation, cleaning fluid also flows through the sampling means. In a preferred sampling system, the sampling means is connected as a by-pass to a primary milk line. Preferably, at the junction where the by-pass joins such milk line, a collector is provided in the milk line to collect and retain a reservoir of the flowing milk. In this way, milk flows continously through the by-pass, even though the primary milk line is erratically passing a flow of milk, froth and air. DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS The method and apparatus in accordance with the invention are exemplified in the following description, making reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a sampling system; FIGS. 2 and 3 show a sampling pump and timer unit respectively in two side views; FIG. 4 shows a detail of the pump and timer unit; FIGS. 5 and 6 show a sampler valve, respectively in non-operated and operated conditions; FIGS. 7 and 8 show an actuable testing device, respectively in elevated and plan views, and FIG. 9 illustrates the milk collector of FIG. 1. Referring to FIG. 1, the sampling system is connected to a milk line 10 to which a vacuum is applied during milking and through which, in use, is flowing milk being collected from an animal being milked. In fact, in use the line 10 is passing a mixture of milk, froth and air. The sampling system is in the form of a by-pass connecting to the milk line at a collector 12, which is simply a portion fitted into the milk line having a depressed base, so as to form a reservoir for milk. By virtue of the collector 12, milk flows through the sampling system in the form of a continous stream. In addition to the collector 12, the sampling system includes a pump and timer unit 14 and a sampling valve 16. An actuable testing device 18 may also be regarded a part of the system. In FIG. 1, the solid black line indicates milk flow, the dotted line indicates an applied fixed vacuum, and the dash-dotted line indicates an applied pulsating vacuum. A pulsating vacuum is applied to operate the pump and timer unit. The timer controls the application of a steady vacuum for operating the sampling valve and the testing device. The pump and timer unit 14 as depicted in FIG. 3 comprises a pump on the left-hand side and a timer on the right-hand side. The pump comprises an upper chamber 20 in the upper part of which reciprocates a diaphragm-supported piston 22 under the action of a pulsating vacuum applied at the inlet port 2 4 and of a return spring 26. The pump also has a lower chamber 28 in which reciprocates a diaphragm-supported secondary piston 30. The lower chamber has a milk inlet 32 and a milk outlet 34, each associated with a one-way valve 36, whereby milk entering the pump, under the influence of the vacuum applied to the milk line, is raised in pressure to slightly above atmospheric pressure. The pressurized milk then passes to the sampling valve 16. As shown in FIG. 4, the piston 22 in the upper chamber 20 drives a double ratchet mechanism in the form of gear wheel 38 and oppositely acting pawls 40, whereby the linear motion of the piston is converted into a stepped rotary movement of the gear wheel. The gear wheel 38 drives the timer. Thus, reverting to FIGS. 2 and 3, the gear wheel 38 couples, through reduction gearing 42, 44 with a disc 46 forming part of a wrap spring clutch 48 carried by a shaft on which are also mounted two timing cams 50, 52. The camming surface 54 on one of these cams is visible in FIG. 2. The wrap spring clutch also includes a pawl 56 normally engaging with a step in the periphery of the disc 46, therby to prevent rotation of said disc, whereby the timing cams are also held against rotation. However, the pawl 56 can be lifted by, for example, a manually depressed push-button 58, thereby causing the clutch spring to tighten and, start an operating cycle of the timer in which one complete revolution of the shaft carrying the disc and the timing cams takes place. In practice, such an operating cycle occupies about 300 strokes of the pump, taking about 5 minutes. The timing cams mechanically control two valves, one of which is shown in FIG. 2, one controlling application of the steady vacuum to the sampling valve 16 and one controlling application of the steady vacuum to the testing device 18. The sampling valve is shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, and comprises a valve member 60 having a head 62 in a milk chamber 61 which passes milk received from the pump, the milk entering at port 65 and leaving at port 67. The valve member 60 is operable by movement of a diaphragm acting thereon via member 63. Thus, when the timing cam 50 causes the steady vacuum to be applied at the inlet port 64, the valve member 60 is lifted for a short period during which a sample of milk is delivered from outlet 66, from the milk chamber, to the testing device. When the steady vacuum is withdrawn from the inlet port 64, spring 68 returns the valve member to the closed position. It is to be noted that, except when the valve member is operated, there is a through-flow of milk through the milk chamber back to the milk line so that the milk delivered to the testing device is representative of the milk flowing through the milk line at that instant. It also follows that, when the system is flushed with cleaning fluid after completion of a milking Operation, the sample valve is also washed clean. Moreover, when the valve member is restricted to close the milk sample outlet, a momentary back surge of air occurs through said outlet, due to the applied vacuum in the milk line, which sucks any milk clinging to the mating surfaces of the valve member and valve seat back into the milk chamber. The diagnostic testing device per se forms no part of the present invention. As illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8, however, it comprises upper and lower relatively rotatable cups, respectively 70 and 72, with openings in the base of the upper cup which can be aligned with or closed off from reagent chambers in the lower cup. The milk sample is retained in the upper cup until the cups are relatively rotated to release some of the milk sample into the reagent chambers. Relevant to the present invention is the actuator means for effecting the necessary relative rotation of the cups. This occurs after the milk sample has been delivered to the upper cup from the sampling valve, which is ensured by appropriate positioning of the camming surface on the timing cam 52 relative to that of the camming surface in the timing cam 50 which controls the sampler valve. As shown in FIG. 8, in particular, the actuator means comprises a ratchet 74 on a cylindrical member 76 which is sealingly slideable relative to a fixed cylindrical member 78 under the influence of the steady vacuum, when applied at inlet port 80. Ratchet 74 drives a gear 82 carried by the rotatable cup. Restoration of the member 76 is by means of an internal spring 84. It will be appreciated that, by providing more timing cams on the timer of FIGS. 2 and 3, it is possible to actuate more than one actuable testing device, for carrying out different diagnostic tests, or to actuate a testing device requiring more than one actuation. Various modification of the above-described and illustrated arrangement are possible within the scope of the invention hereinbefore defined. In particular, for carrying out the method generally illustrated in FIG. 1, various other constructions of pump, timer and sampling valve, operable by steady and/or pulsating vacuum, may be employed. FIG. 9 illustrates the milk collector 12 of FIG. 1. Milk 13 collects in the depression 15 and is drawn off along tube 17 to the pump and timer unit 14.	Methods and apparatus enabling a diagnostic test to be carried out on milk flowing in a milk line from an animal being milked, without interrupting the milking process, in which a portion of the milk is diverted through a by-pass in which an extracting means (14) in the form of a vacuum-operable pump and timer acts to separate from the milk flowing in the by-pass a milk sample and to deliver said sample through an associated sampling valve (16) to a testing device (18).	0
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. The Field Of The Invention The present invention relates to an electrical connector and in particular to an electrical connector having a contact retention and release means which obviates the needs for special tooling. 2. The Prior Art Toolless retention systems for holding electrical contacts in connector housings have been well known in the electrical connector industry. These types of known connectors generally fall into these categories. The first category is a completely flexible connector housing which bends to allow insertion and removal of the terminals and in a released, normal position substantially encloses the terminals. Examples of this type of connector can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,332,846, 3,188,604, and 3,582,863. A second type of connector housing is the type having a cover or other moveable member hingedly connected to a rigid connector housing and moveable from a displaced position, allowing entry and withdrawal of the terminal, to a normal condition, in which the withdrawal of the terminal is prohibited. Examples of such connectors can be found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,693,134, 3,789,344, and 3,842,388. Another type of electrical connector, which substantially obviates the need for tools, has pieces of the connector housing which are displaceably mounted on the housing. Examples of this can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,697,933, in which pieces are specifically positioned in the housing to restrain movement of the terminals, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,025,151, where a piece of the housing is initially molded as an integral portion and then is separated and relocated to form a barrier to the terminals. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention concerns an electrical connector in which the terminals are retained and released without requiring special tools. The connector includes a housing member defining an elongated cavity and an elongated terminal carrying insert member which is received in the cavity. The insert member has a plurality of terminal passages therein extending between a mating front face and a spaced, oppositely directed rear face. At least one hinged portion having an L-shaped longitudinal section extends rearwardly from an intermediate point on a side of the insert member. In a normal open condition the hinged portion allows terminals to be freely inserted into and withdrawn from respective passages in the insert member. Simple finger pressure closes the hinged portions to mate with the rear face thereby retaining the terminals therein and allowing insertion of the terminal carrying insert member into the elongated cavity of the housing member, where the hinged portions are held in a closed position and latchingly engage with the housing member prohibiting unintended withdrawal of the insert member therefrom. It is therefore an object of the present invention to produce an improved electrical connector in which the terminals are retained therein and released therefrom without the use of special tools. It is a further object of the present invention to produce an improved electrical connector in which an insert member carries a plurality of terminals and has at least one integral hinged portion which, in a closed condition, holds the terminals within the insert member and the insert member in a connector housing. It is a further object of the present invention to produce an improved electrical connector which can be readily and economically produced. The means for accomplishing the foregoing objects and other advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description taken with reference to the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of an electrical connector according to the present invention; FIG. 2 is a rear perspective of the insert member of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a longitudinal vertical section through the connector of FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is a side elevation, partially in section, of the subject connected mated with a receptacle; and FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective of an alternate embodiment of an electrical connector according to the present invention and an associated receptacle. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The subject electrical connector 10 includes a housing 12 of rigid insulation material defining an elongated cavity 14 opening onto a mating face 16. At least one latching aperture 18 is positioned in the housing spaced from the mating face 16. The cavity 14 also has an inwardly directed annular shoulder 20 spaced from the mating face. An integral cord flexure guard 22 extends from the rear of the housing 12. A terminal carrying insert member 24 is profiled for receipt into the cavity 14. The insert member has a body 26 with a plurality of terminal passages 28 extending therethrough from a mating front face 30 to a rear face 32. At least one hinged cover portion 34 is integrally attached to body 26 intermediate the faces thereof and extending in a rearward direction. The hinged cover portion has an L-shaped section with the free end of the shorter leg 36 in a closed condition, forming part of the rear face of the insert member. The free edge of leg 36 is profiled with recesses 38 to allow passage of conductors therethrough. The outside juncture of the legs 36, 40 is bevelled at 42 to form a cam surface. A latching lug 44 integrally projects from leg 40 positioned for engaging with aperture 18 of housing 12. The subject connector is assembled by passing the free ends of cable 46 through guard 22 and cavity 14 of housing 12. A known strain relief 48 having ears 50, 52 is crimped onto the cable behind the point where the insulating jacket has been removed from the individual conductors. The individual conductors 54 of the cable are terminated with conventional terminals, such as the socket terminals 56 shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. The terminals 56 are freely inserted into respective terminal cavities 28. The hinged cover portions 34 are then manually depressed, simple finger pressure is sufficient, until the terminals are retained therein by leg 36. The loaded insert member 24 is moved rearwardly into the cavity 14 until the lugs 44 engage in the latching apertures 18. During the insertion, the surfaces 42 will engage the housing and hold the hinged portions in their closed condition. The insert member 24 will bottom against shoulder 20 to prevent being driven in to the housing too far. Thus the terminals 56 are securely held in the insert member 24 and the insert member in turn is held in the housing and will withstand many matings and unmatings of the connector without becoming disassembled. To remove the insert member 24 and/or any of the terminals 56, it is simply a matter of applying pressure to the hinged portions 34 to depress them sufficiently to free the lugs 44 from the respective apertures 18 and to withdraw the insert member. The terminals 56 can then be removed simply by opening the hinged portion 34 and pulling the terminal out. An alternate embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 5 with a squeeze-to-release coupling 58 formed extending forwardly of the mating face 16 of the housing 12. This coupling 58 has a generally oval shape with a pair of opposed inwardly directed lugs 60 on the elongated sides, a pair of gripping portions 62 on opposite end surfaces thereof and a pair of webs 63 attaching the coupling 58 to housing 12. A typical receptacle 64 is shown mounted on the edge of a printed circuit board 66 with the terminals 68 thereof in engagement with the board. The receptacle is provided with outwardly directed lugs 70 which will engage with the squeeze-to-release coupling to secure the plug portion to the receptacle. While it is clear that the present invention has been shown with a plug type connector that is carrying receptacle type contacts therein, it should be noted that it is well within the perview of the invention to have a reversal part to form a socket type connector with male or pin type terminals therein and still incorporate the principal features of the present invention. The insert member is shown in FIG. 2 with one hinged portion closed and another partially opened. It should be noted that there is no criticality in the open angle for molding the hinged portions. They, of course, could be molded at a first angle and further opened to a second angle for loading the terminals. The present invention may be subject to many modifications and changes without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics of the invention. The present embodiment should be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive of the scope of the invention.	An improved electrical connector is disclosed having means included therein providing contact retention and release without requiring the use of special or additional tools. The subject connector has a closed entry feature for sockets and functions cooperatively with a flexure guard, strain relief and/or coupling apparatus.	7
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] 1. Field of the Invention [0002] The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for driving roller shutter doors to a closed or open state. More specifically, the present invention relates to a controller for applying motive power to a roller shutter door of the type used to retard passage in the event of fire, smoke or similar conditions, or, of doors simply used to prevent egress or entrance based on the time of day or the opening or closing of the facility to which the door is a portal. [0003] 2. Description of the Related Art [0004] Roller shutter doors have been known for some time and are used in a variety of applications. They include such categories as: rolling grille; storm doors; fire and smoke doors; air-leakage doors, counter shutters; and, the like. What they have in common is a construction that allows them to be rolled up onto a drum or tube when in the open position; or, to be unreeled from the drum when the door is being lowered. Theses doors are typically used in commercial establishments to seal or close off large doorways, or bays, and can be operated electrically, manually, or both. [0005] The methods and systems for driving the doors into an upward or downward position, during normal or emergency operation, have evolved over time from simple pull down doors of a kind used in residential garages, to more technologically advanced electric drive systems with timers, manual over-rides, and diverse safety features. [0006] Generally, commercial or large capacity fire doors were driven by electric motors to open or close the door. However, when a fire occurred, these mechanisms would disengage the motor from the fire door and allow the door to close under the pressure exerted by an auxiliary spring activated by mechanical means or from a counterbalance. These mechanical means included pendulums, oscillating governors, friction discs, ratchets, etc. These mechanical devices tended to be unreliable because of jamming or other malfunctions caused by the motion of the door. One early mechanism that attempted to address this problem was described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,203,392 for a Mechanism For Controlling The Raising And Lowering Of A Door, issued Apr. 20, 1993 to Shea (hereinafter referred to as “Shea”). [0007] In Shea, there is disclosed a mechanism for controlling the opening and closing of a door such as a fire door. The mechanism controls the speed of the door when it drops under the force of gravity; and, can be electrically, or manually, operated. The problem that Shea was attempting to address was the need for a fire door mechanism that regulates the raising and lowering of the door while effectively controlling the door's movement without the need of springs or similar mechanical means. The speed of the door's drop was under control of a centrifugal governor employing brake shoes. [0008] Other prior art has addressed the need for testing the speed and effects of the door's drop during non-emergency uses. U.S. Pat. No. 5,482,103 for a Door Apparatus With Release Assembly, issued Jan. 9, 1996 to Burgess et al. (hereinafter referred to as “Burgess”) teaches the use of a counterweight to offset the weight of the roller door and a reducing weight to reduce the weight of the counterweight. The assembly of the door allows the use of a standard governor to control downward speed. This use of reduced weight and the resultant reduced stress on the door allows the mechanism to use parts that are reduced in size and weight. [0009] After the disclosures of Shea and Burgess, came the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 5,924,949 for an Apparatus For Driving A Roller Shutter Door, issued Jul. 20, 1999 to Fan (hereinafter referred to as “Fan”). Fan teaches a driving mechanism for roller shutter doors that can be adjusted from outside of the apparatus so as to accommodate doors of different heights. The advantage of Fan is that the mechanism, if either moved from a door of one height to a door of a differing height, or if the door is not of the height for which the factory settings apply, does not have to be disassembled for adjustments. Rather, the adjustable control means is disposed within the stationary housing of the apparatus, and extends from within the apparatus to a point outside where it can be manipulated or adjusted as required. And, while Fan addresses a legitimate need, it still leaves unanswered the need to allow the door to move freely into an open position while under control of a governor. [0010] Further improvements to the drive mechanism are taught in U.S. Pat. No. 6,530,863 for a Door Operator Unit, issued Mar. 11, 2003 to Balli et al. (hereinafter referred to as “Balli”). In Balli, an improved power transmission mechanism which works between the drive motor and the operator output shaft is disclosed. The operator unit is adapted to reverse the positions of a manual operator drive and a release mechanism. The advantage provided by Balli is the ability to interchange the operator unit components depending upon the door configuration or application. Thus, the drive mechanism can be established as either a right side or a left side mount. Balli still leaves the question of door control after rebounding, or the issue of timer adjusted openings and closings to be addressed. [0011] The evolution of the rollup door and its drivers and safety mechanisms has continued with the disclosures of U.S. Pat. No. 7,261,139 for a Manual Operating Mechanism For Upward Acting Door, issued Aug. 28, 2007 to Varley et al. Varley teaches a mechanism that addresses the difficulty of operating a roll-up door manually in those cases where the drive motor is mounted in an assembly that is beyond the easy reach of the user. The mechanism of Varley includes a manual brake release that is foot actuated by a person using an elongated crank handle to manually move the door from an open to closed position or vice versa. A problem left unanswered by Varley is how an operator, under the stress of an emergency, can efficiently disengage the motor drive. [0012] What is not appreciated by the prior art is the need to provide a method and apparatus for controlling the drop of the door (or curtain as the case may be) that incorporates each of the successes of the prior art while minimizing the problems. One important issue not addressed by the prior art, is that the drop of the door should be controlled by a mechanical centrifugal governor such that the door does not “bounce” after it arrives in the full open position. While in a closed position, the curtain or door must be able to maintain its locked position unless the door or curtain is manually released through the use of a manual lever and/or an electrical switch. The use of a timer to allow the door to re-open at least part-way, and then close after a specific time interval during an emergency, would provide a safety that is currently lacking in the art. [0013] Accordingly, there is a need for an improved method and apparatus that will supply multiple safety features in the event of an emergency while providing for more efficient operation of the door during normal use. OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0014] An object of the present invention is to provide a mechanism for driving a roller-shutter door that can be operated in an emergency by hand push-up, manual chain drive, or by motor power. [0015] Another aspect of the present invention is to provide a mechanism for driving a roller-shutter door in response to elevated, unsafe or emergency levels of wind, smoke or fire that are communicated to the mechanism through a sensor coupled to an electrical control mechanism. [0016] An object of the present invention is to provide a mechanism for driving a roller-shutter door that can be operated simply as an egress mechanism when utilized with non fire-rated door applications, thus allowing for emergency egress on standard doors. [0017] The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for driving a roller-shutter door having a drive mechanism. The method comprises the activation of a circuit in response to any one of several external stimuli (such as a smoke detector alarm) to a switch for activating the door's drive mechanism and/or directional movement. This, in turn, actuates a timer and raises a timer arm. A cable passes across the timing arm and is connected to the switch on one end, and to a solenoid on a second end. The cable passes through a top portion of a rocker arm assembly having a one-way bearing. The solenoid is actuated as a result of the raising of the timing arm; and, activates the one-way bearing to cause the door to be raised to a pre-set position for a pre-set period of time. To reverse the door, the timer arm is dropped after the lapse of the pre-set period of time. The solenoid is re-activated and reverses the one-way bearing. [0018] According to an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method and apparatus for driving a roller-shutter door having a drive mechanism. The method of the present invention comprises a number of steps beginning with the activation of a circuit in response to an external stimulus (such as a smoke detector alarm) to a switch. The switch can be located in any one of several of locations depending upon design choice or specific environmental requirements. For instance, it can be located on an outer wall of a building supporting the roller shutter door; and wherein the switch is within a break-glass station. [0019] The external stimuli is the closing of a circuit linked to a sensor for measuring an anomaly, such as: an elevated smoke level, excessive heat (caused by a fire or the like), or simply the passage of time as determined by a real time clock. [0020] The activation of the circuit actuates a timer and which in turn raises a timing arm of the timer. A cable passes across a top portion of the timing arm and is connected to the switch on one end and to a solenoid on a second end. The cable passes through a top portion of a rocker arm assembly disposed between the timer and the solenoid; and, wherein the rocker arm assembly comprises a one-way bearing. The solenoid is actuated as a result of the raising of the timing arm; and activates the one-way bearing to cause the door to be raised to a pre-set position for a pre-set period of time under control of the timer and as driven by the drive mechanism. [0021] In reversing the movement of the door, the method further comprises utilizing the timer for a pre-set period of time; and, wherein the timer bar is dropped after the lapse of the pre-set period of time. The solenoid is re-activated in response to the dropping of the timer bar, and reverses the one-way bearing in response to the actuation of the solenoid. The door is then dropped to a closed position in response to the reversing of the one-way bearing. The dropping of the door is caused by gravity; and, the speed of the dropping of the door is under control of a centrifugal speed governor. [0022] The drive mechanism itself for opening or closing the roller-shutter door comprises a number of key elements. The elements include a drive plate having a centrally located hub, and wherein the hub has a geared portion located on the outside surface thereof. There is also a drive gearset having a geared hub mounted coaxially about the central hub of the drive plate; and, a second gear having a geared hub and mounted coaxially about the geared hub of the drive gearset. In addition, there is a stationary housing adapted to accommodate the drive gearset and the drive plate. A motor located externally to the stationary housing for driving the second gear, and control means disposed within the stationary housing and in meshed contact with the central hub for controlling actuation of the motor in response to an external stimuli, and whereby the roller shutter door can be moved to a predetermined limit position are also provided. The drive mechanism also an adjustable gearset that is accessible from outside the stationary housing. Additionally, the drive mechanism comprises the rocker arm assembly and centrifugal speed governor previously noted. [0023] In an alternative embodiment of the present invention, a stepper motor is used in place of the solenoid. When using the solenoid, the method comprises the activation of a circuit in response to any one of several external stimuli (such as a smoke detector alarm) to a switch for activating the door's drive mechanism and/or directional movement. This, in turn, actuates a timer and raises a timer arm. A cable passes across the timing arm and is connected to the switch on one end, and to a stepper on a second end. The cable passes through a top portion of a rocker arm assembly having a one-way bearing. The stepper is actuated as a result of the raising of the timing arm; and, rotates its shaft to cause the door to be raised to a pre-set position for a pre-set period of time. To reverse the door, the timer arm is dropped after the lapse of the pre-set period of time. The stepper motor is re-activated and completes a turn of the shaft to reverse the one-way bearing. [0024] In another embodiment of the present invention, the doors are driven horizontally (relative to the door's threshold) from opposing directions so that they meet in the middle of the threshold. The drive mechanism is the same as that provided for the vertical (up or down) movement of the door, except that the drive is biased horizontally instead of laterally. [0025] The above, and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description read in conduction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals designate the same elements. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0026] FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a curtain or roller door having a hand chain drive, shown when the door is in the open position. [0027] FIG. 2 is an elevation view of a hand chain drive embodiment of the present invention showing the top of the drive chain housing. [0028] FIG. 3 is an isometric view of the hand chain drive embodiment of the present invention showing the timer, solenoid, rocker arm assembly, and governor. [0029] FIG. 4 is an isometric view of a curtain or roller door having a motorized chain drive, shown when the door is in the open position. [0030] FIG. 5 is an elevation view of the chain drive embodiment of the present invention showing the top of the motor mount housing. [0031] FIG. 6 is an isometric view of a motorized chain drive embodiment of the present invention showing the timer, solenoid, rocker arm assembly, and governor. [0032] FIG. 7 is an isometric view of a curtain or roller door having a 24 v motor drive wherein the door is in the open position. [0033] FIG. 8 an elevation view of the 24 volt motor drive embodiment of the present invention showing the side of the motor mount housing. [0034] FIG. 9 is an isometric view of the 24 volt motor embodiment of the present invention showing the timer, solenoid, rocker arm assembly, and governor. [0035] FIG. 10A is an exploded view of the rocker arm components of the rocker arm. [0036] FIG. 10B is an exploded view of the centrifugal governor components of the governor. [0037] FIG. 11 is an elevation view of the embodiment of the interior of the gear box of the present invention. [0038] FIG. 12 is an exploded view of the embodiment of the interior of the gear box of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0039] Reference will now be made in detail to several embodiments of the invention that are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, same or similar reference numerals are used in the drawings and the description to refer to the same or like parts or steps. The drawings are in simplified form and are not to precise scale. For purposes of convenience and clarity only, directional terms, such as top, bottom, up, down, over, above, and below may be used with respect to the drawings. These and similar directional terms should not be construed to limit the scope of the invention in any manner. The words “connect,” “couple,” and similar terms with their inflectional morphemes do not necessarily denote direct and immediate connections, but also include connections through mediate elements or devices. [0040] FIGS. 1-9 are general overviews of the present invention which illustrate the placement of the mechanism relative to the roll-up door to be driven. It is within the scope and teachings of the present invention that the placement of the mechanism can be either on the right side or the left side, of the housing for the roller drum of the door. Indeed, the mechanism is designed in such a way as to provide easy left or right side adjustment. [0041] Turning to FIG. 1 , there is shown an isometric view of the system 50 of the claimed invention having a curtain or rolling door 9 having a hand chain drive 13 wherein the rolling door 9 is in the open position relative to the doorway of wall section 5 . When rolled up under the control of the hand chain drive 13 of the mechanism 11 , the rolling door 9 is wrapped around a drum (not shown) that runs the length of a housing 7 . [0042] The rolling door 9 is lowered or raised, as the case may be, by a user pulling on chain 13 . The movement of the various components is described in more detail with respect to FIG. 3 . The advantage of the current design is the ability to retrofit any of the primary embodiments to existing door drive systems or to upgrade from one embodiment to another. Further, the mechanism allows for driving a rolling door that can be operated simply as an egress mechanism when utilized with non fire-rated door applications, thus allowing for emergency egress on standard doors. [0043] For a depth perspective, as to placement and fitting of components, we turn to FIG. 2 where there is shown an elevation view of the hand chain drive embodiment of the present invention showing the side wall of the drive chain housing. [0044] Hand chain drive 19 is shown wherein pulling of the chain turns a shaft (view blocked by the pulley and shaft housing wall) which in turn rotates a gear (not shown in this perspective). The gear moves chain 29 which is connected to a gear on the main gear shaft 31 . A chain 21 links main gear shaft 31 with adjusting post 33 and is covered by a plate 17 . The main gear shafts 31 , 33 drive the interior mechanism of the gearbox 35 (described in more detail with respect to FIGS. 11 and 12 ), rotating drive gear 27 , that causes the rolling door 9 to be rolled up or down. The speed of the roll up is governed by the governor not shown, and measured by the rocker arm 23 through the rotation of rocker arm gear 15 . Actuation of the rocker arm 23 for upward or downward movement of the rolling door 9 comes from the in or out action of solenoid 25 under control of the timing switch (not shown). [0045] FIG. 3 is an isometric view of the hand chain drive embodiment of the present invention showing the timer 114 , solenoid 118 , rocker arm assembly 122 , and the speed governor 125 . [0046] The hand drive embodiment receives its drive power from the chain 100 being pulled by a mechanism user. The chain rotates pulley 101 which turns gear 102 . In turn, gear 102 causes chain 104 to move which drives main gear shaft 108 . Main gear shaft 108 supports one end of a chain (not shown) which is covered and protected by plate 106 . The other end of the protected chain drives main gear shaft 110 . The movement of the main gear shafts causes the inner workings (as shown and described in FIGS. 11 and 12 ) of the gearbox 111 to rotate drive gear 124 . Drive gear 124 rotates an inner shaft which causes the shaft to take up or release door 9 which is wound or unwound from a drum in housing 7 . The directionality of the rotation up or down is controlled by the one-way bearing of the rocker arm assembly 122 . [0047] There is shown the rocker arm components of the rocker arm 122 as secured just past the 12:00 o'clock position relative to the top of the drive gear 124 . Gear 120 is secured to rocker arm body 122 with a one-way bearing (not shown) disposed therebetween. Bracket attachment assembly 123 is used to secure the lower portion of rocker arm body 122 while allowing it to pivot when activated so as to engage the gear 120 with the drive gear 124 to control speed under the directional control of the pivoting one-way bearings. Cable holder 116 is secured between the upper portions of the swing bodies 117 so as to hold the cable 113 which links the solenoid 118 and timer switch 114 . The cable is under direction of an emergency back up which causes the timer switch 112 to be set so as to position arm 114 in such a way as to elevate the chain 113 causing the solenoid 118 to be activated which pivots the rocker arm 122 to engage opposite directional, one-way bearing 200 . As the timer reaches its “timed out” position, the arm 114 is dropped, causing the solenoid to open, which in turn pivots rocker arm 122 to engage the one-way bearing 200 so that the rolling door 9 will close. [0048] Alternatively, a stepper motor is used in place of the solenoid 118 . When using the stepper motor, the motor is activated which pivots the rocker arm 122 to engage opposite directional, one way bearing 200 . As the timer reaches its “timed out” position, the timer switch 114 is dropped, causing the stepper motor to turn “a step”, which in turn pivots rocker arm 122 to engage the one-way bearing 200 so that the rolling door 9 will close. To reverse the door, the timer switch 114 is dropped after the lapse of the pre-set period of time. The stepper motor is re-activated and completes a turn of the shaft to reverse the one-way bearing. [0049] Alternatively, the doors are driven horizontally (relative to the door's threshold) from opposing directions so that they meet in the middle of the threshold. The drive mechanism is the same as that provided for the vertical (up or down) movement of the door, except that the drive is biased horizontally instead of laterally. [0050] The speed of the door's descent is extremely important in that too great a speed will cause the door to hit the full down position and bounce and be in the wrong position, or cause strain on the mechanism. To avoid these problems, the mechanism utilizes a centrifugal speed governor. [0051] A view of the centrifugal speed governor 125 , and its components, is shown wherein the governor 125 is shown as secured between the 10:00 and 11:00 o'clock position relative to the top of the drive gear 124 (its position could change if the mechanism becomes “right-handed”). Clutch weights 126 , 126 are slot mounted on the upper portion of the rotor body assembly cap 128 . Clutch pad 130 for braking is secured between the rotor body assembly cap 128 and the fixed rotor 140 . Cap 128 , clutch pad 130 , and fixed rotor 140 are combined to form the rotor body assembly. [0052] The rotor body assembly is transected in the center by shaft 132 which supports the rotor body assembly on one end and the governor gear 142 on the opposite end. The gear 142 is in mated contact with the system's main drive gear 124 so as to control the speed of the door 9 . The gear 142 bisects the supports 134 which are perpendicular (90 degrees) to each other and welded to the bracket 201 . [0053] When activated, the governor 125 rotates to a certain speed, when that speed is increased beyond the threshold speed, slot mounted weights 126 are pulled apart by centrifugal force which causes pressure on the clutch pad 130 , causing the governor 125 to brake the speed of the door's descent. [0054] FIG. 4 is an isometric view of a curtain or rolling door 9 having a chain drive wherein the door is in the open position. [0055] Turning to FIG. 4 , there is shown an isometric view of the system 250 of the claimed invention having a curtain or rolling door 9 and having a motorized chain drive 211 wherein the door 9 is in the open position relative to the doorway of wall section 205 . When rolled up under the control of the chain drive of the mechanism 211 , the rolling door 9 is wrapped around a drum (not shown) that runs the length of housing 207 . [0056] The rolling door 9 is lowered or raised, as the case may be, by the electrical activation of a motor which drives the chain. The movement of the various components is described in more detail with respect to FIG. 6 . The advantage of the current design is the ability to retrofit any of the primary embodiments to existing door drive systems or to upgrade from one embodiment to another. [0057] FIG. 5 is an elevation view of the chain drive embodiment of the present invention showing the top of the motor mount housing. [0058] Chain drive 319 is shown where the chain drive 319 under control of a motor, contained within the chain drive housing 319 , rotates a shaft which in turn rotates a gear (not shown in this perspective). The gear moves chain 321 which is connected to the main gear shafts which are connected with a chain therebetween (not shown). The main gear shafts, in turn, drive the interior mechanism of the gearbox 335 (described in more detail with respect to FIGS. 11 and 12 ), rotating drive gear 327 , that causes the door 9 to be rolled up or down. The speed of the roll up is governed by the governor not shown, and measured by the rocker arm 323 through the rotation of rocker arm gear 315 . Actuation of the rocker arm 323 for upward or downward movement of the rolling door 9 comes from the in or out action of solenoid 325 under control of the timing switch (not shown). [0059] FIG. 6 is an isometric view of the chain drive embodiment of the present invention showing the timer 412 , solenoid 418 , rocker arm assembly 422 , and the centrifugal speed governor 425 . [0060] The chain drive embodiment receives its drive power from the motor driven chain 401 being driven by motor 400 which is preferably a 24 volt DC motor which can be battery backed if necessary or desired. The mechanism and operator drive can be separated, where the mechanism will work in conjunction with external operators for larger size doors that require higher voltage units, where the operator needs a minimum of 110 volt, thru 575 volts. The motor turns gear 404 which moves chain 406 . In turn, gear 404 causes chain 406 to move which drives main gear shaft 408 . Main gear shaft 408 supports one end of a chain (not shown) which is covered and protected by plate 407 . The other end of the protected chain drives main gear shaft 410 . The movement of the main gear shafts 408 , 410 causes the inner workings (as shown and described in FIGS. 11 and 12 ) of the gearbox 411 to rotate drive gear 424 . Drive gear 424 rotates an inner shaft which causes the shaft to take up or release door 9 which is wound or unwound from a drum in housing 7 . The directionality of the rotation up or down is controlled by the pivoting of the one-way bearing of the rocker arm assembly. [0061] There is shown the rocker arm components of the rocker arm 422 as secured just past the 12:00 o'clock position relative to the top of the drive gear 424 . Gear 420 is secured to rocker arm body 422 with a one-way bearing (not shown) disposed therebetween. Bracket attachment assembly 423 is used to secure the lower portion of rocker arm body 422 while allowing it to pivot between one way bearing gear 200 when activated so as to engage the gear 420 with the drive gear 424 to control speed under the directional control of the one-way bearings 200 , 420 . Cable holder 416 is secured between the upper portions of the swing bodies 417 so as to hold the cable 413 which links the solenoid 418 and timer switch 414 . The cable is under direction of an emergency back up which causes the timer switch 412 to be set so as to position timer switch 414 in such a way as to elevate the cable 413 causing the solenoid 418 to be activated which pivots the one-way bearing 420 of the rocker arm to the other one way bearing 200 . As the timer reaches its “timed out” position, the rocker arm 422 is dropped, causing the solenoid 418 to open which in turn pivots to the other one-way bearing so that the door 9 will close. [0062] Alternatively, a stepper motor is used in place of the solenoid 418 . When using the stepper motor, the motor is activated which pivots the rocker arm 422 to engage opposite directional, one-way bearing 200 . As the timer reaches its “timed out” position, the timer switch 414 is dropped, causing the stepper motor to turn “a step”, which in turn pivots rocker arm 422 to engage the one-way bearing 200 so that the rolling door 9 will close. To reverse the door, the timer arm is dropped after the lapse of the pre-set period of time. The stepper motor is re-activated and completes a turn of the shaft to reverse the one-way bearing. [0063] Alternatively, the doors are driven horizontally (relative to the door's threshold) from opposing directions so that they meet in the middle of the threshold. The drive mechanism is the same as that provided for the vertical (up or down) movement of the door, except that the drive is biased horizontally instead of laterally. [0064] The speed of the door's descent is extremely important in that too great a speed will cause the door to hit the full down position and bounce and be in the wrong position, or cause strain on the mechanism. To avoid these problems, the mechanism utilizes a centrifugal speed governor. [0065] A view of the centrifugal speed governor 425 , and its components, is shown wherein the governor 425 is shown as secured between the 10:00 and 11:00 o'clock positions relative to the top of the drive gear 424 (its position will be opposite if the mechanism becomes “right-handed”). Clutch weights 426 , 426 are slot mounted on the upper portion of the rotor body assembly cap 428 . Clutch pad 430 for braking is secured between the rotor body assembly cap 428 and the fixed rotor 440 . Cap 428 , clutch pad 430 , and fixed rotor 440 are combined to form the rotor body assembly. [0066] The rotor body assembly is transected in the center by shaft 432 which supports the rotor body assembly on one end and the governor gear 442 on the opposite end. The gear 442 is in mated contact with the system's main drive gear 424 so as to control the speed of the door 9 . The gear 442 bisects the supports 434 which are perpendicular to each other and welded to the bracket 201 . [0067] When activated, the governor 425 rotates to a certain speed, when that speed is increased beyond the threshold speed, slot mounted weights 426 are pulled apart by centrifugal force which causes pressure on the clutch pad 430 , causing the governor 425 to brake the speed of the door's descent. [0068] FIG. 7 is an isometric view of a curtain or rolling door having a 24 v motor drive wherein the door is in the open position. [0069] Turning to FIG. 7 , there is shown an isometric view of the system 550 of the claimed invention having a curtain or roller door 9 and having a motor drive wherein the door 9 is in the open position relative to the doorway of wall section 505 . When rolled up under the control of the motor drive of the mechanism 511 , the door 9 is wrapped around a drum 515 that runs the length of the interior of housing 207 . [0070] The door 9 is lowered or raised, as the case may be, by the electrical activation of a motor which directly drives the inner workings of the gear box to drive the drive gear. The movement of the various components is described in more detail with respect to FIG. 9 . The advantage of the current design is the ability to retrofit any of the primary embodiments to existing door drive systems or to upgrade from one embodiment to another. [0071] FIG. 8 an elevation view of the 24 volt motor drive embodiment of the present invention showing the side of the motor mount housing. [0072] Motor drive 519 is shown to drive a gear and worm gear assembly 521 , contained within the motor drive housing 519 , rotates a shaft which in turn rotates a gear (not shown in this perspective). The gear moves drives the drive gear 523 in accordance with the description of FIGS. 11 and 12 herein. The rotating drive gear 523 causes the door 9 to be rolled up or down. The speed of the roll up is governed by the governor not shown, and measured by the rocker arm 525 through the rotation of rocker arm gear 527 . Actuation of the rocker arm 525 for upward or downward movement of the door 9 comes from the in or out action of solenoid 529 under control of the timing switch (not shown). [0073] FIG. 9 is an isometric view of the 24 volt motor embodiment of the present invention showing the timer 578 , solenoid 586 , rocker arm assembly 592 , and the centrifugal speed governor 565 . [0074] The motor embodiment receives its drive power from the motor 560 mounted directly until the gearbox 595 . The motor 560 is preferably a 24 volt DC motor which can be battery backed if necessary, or desired; however, for driving heavier loads or peripheral features, a 100 volt motor may be advantageous. Its only drawbacks will be weight and the ineffectiveness of using battery back-up for the high power draw device. [0075] The motor 560 turns the inner workings (as shown and described in FIGS. 11 and 12 ) of the gearbox 595 to rotate drive gear 597 . Drive gear 597 rotates an inner shaft which causes the shaft to take up or release door 9 which is wound or unwound from a drum in housing 7 . The directionality of the rotation up or down is controlled by the pivoting of the one way bearings of the rocker arm assembly. Adjusting posts 562 allow for system adjustment of the timing of the internal gears of the gearbox without having to remove the mechanism from the doorway, or to open up the gearbox for simple adjustments. [0076] There is shown the rocker arm components of the rocker arm 592 as secured just past the 12:00 o'clock position relative to the top of the drive gear 597 . Gears 590 , 200 are secured to rocker arm body 592 with a one-way bearing (not shown) disposed therebetween. Bracket attachment assembly 588 is used to secure the lower portion of rocker arm body 592 while allowing it to pivot when activated so as to engage the gear 590 , or the gear 200 , with the drive gear 597 to control speed under the directional control of the one-way bearings. Cable holder 582 is secured between the upper portions of the swing bodies 584 so as to hold the cable 577 which links the solenoid 586 and timer switch 578 . The cable 577 is under direction of an emergency back up which causes the timer switch 578 to be set so as to position timer switch 580 in such a way as to elevate the cable 577 causing the solenoid 586 to be activated which pivots the rocker arm from one one-way bearing to the other one-way bearing. As the timer reaches its “timed out” position, the timer switch 580 is dropped, causing the solenoid 586 to open which in turn pivots the rocker arm 592 from one one-way bearing to the other one-way bearing so that the door 9 will close. [0077] Alternatively, a stepper motor is used in place of the solenoid 586 . When using the stepper motor, the motor is activated which pivots the rocker arm 422 to engage opposite directional, one-way bearing 200 . As the timer reaches its “timed out” position, the timer switch 580 is dropped, causing the stepper motor to turn “a step”, which in turn pivots rocker arm 592 to engage the one-way bearing 200 so that the rolling door 9 will close. To reverse the door, the timer switch 580 is dropped after the lapse of the pre-set period of time. The stepper motor is re-activated and completes a turn of the shaft to reverse the one-way bearing. [0078] Alternatively, the doors are driven horizontally (relative to the door's threshold) from opposing directions so that they meet in the middle of the threshold. The drive mechanism is the same as that provided for the vertical (up or down) movement of the door, except that the drive is biased horizontally instead of laterally. [0079] The speed of the door's descent is extremely important in that too great a speed will cause the door to hit the full down position and bounce and be in the wrong position, or cause strain on the mechanism. To avoid these problems, the mechanism utilizes a centrifugal speed governor. [0080] A view of the centrifugal speed governor 565 , and its components, is shown wherein the governor 565 is shown as secured between the 2:00 and 3:00 o'clock position relative to the top of the drive gear 597 (its position could change if the mechanism becomes “right-handed”). Clutch weights 566 , 566 are slot mounted on the upper portion of the rotor body assembly cap 568 . Clutch pad 570 for braking is secured between the rotor body assembly cap 568 and the fixed rotor 572 . Cap 568 , clutch pad 570 , and fixed rotor 572 are combined to form the rotor body assembly. [0081] The rotor body assembly is transected in the center by shaft 576 which supports the rotor body assembly on one end and the governor gear 574 on the opposite end. The gear 574 is in mated contact with the system's main drive gear 597 so as to control the speed of the door 9 . The gear 574 bisects the supports 575 , 575 which are perpendicular (90 degrees) to each other and welded to the bracket 201 . [0082] When activated, the governor 565 rotates to a certain speed, when that speed is increased beyond the threshold speed, slot mounted weights 566 are pulled apart by centrifugal force which causes pressure on the clutch pad 570 , causing the governor 565 to brake the speed of the door's descent. [0083] FIG. 10A is an exploded view of the rocker arm components of the rocker arm 620 as secured just past the 12:00 o'clock position relative to the top of the drive gear as is shown in FIG. 9 . Gear 600 , 600 is secured to rocker arm body 603 with one-way bearings 601 , 601 disposed therebetween. Bracket attachment assembly 602 is used to secure the lower portion of rocker arm body 603 while allowing it to pivot when activated so as to pivot between directional bearings gears and the drive gear to control speed under the directional control of the one-way bearings 601 , 601 . Brass washers 604 provide spacing for the fixed shaft 605 which joins brass swing bodies 607 to the rocker arm body 602 on opposite sides of the upper portion of the rocker arm body 608 , which allows the upper portion of the rocker arm body 608 to pivot so as to engage either one of the directional bearing gears. Cable holder 606 is secured between the upper portions of the brass swing bodies 607 so as to hold the cable which links the solenoid and timer switch (see FIG. 3 ). [0084] Turning next to FIG. 10B , there is shown an exploded view of the centrifugal governor components of the governor 650 as secured between the 2:00 and 3:00 o'clock positions relative to the top of the drive gear as is shown in FIG. 9 . Clutch weights 625 are slot mounted on the upper portion of the rotor body assembly cap 626 . Clutch pad 627 for braking is secured between the rotor body assembly cap 626 and the fixed rotor 628 . Cap 626 , clutch pad 627 , and fixed rotor 628 are combined to form the rotor body assembly. [0085] The rotor body assembly is transected in the center by shaft 630 which supports the rotor body assembly on one end and the governor gear 633 on the opposite end. The gear 633 is in mated contact with the system's main drive gear so as to control the speed of the door. The gear bisects the supports 634 which are perpendicular (90 degrees) to each other and welded to the bracket of the surface mount. A set of top bearings 631 and bottom bearings 632 are supported by the bearing cover sleeves 629 , 629 respectively which are in turn supported by the shaft and located on opposite sides of the gear 633 . [0086] When activated, the governor 650 rotates to a certain speed, when that speed is increased beyond the threshold speed, slot mounted weights 625 are pulled apart by centrifugal force which causes pressure on the clutch pad 627 , causing the governor 650 to brake the speed of the door's descent. [0087] The internal workings of the system are best understood by reference to FIG. 11 and FIG. 12 . [0088] FIG. 11 is a plan view of the embodiment of the interior of the present invention; and, FIG. 12 is an exploded view of the embodiment of the interior of the gear box of the present invention. Together, the two FIGs. describe the gearbox for the present invention. [0089] As is shown in FIG. 11 , two adjustable control means, each of which includes a timing gearset 760 , an adjusting gearset 770 and a micro-switch 754 , are mounted in the stationary housing 750 . The timing gearset 760 includes a first timing gear 761 and a second timing gear 762 as are shown in FIG. 12 . The first timing gear 761 has a first recessed surface 811 defined thereon. The second timing gear 762 has a second recessed surface 821 defined thereon. The first timing gear 761 and the second timing gear 762 have a same pitch number (diametral pitch) and a same pitch diameter, but have different tooth numbers. [0090] The first timing gear 761 and the second timing gear 762 are coaxially mounted in the stationary housing 750 . The first recessed surface 811 of the first timing gear 761 is arranged to face the second recessed surface 821 of the second timing gear 762 and the two recessed surfaces 811 and 821 are offset by a predetermined angle in the beginning. Since the tooth number of the first timing gear 761 is different from the tooth number of the second timing gear 762 , the first recessed surface 811 of the first timing gear 761 and the second recessed surface 821 of the second timing gear 762 can coincide with each other when the first timing gear 761 and the second timing gear 762 are rotated, which depends on the difference of the tooth number between the two timing gears. [0091] The adjusting gearset 770 (as shown in FIG. 11 ) includes a first adjusting gear 771 , a second adjusting gear 772 , an adjusting knob 773 , and a connecting rod 774 . The first adjusting gear 771 is mounted in the stationary housing 750 to mesh with the geared portion 721 of the central hub 720 of the driving plate 710 . The second adjusting gear 772 is coaxially mounted with the first adjusting gear 771 . The second adjusting gear 772 is disposed to mesh with the first timing gear 761 and the second timing gear 762 . [0092] As is shown in FIG. 12 , the first adjusting gear 771 has a hub 810 formed at the center thereof. The second adjusting gear 772 is formed as a geared axle in which a circular cross-sectional recess (not shown) and a non-circular cross-sectional recess (not shown) are defined. The circular cross-sectional recess is matched with the non-circular cross-sectional recess. The circular cross-sectional recess is capable of receiving the hub 810 ( FIG. 12 ) of the first adjusting gear 71 . The non-circular cross-sectional recess is capable of receiving the adjusting knob 773 which has a through hole 831 defined therein. It is to be noted that the adjusting knob 773 and part of the second adjusting gear 772 are disposed outside of the stationary housing 750 to conduct an adjustment without dis-assembling the stationary housing 750 . The connecting rod 774 can be inserted in the through hole 831 of the adjusting knob 773 and the central hub 810 of the first adjusting gear 771 to be threadedly engaged with the nut (not shown) provided in the hub 810 to have the second adjusting gear 772 frictionally engaged with the first adjusting gear 771 , so that the second adjusting gear 772 can be integrally rotated with the first adjusting gear 771 . In such an arrangement, when the sun gear 730 is driven to rotate by a motor, the first timing gear 761 and the second timing gear 762 can be rotated via the adjusting gearset 770 . [0093] As can be seen in FIG. 12 , the connecting rod 774 is preferably provided with a wing-like head 775 for facilitating manual adjustment. By means of the wing-like head 775 , the engagement or disengagement between the first adjusting gear 771 and the second adjusting gear 772 can be easily rendered. [0094] As is shown in FIG. 11 , each micro-switch 754 has an actuating lever 840 which is placed in contact with a corresponding timing gearset 760 , which includes the first timing gear 761 and the second timing gear 762 . In such an arrangement, when the motor drives the sun gear 730 in one direction to rotate the driving plate 710 to raise the roller-shutter door, the actuating lever 840 of one micro-switch 754 (first) can extend into the recess which is formed by the coincidence of the first recessed surface 811 ( FIG. 12 ) and the second recessed surface 821 , so that the first micro-switch 754 can be de-actuated to stop the motor. At this time, the roller-shutter door is moved to an upper predetermined limit position. [0095] When the motor drives the sun gear 730 in an opposite direction to rotate the driving plate 710 to lower the roller-shutter door, the actuating lever 840 of the other micro-switch 754 (second) can extend into the recess which is formed by the coincidence of the first recessed surface 811 and the second recessed surface 821 , so that the second micro-switch 754 can be de-actuated to stop the motor. At this time, the roller-shutter door is moved to a lower predetermined limit position. When the aforementioned “upper predetermined limit position” or the aforementioned “lower predetermined limit position” need to be changed to be adaptable for a roller-shutter door of a different height, a corresponding connecting rod 774 can be threadedly unfastened from a corresponding nut (not shown) to allow a corresponding second adjusting gear 772 to disengage from a corresponding first adjusting gear 771 . Therefore, the corresponding second adjusting gear 772 can be turned relative to the corresponding first adjusting gear 771 to change the position of the recessed surface 811 of the first timing gear 761 relative to the recessed surface 821 of the second timing gear 762 , thereby controlling the time at which the motor can be stopped to allow a roller-shutter door to be moved to another limit position. [0096] In the claims, means or step-plus-function clauses are intended to cover the structures described or suggested herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents but also equivalent structures. Thus, for example, although a nail, a screw, and a bolt may not be structural equivalents in that a nail relies on friction between a wooden part and a cylindrical surface, a screw's helical surface positively engages the wooden part, and a bolt's head and nut compress opposite sides of a wooden part, in the environment of fastening wooden parts, a nail, a screw, and a bolt may be readily understood by those skilled in the art as equivalent structures. [0097] Having described at least one of the preferred embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments, and that various changes, modifications, and adaptations may be effected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.	The present invention is a method and apparatus for driving a roller-shutter door having a drive mechanism. The method comprises the activation of a circuit in response to an external stimuli to a switch. This actuates a timer and raises a timing bar. A cable passes across the timing bar and is connected to the switch on one end and to a solenoid on a second end. The cable passes through a top portion of a rocker arm assembly having a one-way bearing. The solenoid is actuated as a result of the raising of the timing bar; and activates the one-way bearing to cause the door to be raised to a pre-set position for a pre-set period of time. To reverse the door, the timer bar is dropped after the lapse of the pre-set period of time. The solenoid is re-activated and reverses the one-way bearing.	4
FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention concerns a drive arrangement for a conveying device for the conveying of a flowing medium, in particular air or fluid, where the drive arrangement contains a drive engine whose rotational speed can be varied, an auxiliary motor that can be continuously controlled and a summing gearbox, where the summing gearbox is connected on its output side with the conveying device and on its input side with the drive engine and the auxiliary motor. Furthermore, the drive arrangement contains a control unit that controls the auxiliary motor. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Motor driven vehicles contain conveying devices that are applied for current generation and for cooling or oil supply of various vehicle components. As a rule such conveying devices, for example, generators for lighting, blowers or pumps are driven directly by the main drive engine or the internal combustion engine. [0003] In this way oil pumps for gearboxes usually are gear pumps driven directly by the internal combustion engine or constant volume pumps that must be designed for adequate oil supply of the users at critical or unfavorable operating points, that is for operating points with low engine rotational speed, for hot oil and/or high oil consumption. In order to assure adequate lubrication and a sufficient system pressure, for example, in the case of gearboxes or in consideration of a necessary blower pressure, for example, with clutches, the operating safety in each case must be assured. Since such pumps are operated at a linear relationship to the drive engine and in practical operation higher rotational speeds are operated, this leads in large part to unnecessarily high oil supply rates, that effectively reduce the efficiency of the gearboxes. [0004] In order to make the conveying power of conveying devices conform better to the conveying amounts actually required by the users, for pumps on the one hand, controllable pumps, such as vane pumps or radial piston pumps and on the other hand separate pumps for lubricating oil and for pressure supply have been applied which, however, have not gained market share to date. [0005] A similar case occurs with the drives of blower rotors that are applied to the cooling of rotor cooling water and gearboxes or hydraulic oil. By reason of the linear relationship of the amount conveyed to the rotational speed of the drive engine, such blowers must be dimensioned as relatively large components, so that a sufficiently large cooling output for each operating point is provided at the rotational speeds made available by the engine. This frequently leads to large configurations in the arrangement of the blower which in turn results in larger volumes in the configuration of the vehicle due to space problems in the positioning of the blowers in the engine compartment. [0006] A drive arrangement has become known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,947,854 that should permit a variable control of the conveying device. Accordingly, a motor operating at constant rotational speed, particularly an electric motor, as well as an additional motor/generator that can be controlled with variable rotational speed, drive a blower rotor over a summing gearbox. By varying the rotational speed of the additional motor/generator the rotational speed of the blower can be changed. Thereby the blower's rotational speed does not exceed the rotational speed of the drive engine, even when the rotational speed of the additional motor/generator is zero. The problem here is that the arrangement of the drive components is limited to constant speed drive engines and is not appropriate to cover the rotational speed range of a Diesel engine, that, for example, is applied to land vehicles, particularly agricultural or industrial working vehicles. Rather, according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,947,854 the rotational speed of a pump or a blower can merely be reduced as compared to a constant speed drive. Furthermore, the known drive arrangement is limited in its rotational speed range of the pump or the blower due to the moderate proportion of power of the additional drive to the total user power requirement to a limited spread of rotational speeds of the pump or the blower. In this drive arrangement larger spreads of rotational speeds would lead to an unacceptable demand for power of the additional drive and thereby a poorer total efficiency of the drive arrangement. [0007] The task underlying the invention is seen as that of defining a drive arrangement for a conveying device of the aforementioned type, through which the above problems are overcome. In particular a drive arrangement for a conveying device is to be created that makes it possible to vary the conveying performance of the conveying device within wide limits in accordance with the demand or to adjust that performance in accordance with the demand. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0008] According to the invention the drive arrangement cited initially for a conveying device of a flowing medium is configured in such a way that it contains at least one sensor for the measurement of the magnitude of at least one condition of the flowing medium and the conveying performance of the conveying device can be controlled or regulated by the control arrangement as a function of at least one magnitude of the condition of the medium. This makes it possible for the control arrangement to control or regulate the auxiliary motor as a function of at least one magnitude of the condition that characterizes the demand of the amount of the flowing medium that is to be conveyed. Depending on the conveying device or the flowing medium the magnitude of the condition may be a pressure, a temperature or an amount of flow or a flow velocity, which are to be held within predetermined limits. Control signals are generated by the sensor in connection with the control unit that bring about a change in rotational speed of the auxiliary motor and make possible a variable drive of the conveying device over the summing gearbox. [0009] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention the summing gearbox is configured as a planetary summing gearbox. This has the advantage of a simple inclusion of the auxiliary motor into the drive arrangement and leads to a compact configuration. Furthermore, this offers a number of possibilities for the connection of the drive engine, the auxiliary motor and the conveying device. [0010] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention the drive engine is connected with an internal gear, the auxiliary motor with a sun gear and the conveying device with a planet carrier of the planetary summing gearbox. [0011] This arrangement assures that the auxiliary motor is required to cover only a fraction of the drive power of the conveying device but simultaneously provides a sufficiently large rotational speed adjustment range of the conveying device. The detailed adjustment of the size of the configuration of the conveying device, the adjustment range of the auxiliary motor, the gear ratio of the summing gearbox and the gear ratio between the drive engine and the internal gear permit a wide variation of the operating performance map of the drive and permit conformity with the requirements. [0012] Other variations are also conceivable, such as the connection of the drive engine with the sun gear or the planet carrier, where the conveying device can be connected with the internal gear or the planet carrier or, respectively, with the internal gear or the sun gear and the auxiliary motor is connected with the component not yet used. The connection of the conveying device with the sun gear while connecting the auxiliary motor with the planet carrier and the drive engine with the internal gear is also conceivable. [0013] According to a further embodiment of the invention a gear ratio step is arranged between the drive engine and the input side of the summing gearbox on the side of the drive engine, particularly its internal gear, this step is arranged for a gear ratio step-up or step-down and/or for reversal of the direction of rotation of the drive. The arrangement of a gear ratio step between the other drive components and connections or other possible connections of the planetary gearbox may also be appropriate. [0014] The drive input gear ratio may consist of a chain of gears that contains two or more gears. This makes possible an axle spacing between the drive engine and the summing gearbox, the development of a gear ratio at the input of the summing gearbox and the development of a reversal of direction for the input rotational speed of the summing gearbox. [0015] Furthermore, the combination with multiple step gearboxes is also possible, as well as the arrangement of a second planetary gearbox or the use of a planetary gearbox with multiple gear ratios as summing gearbox. [0016] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention a pump or a blower is applied as conveying device where the pump is used in particular to convey lubricating or control oils or coolants such as water or the blower is used to convey air. Thereby the drive arrangement according to the invention can be used preferably for the drive of conveying devices, that are used for the cooling of drive components, the conveying of lubricating fluids or a provision of pressurizing means. [0017] According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention at least one sensor is configured to measure magnitudes of condition of the medium that are used for the control of the drive arrangement or the auxiliary motor, it is configured as a sensor for the measurement of the pressure and/or the temperature and/or the quantity of flow and/or the velocity of flow of the flowing medium. In this way, for example, the system pressure of the hydraulic or the lubricating fluid, or the temperature of these fluids as well as the temperature of the coolant or even the quantity of flow and the flow velocity of these fluids as well as with the application of a blower as well as the temperature, the flow velocity or the quantity of flow of the air conveyed for cooling can be utilized as control magnitude. [0018] According to a further particularly preferred embodiment of the invention an additional sensor is provided for the measurement of the rotational speed of the drive engine so that the conveying power of the conveying device can be controlled or regulated by the control of the auxiliary motor as a function of at least one magnitude of the condition of the medium and the rotational speed of the drive engine. In this way the control of the drive arrangement or of the auxiliary motor is provided with the magnitude of the condition of the medium conveyed that is utilized as control magnitude, in addition the rotational speed of the drive engine is also sensed, so that a control dependent upon the drive engine rotational speed is also possible. The additional control of the auxiliary motor depending upon the drive engine rotational speed permits the control of extreme conditions conforming to the operation. In this way, for example, during starting of the drive engine, particularly under extreme conditions, such as in the cold, at starting rotational speeds below that of the idle rotational speed (rotational speeds below the idle rotational speed) the amount conveyed by the conveying device can be brought to zero or at least reduced by including the auxiliary motor in the control which thereby reduces the friction torque that hinders the starting process. In the range of lower drive engine rotational speeds, particularly with hot or overheated conveyed media (for example oil) however the conveyed amount produced by the conveying device can clearly be increased in order to be able to make available more lubricating oil, if necessary, on a short term basis. At higher drive engine rotational speeds, that may be required for operation under high load, the amount conveyed can clearly be reduced compared to a rigid connection of the conveying device to the drive engine rotational speed, in order to save energy. Simultaneously the amount of the conveyed medium can be increased to the maximum conveyed amount at any time in case the operating temperatures or the temperatures of the condition of the medium conveyed reach the limit values. [0019] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention the conveying performance of the conveying device is controlled or regulated by controlling the auxiliary motor corresponding to a conveying performance map that can be provided as input as a function of the magnitude of the condition of the flowing medium, preferably the temperature, and the drive engine rotational speed. Here for every combination of these two parameters occurring in practical operation an allowable conveying performance of the conveying device and therewith a rotational speed of the auxiliary motor is determined, for example, empirically, and entered into a conveying performance map. The conveying performance map can be stored, for example in an electronic memory, to which the control arrangement refers in generating control signals. Preferably the conveying performance map contains target value curves that are temperature dependent and can be changed in terms of the drive engine rotational speed that can be provided as input within the operating limits of the conveying device that provide as input, for example, minimum and maximum amounts conveyed, that provide as input operationally correct, or delivers the target values needed for the control unit. In this way a wide operating spectrum can be covered and the conveying device can be operated under conditions varying from a purely linear performance characteristic. The resulting advantage here is that the necessary sensors (rotational speed sensor and temperature measurement locations) are already available in modern vehicles. If, in addition the system pressure is measured, which is also usual in modern transmissions, or if falling short of the lower limits of this pressure is registered then an additional input signal can be provided for the control of the rotational speed of the auxiliary motor in such a way that when the limit value is not reached an increased amount conveyed or a maximum amount conveyed of the conveying device is sought. [0020] According to a further embodiment of the invention the conveying performance of the conveying device is controlled or regulated by control of the auxiliary motor corresponding to a predetermined target value of the condition of the medium, preferably a target pressure of the flowing medium or a rotational speed of the drive engine depending on the target value curve of the condition of the medium, preferably a target pressure curve of the flowing medium. In that way, for example, a lubricant or an operating fluid for a gearbox must provide a certain operating pressure or system pressure that is adequate for the various operating conditions posed by the conveying device. By a target pressure provided as input to the control unit, that can be equalized determined by the sensor, the auxiliary motor can be regulated in such a way that the target pressure value provided as input for the lubricant or the operating fluid is attained. This has the advantage that the pressure control valve conventionally contained in a gearbox control block can be completely eliminated and instead a closed control circuit can be built up in the gearbox control block so that a control can be established for the control of the auxiliary motor, with the goal of regulating the amount conveyed by the conveying device in such a way that a desired or predetermined pressure level results under all operating conditions that occur in connection with the impact pressures or flow resistance in the gearbox control system. In combination with a sensor that detects the rotational speed of the drive engine a target pressure curve can also be utilized for the regulation of the drive of the auxiliary motor. Thereby various values of the target pressure can be provided as input in a target pressure curve, for various rotational speed ranges of the drive engine, stored in an electronic memory, and supplied to the control unit for the control or regulation of the auxiliary motor. In that way, for example, for the starting process at low rotational speeds a lower target pressure can be supplied as input that rises with increasing rotational speed and reaches a maximum only at higher rotational speeds, above an idle rotational speed, where the idle rotational speed is the lower limit of the rotational speed of the drive engine in normal operation. [0021] According to a further preferred embodiment of the invention a free wheeling device is arranged between the auxiliary motor and the summing gearbox that absorbs a torque acting upon the auxiliary motor. This arrangement is advantageous, for example, when only one direction of rotation of the auxiliary motor is utilized for the control or regulation of the conveying device and a supporting torque that must be supplied upon stopping of the auxiliary motor need not be supplied by the auxiliary motor itself. Such a free wheeling device can be provided, for example, on the drive shaft from the auxiliary motor to the sun gear, that permits the drive from the auxiliary motor to the sun gear, but supports the reverse flow of the torque from the sun gear directly on the housing. [0022] The advantage of this drive arrangement according to the invention lies particularly in the fact that the power required for the conveying device is reduced in the rotational speed range primarily used for the drive of the drive engine (approximately 70% to 90% of the rated rotational speed) up to 60% of the power required in today's systems needed by rigid (linear) drive arrangements. Beyond that such a drive arrangement has the advantage of varying the amount conveyed by the conveying device over the entire rotational speed range of the drive engine within wide limits in order to adjust it to the demand. In comparison to a conventional linear drive between the drive engine and the conveying device with the drive arrangement according to the invention, for example, in the low rotational speed range clearly higher conveying power levels can be called for with the same conveying device, on the other hand at high drive engine rotational speed unnecessary, excessively high conveying power demands are avoided and thereby the entire drive arrangement can be applied with optimum fuel consumption. [0023] To acquaint persons skilled in the art most closely related to the present invention, one preferred embodiment of the invention that illustrates the best mode now contemplated for putting the invention into practice is described herein by and with reference to, the annexed drawings that form a part of the specification. The exemplary embodiment is described in detail without attempting to show all of the various forms and modifications in which the invention might be embodied. As such, the embodiment shown and described herein is illustrative, and as will become apparent to those skilled in the art, can be modified in numerous ways within the spirit and scope of the invention—the invention being measured by the appended claims and not by the details of the specification. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0024] For a complete understanding of the objects, techniques, and structure of the invention reference should be made to the following detailed description and accompanying drawings, wherein: [0025] [0025]FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration of a drive arrangement according to the invention with a control unit for an auxiliary motor. [0026] [0026]FIG. 2 is a conveying performance map for a drive arrangement according to the invention with a control of the auxiliary motor depending largely on the temperature and the drive engine rotational speed. [0027] [0027]FIG. 3 is a target pressure curve for a drive arrangement according to the invention with a control or regulating arrangement of the auxiliary motor depending largely on pressure. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT [0028] The drive arrangement 10 shown schematically in FIG. 1 contains a drive engine for a working vehicle configured as internal combustion engine 12 , an auxiliary motor configured as an electric motor 14 , a summing gearbox configured as a planetary gearbox 16 , as well as a conveying device configured as a pump 18 , that supplies a gearbox control block 20 with pressurized oil necessary for the operation of a gearbox and that draws operating fluid from a fluid reservoir 21 . [0029] The internal combustion engine 12 of the drive arrangement 10 is coupled to a first drive shaft 26 supported in two shaft bearings 22 , 24 . The first drive shaft 26 is connected, fixed against rotation, to a gear 30 that is part of a gear ratio stage 28 . [0030] The electric motor 14 of the drive arrangement 10 is connected to a second drive shaft 32 that is supported in a shaft bearing 34 and is connected with a sun gear 36 of the planetary gearbox 16 . [0031] Furthermore, the planetary gearbox 16 contains an internal gear 38 as well as several planets 40 that are supported on a planet carrier 42 . The planet carrier 42 is connected, fixed against rotation, to an output shaft 44 . The internal gear 38 is coupled to a second gear 46 that is part of the gear ratio stage 28 , it meshes directly with the first gear 30 . The internal gear 38 and the second gear 46 form a unit and are supported in bearings together on the second drive shaft 32 . For the further support in bearings of the planetary gearbox 16 or the second output shaft 32 further bearings 48 and 49 are used, where other known methods of bearing support could also be used, which does not have any further importance here. [0032] The output shaft 44 at the planet carrier 42 is rigidly connected with the pump 18 , where the pump 18 conveys an operating oil fluid to the gearbox control block 20 . [0033] The gearbox control block 20 contains a temperature sensor 50 and/or a pressure sensor 52 which are connected with an electronic control unit 54 for the electric motor 14 . Furthermore, a rotational speed sensor 56 is provided at the internal combustion engine 12 that is also connected with the control unit 54 . The control unit 54 contains an internal control computer (not shown), that is connected with a memory (not shown), in which the performance maps, target values or target value curves necessary for the control unit are stored in memory. As a function of the values of the immediate condition, for example, operating oil temperature T oil , system pressure P system , and drive engine rotational speed n mot , the internal control computer calculates or determines, depending on control or regulation strategy, the required control magnitudes, on the basis of which the control unit 54 generates an electrical control current I mot . Generally the process operates according to two different strategies for the control or regulation of the electric motor 14 that are explained as follows on the basis of the performance map in FIG. 2 and on the basis of the target value curve in FIG. 3. [0034] For a control strategy based on a rotational speed and a temperature control FIG. 2 shows a conveying performance map as an example, on the basis of which the control strategy for the generation of the electrical control current I mot is described. The performance map shows the conveying performance P flow of the pump 18 on a vertical scale above the rotational speed of the drive engine n mot on the horizontal scale. The straight lines shown in the performance map P flow,max and P flow,min characterize the maximum or the minimum conveying performance of the pump used as a function of the drive rotational speed n mot . In contrast thereto the straight line P flow,linear characterizes the conveying performance of a corresponding pump 18 that is driven linearly or rigidly (conventionally) by the drive engine. Between the straight lines P flow,max and P flow,min a region is characterized in which the conveying performance P flow of the pump 18 can be controlled or varied by a corresponding control of the electric motor 14 . As an example three control curves are shown, P flow,−30° C. , P flow,40° C. , P flow,100° C. , on the basis of which the conveying performance P flow of the pump 18 can be controlled for the various oil temperatures −30° C., 40° C., and 100° C. For each desired temperature a control curve can be provided as input with which the desired conveying performance P flow of the pump 18 can be controlled. For extremely cold operating conditions at about −30° C. the control curve P flow,−30° C. provides as input, for example, that the conveying performance P flow of the pump 18 for drive engine rotational speeds n mot is held below 400 rpm, in order to simplify the starting process in that the friction torque resulting from the operation of the pump 18 is prevented. Then the control unit 54 determines on the basis of the dominant input magnitudes n mot (for example, n mot =200 rpm) and T oil (T oil =−30° C.) the conveying performance P flow (P flow =0) provided as input by the control curve for this operating point, and generates the corresponding control current I mot(200,−30) considering the drive engine rotational speed delivered by the rotational speed sensor 56 n mot =200 and considering geometrical inputs regarding the gear ratio. Then the control current I mot(200,−30) that is generated produces the rotational speed that must be developed in the electric motor and controls it, in order to hold the conveying performance P flow of the pump 18 to zero. For other operating points the corresponding process is similar. In that way the conveying performance map provides as input at operating oil temperatures about −30° C. and a drive engine rotational speed of 1000 rpm a conveying performance P flow of the pump 18 of approximately 22.5 liters per minute. The control current I mot,(1000,−30) generated by the control unit 54 then generates the rotational speed to be developed by the electric motor and controls it in order to bring the conveying performance P flow of the pump 18 to 22.5 liters per minute. [0035] Furthermore, the conveying performance map reveals that in comparison to a linear (rigidly) driven pump the conveying performance can be made to conform very well to the operating requirements. In that way, particularly at low drive engine rotational speeds n mot and the higher operating oil temperatures T oil (T oil =100° C.) a conveying performance P flow of the pump lying clearly above the “linear pump conveying characteristic” P flow, linear, P flow of the pump 18 can be controlled in order to better meet the performance requirements. Higher drive engine rotational speeds n mot present a different problem that deviates from the “linear pump performance characteristic” P flow,linear in that a lower pump performance characteristic P flow of the pump 18 is controlled in order to save excess conveying performance, that is, conveying performance P flow above that required for the operation. [0036] If, in addition, the system pressure is measured, which is equally possible with modern gearboxes, or if the inability to meet a target value of this pressure is registered, then from this in addition an input signal for the control of the rotational speed of the drive engine can be provided, in such a way that when the limit value is not met, fundamentally or as a function of rotational speeds and/or temperatures an increased conveyed amount or even the maximum conveyed amount of the conveying device is sought. [0037] The control strategy based on a rotational speed and temperature control makes it possible to vary the conveying performance P flow of the pump 18 across a relatively wide performance map and to meet the various operating requirements largely optimized as opposed to a conventional pump with linear drive. [0038] [0038]FIG. 3 shows a target value pressure curve depending on the drive engine rotational speed as an example on which an alternative control strategy directed at pressure measurement is based. In contrast to the control strategy based on rotational speed and temperature control, here a target value p system,target depending on the drive engine rotational speed is provided as input for the system pressure p system,target of the gearbox control block 20 that can be adjusted by control of the rotational speed of the electric motor 14 or by control of the conveying performance P flow of the pump 18 for the differing drive engine rotational speeds n mot . The input magnitudes for the control or regulation of the electric motor 14 in this case for each control cycle use are the drive engine rotational speed n mot delivered by the rotational speed sensor 56 as well as the actual predominant system pressure p system detected by the pressure sensor 52 . Corresponding to the drive engine rotational speed n mot the target pressure value p system,target from the target value curve provided as input in the control computer associated with the drive engine rotational speed n mot is determined and compared by the control computer with the system pressure p system . The difference in the values of the two magnitudes (p system,target, and p system ) is used as control magnitude for the control current I mot of the electric motor 14 . As a function of this control magnitude the electric motor 14 is now driven faster or slower until the target pressure value p system,target provided as input is reached. This control cycle is repeated corresponding to control intervals provided as input so that in all operating conditions the target value provided as input by the target value curve for the target value p [system,target] for the system pressure p system of the gearbox control block 20 is maintained. [0039] As can be seen from the diagram in FIG. 3, the target pressure p system,target provided as input increases for lower rotational speed values at a rate greater than proportional to the drive engine rotational speed n mot , until at higher drive engine rotational speeds n mot it reaches a maximum target value of 20 bar and maintains this value independently of the further rising drive engine rotational speed n mot . An advantage of the control strategy oriented towards pressure measurement lies in the saving or omission of a pressure control valve and the possibility of adjusting the pressure in accord with the demand independently of magnitudes of influence, such as, for example, temperature and viscosity of the oil. [0040] Although the invention has been described in terms of only one embodiment anyone skilled in the art will perceive many varied alternatives, modifications and variations in the light of the foregoing description as well as the drawing, all of which fall under the present invention. In that way, for example, as a supplement to the control or regulation strategy directed at pressure measurement, further target value curves could be provided as input that are utilized for pressure control as a function of the operating oil temperature T oil . [0041] Furthermore then the input value for the control unit 54 uses an operating oil temperature T oil delivered by the temperature sensor 50 . Then as a function of the operating oil temperature T oil a cold starting assistance is then also possible for the drive engine 12 in that when a temperature limit value is not met the target pressure value is set to zero and thereby the auxiliary motor 14 is controlled in such a way that a friction torque generated by the pump 18 can be reduced or even eliminated. [0042] In a further embodiment of the invention, that is shown as a supplement in dashed lines in FIG. 1 a free wheeling device 58 is arranged between the auxiliary motor 14 and the planetary gearbox 16 , which absorbs a torque applying friction to the auxiliary motor 14 . This arrangement is advantageous when only one direction of rotation of the auxiliary motor 14 is utilized for the repositioning or control of the conveying arrangement 18 , and a supporting torque that must be generated upon the stopping of the auxiliary motor 14 need not be generated by the auxiliary motor 14 itself. Such a free wheeling device 58 can be provided, for example, on the drive shaft 32 of the auxiliary motor 14 and the sun gear 36 . Thereby a drive of the sun gear 36 by the auxiliary motor 14 is permitted, but a reverse torque flow over the sun gear is intercepted directly by the connection on the part of the housing 60 of the free wheeling device 58 . [0043] Thus it can be seen that the objects of the invention have been satisfied by the structure presented above. While in accordance with the patent statutes, only the best mode and preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented and described in detail, it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Obvious modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiment was chosen and described to provide the best illustration of the principles of the invention and its practical application to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within the scope of the invention as determined by the appended claims when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly and legally entitled.	A drive arrangement for a conveying device for the conveying of a flowing medium is described, particularly for the conveying of air or fluid. The drive arrangement contains a drive engine whose rotational speed can be varied, an auxiliary motor that can be continuously controlled and a summing gearbox. The summing gearbox is connected on its output side with the conveying device and on its input side with the drive engine and the auxiliary motor. Furthermore, the drive arrangement contains a control unit that controls the auxiliary motor. In order to make possible an improved control or regulation of the conveying performance compared to linear, rigidly driven conveying devices, it is proposed that at least one magnitude of the condition of the flowing medium be detected by at least one sensor and to control or regulate the auxiliary motor of the drive arrangement by the control unit as a function of at least one magnitude of the condition of the medium.	5
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to baked goods of the white bread type and in particular relates to a yeast leavened bread type product having the taste, flavor and texture of a loaf of conventional white bread but having a reduced calorie content and increased moisture, fiber, and protein content. Specifically, this invention comprises a yeast leavened bread type baked product of the foregoing type which has citrus vesicle solids, particularly orange, lemon, and grapefruit vesicle solids, incorporated therein an amount of about 5% to about 20% by weight based on the weight of flour and which contains more than about 45% moisture. Presently large scale bread type baked goods are either of the conventional large loaf or white bread type or of the usually smaller loaf speciality type breads, although both white bread and speciality type baked goods can be made in a variety of sizes and shapes. Speciality breads are considered to include all breads except the standardized white bread and the speciality breads have become increasingly popular in recent years. The large loaf white bread type by law have a moisture content of 38% or less and usually have a maximum of about 7.5%-8.5% protein, whereas speciality type breads have protein contents of 6%-18% depending on formulation. Protein breads have the highest protein levels, while specialized diet or low calorie breads usually contain significantly less protein. Many people do not like the texture, taste or looks of the speciality breads, although their nutritional value and often lower calorie content is realized. High protein levels often render bread tough and unpalatable. We have found that using this invention we can make a low calorie bread which still has normal to increased protein levels, and retains the conventional amounts of other nutrients without being tough or unpalatable. Furthermore, use of citrus vesicle cells in bread doughs allows the addition of suitable levels of high protein spring wheat flour to the dough while still maintaining good dough handling conditions to produce a good quality product with protein levels equivalent to or greater than commercial standard white bread. Without citrus vesicle cells, addition of such levels of high protein spring wheat flour result in a tough, bucky dough that yields a finished product with a tough crumb and poor eating quality. An additional factor in bread composition is its fiber content. It has been reported that low fiber diets are directly related to higher blood cholesterol levels, heart disease, cancer of the colon, diverticulosis, reduced resistance to oral toxicants, and reduced plasma glucose level of diabetics. Efforts have been made in the past to increase the fiber content of bread by adding wood fibers (cellulose), soya husk fiber, corn fiber, and wheat bran. These, however, tend to weaken the dough structure needed for production of good quality bread, whereas citrus fibers utilized in this invention are more compatible with flour used in bread baking and produce breads of improved texture, volume, symmetry of loaf and flavor characteristics. The addition of citrus vesicle cells to bread formulations allows dramatic increases in water absorption of the doughs, as twice the amount of water often can be added to a dough mix when 5%-20% citrus vesicle cells are combined with the dough. A very unusual effect is obtained when the dough containing the large amount of water is baked. Contrary to the expected results, doughs containing citrus vesicle cells retain a significantly greater amount of absorbed water during the baking cycle compared to other water absorptive aids, such as Alpha Cellulose, commonly used in production of lower calorie breads. Thus, the higher amount of retained moisture allows significantly lower calorie content in the finished product while maintaining protein and common nutrient contents at least equal to those in standard white bread. Ideally breads of this invention contain about 50 cal/oz. compared to the 75 cal/oz. of conventional white bread. Lynn Patent No. 4,225,628 (Ben Hill Griffin, Inc,) . shows a process for preparing a citrus product having 80% orange and 20% grapefruit waste containing the peel, membrane, pulp and seed combined with sesame grain flour. This product is suggested for use in white bread at the 2%-5% level. However, in Food Processing, Oct. 1978 pp. 34-36, it is stated that at the 2.5% level of citrus fiber, bread has additional color. Also in an article entitled Citrus Flour-A New Fiber, Nutrient Source, from Food Product Development August, 1978 issue (p. 36), it is reported that in speciality breads, at levels of over 2%, the lighter breads take on a "rich tint", and at higher levels, a slight citrus flavor is noticed when using the Ben Hill Griffin flour containing peel, membrane, pulp and seed. Hart et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,275,088 uses only the vesicle from the citrus fruits in a dry chemically leavened cake mix. The juice vesicle solids are recovered from the juice cell sacs in the form of dried flakes #4 sieve (Tyler) and are separated from the pulp, rag and seeds by the method described in Food Technology, Feb. 1973 pp. 50-54. The product of U.S. Pat. No. 4,275,088 uses chemical leavening, a greater than 1 to 1% ratio of sugar to flour w/w and about 1 to 2% juice vesicle solids for best results. While the patentees say levels of 0.2% to 10% are acceptable, they warn high levels are unacceptable because of high batter viscosity resulting in higher liquid levels resulting in doughy baked cakes. Also the particle size of the vesicle solids is stated to be -400 microns (through U. S. Standard Sieve No. 40) and preferably -200 microns. Other patents which utilize citrus vesicles includes Blake 4,232,049 (frostings); Blake 4,232,053 (comestible base for jam, jelly, and fruit toppings); and Blake 4,244,981 (aerated frozen dessert). There are three principal processes used in baking bread type products, the straight dough, the sponge dough, and the brew process. This invention is applicable to all of these, but is particularly useful with the sponge dough process. In the straight dough process, for example, all ingredients are mixed into the dough and the bread is baked after the yeast has been allowed to ferment both the sugars present in the flour and any added sugars. Accordingly, it is a principal object of this invention to provide bread type products which have a taste, texture, general appearance and eating quality similar to conventional white bread, have equivalent nutritive value as judged by protein, niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, iron and calcium contents, but have a significantly lower calorie content, a higher fiber content and an increased moisture content to extend the time that the product retains freshness features after baking. A specific object of the invention is to provide a composition for making bread type baked goods which is adapted for use in all types of bread making processes. The composition can be baked into a loaf having a shape and size similar to conventional white bread, but having a slightly darker crumb color and lower calorie content. This invention is embodied in baked goods which have characteristics similar to conventional white bread, but which incorporate a high percentage of citrus sac fibers and have lower caloric content, more moisture and equivalent or higher protein content than a similar sized loaf of conventional white bread. These and other objects and advantages will become apparent hereinafter. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Bread is a staple food item and generally comprises as basic ingredients wheat flour, water, yeast, sugar and shortening. FLOUR is the most important ingredient and provides the structure or framework for baked goods due to the formation of gluten. When water is added to wheat flour, gluten is formed through interaction of two wheat proteins known as gliadin and glutenin. Gluten, which is formed only from wheat proteins, is unique in that it is essential in forming the resilient structure capable of retaining the gas formed during fermentation and yields a light aerated product after baking. Wheat starch also provides structure, when the starch granules hydrate at a temperature range of 140°-180° F. during the baking process, and increase the surface area which is immediately surrounded by available water. Bread flours are derived from the hard wheats because of the protein content and protein quality. A protein content commonly used for white pan bread is between 10%-13%. It is preferred to use high protein (15% or more) spring wheat to produce flour used in this invention. WATER provides hydration of the dry ingredients as well as free water to reduce the viscosity of the dough to a manageable level. In addition to those functions, water contributes to softness and shelf life qualities of the final product. Water also dissolves minor ingredients such as sugar, salt, etc., allowing them to be intimately blended into the dough, and serves as a medium for gelatinization of starch during the baking process. YEAST leavens the dough by the production of CO 2 gas (carbon dioxide). Leavening is the main function of yeast. Alcohol, acids, and energy (heat) are the other byproducts of yeast fermentation, which bio-chemically conditions the flour (mellowing-lowering the pH) and also contributes to flavor development. SUGAR is a fermentable carbohydrate which yeast uses in the fermentation process. Sugars which remain after fermentation are referred to as residual sugars. They contribute to the crust color due to caramelization and browning reaction. Flavor is also a result of residual sugars. SHORTENING acts as a lubricant for cell expansion of the dough and as a result will contribute to the crumb structure and texture of the finished product. This lubricating effect is also carried to the slicer where it aids in slicing the finished baked product. Shortening also contributes to moisture retention which aids in shelf life and gives a more tender crust. Other alternative ingredients include gluten for added protein; oat flour for additional protein, fiber, and other nutritive values; whey which contributes a measure of fermentation control as well as improved crust color; salt for flavor; and mold inhibitors, such as calcium propionate. The principal added ingredient in making the bread type product of this invention is citrus vesicles, preferably in dried flake form having a size of less than #4 sieve (Tyler) for bulk density control and handling ease. In the baking field, all additives are based on a percentage of the flour weight. Thus, the amount of dried citrus vesicle flakes on a dry solids basis (d.s.b.) is 5% to 20% of the weight of flour (d.s.b.). This adds 3% to 12% fiber to the composition, based on the weight of flour. The fiber preferably is orange, grapefruit, lemon, or mixtures thereof, which have less than 10% moisture, and are essentially colorless and tasteless. The citrus vesicles preferably are added dried, but other forms can be used. Other citrus vesicles are tangerine and mandarin. The flour used basically is a high protein flour milled from spring wheat. The wheat preferably has a protein content of more than 15%. A typical flour from this type wheat is KYROL High Gluten Flour from Con Agra/Peavey. This flour has a protein content of about 13.8%-14.2%. As mentioned the wheat from which the flour is milled preferably is spring wheat of 15%-17% protein content. The high protein of the wheat flour allows the large loaf of bread to retain its structure even though we have unexpectedly found that the use of citrus vesicles causes the final bread to have a much higher (45%-52%) moisture content than conventional bread. An unexpectedly large amount of this moisture is retained in the bread during the baking process and carries into the finished product. To add to the protein content of the bread, from 0% to 8% wheat gluten is added to the composition and from 0% to 20% oat flour is used. The amounts are based on the wheat flour used on a dry solids basis. The amount of water added to the bread dough is about 100% to about 115% based on the weight of wheat flour resulting in a moisture content of the final baked goods of about 45% to about 52%. The amount of sugar, preferably in the form of high fructose corn syrup of about 55% fructose, is about 5% to about 20% based on the amount of flour on a dry solids basis. Sucrose or other equivalent sugars may be used. The amount of vegetable oil shortening used is about 0.5% to about 5% based on the amount of wheat flour on a dry solids basis. Any conventional shortening can be used. The amount of yeast is 1.5% to 6% based on the weight of wheat flour. Other additives are 0.125% to 0.4% calcium propionate mold inhibitor, 1.5% to 4% salt, 0% to 2% miscellaneous ingredients such as dough conditioners, calcium sulfate, sodium stearoyl lactylate, whey, calcium peroxide, etc. These are conventional baked goods additives and are added in conventional amounts and form no part of this invention. In general, a typical loaf of white bread type baked goods made according to this invention has the following composition compared to a conventionally baked white bread having a typical formulation. These figures are based on an ounce of baked goods. ______________________________________ Fruit Fiber Conventional Bread White Bread______________________________________Carbohydrate 12.0-13.0 g/oz 13.5-15.0 g/ozFat 0.2-0.3 g/oz 1-1.5 g/ozProtein 2.3-2.8 g/oz 2.3-2.5 g/ozMoisture 13.0-14.5 g/oz 10.0-10.8 g/ozTotal Dietary Fiber 2.0-2.3 g/oz 0.3-0.8 g/ozCalories 50-60 /oz 75-85 /oz______________________________________ The use of citrus vesicle cells or fruit fiber in baked goods also results in products which have better storage qualities and freeze-thaw stability as compared to products not containing the vesicle solids. The addition of citrus vesicle cells to bread formulations creates conditions that allow dramatic increases in water absorption of the doughs and in some instances, twice the amount of water absorption is routinely obtained. Doughs containing citrus vesicle cells retain a significantly greater amount of absorbed water during the baking cycle compared to other water absorptive aids, such as Alpha Cellulose, commonly used in production of lower calorie breads. Thus, the higher amount of retained moisture allows significantly greater caloric reductions in the finished product. Citrus vesicle cells are more compatible with dough conditions needed for production of good quality bread than other caloric reduction materials such as Alpha Cellulose, soya husk fiber, corn fiber and wheat bran. For equal levels of caloric reduction, the use of citrus vesicle solids results in improved texture, volume, symmetry of loaf, and flavor characteristics. Use of citrus vesicle cells in bread doughs allows the addition of suitable levels of high protein spring wheat flour to the dough while maintaining good dough handling conditions to produce a good quality product with protein levels equivalent to or greater than standard white bread. Without citrus vesicle cells, addition of such levels of high protein spring wheat flour results in a tough, bucky dough that yields a finished product with a tough crumb and poor eating quality. Use of citrus vesicle cells in an amount of 5%-20% allows production of bread with significantly lower calorie content while maintaining protein and common nutrient contents equal to those in standard white bread. SPECIFIC EXAMPLES Following are specific examples showing the best method known at present to us in practicing this invention. An appropriate amount of standard flour enrichment mixture may be added to each dough to yield a final product with amounts of niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, iron, and calcium equivalent to standard enriched white bread. EXAMPLE NO. 1 This example shows the use of a straight dough process in making a large loaf of white bread type baked goods. The final product has 10% protein, 8% total dietary fiber and 46% water. There are 100 calories per 2 ounce serving. The bread has a similar appearance, feel, texture, and taste to conventional white bread. ______________________________________ WEIGHT % OFINGREDIENTS LBS. OZ. FLOUR______________________________________KYROL High Gluten Flour 95 95Yeast 5 6 5.375Water 115 10 115.6FERMALOID 8 0.5PD-321 13 0.8Calcium Sulfate 91/2 0.6Citrus Pulp Cell Flour 8 8Gluten 5 5Oat Flour 15 15Whey 1 8 1.5Salt 2 14 2.875High Fructose C.S. 16 4 16.25Veg. Oil 1 8 1.5Calcium Propionate 4 0.25C.T. CONDITIONER 4 0.25______________________________________ "FERMALOID is an acid type mineral yeast food. PD321 is a dough strengthener composed of sodium and calcium stearoyl lartylate. C. T. CONDITIONER is a dough improved whitener composed of enzyme active soya flour calcium peroxide. PROCEDURE Using a 120 Hobart mixer with a three prong agitator and a flat bottom bowl, place all ingredients in a bowl and mix in 1st speed for 1 minute and then in 2nd speed for 10 minutes. The final dough temperature should be 78°-80° F. The dough is placed in a fermentatation trough and covered for a period of 13/4 hours. At the end of this time the dough is punched (degassed) and then allowed to rise again for 30 minutes. After the 30 minute rise, the dough is taken to the bench and scaled to 181/2 ozs. for a pan with 9"×4"×31/4" top dimensions or 0.1322 ounces per cubic inch. The dough pieces are rounded and allowed to rest for 10 minutes. After this time they are sheeted as thin as possible without tearing and molded into the size loaf desired and placed in the greased pan. The bread is now ready for the final proofing stage. The dough is placed in a proof box set at 110° F. dry heat and 100° F. wet heat. The proof time is 40-50 minutes. After the final proof, the bread is baked for 30 minutes at 400° F. After baking it is cooled at room temperature for 1 hour, then sliced and bagged. Following is a comparison of the characteristics of the foregoing bread with a conventional white bread. ______________________________________ Citrus Fiber Conventional Bread White Bread______________________________________Calories 50/oz 75/ozMoisture 46% 38%Fiber Content 8% 3%Protein Content 10% 8%______________________________________ EXAMPLE NO. 2 This example shows the production of large loaf white bread type baked goods using the sponge dough process and high protein flour. PROCEDURE A sponge is formed by mixing the following ingredients: ______________________________________ WEIGHT % OFINGREDIENTS LBS. OZ. FLOUR______________________________________KYROL High Gluten Flour 65 65Gluten 5 5Oat Flour 15 15Yeast 3 3Water 80 114FERMALOID 8 0.5Calcium Sulfate 91/2 0.6PD-321 13 0.8Fruit Fiber 8 8______________________________________ The sponge is fermented for 31/2 hours and then is mixed with the following ingredients: ______________________________________ WEIGHT % OFINGREDIENTS LBS. OZ. FLOUR______________________________________KYROL High Gluten Flour 30 30Whey 1 8 1.5Salt 2 14 2.875High Fructose C.S. 16 4 16.25Veg. Oil 1 8 1.5Calcium Propionate 4 0.25C.T. CONDITIONER 4 0.25Water 27 8 112______________________________________ The combined dough is then given a secondary fermentation for 30 minutes, weighed to 181/2 ozs. for a 9"×4"×31/4" top dimension pan. The pieces rest for 10 minutes, are sheeted, rolled and molded into the size desired and placed in greased pans. It then is proofed for 53 minutes at 110° F. dry, 100° F. wet and baked at 400° F. for 30 minutes. The baked goods made following the foregoing procedure has 10% protein and 46% moisture. It has the taste, appearance, texture and feel of conventional white bread. Following is a comparison of the characteristics of this product with conventional white bread. ______________________________________ Citrus Fiber Conventional Bread White Bread______________________________________Protein 10% 8%Moisture 46% 38%Fiber 8% 3%Calorie 50/oz 75/oz______________________________________ EXAMPLE NO. 3 This example shows the production of a speciality sized loaf of white bread type baked goods using conventional wheat flour, i.e., flour which is not high protein. This bread is baked in a pan 7 3/3"×43/8" top dimensions, 67/8"×35/8" bottom dimensions and 3" height. This makes a loaf similar in size to that sold under the name EARTH GRAIN. The bread is baked in the smaller pan because the lower protein content of the wheat flour does not support the internal structure necessary for a large pan loaf. The bread otherwise has the taste, appearance, feel and texture of conventional white bread. PROCEDURE The sponge dough process is used as in Example No. 2 and a sponge is made from the following ingredients: ______________________________________ WEIGHT % OFINGREDIENTS LBS. OZ. FLOUR______________________________________Blend Flour 65 65Gluten 5 5Oat Flour 15 15Yeast 2 8 2.5Water 73 2 104FERMALOID 8 0.5Calcium Sulfate 91/2 0.6PD-321 13 0.8Fruit Fiber 8 8______________________________________ The sponge is fermented for 31/2 hours and then mixed with the following ingredients: ______________________________________ WEIGHT % OFINGREDIENTS LBS. OZ. FLOUR______________________________________Blend Flour 30 30Whey 1 8 1.5Salt 2 14 2.875High Fructose C.S. 16 4 16.25Veg. Oil 1 8 1.5Calcium Propionate 4 0.25C.T. CONDITIONER 4 0.25Water 27 8 105______________________________________ The combined dough is given a secondary fermentation for 30 minutes and weighed to 181/2 oz. pieces (or 0.216 oz/in 3 ) for the previously mentioned speciality bread pan. The pieces are rested for 6 minutes, sheeted, rolled, and molded into the size desired and placed in the greased speciality bread pan. The dough then is proofed for 50 minutes at 110° F. dry, 100° F. wet and baked at 400° F. for 30 minutes. The baked goods has 7% protein and 45% or more moisture as well as a taste and texture similar to conventional white bread. Following is a comparison of the characteristics of this bread compared to conventional white bread. ______________________________________ Citrus Fiber Conventional Bread White Bread______________________________________Protein 7% 8%Moisture 45% 38%Fiber 8% 3%Calorie 50/oz 75/oz______________________________________ This invention is intended to cover all changes and modifications and variations of the examples herein chosen for purposes of the disclosure, which do not constitute departures from the spirit and scope of the invention.	This disclosure relates to a novel reduced calorie yeast-leavened baked goods having the taste, flavor and texture of conventional white bread, but having substantially less calories, somewhat greater protein, a moisture content on the order of 45-52% and about 5% to about 20% citrus vesicle fibers.	8
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to and benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/018,148 filed Dec. 31, 2007, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT This invention was made with United States government support awarded by the following agency: NIH 5R01HL067244 and NIH 2R01GM055792. The United States government has certain rights in this invention. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Free radicals mediate numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes including, but not limited to, aging, cancer, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Free radicals are atomic or molecular species with unpaired electrons or an otherwise open shell configuration. The unpaired electrons are usually highly reactive, so free radicals are likely to take part in numerous chemical reactions. Analyzing free radicals in biological samples/systems, however, has traditionally been challenging because free radicals are highly reactive entities with very short lifetimes. One method for analyzing free radicals is spin trapping coupled with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Janzen E & Blackburn B, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 90:5909-5910 (1968). Spin trapping is based on a specific reaction between spin traps and free radicals that forms a paramagnetic spin adduct, which is less reactive than the free radicals, and thus accumulates in higher concentrations. Because spin adducts are paramagnetic, their EPR spectra provide information on the trapped free radical. Unfortunately, bioreduction and/or biooxidation of spin adducts can occur in biological applications of spin trapping. In addition, free radicals are often compartmentalized in biological samples/systems, and therefore not easily accessible for analysis. More recent spin trapping methods utilize nitrone compounds that react with a target free radical to form a persistent and distinguishable spin adduct that can be detected by EPR spectroscopy. See, e.g., Fréjaville C, et al., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1793-1794 (1994); Fréjaville C, et al., J. Med. Chem. 38:258-265 (1995); Olive G, et al., Free Rad. Biol. Med. 28:403-408 (2000); Ouari O, et al., J. Org. Chem. 64:3554-3556 (1999); and Zeghdaoui A, et al., J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2:2087-2089 (1995). These methods, however, each present its own set of limitations, which commonly include short persistency of the spin adducts, slow spin trapping kinetics, complicated spectra because of a mixture of the spin adducts and anisotropy of the signal when proteins are trapped. Consequently, identification of the spin adducts can be difficult. One application of spin traps is to analyze mechanisms of protein S-nitrosation, which is a common NO-dependent, post-translational modification involved in numerous signaling pathways. While it is relatively straight forward to measure the total level of protein S-nitrosation using reductive chemiluminescence techniques (Samouilov A & Zweier J, Anal. Biochem. 258:322-330 (1998); and Zhang Y & Hogg N, Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 287:L467-L474 (2004)), its detection of specific proteins currently relies on an indirect technique that involves a specific reduction of a S-nitroso group by ascorbate, followed by labeling of a newly formed thiol with a biotin label (Jaffrey S, et al., Nat. Cell Biol. 3:193-197 (2001)) or a fluorescent probe (Kettenhofen N, et al., J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 851:152-159 (2007)) in so-called ‘switch’ assays. The reaction between ascorbate and S-nitrosothiols in switch assays, however, is not kinetically facile, and often times much higher levels of ascorbate have been used in this assay than originally proposed. In addition, the reaction lacks specificity, as numerous low molecular weight disulfides and other proteins have been shown to be reduced at significant rates under high-ascorbate conditions, leading to false positives. Moreover, several extracellular proteins, including serum albumin, result in positive signals with the biotin switch assay, but not with the chemiluminescence switch assay. In addition to protein S-nitrosation, spin traps are used to analyze other protein free radicals, as well as lipid and nucleic acid free radicals. Hence, there is a need for spin trapping compounds that trap free radicals and form persistent, detectable spin adducts that can be directly assessed by a variety of known methods. In addition, there is a need for spin trapping compounds that not only trap free radicals, but also can be targeted to an organ, a cell, an organelle or a molecule of interest. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention relates generally to compositions and methods for detecting free radicals, and relates more particularly to spin trapping nitrones having a detecting moiety and/or a targeting moiety for directly detecting free radicals in biological samples. One aspect of the invention is a spin trapping compound for analyzing free radicals comprising a nitrone, a linker attached at R 1 or R 2 , and a detecting moiety attached to the linker, where the nitrone has the following structure: In an exemplary embodiment of this aspect, the nitrone is N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenyl nitrone (PBN), alpha-(4-pyridyl 1-oxide)-N-tert butylnitrone or 2′-sulfonyl PBN. In a further exemplary embodiment of this aspect, the nitrone is N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenyl nitrone. In another exemplary embodiment of this aspect, the linker is a hydrocarbon, a polyester, a polyethylene glycol, a carbohydrate, a fluorocarbon, a nucleic acid, a peptide, a polyamine, an amino acid or combinations thereof. The linker joins the detection moiety to the nitrone. As noted above, the linker may be attached to the nitrone at R 1 or R 2 . In another exemplary embodiment of this aspect, the detecting moiety is a small molecule, a chromogenic molecule, a fluorescent molecule or a radioactive molecule. In a further exemplary embodiment of this aspect, when the detecting molecule is a small molecule, it is biotin. In another exemplary embodiment of this aspect, the spin trapping compound further comprises a targeting moiety linked to the nitrone. The targeting moiety may be linked either to the linker or may be linked directly to the nitrone at a R group not occupied by the linker and detecting moiety. The targeting moiety can be an organ targeting agent, a cell targeting agent, an organelle targeting agent or a molecule targeting agent. In a further exemplary embodiment, when the targeting moiety is a cell targeting agent, it is a folate, which targets specific folate receptors in cells. In a further exemplary embodiment of this aspect, when the targeting moiety is an organelle targeting agent, it is a mitochondrial targeting agent, such as a triphenylphosphonium cation, a pyridinium cation or a tetraalkyl ammonium cation. In a further exemplary embodiment of this aspect, when the targeting moiety is a molecule targeting agent, it is biotin. A second aspect of the invention is a spin trapping compound for analyzing free radicals comprising a nitrone, a linker attached at R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 or R 7 , and a detecting moiety attached to the linker, where the nitrone has the following structure: In an exemplary embodiment of this aspect, the nitrone is 5-(diethoxy-phosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide, 5-tert-butoxycarbonyl 5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide, 5-(diisopropoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide, 5-ethoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide, 5-carbamoyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline 1-oxide, 5-(dipropoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide, 5-(di-n-butoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide or 5-(bis-(2-ethylhexyloxy)phosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide. In a further exemplary embodiment of this aspect, the nitrone is 5-(diethoxy-phosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide. In another exemplary embodiment of this aspect, the linker is a hydrocarbon, a polyester, a polyethylene glycol, a carbohydrate, a fluorocarbon, a nucleic acid, a peptide, a polyamine, an amino acid or combinations thereof. The linker joins the detection moiety to the nitrone. As noted above, the linker may be attached to the nitrone at R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 or R 7 . In another exemplary embodiment of this aspect, the detecting moiety is a small molecule, a chromogenic molecule, a fluorescent molecule or a radioactive molecule. In a further exemplary embodiment of this aspect, when the detecting molecule is a small molecule, it is biotin. In another exemplary embodiment of this aspect, the spin trapping compound further comprises a targeting moiety linked to the nitrone. The targeting moiety may be linked either to the linker or may be linked directly to the nitrone at a R group not occupied by the linker and detecting moiety. The targeting moiety can be an organ targeting agent, a cell targeting agent, an organelle targeting agent, or a molecule targeting agent. In a further exemplary embodiment, when the targeting moiety is a cell targeting agent, it is a folate, which targets specific folate receptors in cells. In a further exemplary embodiment of this aspect, when the targeting moiety is an organelle targeting agent, it is a mitochondrial targeting agent, such as a triphenylphosphonium cation, a pyridinium cation or a tetraalkyl ammonium cation. In a further exemplary embodiment of this aspect, when the targeting moiety is a molecule targeting agent, it is biotin. A third aspect of the invention is a method of detecting free radicals, the method comprising the steps of reacting a sample suspected of having free radicals to a spin trapping compound as described above to form a spin adduct; optionally forming the free radicals by photolysis during the reacting step; and detecting the spin adduct. In an exemplary embodiment of this aspect, the detecting moiety is detected via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Northern blot analysis, Southern blot analysis, Western blot analysis, Immunodot assays, high performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography or single photon emission computed tomography. In another exemplary embodiment of this aspect, the spin adduct itself is detected via EPR. It is an advantage that the compounds and methods described herein permit localized, targeted detection of free radicals in vitro and in vivo. It is another advantage that the compounds and methods described herein permit the analysis of free radicals independent of the use of EPR. It is another advantage that the compounds described herein broaden the application of spin trapping by combining spin trapping specificity with the sensitivity of methods for detecting certain detection moieties, such as an anti-biotin antibody. These and other features, objects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood from the description that follows. In the description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof and in which there is shown by way of illustration, not limitation, embodiments of the invention. The description of exemplary embodiments or examples is not intended to limit the invention to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives. Reference should therefore be made to the claims recited herein for interpreting the scope of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 shows a diagram for the synthesis of one embodiment of a bifunctional spin trapping compound, biotinylated DEPMPO (btDEPMPO); FIG. 2 shows a diagram for the use of btDEPMPO to detect free radicals, such as thiyl radicals generated after photolysis of protein S-nitrosothiols; FIG. 3 shows a time course of a spectra recorded by EPR using singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis after photolysis of a solution containing S-nitrosated bovine serum albumin (BSA-SNO) and btDEPMPO; FIG. 4A-B show a time course of a spectra recorded by EPR using SVD analysis after photolysis of a solution containing BSA-SNO and btDEPMPO (A) or BSA and btDEPMPO (B); FIG. 5 shows a Western blot analysis of BSA-SNO after photolysis in the presence of biotin-DEPMPO (lane 1, BSA-SNO with biotin-DEPMPO; lane 2, BSA with biotin-DEPMPO; lane 3, BSA with biotin-IAA); FIG. 6 shows a Western blot analysis of cellular S-nitrosated proteins (lane 1, biotinylated BSA; lane 2, biotinylated total cellular protein; lane 3, CysNO-treated cells (5 μg protein); lane 4, CysNO-treated cells (10 μg protein); lane 5, untreated cells (5 μg protein); lane 6, untreated cells (10 μg protein)); FIG. 7 shows a diagram for the synthesis of one embodiment of a trifunctional spin trapping compound, Bio-Green-DEPMPO; and FIG. 8 shows a diagram for the synthesis of another embodiment of a trifunctional spin trapping compound, mito-btDEPMPO. FIG. 9 shows a Western blot analysis of a gel using biotin-DEPMPO with H 2 O 2 -treated MetMb. FIG. 10 shows spintrap data obtained using BioGreen-DEPMPO with H 2 O 2 (or nitrite) treated with OxyHb, MetMb or Mb. While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the description of specific embodiments is not intended to limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS Of particular interest herein is the analysis of free radicals derived from reactive oxygen species (ROS; e.g., superoxide (O 2 . − ) hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), hydroxyl radical (.OH)), reactive nitrogen species (RNS; e.g., nitric oxide (NO)) and reactive sulfur species (RSS; e.g., thiols (—SH)). As such, one can detect protein free radicals such as R—OO., R—O., R—C., R—S. and R—SS., where R is a protein. Likewise, one can detect lipid free radicals such as lipid peroxyl (ROO.) and alkoxyl (RO.) radicals, where R is a lipid. Moreover, one can detect nucleic acid free radicals. Detection of free radicals by EPR depends upon the formation of a persistent nitroxide from a reaction of a nitrone with a free radical. Nitroxides, however, have a limited lifetime and are either reduced to a hydroxylamine adduct or oxidized back to a nitrone adduct, both of which cannot be detected by EPR. The analysis of free radicals can be improved by using compounds and methods that directly analyze spin adducts without exclusively relying upon stability of the nitroxide. A spin adduct is a product of a direct addition of two distinct molecules (i.e., spin trap compound+free radical), resulting in a single reaction product containing all atoms of all components, with formation of a covalent bond and a net reduction in bond multiplicity in at least one of the reactants. Nitrones are N-oxides of an imine (i.e., a functional group having a carbon-nitrogen double bond), and can have a cyclic structure. With respect to the nitrones of Formulas 1 and 2, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 may independently be one of the following: deuterium, hydrogen, hydrocarbon (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl), haloalkane (e.g., bromoalkane, iodoalkane, fluoroalkane or chloroalkane), oxygen-containing group (e.g., acyl halide, alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, carbonate, carboxylate, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, hydroperoxide or peroxide), nitrogen-containing group (e.g., amide, amine, imine, imide, azide, azo compound, cyanate, isocyanate, nitrate, nitrile, nitrite, nitro compound, nitroso compound or pyridine derivative), or phosphorus- and sulfur-containing group (e.g., phosphine, phosphonate, phosphodiester, phosphonic acid, phosphate, sulfide, sulfone, sulfonic acid, sulfoxide, thiol, thiocyanate or disulfide), as well as suitable combinations thereof. Exemplary nitrones of Formula 1 include, but are not limited to: N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenyl nitrone (PBN), alpha-(4-pyridyl 1-oxide)-N-tert butylnitrone (POBN) and 2′-sulfonyl PBN (SPBN). Exemplary nitrones of Formula 2 include, but are not limited to: 5-(diethoxy-phosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DEPMPO), 5-tert-butoxycarbonyl 5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (BMPO), 5-(diisopropoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DIPPMO), 5-ethoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (EMPO), 5-carbamoyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (AMPO), 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline 1-oxide (DMPO), 5-(dipropoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DPPMPO), 5-(di-n-butoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DBPMPO) and 5-(bis-(2-ethylhexyloxy)phosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DEHPMPO). Of particular interest herein are DEPMPO, DIPPMO and BMPO, which have the following structures: The linker (L) may be a hydrocarbon, a polyester, a polyethylene glycol, a carbohydrate, a fluorocarbon, a nucleic acid, a peptide, a polyamine, an amino acid or a combination thereof. The linker joins the detection moiety to the nitrone. The linker further joins the targeting moiety, if present, to the nitrone. The linker may be attached to the nitrone at one any of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 on Formula 1 or 2. The detecting moiety (D) is an agent that can be linked to the linker and that can be used to detect the nitrone following spin trapping. The detecting moiety is not affected by the redox state of the nitrone or by the free radical and is therefore stable. The detecting moiety may be a small molecule, a chromogenic molecule, a fluorescent molecule or a radioactive molecule. Small molecules include, but are not limited to, biotin, a positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer, a single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) radiotracer and other suitable small molecules. Also contemplated are contrast agents for radiotracers (e.g., gadolinium-tetraazacyclododecanetetraacetic (Gd-DOTA), gadolinium-diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (Gd-DTPA)). Biotin has the following structure: Chromogenic molecules include, but are not limited to, luminescent labels (e.g., luminol), enzymatic labels (e.g., horseradish peroxidase, beta-galactosidase, luciferase, alkaline phosphatase and acetylcholinesterase), 7-methoxycoumarin derivatives, carboxyfluorescein derivatives, ethidium bromide derivatives, EVOblue derivatives and Dabcyl derivatives, and other suitable chromogenic molecules. Fluorescent molecules include, but are not limited to, fluorescein dyes (e.g., fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), rhodamine, lanthanide phosphors, Cascade Blue® (CB), Lucifer yellow, 5(and 6)-tetramethylrhodamine, Oregon Green®, Tokyo Green, carboxynaphthofluorescein, carboxyseminaphthofluorescein (SNAFL) and the Alexa Fluor family of dyes, as well as other cyanine dyes). Radioactive molecules include, but are not limited to, 277 Ac, 105 Ag, 198 Au, 128 Ba, 131 Ba, 7 Be, 204 Bi, 205 Bi, 206 Bi, 76 Br, 77 Br, 82 Br, 11 C, 14 C, 47 Ca, 109 Cd, 36 Cl, 48 Cr, 51 Cr, 62 Cu, 64 Cu, 67 Cu, 165 Dy, 155 Eu, 18 F, 52 Fe, 55 Fe, 66 Ga 67 Ga, 72 Ga, 153 Gd, 3 H, 106 Ho, 111 I, 123 I, 125 I, 131 I, 111 In, 113 In, 115 In, 123 I, 125 I, 131 I, 189 Ir, 191 Ir, 192 Ir, 194 Ir, 42 K, 177 Lu, 22 Na, 24 Na, 15 O, 191m-191 Os, 109 Pd, 32 p, 33 p, 226 Ra, 82m Rb, 186 Re, 188 Re, 35 S, 38 S, 46 Sc, 47 Sc, 72 Se, 75 Se, 153 Sm, 113 Sn, 117m Sn, 121 Sn, 89 Sr, 177 Ta, 96 Tc, 99m Tc, 201 Tl, 202 Tl, 88 Y, 90 Y, 166 Yb, 169 Yb, 175 Yb, 62 Zn and 65 Zn. Exemplary bifunctional spin trapping compounds having a biotin detection moiety include compounds of Formula 3 and Formula 4: As noted above, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 , may independently be one of the following: deuterium, hydrogen, hydrocarbon (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl); halogenalkane (e.g., bromoalkane, iodoalkane, fluoroalkane or chloroalkane), oxygen-containing group (e.g., acyl halide, alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, carbamate, carboxylate, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, hydroperoxide or peroxide), nitrogen-containing group (e.g., amide, amine, imine, imide, azide, azo compound, cyanate, isocyanate, nitrate, nitrile, nitrite, nitro compound, nitroso compound or pyridine derivative), or phosphorus- and sulfur-containing group (e.g., phosphine, phosphonate, phosphodiester, phosphonic acid, phosphate, sulfide, sulfone, sulfonic acid, sulfoxide, thiol, thiocyanate or disulfide), as well as suitable combinations thereof. The linker (L) may be a hydrocarbon, a polyester, a polyethylene glycol, a carbohydrate, a fluorocarbon, a nucleic acid, a peptide, a polyamine, an amino acid or a combination thereof. The linker joins the detection moiety to the nitrone and may be attached to the nitrone at one any of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 on Formulas 1-4. The compounds described herein can further include a targeting moiety (T). The targeting moiety is an agent that can be linked to a nitrone and that can be used to direct the nitrone to an organ, a cell, an organelle or even a molecule of interest. The targeting moiety may be linked to the linker or may be linked directly to the nitrone, as in Formulas 1-4 at R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 . The targeting moiety is specific for an organ, a cell, an organelle or a molecule of interest. Targeting moieties include, but are not limited to, organ targeting agents, cell targeting agents, organelle targeting agents and molecule targeting agents. It is understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that some targeting moieties may fall into one or more groups of targeting agents. Likewise, it is understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that some of the detecting moieties may be a targeting moiety (e.g., biotin). Organ targeting agents include, but are not limited to, lectins, peptides, sugars and molecules that recognize cell surface markers (e.g., antibodies and RGD peptides). See, e.g., Chalier F, et al., Org. Biomol. Chem. 2:927-934 (2004), incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety. Cell targeting agents include, but are not limited to, cell-penetrating agents, receptor targeting agents and other cell surface targeting agents. See, e.g., Chalier et at., supra; Hay A, et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 435:336-346 (2005); Liu Y, et al., Chem. Commun. (Camb) 39:4943-4945 (2005); and Ouari O, et al., J. Org. Chem. 64:3554-3556 (1999), each of which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety. Other cell targeting agents are known and may be used with the nitrones described herein. See, e.g., McCusker C, et al., J. Immunol. 179:2556-2564 (2007); Marshall N, et al., J. Immunol. Methods 325:114-126 (2007); Wu R, et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 35:5182-5191 (2007); Toshchakov V & Vogel S, Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 7:1035-1050 (2007); Slofstra S, et al., Blood 110:3176-3182 (2007); Weiss H, et al., Chem Biodivers. 4:1413-1437 (2007); Moulton H, et al., Biochem. Soc. Trans. 35:826-828 (2007); Chen L & Harrison S, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 35:821-825 (2007); Torchilin V, et al., Biochem. Soc. Trans. 35:816-820 (2007); and Moschos S, et al., Biochem. Soc. Trans. 35:807-810 (2007), each of which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety. Exemplary cell-penetrating peptides include, but are not limited to, Penetratin®, HIV-1 Tat protein, HIV-1 Rev protein, Arg9 (polyarginine), pIs1-1, a membrane-translocating sequence (MTS; see, Fawell S, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:664-668 (1994)), an integrin h-region, a multiple antigenic peptide (MAP; see, Tam J, Proc. Natl. Acad, Sci. USA, 85:5409-5413 (1988).), Herpes Simplex Virus VP22 protein, Influenza Virus HA-2 protein and Bac (1-15, 15-24). Generally, cell-penetrating peptides are short polycationic polypeptides. Exemplary receptor targeting agents include, but are not limited to, folate derivatives (e.g., pteoric acid or folic acid), integrin ligands (e.g., RGD peptides) and antibodies to cell surface markers. See, e.g., Vlahov I, et al., J. Org. Chem. 72:5968-5972 (2007), Reddy J, et al., Cancer Res. 67: 4434-4442 (2007); Yang J, et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 321:462-468 (2007); Lu Y, et al., Mol. Cancer Ther. 5:3258-3267 (2006); Knutson K, et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 24:4254-4261 (2006), Yang J, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:13872-13877 (2006); Lu Y, et al., Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 56:1161-1176 (2004), Leamon C, et al., Bioconjugate Chem. 17:1226-1232 (2006), Vlahov I, et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 16:5093-5096 (2006); Reddy J, et al., Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 58:229-236 (2006); Leamon C, et al., Bioconj. Chem. 16:803-811 (2005); and Parker N, et al., Anal. Biochem. 338:284-293 (2005), each of which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety. Other receptor targeting agents include bombesin, chlorotoxin, tamoxifen, taxol and the like. Organelle targeting agents include, but are not limited to, agents that target a nucleus (e.g., acridine-based nuclear-targeting agents, oligonucleobases, steroid hormones (or analogs thereof) or any other nuclear localization signal, such as Pro-Pro-Lys-Lys-Lys-Arg-Lys-Val-), agents that target a nucleolus (e.g., human I-mfa domain-containing protein (HIC) p40, Hepatitis δ antigen, a nucleolar targeting signal from human T-cell leukemia virus type I Rex-encoded protein, a nucleolar targeting signal from the Werner syndrome protein or any other nucleolar localization signal), agents that target a mitochondria (or a chloroplast, e.g., any mitochondrial targeting signal, such as H 2 N-Met-Leu-Ser-Leu-Arg-Gln-Ser-Ile-Arg-Phe-Phe-Lys-Pro-Ala-Thr-Arg-Thr-Leu-Cys-Ser-Ser-Arg-Tyr-Leu-Leu-), agents that target an endoplasmic reticulum (e.g., any endoplasmic reticulum localization signal, such as H 2 N-Met-Met-Ser-Phe-Val-Ser-Leu-Leu-Leu-Val-Gly-Ile-Leu-Phe-Trp-Ala-Thr-Glu-Ala-Glu-Gln-Leu-Thr-Lys-Cys-Glu-Val-Phe-Gln-), agents that target a Golgi apparatus and agents that target peroxisomes (e.g., any peroxisomal targeting signal, such as -Ser-Lys-Leu-COOH or H 2 N-Arg-Leu-X 5 -His-Leu-, where X 5 is any five amino acids) or other vesicles. Of particular interest herein are agents that target the mitochondria. See, e.g., Murphy M, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 278:48534-48545 (2003); Smith R, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100:5407-5412 (2003); and Hardy M, et al., Chem. Commun. (Camb) 10: 1083-1085 (2007), each of which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety. Exemplary mitochondria targeting agents include, but are not limited to, a triphenylphosphonium (TPP) cation, a pyridinium cation or a tetraalkyl ammonium cation, which have the following structures: where R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are independently a C 1-12 unbranched or branched, linear or non-linear alkyl, such as methyl groups, ethyl groups, propyl groups, butyl groups, pentyl groups, hexyl groups, heptyl groups, octyl groups, nonyl groups, decyl groups, undecyl groups or dodecyl groups. Other mitochondria targeting agents are known and may be used with the nitrones described herein. See, e.g., Murphy M & Smith R, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 47:629-656 (2007). Ross M, et al., Biochem. J. 400:199-208 (2006); James A, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 280:21295-21312 (2005); Filipovska A, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 280:24113-24126 (2005); Adlam V, et al., FASEB J. 19:1088-1095 (2005); Blaikie F, et al., Biosci. Rep. 26:231-243 (2006), each of which is incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety. Molecule targeting agents include, but are not limited to, agents that target a specific molecule, such as affinity reagents (e.g., Fabs, biotin and hexa-histidine (His6) tags). In general, molecule targeting agents can be used to purify or separate the spin adduct from samples. That is, a triftinctional spin trapping compound having biotin can be purified from a sample via immunoprecipitation or avidin. As noted above, biotin can function as a detection moiety in some trifunctional spin trapping compounds or as a molecule targeting agent in others. Exemplary trifunctional spin trapping compounds having a biotin detection moiety include compounds of Formula 5 or Formula 6: Exemplary trifunctional spin trapping compounds having a biotin targeting moiety include compounds of Formula 7 or Formula 8. As noted above, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 , may independently be one of the following: deuterium, hydrogen, hydrocarbon (e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, phenyl or benzyl); haloalkane (e.g., bromoalkane, iodoalkane, fluoroalkane or chloroalkane), oxygen-containing group (e.g., acyl halide, alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, carbonate, carboxylate, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, hydroperoxide or peroxide), nitrogen-containing group (e.g., amide, amine, imine, imide, azide, azo compound, cyanate, isocyanate, nitrate, nitrile, nitrite, nitro compound, nitroso compound or pyridine derivative), or phosphorus- and sulfur-containing group (e.g., phosphine, phosphonate, phosphodiester, phosphonic acid, phosphate, sulfide, sulfone, sulfonic acid, sulfoxide, thiol, thiocyanate or disulfide), as well as suitable combinations thereof. As noted above, the linker (L) may be a hydrocarbon, a polyester, a polyethylene glycol, a carbohydrate, a fluorocarbon, a nucleic acid, a peptide, a polyamine, an amino acid or a combination thereof. The linker joins the detection moiety and the targeting moiety to the nitrone. The linker may be attached to the nitrone at one any of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 . Methods of detecting spin adducts include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Northern blot analysis, Southern blot analysis, Western blot analysis and Immunodot assays. See, e.g., Mason R, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 36:1214-1223 (2004). Other methods for detecting spin adducts include high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (MS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Moreover, EPR can be used to detect the spin adducts. The invention will be more fully understood upon consideration of the following non-limiting Examples. EXAMPLES Example 1 Bifunctional Spin Trap Compound Methods: btDEPMPO was synthesized as follows: a solution of biotinylamidopropylammonium trifluoroacetate (0.0665 g, 0.22 mmol; Sigma; St. Louis, Mo.) and of triethylamine (0.034 mL, 0.24 m-mol; Sigma) in 3 mL dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Sigma) were added at room temperature under inert atmosphere to a solution of 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-4-succinimidyloxycarbonyloxymethyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (NHS-DEPMPO) (0.090 g, 0.22 mmol) in DMSO (2 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 24 hours at room temperature, and brine (5 mL) was added. An organic layer was separated and the expected nitrone was extracted again twice from the aqueous phase with CH 2 Cl 2 (10 mL). The mixed organic phases were dried with Na 2 SO 4 , and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. A crude product that was composed mainly of the expected nitrone from NMR ( 1 H and 31 P) analysis was purified by flash chromatography on silicagel with a gradient of ethanol (15 up 100%) in CH 2 Cl 2 and to obtain btDEPMPO. See, Hardy et al., supra. Results: btDEPMPO was obtained as a white powder (51 mg, 0.087 mmol) with 39% yield; melting point 176° C. (decomposition). 31 P NMR (81.01 MHz) δ 21.33. 1 H NMR (200.13 MHz; CD 3 OD; Me 4 Si) δ 7.28 (1H, q, J=3.0, 3.0), 4.56-4.38 (2H, m), 4.37-4.13 (6H, m), 3.27-3.10 (5H, m), 2.95 (1H, d, J=12.9), 2.70 (1H, dd, J=12.9, 4.9), 2.87-2.61 (3H, m), 2.22 (2H, t), 1.74 (3H, d, J=14.4), 1.76-1.42 (8H, m), 1.37 (6H, 2t, J=7.0, 7.2). 13 C NMR (50.32 MHz) δ 176.2 (1C, s), 166.0 (1C, s), 158.4 (1C, s), 140.7 (1C, d, J=5.7), 77.5 (1C, d, J=151.5), 66.0 (1C, d, J=6.6), 64.9 (1C, d, J=7.7), 64.9 (1C, s), 63.4 (1C, s), 61.7 (1C, s), 57.0 (1C, s), 47.3 (1C, s), 41.0 (1C, s), 39.2 (1C, s), 37.7 (1C, s), 36.8 (1C, s), 31.5 (1C, s), 30.6, 29.7, 29.5, 26.9 (4C, 4s), 20.7 (1C, s) 16.7, 16.7 (2C, 2d, J=5.7). HRMS calculated for [C 24 H 42 N 5 O 8 PS+H] + 592.2570, found: 592.2529. ESI-MS/MS (20 eV) m/z (%) 592.4 (100) (M + +H), 574 (5), 436 (4), 327 (17), 301 (45), 284 (5), 266 (5), 248 (10), 230 (8), 218 (14), 138 (5). Example 2 Detection of Protein and Non-Protein Free Radicals with Bifunctional Spin Trap Compounds Methods: All materials were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo.) unless otherwise indicated. BSA-SNO: BSA-SNO was prepared according the method of Katsumi et al. by incubating BSA with S-nitrosocysteine, followed by purification on a Sephadex® G-25 size-exclusion column. Katsumi H, et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 93:2343-2352 (2004), incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety. btDEPMPO: The bifunctional spin trap compound, btDEPMPO, was prepared as described above in Example 1. EPR: EPR was conducted on a X-band Bruker EMX Spectrometer (Bruker BioSpin Corp.; Billerica, Mass.). Detection of protein radicals: Myoglobin (400 μM) was incubated with hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 , 5 mM) in the presence of btDEPMPO (20 mM) using a method adapted from Kelman et al. Kelman D, et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269:7458-7463 (1994), incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety. The protein was separated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by Western blot analysis using an alkaline phosphotase-conjugated, anti-biotin antibody (1:2000). Detection of protein S-nitrosation and thiyl radicals: BSA-SNO was generated by incubating BSA with S-nitrosocysteine followed by separation on a Sephadex® G25 Size-Exclusion Column. BSA-SNO (5 mg/ml) was incubated with with btDEPMPO (20 mM) under irradiation by UV/visible light passed through a 400 nm cut-off filter for 20 minutes. During this time, light homolyzed the S—N bond of the S-nitrosothiols to generate a thiyl radical that was trapped by btDEPMPO, thus permitting Western blot analysis of S-nitrosated proteins. All solutions were bubbled with argon to remove oxygen. After irradiation, protein was separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and was then blotted to nitrocellulose membranes. Protein was detected using an anti-biotin antibody directly linked to horse radish peroxidase (Calbiochem; San Diego, Calif.), thereby removing the requirement for a secondary antibody, and developed using an enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) reagent (Pierce; Rockford, Ill.). Detection of S-nitrosated proteins in RAW 264.7 cells: Briefly, murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells (American Type Culture Collection (ATCC); Manassas, Va.) were grown to confluence in a 10 cm plate and then incubated with S-nitrosocysteine (200 μM) for 1 hour to generate an intracellular protein S-nitrosation level of ˜5 mg/ml) in a method adapted from Zhang & Hogg. Zhang Y & Hogg N, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:7891-7896 (2004), incorporated herein by reference as if set forth in its entirety. Following incubation, the cells were lysed, and btDEPMPO was added to the resulting mixture. This mixture was then irradiated under the same conditions described above for BSA-SNO. After irradiation, proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE prior to Western blot analysis. Results: With respect to protein radicals, btDEPMPO trapped this protein radical to give an EPR signal, indicating that the biotin group did not interfere with the ability of the cyclic nitrone to trap the protein radical. Western blot analysis of the spin-trapped protein radical was performed along with appropriate controls. While no bands were detected in the absence of btDEPMPO or H 2 O 2 , the complete system gave a strong band at the molecular weight of myoglobin (˜17 kDa), indicating that btDEPMPO was able to trap the protein radical and that the spin adduct was stable enough to be detected by Western blot analysis. The covalent association between btDEPMPO and the protein radical was confirmed by mass spectrometry (17542.3). With respect to BSA S-nitrosation, btDEPMPO trapped the thiyl radical generated after photolysis of BSA-NO to give an EPR signal, indicating that the biotin group did not interfere with the ability of the cyclic nitrone to trap the protein radical. While the EPR spectrum had a limited life-time because of both reduction and oxidation of the nitroxide, biotin remained stably associated with the protein thiol and was detected by Western blot analysis. Biotin labeling can also allow immunoprecipitation of proteins and analysis by MS. During photolysis, a broad EPR signal was observed that grew in time, until the light was switched off, at which point the signal slowly decayed. No such EPR signals were observed with BSA alone, indicating specificity for the S-nitroso group. During photolysis of BSA-SNO, a complex multi-line EPR signal evolved over time, indicating that btDEPMPO trapped the radicals generated after photolysis of BSA-SNO. Photolysis of BSA resulted in a broad, non-specific signal that did not change intensity as a function of time. With respect to the RAW 264.7 cells, these cells were used to test if btDEPMPO could be applied to complex mixtures of S-nitrosated proteins. Biotin remained stably associated with protein thiols and was detected by Western blot analysis. While no bands were detected in the absence of btDEPMPO, the complete system detected many proteins in the CysNO-treated cells, but not in the cells that had not been treated with CysNO. These results indicated that non-specific labeling was low, and that the photolysis/biotinylation method detected a large range of S-nitrosated proteins. Example 3 Trifunctional Spin Trap Compound Methods: Bio-Green-DEPMPO was synthesized as follows: a solution of biocytin Oregon Green® (10 mg, 0.012 mmol; Invitrogen) and of triethylamine (4 μL, 0.030 mmol; Sigma) in 2 ml dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Sigma) were added at room temperature under inert atmosphere to a solution of 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-4-succinimidyloxycarbonyloxymethyl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (NHS-DEPMPO) (5 mg, 0.013 mmol) in DMSO (2 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 hours at room temperature. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and a crude product was purified by preparative HPLC using a C 18 column that was equilibrated with 10% CH 3 CN (containing 0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in 0.1% TFA aqueous solution) to afford Bio-Green-DEPMPO. Results: Bio-Green-DEPMPO was obtained as a orange powder (12 mg, 90% of yield). HPLC, 22.8 min. HRMS calculated for C 53 H 66 F 2 N 7 O 15 PS, [C 53 H 66 F 2 N 7 O 15 PS] + +H + : 1142.3971, found: 1142.3092. Example 4 Trifunctional Spin Trap Compound Methods: Mito-btDEPMPO is synthesized as follows: N-hydroxysuccinimide (0.044 g, 0.382 mmol) and DCC (0.052 mL, 0.35 mmol) are added to a cloudy mixture of N-t-Boc-biocytin (0.15 g, 0.326 mmol; Invitrogen) in isopropyl alcohol/DMF (10 ml). After 12 hours, the solvents are removed under vacuum and dissolved in CHCl 3 . A resulting solution is added dropwise to ethyl ether/hexane (1:1). A resulting white precipitate is collected and is dried under vacuum to give 0.17 g (93%) NHS—N-t-Boc-biocytin. A solution of amino-TPP and triethylamine in DMSO is added at room temperature and under inert atmosphere to a solution of NHS—N-t-Boc-biocytin in DMSO (2 ml). A reaction mixture is stirred for 6 hours at room temperature. Solvent is removed under reduced pressure, and a crude product is purified by preparative HPLC using a C18 column equilibrated with 10% CH 3 CN (containing 0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in 0.1% TFA aqueous solution) to give TPP—N-t-Boc-biocytin. After removal of the t-Boc protecting group by TFA, NHS-DEPMPO is added to a solution of the TPP—NH 2 -biocytin in the presence of TEA in DMSO. Solvent is removed and a product is purified by preparative HPLC using a C 18 column equilibrated with 10% CH 3 CN (containing 0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in 0.1% TFA aqueous solution) to afford Mito-btDEPMPO. Example 5 (Prophetic) Detection of Protein and Non-Protein Free Radicals with Trifunctional Spin Trap Molecules Methods: All materials were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich unless otherwise indicated. Trifinctional Spin Trap Compound: The trifunctional spin trap compound was prepared as described above in Example 3 or 4. EPR: EPR was conducted as described above in Example 2. Detection of S-nitrosated proteins and thiyl radicals in RAW 264.7 cells: RAW 264.7 cells were incubated were incubated with S-nitrosocysteine for 1 hour, as described above in Example 2. Following incubation, the cells were lysed, and Bio-Green-DEPMPO or mito-btDEPMPO was added to the resulting mixture. This mixture was then irradiated under the same conditions described above. After irradiation, proteins were isolated and separated by SDS-PAGE prior to Western blot analysis. In some instances, mitochondria were isolated prior to Western blot analysis or detection using a fluorescence scanner (Typhoon™ Trio; GE Healthcare; Piscataway, N.J.). Results: Bio-Green-DEPMPO trapped this protein radical to give an EPR signal, indicating that neither the biotin group nor the Oregon Green® group interfere with the ability of the cyclic nitrone to trap the protein radical. Proteins were immuno-precipitated using an anti-biotin antibody. Precipitated proteins were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using gels cast in low-fluorescent glass plates (Jule Biotechnologies, Inc.; Milford, Conn.) and directly scanned using a Typhoon™ Trio fluorescence scanner. The detection of fluorescently tagged proteins shows that Bio-Green-DEPMPO can trap protein radicals, that the biotin moiety allows for the separation of tagged proteins from unlabelled proteins and that these proteins can be directly detected by virtue of the fluorescent moiety. Cells not treated with CysNO show no fluorescently tagged proteins, indicating that this treatment was specific for S-nitrosated proteins. Mito-btDEPMPO trapped this protein radical to give an EPR signal, indicating that neither the biotin group nor the TPP group interfere with the ability of the cyclic nitrone to trap the protein radical. Mito-btDEPMPO is able to trap to trap the protein radical and the spin adduct is stable enough to be detected by Western blot analysis. The biotin group, however, functions as the detecting moiety; whereas, TPP functions as the targeting moiety, targeting the spin trapping compound to mitochondria. Example 6 The Data Shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 was Generated in Accordance with the Following Protocol Sample Preparation for Spin-Trapping with Bio-Green DEPMPO. Co-incubate aliquot of hem protein (500 μM), Bio-Green DMPO (20 mM) with hydrogen peroxide (1 mM) or NaNO2 (1 mM) in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, containing 1 mM DTPA) for one hour at room temperature. Diluted two-fold with Laemmli sampling buffer, add DTT (10 mM final concentration), and incubated at 80° C. for 10 min. Samples are subject to gel electrophoresis and fluorescence detection. Samples. 1. metmyoglobin+Bio-Green DEPMPO 2. metmyoglobin+H2O2+Bio-Green DEPMPO 3. methemoglobin+Bio-Green DEPMPO 4. methemoglobin+H2O2+Bio-Green DEPMPO 5. oxyhemoglobin+Bio-Green DEPMPO 6. oxyhemoglobin+NaNO2+Bio-Green DEPMPO The invention has been described in connection with what are presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments. However, the present invention has been presented by way of illustration and is not intended to be limited to the disclosed embodiments. Accordingly, those skilled in the art will realize that the invention is intended to encompass all modifications and alternative arrangements within the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.	Methods and compositions for detecting free radicals, the compositions being spin trapping compounds comprising a nitrone having a detecting moiety and optionally having a targeting moiety for targeting the nitrone to an organ, a cell, an organelle or a molecule of interest for directly detecting free radicals, especially free radicals in biological samples.	8
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method of monitoring a movement part. More particularly, it relates to a method of monitoring a movement path of a part which is movable by a drive relative to at least one end position, a monitoring of the drive is performed, and depending on the exceeding of at least one predetermined parameter, a turning-off or reversing the drive is performed. It is known to move parts by a drive along a movement path. Depending on the application, the part is movable relative to at least one end position. For example, in motor vehicles the electrically actuatable window openers or electrically actuatable sliding roofs are reciprocatingly movable by an electric drive supplied from the board system, between two end positions including a closed position and an open position. In particular, during the closing process of the part, them is a danger of clamping between the movable part and the end abutment which can lead to an injury of body parts caught in the movement path of the movable part. The German patent document DE 30 34 118 C2 discloses a method for electrical monitoring of the opening and closing processes of electrically operating aggregates, in particular window openers and sliding roofs in motor vehicles. In this reference the movement path is subdivided into three regions in which the moved part is stopped or reversed when a blocking object is appeared. The blocking condition of the part is detected by the change of the movement speed of the part or of the drive. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is an object of present invention to provide a method of monitoring a movement path of the part which is a further improvement of the existing methods. In keeping with these objects and with others which will become apparent hereinafter, one feature of the present invention resides, briefly stated, in a method of monitoring of a movement path of a part, in accordance with which the movement path is subdivided into five regions in which a different drive force limiting (closing force limiting) of the drive is performed. When the method is performed in accordance with present invention, the monitoring of the movement path of the part can be performed over the total movement path. The inventive method is advantageous in particular for the window openers and sliding roofs in the motor vehicles since the clamping protection function is guaranteed up to the point of running the window or the sliding roof to the guide or the seal coinciding with the end position. Since the movement path is subdivided into five regions in which a different drive force limit of the drive is performed, the drive force limit can be realized by the division of the regions up to the point of the movement path in which the last possible theoretical clamping risk can occur. In the region of the movement path located between the last possible point of the theoretical clamping risk and the end abutment a drive force limit can be maintained. Thereby a reliable movement of the part to its end position, in particular a safety closing of the window opener or the sliding groove is guaranteed, and so that during covering of the last region of the movement path, the friction forces occurring due to guides and seals do not lead to a drive force limit. In accordance with another feature of the present invention, the part is reciprocatingly movable between two end positions, and in the regions immediately adjoining the end positions, no drive force limiting is performed. In accordance with still another feature of the present invention, in three further regions located between the outer regions, different drive force limiting is performed. In accordance with still a further feature of present invention, the boundaries between the regions are adjusted via the drive after the first movement of the path relative to the end position. The drive force limiting can be performed in dependence on a force counteracting the movement of the part and/or a spring rate associated with the force. In one region a drive force limiting is performed by a force of maximum 100N and a spring rate of 20 N/mm. In the other region, a drive force limiting is performed with a force of maximum 100N and a spring rate of 20-65 N/mm. Finally, in a further region the drive force limiting is performed with a force of greater than 100N independently from a spring rate. The novel features which are considered as characteristic for the present invention are set forth in particular in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to its construction and its method of operation, together with additional objects and advantages thereof, will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The single FIGURE of the drawings is a view schematically showing a movement path of a window opener for which a method in accordance with the present invention is implemented. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS A window 10 of a not shown motor vehicle is illustrated in the drawing. The window 10 is actuatable by a window opener which is driven by an electric motor. The window 10 is reciprocatingly movable along its movement path 12 between two end positions 14 and 16. The operation of the electrical window openers is generally known and therefore not illustrated in detail. The showing of the drive device, the guide and the seal of the window in a motor vehicle door are dispensed with for better representation of the process. The window 12 is movable by its electric drive toward the abutment 16 in a closing direction and toward the abutment 14 in the opening direction. The movement path 12 is subdivided into the regions B1, B2, B3, B4 and B5. The boundaries between the individual regions B1-B5 can be defined by the drive of the window 10. During the first actuation of the window 10, it moves toward its upper abutment 16. Simultaneously a counter which is coupled with the drive shaft of the drive is standardized, or in other words set to 0. In correspondence with a selectable fixable number of revolutions of the driver shaft which are detectable by corresponding means such as sensors, the boundaries between the regions B1-B5 are defined. During opening of the window 10, or in other words during movement in direction toward the lower abutment 14 along the movement path 12, the boundary between the regions B1 and B2 is defined in accordance with a number of revolutions of the drive shaft. The boundary between the regions B2 and B3 is defined after the number of revolutions N+x1, the boundary between the regions B3 and B4 is defined after the number of revolutions N+x2, and the boundary between the regions B4 and B5 is defined after the number of revolutions N+x3. Here the x3 is greater than the x2, and the x2 is greater than the x1. These region definitions for the regions B1-B5 can be performed separately for each application and supplied to a corresponding storage means cooperating with the drive of the window 10. During the predetermined use of the window 10 in particular during the closing process or in other words when the window 10 moves along the movement path 12 from its lower end position 14 to its upper end position 16, it is possible that for example a body part of a vehicle occupant can be subjected during an automatically performed closing process to a substantial injury danger. In the moment when a body part reaches in the movement path 12, it applies a force F which counteracts the closing force of the window. Depending on which body part enters the movement path 12, for example tissue parts or a bone region, it has a predetermined elasticity with which a predetermined spring rate FR is associated in correspondence with the actually occurring force F and/or the actually occurring spring rate FR, and the subdivision of the movement path 12 into the regions B1-B5 can be performed so that in the regions B1-B5 a different influence of the drive of the window 10 is performed. Through the influence of the drive of the window 10, a known closing force limiting is performed, which prevents or substantially reduces a clamping of the body parts and thereby an injury danger. In accordance with the present invention, no closing force limiting is performed in the outer regions B1 and B5, or in other words, in the region which are located immediately near the lower abutment 14 or the upper abutment 16. Thereby it is possible that the window 10, despite an occurring force F caused in particular by a guide or a sealing rubber or sealing felt in which the window runs during its movement, the closing force limiting is not activated and the window can reliably close. In the central regions B2, B3, B4, an adjustment of the closing force limiting is performed so that in the region B4 the closing force limiting is released with a force F of maximum 100N and a spring rate less than 20 N/Mm. The release of the closing force limiting means that the window 10 is stopped or reversed in its movement along the movement path 12, or in other words is moved opposite. In the region B3 the activation of the closing force limiting is adjusted so that it is released with an occurring force F of maximum 100N and a spring rate of greater than 20-65 N/mm. In the region B2 a closing force limiting is performed with the occurring forces F greater than 100N independently from an occurring spring rate. With the base adjustment it is provided that the closing force limiting is activated in the regions B2, B3, and B4 with a so-called pulse actuation of the window 10. By single short-time activations of a corresponding switching means, the automatic closing or opening process of the window 10 is set in operation. During a manual actuation of the window 10, or in other words during the closing or opening of the window 10, a switching means is permanently held actuated. The closing force limiting can be selectively dispensed with since by a simple release of the switching means a holding of the window 10 is possible. The present invention is not limited to the shown embodiment. For example, the subdivision of the movement past 12 in the regions B1-B5 with the regions B2-B4 having a closing force limiting and the regions B1 and B5 having no closing force limiting, can be also utilized for electrically actuatable sliding roofs in motor vehicles or other parts movable relative at least one end position. It will be understood that each of the elements described above, or two or more together, may also find a useful application in other types of constructions differing from the types described above. While the invention has been illustrated and described as embodied in method of monitoring movement path of part, it is not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made without departing in any way from the spirit of the present invention. Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of the present invention that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily adapt it for various applications without omitting features that, from the standpoint of prior art, fairly constitute essential characteristics of the generic or specific aspects of this invention. What is claimed as new and desired to be protected by Letters Patent is set forth in the appended claims:	A movement path of a part which is movable by a drive relative to at least one end position is monitored by monitoring the drive, and turning off or reversing the drive is performed in dependence on the exceeding of at least one predetermined parameter. The movement path of the path is subdivided into regions in which different influences are performed. In particular, the movement path is subdivided into five regions in which a different drive force limiting (closing force limiting) of the drive is performed.	4
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to headwear, in particular headwear having an interior pocket that is permanent or removable, a veil, and an outside grasping member. 2. Description of Prior Art Many styles and forms of headwear have been patented and used for various activities, some with a single secondary function, but these had and can still have significant problems that limit their usefulness. An example of a headwear that serves a secondary function is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,312,076 Gamm. This invention had a pocket in the front of the headwear thus making it small, and not removable. Another example is in U.S. Pat. No. 4,386,437 Fosher, this invention has a pocket area between the bottom crown portion with an insert placed inside the crown, making it bulky, ridged, and limited the pocket area. In addition U.S. Pat. No. 4,472,837 Saxton, this invention has a pocket and separate pocket insert that secures items on a plate like platform. This design made the headwear non flexible, large, and weighty having only a specific market audience. Further in U.S. Pat. No. 2,744,256 Slotkin, this invention had multiple pockets but involved a rigid headwear design and was weighty. Finally in U.S. Pat. No. 5,048,128 Watson, Jr. this invention incorporates a headcovering and a veil in one. This invention has no detachable veil, pockets, or attachments on the headcovering itself. All of the above inventions serve in one manner or another, and use the headwear for a single function of either storing or protecting. Each apply all the advantages as listed below, SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION My headwear relates to improvements in the headwear for men, women, children, and infants designed for versatile use in all seasons and climates. My protective, novel headwear, provides covering or shading for one's head, eyes, ears, neck, and upper shoulders. The headwear provides a secure area for objects either permanently attached or detachable through a pocket(s) on the headwear. The detachable pocket can act wallet, carrying pouch, or collector's item. My headwear provides a way of attaching objects such as glasses or other objects to the outer portion of the headwear. The person can remove perspiration or grime with an absorbent removable veil or the veil can be utilized as a holding device and/or carrying entity. The veil can accommodate ornamentation. The person can utilize the veil as a pocket or holding device either attached to the headwear or removed. Advertising insignia for example; logos, Snap-On's, Wash-offs, will accommodate the veil likewise. My headwear can be a novelty for a person through variation in: ornaments, colors, logos, removable pockets, veils, and enclosures. My headwear has a novelty component through varying ornamentation on the pockets, veils, and enclosures. A specific groups' insignia placed upon each element provides a similar but different headwear thereby increases its ability to be a collector's item. Accordingly, among the several objects of this invention can be noted a provision of headwear, having an exterior covered pocket or pockets that can be permanent or removable; a provision of such headwear with a pocket of sufficient size to hold keys, licenses, money, credit cards, gloves etc.; a provision of such headwear in which a pocket is permanent, and not distinctly visible; a provision that a pocket is removable as well as distinctly visible plus any combination thereof; a provision such that the pocket can be removed and replaced with another pocket of similar shape but with different ornamentation; a provision providing the use of a fastening device, in the form of a closure member or hook and loop material that can conveniently secure the pocket, a provision of a veil that can be used as a secondary entity for holding or storing objects while attached to the headwear or can be removed and utilized separately, a provision of a veil that can be removed or permanent and that ornamentation can be applied; a provision that the veil can be substituted for another veil of different size, shape; a provision that the veil be changed because of different ornamentation's to which that persons taste or advertisers specifications; a provision such that the veil can be made of an absorbent like material to wipe excess dirt, grim, or other elements from the person; a provision such that an outside grasping member located on the crown can hold objects when not in use; a provision where the grasping member can be removed and stored in the pocket. These items provide a more comprehensive headwear insuring additional protection on the neck, shoulders, and upper torso; a covered and/or open storing pocket and/or holder, and a device holding bulky items on the outside. Additionally, when removed they can be placed within the headwear or substituted for other like but varying attachments. Further objects and advantages of my invention will become apparent from a consideration of the drawings and description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 discloses an isometric view of the formed headwear of this invention, disclosing the pocket along the back portion, the veil along the bottom portion, the outside grasping member along the front portion and ornamentation placed in various locations. FIG. 2 discloses a plan view of the headwear disclosed in FIG. 1 showing the circumference of the veil, an additional view showing preferred pocket position and location of the enclosure piece. FIG. 3 discloses a plan view of the headwear disclosed in FIG. 1 showing the preferred location for the loop like material on a detachable pocket headwear. FIG. 4 discloses a partial plan view of FIG. 3 the outer liner and second outer liner showing the locations of the hook and loop like materials on the liners. FIG. 5 discloses a bottom view of FIG. 2 disclosing the various layers of construction in the permanent pocket headwear and the preferred brim location. FIG. 6 discloses an exploded view of FIG. 5 disclosing the detailed layers of the permanent pocket headwear in the semi open position. FIG. 7 discloses a side view of FIG. 1, FIG. 2, FIG. 5, and FIG. 6 disclosing all parts in separated fashion of the permanent pocket headwear. FIG. 8 discloses a longitudinal section of FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 disclosing all parts in separated fashion of the removable pocket headwear. FIG. 9 discloses a partial side view of FIG. 1 disclosing the outside grasping member in the semi open position with the grasping end. REFERENCE NUMERALS IN DRAWINGS 16. Headwear 17. Crown 18. Brim 19. Band 20. Back portion 21. Veil 22. Button 23. Outside grasping member 24. Grasping end 25. Hook fastener 26. Loop fastener 27. Optional fastener 28. Front portion 29. Stitching 30. Outer liner 31. Second outer liner 32. Pocket area 33. Attachment unit 34. Bottom portion of crown 17 35. Ornamentation 36. Handle device DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring to the drawings wherein like numerals refer to like and corresponding parts throughout several views, referring to FIG. 1 an isometric view of a headwear 16 which can be of varying design, and having a band 19 (see FIG. 2) that is sewn or attached by other devices to the crown. The crown can be formed with no band by a person skilled in the art that can fit appropriately to the users head dependent upon the materials used. The band 19 can be made of an adjustable device that adapts to varying head sizes or of fitted type to specifically accommodate the person's head by a person skilled in the art. A crown 17 is made of several separate pieces stitched 29 together or otherwise sealed at the edges to comprise the entire formed crown 17. A brim 18 extends from a front portion 28 of the headwear 16 sewn or attached by securing devices to the crown 17 or band 19. A hook fastener and a loop fastener secured to the outside bottom portion of the crown 17, and outer liner 30 is placed for the attachment of a veil 21. A back portion 20 covered with an outer liner 30 of proportional shape is stitched 29, or otherwise secured from a button 22 downward to the bottom portion of the crown 17. Between the outer liner 30 and the crown 17 a pocket area 32 exists. A hook fastener 25 located on the bottom inside liner and a loop fastener 26 located on the bottom outside portion of the crown hold the pocket opening closed and secure objects within. The outer liner 30 can be folded open forming the entrance to the pocket area 32 storing items securely for the permanent pocket type design. Fasteners can be applied anywhere on the headwear 16 allowing a multitude of permanent pockets on one headwear 16. The liner can encompass one single area or the entire crown thereby forming a large pocket area. An outside grasping member 23 is shown at its preferred location on the front portion 28 of the headwear 16. The grasping member 23 can be permanently stitched 29 or of a removable type through a snap or other temporary adhering devices. Ornamentation 35 can be attached with snaps, clips, hook and loop fasteners or other attachment units to the headwear 16. Ornamentation 35 such as but not inclusive to: logos, insignia, and inscriptions or any advertising material can be placed on the crown 17, brim 18, or veil 21. The preferred embodiment of the crown 17 is of a cap like design such as a baseball cap but can be of a design such as a bicycle cap, cowboy hat, or fisherman's hat with an all encompassing brim 18, but not exclusive to the above mentioned styles. The crown 17, veil 21, outer liner 30, or second outer liner 31 can be made of a variety of materials including cotton, plastic, canvass, nylon, silk, liquid absorbent materials or any materials that give the desired amount of durability, rigidity, fashion or novelty for the wearer. The crown 17, brim 18, veil 21, outer liner 30, or second liner 31 can be utilized with the same color as the entire headwear 16 or of different or variable colors. The crown 17 can be large in size such as a cowboy hat or smaller such as a skull cap, or any variation in-between but not exclusive to the above mentioned. FIG. 2 is a plan view of FIG. 1 a headwear 16 including a band 19 sewn or otherwise secured around the circumference of the crown. The crown can be formed with no band dependent upon the materials used and still fit the users head. An outside grasping member 23 located in the center of a front portion 28. A loop fastener 26 secured by stitching 29 or other securing devices around the entire bottom outside portion of crown 34 (see FIG. 7) exclusive of secondary a brim 18 area. A hook fastener 25 and secured by stitching 29 or other securing devices to the entire top portion of a veil 21 thereby when placing the hook and the loop portions together securely fasten the veil to the bottom portion of the crown 17. An optional fastener 27 (see FIG. 7) can be sewn or otherwise secured about the veil itself. A handle device 36 can be added to the top, or side portion and secured by stitching 29 or other methods to the veil 21. An outer liner 30 secured to the crown 17 by stitching 29, attachment units or other securing devices to a back portion 20 for a permanent type pocket design. The outer liner The individual pocket layers are shown in FIG. 5 and FIG. 6. The veil 21 shown at its preferred location is of rectangle shape but can be of varying shapes. The veil 21, outer liner 30 or second outer liners 31 shape can replicate the form of a logo, insignia, animal shape, or other embodiments for better utilization. The veil 21, outer liner 30 or second outer liners 31 size can duplicate various forms, or other embodiments for better acceptance. The veil 21 can have optional fasteners 27 (see FIG. 7) in the form of hook and loop fasteners or other devices located at the top or side, inside or outside of the veil 21 that can connect and secure together and form a pocket or holding area. The veil 21 can have a handle device 36 in the form of a strap or other devices that are removable or permanent (see FIG. 7). The veil 21 can be utilized as a carrying entity when combined with the handle device and/or optional fasteners. The veil can be placed in the pocket area 32 when not in use or removed altogether. The veil can be fashioned from absorbent materials or others such as cotton, wool, leather, plastic, or silk to provide the desired protection or from the elements but not exclusive to the above mentioned. The veil 21 can be utilized in a uniform color or of variable colors, such as camouflage for a specific desired purpose or for a general purpose. The veil 21 can be removed to wipe dirt or grime from the person or replaced with a new one. The veil 21 can be used as an advertising device utilizing unique designs or styles. The veil 21 can protect the person's head, eyes, ears, neck, and upper torso from the elements by its placement on the headwear 16. The veil 21 can be of compact nature with the ability to fit into the pocket area 32 of the headwear 16 when not in use. The veil 21 can be made of a liquid absorbent material providing the ability to dry objects such as a car, motorcycle, table, or even the person and then being able to rid itself of liquid and reused. The veil 21 can adopt different sizes or shapes and its material can be of variable type. The veil is not exclusive to the above mentioned and dependent upon the person, promoter or manufacturer. FIG. 3 is a plan view of FIG. 1 a headwear 16 includes a crown 17 and a brim 18 with a loop fastener 26 secured by stitching 29 or other securing devices to a back portion 20 of the crown 17 in a triangle fashion. The fastening material attaches starting from a button 22 to a bottom portion of crown 34 (see FIG. 7) and across the bottom portion of the crowns edge meeting together to form an enclosed area. A outer liner 30 and a second outer liner 31 (see FIG. 3) are removed to show placement of the loop fastener 26. The loop fastener 26 placed in its preferred embodiment but can be attached only on one side, both sides, or in the front of the crown 17 or brim 18. The hook or loop fasteners can be in placed in any order dependent upon the manufacturer, promoter, or person for better manufacturing or other reasons. Sporadically placing smaller fasteners in varied quantity creates an easier method of removing the liners and can reduce the cost of manufacturing. For a more versatile headwear the hook or loop fasteners can be removed and replaced with other securing devices. FIG. 4 is the partial plan view of FIG. 3 showing the removable pocket. An outer liner 30 and a second outer liner 31 secured by stitching 29, attachment units or other securing devices on the two sides that meet at a button 22. On the inside edges of the outer liner 30 a hook fastener 25 secured by stitching 29 or other securing devices is installed in an identical fashion as the crown 17 loop fastener 26. Joining the two fasteners together hold the liners to the crown temporarily. The outside bottom portion of outer liner 30 has the loop fastener 26 secured by stitching 29 or other securing devices and forms one part of the pocket opening. The inside bottom portion of the second liner 31 the hook fastener 25 secured by stitching 29, or other securing devices and forms the second part of the pocket opening. Joining the two fasteners together close the pocket opening temporarily and secure objects within. The outside bottom portion of the second outer liner 31 has the loop fastener 26 secured by stitching 29, or other securing devices and attaches to the hook fastener 25 of a veil 21 (see FIG. 6). The outer liner 30 and the second liner 31 act to secure objects for easy retrieval or when no pockets are available. The liners can be separated from the crown and used apart or placed on other forms of headwear. The liners can be utilized as a wallet, carrying pouch or collectors' item. Ornamentation can be imprinted on the removable liner to create a collectors' liner that can be taken off and/or replaced with another. The liners can be removed and placed on another headwear if a person so chooses or different liners can be placed on the original headwear. Objects placed within the pocket can remain in the same pouch when changing headwear providing the person with a more versatile, and multi-function, multi-option headwear. The outer liner 30 and the second liner 31 can be utilized with a transparent or opaque material allowing the person to view the objects or conceal them within. This provides a better functioning surface to adhere collector stickers, stamps or labels. The liners that form the pocket can be attached to the veil by the present securing devices or others in conjunction with other liners on the crown or brim for a differing purpose or utility. The two liners forming the pocket can be placed any where on the crown 17 or the brim 18. The two liners forming the pocket can be secured with attachment units 33 (see FIG. 8) or other fastening devices. The liner forming the pocket can be placed in variable quantity on the headwear 16 therefore utilizing the headwear 16 with a multitude of removable pockets. The two liners forming the removable pocket can adopt different sizes or shapes thereby creating a more marketable liner. Pulling the two liners fastening units in opposing directions opens the pocket area allowing objects to be stored within. The pocket is not exclusive to the above mentioned and dependent upon the person, advertiser or manufacturer. The hook and loop fasteners or securing devices can be placed in reverse order thereby forming a different fastening method on the headwear 16. FIG 5 is a bottom view of FIG. 2 indicating the layers of a permanent pocket headwear. A band 19 secured to a crown 17 through stitching 29 or other securing methods. A brim 18 attached to a crown 17 and the band 19 through stitching 29 or other suitable methods. The brim 18 embodiment can encompass the entire crown 17 or any part thereof. The individual liners are shown for a permanent pocket type design and the pocket opening is in its secured position, an exploded view detailing the individual elements are shown in FIG. 6. The brim 18 can be of a substantially crescent shape, but can be of any shape and style. The brim 18 can be constructed of one or more plies of fabric such as cotton, wool, canvas, pack cloth, and designed to give the preferred amount of rigidity and durability. The brim 18 can be of varying lengths, sizes or shapes and utilized for protection to the person. The brim 18 provides shade to a persons face and front head area and protect against elements. FIG. 6 is an exploded view of the back portion in FIG. 5 wherein a loop fastener 26 sewn or attached by other securing devices from one part of the brim encompassing the bottom outside portion of a crown 17 to the other part of the brim. A hook fastener 25 sewn or attached by other securing devices to the entire inside bottom portion of a outer liner 30. Thereby forming a seal between the crown 17 and the outer liner 30 and providing temporary securing for objects placed within a pocket area 32. A loop fastener 26 sewn or attached by other securing devices to the entire outside bottom portion of the outer liner 30. The hook fastener 25 sewn or attached by other securing devices to the entire top portion of a veil 21. The pocket can be opened and resealed many times by way of the closure devices. Other types of seals can be used such as a snap, clasp, button or other items that can be opened and closed readily. The pocket opening can be expanded encompassing the entire headwear by enlarging the liners or any part thereof thereby allowing bulkier objects to fit within. Several openings can be made in the liners dependent upon the measure of the liners. The pocket area 32 is where various items can be located for safekeeping or when not in use. FIG. 7 is a side view of FIG. 1 indicating a permanent pocket headwear unit with all parts of the headwear 16 separated. The headwear 16 has a brim 18 attached to a crown 17 with a button 22 and a band 19 as the integral parts of the basic headwear 16. Attachments include a loop fastener 26 secured to the entire bottom outside of crown 34 exclusive of the brim 18 area. A hook fastener 25 secured to the entire inside bottom of an outer liner 30 and the side edges stitched or otherwise secured to the crown 17 as shown in FIG. 2 hence creating a pocket area 32 (see FIG. 6). The loop fastener 26 secured to the entire bottom outside portion of outer liner 30 in combination with the loop fastener 26 encompassing the crown join with the hook fastener 25 located on the top inside portion of the veil secures the veil to the headwear 16. An optional fastener 27 can be placed on veil 21 at variable locations to create a pocket or holding area on the veil 21 by attachment of fastener 27 to one or more additional fasteners (not shown) but similar to fastener 27. A handle device 36 can be attached to the veil 21 to form a combination veil and/or carrying entity. On a front portion 28 an outside grasping member 23 with a grasping end 24 opens to hold various items outside the headwear 16. Ornamentation 35 can be attached to the crown 17, brim 18, veil 21, or outer liner 30 giving it a more desirable appearance. FIG. 8 is a side view of FIG. 1 showing a removable pocket headwear unit with all parts separated and the basic parts of a headwear 16 described in FIG. 7. Attachments include a loop fastener 26 secured permanently or temporarily around the circumference of the bottom portion of crown 17, exclusive of a brim 18 area. The loop fastener 26 (see FIG. 3) attached from a button 22 downward to a bottom portion of crown 34 in the approximate angle of a outer liner 30, thereby forming an identical sealing counterpart. A hook fastener 25 secured inside the bottom portion of outer liner 30 edges that incorporates the same dimensions and length thereby forming an identical sealing counterpart on the crown 17. The outer liner 30 and a second outer liner 31 two edges that meet at the button 22 are sewn or attached together by other securing devices. The loop fastener 26 secured outside the entire bottom edge portion of outer liner 30 forms one part of the pocket opening fastener. The hook fastener 25 secured inside the entire bottom edge portion of the second liner 31 and forms the second part of the pocket opening fastener. A pocket area 32 formed between the outer liner 30 and the second liner 31 is created enabling objects to be temporarily stored within. The loop fastener 26 secured to the entire bottom outside portion of the second liner 31 in combination with the loop fastener 26 encompassing the crown join with the hook fastener 25 located on the top inside portion of the veil secures the veil to the headwear 16. If the outer liner 30 and the second liner 31 are removed the veil 21 fastens to the remaining loop fastener 26 (see FIG. 2) which encircles the crown 17. An optional fastener 27 be placed on veil 21 at variable locations to create a pocket or holding area on the veil 21 by attachment of fastener 27 to one or more additional fasteners (not shown) but similar to fastener 27. A handle device 36 can be attached to the veil 21 to form a combination veil and/or carrying entity. An outside grasping member 23 with a grasping end 24 opens to hold various items on the outside of the headwear 16 and can be secured by an attachment unit 33 or other fastening devices. The attachment unit 33 can secure to the bottom of crown 34 starting at one edge of the brim 18 and continuing to the other edge of the brim 18 spaced proportionately. The attachment unit 33 can secure proportionately to the top of the veil 21 thereby attaching to the units on the bottom of crown 34. The attachment unit 33 can secure to the front center portion of the crown 17 where a like but opposite attachment unit 33 can hold the grasping member 23 in place. Attachment units 33 can be located on the top of the crown 17 near the button 22 and along the edges proportionately to where the outer liner 30 would contact. The attachment units 33 can secure to the corners and in the middle of the outer 30 liner thereby holding it onto the back portion or anywhere the attachment units 33 are located on the crown 17. Ornamentation 35 can be attached to the veil 21, outer liner 30, brim 18, or crown 17 of the headwear 16 giving it a more desirable appearance. FIG. 9 is a partial side view of FIG. 1 showing a crown 17 and a brim 18. An outside grasping member 23 in the semi open position. The grasping member 23 made from a hook fastener 25 or other securing devices in proportionate length with a loop fastener 26 secure together at the upper end by stitching or other securing devices. The lower hook end folded slightly onto itself and sealed by stitching or other securing devices creates a grasping end 24 for easy opening. Other techniques can be utilized to form a grasping end 24 for easy opening and sealing. When both the hook and the loop fasteners are together they can equal the same length. Pulling up on the grasping end 24 separates the two fasteners and allows an object to be placed within. Returning the grasping end 24 to its original position seals the remaining fastener and locks the object in place. An attachment unit can be placed on the upper and lower end of the loop fastener 26 for removal if a person so desires. The grasping member 23 can be opened to hold items such as eyeglasses, sunglasses, fish lures, sporting items, or other objects too large or bulky to fit inside the pocket. The grasping member 23 can be removed and placed within a pocket area 32 (see FIG. 6) when no longer desired. The grasping member 23 can be attached anywhere about the headwear. The hook like member or loop like member can be larger or smaller than its partner thereby allowing for larger objects to be held within the grasping member. The grasping member can be of variable shapes or sizes dependent upon the size or shape object the wearer, manufacturer, or advertiser require. The grasping member can be of variable color. The member can include a logo, insignia, inscription or other items. Accordingly, the reader will see my headwear attachments provide a significant improvement over present inventions. My headwear provides easy access to store articles within and outside the headwear and provides protection against the elements. My headwear provides a potential storing and/or carrying entity utilizing the veil. My headwear provides a true novelty asset with its many varied uses not only as a traditional headwear but as a marketing, advertising, and collectors' device. No single headwear offers as much protection, interior storing ability, exterior storing ability, varied attachment locations, positions and variations with as many advantages, advertising potential, novelty, and promotional benefits as does my headwear. Although the description above contains many details, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing illustrations of some presently preferred embodiments of this invention. For example, the crown can have other shapes, such as triangular, oval, rectangular, etc.; the brim can have other shapes such as longer, wider, or encircling; the veil can have other shapes such as rectangular, triangular, square, the liner(s) which form the pocket can have other shapes, sizes, and in multitude and can be placed in multiple locations; the outside grasping member can have other lengths, sizes, shapes or be placed anywhere on the headwear. Variations or modifications in this invention can occur to those skilled in the art upon reviewing the subject matter without departing from the scope of the invention. Such variations or modifications, if within the spirit of this invention, are intended to be encompassed within the scope of any claims to patent protection issuing hereon. It is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. Headwear for protecting, holding, and collecting with or without removable receptacles.	A headwear (16) designed with a permanent or removable pocket that holds objects about the crown (17). A Veil (21) attaching to the crown (17) hanging about the back and side portion of the person. An outside grasping member (23) attaches to the headwear (16) for storing objects on the outside. The pocket is formed of a pair of liners, using a inner liner comprising a segment of the crown (17) and an additional outer liner (30) stitched (29) proximate its top edges with the bottom portion being secured with a fastener or a separate set of liners stitched proximate their top edges with the bottom portion secured with a fastener making it removable from the headwear (16). A veil (21) made with sufficient material that encompasses the headwear (16) from side to side and in length to protect the wearer's upper body. A veil (21) with optional fasteners 27 and handle device 36 connected to the veil thereby utilizing it as a carrying entity. An outside grasping member (23) made of two pieces of fastening products attached to the outside of the headwear (16) when separated and resealed hold objects securely.	0
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to fiber-reinforced composite cables. 2. Prior Art There have already been proposed certain fiber reinforced composite cables or cords in place of conventional steel cables which possess a tensile strength comparable to wire ropes, a smaller thermal expansion coefficient and a lighter weight such as those disclosed for example in Japanese Patent Publication No. 57-25679 and Laid-Open Publication No. 61-28092. Used as reinforcing fibers for such composite cables are glass fiber, aramid fiber and carbon fiber, of which high-strength carbon fiber is reputed for its excellent tensile properties. These reinforcing fibers in actual use have a tensile strength of the order of 300 kg/mm 2 and a tensile modulus of about 23 t/mm 2 . Quality requirements of late grow more and more strict for fiber-reinforced cables not only with respect to weight, corrosion resistance and thermal expansion, but also to tensile modulus exceeding that of steel. To achieve sufficient moduli with composite cables containing about 60 vol. % of reinforcing fibers, it would be necessary to use a fibrous material which has for itself a modulus of at least 35 t/mm 2 or somewhat greater than steel's modulus of about 20 t/mm 2 . It would appear that good fiber-reinforced composite cables can be made available with such high tensile moduli. However, it has now been found that high modulus parameter alone fails to produce a truly satisfactory composite cable capable of demonstrating a full performance of reinforcing fibers per se as hereafter described. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is the primary object of the present invention to provide a fiber-reinforced composite cable which has sufficient strength and high tensile modulus and which is capable of demonstrating a full performance of the reinforcing fiber used. According to the invention, there is provided a fiber reinforced composite cable comprising a master filament and a plurality of slave filaments disposed in surrounding relation thereto, a synthetic resin impregnating the master and slave filaments and a knitted fiber web coating the impregnated master and slave filaments, the master filament being formed of a fiber having an elongation of 1.0-10% and a tensile strength of greater than 200 kg/mm 2 and the slave filaments being formed of a fiber having an elongation of less than 0.8% and a tensile modulus of greater than 35 t/mm 2 . BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The accompanying drawing is a diagrammatic perspective view of a fiber-reinforced composite cable strand embodying the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION A fiber-reinforced composite cable or cord of the invention is illustrated in the drawing to be in the form of a strand C comprising a linearly extending core or master filament M and a plurality of slave filaments S extending spirally in surrounding relation to the master filament M. The filaments M and S are obtained by impregnating their respective starting reinforcing fibers with a synthetic resin and thereafter coating the fibers with a fiber-knitted structure, followed by heat treatment thereof. The synthetic resin used in the invention is thermosetting or thermoplastic. The thermosetting resin includes epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester, vinyl ester resin, phenol resin, furane resin, polyimide and the like. Most preferred of these resins is an epoxy resin of a bisphenol A or novolak type. The thermoplastic resin includes polyamide, liquid crystal aromatic polyamide, polyester, liquid crystal aromatic polyester, polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, polysulfone, polyether sulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone and the like, among which polyamide is particularly preferred. Impregnation of the reinforcing fiber with the above resinous material can be effected by any suitable method using a solution or hot-melt procedure. The fiber-knitted structure according to the invention is formed by knitting on an ordinary knitting machine any one of the group of fibers consisting of polyester, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinyl alcohol, polyaramid and cellulose. The composite structure of impregnated reinforcing fiber strand and knitted coating fiber is subjected to heat treatment at a temperature of preferably 120°-200° C. exceeding the hardening point of the thermosetting resin, or at a temperature of preferably 120°-350° C. exceeding the melting point of the thermoplastic resin, and subsequently cooled to harden. The ratio of reinforcing fiber to resin is 40-70 vol. %, preferably 50-60 vol. %. The ratio of knitted coating fiber to total cable mass is 2-20 wt. %, preferably 5-10 wt. %. A high elongation, high strength fiber is used for the master filament M, which has an elongation of 1.0-10% and a tensile strength of above 200 kg/mm 2 . The elongation of this fiber is preferably 1.0-5.0%, more preferably 1.0-2.0%. Elongation less than 1.0% would fail to maintain desired strength and modulus for the resulting composite cable. No particular restriction is imposed on the tensile strength if greater than 200 kg/mm 2 . It is usably in the range of 200-500 kg/mm 2 , preferably 300-500 kg/mm 2 . Tensile strengths of the reinforcing master filament M smaller than 200 kg/mm 2 cannot sustain the required strength and modulus of the resulting cable. Suitable materials for the master filament M are glass fiber, carbon fiber and aramid fiber, of which polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber is particularly preferred. The slave filaments S surrounding the master filament M are formed of a high strength carbon fiber having an elongation of less than 0.8%, preferably 0.4-0.8%, more preferably 0.6-0.8%, and a modulus of greater than 35 t/mm 2 , preferably 35-90 t/mm 2 , more preferably 40-70 t/mm 2 . Moduli less than 35 t/mm 2 are not conducive to the purpose of the invention. Pitch-based carbon fiber has been found particularly suitable for the slave filaments S. The invention will be further described by way of the following examples which are however to be regarded as not limiting the invention thereto. INVENTIVE EXAMPLE Polyacrylnitrile carbon fiber having a tensile strength of 300 kg/mm 2 and an tensile modulus of 23 t/mm 2 was used for the master filament M. Pitch carbon fiber having a tensile strength of 300 kg/mm 2 and a tensile modulus of 41 t/mm 2 was used for the slave filaments S. These filaments M and S were impregnated with 100 parts by weight of epoxy resin (EPICOAT 828 of Shell Chemicals Co., Ltd.) and 3 parts by eight of BF 3 monoethylamine dissolved in acetone, and thereafter coated with a knitted web of polyester fiber. The whole was hardened at 200° C. for 40 minutes to produce a fiber-reinforced composite cable having a diameter of 5 mm. The reinforcing fiber contents were 60 vol. %. Polyester fiber coat was 8 wt. % based on the cable as a whole. The cable was tested for tensile strength according to ASTM D3916 with the results shown in the Table. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 The procedure of Inventive Example was followed with the exception that polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber having a tensile strength of 300 kg/mm 2 and a modulus of 23 t/mm 2 was used as reinforcing fiber (for filaments M and S). Tensile strength test results are shown in the Table. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2 The procedure of Inventive Example was followed with the exception that pitch-based carbon fiber of 300 kg/mm 2 strength and 41 t/mm 2 modulus was used for the filaments M and S. Test results for tensile strength of the resulting cable are shown in the Table. TABLE______________________________________ tensile strength tensile modulusComposite Cable (kg/mm.sup.2) (t/mm.sup.2)______________________________________Inventive Example 170 23Comparative Example 1 170 13Comparative Example 2 130 18______________________________________	A fiber-reinforced composite material is disclosed for use as a cable which comprises a master filament and a plurality of slave filaments disposed in surrounding relation thereto, both filaments being impregnated with a resin and thereafter coated by a knitted fiber web. The filaments are formed of a fibrous material of a selected class and have their respective tensile strength, elongation and moduli specified to achieve a desired cable quality.	3
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation in part of the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/946,496, filed Nov. 11, 2015 which is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/732,646, filed Jun. 5, 2015. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/732,646 claims priority to the following U.S. provisional patent applications: U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/008,480, filed Jun. 5, 2014; U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/024,945, filed Jul. 15, 2014; U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/159,177, filed May 8, 2015; and U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 62/161,142, filed May 13, 2015. All of the above applications are incorporated herein in their entirety and by this reference thereto. TECHNICAL FIELD Various embodiments relate generally to home automation devices, and human biological signal gathering and analysis. BACKGROUND According to current scientific research into sleep, there are two major stages of sleep: rapid eye movement (“REM”) sleep, and non-REM sleep. First comes non-REM sleep, followed by a shorter period of REM sleep, and then the cycle starts over again. There are three stages of non-REM sleep. Each stage can last from 5 to 15 minutes. A person goes through all three stages before reaching REM sleep. In stage one, a person's eyes are closed, but the person is easily woken up. This stage may last for 5 to 10 minutes. This stage is considered light sleep. In stage two, a person is in light sleep. A person's heart rate slows and the person's body temperature drops. The person's body is getting ready for deep sleep. This stage is also considered light sleep. Stage three is the deep sleep stage. A person is harder to rouse during this stage, and if the person was woken up, the person would feel disoriented for a few minutes. During the deep stages of non-REM sleep, the body repairs and regrows tissues, builds bone and muscle, and strengthens the immune system. REM sleep happens 90 minutes after a person falls asleep. Dreams typically happen during REM sleep. The first period of REM typically lasts 10 minutes. Each of later REM stages gets longer, and the final one may last up to an hour. A person's heart rate and respiration quickens. A person can have intense dreams during REM sleep, since the brain is more active. REM sleep affects learning of certain mental skills. Even in today's technological age, supporting healthy sleep is relegated to the technology of the past such as an electric blanket, a heated pad, or a bed warmer. The most advanced of these technologies, an electric blanket, is a blanket with an integrated electrical heating device which can be placed above the top bed sheet or below the bottom bed sheet. The electric blanket may be used to pre-heat the bed before use or to keep the occupant warm while in bed. However, turning on the electric blanket requires the user to remember to manually turn on the blanket, and then manually turn it on. Further, the electric blanket provides no additional functionality besides warming the bed. SUMMARY Introduced are methods and systems for: gathering human biological signals, such as heart rate, respiration rate, or temperature; analyzing the gathered human biological signals; and controlling a vibrating pillow strip based on the analysis. In one embodiment of the invention, based on the heart rate, temperature, and respiration rate, associated with a user, the system determines the sleep phase associated with the user. Based on the sleep phase and the user-specified wake-up time, the system determines a time to wake up the user, so that the user does not feel tired or disoriented when woken up. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS These and other objects, features and characteristics of the present embodiments will become more apparent to those skilled in the art from a study of the following detailed description in conjunction with the appended claims and drawings, all of which form a part of this specification. While the accompanying drawings include illustrations of various embodiments, the drawings are not intended to limit the claimed subject matter. FIG. 1 is a diagram of a bed device, according to one embodiment. FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a bed device, according to one embodiment. FIG. 3 illustrates an example of layers comprising a bed pad device, according to one embodiment. FIG. 4 illustrates a user sensor placed on a sensor strip, according to one embodiment. FIGS. 5A, 5B, 5C, and 5D show different configurations of a sensor strip, to fit different size mattresses, according to one embodiment. FIG. 6A illustrates the division of the heating coil into zones and subzones, according to one embodiment. FIGS. 6B and 6C illustrate the independent control of the different subzones, according to one embodiment. FIG. 7 is a flowchart of the process for deciding when to heat or cool the bed device, according to one embodiment. FIG. 8 is a flowchart of the process for recommending a bed time to a user, according to one embodiment. FIG. 9 is a flowchart of the process for activating the user's alarm, according to one embodiment. FIG. 10 is a flowchart of the process for turning off an appliance, according to one embodiment. FIG. 11 is a diagram of a system capable of automating the control of the home appliances, according to one embodiment. FIG. 12 is an illustration of the system capable of controlling an appliance and a home, according to one embodiment. FIG. 13 is a flowchart of the process for controlling an appliance, according to one embodiment. FIG. 14 is a flowchart of the process for controlling an appliance, according to another embodiment. FIG. 15 is a diagram of a system for monitoring biological signals associated with a user, and providing notifications or alarms, according to one embodiment. FIG. 16 is a flowchart of a process for generating a notification based on a history of biological signals associated with a user, according to one embodiment. FIG. 17 is a flowchart of a process for generating a comparison between a biological signal associated with a user and a target biological signal, according to one embodiment. FIG. 18 is a flowchart of a process for detecting the onset of a disease, according to one embodiment. FIG. 19 is a diagrammatic representation of a machine in the example form of a computer system within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies or modules discussed herein, may be executed. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Examples of a method, apparatus, and computer program for automating the control of home appliances and improving the sleep environment are disclosed below. In the following description, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments of the invention. One skilled in the art will recognize that the embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these specific details or with an equivalent arrangement. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the embodiments of the invention. TERMINOLOGY Brief definitions of terms, abbreviations, and phrases used throughout this application are given below. In this specification, the term “biological signal” and “bio signal” are synonyms, and are used interchangeably. Reference in this specification to “sleep phase” means light sleep, deep sleep, or rapid eye movement (“REM”) sleep. Light sleep comprises stage one and stage two, non-REM sleep. Reference in this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the disclosure. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments. Moreover, various features are described that may be exhibited by some embodiments and not by others. Similarly, various requirements are described that may be requirements for some embodiments but not others. Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words “comprise,” “comprising,” and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense, as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in the sense of “including, but not limited to.” As used herein, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” or any variant thereof, means any connection or coupling, either direct or indirect, between two or more elements. The coupling or connection between the elements can be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, two devices may be coupled directly, or via one or more intermediary channels or devices. As another example, devices may be coupled in such a way that information can be passed there between, while not sharing any physical connection with one another. Additionally, the words “herein,” “above,” “below,” and words of similar import, when used in this application, shall refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. Where the context permits, words in the Detailed Description using the singular or plural number may also include the plural or singular number respectively. The word “or,” in reference to a list of two or more items, covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list, and any combination of the items in the list. If the specification states a component or feature “may,” “can,” “could,” or “might” be included or have a characteristic, that particular component or feature is not required to be included or have the characteristic. The term “module” refers broadly to software, hardware, or firmware components (or any combination thereof). Modules are typically functional components that can generate useful data or another output using specified input(s). A module may or may not be self-contained. An application program (also called an “application”) may include one or more modules, or a module may include one or more application programs. The terminology used in the Detailed Description is intended to be interpreted in its broadest reasonable manner, even though it is being used in conjunction with certain examples. The terms used in this specification generally have their ordinary meanings in the art, within the context of the disclosure, and in the specific context where each term is used. For convenience, certain terms may be highlighted, for example using capitalization, italics, and/or quotation marks. The use of highlighting has no influence on the scope and meaning of a term; the scope and meaning of a term is the same, in the same context, whether or not it is highlighted. It will be appreciated that the same element can be described in more than one way. Consequently, alternative language and synonyms may be used for any one or more of the terms discussed herein, but special significance is not to be placed upon whether or not a term is elaborated or discussed herein. A recital of one or more synonyms does not exclude the use of other synonyms. The use of examples anywhere in this specification, including examples of any terms discussed herein, is illustrative only and is not intended to further limit the scope and meaning of the disclosure or of any exemplified term. Likewise, the disclosure is not limited to various embodiments given in this specification. Bed Device FIG. 1 is a diagram of a bed device, according to one embodiment. Any number of user sensors 140 , 150 monitor the bio signals associated with a user, such as the heart rate, the respiration rate, the temperature, motion, or presence, associated with the user. Any number of environment sensors 160 , 170 monitor environment properties, such as temperature, sound, light, or humidity. The user sensors 140 , 150 and the environment sensors 160 , 170 communicate their measurements to the processor 100 . The environment sensors 160 , 170 , measure the properties of the environment that the environment sensors 160 , 170 are associated with. In one embodiment, the environment sensors 160 , 170 are placed next to the bed. The processor 100 determines, based on the bio signals associated with the user, historical bio signals associated with the user, user-specified preferences, exercise data associated with the user, or the environment properties received, a control signal, and a time to send the control signal to a bed device 120 . According to one embodiment, the processor 100 is connected to a database 180 , which stores the biological signals associated with a user. Additionally, the database 180 can store average biological signals associated with the user, history of biological signals associated with a user, etc. The database 180 can be associated with a user, or the database 180 can be associated with the bed device. FIG. 2 illustrates an example of the bed device of FIG. 1 , according to one embodiment. A sensor strip 210 , associated with a mattress 200 of the bed device 120 , monitors bio signals associated with a user sleeping on the mattress 200 . The sensor strip 210 can be built into the mattress 200 , or can be part of a bed pad device. Alternatively, the sensor strip 210 can be a part of any other piece of furniture, such as a rocking chair, a couch, an armchair etc. The sensor strip 210 comprises a temperature sensor, or a piezo sensor. The environment sensor 220 measures environment properties such as temperature, sound, light or humidity. According to one embodiment, the environment sensor 220 is associated with the environment surrounding the mattress 200 . The sensor strip 210 and the environment sensor 220 communicate the measured environment properties to the processor 230 . In some embodiments, the processor 230 can be similar to the processor 100 of FIG. 1 A processor 230 can be connected to the sensor strip 210 , or the environment sensor 220 by a computer bus, such as an I2C bus. Also, the processor 230 can be connected to the sensor strip 210 , or the environment sensor 220 by a communication network. By way of example, the communication network connecting the processor 230 to the sensor strip 210 , or the environment sensor 220 includes one or more networks such as a data network, a wireless network, a telephony network, or any combination thereof. The data network may be any local area network (LAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), wide area network (WAN), a public data network (e.g., the Internet), short range wireless network, or any other suitable packet-switched network, such as a commercially owned, proprietary packet-switched network, e.g., a proprietary cable or fiber-optic network, and the like, or any combination thereof. In addition, the wireless network may be, for example, a cellular network and may employ various technologies including enhanced data rates for global evolution (EDGE), general packet radio service (GPRS), global system for mobile communications (GSM), Internet protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), etc., as well as any other suitable wireless medium, e.g., worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, code division multiple access (CDMA), wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), wireless fidelity (WiFi), wireless LAN (WLAN), Bluetooth®, Bluetooth low energy (BLE), Internet Protocol (IP) data casting, satellite, mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), and the like, or any combination thereof. According to another embodiment, a vibrating pillow strip 240 is coupled to the user's pillow. The vibrating pillow strip 240 can be coupled to the pillow in various ways such as attached to the pillow case, attached to the surface of the pillow, attached to the filling inside the pillow, etc. The vibrating pillow strip 240 comprises a plurality of mini motors 250 . The vibrating pillow strip 240 can also be attached to the mattress, a mattress pad, the sheets, any other piece of furniture, etc. According to one embodiment, a vibrating mini motor is a disk, at most 10 millimeters in diameter, and 2.7 mm in thickness. The vibrating mini motor is at most 0.9 g, and takes a voltage in the range of 2 and 5 V. At 5 V the mini motor vibrates at least at 11,000 rpm. The processor 230 can be connected to the vibrating pillow strip 240 via a communication network. The data network may be any local area network (LAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), wide area network (WAN), a public data network (e.g., the Internet), short range wireless network, or any other suitable packet-switched network, such as a commercially owned, proprietary packet-switched network, e.g., a proprietary cable or fiber-optic network, and the like, or any combination thereof. In addition, the wireless network may be, for example, a cellular network and may employ various technologies including enhanced data rates for global evolution (EDGE), general packet radio service (GPRS), global system for mobile communications (GSM), Internet protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), etc., as well as any other suitable wireless medium, e.g., worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, code division multiple access (CDMA), wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), wireless fidelity (WiFi), wireless LAN (WLAN), Bluetooth®, Bluetooth low energy (BLE), Internet Protocol (IP) data casting, satellite, mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), and the like, or any combination thereof. The processor 230 is any type of microcontroller, or any processor in a mobile terminal, fixed terminal, or portable terminal including a mobile handset, station, unit, device, multimedia computer, multimedia tablet, Internet node, cloud computer, communicator, desktop computer, laptop computer, notebook computer, netbook computer, tablet computer, personal communication system (PCS) device, personal navigation device, personal digital assistants (PDAs), audio/video player, digital camera/camcorder, positioning device, television receiver, radio broadcast receiver, electronic book device, game device, the accessories and peripherals of these devices, or any combination thereof. FIG. 3 illustrates an example of layers comprising the bed pad device of FIG. 1 , according to one embodiment. In some embodiments, the bed pad device 120 is a pad that can be placed on top of the mattress. Bed pad device 120 comprises a number of layers. A top layer 350 comprises fabric. A layer 340 comprises batting, and a sensor strip 330 . A layer 320 comprises coils for cooling or heating the bed device. A layer 310 comprises waterproof material. FIG. 4 illustrates a user sensor 420 , 440 , 450 , 470 placed on a sensor strip 400 , according to one embodiment. In some embodiments, the user sensors 420 , 440 , 450 , 470 can be similar to or part of the sensor strip 210 of FIG. 2 . Sensors 470 and 440 comprise a piezo sensor, which can measure a bio signal associated with a user, such as the heart rate and the respiration rate. Sensors 450 and 420 comprise a temperature sensor. According to one embodiment, sensors 450 , and 470 measure the bio signals associated with one user, while sensors 420 , 440 measure the bio signals associated with another user. Analog-to-digital converter 410 converts the analog sensor signals into digital signals to be communicated to a processor. Computer bus 430 and 460 , such as the I2C bus, communicates the digitized bio signals to a processor. FIGS. 5A and 5B show different configurations of the sensor strip, to fit different size mattresses, according to one embodiment. FIGS. 5C and 5D show how such different configurations of the sensor strip can be achieved. Specifically, sensor strip 400 comprises a computer bus 510 , 530 , and a sensor striplet 505 . The computer bus 510 , 530 can be bent at predetermined locations 540 , 550 , 560 , 570 . Bending the computer bus 515 at location 540 produces the maximum total length of the computer bus 530 . Computer bus 530 combined with a sensor striplet 505 , fits a king size mattress 520 . Bending the computer bus 515 at location 570 produces the smallest total length of the computer bus, 510 . Computer bus 510 combined with a sensor striplet 505 , fits a twin size mattress 500 . Bending the computer bus 515 at location 560 , enables the sensor strip 400 to fit a full-size bed. Bending the computer bus 515 at location 550 enables the sensor strip 400 to fit a queen-size bed. In some embodiments, twin mattress 500 , or king mattress 520 can be similar to the mattress 200 of FIG. 2 . FIG. 6A illustrates the division of the heating coil 600 into zones and subzones, according to one embodiment. Specifically, the heating coil 600 is divided into two zones 660 and 610 , each corresponding to one user of the bed. Each zone 660 and 610 can be heated or cooled independently of the other zone in response to the user's needs. To achieve independent heating of the two zones 660 and 610 , the power supply associated with the heating coil 600 is divided into two zones, each power supply zone corresponding to a single user zone 660 , 610 . Further, each zone 660 and 610 is further subdivided into subzones. Zone 660 is divided into subzones 670 , 680 , 690 , and 695 . Zone 610 is divided into subzones 620 , 630 , 640 , and 650 . The distribution of coils in each subzone is configured so that the subzone is uniformly heated. However, the subzones may differ among themselves in the density of coils. For example, the data associated with the user subzone 670 has lower density of coils than subzone 680 . This will result in subzone 670 having lower temperature than subzone 680 , when the coils are heated. Similarly, when the coils are used for cooling, subzones 670 will have higher temperature than subzone 680 . According to one embodiment, subzones 680 and 630 with highest coil density correspond to the user's lower back; and subzones 695 and 650 with highest coil density correspond to user's feet. According to one embodiment, even if the users switch sides of the bed, the system will correctly identify which user is sleeping in which zone by identifying the user based on any of the following signals alone, or in combination: heart rate, respiration rate, body motion, or body temperature associated with the user. In another embodiment, the power supply associated with the heating coil 600 is divided into a plurality of zones, each power supply zone corresponding to a subzone 620 , 630 , 640 , 650 , 670 , 680 , 690 , 695 . The user can control the temperature of each subzone 620 , 630 , 640 , 650 , 670 , 680 , 690 , 695 independently. Further, each user can independently specify the temperature preferences for each of the subzones. Even if the users switch sides of the bed, the system will correctly identify the user, and the preferences associated with the user by identifying the user based on any of the following signals alone, or in combination: heart rate, respiration rate, body motion, or body temperature associated with the user. FIGS. 6B and 6C illustrate the independent control of the different subzones in each zone 610 , 660 , according to one embodiment. Set of uniform coils 611 , connected to power management box 601 , uniformly heats or cools the bed. Another set of coils, targeting specific areas of the body such as the neck, the back, the legs, or the feet, is layered on top of the uniform coils 611 . Subzone 615 heats or cools the neck. Subzone 625 heats or cools the back. Subzone 635 heats or cools the legs, and subzone 645 heats or cools the feet. Power is distributed to the coils via duty cycling of the power supply 605 . Contiguous sets of coils can be heated or cooled at different levels by assigning the power supply duty cycle to each set of coils. The user can control the temperature of each subzone independently. FIG. 7 is a flowchart of the process for deciding when to heat or cool the bed device, according to one embodiment. At block 700 , the process obtains a biological signal associated with a user, such as presence in bed, motion, respiration rate, heart rate, or a temperature. The process obtains the biological signal from a sensor associated with a user. Further, at block 710 , the process obtains environment property, such as the amount of ambient light and the bed temperature. The process obtains environment property from and environment sensor associated with the bed device. If the user is in bed, the bed temperature is low, and the ambient light is low, the process sends a control signal to the bed device. The control signal comprises an instruction to heat the bed device to the average nightly temperature associated with the user. According to another embodiment, the control signal comprises an instruction to heat the bed device to a user-specified temperature. Similarly, if the user is in bed, the bed temperature is high, and the ambient light is low, the process sends a control signal to the bed device to cool the bed device to the average nightly temperature associated with the user. According to another embodiment, the control signal comprises an instruction to cool the bed device to a user-specified temperature. In another embodiment, in addition to obtaining the biological signal associated with the user, and the environment property, the process obtains a history of biological signals associated with the user. The history of biological signals can be stored in a database 180 associated with the bed device, or in a database 180 associated with a user. The history of biological signals comprises the average bedtime the user went to sleep for each day of the week; that is, the history of biological signals comprises the average bedtime associated with the user on Monday, the average bedtime associated with the user on Tuesday, etc. For a given day of the week, the process determines the average bedtime associated with the user for that day of the week, and sends the control signal to the bed device, allowing enough time for the bed to reach the desired temperature, before the average bedtime associated with the user. The control signal comprises an instruction to heat, or cool the bed to a desired temperature. The desired temperature may be automatically determined, such as by averaging the historical nightly temperature associated with a user, or the desired temperature may be specified by the user. Bio Signal Processing The technology disclosed here categorizes the sleep phase associated with a user as light sleep, deep sleep, or REM sleep. Light sleep comprises stage one and stage two sleep. The technology performs the categorization based on the respiration rate associated with the user, heart rate associated with the user, motion associated with the user, and body temperature associated with the user. Generally, when the user is awake the respiration is erratic. When the user is sleeping, the respiration becomes regular. The transition between being awake and sleeping is quick, and lasts less than 1 minute. The user cycles through light sleep, deep sleep, and REM sleep throughout the night. A complete sleep cycle takes on average between 90 and 110 minutes. FIG. 8 is a flowchart of the process for recommending a bed time to the user, according to one embodiment. At block 800 , the processor 230 obtains a history of sleep phase information associated with the user. The history of sleep phase information comprises an amount of time the user spent in each of the sleep phases, light sleep, deep sleep, or REM sleep. The history of sleep phase information can be stored in a database 180 associated with the user. Based on this information, the processor 230 determines how much light sleep, deep sleep, and REM sleep, the user needs on average every day. In another embodiment, the history of sleep phase information comprises the average bedtime associated with the user for each day of the week (e.g. the average bedtime associated with the user on Monday, the average bedtime associated with the user on Tuesday, etc.). At block 810 , the processor 230 obtains user-specified wake-up time, such as the alarm setting associated with the user. At block 820 , the processor 230 obtains exercise information associated with the user, such as the distance the user ran that day, the amount of time the user exercised in the gym, or the amount of calories the user burned that day. According to one embodiment, the processor 230 obtains the exercise information from a user phone, a wearable device, a Titbit bracelet, or a database 180 storing the exercise information. Based on all this information, at block 830 , the processor 230 recommends a bedtime to the user. For example, if the user has not been getting enough deep and REM sleep in the last few days, the processor 230 recommends an earlier bedtime to the user. Also, if the user has exercised more than the average daily exercise, the processor 230 recommends an earlier bedtime to the user. FIG. 9 is a flowchart of the process for activating a user's alarm, according to one embodiment. At block 900 , the processor 230 obtains the compound bio signal associated with the user. The compound bio signal associated with the user comprises the heart rate associated with the user, the respiration rate associated with the user, the motion associated with the user, and the temperature associated with the user. According to one embodiment, the processor 230 obtains the compound bio signal from a sensor associated with the user. At block 910 , the processor 230 extracts the heart rate signal from the compound bio signal. For example, the processor 230 extracts the heart rate signal associated with the user by performing low-pass filtering on the compound bio signal. Also, at block 920 , the processor 230 extracts the respiration rate signal from the compound bio signal. For example, the processor 230 extracts the respiration rate by performing bandpass filtering on the compound bio signal. The respiration rate signal includes breath duration, pauses between breaths, as well as breaths per minute. The processor 230 also extracts the temperature signal and the motion signal from the compound bio signal. At block 930 , the processor 230 obtains user's wake-up time, such as the alarm setting associated with the user. In order to obtain the user's wake-up time, the processor 230 , first identifies the user based on the user's bio signal. Based on the heart rate signal and the respiration rate signal, the processor 230 determines the sleep phase associated with the user, and if the user is in light sleep phase, and current time is at most one hour before the alarm time, at block 940 , the processor 230 sends a control signal to an alarm. The control signal comprises an instruction to activate. Waking up the user during the deep sleep or REM sleep is detrimental to the user's health because the user will feel disoriented, groggy, and will suffer from impaired memory. Consequently, at block 950 , the processor 230 activates an alarm, when the user is in light sleep and when the current time is at most one hour before the user specified wake-up time. According to another embodiment, the processor 230 obtains the user's wake-up time, such as the alarm setting associated with the user, and at the user's wake-up time sends a control signal to the alarm to activate. The alarm can be a vibrating pillow strip 240 coupled to the user, for example a vibrating pillow strip 240 attached to the pillow, to the pillowcase, mattress, sheets, any other piece of furniture etc. The vibrating pillow strip 240 can be divided into a plurality of zones corresponding to a plurality of users. For example, the left side of the bed corresponds to zone 1 , and the right side of the bed corresponds to zone 2 . Zone 1 and zone 2 can vibrate independently of each other. When the vibrating pillow strip 240 is divided into the plurality of zones, the control signal comprises an identification associated with the zone to which the control signal is sent. According to one embodiment, the vibrating pillow strip 240 includes a plurality of vibrating mini motors 250 , attached to the strip. The vibrating pillow strip 240 can receive a control signal instructing the vibrating mini motors 250 to vibrate. The vibrating mini motors 250 can be configured to vibrate synchronously, or they can be configured to vibrate asynchronously, for example vibrating in order from left to right. The vibrating mini motors 250 are designed to be small enough to be unnoticeable by the sleeping user, and to be powerful enough to wake up the sleeping user. The processor 230 can detect whether the user is in light sleep in several ways. According to one embodiment, the processor 230 detects that user is in light sleep if within a period of at most 5 minutes there is a slow-down in the user's heart rate, a drop in the user's temperature, and the users respiration becomes regular. According to another embodiment, the processor 230 detects that the user is in light sleep if the user is sleeping, and the rapid eye movement sleep phase has ended. In another embodiment, the database 180 stores a history of biological signals associated with the user, wherein the history of biological signals associated with the user comprises a normal heart rate range associated with each sleep phase, a normal respiration rate range associated with each sleep phase, a normal motion range associated with each sleep phase, and a normal temperature range associated with each sleep phase. The processor 230 obtains from the database 180 the history of biological signals associated with a user. To obtain the history of bio signals associated with a user, the processor 230 first identifies the user based on the current bio signal associated with the user. The current bio signal comprises the current respiration rate, the current temperature in the current motion associated with the user. Based on the history of bio signals in the current bio signal, the processor 230 determines the best match between the current bio signal and the history of bio signals associated with each sleep phases. If the best match between the current bio signal and the history of bio signals is light sleep, the processor 230 determines that the user is in light sleep. According to one embodiment, the best match is determined by least square difference between the current bio signal and the history of bio signals. FIG. 10 is a flowchart of the process for turning off an appliance, according to one embodiment. At block 1000 , the processor 230 obtains the compound bio signal associated with the user. The compound bio signal comprises the heart rate associated with the user, and the respiration rate associated with the user. According to one embodiment, the processor 230 obtains the compound bio signal from a sensor associated with the user. At block 1010 , the processor 230 extracts the heart rate signal from the compound bio signal by, for example, performing low-pass filtering on the compound bio signal. Also, at block 1020 , the processor 230 extracts the respiration rate signal from the compound bio signal by, for example, performing bandpass filtering on the compound bio signal. At block 1030 , the processor 230 obtains an environment property, comprising temperature, humidity, light, sound from an environment sensor associated with the sensor strip. Based on the environment property and the sleep state associated with the user, at block 1040 , the processor 230 determines whether the user is sleeping. If the user is sleeping, the processor 230 , at block 1050 , turns an appliance off. For example, if the user is asleep and the environment temperature is above the average nightly temperature, the processor 230 turns off the thermostat. Further, if the user is asleep and the lights are on, the processor 230 turns off the lights. Similarly, if the user is asleep and the TV is on, the processor 230 turns off the TV. Smart Home FIG. 11 is a diagram of a system capable of automating the control of the home appliances, according to one embodiment. Any number of user sensors 1140 , 1150 monitor biological signals associated with the user, such as temperature, motion, presence, heart rate, or respiration rate. Any number of environment sensors 1160 , 1170 monitor environment properties, such as temperature, sound, light, or humidity. According to one embodiment, the environment sensors 1160 , 1170 are placed next to a bed. The user sensors 1140 , 1150 and the environment sensors 1160 , 1170 communicate their measurements to the processor 1100 . In some embodiments, the processor 1100 and the processor 230 at the same processor. The processor 1100 determines, based on the current biological signals associated with the user, historical biological signals associated with the user, user-specified preferences, exercise data associated with the user, and the environment properties received, a control signal, and a time to send the control signal to an appliance 1120 , 1130 . The processor 1100 is any type of microcontroller, or any processor in a mobile terminal, fixed terminal, or portable terminal including a mobile handset, station, unit, device, multimedia computer, multimedia tablet, Internet node, cloud computer, communicator, desktop computer, laptop computer, notebook computer, netbook computer, tablet computer, personal communication system (PCS) device, personal navigation device, personal digital assistants (PDAs), audio/video player, digital camera/camcorder, positioning device, television receiver, radio broadcast receiver, electronic book device, game device, the accessories and peripherals of these devices, or any combination thereof. The processor 1100 can be connected to the user sensor 1140 , 1150 , or the environment sensor 1160 , 1170 by a computer bus, such as an I2C bus. Also, the processor 1100 can be connected to the user sensor 1140 , 1150 , or environment sensor 1160 , 1170 by a communication network 1110 . By way of example, the communication network 1110 connecting the processor 1100 to the user sensor 1140 , 1150 , or the environment sensor 1160 , 1170 includes one or more networks such as a data network, a wireless network, a telephony network, or any combination thereof. The data network may be any local area network (LAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), wide area network (WAN), a public data network (e.g., the Internet), short range wireless network, or any other suitable packet-switched network, such as a commercially owned, proprietary packet-switched network, e.g., a proprietary cable or fiber-optic network, and the like, or any combination thereof. In addition, the wireless network may be, for example, a cellular network and may employ various technologies including enhanced data rates for global evolution (EDGE), general packet radio service (GPRS), global system for mobile communications (GSM), Internet protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), etc., as well as any other suitable wireless medium, e.g., worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, code division multiple access (CDMA), wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), wireless fidelity (WiFi), wireless LAN (WLAN), Bluetooth®, Internet Protocol (IP) data casting, satellite, mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), and the like, or any combination thereof. FIG. 12 is an illustration of the system capable of controlling an appliance and a home, according to one embodiment. The appliances, that the system disclosed here can control, comprise an alarm, a coffee machine, a lock, a thermostat, a bed device, a humidifier, or a light. For example, the system detects that the user has fallen asleep, the system sends a control signal to the lights to turn off, to the locks to engage, and to the thermostat to lower the temperature. According to another example, if the system detects that the user has woken up and it is morning, the system sends a control signal to the coffee machine to start making coffee. FIG. 13 is a flowchart of the process for controlling an appliance, according to one embodiment. In one embodiment, at block 1300 , the process obtains history of biological signals, such as at what time does the user go to bed on a particular day of the week (e.g. the average bedtime associated with the user on Monday, the average bedtime associated with the user on Tuesday etc.). The history of biological signals can be stored in a database 180 associated with the user, or in a database 180 associated with the bed device. In another embodiment, at block 1300 , the process also obtains user specified preferences, such as the preferred bed temperature associated with the user. Based on the history of biological signals and user-specified preferences, the process, at block 1320 , determines a control signal, and a time to send the control signal to an appliance. It block 1330 , the process determines whether to send a control signal to an appliance. For example, if the current time is within half an hour of average bedtime associated with the user on that particular day of the week, the process, at block 1340 , sends a control signal to an appliance. For example, the control signal comprises an instruction to turn on the bed device, and the user specified bed temperature. Alternatively, the bed temperature is determined automatically, such as by calculating the average nightly bed temperature associated with a user. According to another embodiment, at block 1300 , the process obtains a current biological signal associated with a user from a sensor associated with the user. At block 1310 , the process also obtains environment data, such as the ambient light, from an environment sensor associated with a bed device. Based on the current biological signal, the process identifies whether the user is asleep. If the user is asleep and the lights are on, the process sends an instruction to turn off the lights. In another embodiment, if the user is asleep, the lights are off, and the ambient light is high, the process sends an instruction to the blinds to shut. In another embodiment, if the user is asleep, the process sends an instruction to the locks to engage. In another embodiment, the process, at block 1300 , obtains history of biological signals, such as at what time the user goes to bed on a particular day of the week (e.g. the average bedtime associated with the user on Monday, the average bedtime associated with the user on Tuesday etc.). The history of biological signals can be stored in a database 180 associated with the bed device, or in a database 180 associated with a user. Alternatively, the user may specify a bedtime for the user for each day of the week. Further, the process obtains the exercise data associated with the user, such as the number of hours the user spent exercising, or the heart rate associated with the user during exercising. According to one embodiment, the process obtains the exercise data from a user phone, a wearable device, fitbit bracelet, or a database 180 associated with the user. Based on the average bedtime for that day of the week, and the exercise data during the day, the process, at block 1320 , determines the expected bedtime associated with the user that night. The process then sends an instruction to the bed device to heat to a desired temperature, before the expected bedtime. The desired temperature can be specified by the user, or can be determined automatically, based on the average nightly temperature associated with the user. FIG. 14 is a flowchart of the process for controlling an appliance, according to another embodiment. The process, at block 1400 , receives current biological signal associated with the user, such as the heart rate, respiration rate, presence, motion, or temperature, associated with the user. Based on the current biological signal, the process, at block 1410 , identifies current sleep phase, such as light sleep, deep sleep, or REM sleep. The process, at block 1420 also receives a current environment property value, such as the temperature, the humidity, the light, or the sound. The process, at block 1430 , accesses a database 180 , which stores historical values associated with the environment property and the current sleep phase. That is, the database 180 associates each sleep phase with an average historical value of the different environment properties. The database 180 maybe associated with the bed device, maybe associated with the user, or maybe associated with a remote server. The process, at block 1440 , then calculates a new average of the environment property based on the current value of the environment property and the historical value of the environment property, and assigns the new average to the current sleep phase in the database 180 . If there is a mismatch between the current value of the environment property, and the historical average, the process, at block 1450 , regulates the current value to match the historical average. For example, the environment property can be the temperature associated with the bed device. The database 180 stores the average bed temperature corresponding to each of the sleep phase, light sleep, deep sleep, REM sleep. If the current bed temperature is below the historical average, the process sends a control signal to increase the temperature of the bed to match the historical average. Monitoring of Biological Signals Biological signals associated with a person, such as a heart rate or a respiration rate, indicate the person's state of health. Changes in the biological signals can indicate an immediate onset of a disease, or a long-term trend that increases the risk of a disease associated with the person. Monitoring the biological signals for such changes can predict the onset of a disease, can enable calling for help when the onset of the disease is immediate, or can provide advice to the person if the person is exposed to a higher risk of the disease in the long-term. FIG. 15 is a diagram of a system for monitoring biological signals associated with a user, and providing notifications or alarms, according to one embodiment. Any number of user sensors 1530 , 1540 monitor bio signals associated with the user, such as temperature, motion, presence, heart rate, or respiration rate. The user sensors 1530 , 1540 communicate their measurements to the processor 1500 . The processor 1500 determines, based on the bio signals associated with the user, historical biological signals associated with the user, or user-specified preferences whether to send a notification or an alarm to a user device 1520 . In some embodiments, the user device 1520 and the processor 1500 can be the same device. The user device 1520 is any type of a mobile terminal, fixed terminal, or portable terminal including a mobile handset, station, unit, device, multimedia computer, multimedia tablet, Internet node, communicator, desktop computer, laptop computer, notebook computer, netbook computer, tablet computer, personal communication system (PCS) device, personal navigation device, personal digital assistants (PDAs), audio/video player, digital camera/camcorder, positioning device, television receiver, radio broadcast receiver, electronic book device, game device, the accessories and peripherals of these devices, or any combination thereof. The processor 1500 is any type of microcontroller, or any processor in a mobile terminal, fixed terminal, or portable terminal including a mobile handset, station, unit, device, multimedia computer, multimedia tablet, Internet node, cloud computer, communicator, desktop computer, laptop computer, notebook computer, netbook computer, tablet computer, personal communication system (PCS) device, personal navigation device, personal digital assistants (PDAs), audio/video player, digital camera/camcorder, positioning device, television receiver, radio broadcast receiver, electronic book device, game device, the accessories and peripherals of these devices, or any combination thereof. The processor 1500 can be connected to the user sensor 1530 , 1540 by a computer bus, such as an I2C bus. Also, the processor 1500 can be connected to the user sensor 1530 , 1540 by a communication network 1510 . By way of example, the communication network 1510 connecting the processor 1500 to the user sensor 1530 , 1540 includes one or more networks such as a data network, a wireless network, a telephony network, or any combination thereof. The data network may be any local area network (LAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), wide area network (WAN), a public data network (e.g., the Internet), short range wireless network, or any other suitable packet-switched network, such as a commercially owned, proprietary packet-switched network, e.g., a proprietary cable or fiber-optic network, and the like, or any combination thereof. In addition, the wireless network may be, for example, a cellular network and may employ various technologies including enhanced data rates for global evolution (EDGE), general packet radio service (GPRS), global system for mobile communications (GSM), Internet protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), etc., as well as any other suitable wireless medium, e.g., worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, code division multiple access (CDMA), wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA), wireless fidelity (WiFi), wireless LAN (WLAN), Bluetooth®, Internet Protocol (IP) data casting, satellite, mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), and the like, or any combination thereof. FIG. 16 is a flowchart of a process for generating a notification based on a history of biological signals associated with a user, according to one embodiment. The process, at block 1600 , obtains a history of biological signals, such as the presence history, motion history, respiration rate history, or heart rate history, associated with the user. The history of biological signals can be stored in a database 180 associated with a user. At block 1610 , the process determines if there is an irregularity in the history of biological signals within a timeframe. If there is an irregularity, at block 1620 , the process generates a notification to the user. The timeframe can be specified by the user, or can be automatically determined based on the type of irregularity. For example, the heart rate associated with the user goes up within a one day timeframe when the user is sick. According to one embodiment, the process detects an irregularity, specifically, that a daily heart rate associated with the user is higher than normal. Consequently, the process warns the user that the user may be getting sick. According to another embodiment, the process detects an irregularity, such as that an elderly user is spending at least 10% more time in bed per day over the last several days, than the historical average. The process generates a notification to the elderly user, or to the elderly user's caretaker, such as how much more time the elderly user is spending in bed. In another embodiment, the process detects an irregularity such as an increase in resting heart rate, by more than 15 beats per minute, over a ten-year period. Such an increase in the resting heart rate doubles the likelihood that the user will die from a heart disease, compared to those people whose heart rates remained stable. Consequently, the process warns the user that the user is at risk of a heart disease. FIG. 17 is a flowchart of a process for generating a comparison between a biological signal associated with a user and a target biological signal, according to one embodiment. The process, at block 1700 , obtains a current biological signal associated with a user, such as presence, motion, respiration rate, temperature, or heart rate, associated with the user. The process obtains the current biological signal from a sensor associated with the user. The process, at block 1710 , then obtains a target biological signal, such as a user-specified biological signal, a biological signal associated with a healthy user, or a biological signal associated with an athlete. According to one embodiment, the process obtains the target biological signal from a user, or a database 180 storing biological signals. The process, at block 1720 , compares current bio signal associated with the user and target bio signal, and generates a notification based on the comparison 1730 . The comparison of the current bio signal associated with the user and target bio signal comprises detecting a higher frequency in the current biological signal then in the target biological signal, detecting a lower frequency in the current biological signal than in the target biological signal, detecting higher amplitude in the current biological signal than in the target biological signal, or detecting lower amplitude in the current biological signal than in the target biological signal. According to one embodiment, the process of FIG. 17 can be used to detect if an infant has a higher risk of sudden infant death syndrome (“SIDS”). In SIDS victims less than one month of age, heart rate is higher than in healthy infants of same age, during all sleep phases. SIDS victims greater than one month of age show higher heart rates during REM sleep phase. In case of monitoring an infant for a risk of SIDS, the process obtains the current bio signal associated with the sleeping infant, and a target biological signal associated with the heart rate of a healthy infant, where the heart rate is at the high end of a healthy heart rate spectrum. The process obtains the current bio signal from a sensor strip associated with the sleeping infant. The process obtains the target biological signal from a database 180 of biological signals. If the frequency of the biological signal of the infant exceeds the target biological signal, the process generates a notification to the infant's caretaker, that the infant is at higher risk of SIDS. According to another embodiment, the process of FIG. 17 can be used in fitness training. A normal resting heart rate for adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute. Generally, a lower heart rate at rest implies more efficient heart function and better cardiovascular fitness. For example, a well-trained athlete might have a normal resting heart rate closer to 40 beats per minute. Thus, a user may specify a target rest heart rate of 40 beats per minute. The process FIG. 17 generates a comparison between the actual bio signal associated with the user and the target bio signal 1720 , and based on the comparison, the process generates a notification whether the user has reached his target, or whether the user needs to exercise more 1730 . FIG. 18 is a flowchart of a process for detecting the onset of a disease, according to one embodiment. The process, at block 1800 , obtains the current bio signal associated with a user, such as presence, motion, temperature, respiration rate, or heart rate, associated with the user. The process obtains the current bio signal from a sensor associated with the user. Further, the process, at block 1810 , obtains a history of bio signals associated with the user from a database 180 . The history of bio signals comprises the bio signals associated with the user, accumulated over time. The history of biological signals can be stored in a database 180 associated with a user. The process, at block 1820 , then detects a discrepancy between the current bio signal and the history of bio signals, where the discrepancy is indicative of an onset of a disease. The process, at block 1830 , then generates an alarm to the user's caretaker. The discrepancy between the current bio signal and the history of bio signals comprises a higher frequency in the current bio signal than in the history of bio signals, or a lower frequency in the current bio signal than in the history of bio signals. According to one embodiment, the process of FIG. 18 can be used to detect an onset of an epileptic seizure. A healthy person has a normal heart rate between 60 and 100 beats per minute. During epileptic seizures, the median heart rate associated with the person exceeds 100 beats per minute. The process of FIG. 18 detects that the heart rate associated with the user exceeds the normal heart rate range associated with the user. The process then generates an alarm to the user's caretaker that the user is having an epileptic seizure. Although rare, epileptic seizures can cause the median heart rate associated with a person to drop below 40 beats per minute. Similarly, the process of FIG. 18 detects if the current heart rate is below the normal heart rate range associated with the user. The process then generates an alarm to the user's caretaker that the user is having an epileptic seizure. FIG. 19 is a diagrammatic representation of a machine in the example form of a computer system 1900 within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies or modules discussed herein, may be executed. In the example of FIG. 19 , the computer system 1900 includes a processor, memory, non-volatile memory, and an interface device. Various common components (e.g., cache memory) are omitted for illustrative simplicity. The computer system 1900 is intended to illustrate a hardware device on which any of the components described in the example of FIGS. 1-18 (and any other components described in this specification) can be implemented. The computer system 1900 can be of any applicable known or convenient type. The components of the computer system 1900 can be coupled together via a bus or through some other known or convenient device. This disclosure contemplates the computer system 1900 taking any suitable physical form. As example and not by way of limitation, computer system 1900 may be an embedded computer system, a system-on-chip (SOC), a single-board computer system (SBC) (such as, for example, a computer-on-module (COM) or system-on-module (SOM)), a desktop computer system, a laptop or notebook computer system, an interactive kiosk, a mainframe, a mesh of computer systems, a mobile telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a server, or a combination of two or more of these. Where appropriate, computer system 1900 may include one or more computer systems 1900 ; be unitary or distributed; span multiple locations; span multiple machines; or reside in a cloud, which may include one or more cloud components in one or more networks. Where appropriate, one or more computer systems 1900 may perform without substantial spatial or temporal limitation one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. As an example and not by way of limitation, one or more computer systems 1900 may perform in real time or in batch mode one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein. One or more computer systems 1900 may perform at different times or at different locations one or more steps of one or more methods described or illustrated herein, where appropriate. The processor may be, for example, a conventional microprocessor such as an Intel Pentium microprocessor or Motorola power PC microprocessor. One of skill in the relevant art will recognize that the terms “machine-readable (storage) medium” or “computer-readable (storage) medium” include any type of device that is accessible by the processor. The memory is coupled to the processor by, for example, a bus. The memory can include, by way of example but not limitation, random access memory (RAM), such as dynamic RAM (DRAM) and static RAM (SRAM). The memory can be local, remote, or distributed. The bus also couples the processor to the non-volatile memory and drive unit. The non-volatile memory is often a magnetic floppy or hard disk, a magnetic-optical disk, an optical disk, a read-only memory (ROM), such as a CD-ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM, a magnetic or optical card, or another form of storage for large amounts of data. Some of this data is often written, by a direct memory access process, into memory during execution of software in the computer 1900 . The non-volatile storage can be local, remote, or distributed. The non-volatile memory is optional because systems can be created with all applicable data available in memory. A typical computer system will usually include at least a processor, memory, and a device (e.g., a bus) coupling the memory to the processor. Software is typically stored in the non-volatile memory and/or the drive unit. Indeed, storing and entire large program in memory may not even be possible. Nevertheless, it should be understood that for software to run, if necessary, it is moved to a computer readable location appropriate for processing, and for illustrative purposes, that location is referred to as the memory in this paper. Even when software is moved to the memory for execution, the processor will typically make use of hardware registers to store values associated with the software, and local cache that, ideally, serves to speed up execution. As used herein, a software program is assumed to be stored at any known or convenient location (from non-volatile storage to hardware registers) when the software program is referred to as “implemented in a computer-readable medium.” A processor is considered to be “configured to execute a program” when at least one value associated with the program is stored in a register readable by the processor. The bus also couples the processor to the network interface device. The interface can include one or more of a modem or network interface. It will be appreciated that a modem or network interface can be considered to be part of the computer system 1900 . The interface can include an analog modem, isdn modem, cable modem, token ring interface, satellite transmission interface (e.g. “direct PC”), or other interfaces for coupling a computer system to other computer systems. The interface can include one or more input and/or output devices. The I/O devices can include, by way of example but not limitation, a keyboard, a mouse or other pointing device, disk drives, printers, a scanner, and other input and/or output devices, including a display device. The display device can include, by way of example but not limitation, a cathode ray tube (CRT), liquid crystal display (LCD), or some other applicable known or convenient display device. For simplicity, it is assumed that controllers of any devices not depicted in the example of FIG. 9 reside in the interface. In operation, the computer system 1900 can be controlled by operating system software that includes a file management system, such as a disk operating system. One example of operating system software with associated file management system software is the family of operating systems known as Windows® from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., and their associated file management systems. Another example of operating system software with its associated file management system software is the Linux™ operating system and its associated file management system. The file management system is typically stored in the non-volatile memory and/or drive unit and causes the processor to execute the various acts required by the operating system to input and output data and to store data in the memory, including storing files on the non-volatile memory and/or drive unit. Some portions of the detailed description may be presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to a desired result. The operations are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like. It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or “determining” or “displaying” or “generating” or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices. The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general purpose systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the methods of some embodiments. The required structure for a variety of these systems will appear from the description below. In addition, the techniques are not described with reference to any particular programming language, and various embodiments may thus be implemented using a variety of programming languages. In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of a server or a client machine in a client-server network environment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed) network environment. The machine may be a server computer, a client computer, a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a laptop computer, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, an iPhone, a Blackberry, a processor, a telephone, a web appliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executing a set of instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. While the machine-readable medium or machine-readable storage medium is shown in an exemplary embodiment to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” and “machine-readable storage medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database 180 , and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term “machine-readable medium” and “machine-readable storage medium” shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies or modules of the presently disclosed technique and innovation. In general, the routines executed to implement the embodiments of the disclosure, may be implemented as part of an operating system or a specific application, component, program, object, module or sequence of instructions referred to as “computer programs.” The computer programs typically comprise one or more instructions set at various times in various memory and storage devices in a computer, and that, when read and executed by one or more processing units or processors in a computer, cause the computer to perform operations to execute elements involving the various aspects of the disclosure. Moreover, while embodiments have been described in the context of fully functioning computers and computer systems, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various embodiments are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that the disclosure applies equally regardless of the particular type of machine or computer-readable media used to actually effect the distribution. Further examples of machine-readable storage media, machine-readable media, or computer-readable (storage) media include but are not limited to recordable type media such as volatile and non-volatile memory devices, floppy and other removable disks, hard disk drives, optical disks (e.g., Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD ROMS), Digital Versatile Disks, (DVDs), etc.), among others, and transmission type media such as digital and analog communication links. In some circumstances, operation of a memory device, such as a change in state from a binary one to a binary zero or vice-versa, for example, may comprise a transformation, such as a physical transformation. With particular types of memory devices, such a physical transformation may comprise a physical transformation of an article to a different state or thing. For example, but without limitation, for some types of memory devices, a change in state may involve an accumulation and storage of charge or a release of stored charge. Likewise, in other memory devices, a change of state may comprise a physical change or transformation in magnetic orientation or a physical change or transformation in molecular structure, such as from crystalline to amorphous or vice versa. The foregoing is not intended to be an exhaustive list of all exam page on ples in which a change in state for a binary one to a binary zero or vice-versa in a memory device may comprise a transformation, such as a physical transformation. Rather, the foregoing is intended as illustrative examples. A storage medium typically may be non-transitory or comprise a non-transitory device. In this context, a non-transitory storage medium may include a device that is tangible, meaning that the device has a concrete physical form, although the device may change its physical state. Thus, for example, non-transitory refers to a device remaining tangible despite this change in state. Remarks In many of the embodiments disclosed in this application, the technology is capable of allowing multiple different users to use the same piece of furniture equipped with the presently disclosed technology. For example, different people can sleep in the same bed. In addition, two different users can switch the side of the bed that they sleep on, and the technology disclosed here will correctly identify which user is sleeping on which side of the bed. The technology identifies the users based on any of the following signals alone or in combination: heart rate, respiration rate, body motion, or body temperature associated with each user. The foregoing description of various embodiments of the claimed subject matter has been provided for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the claimed subject matter to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to one skilled in the art. Embodiments were chosen and described in order to best describe the principles of the invention and its practical applications, thereby enabling others skilled in the relevant art to understand the claimed subject matter, the various embodiments, and the various modifications that are suited to the particular uses contemplated. While embodiments have been described in the context of fully functioning computers and computer systems, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various embodiments are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that the disclosure applies equally regardless of the particular type of machine or computer-readable media used to actually effect the distribution. Although the above Detailed Description describes certain embodiments and the best mode contemplated, no matter how detailed the above appears in text, the embodiments can be practiced in many ways. Details of the systems and methods may vary considerably in their implementation details, while still being encompassed by the specification. As noted above, particular terminology used when describing certain features or aspects of various embodiments should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being redefined herein to be restricted to any specific characteristics, features, or aspects of the invention with which that terminology is associated. In general, the terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the invention to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification, unless those terms are explicitly defined herein. Accordingly, the actual scope of the invention encompasses not only the disclosed embodiments, but also all equivalent ways of practicing or implementing the embodiments under the claims. The language used in the specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and it may not have been selected to delineate or circumscribe the inventive subject matter. It is therefore intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this Detailed Description, but rather by any claims that issue on an application based hereon. Accordingly, the disclosure of various embodiments is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the embodiments, which is set forth in the following claims.	Introduced are methods and systems for: gathering human biological signals, such as heart rate, respiration rate, or temperature; analyzing the gathered human biological signals; and controlling a vibrating pillow strip based on the analysis.	0
TECHNICAL FIELD [0001] The present disclosure relates to portable tables. More particularly, the disclosure relates to lightweight, compact, modular, portable tables configured to provide a flat, dry surface in any terrain or ground conditions. Additionally, the individual components that make up the table(s) can be re-configured into additional useful tools such as a spear, walking stick, fire grate, drying rack, paddle, tent pole, equipment holder, support post, shooting rest, cooking stick, vehicle table, lantern pole, self-defense tool, tree table, survival tool, splint and/or crutch to name a few. BACKGROUND [0002] Interest in outdoor activities is growing. Every year, more and more people spend time outdoors participating in a wide variety of work and leisure activities, including hiking, camping, hunting, fishing, picnicking, reading, sunbathing, yard games, and the like. Many people enjoy outdoor activities throughout all four seasons and in all types of weather, terrain and ground conditions. However, the lack of readily available clean, dry, and convenient flat surfaces often limits the types of equipment a person may bring with them. [0003] Surveys have shown that the most often requested item by outdoor enthusiasts is a table. Virtually everyone has a need to use, stow and protect one or more items used in a given outdoor activity (e.g., binoculars for bird watching or books for reading). Many people also desire to use additional unnecessary but preferred items in order to make the outdoor experience more enjoyable (e.g., range finders for golf or a beverage while playing yard games). Such items can be expensive, breakable and unsuited to be placed on wet, rough, or uneven surfaces, such as the ground. Additionally, surveys have shown that outdoor enthusiasts also want one product that performs multiple functions. [0004] Although many urban parks and campsites are equipped with tables or benches, they are often un-sanitary, occupied and/or placed too far from the desired location of any given user. These tables also tend to be immovable as they are typically either permanently mounted in one location or too large and cumbersome for any one person to move. Such tables are also generally dirty from prolonged exposure to the weather. As a result, many individuals are unable or unwilling to use them. These tables only function as a table. [0005] Traditional fixed-leg home dining and bench-style tables are similarly impractical for most outdoor applications due to their size and weight. Even currently available folding tables are unsuited for broad use across the gamut of terrain and ground conditions commonly encountered by outdoors enthusiasts. Such tables are too large to be easily carried and do not allow for use on un-even or slanted terrain because items placed on the tabletop surface will simply slide off. Furthermore, these tables are not portable, packable, or made from interchangeable parts. Moreover, these tables lack versatility, as they do not allow users to modify or alter their configuration to suit a given user's needs, the terrain, or the ground conditions or environment in which it will be deployed. [0006] Thus, there exists a need for an inexpensive, lightweight, modular portable table that is compact, easily stowed and assembled, and suitable for use in any environment and with any terrain and ground conditions. SUMMARY [0007] The disclosure relates to modular, portable table systems designed for indoor and outdoor use on all types or terrain and ground conditions, including flat, uneven, sloped, rough, and rugged terrain, and snow, water, ice, sand, mud, leaves, thick grass, rocks, trees and fence posts, and domestic grass. [0008] In one aspect, a modular portable table comprises one or more tabletop sections, a T-bar support strut, an anchor assembly, and optionally, a leg assembly comprising one or more leg segments. In another aspect, a modular portable table comprises at least one tabletop section, a pair of hinges, a T-bar support strut, an anchor assembly, and optionally, a leg assembly comprising one or more leg segments. In certain embodiments, the anchor assembly is a ground spike assembly, a ground spike, a hard surface box assembly, or a tree screw. In another embodiment, the anchor assembly is a ball hitch adapter configured to attach to a receiver hitch of a vehicle. In certain embodiments, a portable modular table also comprises at least one additional support strut. Any or all of these embodiments may be re-configured to form additional tools. [0009] In some embodiments, the tabletop sections are separable mirror images of each other and are configured with perforations or other holes to prevent condensation from forming on the bottom of an item placed thereon. Segmentation of the tabletop sections provides increased portability, reduced bulk when disassembled, and allows each section to serve as a separate tabletop if desired. [0010] The T-bar support strut attaches to the underside of each tabletop section to hold the two halves of the tabletop together. The T-bar can also function as a hook to hang or hold additional items such as clothes, glasses, hats, lanyards, or any other items that a user may desire to elevate off of the ground. The T-bar also connects to a leg assembly, or an anchor assembly. [0011] The leg assembly comprises one or more interchangeable leg segments, which support the tabletop sections off of the ground. Each leg segment is configured with a male end and a female end, both of which are threaded with screw threads. The male end each leg segment can screw into the female end of every other leg segment. The male end of one leg segment can be screwed into a hole on the bottom of the T-bar. Additional leg segments may be connected to the female end of the first leg segment. In this way, a user may increase or decrease the height of the table by adding or removing leg segments in series as desired. The leg segments can also be used as a walking staff, a hunting spear or tool, a self-defense tool, a support strut for a shelter, a stint for broken bones, a cooking tool, a clothes line, or other device from which a user may hang items to elevate them from the ground. [0012] A ground spike is a rod having a sharpened point at one end and screw threads at the opposite end configured to releasably engage with the female end of a leg segment. A ground spike assembly, in one embodiment, comprises a cross bar, one or more ground spikes, and a retaining screw for connecting the ground spike assembly to a leg segment or T-bar. The threaded ends of the one or more ground spikes are releasably screwed into threaded receiver holes at either end of the cross bar. The retainer screw is then passed through the central hole in the middle of the cross bar and releasable engaged to the threaded female end of the lowermost leg segment or the threaded hole in the center of the T-bar. The ground spike assembly is designed to secure the table system to the ground or substrate that the table is deployed on. It can be used as a single spike (pole style) or as a double spike (fork style) to suit the relevant terrain or ground conditions. Each spike can also be used as a hunting spear point or tool, a spike in walking staff to aid walking in icy conditions, a self-defense tool, a tool for holding food during cooking, a tool for holding down a tarp or other shelter covering. [0013] A hard surface box and lid assembly is a dual-purpose carry case and anchor or weight apparatus for anchoring the assembled table system to the ground when the terrain or ground conditions make use of a ground spike assembly inappropriate (e.g., on frozen ground, solid rock, concrete, or a tent floor). The box assembly allows the table system to be deployed indoors or on hard flat surfaces. When not in use, the box assembly may be used as a carry case for the other components of the disassembled table system. [0014] A tree screw is a member having a sharp pointed end and an opposite blunt end. The sharp end is configured with self-tapping screw threads designed to facilitate attachment of the table system to a tree or wooden post. The blunt end is configured with screw threads complimentary to those of the threaded central hole in the bottom of the T-bar and the threaded female end of a leg assembly segment. The tree screw enables the table to be deployed in environments where the terrain or ground conditions otherwise prevent use of the hard surface box assembly or ground spikes. [0015] The table systems disclosed herein allow users to deploy a flat, dry table surface virtually anywhere. The tabletop sections are made of a lightweight material that allows for a strong flat surface to stow and keep personal items dry and safe. It is a multi-functional product that serves a wide range of users across an even broader range of activities. Some of the applications in which the table system is useful include fishing, hunting, gardening, beach activities, yard games, plant stand, camping, hiking, drying rack, food storage and preparation, appliance stand, eating, pet training, reading, gaming, tail-gating (with ball hitch adapter), and the like. The table system disclosed herein is affordable, portable, modular, adjustable, and multi-purpose. It is suitable for use by persons of all ages and physical capabilities. The components of the table system are also individually replaceable such that if a any single part is broken or lost, a user may simply replace it with an interchangeable component without having to purchase an entire new table system. [0016] These and other aspects and advantages of the invention described herein will be better understood and appreciated by those skilled in the art by reference to the accompanying drawings briefly described below in conjunction with the following detailed description, wherein certain preferred embodiments including the best mode are described. It is to be understood that the specific devices and processes illustrated in the attached drawings and described in the following detailed description are exemplary embodiments of the inventive concepts defined in the claims below. Hence, specific dimensions and other physical characteristics relating to the embodiments disclosed herein are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive, unless the claims expressly state otherwise. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0017] The COVERSHEET comprises of illustrations of all of the components and pieces of the modular portable table system and three photographs illustrating two embodiments of a portable table constructed in accordance with the present disclosure. The furthest left image provides a perspective view of one embodiment of a portable table equipped with a fixed or stationary tabletop (hereinafter, a “solid-top” tabletop). The Right two photographs illustrate perspective views of another embodiment of a portable table equipped with a rotatable flip-top tabletop (hereinafter, a “flip-top” tabletop) shown in a deployed position (left image) and a stowed position (right image). [0018] FIG. 1 illustrates the components and assembly of a solid-top portable table. [0019] FIG. 2 illustrates assembled view of solid-top portable table. [0020] FIG. 3 Illustrates a perspective view of a solid-top table with ground spike. [0021] FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective view of a solid-top table connected to hard surface box and lid. [0022] FIG. 5 illustrates the components and assembly of a flip-top portable table (front view) [0023] FIG. 6 illustrates the components and assembly of a flip-top portable table (side view) [0024] FIG. 7 illustrates the components and assembly of a flip-top portable table (front view with table top folded down) [0025] FIG. 8 illustrates the components and assembly of a flip-top portable table (side view with table top folded down) [0026] FIG. 9 illustrates a perspective view of the flip-top table connected to a hard surface box and lid assembly. [0027] FIG. 10 illustrates a perspective view of the flip-top table connected to a ground spike assembly. [0028] FIG. 11 illustrates different height options for a solid-top and flip top portable table having different numbers of leg segments (three leg assembly pieces). [0029] FIG. 12 illustrates different height options for a solid-top and flip top portable table having different numbers of leg segments (two leg assembly pieces). [0030] FIG. 13 illustrates different height options for a solid-top and flip top portable table having different numbers of leg segments (one leg assembly piece). [0031] FIG. 14 illustrates different height options for a solid-top and flip top portable table having different numbers of leg segments (no leg assembly pieces). [0032] FIG. 15 illustrates design options for a tabletop section for the solid top and flip top portable tables disclosed herein (top view) [0033] FIG. 16 illustrates design options for a tabletop section for the solid top and flip top portable tables disclosed herein (bottom view) [0034] FIG. 17 illustrates design options for a tabletop section for the solid top and flip top portable tables disclosed herein (side view) [0035] FIG. 18 illustrates perspective view options for a T-bar for solid top and flip top portable tables disclosed herein. [0036] FIG. 19 illustrates design options for a T-bar for solid top and flip top portable tables disclosed herein. [0037] FIG. 20 illustrates perspective view of one end of a leg assembly segment for portable tables disclosed herein. [0038] FIG. 21 illustrates perspective view of another end of a leg assembly segment for portable tables disclosed herein. [0039] FIG. 22 illustrates design options of a leg assembly segment for portable tables disclosed herein. [0040] FIG. 23 illustrates perspective view of a ground spike assembly for portable tables disclosed herein. [0041] FIG. 24 illustrates design options for ground spike assembly and ground spike for portable tables disclosed herein (front view). [0042] FIG. 25 illustrates design options for ground spike assembly and ground spike for portable tables disclosed herein (side view). [0043] FIG. 26 illustrates perspective view of a support strut for a portable table disclosed herein. [0044] FIG. 27 illustrates perspective view of a box bolt for use with a hard surface box assembly for a portable table disclosed herein. [0045] FIG. 28 illustrates design options for a box bolt for use with a hard surface box assembly for a portable table disclosed herein. [0046] FIG. 29 illustrates perspective view of a tree screw for a portable table disclosed herein. [0047] FIG. 30 illustrates perspective view of a tree screw for a portable table disclosed herein. [0048] FIG. 31 illustrates design options for a tree screw for a portable table disclosed herein. [0049] FIG. 32 illustrates design options for a tree screw for a portable table disclosed herein. [0050] FIG. 33 illustrates perspective view of one embodiment of a hard surface box and lid assembly for a portable table and flip table disclosed herein. [0051] FIG. 34 illustrates perspective view of one embodiment of a hard surface box and lid assembly for a portable table and flip table disclosed herein. [0052] FIG. 35 illustrates design options for an embodiment of a hard surface box for a portable tables disclosed herein. [0053] FIG. 36 illustrates design options for an embodiment of a hard surface lid for a portable tables disclosed herein. [0054] FIG. 37 illustrates a packaging layout for the components of a portable table disclosed herein nested inside two tabletop sections. [0055] FIG. 38 illustrates perspective view of an embodiment of a T-bar for a flip-top and portable table disclosed herein. [0056] FIG. 39 illustrates design option of an embodiment of a T-bar for a flip-top and portable table disclosed herein. [0057] FIG. 40 illustrates design option of an embodiment of a T-bar for a flip-top and portable table disclosed herein (top view). [0058] FIG. 41 illustrates design option of an embodiment of a T-bar for a flip-top and portable table disclosed herein (bottom view). [0059] FIG. 42 illustrates design options for a hinge assembly for a flip-top portable table disclosed herein (locked position). [0060] FIG. 43 illustrates design options for a hinge assembly for a flip-top portable table disclosed herein (folded position). [0061] FIG. 44 illustrates design options for a hinge assembly for a flip-top portable table disclosed herein (remove table top). [0062] FIG. 45 illustrates design options for a hinge assembly for a flip-top portable table disclosed herein (slot for t-bar). [0063] FIG. 46 illustrates design options for a ball hitch adaptor for a portable table disclosed herein. [0064] FIG. 47 illustrates perspective view of a ball hitch adaptor for a portable table disclosed herein. [0065] FIG. 48 illustrates design options for a ball hitch adaptor for a portable table disclosed herein (top view). [0066] FIG. 49 illustrates another embodiment and design options for a ball hitch adaptor for a portable table disclosed herein. [0067] FIG. 50 illustrates another embodiment of a ground spike for a portable table disclosed herein. [0068] FIG. 51 illustrates another embodiment of a ground spike for a portable table disclosed herein. [0069] FIG. 52 illustrates another embodiment of a leg assembly for adjusting the height of a solid top and flip top portable table disclosed herein using pin. [0070] FIG. 53 illustrates another embodiment of a leg assembly for adjusting the height of a solid top and flip top portable table disclosed herein using pull tab. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0071] Turning now to FIG. 1 , a partially exploded view of the solid-top table with ground spike assembly. The table surface is formed from two tabletop sections 10 / 1 , which are mirror images of each other. In some embodiments, the tabletop sections 10 / 1 are made from aluminum. In other embodiments, the tabletop sections are made from carbon fiber, plastics, other metals including alloys, or combinations thereof. The two tabletop sections 10 / 1 are joined together using the T-bar 20 / 1 and the support struts 50 / 1 to the sections aligned and connected. The two upwardly extending fingers of the T-Bar 20 / 1 are then inserted into two holes (not shown), one on the underside of each tabletop section 10 / 1 . The T-Bar 20 / 1 connects the two tabletop sections 10 / 1 and prevents them from separating during use. The T-Bar also provides the stability necessary to keep the tabletop from tipping once assembled, positioned, and loaded with items. The T-Bar 20 / 1 comprises a threaded hole on the underside that can be connected to one of the leg assembly segments 30 / 1 , or directly to a ground spike or ground spike assembly 40 / 1 . In addition to supporting the tabletop sections 10 / 1 , the T-bar 20 / 1 can also serve as a hook for hanging items, a rack for dry shoes and boots, and a multipurpose camp tool. The use of two tabletop sections 10 / 1 to form the complete table surface permits a user to deploy each tabletop section 10 / 1 separately, as a smaller table surface for two separate tables. [0072] The leg segments 30 / 1 are identical in shape and size and each is configured with the same screw threads to facilitate modularity. Each leg segment 30 / 1 has a male end and a female end, both of which are configured with screw threads so that the male end of one leg segment may be screwed into the female end of another leg segment. Any number of leg segments 30 / 1 may be used between the T-bar 20 / 1 and chosen anchor assembly to control the height of the table surface. The male end of the uppermost leg segment 30 / 1 is screwed into the hole in the underside of the T-bar 20 / 1 . The leg assembly segments 30 / 1 are made out of aluminum, but can be made out other lightweight and durable materials. For example, the leg assembly segments 30 / 1 can be cast from a mold or machined from a solid bar of metal by a CNC machine. Leg assembly pieces may be round or square in cross section, as well as solid or hollow. The use of round leg assembly pieces allows the user to screw each piece into another while ensuring that each piece lines up perfectly with the next piece regardless of how tightly the two connecting pieces are connected, unlike a square tube where the threads have to be carefully aligned to keep all four sides of the tube flush. The leg assembly segments 30 / 1 can also be used as a walking stick, hunting or fishing spear, self-defense tool, tent pole, stint, or a stake. [0073] Ground spikes 40 / 1 can be inserted into a variety of substrates to help the table to stand upright. Ground spikes can be used individually (pole style) or in pairs (fork style). The substrate to which the table is anchored will dictate what style of ground spike assembly is most suitable for keeping the table vertical. The configuration of the ground spike portion of the ground spike assembly may be modified to suit the intended application of the table. For example, the shape of the points may be changed to suit the expected ground conditions. Alternatively, a single solid bar bent and sharpened on both ends to form the spikes may be used instead of having each spike thread into a cross bar (See FIG. 24 ). Additionally, the retaining bolt that attaches the ground spike assembly 40 / 1 to the leg assembly 30 / 1 or the T-bar 20 / 1 could be fixed and not removable. In another embodiment, the spikes and bolts can also be welded onto the cross bar to form the ground spike assembly 40 / 1 . In other embodiments, the ground spikes may be configured with serrations, barbs, or other textural features to prevent them from being pulled out of the ground or other substrate into which they are anchored. The ground spike assembly works with any substrate soft enough to allow a user to push the spike(s) into the ground, and is therefore ideal on uneven and slanted surfaces. [0074] In one embodiment, the tabletop sections 10 / 1 comprise square holes on the underside of each half In other embodiments, the holes are round. In such embodiments, the fingers of the T-bar 20 / 1 are shaped so as to correlate to the shape of the holes in the tabletop sections 10 / 1 and thus fit snugly therein. The T-bar may be manufactured from a straight bar that is bent to form the upwardly extending fingers that fit into the holes on the bottom sides of the tabletop sections 10 / 1 . Another option for modification on the T-bar for the flip-top embodiment is to make it the same as the T-bar for the solid-top embodiment but to further include a tab 110 / 1 for a hinge (See FIG. 18 ). [0075] Threads are used on the individual components of the portable table system to make the table modular. The threads all work in conjunction to allow the end user to interchange the pieces and adapt to any terrain, environment, or ground conditions. The thread design allows for a secure connection between the component pieces, making the portable table system strong and durable. The number and size of threads that are used in the manufacturing of the table components insures that the pieces will not come apart even if they are loosened. The threaded design of the component pieces is one of the key reasons that the portable table system disclosed herein is so stable, reliable and durable. The threading on the various threaded components of the table system may be adapted to employ any suitable unified thread count, number of threads per inch, metric or American threads, reverse or standard threads, or cast or turned threads. In some embodiments, the threads may be eliminated altogether and a push button system used, for example, as shown in FIGS. 52 and 53 . The various components of the table system may instead be attached to one another using clamps. [0076] The hard surface (See FIG. 33 ) box and lid assembly supports the portable table system on hard or flat surfaces where the ground spike assembly 40 / 1 will not or should not penetrate the substrate. The box assembly adds minimally to the overall weight of the portable table system because the box and lid is hollow and functions as a case for the various other components of the portable table system. For this reason, the user does not have to carry additional unnecessary weight or bulk to use the box. An assembled portable table attached to a hard surface box and lid assembly can be made even more stable by placing various materials readily found in nature or urban environments into the box assembly to weight it down. Suitable materials include, for example, water, rocks, sand, dirt, and mud. No extra weighted objects need be packed or carried by the user. The hard surface box and lid assembly can be used indoors, in a tent, in a truck bed, on hard surfaces, and as a strongbox or storage container for important or perishable items such as food, tools, medical supplies, fire wood, and the like. The hard surface box and lid assembly may vary in dimensions, wall thickness, lip configuration, and constituent material(s) to suit the intended application or manufacturing process for the remainder of the table components. [0077] The portable table systems disclosed herein offer many benefits over other tables on the market today, including increased portability, strength, and durability, lighter weight, easier deployment and relocation, and no breakable moving parts. Each of the components of the table systems disclosed herein are designed to be individually replaced if broken or lost to prevent a user from having to purchase an entire new portable table system should one piece be lost or broken. In preferred embodiments, there are no welds on any of the components of the portable table system. The lack of welds makes each piece stronger and more reliable, and thus less likely to fail under stress. In other embodiments, the table system may comprise one or more welded parts. The components of the table systems disclosed herein can be cast from a mold or machined from a given substrate material such as aluminum using a CNC machine or sand cores. Because many of the individual components of the table systems are identical, the tooling necessary to manufacture a table system of the present disclosure is minimized. For example, the tabletop sections 10 / 1 can be cast from one mold. [0078] Turning now to FIG. 2 , there is illustrated the same solid-top portable table with ground spikes shown in a front plan view ( 160 / 1 ). [0079] FIG. 3 , there is shown a perspective view of an assembled solid-top portable table and ground spike assembly ( 160 / 3 ). [0080] FIG. 4 , image labeled 160 / 2 shows a perspective view of the table system using a hard surface box and lid assembly as an anchor instead of a ground spike assembly. [0081] Turning now to FIG. 5 , there is illustrated a plan front view of the flip-top portable rotatable table. The surface of a flip-top table 10 / 1 may comprise a single large tabletop section, or two mirrored tabletop sections. In either case, the ends of the tabletop 10 / 1 section are locked into proprietary hinges 120 / 1 located on the under side of the flip table top 10 / 1 . This allows the assembled tabletop to flip down. When the tabletop is in the flat or deployed position, the tabs on either side of the T-Bar 20 / 1 will lock into place in the hinges 120 / 1 . In this embodiment, the T-bar 20 / 1 holds the tabletop section(s) while allowing it to be swiveled from a flat, deployed position to a folded, stowed position. The hinges 120 / 1 also provides the stability necessary to keep the tabletop from tipping when deployed and loaded with items. The primary difference between the portable rotatable flip-top table and the stationary or solid-top table is the hinge mechanism 120 / 1 located under the flip-table top, which contains no moving parts. The lack of moving parts minimizes the chance of breakage. Other forms of a movable part or joint known to those skilled in the art may also be used. [0082] FIG. 6 , there is illustrated a plan side view of the flip-top portable rotatable table. The surface of a flip-top table 10 / 1 may comprise a single large tabletop section, or two mirrored tabletop sections. In either case, the ends of the tabletop 10 / 1 section are locked into proprietary hinges 120 / 1 located on the under side of the flip table top 10 / 1 . This allows the assembled tabletop to flip down. When the tabletop is in the flat or deployed position, the tabs on either side of the T-Bar 20 / 1 will lock into place in the hinges 120 / 1 . In this embodiment, the T-bar 20 / 1 holds the tabletop section(s) while allowing it to be swiveled from a flat, deployed position to a folded, stowed position. The hinges 120 / 1 also provides the stability necessary to keep the tabletop from tipping when deployed and loaded with items. The primary difference between the portable rotatable flip-top table and the stationary or solid-top table is the hinge mechanism 120 / 1 located under the flip-table top, which contains no moving parts. The lack of moving parts minimizes the chance of breakage. Other forms of a movable part or joint known to those skilled in the art may also be used. The portable flip-top table offers additional benefits over the stationary or fixed top table system, including a more space-saving design, and allowing the user to use the flip top tabletop as a windbreak or heat reflector. [0083] Turning now to FIG. 7 , there is illustrated a view of a portable rotatable flip-top table system front views 170 / 1 . [0084] FIG. 8 , there is illustrated a view of a portable rotatable flip-top table system side view 170 / 2 . [0085] FIG. 9 , image labeled 170 / 3 shows a perspective view of the flip-top table system using a hard surface box and lid assembly as an anchor instead of a ground spike assembly. [0086] FIG. 10 , there is shown a perspective view of an assembled flip-top portable table and ground spike assembly ( 170 / 4 ). [0087] Turning now to FIG. 11 , illustrates one of the various table heights that can be obtained by using three leg assembly pieces 180 / 1 . [0088] FIG. 12 , illustrates another option for adjusting the table height. Two leg assembly pieces are illustrated 180 / 2 . [0089] FIG. 13 , illustrates another option for adjusting the table height. One leg assembly piece is illustrated 180 / 3 . [0090] FIG. 14 , illustrates another option for adjusting the table height. As is evident from image 180 / 4 , the table system may be used without any of the leg pieces so that the ground spike assembly is connected directly to the T-bar. Because the leg assembly pieces are all identical, height of the tabletop can be adjusted by limiting the number of leg pieces that are used to assemble the table system. The fact that the leg pieces are all the same makes each piece interchangeable, keeps quality control high, and cuts down on manufacturing costs and time by facilitating manufacture of all leg segments using only one mold or CNC program. The ability to adjust the height of the tabletop provides increased convenience to users of all sizes and physical limitations. For example, the height of the table surface may be easily adjusted to standing or sitting height, or as necessary to keep items placed on the table surface away from ground-based pests. [0091] Turning now to FIG. 15 illustrates one embodiment of a tabletop section. The table system is designed to use two mirrored tabletop sections 10 / 1 to form the full table surface and provide ample surface space for the user. [0092] Each section of the tabletop 10 / 1 can also to be used alone as a smaller table surface for a separate table. This way, more than one person can have a flat dry surface. Each tabletop section is also designed with a perforated 10 / 2 surface to be permeable to weather conditions. For example, this allows moisture to pass through rather than collect on the table surface. This feature is also designed to keep moisture or condensation from forming on the underside of any items placed on the tabletop. Each half of the tabletop is a one-piece member that has no moving or working parts. This makes the tabletop sections very durable and virtually indestructible. [0093] Each half of the tabletop can be used with or without the T-bar, leg assembly sections, or an anchor assembly. For example, the tabletop sections can be used as a cooking surface because the grate or grill-like surface is impervious to fire and thus allows for the heating or cooking of foods and water through each section. The tabletop sections can be removed from the T-bar by simply lifting them off of the T-bar without any loosening of any mechanical devices. This allows for the user to easily take the table from one place to another as a tray or carrying device. Additionally, the two tabletop sections can be used independently of each other, whether as cooking surfaces, trays, or separate table surfaces. This simple design insures an ergonomic, lightweight product that is strong and very reliable. The two pieces where purposely designed to mirror each other. The makes for easy use in the field. This was also done to substantially reduce the manufacturing costs and make the table system more affordable. [0094] FIG. 16 , illustrates a plan view of the bottom of a table section. The bottom of each tabletop section is configured with a hole 10 / 3 to receive one upwardly extending side arm of the T-bar 20 / 1 (not shown). The inside end of the tabletop segment designed to contact a second tabletop segment is configured with two holes 10 / 4 for receiving a rod-like support strut (see FIG. 17 ). [0095] There is one receiver hole for a T-bar in the bottom side of each tabletop section. When the T-bar is inserted into these holes, the table surface is secure and will not come apart or tip. The tabletop sections can be removed from the T-bar by simply lifting each one upward. This allows for the user to move freely with the table top from one place to another without having to disassemble the entire table system. The T-bar can either be round or square and still work with the square receiver hole located on the bottom side of each of the two tabletop sections. This allows for quick and easy removal of the table surface making it portable and flexible. For example, a user may lift the tabletop sections off of the T-bar to take the table surface into a tent for the night. The remainder of the table system, including the T-bar, will remain standing by itself. In the morning, just lower the tabletop sections back onto the waiting T-bar. [0096] FIG. 17 , illustrates where the support strut is inserted through the holes 10 / 4 in the ends of both tabletop 10 / 1 sections before the T-bar is inserted into the holes in the bottom surface of each tabletop section. The tabletop section shown is configured with square holes 10 / 4 . [0097] Turning now to FIG. 18 , illustrates a perspective view of one embodiment of a T-bar. [0098] FIG. 19 , The T-bar depicted is suitable for use in a fixed, solid-top and the flip-top portable table system. The primary function of the T-bar 20 / 1 is to support both sections of the solid-top table surface and the flip-top rotating table. This is achieved by assembling the two (portable or possible one flip-top) tabletop sections on an internal rod-like support strut and setting the assembled unit on the two upwardly protruding arms of the T-Bar 20 / 3 such that the upwardly extending arms of the T-bar 20 / 3 fit into a hole on the underside of each tabletop section (not shown). The T-Bar is also responsible for keeping the two halves of the table surface from coming apart. This will keep the table from tipping and separating during use. Reference numeral 20 / 1 identifies the T-bar in its simplest form. Another embodiment of the T-bar suitable for use with the flip-top version of the table system disclosed herein is identified by referencing the tab on numeral 110 / 1 . In either case, the T-Bar is designed to have multiple uses. The T-Bar can also be used as a hanging hook for a multitude of products including clothes, lanyards, hats and electronic devices, or as a hunting or multipurpose camp tool. As with the rest of the components in the T-ABLE System, the T-Bar is also constructed as a casted, one-piece component. The T-Bar is manufactured with a hole on the bottom (in the area identified by reference numeral 20 / 2 , FIG. 19 ) that is tapped with the corresponding female threads that will receive the male threads of a leg assembly segment or an anchor assembly. This joining concept is consistent throughout the design of the various components of the table systems disclosed herein, in that the threaded male ends of the various components are connectable to the threaded female portions of any other component. [0099] Turning now to FIG. 20 , provides a top perspective of one embodiment of a leg assembly piece 30 / 1 . [0100] FIG. 21 , provides a bottom perspective of one embodiment of a leg assembly piece 30 / 1 . [0101] FIG. 22 , illustrates a plan view of one embodiment of a leg assembly segment 30 / 1 . The segments of the leg assembly are designed to connect to each other, as well as a T-bar and an anchor assembly, which can be a ground spike, a ground spike assembly, a hard surface box and lid assembly, a tree screw or a ball hitch adapter (all not shown). Multiple leg segments can be connected in series to adjust the overall height of the table to a user's preference. Each leg segment is made out of a single piece of substrate material and comprises a male end 30 / 2 and a female end 30 / 3 . In one embodiment, each male and female end is threaded with complimentary screw threads so that the male end screws into the female end. In another embodiment, the threads are Unified Thread Standard threads. Each leg segment is self-aligning, so than when connected and tightened under simple hand pressure, the segments appear to be one unitary leg. The threading used on the leg segments corresponds to the threading used in other components of the table system to allow the leg assembly segments to be fully connectable with other components. In one embodiment, the leg segments are made out of aluminum. Other suitable substrate materials will be known to the skilled artisan. Leg segments can be cast or machined out of a given substrate. Square tubing may also serve as a suitable substrate material for leg segments. In some embodiments, leg segments are solid all the way through. In other embodiments, leg segments are hollow. Although the primary function of the leg segments is to elevate and support the table surface from the ground, the leg segments may also be used in other ways, such as tent poles, cooking sticks, walking sticks and self-defense tools. [0102] Turning now to FIG. 23 , illustrates a perspective view of one embodiment of a ground spike assembly 40 / 1 . [0103] FIG. 24 , illustrates a front plan view of a ground spike assembly 40 / 1 . The ground spike assembly 40 / 1 is configured to be pressed into a soft substrate such as dirt and in so doing keep the table system upright. In one embodiment, a ground spike assembly 40 / 1 includes a crossbar 40 / 4 , one or more ground spikes 40 / 2 , and a retaining bolt 40 / 3 . The cross bar serves as a support to spread the one or more spikes apart and provide maximum stability to an assembled table system. The ground spike assembly 40 / 1 comprises one or more ground spikes 40 / 2 configured with a sharp point at one end and screw threads at an opposite end. In some embodiments, the cross bar 40 / 4 is configured with an equal number of threaded holes for receiving the threaded end of a ground spike 40 / 2 . Once the ground spike(s) are connected to the crossbar, a retaining bolt 40 / 3 is inserted through a central hole in the middle of the crossbar and retainingly engaged with the threaded female end of the lowermost leg assembly segment (not shown). In another embodiment, the ground spike assembly includes a single ground spike 40 / 2 . In some embodiments, the pointed end of a ground spike 40 / 2 , may be smooth, while in other embodiments, the point end of a ground spike may be roughened, barbed, serrated, or otherwise textured to prevent said spike from easily pulling out of whatever substrate the spike may be inserted into. The ground spike(s) can be used individually (pole style) or in pairs (fork style). The substrate that the table is being used in will dictate what style of ground spike assembly is necessary to keep the table vertical. Softer substrates will require dual ground spikes, while relatively harder or rockier substrates may require only a pole style ground spike assembly. When used in the fork style ground spike assembly, the ground spike(s) are individually screwed into either end of a cross bar. The cross bar is then screwed into the bottom of either a leg assembly segment or the bottom of the T-bar. When using a pole style ground spike assembly, a ground spike is screwed into the bottom of the leg assembly piece or the bottom of the T-bar to achieve a desired height. A singe ground spike 40 / 2 can be used with any number of leg assembly pieces 30 / 1 (not shown) to create a number of additional tools such as a walking stick, a cooking stick, a self-defense tool, or a tent pole to name a few. [0104] In use, the ground spike(s) are pushed into the substrate creating a stable base for attachment to the leg assembly or the T-bar. This process can be accomplished by using the two spike (fork) method or a single spike (pole) method. Either method is easy to use, strong, and allows for maximum portability and adaptability. The ground spike(s) create a stable foundation for the table system even in soft or uneven substrates. In some embodiments, the ground spike(s) uses a male Unified Thread Count that is located at the top of the ground spike(s). The two spikes in the two spike method are attached to the ground spike(s) cross bar. The ground spike(s) cross bar is then attached to either the leg assembly pieces or the T-bar using a male unified thread count bolt. [0105] The ground spike assembly may be modified in a number of ways to suit the intended application or manufacturing process. For example, the shape of the points may be varied. It may instead be designed with a solid crossbar that is bent on either end and sharpened to form two downwardly extending spikes. The retaining bolt that holds the ground spike assembly onto the leg assembly and/or the T-bar could be made non-removable or a solid part of the bar that is then turned using a CNC machine. The spikes could alternatively be welded onto the cross bar. Like every other component of the table systems disclosed herein, the ground spikes serve not only to support the table system, but also, for example, as a hunting tool, an anchor spike for shelter, a spike in a walking stick, a self-defense weapon, and a writing instrument for use in survival situations. [0106] FIG. 25 , illustrates a side view 40 / 5 of the ground spike assembly 40 / 1 mentioned in FIG. 24 . [0107] Turning not to FIG. 26 provides a plan view of a support strut 50 / 1 for a portable table. In one embodiment, it is a rod-like member that serves to keep the two tabletop sections from bending. These support struts 50 / 1 are used only when both tabletop sections are deployed. A support strut is not required when using only one half of the tabletop. Support struts are typically made of aluminum for strength and durability, but may be made from any durable material, including plastics and other metals. Each support strut 50 / 1 is inserted into hole 10 / 4 (not shown) extending longitudinally through at least a portion of each tabletop section (see FIG. 17 ). Once a support strut is inserted into one tabletop section, the second tabletop section is placed over the remainder of the support strut extending from the first tabletop section. [0108] Turning now to FIG. 27 , illustrates a perspective view of one embodiment of a box bolt 60 / 1 used to connect a leg assembly segment to a hard surface box and lid (see FIG. 33 and FIG. 34 ). [0109] FIG. 28 , provides a plan view of one embodiment of a box bolt 60 / 1 used to connect a leg assembly segment to a hard surface box and lid assembly (see FIG. 33 and FIG. 34 ). The box bolt has male threads 60 / 2 on either end of a smooth body portion 60 / 3 . The male threads are consistent with other male threaded portions of the table system and work in conjunction with other threaded female components. Once material has been placed in the bottom of the hard surface box, the lid is then placed on the top of the box. The threaded bolt is screwed into a hole through the lid and into the base of the hard surface box connecting the lid onto the box. The male threads on the bolt are now facing upwards from the top of the lid and will now allow for the female end of a leg assembly piece or the T-Bar to be attached. A female threaded end of a leg assembly piece or the T-Bar is then screwed onto the upwardly extending threaded male end of the box bolt. The box bolt holds the lid on the hard surface box. The box bolt allows a user to easily and quickly switch between using a table system with a ground spike assembly on uneven but penetrable, soft terrain and a hard surface box assembly for hard flat terrain or indoors. The table need not be fully disassembled to make this transition. [0110] Turning now to FIG. 29 , illustrates a front perspective view of one embodiment of a tree screw in use 70 / 4 . [0111] FIG. 30 , illustrates a side perspective view of one embodiment of a tree screw in use 70 / 5 . [0112] FIG. 31 , provides a plan view of a tree screw used with the portable table system described herein 70 / 1 . [0113] FIG. 32 , illustrates a tree screw 70 / 1 for use with a portable fixed-top or flip-top table system. The tree screw is designed to screw into any wooden substance, including trees. The tree spike comprises a pointed end a blunt end. The pointed end is configured with self-tapping screw threads 70 / 3 designed to be screwed into a tree or other wooden substrate. The blunt end of the tree spike is threaded with screw threads 70 / 2 complimentary to the threads inside the hole in the bottom side of the T-Bar (not shown). The tree screw 70 / 1 is designed to be an alternative to the ground spike assembly and hard surface box assembly. [0114] In use, the tree screw is first attached to a suitable wooden substrate. The T-bar (not shown) is then screwed onto the threaded blunt end 70 / 2 . Then, one or both halves of the tabletop may be attached to the arms of the T-bar. The tree screw 70 / 1 allows a user to deploy the table system onto vertical objects and trees which would otherwise not be capable of supporting a table. When not being used as a support for a table system, the tree spike also offers users many of the same features of the ground spike, such as a hunting tool, anchor spike, defensive weapon, writing tool, or hanger. [0115] Turning now to FIG. 33 , provides a perspective view of one embodiment of a hard surface box and lid assembly for a portable table disclosed herein. The hard surface box bottom 80 / 1 can be filled with rock, sand, dirt, water or any other readily available material that can be used to weight the box to the ground and give the box stability. The hard surface box bottom 80 / 1 is filled with suitable weighting material(s). The hard surface box lid 90 / 1 is then placed on top of the bottom of the box and the box bolt 60 / 1 is engaged with female threaded hole 80 / 2 . Now one or more leg assembly segments are connected to the upwardly protruding male threaded end of the box bolt, and the tabletop sections are assembled thereon as shown in FIG. 34 . Alternatively, the box bolt may be attached to the T-bar. The hard surface box and lid assembly also doubles as the carrying case for the other components of the table system. This minimizes the overall size of the dissembled table system, reduces the manufacturing costs, and makes the table system more portable and adaptable. [0116] The hard surface box and lid assembly allow a user to deploy the table system on terrain and ground conditions that are not suitable for use with a ground spike assembly, such as concrete, flat rock, tent floors, truck beds, and indoors. The hard surface box and lid assembly will support the table system on any surface but works best on a hard or flat surface where ground spike(s) will not or should not penetrate the substrate. When not in use, the hard surface box and lid assembly can serve as a storage container for food, tools, medical supplies, firewood, and other items. [0117] FIG. 34 , illustrates a perspective view of the portable table system being used with the hard surface box and lid 160 / 2 . [0118] FIG. 35 , provides a multiple views of one embodiment of a hard surface box for a portable table disclosed herein. The hard surface box bottom 80 / 1 can be filled with rock, sand, dirt, water or any other readily available material that can be used to weight the box to the ground and give the box stability. The hard surface box bottom 80 / 1 is filled with suitable weighting material(s). The hard surface box lid 90 / 1 (see FIG. 36 and FIG. 33 ) is then placed on top of the bottom of the box and the box bolt is engaged with female threaded hole 80 / 2 . Now one or more leg assembly segments or a T-Bar are connected to the upwardly protruding male threaded end of the box bolt, and the tabletop sections are assembled thereon as shown in FIG. 34 . Alternatively, the box bolt may be attached to the T-bar. The hard surface box and lid assembly also doubles as the carrying case for the other components of the table system. This minimizes the overall size of the dissembled table system, reduces the manufacturing costs, and makes the table system more portable and adaptable. [0119] The hard surface box and lid assembly allow a user to deploy the table system on terrain and ground conditions that are not suitable for use with a ground spike assembly, such as concrete, flat rock, tent floors, truck beds, and indoors. The hard surface box and lid assembly will support the table system on any surface but works best on a hard or flat surface where ground spike(s) will not or should not penetrate the substrate. When not in use, the hard surface box and lid assembly can serve as a storage container for food, tools, medical supplies, firewood, and other items. [0120] FIG. 36 provides a multiple views of one embodiment of a hard surface box lid for a portable table disclosed herein. The hard surface box lid 90 / 1 (see FIG. 36 and FIG. 33 ) is placed on top of the bottom of the box and the box bolt is engaged with female hole 90 / 2 and screwed into female threaded hole on box. Now one or more leg assembly segments are connected to the upwardly protruding male threaded end of the box bolt, and the tabletop sections are assembled thereon as shown in FIG. 34 . Alternatively, the box bolt may be attached to the T-bar. The hard surface box and lid assembly also doubles as the carrying case for the other components of the table system. This minimizes the overall size of the dissembled table system, reduces the manufacturing costs, and makes the table system more portable and adaptable. [0121] The hard surface box and lid assembly allow a user to deploy the table system on terrain and ground conditions that are not suitable for use with a ground spike assembly, such as concrete, flat rock, tent floors, truck beds, and indoors. The hard surface box and lid assembly will support the table system on any surface but works best on a hard or flat surface where ground spike(s) will not or should not penetrate the substrate. When not in use, the hard surface box and lid assembly can serve as a storage container for food, tools, medical supplies, firewood, and other items. [0122] Turning now to FIG. 37 , illustrates one embodiment of a packaging layout for stowing the components of a the table systems disclosed herein. As is shown, the various components of the table system nest inside the two table top sections, which serve as a storage and transport container. Once combined, they may be placed in a suitable formfitting container, such as a zippered nylon bag, or the hard surface box and lid assembly. This design is ergonomic and does not add weight or bulk to the product, and reduces costs of manufacturing. This design also prevents users from losing parts because it creates a physical checklist of items that should be present when stowing the components of the table system. It will help eliminate the possibility of leaving pieces behind by giving a user a visual clue that a piece is missing. [0123] Turning now to FIG. 38 , provides a perspective view of one embodiment of a T-bar 20 / 1 and tab 110 / 1 for a portable rotatable flip-top table system or a fixed-top table system. [0124] FIG. 39 , illustrates a plan view of another embodiment of a T-bar 20 / 1 and tab 110 / 1 for a portable rotatable flip-top table system or a fixed-top table system. The T-bar 20 / 1 comprises a cross bar with two fingers extending upwardly 20 / 3 and perpendicular there from. Protruding perpendicularly (i.e., latitudinal) from each finger is a tab 110 / 1 designed to lock into a hinge attached to a tabletop section (not shown). This arrangement allows the tabletop to swivel from a horizontal or flat deployed position to a vertical stowed position as shown in FIG. 8 . [0125] FIG. 40 , illustrates a top view of another embodiment of a T-bar 20 / 1 and tab 110 / 1 for a portable rotatable flip-top table system or a fixed-top table system. The T-bar 20 / 1 comprises a cross bar with two fingers extending upwardly 20 / 3 and perpendicular there from. Protruding perpendicularly (i.e., latitudinal) from each finger is a tab 110 / 1 designed to lock into a hinge attached to a tabletop section (not shown). This arrangement allows the tabletop to swivel from a horizontal or flat deployed position to a vertical stowed position as shown in FIG. 8 . [0126] FIG. 41 , illustrates a bottom view of another embodiment of a T-bar 20 / 1 and tab 110 / 1 for a portable rotatable flip-top table system or a fixed-top table system. The T-bar 20 / 1 comprises a cross bar with two fingers extending upwardly 20 / 3 and perpendicular there from. Protruding perpendicularly (i.e., latitudinal) from each finger is a tab 110 / 1 designed to lock into a hinge attached to a tabletop section (not shown). This arrangement allows the tabletop to swivel from a horizontal or flat deployed position to a vertical stowed position as shown in FIG. 8 . [0127] Turning now to FIG. 42 , illustrates the hinge 120 / 1 in a flat and locked position on tab 110 / 1 for the portable rotatable flip-top. [0128] FIG. 43 , illustrates the hinge 120 / 1 in the stowed or flipped position on the tab 110 / 1 for the portable rotatable flip-top. [0129] FIG. 44 , illustrates the removing the table top 10 / 1 from the hinge 120 / 1 from the tab 110 / 1 for the portable rotatable flip-top. [0130] FIG. 45 , illustrates the plan view of the hinge 120 / 1 for the portable rotatable flip-top table. The hinge is the source of the tabletop's ability to swivel. The tabletop section comprises two downwardly protruding hinges on the bottom of the table top 10 / 1 as shown in the FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 . Each hinge 120 / 1 comprises of a tab receiver slot 120 / 3 , a tab hole 120 / 4 , and a tab lock slot 120 / 2 . Once the hinge on the bottom of the flip-top table is slid downward onto the tab 110 / 1 , the table can rotate on the tab hole 120 / 4 or be locked into the tab slot 120 / 2 . Additionally the hinge comprises of a slot 120 / 4 on the bottom of the tab hole allowing for the removal of the table top. When the tab on the T-bar is placed in the slot 120 / 2 in each hinge, the table will be locked in a deployed position. The table surface may be stowed by simply lifting upward on the table surface such that the tabs 110 / 1 disengage from the slots 120 / 2 in each hinge. The table surface and hinge may then rotate about the tabs 110 / 1 to a stowed position as shown in FIG. 43 respectively. Additionally, the table top can be removed as shown in FIG. 44 . [0131] Turning now to FIG. 46 illustrates a plan view and design options for a ball hitch adaptor for a portable table system. The ball hitch adapter 130 / 1 allows a user to attach a table system to the hitch of a vehicle. The ball hitch adapter clamps onto the ball portion of the hitch. Once attached, the user will loosen the clamp 130 / 8 , adjust the table to its upright and flat position and then tighten the clamp 130 / 8 around the ball. The ball hitch adapter will keep the surface of the table flat regardless of how angled the vehicle is. In use, the ball hitch adapter 130 / 1 is attached to the ball of a vehicle. The male threaded end of the leg assembly 30 / 1 is screwed into the female threaded receiver hole 130 / 4 of the ball adapter. Once attached, a user need only loosen the tightening arm 130 / 8 , adjust the table to its deployed and flat position, and re-tighten the arm 130 / 8 . See perspective view of ball hitch adaptor in FIG. 47 . [0132] FIG. 47 illustrates a perspective view of the ball hitch adaptor with the table system attached. [0133] FIG. 48 , illustrates the top view and components to the ball hitch adaptor. After loosening the clamp 130 / 8 and sliding the bolt 130 / 10 and the clamp 130 / 8 out from the bolt slot, the two outer cups 130 / 5 and 130 / 6 will pivot on the hinge 130 / 9 allowing the ball hitch adaptor to be opened and wrapped around the ball of the hitch. Once closed around the ball, replace the bolt 130 / 10 and the clamp 130 / 8 and tighten slightly to keep closed around the ball. Screw a leg assembly piece (not shown) into the female hole 130 / 7 . Finally, loosen the clamp 130 / 8 , position the leg assembly piece so it is pointing straight upwards and re-tighten the clamp 130 / 8 . The T-bar (not shown) can then be screwed onto the leg assembly piece. Once the T-bar is attached, the table system can be attached as well. The ball hitch adaptor allows for a flat surface anywhere you have a ball hitch. This further illustrates the functionality of the modular, portable table system. [0134] FIG. 49 , provides another design option of the ball hitch adaptor that does not use the ball portion of the hitch. This design uses the receiver on the hitch to hold the adaptor. [0135] Turning now to FIG. 50 illustrates another embodiment for the ground spike. The embodiment shown comprises a rotatable lever 140 / 2 for a user to use when inserting ground spikes into a substrate. For example, the lever is rotated from position 140 / 3 to a position horizontal 140 / 2 to the ground to allow a user to apply foot pressure to the lever, and thus press the spike into the ground more easily. The lever will also prevent the spike from sinking too far in a soft substrate like sand. [0136] FIG. 51 , illustrates the stowed position of the ground spike in this design. [0137] Turning now to FIG. 52 , illustrates an additional embodiment for a leg assembly. A pin mechanism is used to lock leg height for table. [0138] FIG. 53 , illustrates yet another embodiment for a leg assembly. A pull tab mechanism is used to lock leg height for table. INTERPRETATION [0139] All references, including publications, patent applications, and patents, cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each reference were individually and specifically indicated to be incorporated by reference and were set forth in its entirety herein. [0140] The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing an invention (especially in the context of the following claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges as values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention (i.e., “such as, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention. [0141] While the disclosure above sets forth the principles of the invention disclosed herein, with examples given for illustration only, those skilled in the art will appreciate from the foregoing that various adaptations and modifications of the just described embodiments can be configured in various respects without departing from the scope and sprit of the invention. The inventors expect that skilled artisans will employ various obvious changes in form and detail, and the inventors intend for the invention to be practiced other than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, the invention includes all equivalents and usual and obvious modifications of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described features and elements in all possible variations hereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention must be measured by the scope of the appended claims and not by the description of the examples or the preferred embodiments.	The table system consists of a modular, portable, interchangeable table system that is used primarily outdoors where you have surfaces that are not conducive to the use of a traditional table. Examples of various surfaces include, un-even or slanted, rivers & lakes, muddy, rocky, sandy, trees and/or fence posts, snow/icy, and tall grassy areas to name a few. The table system allows you to use a combination of interchangeable pieces to build the table necessary to set or stow things in a multitude of natural terrains. The interchangeable pieces can also be used to create other useful outdoor tools and accessories. Examples include a hunting spear, lantern pole, tent pole, drying rack, cooking stick, shooting rest, splint & crutch, equipment holder, canoe paddle, survival tool and walking stick. The table system can also be used in-doors with the use of the “Hard Surface Box Base & Lid”.	0
RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/378,516, entitled System and Method for In-Place Data Migration, filed on Aug. 31, 2010, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes. TECHNICAL FIELD [0002] The present invention relates to data storage and digital content management and more particularly, to a cost-effective system and method for in-place or post-facto migration of data to cloud-based storage services. BACKGROUND INFORMATION [0003] It is important for companies to find cost effective ways to manage their digital file storage. Although it may seem that file storage is inexpensive, 80% or more of the total cost of ownership is in managing and administering that storage. Most organizations' need for file storage is growing at 40% to 50% per year, along with the cost to manage that storage. Today, many companies have so much data that moving it from place to place can be cost-prohibitive. [0004] A number of storage software vendors provide solutions that will store and organize data. Examples of such solutions in include conventional NAS, SAN or DAS storage devices which are typically deployed and maintained by an enterprises IT department. In addition, there is currently a trend towards public and private cloud-based or virtual data stores and associated name spaces supported internally and externally, and accessed by users via a Wide Area Network such as the Internet and by legacy protocols such as CIFS and NFS. Examples of these approaches include the Microsoft® SharePoint™, ByCast, and Xanet services, etc. [0005] One of the drawbacks the Storage Industry has today is that, unlike in the past when file data was comparatively small could be easily copied from one location to another, today's enterprises often have too much data to move other than by necessity. This may be particularly problematic for relatively large users attempting to migrate from conventional user-supported NAS, SAN or DAS storage devices, to the aforementioned cloud-based or virtual data stores. Indeed, for an enterprise-class customer that may have several terabytes (or more) of data, such movement may not be realistically feasible, since the resources required for such a data migration may approach or exceed the available resources of their IT infrastructure. [0006] For example, the US military has recently attempted to standardize on SharePoint™. In total there are approximately 3 million users, hundreds of petabytes of data and trillions of files. Currently, it may be possible to load a trillion records into a database. Indeed, in some applications it may be possible to manipulate a billion records using a conventional desktop computer. However, it is impractical, if not substantially impossible, to move 100 petabytes of data electronically from point A to point B in any reasonable period of time or affordable cost. [0007] Accordingly, what is needed is a cost-effective system and method for the virtual, or post-facto migration of relatively large amounts of data to cloud-based data sharing services or other content management systems. SUMMARY [0008] Aspects of the present invention include methods and systems for the in-place or post-facto migration of data to a cloud-based data storage service or other virtual storage environment. The system includes a Cloud Storage Import Utility (CSIU) device including a file selection module and configured to generate a user interface. The user interface is configured for allowing a storage administrator to select one or more files, file folders, or shares to be to be published to the cloud and optionally migrated from a current storage device to another storage service, and for providing an indication of said selection. The CSIU is configured to capture metadata for the selected files or file folders. The CSIU also provides one or more commands understandable by the cloud-based data storage service, to cause the metadata to be migrated to the cloud-based data storage service independently of the files or file folders, so that they are usable by the cloud-based storage service without being moved to the cloud-based storage service. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0009] These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be better understood by reading the following detailed description, taken together with the drawings wherein: [0010] FIGS. 1 and 2 are block diagrams of systems of the prior art; [0011] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a system and method of the present invention; [0012] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an alternate embodiment of a system and method of the present invention; and [0013] FIGS. 5-15 are screen displays of an exemplary operation of an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0014] An aspect of the invention was the realization that data storage for large scale, enterprise-level applications presents issues that are substantially different from those of relatively small scale applications. The instant inventor also realized that contrary to conventional wisdom among much of the relevant industry, metadata and the underlying data to which it pertains, may be separated from one another without sacrificing desired functionality. [0015] Turning now to FIG. 1 , can be seen that in order to use conventional cloud-based data storage services 28 , all of the data, i.e., the underlying data bits and their corresponding metadata, must be moved from an original location (e.g., data store 14 ) into the cloud-based service 28 . As shown in FIG. 2 , once in service 28 , the data may be transferred to a remote data store, such as via Sharepoint's Remote Blob Storage feature, shown at 14 ′, where it may be accessed by service 28 . However, both of these scenarios require the initial upload of the underlying data, as well as its corresponding metadata, to service 28 . [0016] Turning now to FIG. 3 , an embodiment of the present invention will be described in connection with an exemplary system 10 . As shown, system 10 may be accessed by a storage administrator, via a user device 12 , which may take the form of a computer, laptop, PDA, Smart phone or the like. Other examples of user devices 12 include a workstation, personal computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), wireless telephone, or any other suitable computing device including a processor, a computer readable medium upon which computer readable program code (including instructions and/or data) may be disposed, and a user interface, all of which require or may be used by a storage administrator to migrate data to a cloud-based or virtual data storage service for primary and/or archiving storage. A similar device usable by an end-user, shown as end-user device 12 ′, may be used in a conventional manner to access files administered by embodiments of the present invention. [0017] As shown, the user device 12 is communicably couplable via a network 18 , e.g., a Wide Area Network such as the Internet, to a storage device 14 that may be used for primary (day to day) storage, and/or that may also be used for long term storage or archiving. The primary storage and long-term or archiving storage may be performed on two different areas of the same physical storage device 14 or alternatively, may be performed on two physically different and/or remotely located storage devices 14 . [0018] Storage device 14 may include any number of storage devices, including, but not limited to, Network Attached Storage (NAS) such as those available from EMC Corporation (Hopkinton, Mass., USA) and NetApp (Sunnyvale, Calif., USA), Storage Area Network (SAN) devices such as, but not limited to, those from EMC Corporation (Hopkinton, Mass., USA), and direct attached storage devices (DAS) such as, but not limited to, devices running the Microsoft Windows Server operating system. [0019] A cloud-based (virtual) data store/storage system 28 is also shown communicably coupled to network 18 . This storage system 28 may take the form of any number of commercially available services, such as the aforementioned Microsoft® SharePoint™, ByCast, and Xanet services, etc. For ease of explication, the embodiments disclosed herein will be shown and described with respect to the Microsoft® Sharepoint™ service, with the understanding that these embodiments/descriptions are applicable to substantially any cloud-based or other virtual storage environment data store/storage system currently available or which may be developed in the future. [0020] As also shown, system 10 includes a Cloud Storage Import Utility (CSIU) 30 . This CSIU 30 is located on a server (e.g., a webserver) that may enable user access via webpage(s). This server may also perform other functions and may provide various other features to the network such as database hosting, etc. The CSIU 30 enables users, such as storage administrators, to select files, e.g., by accessing a file selection application 15 , to select files for in-place-migration from a storage device 14 to a Sharepoint system 28 . The CSIU 30 receives file selections from the file selection application 15 and then captures information (e.g., metadata) associated with the selected files. CSIU 30 is configured to then insert this captured metadata into the metadata database of the Sharepoint data store 28 . The CSIU 30 may also be configured to index (or to enable communication with Sharepoint enabling it to index) the files selected by file selection application 15 , e.g., to enable end-users to effect content-based, full text searching of the selected files via the Sharepoint interface. [0021] It should be recognized that the file selection application 15 may be a software application, such as a version of the NTP Software Storage Investigator™ available from NTP Software (Nashua N.H.) and incorporated herein by reference, that may be modified in accordance with the teachings hereof, to permit users to designate specific files or categories of files for use by CSIU 30 . The file selection application 15 may reside directly on the server hosting CSIU 30 , or on another server or platform, including, optionally, user device 12 . It should also be recognized that storage device 14 may be substantially any data store which is remote from the Sharepoint store 28 , including, for example, a data store connected via Sharepoint's Remote Blob Storage, shown as 14 ′ in FIG. 4 . [0022] As mentioned hereinabove, user device 12 , 12 ′, storage device 14 , 14 ′, cloud storage service 28 , and the server that holds CSIU 30 , are communicably coupled to one another over a network communication path 18 , such as the Internet. The user device 12 , 12 ′ may be any form of computing or data processing device capable of communicating via network 18 . [0023] Terms such as “server”, “application”, “engine”, “module” and the like are each intended to refer to a computer-related component, including hardware, software, and/or software in execution. For example, an engine may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor including an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and a computer. Moreover, the various components may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. The term “cloud-based data storage” will be used herein to refer to substantially any virtual storage environment. The term “in-place migration” and/or “post-facto migration” refers to publishing or otherwise making data usable by the cloud-based storage service without having to first move the data to the cloud-based storage service. [0024] In various embodiments, the CSIU 30 and/or file selection application 15 may provide a user interface that takes any of various forms including, but not limited to, a standard web browser based application that operates with web browsers such as, but not limited to, Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) and Mozilla Firefox. [0025] The CSIU 30 is an application configured to effectively translate selections made using the File Selection Application 15 e.g., using lookup tables, database, hard coded programming, configuration files or the like, into instructions or commands usable by CSIU 30 as discussed hereinabove. CSIU 30 is also configured to capture information (e.g., metadata) associated with the file selections and effectively package it with these instructions/commands for use by cloud-based service 28 . CSIU 30 may also handle appropriate security requirements, e.g., to ensure that the particular user at device 12 has requisite permissions, etc. [0026] In particular embodiments, CSIU 30 may include a version of the NTP Software ODA™ engine commercially available from NTP Software, Inc. (Nashua, N.H., USA) and incorporated herein by reference, and which has been modified in accordance with the teachings hereof. [0027] In a representative method of operating system 10 , a user (e.g., storage administrator) may use device 12 to access 40 the file selection application 15 of the CSUI 30 and select files or folders on primary data store 14 . The CSIU 30 may then capture information (e.g., metadata) for the selected files and/or folder(s), and translates the intended actions into instructions, including metadata, to be conveyed 42 to the Sharepoint service 28 for incorporation into the Sharepoint metadata file(s), to effect the desired in-place-migration of the selected files/folders. Thereafter, an end-user 12 ′ may query 44 the Sharepoint data store 28 , to retrieve 46 data files stored on remote data store 14 . [0028] Turning now to FIG. 4 , an alternate embodiment of the present invention is shown as exemplary system 10 ′. System 10 ′ is substantially similar to system 10 of FIG. 3 , while also including another remote data store 14 ′ which may serve as a new repository for the underlying source data for the files/folders selected by the user via device 12 . During operation of this system 10 ′, a user (e.g., storage administrator) may use device 12 to access and select 40 files using the file selection application 15 of the CSUI 30 . The CSIU 30 may then capture information (e.g., metadata) for the selected files/folder(s), translate the intended actions into instructions, and convey 42 this information, including the metadata, to the Sharepoint service 28 . The underlying data may also be moved 43 (e.g., in response to a command sent via device 12 ) from data store 14 to the other data store 14 ′ (e.g., via Sharepoint Remote Blob Storage), where it may be handled by cloud-based service 28 . In this manner, system 10 ′ effects the desired in-place-migration of the files selected by the user, by moving them to target data store 14 ′ where they may be accessed via service 28 without ever having to be moved to the service 28 . Thereafter, an end-user 12 ′ may query 44 the Sharepoint data service 28 , to retrieve 46 data files stored on remote data store 14 ′. [0029] A more detailed example of in-place-migration in accordance with the present invention will now be shown and described with reference to FIGS. 5-15 . Turning now to FIG. 5 , user device 12 may be used to access a particular end-user's home directory on data store 14 . In this example, the entire contents of this home directory will be selected for (in-place) migration into this user's Home Documents site on SharePoint 28 . [0030] It should be recognized that the data files shown in this home directory on data store 14 are indexed, e.g., by the CSIU 30 using any number of conventional indexing approaches, to enable end-users to search the contents based on keywords. For example, as shown in FIG. 6 , the word “royalty” has been used to search for the EULA.doc file. The index(es) of this home directory may thus be imported into service 28 as part of the migration process, and/or the data files may be indexed by service 28 after receiving the metadata, as will be discussed in greater detail hereinbelow. [0031] As shown in FIG. 7 , in this example, prior to file migration, the contents of the end-user's Home Documents site on Sharepoint 28 is empty. [0032] As shown in FIG. 8 , the CSIU 30 , e.g., accessed by a storage administrator via device 12 , displays a dialog screen by which the user may select data files, e.g., by entering the source directory path of the end-user's home directory on the file server 14 , along with that of the target SharePoint site 28 . Clicking the “import” button causes the utility to perform the import by capturing and forwarding the corresponding metadata, while leaving the underlying data files in place at data store 14 . After the import/in-place-migration is complete, the SharePoint site 28 contains “links” to each file imported, such as shown in FIG. 9 . [0033] To illustrate the items in SharePoint 28 are simply “links” to the files on file server 14 , the screenshot of FIG. 10 shows the contents of a “DragImg” Word document. This document was launched (e.g., by the end-user device 12 ′) from the “link” in the user's Home Documents site on Sharepoint 28 . [0034] Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 11 , the title of the DragImg document file is modified from the end-user's Home directory on the original file server 14 (i.e., not through SharePoint 28 ), and then stored back to the file server 14 . [0035] Then, the same file is opened through its “link” on SharePoint 28 . As can be seen in FIG. 12 , the title of this document shows the change made outside of Sharepoint 28 . Thus, it can be seen that the contents of the file still resides on the original file server 14 , not in the SharePoint database 28 . [0036] Turning now to FIG. 13 , once they have been published or “migrated” as described herein, Sharepoint 28 may use its indexing service, e.g., as part of its external “Blob Storage” feature to index the files. This indexing service may be run on a schedule set by the storage administrator. Alternatively, the indexing process may be initiated manually using the “Start Full Crawl” feature as shown. [0037] Turning to FIG. 14 , the end-user may verify successful indexing by returning to his SharePoint home directory site 28 and perform a search for the word “royalty”. As shown in FIG. 15 , the search results indicate the search string was located in the EULA.doc file, illustrating successful indexing of the files imported using the in-place-migration of the present invention. [0038] In this manner, the present invention can interface with and can be programmed to interface with essentially any archiving application that will allow it's command set/command interface to be made known to third parties for interfacing with that archiving application. [0039] It should be recognized that information, e.g., commands, instructions, metadata, etc., may be passed between the various components (modules) disclosed herein by any convenient means, including conventional push or pull technology, without departing from the scope of the present invention. Moreover, modifications and substitutions by one of ordinary skill in the art are considered to be within the scope of the present invention, which is not to be limited except by any allowed claims and their legal equivalents.	Methods and systems for the in-place or post-facto migration of data to a cloud-based data storage service or other virtual storage environment, include a Cloud Storage Import Utility (CSIU) device having a file selection module and configured to generate a user interface. The user interface allows a storage administrator to select one or more files, file folders, or shares to be published to the cloud and optionally migrated from a current storage device to another storage service, and for providing an indication of the selection. The CSIU is configured to capture metadata for the selected files or file folders. The CSIU also provides one or more commands understandable by the cloud-based data storage service, to migrate the metadata to the cloud-based data storage service independently of the files or file folders, so that they are usable by the cloud-based storage service without being moved to the cloud-based storage service.	6
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This Non-Provisional Application claims the benefit under 35 USC 119(e) of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/019,938, filed Jan. 9, 2008. BACKGROUND OF INVENTION [0002] This invention relates generally to paint ball loader systems for paint ball guns. More specifically, this invention relates to a paint ball loader housing which fits various styles of paint ball loader systems and is further adaptable to fit even more styles of paint ball loader systems. SUMMARY [0003] The recreational and competitive use of paint ball guns generally involves a paint ball loader which feeds paint balls into a paint ball gun magazine to prepare the paint ball for firing and a housing, or shell, for the loader which, inter alia, acts as a reservoir for the paint balls entering the loader. As these paint ball guns are often used in simulated combat, it is highly desirable for the loader housings to have the following qualities: high capacity; reliability; durability; ease of reloading and cleaning; and an unobtrusive profile. It is common that the stock housings which come with paint ball gun loader systems are deficient in one or more of these characteristics. For example, during vigorous use, the housing can break, most often at the feed neck area. As the housings are generally specific to a particular loader, the user's only option has been to purchase the same type of housing, with the same deficiencies, with a different housing required for each loader used. The present invention is a paint ball loader housing which, in addition to having improved capacity, reliability, durability, ease of reloading and cleaning, and a sleek profile, fits various styles of paint ball loader systems and is further adaptable to fit even more styles of paint ball loader systems. [0004] In particular, the present invention comprises a paint ball loader housing for a paint ball loader comprising a shell housing adapted to operatively support a plurality of existing paint ball loader systems, the shell housing having a top filler opening and a bottom outlet. The invention can further comprise means for removably affixing the housing to a paint ball loader system. The housing can accommodate a variety of different styles of loaders, and can be further adapted for use with other styles of loader simply by swapping adapters. The invention further comprises a method of adapting a paint ball loader housing for use with a paint ball loader comprising providing a paint ball loader housing having a shell housing adapted to operatively support a plurality of paint ball loader systems, wherein the housing has a top filler opening and a bottom outlet and affixing the housing to a paint ball loader system. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0005] The drawings, when considered in connection with the following description, are presented for the purpose of facilitating an understanding of the subject matter sought to be protected. [0006] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an assembled paint ball loader housing disclosed herein; [0007] FIG. 2 is an exploded view of a first embodiment of the paint ball loader housing disclosed herein; [0008] FIG. 3 is an exploded view of a second embodiment of the paint ball loader housing disclosed herein; [0009] FIG. 4 is a perspective ( 4 a ) and a side view ( 4 b ) of the removable top portion of the paint ball loader housing disclosed herein; [0010] FIG. 5 is a top ( 5 a ) and bottom ( 5 b ) perspective view of the top filler opening lid of the paint ball loader housing disclosed herein; [0011] FIG. 6 is a perspective exploded view of a feed neck collar adapter of the paint ball loader housing disclosed herein; [0012] FIG. 7 is a top ( 7 a ) and bottom ( 7 b ) perspective view of the tray adapter of the paint ball loader housing disclosed herein; [0013] FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a female portion of a latching mechanism for the top filler opening lid of the paint ball loader housing disclosed herein; and [0014] FIG. 9 is a top ( 9 a ) and bottom ( 9 b ) perspective view of the battery compartment cover of the paint ball loader housing disclosed herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0015] The present invention is a paint ball loader housing having a shell housing adapted to operatively support a plurality of existing paint ball loader systems, the shell housing having a top filler opening and a bottom outlet. The invention can further comprise means for removably affixing the housing to a paint ball loader system. The housing consisting of a generally oval shaped housing having a top filler opening for refilling and a bottom outlet through which paint balls can drop into the loader. The housing has interior curves, ramps and sections allowing the smooth flow of paint balls within the housing, and provides the adaptations necessary to retrofit the invention for use with existing paint ball gun internal assemblies. It has a larger fill opening with a one-touch filler lid utilizing a toggling type plunger latch and spring loaded lid for speed of operation. The top section is easily removable and allows easy access for cleaning should paint balls break inside the housing. The housing can include a feed neck collar adapter removably affixed within the bottom outlet of the housing and/or a tray adapter situated within the housing adjacent the bottom outlet, and can further function as a reinforcement for strengthening the loader and/or housing, particularly in the feed neck area. A lid covering the top filler opening is pivotally affixed to a top portion and can be manipulated between closed and open positions with a single touch for easy and rapid reloading, and the lid and top portion can be removed in one piece from the housing. [0016] FIG. 1 illustrates generally the present invention as assembled, a paint ball loader housing 10 having a housing assembled from a right side shell housing 12 , a left side shell housing 14 and a removable top portion 16 which together form a housing having a top filler opening and a bottom outlet. A lid 24 covering the top filler opening is pivotally affixed to the top portion 16 and can be manipulated between closed and open positions with a single touch. The lid 24 and the top portion 16 can be removed from the housing as a single piece. The housing has a generally oval external profile and an exterior surface with a smooth aerodynamic shape. [0017] The exterior surface of the housing can further include a removable battery cover 26 to cover a battery compartment. The right side shell housing 12 , left side shell housing 14 , top portion 16 , top filler opening lid 24 , and removable battery cover 26 can be formed of a wide variety of heavy duty composite materials, including thermoplastic materials such as PVC, ABS and polycarbonate, with polycarbonate being the preferred material. The material can be transparent, translucent or opaque, with opaque materials preferred, and may optionally have a decorative finish. [0018] The components can be assembled using various means including, but not limited to, self tapping screws, nuts and bolts, machine screws with embedded inserts and molded design snap-in fittings, though a combination of machine screws, embedded inserts and snap-in fittings is preferred. [0019] FIG. 2 is an exploded view of a first (standard) embodiment of the present invention showing its various components. A right side shell housing 12 matingly engages a left side shell housing 14 to form a shell housing which acts as a reservoir for paint balls. A top portion 16 removably engages the shell housing by all and socket mechanisms or any similar engagement means as described above to form a generally oval housing having a top filler opening 18 , a bottom outlet 20 and a battery compartment 22 . A top filler opening lid 24 is pivotally affixed to the top portion 16 such that the lid 24 is pivotable between a closed position with the lid 24 covering the top filler opening 18 and an open position with the lid 24 exposing the top filler opening 18 , for example, for refilling the housing with paint balls. A removable cover 26 protects the battery compartment 22 and completes the generally oval external profile. The paint ball loader housing can be removably affixed to a paint ball loader, with the bottom outlet 20 positioned to allow feed paint balls to enter into the loader. [0020] FIG. 2 illustrates a first embodiment of the invention wherein the means for removably affixing the paint ball loader housing to a paint ball loader includes a feed neck collar adapter 28 removably affixed within the bottom outlet 20 . The feed neck collar adapter 28 further acts as a feed neck reinforcement in particular loader systems. Also illustrated is an embodiment of the invention wherein the means for pivotally affixing the top filler opening lid 24 to the top portion 16 is a hinge mechanism which allows the lid 24 and top portion 16 to be removed as a single piece, and which remains intact and affixed to the lid 24 when disengaged from the top portion 16 . The hinge mechanism includes a hinge extension 34 extending from a first end 36 of the top filler opening lid 24 , a hinge trough 38 in the top portion 16 , with the hinge trough 38 sized to receive the hinge extension 34 therein, with the hinge extension 34 pivotally retained within the hinge trough 38 such that the top filler opening lid 24 is pivotable between a closed position and an open position. The lid 24 is retained in a closed position by a one touch plunger type toggling latch mechanism 46 operable by pressing downward on the top filler opening lid 24 . Shown is an embodiment wherein the latch mechanism 46 comprises a male portion 48 affixed to a second end 50 of the top filler opening lid 24 and a female portion 52 affixed to the shell housing, with the male portion 48 and the female portion 52 adapted to alternately engage and disengage each other when pressed together, allowing for one touch manipulation of the lid 24 between open and closed positions. [0021] FIG. 3 is an exploded view of a second (halo) embodiment of the present invention showing its various components. A right side shell housing 12 matingly engages a left side shell housing 14 to form a shell housing which acts as a reservoir for paint balls. A top portion 16 removably engages the shell housing to form a generally oval housing having a top filler opening 18 , a bottom outlet 20 and a battery compartment 22 . A top filler opening lid 24 is pivotally affixed to the top portion 16 such that the lid 24 is pivotable between a closed position with the lid 24 covering the top filler opening 18 and an open position with the lid 24 exposing the top filler opening 18 . A removable cover 26 protects the battery compartment 22 and completes the generally oval external profile of the housing. The paint ball loader housing can be removably affixed to a paint ball loader, with the bottom outlet 20 positioned to allow paint balls to enter into the loader. [0022] FIG. 3 illustrates a second embodiment of the invention wherein the means for removably affixing the paint ball loader housing to a paint ball loader includes a tray adapter 30 removably affixed within the generally oval housing (between the right side shell housing 12 and the left side shell housing 14 ) adjacent the bottom outlet 20 . The tray adapter 30 can further include a feed neck reinforcement. Also illustrated is an embodiment of the invention wherein the means for pivotally affixing the top filler opening lid 24 to the top portion 16 is a hinge mechanism having a hinge extension 34 extending from a first end 36 of the top filler opening lid 24 , a hinge trough 38 in the top portion 16 , with the hinge trough 38 sized to receive the hinge extension 34 therein, with the hinge extension 34 pivotally retained within the hinge trough 38 such that the top filler opening lid 24 is pivotable between a closed position and an open position. The lid 24 is retained in a closed position by a one touch plunger type toggling latch mechanism operable by pressing downward on the top filler opening lid 24 . Shown is an embodiment wherein the latch mechanism comprises a male portion 48 affixed to a second end 50 of the top filler opening lid 24 and a female portion 52 affixed to the shell housing, with the male portion 48 and the female portion 52 adapted to alternately engage and disengage each other when pressed together, allowing for one touch manipulation of the lid 24 between open and closed positions. [0023] FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 illustrate the top portion 16 and top filler opening lid 24 , respectively, of the present invention. Shown is an embodiment wherein the means by which the hinge extension 34 (attached to the first end 36 of the lid 24 ) is pivotally retained within the hinge trough 38 comprises a ball and socket joint having a pair of oppositely disposed protrusions 40 on the hinge extension 34 and a pair of oppositely disposed indentations 42 in the hinge trough 38 , the indentations 42 sized to receive the protrusions 40 . Alternatively, the hinge extension 34 can have indentations and the hinge trough 38 can have mating protrusions. With the hinge extension 34 engaged with the top portion 16 , the lid 24 can be pivoted between open and closed positions, providing the user access to the housing through the top filler opening 18 . [0024] FIG. 4 further illustrates an embodiment of the invention wherein the means for the top portion 16 to removably engage the shell housing comprises a beveled extension 54 extending from the top portion 16 , the beveled extension 54 adapted to interlock with the shell housing in a ball and socket fashion, a pair of concave indentations 56 in the top portion 16 , and a pair of convex protrusions 58 (shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 ) extending from the shell housing, the convex protrusions 58 sized and positioned to retain the concave indentations 56 in the top portion 16 to the shell housing. [0025] FIG. 5 further illustrates the one touch plunger type toggling latch mechanism which allows the user to open or close the lid 24 by pressing downward on the lid 24 . Shown is an embodiment wherein the latch mechanism includes a male portion 48 affixed to a second end 50 of the top filler opening lid 24 , the male portion 48 adapted to engage a mating female portion affixed to the shell housing. The hinge mechanism can further include spring means 44 for biasing the lid 24 toward an open position. [0026] FIG. 6 illustrates the feed neck collar adapter 28 of the present invention. The feed neck collar adapter 28 is used to adapt the housing of the present invention to fit different styles of paint ball loader systems and to strengthen the feed neck. [0027] FIG. 7 illustrates the tray adapter 30 of the present invention. The tray adapter 30 is used to accommodate the different size trays of existing paint ball loader systems, and to strengthen the feed neck. Shown are a first wire race 60 , a space allowance 62 for sensor housings found on some loader types, a second wire race 64 , a space allowance 66 for motor clearance on some loader types, and a reinforced feed neck guide 68 for some loader types. [0028] FIG. 8 illustrates the female portion 52 of the filler lid latch mechanism 46 . The female portion 52 is retained within the shell housing formed by the mated right side shell housing 12 and left side shell housing 14 by a pair of locking tabs 70 . A pair of latch tabs 72 are used to engage the male portion ( 48 , shown in FIG. 5 ) of the latch mechanism. [0029] FIG. 9 illustrates the removable battery compartment cover 26 of the present invention. A notch 74 is formed to allow the use of a thumbnail to easily remove the battery cover 26 . A centering boss and screw guide 76 attaches the cover 26 to the shell housing, with molded inserts used as a battery cover stabilizer 78 and as a locking tab 80 for the battery compartment cover 26 . [0030] The present invention can optionally include a filler lid replacement device to allow paint balls to be poured directly into the open mouth of the filler opening, and can include a one-way valve type device which allows paint balls to enter the housing and prevents paint balls from exiting therethrough, for example, with a plurality of rubberized flexible fingers extending across the filler opening. The invention can further optionally comprise one or more of the following: a ball sensor housing to protect the “eye” or ball sensor required in many loaders, preformed holes allowing the use of an on/off switch and an LED indicator and a reset button for use on loader types requiring either the vertical or horizontal format, a space allowance for the mounting of a control board required on certain loader types, a centering boss and screw guide for use on certain loader types, a catch cup guide preventing paint balls from overflowing into the motor mechanism of one loader type, and a molded guide key used to align the collar adapter with and in conjunction with the eye sensor housing. [0031] While the present disclosure has been described in connection with what is considered the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is understood that this disclosure is not limited to the disclosed embodiments, but is intended to cover various arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent arrangements.	A paint ball loader housing for supporting various paint ball loader systems. The housing may include a detachable top portion and adapters to further support various paint ball loading systems.	5
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This application claims priority from Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-069047 filed on Mar. 26, 2012, the entire subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD [0002] This disclosure relates to an alternating current input voltage detection circuit of a power supply device and the like having an alternating current power supply as an input source. BACKGROUND [0003] It is known that a power supply device obtains a direct current power supply based on an alternating current power supply as an input source and an alternating current input voltage detection circuit detects an alternating current input voltage (a voltage of the alternating current power supply) to thus output a voltage detection signal. FIG. 8 illustrates an example of the power supply device and the alternating current input voltage detection circuit of the background art. In FIG. 8 , the power supply device 10 has a diode rectification circuit 2 and a smoothing capacitor 3 . Also, the alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 is provided in the power supply device 10 . [0004] The diode rectification circuit 2 includes four diodes D 11 to D 14 that forms a full-wave rectification circuit having a bridge configuration. One alternating current input terminal 2 a of the diode rectification circuit 2 is connected to one terminal of an alternating current power supply 1 through an alternating current power supply line L 1 and to a connection point of the diode D 11 and the diode D 12 . The other alternating current input terminal 2 b of the diode rectification circuit 2 is connected to the other terminal of the alternating current power supply 1 through an alternating current power supply line L 2 and to a connection point of the diode D 13 and the diode D 14 . Also, a positive direct current output terminal 2 c of the diode rectification circuit 2 is connected to a connection point of the diode D 11 and the diode D 13 and to one end of the smoothing capacitor 3 . A negative direct current output terminal 2 d of the diode rectification circuit 2 is connected to a connection point of the diode D 12 and the diode D 14 and to the other end of the smoothing capacitor 3 . [0005] The other end of the smoothing capacitor 3 is grounded and thus becomes a reference potential of the power supply device 10 . Also, the smoothing capacitor 3 is connected in parallel with a load 30 . [0006] The alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 includes resistances R 5 to R 7 and a diode D 15 . One end of the resistance R 5 is connected to the one terminal of the alternating current power supply 1 or one alternating current input terminal 2 a of the diode rectification circuit 2 , one end of the resistance R 6 is connected to the other end of the alternating current power supply 1 or other alternating current input terminal 2 b of the diode rectification circuit 2 , the other end of the resistance R 5 is connected to the other end of the resistance R 6 and to an anode of the diode D 15 , a cathode of the diode D 15 is connected to one end of the resistance R 7 and the other end of the resistance R 7 is grounded. Also, a connection point of the one end of the resistance R 5 and the one terminal of the alternating current power supply 1 or a connection point of the one end of the resistance R 5 and the one alternating current input terminal 2 a of the diode rectification circuit 2 is referred to as a point A, a connection point of the one end of the resistance R 6 and the other terminal of the alternating current power supply 1 or a connection point of the one end of the resistance R 6 and the other alternating current input terminal 2 b of the diode rectification circuit 2 is referred to as a point B, and a connection point of the cathode of the diode D 15 and the one end of the resistance R 7 is referred to as a point C. [0007] In the below, operations of the power supply device 10 and alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 configured as described above will be described. [0008] The power supply device 10 full-wave rectifies an alternating current input voltage, which is supplied from the alternating current power supply 1 , by the diode rectification circuit 2 , smoothes the full-wave rectified voltage by the smoothing capacitor 3 to convert into a direct current output voltage and thus outputs the direct current output voltage to the load 30 that is connected in parallel with the smoothing capacitor 3 . Also, a power supply device, in which the smoothing capacitor 3 is replaced with a power conversion unit (not shown) of a boost converter to has a function of improving a power factor of the alternating current power supply 1 and to output a direct current output voltage higher than the alternating current input voltage, and a power supply device, in which a power conversion unit (not shown) such as DC-DC converter and DC-AC converter is provided between the smoothing capacitor 3 (or boost converter) and the load 30 to convert the alternating current input voltage into a desired direct current output voltage or alternating current output voltage and to output the same, have been also known. [0009] The alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 is a circuit that detects the alternating current input voltage supplied from the alternating current power supply 1 and thus outputs a voltage detection signal, inputs voltage waveforms of the points A and B, on the basis of the reference potential (ground) of the power supply device 10 , and outputs a voltage waveform of the point C as the voltage detection signal. The voltage detection signal is output from the alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 is used to detect a voltage value such as average value and effective value of the alternating current input voltage and is used to detect a zero cross of the alternating current input voltage and to detect an abnormality (outage, voltage lowering, overvoltage and the like) of the alternating current power supply 1 , at an inside or outside of the power supply device 10 . [0010] Also, for example, JP-A-11-155284 discloses an outage detection circuit, as a related technology of the background art. SUMMARY [0011] In the meantime, as shown in FIG. 9 , during light load and heavy load, when there is no change in the voltage waveform of the point A and also in the voltage waveform of the point B, the voltage waveform of the point C does not change. That is, when the voltage detection signal that is output from the alternating input voltage detection circuit 20 is not influenced due to the load, according to the voltage detection signal that is output from the alternating input voltage detection circuit 20 , it is possible to precisely detect a voltage value such as average value and effective value of the alternating current input voltage, a zero cross of the alternating current input voltage and an abnormality of the alternating current power supply 1 . [0012] However, actually, as shown in FIG. 11 , during the light load, a waveform distortion is generated in the vicinity of a zero voltage of the voltage waveforms of the points A and B. As shown in FIG. 10 , it is thought that the generation of the waveform distortion is influenced by a parasitic capacitance (which is shown with the dotted line) of the alternating current power supply lines L 1 , L 2 or parasitic capacitance (which is shown with the dotted line) of the diode rectification circuit 2 , and the like. Since the voltage waveform of the point C is generated by combining the voltage waveform of the point A and the voltage waveform of the point B with the diode D 15 , the voltage waveform of the point C is increased in the vicinity of the zero voltage due to the waveform distortion. Since the generation of the waveform distortion causes a change in the voltage waveform of the point A and also in the voltage waveform of the point B during the light load and heavy load, a change is caused in the voltage waveform of the point C. That is, since the voltage detection signal that is output from the alternating input voltage detection circuit 20 is influenced due to the load, it is not possible to precisely detect the voltage value such as average value and effective value of the alternating current input voltage, the zero cross of the alternating current input voltage and the abnormality of the alternating current power supply 1 from the voltage detection signal. As can be also seen from FIG. 11 , an average value of the alternating current input voltage during the light load is detected to be larger than an average value of the alternating current input voltage during the heavy load. [0013] Like this, since the waveform distortion is caused in the voltage detection signal that is output from the alternating input voltage detection circuit 20 , it is not possible to precisely detect the voltage value such as average value and effective value of the alternating current input voltage, the zero cross of the alternating current input voltage and the abnormality of the alternating current power supply 1 , from the voltage detection signal having the waveform distortion, at the inside or outside of the power supply device 10 . [0014] In view of the above, this disclosure provides at least an alternating current input voltage detection circuit that detects an alternating current input voltage supplied from an alternating current power supply and thus outputs a voltage detection signal without waveform distortion. [0015] An alternating current input voltage detection circuit of this disclosure is provided at an inside or outside of a device rectifying an alternating current input voltage supplied from an alternating current power supply by a diode rectification circuit having a bridge configuration to detect the alternating current input voltage and output a voltage detection signal. The alternating current input voltage detection circuit comprises; a first voltage waveform detection circuit that detects a voltage waveform of one alternating current input terminal of the diode rectification circuit, based on a reference potential of the device; a second voltage waveform detection circuit that detects a voltage waveform of the other alternating current input terminal of the diode rectification circuit, based on the reference potential of the device, and a voltage waveform generation circuit that: calculates a first detection voltage waveform, which is output from the first voltage waveform detection circuit, and a second detection voltage waveform, which is output from the second voltage waveform detection circuit; generates a voltage waveform signal, in which waveform distortions generated in the first detection voltage waveform and the second detection voltage waveform are eliminated; and outputs the voltage waveform signal as the voltage detection signal. [0016] According to this disclosure, it is possible to provide the alternating current input voltage detection circuit that detects the alternating current input voltage supplied from the alternating current power supply and thus outputs the voltage detection signal without waveform distortion. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0017] The foregoing and additional features and characteristics of this disclosure will become more apparent from the following detailed descriptions considered with the reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: [0018] FIG. 1 illustrates an alternating current input voltage detection circuit according to a first illustrative embodiment of this disclosure; [0019] FIG. 2 illustrates waveforms of respective units of the alternating current input voltage detection circuit shown in FIG. 1 ; [0020] FIG. 3 illustrates an alternating current input voltage detection circuit according to a second illustrative embodiment of this disclosure; [0021] FIG. 4 illustrates waveforms of respective units of the alternating current input voltage detection circuit shown in FIG. 3 ; [0022] FIG. 5 illustrates an alternating current input voltage detection circuit according to a third illustrative embodiment of this disclosure; [0023] FIG. 6 illustrates waveforms of respective units of the alternating current input voltage detection circuit shown in FIG. 5 ; [0024] FIG. 7 illustrates an alternating current input voltage detection circuit according to a fourth illustrative embodiment of this disclosure; [0025] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a power supply device and an alternating current input voltage detection circuit of the background art; [0026] FIG. 9 illustrates waveforms of respective units of the alternating current input voltage detection circuit shown in FIG. 8 ; [0027] FIG. 10 illustrates the power supply device of FIG. 8 in which a parasitic capacitance is applied; and [0028] FIG. 11 illustrates waveforms of respective units of the alternating current input voltage detection circuit shown in FIG. 10 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0029] Hereinafter, illustrative embodiments, in which this disclosure is applied to an alternating current input voltage detection circuit of a power supply device having an alternating current power supply as an input source, will be described with reference to the drawings. Also, in the respective drawings, the same parts are indicated with the same reference numerals, and the overlapping descriptions will be omitted. First Illustrative Embodiment [0030] FIG. 1 illustrates an alternating current input voltage detection circuit according to a first illustrative embodiment of this disclosure. In FIG. 1 , a power supply device 10 a has a diode rectification circuit 2 and a smoothing capacitor 3 . Also, an alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 a is provided in the power supply device 10 a . Therefore, the power supply device 10 a is a device, in which the alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 of the power supply device 10 shown in FIG. 10 is replaced with the alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 a. Since the other configurations are the same as those shown in FIG. 10 , the same parts are indicated with the same reference numerals, and the descriptions thereof will be omitted. Here, only the alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 a will be described. The alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 a has a first voltage waveform detection circuit 21 , a second voltage waveform detection circuit 22 and a voltage waveform generation circuit 23 a. Also, the alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 a may be provided at an outside of the power supply device 10 a. [0031] The first voltage waveform detection circuit 21 includes a diode D 1 and resistances R 1 , R 3 . An anode of the diode D 1 is connected to one terminal of an alternating current power supply 1 and one alternating current input terminal 2 a of the diode rectification circuit 2 , a cathode of the diode D 1 is connected to one end of the resistance R 1 , the other end of the resistance R 1 is connected to one end of the resistance R 3 and the other end of the resistance R 3 is grounded. Also, a connection point of the anode of the diode D 1 and the one terminal of the alternating current power supply 1 or a connection point of the anode of the diode D 1 and the one alternating current input terminal 2 a of the diode rectification circuit 2 is referred to as a point A. [0032] The second voltage waveform detection circuit 22 includes a diode D 2 and resistances R 2 , R 4 . An anode of the diode D 2 is connected to the other terminal of the alternating current power supply 1 and the other alternating current input terminal 2 b of the diode rectification circuit 2 , a cathode of the diode D 2 is connected to one end of the resistance R 2 , the other end of the resistance R 2 is connected to one end of the resistance R 4 and the other end of the resistance R 4 is grounded. Also, a connection point of the anode of the diode D 1 and the other terminal of the alternating current power supply 1 or a connection point of the anode of the diode D 1 and the other alternating current input terminal 2 b of the diode rectification circuit 2 is referred to as a point B. [0033] The voltage waveform generation circuit 23 a is configured as a subtraction circuit including resistances R 11 to R 14 and an operational amplifier (which is also referred to as dual power supply operational amplifier) IC 1 operating with both power supplies (+Vcc, −Vdd). An output voltage range of the subtraction circuit is −Vdd to +Vcc. An inverting input terminal (−) of the operational amplifier IC 1 is connected to a connection point of the resistance R 2 and the resistance R 4 via the resistance R 11 and is connected to an output terminal of the operational amplifier IC 1 via the resistance R 12 . Also, a non-inverting input terminal (+) of the operational amplifier IC 1 is connected to a connection point of the resistance R 1 and the resistance R 3 via the resistance R 13 and is connected to a ground via the resistance R 14 . Also, the output terminal of the operational amplifier IC 1 is referred to as a point C. [0034] Next, operations of the alternating current input voltage detection circuit according to the first illustrative embodiment of this disclosure will be described with reference to FIG. 2 . [0035] In FIG. 2 , time periods T 1 , T 2 indicate the vicinity of the zero voltages of the voltage waveforms of the points A, B. Also, in the time periods T 1 , T 2 , a solid waveform indicates voltage when a waveform distortion is caused, and a dotted line waveform indicates voltage when a waveform distortion is not caused. In this illustrative embodiment, in view of amounts of the generation of waveform distortion in the time periods T 1 , T 2 are substantially the same at the points A, B, the waveform distortion is eliminated by calculating the voltage waveforms of the points A, B. Since the waveform distortion is eliminated by the calculation, the voltage waveform of the point C becomes a waveform of a sinusoidal wave shape without waveform distortion. [0036] The first voltage waveform detection circuit 21 inputs the voltage waveform of the point A, on the basis of a reference potential (ground) of the power supply device 10 a, and outputs a voltage waveform of one end of the resistance R 3 as a first detection voltage waveform. [0037] The second voltage waveform detection circuit 22 inputs the voltage waveform of the point B, on the basis of the reference potential (ground) of the power supply device 10 a, and outputs a voltage waveform of one end of the resistance R 4 as a second detection voltage waveform. [0038] The voltage waveform generation circuit 23 a receives the first detection voltage waveform, which is output from the first voltage waveform detection circuit 21 , and the second detection voltage waveform, which is output from the second voltage waveform detection circuit 22 , and subtracts the second detection voltage waveform from the first detection voltage waveform. Since the waveform distortions in the vicinity of the zero voltage, which are generated in the first detection voltage waveform and the second detection voltage waveform, are eliminated by the subtraction, they are not output to the point C. The voltage waveform of the point C becomes an alternating current waveform of a sinusoidal wave shape without waveform distortion. That is, the waveform distortion is not generated in the voltage detection signal that is output from the voltage waveform generation circuit 23 a. [0039] According to the alternating current input voltage detection circuit of the first illustrative embodiment of this disclosure, it is possible to detect the alternating current input voltage, which is supplied from the alternating current power supply 1 , and to output the voltage detection signal without waveform distortion. Therefore, it is possible to precisely detect a voltage value such as average value and effective value of the alternating current input voltage, a zero cross of the alternating current input voltage and an abnormality of the alternating current power supply 1 from the voltage detection signal without waveform distortion, at an inside or outside of the power supply device 10 a. Second Illustrative Embodiment [0040] FIG. 3 illustrates an alternating current input voltage detection circuit according to a second illustrative embodiment of this disclosure. In FIG. 3 , a power supply device 10 b has the diode rectification circuit 2 and the smoothing capacitor 3 . Also, an alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 b is provided in the power supply device 10 b. Therefore, the power supply device 10 b is a device, in which the alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 a of the power supply device 10 a shown in FIG. 1 is replaced with the alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 b. Since the other configurations are the same as those shown in FIG. 1 , the same parts are indicated with the same reference numerals and the descriptions thereof will be omitted. Here, only the alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 b will be described. The alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 b has the first voltage waveform detection circuit 21 , the second voltage waveform detection circuit 22 and a voltage waveform generation circuit 23 b. Also, the alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 b may be provided at an outside of the power supply device 10 b. [0041] The voltage waveform generation circuit 23 b has a first subtraction circuit including resistances R 15 to R 18 and an operational amplifier (which is also referred to as single power supply operational amplifier) IC 2 operating with a single power supply (+Vcc), a second subtraction circuit including resistances R 19 to R 22 and an operational amplifier IC 3 operating with a single power supply (+Vcc), and a first adding circuit including resistances R 23 to R 26 and an operational amplifier IC 4 operating with a single power supply (+Vcc). Output voltage ranges of the first subtraction circuit, the second subtraction circuit and the first adding circuit are 0 to +Vcc. [0042] An inverting input terminal (−) of the operational amplifier IC 2 is connected to a connection point of the resistance R 2 and the resistance R 4 via the resistance R 15 and is connected to an output terminal of the operational amplifier IC 2 via the resistance R 16 . Also, a non-inverting input terminal (+) of the operational amplifier IC 2 is connected to a connection point of the resistance R 1 and the resistance R 3 via the resistance R 17 and is connected to a ground via the resistance R 18 . Also, the output terminal of the operational amplifier IC 2 is referred to as a point X. [0043] An inverting input terminal (−) of the operational amplifier IC 3 is connected to a connection point of the resistance R 1 and the resistance R 3 via the resistance R 19 and is connected to an output terminal of the operational amplifier IC 3 via the resistance R 20 . Also, a non-inverting input terminal (+) of the operational amplifier IC 3 is connected to a connection point of the resistance R 2 and the resistance R 4 via the resistance R 21 and is connected to a ground via the resistance R 22 . Also, the output terminal of the operational amplifier IC 3 is referred to as a point Y. [0044] An inverting input terminal (−) of the operational amplifier IC 4 is connected to a ground via the resistance 26 and is connected to an output terminal of the operational amplifier IC 4 via the resistance R 25 . Also, a non-inverting input terminal (+) of the operational amplifier IC 4 is connected to the output terminal of the operational amplifier IC 2 via the resistance R 23 and is connected to the output terminal of the operational amplifier IC 3 via the resistance R 24 . Also, the output terminal of the operational amplifier IC 4 is referred to as a point C. [0045] In the below, operations of the alternating current input voltage detection circuit according to the second illustrative embodiment of this disclosure are described also with reference to FIG. 4 . [0046] The voltage waveform generation circuit 23 b receives the first detection voltage waveform, which is output from the first voltage waveform detection circuit 21 , and the second detection voltage waveform, which is output from the second voltage waveform detection circuit 22 , then subtracts the second detection voltage waveform from the first detection voltage waveform with the first subtraction circuit, subtracts the first detection voltage waveform from the second detection voltage waveform with the second subtraction circuit, and thus adds an output (voltage waveform of the point X) from the first subtraction circuit and an output (voltage waveform of the point Y) from the second subtraction circuit with the first adding circuit. Since the waveform distortions in the vicinity of the zero voltage, which are generated in the first detection voltage waveform and the second detection voltage waveform, are eliminated by the subtraction, they are not output to the points X, Y. The voltage waveform of the point C becomes a full-wave rectified waveform of a sinusoidal wave shape without waveform distortion. That is, the waveform distortion is not generated in the voltage detection signal that is output from the voltage waveform generation circuit 23 b. [0047] Accordingly, even in the alternating current input voltage detection circuit according to the second illustrative embodiment of this disclosure, it is possible to obtain the same effects as those of the alternating current input voltage detection circuit according to the first illustrative embodiment of this disclosure. Third Illustrative Embodiment [0048] FIG. 5 illustrates an alternating current input voltage detection circuit according to a third illustrative embodiment of this disclosure. In FIG. 5 , a power supply device 10 c has the diode rectification circuit 2 and the smoothing capacitor 3 . Also, an alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 c is provided in the power supply device 10 c. Therefore, the power supply device 10 c is a device, in which the alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 a of the power supply device 10 a shown in FIG. 1 is replaced with the alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 c. Since the other configurations are the same as those shown in FIG. 1 , the same parts are indicated with the same reference numerals and the descriptions thereof will be omitted. Here, only the alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 c will be described. The alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 c has the first voltage waveform detection circuit 21 , the second voltage waveform detection circuit 22 and a voltage waveform generation circuit 23 c. The alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 c may be provided at an outside of the power supply device 10 c. [0049] The voltage waveform generation circuit 23 c is configured as a subtraction circuit including resistances R 27 to R 30 and an operational amplifier IC 5 operating with a single power supply (+Vcc). An output voltage range of the subtraction circuit is 0 to +Vcc. An inverting input terminal (−) of the operational amplifier IC 5 is connected to a connection point of the resistance R 2 and the resistance R 4 via the resistance R 27 and is connected to an output terminal of the operational amplifier IC 5 via the resistance R 28 . Also, a non-inverting input terminal (+) of the operational amplifier IC 5 is connected to a connection point of the resistance R 1 and the resistance R 3 via the resistance R 29 and is connected to a ground via the resistance R 30 . Also, the output terminal of the operational amplifier IC 5 is referred to as a point C. [0050] In the below, operations of the alternating current input voltage detection circuit according to the third illustrative embodiment of this disclosure are described also with reference to FIG. 6 . [0051] The voltage waveform generation circuit 23 c inputs the first detection voltage waveform, which is output from the first voltage waveform detection circuit 21 , and the second detection voltage waveform, which is output from the second voltage waveform detection circuit 22 , and subtracts the second detection voltage waveform from the first detection voltage waveform. Since the waveform distortions in the vicinity of the zero voltage, which are generated in the first detection voltage waveform and the second detection voltage waveform, are eliminated by the subtraction, they are not output to the point C. The voltage waveform of the point C becomes a half-wave rectified waveform of a sinusoidal wave shape without waveform distortion. That is, the waveform distortion is not generated in the voltage detection signal that is output from the voltage waveform generation circuit 23 c. [0052] Accordingly, even in the alternating current input voltage detection circuit according to the third illustrative embodiment of this disclosure, it is possible to obtain the same effects as those of the alternating current input voltage detection circuit according to the first illustrative embodiment of this disclosure. Fourth Illustrative Embodiment [0053] FIG. 7 illustrates an alternating current input voltage detection circuit according to a fourth illustrative embodiment of this disclosure. In FIG. 7 , a power supply device 10 d has the diode rectification circuit 2 and the smoothing capacitor 3 . Also, an alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 d is provided in the power supply device 10 d. Therefore, the power supply device 10 d is a device, in which the alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 a of the power supply device 10 a shown in FIG. 1 is replaced with the alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 d. Since the other configurations are the same as those shown in FIG. 1 , the same parts are indicated with the same reference numerals and the descriptions thereof will be omitted. Here, only the alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 d will be described. The alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 d has the first voltage waveform detection circuit 21 , the second voltage waveform detection circuit 22 and a voltage waveform generation circuit 23 d. Also, the alternating current input voltage detection circuit 20 d may be provided at an outside of the power supply device 10 d. [0054] The voltage waveform generation circuit 23 d includes a microcomputer IC 6 having A/D (analog/digital) converters 61 , 62 , a memory 63 and an output port 64 . The A/D converter 61 of the microcomputer IC 6 is connected to a connection point of the resistance R 1 and the resistance R 3 . Also, the A/D converter 62 of the microcomputer IC 6 is connected to a connection point of the resistance R 2 and the resistance R 4 . The memory 63 is connected to the A/D converters 61 , 62 and to the output port 64 . Also, an output terminal of the output port 64 the microcomputer IC 6 is referred to as a point C. [0055] In the below, operations of the alternating current input voltage detection circuit according to the fourth illustrative embodiment of this disclosure are described. [0056] The voltage waveform generation circuit 23 d inputs the first detection voltage waveform, which is output from the first voltage waveform detection circuit 21 , and the second detection voltage waveform, which is output from the second voltage waveform detection circuit 22 , samples the first detection voltage waveform by the A/D converter 61 and the second detection voltage waveform by the A/D converter 62 every predetermined period to thus convert the same into digital signals and stores the converted digital signals in the memory 63 , subtracts the second detection voltage waveform from the first detection voltage waveform, as digital processing (calculation function of the microcomputer), and stores the result of the subtraction in the memory 63 . The voltage waveform that is obtained by the subtraction of the digital processing is output from the output terminal of the output port 64 . Since the waveform distortions in the vicinity of the zero voltage, which are generated in the first detection voltage waveform and the second detection voltage waveform, are eliminated by the subtraction of the digital processing, they are not output to the point C. The voltage waveform of the point C becomes a half-wave rectified waveform of a sinusoidal wave shape without waveform distortion. That is, the waveform distortion is not generated in the voltage detection signal that is output from the voltage waveform generation circuit 23 d. [0057] Accordingly, even in the alternating current input voltage detection circuit according to the fourth illustrative embodiment of this disclosure, it is possible to obtain the same effects as those of the alternating current input voltage detection circuit according to the first illustrative embodiment of this disclosure. [0058] Also, this disclosure is not limited to the above illustrative embodiments. In the illustrative embodiments of this disclosure, the voltage waveform is output as the voltage detection signal. However, a voltage value such as average value and effective value may be generated from the voltage waveform by a well-known technology (which is not shown and described here) and the voltage waveform and voltage value may be output as the voltage detection signal. Also, the diodes D 1 , D 2 may be omitted. [0059] Also, in the illustrative embodiments of this disclosure, the negative direct current output terminal 2 d of the diode rectification circuit 2 or the other end of the smoothing capacitor 3 is grounded and is thus set to be the reference potential of the power supply device 10 a to 10 d. However, in a power supply device having a boost converter, a DC-DC converter, a DC-AC converter and the like, one end of a current detector may be connected to the negative direct current output terminal 2 d of the diode rectification circuit 2 . In this power supply device, the other end of the current detector may be grounded and thus set to be the reference potential. [0060] The alternating current input voltage detection circuit of this disclosure can be applied to a variety of power supply devices or control devices in which an alternating current input voltage supplied from an alternating current power supply is rectified by a diode rectification circuit having a bridge configuration.	An alternating current input voltage detection circuit comprises: a first voltage waveform detection circuit that detects a voltage waveform of one alternating current input terminal of the diode rectification circuit, based on a reference potential of the device; a second voltage waveform detection circuit that detects a voltage waveform of the other alternating current input terminal of the diode rectification circuit, based on the reference potential of the device, and a voltage waveform generation circuit that: calculates a first detection voltage waveform, which is output from the first voltage waveform detection circuit, and a second detection voltage waveform, which is output from the second voltage waveform detection circuit; generates a voltage waveform signal, in which waveform distortions generated in the first detection voltage waveform and the second detection voltage waveform are eliminated; and outputs the voltage waveform signal as the voltage detection signal.	6
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a gas discharge display apparatus consisting of a gas discharge display panel for displaying characters, graphics etc. by means of light emitted by electrical discharge in a gaseous plasma, and a drive circuit for driving the display panel. FIG. 1 shows an oblique partial expanded view of a typical prior art example of a gas discharge display panel, while FIG. 2 shows a partial cross-sectional view of the display panel of FIG. 1. A plurality of anodes 2a, 2b, . . . each formed as a thin stripe are successively arrayed at regular spacings along the vertical direction (which will be referred to in the following as the Y-direction) upon the inner surface of a plate member formed of an optically transparent material, i.e. a glass faceplate 1. A dielectric layer 3, a common electrode 4 which is coupled to a fixed potential, and an insulating layer 5 are sequentially formed over the anodes 2a, 2b, . . . , in that order, to thereby constitute a plurality of capacitors which are coupled between respective ones of the anodes 2a, 2b, . . . and the fixed potential. A plurality of cathodes 7a, 7b, . . . , each formed as a thin stripe, are formed upon the inner face of a rear glass plate 6, aligned at regular spacings along the horizontal direction (referred to in the following as the X-direction), i.e. at right angles to the anodes. A plurality of dielectric partitioning members 8a, 8b, . . . are arrayed along the Y-direction. As shown in FIG. 2, the glass faceplate 1 and the rear glass plate 6 are mutually bonded to form an enclosed hermetically sealed chamber therebetween, by means of a layer 9 of a glass having a low melting point, which is formed around the peripheries of plates 1 and 6. A mixture of neon and argon gases together with a small quantity of mercury vapor is introduced at low pressure into the interior of the sealed chamber formed between plates 1 and 6. A gas discharge display panel having such a configuration is disclosed in various prior art references such as in Japanese patent provisional publication No. 54-151326. With a gas discharge display panel having the configuration described above, a plurality of regions of mutual intersection are formed between the anodes 2a, 2b, . . . and the cathodes 7a, 7b, . . . Each of these regions constitutes a display element, i.e. a dot element which can be selectively set to a light-emissive or a non-emissive state. The light-emissive state of a dot element is established by applying a potential between the corresponding anode and cathode of sufficient amplitude to produce a relatively high level of current flow through the gas within the display panel, at that region of intersection, i.e. to produce a plasma discharge. The non-emissive state of a dot results when the amplitude of the potential applied between the corresponding anode and cathode is made sufficiently low that only a very low level of current flow occurs between the corresponding anode and cathode, whereby a substantially negligible level of light emission is produced from that dot element. This substantially non-emissive status will be referred to in the following as the slight discharge state, while the aforementioned light-emissive status will be referred to as the displaying discharge state. The basic principles of operation of the gas discharge display panel described above will be described referring to the circuit diagram of FIG. 3, which shows the general configuration of a drive circuit for driving the display panel of FIGS. 1 and 2. In FIG. 3, one anode 2a of the display panel of FIG. 1 is shown, together with five of the cathodes 7a. 7b, . . . 7e, and typical drive circuit components connected thereto. Scanning along the Y-direction is performed by sequentially setting to the ON state (in the following, the closed state of a switch or the conducting state of a switching transistor will be referred to as the ON state, and the open state of a switch or the non-conducting state of a switching transistor as the OFF state) each of the cathode switches 1Oa, 1Ob, . . . 1Oe, with each switch being left in the ON state during a fixed time interval referred to in the following as a cathode scanning interval. In this embodiment, each cathode is connected to ground potential during the corresponding cathode scanning interval, and is connected to a +100 V potential at all other times. The potential to which each cathode is connected during the corresponding cathode scanning interval will be referred to in the following as the cathode selection potential. During such a cathode scanning interval, if for example anode switch 11a is set to the ON state, then a potential equal to the difference between the anode activation potential and the cathode selection potential will be applied between anode 2a and the cathode which is currently selected. This potential difference is determined such that a high level of current flow will occur in the region of intersection of anode 2a and the selected cathode, i.e. the display discharge state will be established for the corresponding display element. If on the other hand anode switch 11a is held in the open state, i.e. the OFF state during a cathode scanning interval, then (as described in detail hereinafter) only a very low amount of current will momentarily flow through the corresponding intersection region, i.e. the corresponding display element is held in the non-emissive discharge state. The operation of the circuit of FIG. 3 is illustrated in the waveform diagram of FIG. 4, in which it is assumed that the display elements at the intersections of cathodes 7a and 7c and anode 2a are set in the displaying discharge state, while the display elements at the intersections of cathodes 7b, 7d and 7e are set in the slight discharge state. FIG. 4(a) shows the corresponding ON/OFF switching sequence of anode switch 11a, while the corresponding waveforms of the potential Va of the anode 2a, and the discharge current Ia which flows through anode 2a, are respectively shown in FIGS. 4(b) and 4(c). The corresponding variations in potential of cathodes 7a, 7b, . . . , 7e are shown in FIGS. 4(d), 4(e), . . . , 4(h) respectively. As shown, a blanking interval of duration t 0 is provided between each pair of successive cathode scanning intervals. Each cathode scanning interval is of duration t 1 . One reason for providing these blanking intervals is that transistors are used to perform the functions of cathode switches 1Oa, 1Ob, . . . , 1Oe, and switching delays will be introduced by these transistors. In order to prevent errors in operation being caused by these delay times, immediately after a cathode has been addressed during a cathode selection interval t 1 , a slight discharge current flow is momentarily produced between that cathode and each anode corresponding to a display element which has not been set in the light-emitting state. This current flow is produced as follows. Due to the capacitance of anode 2a for example, indicated by reference numeral 12 in FIG. 3 (assumed to have a value Cs), and the capacitance Ca of a capacitor 4a which is provided internally within the gas discharge display panel 1 and coupled to anode 2a, the potential Va of the anode 2a approaches a value Vs (determined by a power source 13) during each of the blanking intervals t 0 . If the succeeding t 1 interval is an anode ON potential interval, i.e. an interval in which the anode switch 11a is held in the ON state, the anode potential Va will then fall to a discharge maintaining potential Vm and remain at that potential during that anode ON t 1 interval. A relatively high-amplitude discharge current Ia thereby flows through anode series resistor 14 (having resistance value Ra), with the value of this current Ia being equal to (Vs-Vm)/Ra. If on the other hand the anode switch 11a is held in the OFF state during a t 1 interval following a t 0 interval, then the charge which has accumulated on the stray capacitance 12 of anode 2a and on capacitor 4a will be discharged during that t 1 interval, as a discharge current which flows through the region of intersection of anode 2a and the corresponding cathode. The magnitude of the stored charge Q which is thereby discharged is given as: Q=(Cs+Ca)x(Vs-Vd) where Vd is the anode potential upon completion of the discharging the stored charge. The resultant discharge through the gas between anode 2a and the corresponding cathode will be referred to as a slight discharge, in the following. This slight discharge is terminated after a short time has elapsed. As a result of such a slight discharge being periodically produced in each electrode intersection region at which the displaying discharge state is not produced, charged particles and excitation atoms become diffused within the adjacent intersection region (positioned above an immediately adjacent cathode to that which is currently selected) which will be addressed during the succeeding cathode scanning interval. This serves to improve the reliability of establishing the displaying discharge state, and to ensure a more rapid build-up of discharge current flow between anode and cathode to initiate that state, thereby ensuring more stable operation. FIG. 5 is a block circuit diagram of a practical example of a prior art gas discharge display apparatus formed of a gas discharge display panel and drive circuit such as described above. A plurality of transistors 15a, 15b, . . . 15e which perform the functions of the cathode switches 1Oa, 1Ob, . . . 10e described above, are respectively connected to a scanning circuit 16. A horizontal sync signal (comprising a train of pulses having a period equal to (t 0 +t 1 ) and a vertical sync signal consisting of a train of pulses whose period determines the refresh rate of the display, are supplied to a scanning signal generating circuit 17. The scanning signal generating circuit 17 thereby supplies a scanning signal to scanning circuit 16, which determines the timings and durations of the blanking intervals t 0 and the cathode ON potential intervals t 1 . Control of anodes 2a, 2b, . . . , i.e. the control of data display, is executed by an anode switch circuit 18. This circuit performs the functions of anode switch 11 shown in FIG. 3, for each of the anodes 2a 2b, . . . , to control the application of discharge voltages to the respective anodes. The anode switch circuit 18 is controlled by output signals produced from a latch circuit 19, with these signals determining the timings at which switches within the anode switch circuit 18 are set to the ON and OFF (i.e. closed and open) states to thereby establish the displaying discharge state and the slight discharge state respectively of the display elements, in accordance with the data to be displayed. Upon completion of each cathode scanning interval, the display data which is to be displayed by the next cathode to be addressed is transferred to the latch circuit 19 from a shift register 20, under the control of a strobe signal which is applied to latch circuit 19 from a data read-in signal generating circuit 21. A charging signal generating circuit 22 applies a charging signal to the anode switch circuit during each of the cathode blanking intervals t 0 . This charging signal acts to set each of the anodes 2a, 2b, . . . to the ON state for the duration of each of the cathode blanking intervals, as illustrated in FIG. 4(a). The above circuits, in conjunction with the anode coupling resistors 14 and the capacitors 4a serve to control the display operation. Each of the capacitors 4a has a capacitance value Ca which is approximately 20 picofarads, and serves to produce the slight discharge current flow described above, in conjunction with the stray capacitance 12 of the corresponding anode. FIG. 6 shows an example of a specific circuit for anode switch circuit 18, while FIG. 7 shows waveforms at various points in the circuit of FIG. 6. In this example the anode switch circuit 18 consists of a set of switch circuits for the respective anodes 2a, 2b, . . . , 2z which are respectively designated as 18a, 18b, . . . ,18z. Each of these switch circuits 18a, 18b, . . . ,18z in this example consists of an OR gate 23 which is coupled to receive a data signal from latch circuit 19 and a charging signal from charging signal generating circuit 22, a FET 24a controlled by the OR gate 23 output, and an output transistor 24b which is controlled by the output from FET 24a. As shown, during each time interval t 1 in which cathode 7c, for example, is being scanned, display data signals representing data to be displayed by the next cathode in the scanning sequence (7d) is are supplied to shift register 20 in response to a series of shift clock pulses which are input to shift register 20. The display data signals are then transferred to the latch circuit 19 upon the rising edge of a strobe signal pulse which is produced from the data readout signal generating circuit 21. During the next cathode blanking interval t 0 , a charging signal signal produced from the charging signal generating circuit 22 goes to the H (i.e. high) logic level, and as a result the output from each OR gate 23 in the anode switch circuit 18 is forcibly held at the H level during the t 0 interval. As a result, all of the anode switches are held in the ON state. During that ON state condition, i.e. while the charging signal is at the H level, a potential of 200 V applied from a power source produces a flow of charging current which passes through the output transistor 24b of each anode, into the corresponding anode capacitor 4a and the corresponding stray capacitance 12, thereby charging these capacitors towards +200 V. When the charging signal falls to the L (i.e. low ) level at the end of that t 0 blanking interval, the output transistor 24b in each of switching circuits 18a, 18b, . . . ,18z is set either to the ON or to the OFF state in accordance with the corresponding data output signal from latch circuit 19. The corresponding display elements of the next cathode to be scanned, i.e. cathode 7d, are thereby set to the light-emitting or non-light emitting states in accordance with the display data. The operation during scanning of each of the other cathodes is identical to that for cathodes 7c and 7d described above. If a gas discharge display apparatus of the form described above is designed for high-resolution display, then only a small spacing will be provided between adjacent ones of the anodes 2a, 2b, . . . will be spaced very closely together. Thus, the spacings between successive dielectric partitioning members 8a, 8b, . . . will also be very small. As a result, the charged particles and excitation atoms which are generated by the slight discharge process described above, i.e. resulting from discharge of an accumulation of charge upon capacitors and stray capacitances coupled to the respective anodes, will readily recombine and be thereby eliminated. In addition, the diffusion resistance between adjacent electrode intersection regions will tend to be high, so that generation of the slight discharge will not occur in a stable manner, i.e. may occur only intermittently. Furthermore, in the case of a high-resolution gas discharge display panel there will be a relatively large amount of mutual capacitive coupling between the anodes, and this further tends to extinguish the slight discharge described above. Referring to FIG. 5 and assuming for example that the displaying discharge state is established at the intersection region between electrodes 2b and 7d, which will be referred to as the region (2b·7d) and that the slight discharge state is established in the region (2c·7d) between anode 2c and cathode 7d, then the charged particles and excitation atoms which should preferably diffuse to the next intersection regions to be scanned, i.e. regions (2b·7e) and (2c·7e) will in fact almost entirely diffuse into the intersection region (2b·7e) rather than into region (2c·7e). Furthermore since the amount of capacitance C sa between the anodes is substantial, the slight discharge which should occur in the intersection region (2c·7e) will tend to flow into the inter-anode capacitance C sa and hence into the intersection region (2b· 7e). As a result, generation of the slight discharge at the intersection region (2c·7e) may occur only intermittently, or may fail to occur. It would be possible to overcome the problem described above, i.e. failure or intermittent occurrence of the slight discharge condition, by increasing the value of capacitance of the capacitors 4a which are internally provided within the gas discharge display panel and connected to respective ones of the anodes 2a, 2b, . . . , and by increasing the level of load resistance through which the slight discharge must flow. However if the value of capacitance of the capacitors 4a is increased, then these capacitors will occupy a substantial amount of display area of the gas discharge display panel. Thus, the display utilization efficiency will be lowered, and manufacturing costs will be increased. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an objective of the present invention to provide a gas discharge display apparatus which overcomes the problems described above, by ensuring that occurrence of the slight discharge state is reliably established, irrespective of the effects of inter-cathode capacitance, and without the necessity for connecting capacitors of substantially high capacitance value to each of the anodes of the gas discharge display panel to ensure such reliable establishment of the slight discharge state. To achieve this objective, a gas discharge display apparatus according to the present invention comprises: a gas discharge display panel comprising first and second plate members disposed with a surface of the first plate member closely adjacent and parallel to a surface of the second plate member, with at least one of the plate members being formed of an optically transparent material, an array of elongated stripe-shaped anodes formed on the surface of the first plate member, an array of elongated stripe-shaped cathodes formed on the surface of the second plate member and oriented at right angles to the anodes to thereby define an array of display elements at regions of intersection between the anodes and cathodes, and an array of elongated dielectric partitioning members oriented parallel to the anodes and respectively disposed between mutually adjacent pairs of the anodes; cathode switching circuit means responsive to an externally applied horizontal sync signal for sequentially connecting each of the cathodes to a cathode selection potential during respective cathode scanning intervals, in synchronism with the horizontal sync signal; latch circuit means for storing display data to be displayed above successive ones of the cathodes during successive ones of the cathode scanning intervals; anode switching circuit means responsive to the display data in the latch circuit means for applying an anode activation potential to selected ones of the anodes in accordance with the display data during each of the cathode scanning intervals, the cathode selection potential and anode activation potential being determined such as to produce a display discharge state when applied simultaneously to one of the anodes and the cathodes defining one of the display elements, whereby light is emitted from the display element; charging signal generating circuit means for producing a charging signal, in synchronism with the horizontal sync signal, during a blanking interval preceding each of the cathode scanning intervals, the anode switching circuit means being coupled to receive the charging signal and responsive thereto for applying the anode activation potential to all of the anodes during the blanking interval, for thereby charging stray capacitances which are associated with the anodes, and; circuit means for generating a support signal in synchronism with the horizontal sync signal during each of the cathode scanning intervals, the anode switching circuit means being coupled to receive the support signal and responsive thereto for applying the anode activation potential to all of the anodes during a time interval of fixed duration which is substantially shorter than the cathode scanning interval and which commences after a fixed time interval following the commencement of the cathode scanning interval. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a partial expanded oblique view of a gas discharge display panel; FIG. 2 is a partial view in cross-section of the display panel of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a simplified circuit diagram for assistance in describing the basic operation of a gas discharge display apparatus according to the prior art; FIG. 4 is a waveform diagram for illustrating the operation of the circuit of FIG. 3; FIG. 5 is a block circuit diagram of an example of a drive circuit of a prior art gas discharge display apparatus; FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram of a part of the circuit of FIG. 5, for illustrating the configuration of an anode switch circuit; FIG. 7 is a waveform diagram for illustrating the operation of the circuit of FIGS. 5 and 6; FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram of an essential portion of a gas discharge display apparatus according to the present invention; FIG. 9 is a waveform diagram for illustrating the operation of the circuit of FIG. 8, and; FIG. 10 is a partial oblique view of a portion of an embodiment of a gas discharge display panel for a display apparatus according to the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 8 is a block circuit diagram of a portion of a drive circuit of an embodiment of a gas discharge display apparatus according to the present invention. Circuit blocks and components corresponding to those of FIG. 6 described above are indicated by identical reference numerals. The essential feature of difference between a gas discharge display apparatus according to the present invention and an apparatus according to the prior art as described hereinabove lies in the incorporation of an auxiliary slight discharge circuit 25 and an OR gate 26. The auxiliary slight discharge circuit 25 is coupled to receive the horizontal sync signal, and produces as output a signal which will be referred to in the following as a support signal. The support signal consists of a pulse train in which one pulse occurs during each of the t 1 intervals described hereinabove. The support signal is applied to one input of OR gate 26 and the charging signal produced from charging signal generating circuit 22 is applied to the other input of OR gate 26. The resultant output signal from OR gate 26 is input to each of the OR gates 23 in the respective switch circuits 18a, 18b, . . . ,18z constituting switch circuit 18. The auxiliary slight discharge circuit 25 can be configured from a delay circuit and a one-shot multivibrator. Since circuit arrangements to generate the charging signal waveform (described in detail hereinafter) are well known in the art, a detailed description of the circuit of auxiliary slight discharge circuit 25 will be omitted. As will be made clear in the following, it may in some cases be possible to omit the internally provided anode capacitors 4a within a display panel of a gas discharge display apparatus according to the present invention, although such capacitors are essential with prior art types of such display apparatus. However it will be assumed for the purposes of description of the present embodiment that such anode capacitors are incorporated. FIG. 9 is a waveform diagram to illustrate the operation of the circuit of FIG. 8. The timing relationships between the support signal and the charging signal are illustrated by FIG. 9(a) and 9(b). As shown, the support signal comprises a train of positive-going pulses each of which begins after a time interval t 2 following the start of each of the cathode selection intervals t 1 , and has a duration t 3 (as indicated in FIG. 9(b)). The resultant signal which is output from OR gate 26 is shown in FIG. 9(c). The output transistors 24b in each of the switch circuits 18a, 18b, . . . , 18z are set in the ON state by the charging signal pulse occurring within time interval t 0 . During each time interval t 1 , if the data output from latch circuit 19 applied to one of switch circuits 18a, 18b, . . . , 18z is at the L logic level, then the output transistor 24b of that switch circuit will only be set to the ON state within that t 1 interval for the duration of time interval t 3 , i.e. during the support signal pulse. The potentials of an arbitrarily selected pair of mutually adjacent cathodes, which will be designated as cathodes 7 m and 7 m+1 , will be assumed to be as shown in FIGS. 9(g) and 9(h), during the two cathode ON potential t 1 intervals shown in FIG. 9. During the first of these t 1 intervals, the potential of cathode 7m falls to the ON potential (i.e. 0 V), whereby the stray anode capacitances and the anode capacitors provided within the display panel become discharged shortly after the commencement of that t 1 interval, as illustrated in FIG. 9(e). Next, during time interval t 3 , the anode switch (i.e. the corresponding output transistor 24b) is set in the ON state. As a result, a charging current flows through the corresponding anode coupling resistor 14 and between cathode 7m and the corresponding anode during a short time interval, i.e. corresponding to interval t 3 , as shown in FIG. 9(f). This current flow is terminated immediately following the end of time interval t 3 . In this way an auxiliary slight gaseous discharge occurs during a brief time interval within each of the cathode ON intervals t 1 , between that cathode and all of the anodes which are not switched to the ON state (i.e. whose output transistors 24b are not set to the ON state in accordance with display data during that t 1 interval). This auxiliary slight discharge between anode and cathode occurs immediately following the slight discharge which is produced by discharging the anode capacitance and which also occurs with a prior art gas discharge display apparatus as described hereinabove. As a result of this auxiliary slight discharge between anode and cathode, large amounts of charged particles and excitation atoms are produced which diffuse between a cathode which is currently being scanned and the cathode which is the next to be scanned (during the next horizontal scanning interval). In this way, the slight discharge state is always reliably established. If the amount of anode stray capacitance is relatively large, then it will be unnecessary to provide capacitors which are coupled to the respective anodes for the purpose of inducing the slight discharge state, i.e. capacitors 4a, 4b, . . . in the example of FIG. 5 can be eliminated. In addition, the large amounts of charged particles and excitation atoms which are produced by the auxiliary slight discharge current flow has the effect of reducing delays in the initiation of charging current flow. The duration of time interval t 2 must be sufficiently long to ensure that the initial slight discharge current flow (resulting from discharge of anode capacitance) has been completed. The duration of time interval t 3 , i.e. the time for which the support signal pulse remains at the H logic level, can be adjusted as required to adjust the value of the auxiliary slight discharge current to a suitable level. If interval t 3 is made excessively long, then this will result in a reduction of display contrast, since a visually detectable level of light will be emitted from display elements which should be in the OFF, i.e. non-emissive state, i.e. the ratio of light emitted during the displaying discharge state and the slight discharge state will become excessively low. If on the other hand time interval t 3 is made too short, then it will not be possible to attain the objectives of the present invention. As the peak value of the discharge current flow between cathodes and anodes is increased, the overall display brightness will be increased. However if this peak current is made excessively high, the operating life of the display panel will be reduced due to deterioration of the cathodes. The design of a gas discharge display panel for a gas discharge display apparatus according to the present invention may be similar to that shown in FIG. 1 and described hereinabove. However as stated above it may be possible to omit the internally provided capacitors coupled to the anodes of such a display panel, i.e. it may be possible to omit the components 3, 4 and 5 shown in FIG. 1. It should be noted that it is important that the gas discharge display panel be designed such as to efficiently utilize the charged particles and excitation atoms which are produced during the slight discharge state. FIG. 10 shows a partial oblique view in cross-section of another embodiment of a gas discharge display panel in accordance with the present invention. In this display panel, partition members 8a, 8b, . . . are mounted upon an inner surface of a glass faceplate 1, while a separation of approximately 0.04 mm is provided between the partition members 8a, 8b, . . . and the inner surface of a rear glass plate 6. It can thus be understood that a plurality of elongated cells are formed between adjacent pairs of the partition members 8a, 8b, . . . , and that the regions of intersection between cathodes 7a, 7b, . . . and anodes 2a, 2b, . . . are all disposed within these cells. As a result of this configuration, cross-talk interference between adjacent intersection regions of a cathode and the anodes, (i.e. due to the establishment of the displaying discharge state in one region affecting an adjacent region which is set in the slight discharge state) is effectively reduced. Furthermore, the diffusion of charged particles and excitation atoms from an intersection region (positioned over a cathode which has been scanned) to an adjacent region (positioned over the next cathode to be scanned in the horizontal scanning sequence) is efficiently accomplished, thereby increasing the reliability of establishing the slight discharge state. Although the present invention has been described in the above with reference to specific embodiments, it should be noted that various changes and modifications to the embodiments may be envisaged, which fall within the scope claimed for the invention as set out in the appended claims. The above specification should therefore be interpreted in a descriptive and not in a limiting sense.	A gas discharge display apparatus consisting of a gas discharge display panel and a drive circuit for driving a matrix array of display elements formed in the display panel by mutually perpendicular arrays of stripe-shaped anodes and cathodes, the cathodes being sequentially selected during successive scanning intervals and the anodes driven to produce a light-emitting or non-emitting state during each scanning interval in accordance with display data. During each scanning interval, each anode for which the non-emitting state is to be maintained is momentarily driven to the light-emitting state potential during a brief interval, to thereby substantially increase the reliability of display operation during the immediately succeeding scanning interval.	6
FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention pertains in general to storage containers and, in particular, to storage containers for human remains. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION It is obvious that knowledge and awareness of storage containers for human remains are integrated into almost every person's perception of the natural processes of life and death. In fact, a large part of human knowledge about life in the past and the development of various civilizations throughout the world come from the various kinds of storage containers for human remains which have endured mainly intact into the present. There have been many successful designs using a variety of materials as we can see by the various types of urns, crypts and coffins that exist in museums and collections. In spite of these successes, the ever evolving availability of new materials and manufacturing create new opportunities in the ways in which various items, including storage containers for human remains can be designed and made. OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION It is an object of this invention to provide an improved container for the storage of human remains. It is a further object of this invention to show a method for providing an improved container for the storage of human remains. It is still another object of this invention to provide an improved container for the storage of human remains which makes use of contemporary, inexpensive, easy-to-manufacture materials. It is a further object of this invention to provide an improved container for the storage of human remains which uses contemporary, inexpensive, easy-to-manufacture materials such as plastic, plastic resin or other impregnated plastic compounds. It is a further object of this invention to provide an improved container for the storage of human remains which uses contemporary, inexpensive, easy-to-manufacture materials such as plastic, plastic resin or other impregnated plastic compounds using automated manufacturing processes such as casting or injection molding. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the foregoing objectives, the present invention provides an improved container for the storage of human remains which uses contemporary, inexpensive, easy-to-manufacture materials such as plastic, plastic resin or other impregnated plastic compounds using automated manufacturing processes such as casting or injection molding. Various other purposes and advantages of this invention will become clear from its description in the specifications that follow and from the novel features particularly pointed out in the appended claims. Therefore, to the accomplishment of the objectives described above, this invention consists of the features hereinafter illustrated in the drawings, fully described in the detailed description of the preferred embodiment and particularly pointed out in the claims. However, such drawings and description disclose but one of the various ways in which the invention may be practiced. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows an exploded isometric view of the storage container of the present invention. FIG. 2 shows cross-sectional view of the storage container of the present invention as viewed along the line 2--2 of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 shows a top view of the storage container of the present invention as viewed along the line 3--3 of FIG. 2. FIG. 4 shows an isometric view of a group of the storage containers of the present invention arranged as a storage wall. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring now to the drawings, wherein like parts are designated throughout with like numerals, FIG. 1 shows a storage container 10 according to the present invention. Storage container 10 includes a recessed portion 12 which is adapted to receive a lid or cover 50 which encloses and seals the top opening of storage container 10. Cover 50 is held securely in place by retaining ring 100. Retaining ring 100 has an inner periphery 102 and an outer periphery 104 of a size adequate to hold cover 50 securely within recess 102 while exposing an adequate amount of the top surface 52. Top surface 52 and the material chosen to make cover 50 are adapted to allow top surface 52 to be stamped, engraved, etched or otherwise marked to identify the contents and to allow whatever other decorations or messages that are desired. The top opening of storage container 10 has a rim portion 14 which is constructed with sufficient width and thickness to provide strength and rigidity to the top opening of storage container 10. The thickness of rim portion 14 allows it to house holes 16A, 16B, 16C and 16D (not shown) in each corner of the rim portion 10. Holes 16A, 16B, 16C and 16D are blind holes which in this embodiment contain a metal insert which is threaded to receive a screw-type fastener. Holes 16A, 16B, 16C and 16D can be otherwise adapted to use other types of fasteners or locking pins. Corresponding to holes 16A, 16B, 16C and 16D in rim portion 14 are holes 116A, 116B, 116C, and 116D in retaining ring 100. Holes 116A, 116B, 116C, and 116D are of sufficient size to allow fastening devices such as screw 118C shown in FIG. 1 and screws 118A and 118B shown in FIG. 2 to secure retaining ring 100 to the top surface of rim portion 14 which, in turn, secures plate 50 within recessed portion 12. The cross-sectional view of FIG. 2 shows the position of cover 50 within recess 12 and secured under retaining ring 100. Referring again to the cross-sectional view of FIG. 2 storage container 10 comprises a sealed hollow vessel which contains human remains 15, typically in the form of ashes resulting from cremation. The structure of storage container 10 comprises bottom portion 11B and a plurality of wall portions 11W which are joined at their edges to form the vessel structure of storage container 10. The relatively thinner wall portions 11W transition through a rim buttress portion 11T to join the relatively thicker rim portion 14 (see FIG. 3). FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 also show a plurality of rib members 11R coupled to the outer surfaces of wall portions 11W with each rib member 11R coupled at its top to the rim buttress portion 11T. The combined coupling of the wall portions 11W, the rim portion 14, the rim buttress portion 11T and the plurality of rib members 11R result in a total structure in which relatively thinner wall portions 11W can be used to achieve lightness and economy of material while the remaining rim portion 14, the rim buttress portion 11T and the plurality of rib members 11R combine to provide rigidity and structural strength. Another feature of the rim portion 14 and rib members 11R according to the present invention (see FIG. 1) is that outer surfaces 14P of the rim member 14 and the outer surfaces 11P of the rib members 11R define mating surfaces around the outside of storage container which are parallel to each other. These parallel mating surfaces allow a plurality of storage containers 10 to be stacked together into a compact and attractive assemblages of desired formats. An example of such an assemblage is shown in FIG. 4. Another advantage of the storage container according to the present invention is that the arrangement of retaining ring 14 and cover 50 allows an individual container in a particular assemblage to be opened without removing it from the assemblage or otherwise disrupting the assemblage. The cross-sectional view of FIG. 2 shows another advantageous feature of the structure of the storage container 10 according to the present invention. This feature is that each of the plurality of wall sections 11W is tapered in thickness from top to bottom so that the thickness of the wall section 11W at the bottom region 11X is relatively thinner than that at the top region 11Y. This structural feature provides an advantage when the storage container 10 according to the present invention is manufactured using automated manufacturing processes such as injection molding or automatic casting since the tapered wall section facilitates ejection from the mold. A wide variety of materials can be used to manufacture the storage container 10 according to the present invention. In the preferred embodiment, a natural polypropylene structural foam is used to provide a durable, light-weight storage container which ca be inexpensively manufactured in a wide variety of colors using an automated injection molding process. Other materials are equally suitable. For example, the storage container 10 according to the present invention could be manufactured using plastic resins in an automatic casting process. Similarly, storage container 10 could be automatically cast in metal although material costs would be higher. While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing form the spirit and the scope of the invention. Thus, although the preferred embodiment for storage container 10 shown in FIGS. 1-4 is a rectangular vessel with four sides, the present invention can be applied to make vessels of other forms. For example, the present invention could be practiced to form a storage container having a triangular cross-section with a rim portion and rib members forming parallel mating surfaces to allow the formation of a plurality of containers as a storage wall with a concept similar to that shown in FIG. 4. Similarly, the present invention could be practiced to make storage containers having pentagonal cross-sections, hexagonal cross-sections, octagonal cross-sections, etc.	This disclosure is directed to a storage container for human remains which comprises a bottom portion, a plurality of walls each having a bottom edge coupled to the bottom means, a rim portion, a cover which fits into a recessed portion of the rim portion, a retainer portion which retains the cover within the recessed portion, fastener means to fasten the retainer portion to the cover wherein the container contains ashed human remains.	4
[0001] This application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11,845,913, filed on Aug. 28, 2007, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/704,218, filed Nov. 1, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,263,664, which claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/162,874, filed Nov. 1, 1999, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD [0002] This invention relates to a graphical user interface for a travel planning system. BACKGROUND [0003] Travel planning systems may be used to search for itineraries that meet a set of criteria submitted, for example, by a potential traveler. The systems produce itineraries and prices by selecting suitable trips or flights from a database of travel carriers, geographic scheduling, and pricing information. Travel planning systems may be computer programs that automate part of the process of identifying the itineraries. [0004] Travel planning systems may display a single list of possible travel itineraries. The traveler browses through the information in the list and compares the details of the different itineraries to select a preferred itinerary. Travelers may have difficulty comparing, discriminating, focusing or assimilating some of the details that are presented in the list. [0005] Many travel systems display travel information on computer systems. Certain travel planning systems may be accessible from remote computer clients over a network, such as the Internet or an Intranet, using a browser such as a web browser. In such travel planning systems, the itineraries may be formatted in a tag-based format, such as HyperText Markup Language (HTML), or eXtensible Markup Language (XML). The itineraries may include links, such as “hyperlinks” or “xlinks”, which cause a browser to display a particular set of data. SUMMARY [0006] According to a first aspect of the invention, an interface for presenting travel itineraries to a user includes an itinerary region for displaying travel itineraries and a filter region. Each travel itinerary has a corresponding value for a first travel criterion and the travel itineraries are grouped into categories based on the values of the first travel criterion. The filter region includes a plurality of cells, each of which is associated with one of the categories of travel itineraries. When a user selects a cell, for example, by using a mouse pointer to click on the cell, the itinerary region displays only travel itineraries in the category associated with the selected cell. [0007] In certain embodiments of the first aspect of the invention, each travel itinerary has a corresponding value for a second different travel criterion and the travel itineraries are also grouped into the categories based on the value of the second travel criterion. The cells are arranged in rows and columns. Cells associated with categories having the same value for the first travel criterion are positioned in the same row, while cells associated with categories having the same value for the second travel criterion are positioned in the same column. [0008] According to a second aspect of the invention, an article includes a machine-readable medium that stores machine-executable instructions. The instructions are operable to cause a machine to generate the user interface of the first aspect of the invention. [0009] According to a third aspect of the invention, a user interface for presenting an itinerary to a user includes a first display of a first segment of the itinerary, such as a travel segment or a layover, and a second display of a subsequent segment of the itinerary. Each of the first display and the second display includes a location of departure and a location of arrival for the corresponding segment of the itinerary. The location of arrival for the first segment is different from the location of departure for the subsequent segment and the first display and the second display are emphasized to indicate to the user that the itinerary has a different location of arrival for the first segment from the location of departure for the subsequent segment. The displays may be emphasized, for example, using italics, font size, font type, bold face font, print color, and background color. [0010] According to a fourth aspect of the invention, a user interface for presenting an itinerary to user includes a display of a segment, such as a travel segment or a layover, of the itinerary. The display includes a location of departure and a location of arrival for the first segment, a duration for the first segment, and at least one of a departure time and an arrival time. [0011] According to a fifth aspect of the invention, a user interface for presenting an itinerary to user, includes a display of a segment of the itinerary and a text-based alert associated with the first segment. The text-based alert is emphasized to bring it to the attention of the user. [0012] Among other advantages of the invention, the filter region allows a user to easily filter a certain category of travel itineraries that the user may be interested in without necessarily having to comb through the list of itineraries. The emphasis and the text-based alerts point out information that is likely to interest the user. Thus the invention provides an efficient way to present travel information to the user, making the users experience more productive pleasurable and effective. [0013] The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS [0014] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a client server travel planning system particularly operable over a network such as the Internet. [0015] FIG. 2 is a diagram of a query screen for a graphical user interface implemented as a web page from a web browser. [0016] FIGS. 3-5 are diagrams of web pages depicting results of executing a query for a round trip based on information entered through the query screen of FIG. 2 . [0017] FIG. 6 is a flow chart of the process for generating the web pages of FIGS. 3-5 . [0018] FIGS. 7 and 8 are diagrams of web pages depicting details of travel options provided in the web pages of FIGS. 3-5 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0019] Referring to FIG. 1 , a travel planning system 10 can be used to search for travel and pricing information associated with various forms of travel such as airline, bus and railroad and is particularly adapted for air travel. As will be described below, users at client computers 30 use a client process 36 , such as a web browser, to submit queries requesting information to the server 12 over a network 22 , such as the Internet or an intranet. The server 12 retrieves travel and pricing information corresponding to the query and transmits the information to the client computer 32 . A client process 36 , such as a web browser, on the client computer 30 displays the transmitted information in a graphical user interface 41 on a display 40 associated with client computer 32 . The graphical user interface 40 may, for example, include a series of web pages presented to the user on the web browser 36 . [0020] Server computer 12 has a processor 13 for executing computer programs stored within storage subsystem 14 . Storage subsystem 14 may include a memory, hard disk, cdrom disk, or a floppy disk. The computer programs include a web server 17 for sending web pages and receiving requests from the network 22 . The computer programs also include a server process 15 that has a scheduling process 16 that determines itineraries associated with a query from a client computer and a faring process 18 that determines faring information associated with the itineraries. An example of a scheduler process 16 is described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/109,622, entitled “Scheduler System for Travel Planning Systems”, filed on Jul. 2, 1998 by Carl-G. DeMarcken et al. and assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated herein by reference. Also an example of a faring process 18 is described in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/109,873, entitled “Graphical User Interface for Travel Planning System”, filed on Jul. 2, 1998 by Carl G. DeMarcken et al and also assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated herein by reference. [0021] Referring also to FIG. 2 , web browser 36 displays a web page 50 to a user to allow the user to submit a query to the server 12 . The web page 50 includes a query table 52 having tabs 54 a - 54 c associated with different the types of itineraries that the user is interested in. For example the first tab 54 a is associated with one-way itineraries, the second tab 54 b is associated with round trip itineraries and the third tab 54 c is associated with multi-segment itineraries. To display a query input interface 55 for a certain kind of travel itinerary, the user selects the tab corresponding to the kind of itinerary, for example, by using a mouse pointer associated with the client computer 32 to click on the tab 54 . The tabs 54 may be links, such as hyperlinks or xlinks, that cause the browser 36 to load the desired query input interface 55 . FIG. 2 shows a query input interface 55 for a round trip itinerary. [0022] The query input interface 55 includes a section 56 for entering flight information such as a location of departure 56 a, a departure time 56 b, a location of arrival 56 c and a time of arrival 56 d. The query input interface 55 also includes a section 58 for selecting flight saving options. For example, a user may use inputs 58 a, 58 b to cause the server to search for cheaper flights in airports close to the desired departure and arrival airports. A user may also use inputs 58 b, 58 d to allow the server 12 to search for cheaper flights on alternate travel dates. The query input interface further includes a section 60 to select such passenger information as the number of passengers traveling and the number of those passengers that are seniors, infants or children. The user may check input 61 to cause the server 12 to only provide travel itineraries associated with flights that have available seats. The user submits a query to the server 12 by clicking on the submission button 62 , causing the server to send travel and pricing information to the client 30 . The travel information is displayed in a user interface described below with reference to FIG. 3 . [0023] Referring to FIG. 3 , a web page 70 for displaying travel and pricing information includes an itinerary region 72 that displays displaying different itinerary choices and a filter region 74 for selecting the itinerary choices that are to be displayed in the itinerary region 72 . The itinerary region 72 and the filter region 74 may be different HTML frames of the web page 70 . The itinerary region displays a separate itinerary 72 a in each row of the itinerary region 72 . Each itinerary is displayed along with corresponding values for a series of travel criterion that a user might use to identify a preferred itinerary. For example, each itinerary is displayed along with a cost of travel 76 a, an airline carrier that provides the flights 76 b, destination and arrival airports 76 c, the number of stops on the itinerary 76 d, the travel date 76 e and time 76 f, the duration of each segment of the flight 76 g, and the class of travel 76 h. A user may also display more information about an itinerary 72 a by clicking on a “details” link 76 k associated with the itinerary. The details link 76 k may be a link, such as a hyperlink or an xlink, that causes the browser 36 to load a web page containing the details of the itinerary, as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 . [0024] The filter region includes tabs 78 a, 78 b, 78 c that a user may select to display itineraries based on a criterion associated with the tab. For example tab 78 a allows the user to select the itineraries 72 a displayed in the itinerary region 72 based on the airline that provides the flights, tab 78 b allows the user to select itineraries based on the flight times, and tab 78 c allows the user to select the itineraries based on the airports. Upon selecting one of the tabs, for example, by using a mouse pointer to click on the tab, a filtering table 80 is displayed in the filter region. For example, FIG. 3 shows an airline-filtering table 80 a that is displayed when a user clicks the first tab 78 a. The tabs 78 may be links that cause the browser 36 ( FIG. 1 ) to load the desired filtering table 80 . [0025] Each filtering table 80 includes a series of cells 81 which are arranged in columns 82 and rows 83 . The filtering table 80 groups the travel itineraries into categories based on certain travel criterion. For example, in the airline-filtering table 80 a, the itineraries 72 a are grouped into categories based on the airline 76 b providing the flights and the number of stops 76 d in the itinerary. Each category contains itineraries that have the same number of stops 76 d and are provided by the same airline 76 b. Certain cells 81 in table 80 a are associated with a specific category of travel itineraries. A user may cause the itinerary region 72 to only display travel itineraries 72 a associated with a category by selecting the cell 81 associated with the category, for example by using a mouse pointer to click on the cell 81 . The cell 81 may be associated with a link that causes the browser 36 to load the relevant category of itineraries 72 a in the itinerary region 72 . Thus the cells provide a convenient graphical way for a user to select a certain category of travel itineraries. Cells associated with categories that do not contain any itineraries may not be associated with a link. [0026] In each filtering table 80 cells associated with categories of itineraries having the same value of one of the filtering criteria are arranged in the same row, while cells associated with the categories having the same value of the other filtering criteria are arranged in the same column. For example, in the filtering table 80 a, cells 81 associated with categories of itineraries provided by the same airline are arranged in the same column 82 and cells associated with categories of itineraries with the same number of stops are arranged in the same row 83 . For instance, the column 82 b is associated with itineraries where the flights are provided by US Airways, while the row 83 a is associated with non-stop itineraries. To display non-stop itineraries provided by US Airways, the user would select the cell 81 b that is positioned at the intersection of column 82 b and row 83 a. Thus, the grid-like arrangement of the cells allows us user to quickly and conveniently display itineraries in which the user is interested. [0027] Additionally, each cell 81 also displays information about the category of itineraries 72 a with which it is associated. For example, the cells in the filtering table 80 a display a minimum cost of travel associated with the itineraries in the category corresponding to the cell. For instance the cell 81 b, mentioned in the example above, displays the amount $127 to indicate to the user that the user should expect to pay at least $127 if he intends to fly non-stop on US Airways. If that amount is out of the user's price range, the user can look to other categories of flights. Thus, displaying additional information about the categories of itineraries in the cells 81 allows a user to more quickly and conveniently select itineraries that might be of interest. [0028] Referring to FIG. 4 , when the flight-times tab 74 b is selected, a filtering table 80 b is displayed in filtering region 74 . Filtering table 80 b groups the itineraries 72 a into categories based on a departure time from the location of origin and a departure time from a destination of the itinerary. Each cell 92 a is associated with a category and a user may display itineraries associated with the category by selecting the cell. Cells 92 are arranged in rows 94 with each row containing cells that are associated with flights that have the same departure time from the point of origin (Boston). For example, row 94 a contains cells associated with flights departing Boston between midnight and 6 am on Sunday, October 15. The cells are also arranged in columns 96 with each column containing cells that are associated with flights that have the same departure time from the destination (New York). For example, column 96 a is contains cells associated with flights departing New York between 6 am and noon on Sunday, October 15. [0029] Filter table 80 b also contains a column 98 containing row super-cells 100 a - 100 d. Each row super-cell 100 is associated with a super-category containing all the itineraries associated with the categories of all the cells 92 in the same row as the row super-cell 100 . For example, the row super-cell 100 a is associated with all itineraries that depart Boston between midnight and 6 am on Sunday, October 15, irrespective of the time that the itineraries depart New York. Table 80 b also includes a row 102 that contains column super-cells 104 - 104 c. Each column super-cell 104 is associated with a super-category containing all the itineraries associated with the categories of all the cells 92 in the same column as the super-cell 104 . For example, the column super-cell 104 a is associated with all itineraries that depart New York between 6 am and noon on Sunday, October 15, irrespective of the time that the itineraries depart Boston. The super-cells 100 , 104 allow a user to select a itineraries 72 a based only on one of the criteria (origin departure time and destination departure time) that is used to group the itineraries 72 a into categories. [0030] Referring to FIG. 5 , when the airport tab 78 c is selected, the airports filtering table 80 c is displayed in the filtering region 74 . The filtering table 80 c groups the itineraries 72 a into categories based departure and arrival airports 76 c. Each cell 112 is associated with a category and a user may display itineraries associated with the category by selecting the cell 112 . Cells 112 are arranged in rows 114 with each row containing cells that are associated with flights that have the same departure airport. In the Example of FIG. 5 , there is only one row 114 because all the flights depart from Boston. The cells 112 are also arranged in columns 116 with each column containing cells 112 that have the same destination airport (New York). For example, column 116 a contains a cell 112 a associated with itineraries with a departing flight from JFK airport in New York, while column 116 b contains a cell 112 b associated with itineraries with a departing flight from La Guardia airport in New York. [0031] Referring to FIG. 6 , the process of displaying the travel data in the web page 60 of FIGS. 3-5 begins when the server 12 receives ( 600 ) a query from a user. The query may have been submitted from the web page 50 of FIG. 2 . The scheduling process 16 of the server determines ( 602 ) travel data associated with the query. The server then determines ( 604 ) filtering criteria for grouping the itineraries into categories, for example, from a tab 78 a - 78 c selected by the user on the web page 70 of FIGS. 3-5 . Where a tab has not been selected, the server may select a default set of criteria. For example, in FIG. 3 , the server 12 groups the itineraries based on airlines by default. The server 12 then identifies ( 606 ) the different categories that the travel itineraries will be grouped into based on values associated with the criteria. [0032] The server 12 then selects ( 608 ) the first travel itinerary from the travel data and determines ( 610 ) a category that the travel itinerary should be grouped into based on the values of the filtering criteria for the itinerary. The server 12 then adds ( 612 ) the itinerary to the determined category and checks ( 614 ) if the itinerary is the last one in the travel data. If it is not the last one, the server 12 , selects ( 616 ) the next itinerary in the travel data and performs the process ( 610 - 614 ) for the next itinerary. Otherwise, if there are no more itineraries the server terminates the process. The categorized data is provided to the client computer 30 for display as part of the graphical user interface 41 . [0033] Referring to FIG. 7 , a travel itinerary 120 may have a first segment 120 a and a second segment 120 b. In a round trip itinerary, the second segment may be a return segment for the first segment. The second segment may also be a connecting flight to the passenger's destination. In the exemplary itinerary 120 , the first segment 120 a departs from Logan airport (BOS) in Boston and arrives at La Guardia airport (LGA) in New York. However, the second segment departs from John F. Kennedy Airport (JFK) in New York. Consequently, the passenger would have to travel from the arrival airport of the first segment (LGA) to the departure airport of the second segment (JFK) by some other means besides flying to make a connection from the first segment to the second segment. This situation is referred to as a discontinuous flight connection. [0034] The region 74 brings the user's attention to the discontinuity in itinerary 120 by, for example, emphasizing the airports LGA, JFK associated with the discontinuity. The server 12 is programmed to detect such discontinuities and may be configured to emphasize the airports LGA, JFK using italics, font size, font type, bold face font, print color, background color and so forth. For example, the airports LGA, JFK maybe emphasized by displaying them in red typeface while the rest of the display is displayed in normal black typeface. [0035] Discontinuity in an itinerary may also occur between the starting airport and the ultimate destination in a return trip. For example, if a user would like a return trip from [0036] Boston Mass. to New York and then back to Boston, a travel itinerary from Boston to New York and then to Worcester Mass. (a suburb of Boston) is discontinuous because the user must use another means of travel other than flying to get from Worcester to Boston. [0037] As shown in FIG. 7 , the graphical user interface 41 ( FIG. 1 ) displays a web page 130 containing additional details 132 about a travel itinerary 72 a ( FIG. 3 ) when the user clicks on the details link 76 k ( FIG. 3 ). Included in the additional details 132 is information 134 a - c about the flight that may be considered undesirable. For example, the information 134 a - c may be notification of a no-refundable ticket 134 a, or notification 134 b that the user would have to pay a fee to change the ticket. The information 134 may also include information 134 c about an unduly long layover or a short layover that would make it hard to make the connecting flight. [0038] The information 134 a - c is emphasized to bring it to the user's notice and make it immediately identifiable. To indicate the undesirable nature of the information 134 a - c, it may be emphasized in a way that irritates the user. For example, the server 12 may be configured to present the undesirable information in red typeface or in capital letters. The same type of emphasis is used for the same kind of information 134 a - c to make the information immediately recognizable to the user. On the other hand, information that may not be considered undesirable might be emphasized in a more calming way. For example, it may be emphasized using green typeface or italics. [0039] The web page 130 of FIG. 8 also shows the durations associated with the different segments of the itinerary, in addition to departure and arrival times of the segments. The segments of the itinerary may be flights 140 or layovers 142 . The duration information allows a user to immediately know how long the segment will last while the arrival and departure time inform the user of the time when the segments will begin or end, making the itinerary easier to understand. [0040] A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the invention may be implemented in travel systems that do not communicate over the Internet or in interfaces that do not use web pages or web browsers. [0041] Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.	A user interface for presenting travel itineraries to a user includes a first field to render a representation of a first segment of the itinerary including a location of departure and a location of arrival for the first segment, and a second field to render a text-based alert that includes notification information of the first segment of the itinerary, wherein the text-based alert is emphasized to bring the text-based alert to the attention of the user.	6
FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a locking mechanism for locking a plurality of sliders in a selected position and, more specifically, to an improved key-operated locking mechanism for lockingly holding a plurality of drawers or similar slidable components in a closed position. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION File drawer units and the like, as used in offices and similar environments, are conventionally provided with a locking mechanism so as to securely lock the drawers in a closed position. Such mechanisms conventionally employ a key-operated lock device which is mounted so as to be accessible from the front side of the housing, which lock device acts through a suitable intermediate linkage for controlling a vertical lock bar which is disposed adjacent one of the corners of the housing. This lock bar in turn is provided with locking elements which cooperate with the individual drawers to securely lock them in their closed position. While numerous locking mechanisms of the above-described type have been devised and utilized, most such mechanisms employ a lock bar which is suitable only for one drawer configuration, or for use with a plurality of identically sized drawers, and hence do not permit a plurality of different-sized drawers to be readily positionally rearranged, or replaced with more or less drawers of different size. This has generally required the manufacturer to provide different lock mechanisms for different drawer units, and has prevented changing of the drawer arrangements after the units are installed in the field. In an attempt to improve upon this disadvantage, one drawer unit is known which possesses a vertically elongated lock bar having multiple positions thereon for receiving removable locking tabs. The removable locking tabs can be selectively mounted on the lock bar at those positions corresponding to the location of the drawers and, when the different sizes of drawers are positionally rearranged, then the locking tabs can be positionally rearranged to correspond to the new drawer arrangement. While this obviously does increase the flexibility and adaptability of the unit both during manufacture and use, nevertheless this unit still requires that the correct number of locking tabs be initially selected, and then properly positioned and mounted on the lock bar at the correct locations, or in the alternative the removal and remounting of the lock tabs at the desired locations. A lock mechanism of this general type is illustrated by U.S. Pat. No. 3,857,620. Another requirement of lock mechanisms of this general type is the necessity that the mechanism permit an opened drawer to be returned to its closed position, even when the lock mechanism is already in its locked position. While the mechanism of the aforesaid patent does permit closing of a drawer when the lock mechanism is in its locked position, nevertheless this drawer closing function requires that the locking tab be provided with a complex three-dimensional configuration to cam the entire lock bar vertically upwardly so as to permit the opened drawer to be moved therepast during its closing movement. The mechanism of this patent employs a positive linkage between the lock device and the lock bar, and hence requires lifting of the lock bar to permit the closing of a drawer when the mechanism is locked. Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved lock mechanism for controlling a plurality of drawers or similar slidable units, which lock mechanism possesses the essential performance features but in addition overcomes the above-mentioned disadvantages. More specifically, the lock mechanism of this invention employs a vertically elongated lock bar having a plurality of vertically spaced locking tabs mounted thereon at selected intervals, which lock tabs are permanently fixed to and remain on the bar at all times. The drawer unit employs a cabinet which mounts therein a plurality of drawers, which plurality can vary in number and/or size so as to permit the user to select the optimum drawer arrangement. Irrespective of the number and/or sizes of drawers selected, however, and/or the positional arrangement thereof, the same lock bar still cooperates with and lockingly holds all of the drawers in a closed locked position when activated, without requiring any prepositioning or rearrangement of the lock bar. In addition, when the lock mechanism is activated into a locked position, an open drawer can still be readily moved into its closed position without undue effort since the lock bar will readily displace against the urging of a spring so as to permit the lock stop on the activated drawer to move therepast, following which the lock bar again automatically returns to its closed and hence locking position. Other objects and purposes of the invention will be apparent to persons familiar with mechanisms of this general type upon reading the following specification and inspecting the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a drawer unit mounting therein a plurality of drawers or slides. FIG. 2 is an enlarged, fragmentary front view showing an upper corner of the front of the drawer unit. FIG. 3 is an enlarged, fragmentary, cross-sectional elevational view illustrating the locking mechanism as positioned within the drawer unit housing adjacent the right front corner thereof as appearing in FIG. 1. FIG. 4 is a fragmentary sectional view taken substantially along line IV--IV in FIG. 3, this view illustrating the lock mechanism in its unlocked position. FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 4 but illustrating the lock mechanism in its locked position. FIG. 6 is a fragmentary sectional view taken substantially along the line VI--VI in FIG. 3. FIG. 7 is a fragmentary sectional view taken substantially along the line VII--VII in FIG. 3. FIG. 8 is an enlarged, fragmentary sectional view of the area designated VIII in FIG. 3. Certain terminology will be used in the following description for convenience in reference only, and will not be limiting. For example, the words "upwardly", "downwardly", "rightwardly" and "leftwardly" will refer to directions in the drawings to which reference is made. The word "front" will refer to the side of the drawer unit as appearing in FIG. 1 through which the individual drawers open. The words "inwardly" and "outwardly" will refer to movement of the individual drawer units in a closing and an opening direction, respectively. The words "inwardly" and "outwardly" will also refer to directions toward and away from the geometric center of the drawer unit and designated parts thereof. Said terminology will include the words specifically mentioned, derivatives thereof, and words of similar import. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring to the drawings, and specifically FIG. 1, there is illustrated a drawer unit 10 which includes a hollow boxlike cabinet or housing 11 as defined by substantially parallel right and left sidewalls 12 and 13, respectively, rigidly joined together by a front wall 14 and a rear wall (not shown). The front wall 14 has a large and substantially rectangular drawer-receiving opening 16 formed therein for accommodating the fronts of a plurality of drawers disposed in adjacent relationship vertically one above the other. The drawer unit in the illustrated embodiment has four drawers or like slidable components mounted thereon and designated 17, 18, 19 and 20. The cabinet also has a top wall 21 which, in the preferred embodiment, is removably attached to the cabinet. This removable attachment can be accomplished in many conventional ways but is preferably accomplished by means of spring clips (not shown) which are fixed to and project downwardly from the top wall and releasably engage the cabinet adjacent the corners thereof. Each of the cabinet sidewalls 12 and 13 has a pair of vertically elongated channel members 22 fixed thereto, one channel 22 being fixed to each sidewall adjacent the respective rear corner, and the other channel being fixed to the respective sidewall adjacent the respective front corner. Only one such channel 22 is illustrated in the drawings, specifically in FIGS. 3 and 4, which channel is positioned adjacent the right front corner of the cabinet. The channel member 22 has the base or web 22' thereof spaced inwardly from the respective sidewall to define a clearance space therebetween. The web 22' of each channel 22 has a plurality of openings 23 formed therethrough, which openings are preferably square or rectangular. The openings 23 are vertically spaced at uniform intervals along the channel, the spacing between each adjacent pair of openings being designated N. This spacing N in the preferred embodiment is three inches. To support each of the drawers (such as 17, 18, 19 or 20) for horizontal slidable displacement relative to the cabinet between opened and closed positions, each drawer is supported by a pair of conventional slide mechanisms which coact between opposite sides of the respective drawer and the adjacent sidewalls 12 and 13. These slide mechanisms normally comprise an inner track 24 which is fixed to the sidewall of the drawer and is suitably rollingly or slidably engaged for slidable extension relative to an outer track 26 which is stationarily supported on the respective sidewall 12 or 13. The tracks 24 and 26 are either directly rollingly engaged with one another, or are joined together through an intermediate roller-supporting track so as to permit full-length drawer extension. Tracks of both types are conventional and well known, and examples of same are illustrated by U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,050,348 and 3,431,042, so that further description of the drawer slides is believed unnecessary. In the drawer unit of this invention, the outer rail or track 26 associated with each drawer slide has a substantially L-shaped mounting flange 27 which projects outwardly therefrom adjacent the front and rear ends of the track. This mounting flange is adapted to project through a selected one of the openings 23, whereby the front and rear ends of the respective track 26 can hence be mounted on the channels 22 provided adjacent the front and rear corners of the respective sidewall. This enables each track 24 to be stationarily mounted on and adjacent the inner side of the respective sidewall 12 or 13. At the same time, the track can also be removed and repositioned at a different elevation by being reengaged with a different pair of horizontally aligned holes 23. This movement capability of the outer tracks hence enables the drawers 17-20 to have their positions changed, or alternately additional tracks can be added to or removed from the cabinet so as to permit either more or less drawers of different sizes to be utilized in the cabinet. For example, the drawer unit in the illustrated embodiment has four drawers 17-20 mounted thereon. These drawers are provided with heights which are all a whole integer multiple of the spacing N, that is a height nN, where "n" equals 1, 2, 3, . . . In the illustrated embodiment, the drawers 17 and 18 are three-inch drawers, the drawer 19 is a six-inch drawer, and the drawer 20 is a twelve-inch drawer. The drawer opening hence has a height of 24 inches. Within this same drawer opening of 24 inches, however, the cabinet could be modified so as to accommodate any other combination of drawers (such as any combination of three-, six-, nine-, twelve- or fifteen-inch drawers) which equals 24 inches. For example, the twelve-inch drawer could be replaced with two six-inch drawers, or the six-inch drawer could be replaced with two three-inch drawers. Further, the drawers can be changed as desired, such that changing of the position of the drawers, or the adding or removing of drawers due to a change in the size of the drawers, can be readily accomplished by adding or removing drawer slides, specifically the rails 26, at the desired locations as defined by the holes 23. The drawer unit of this invention includes a key-operated lock mechanism 41 for securely locking all of the drawers in their closed positions. The lock mechanism 41 is effective for simultaneously holding all of the drawers in a locked position, irrespective of the number or rearrangement of the drawers as explained above, without requiring any rearrangement or modification of the lock mechanism. The lock mechanism 41 is mounted interiorly of the cabinet adjacent one of the front corners thereof, preferably the right front corner. The lock mechanism includes a key-operated lock 42 which is mounted so as to be accessible from the front side of the drawer unit, the key-operated lock 42 preferably being mounted adjacent the upper right front corner of the front wall. This key-operated lock 42 in turn controls an activating mechanism 43 which is positioned interiorly of the cabinet adjacent the upper right front corner, and this activating mechanism in turn controls the position of a swingable lock bar 44. The key-activated lock 42 is of conventional construction and includes an outer sleeve 46 which is fixedly positioned in the front wall and has a conventional key-receiving core 47 rotatably supported therein. This rotatable core has, on its inner axial end, a rearwardly projecting drive or crank pin 48 disposed in eccentric relationship with respect to the rotational axis of the core 47. This crank pin 48 is slidably accommodated within a narrow but vertically elongated slot 49 formed in a slide 51, the latter being confined for horizontal slidable displacement within a guide channel 52 defined on the inner surface of the front wall. The lock bar 44, as illustrated by FIGS. 3 and 4, is vertically elongated and is positioned interiorly of the cabinet closely adjacent the right front corner so that the lock bar hence extends throughout substantially the full height of the cabinet. The lock bar has a plurality of locking tabs or lugs 53 fixedly, here integrally, joined thereto and projecting outwardly therefrom generally toward the rear of the cabinet in a substantially cantilevered relationship. These locking tabs 53 are uniformly spaced vertically of the lock bar at intervals "N" equal to the spacing between the holes 23. The lock bar has substantially L-shaped mounting tabs 54 formed thereon adjacent the upper and lower ends thereof, and these tabs 54 project through suitable vertically elongated slots formed in the sidewall of the respective channel 22 so as to support the lock bar 44 for substantially horizontal swinging movement between the locking and unlocking positions illustrated by FIGS. 4 and 5, respectively. The activating mechanism 43 includes an elongated activating lever 56 which is pivotally supported in the middle region thereof and has the opposite ends thereof interconnected for cooperation with the slide block 51 and lock bar 44, respectively. The activating lever 56 is supported on the cabinet by means of a bracket 57 which is secured to the channel 22 adjacent the upper end thereof. For this purpose, the bracket is substantially L-shaped and includes a base leg which overlaps the channel web 22' and is fixedly secured thereto, as by a screw, and also includes an outwardly projecting leg 58 which has a slot therein for accommodating the lever 56 substantially adjacent the midpoint thereof, whereby this leg 58 hence functions as a fulcrum for the activating lever. The activating lever 56 has a pin or riblike enlargement 59 which is positioned directly adjacent the front side of the leg 58 so as to retain the lever in position with respect to the bracket. The activating lever 56 is, as illustrated by FIG. 7, of a substantially T-shaped cross section, the lever being oriented so that the head 61 of the "T" is disposed closest to the sidewall of the cabinet, whereas the leg 62 of the T projects horizontally inwardly toward the interior of the cabinet. The head 61 of the activating lever 56, adjacent the front free, end thereof, has a vertically elongated pintle 63 formed integrally therewith, which pintle 63 is pivotally supported and confined within the vertically elongated socket part 64 which is fixedly associated with and projects rearwardly of the slide 51. Hence, slidable displacement of the slide 51 causes horizontal rocking or pivoting movement of the activating lever 56 about the fulcrum defined by the bracket leg 58. The other end of the activating lever 56 is adapted to cooperate with the lock bar 44 to effect pivotal movement thereof from the lock position of FIG. 5 into the release position of FIG. 4. For this purpose, the lock bar 44 is provided, adjacent the upper end thereof, with a sidewardly projecting tab or leg 66 which, on the free end thereof, defines an edge or surface 67 which is normally maintained in abutting engagement with the side surface 68 of the activating lever 56 adjacent the free end thereof. To maintain these surfaces 67-68 in normal engagement with one another, a coiled tension spring 69 is provided for normally biasing the lock bar 44 towards its locked position of FIG. 5. One end of tension spring 69 is anchored to the projecting leg 58 of bracket 57, and the other end is anchored to the sidewardly projecting tab 66 on the lock bar 44. The anchor points for the ends of this tension spring are located such that the spring 69 is extended when in the unlocked position of FIG. 4, and undergoes a slight contraction when the lock bar 44 moves into the locked position of FIG. 5, whereby the spring 69 hence continuously urges the lock bar 44 toward the locked position. To maintain each drawer in the locked position of FIG. 5, each drawer has a locking stop 71 secured to the sidewall thereof at an elevation whereat it is disposed for cooperation with one of the locking lugs 53 associated with the locking bar 44. This locking stop 71 has a locking surface 72 formed on the forward side thereof so as to permit the free end of the locking lug 53 to be positioned in front thereof, as illustrated by FIG. 5, whereby outward (i.e. opening) movement of the drawer is positively prevented. The locking stop 71 also has a rear surface 73 which defines a tapered cam so that, in the event that the locking bar 44 is in its locked position and a drawer is in an open position, the drawer can be moved inwardly whereupon the cam surface 73 momentarily outwardly deflects the locking bar 44 so as to enable the drawer to move rearwardly therepast, following which the locking bar automatically returns to the locking position. In operation, the lock mechanism will normally be maintained in the released position illustrated by FIG. 4. However, when locking of the drawers is desired, then the key is inserted into the lock core 47 so as to effect rotation thereof through about 180°. This hence causes displacement of the slider 51, which in turn effects pivoting of the activating lever 56 into the FIG. 5 position. This movement of the activating lever 56 away from the lock bar 44 hence also enables the lock bar to swingably move into its locking position due to the urging of the spring 69. The locking lugs 53 on the lock bar 44 are hence positioned in front of the lock stops 71 on the drawers, and thus prevent opening of the drawers. In the event that any drawer is in an open or partially open position when the lock mechanism is locked, the drawer can be freely moved to its closed position, whereupon the lock stop 71 will momentarily swing the lock bar 44 outwardly away from its closed position, whereupon the lock bar will again be spring-urged back to its locking position after the lock stop has moved therepast. When unlocking of the drawers is desired, then the lock 42 is again rotatably returned to its position illustrated in FIG. 4, and this causes the activating lever 56 to swing outwardly into the release position of FIG. 4. The free end of the activating lever 56 bears against the surface 67 on the projecting tab 66 of the lock bar, thereby pushing the lock bar 44 into the release position in opposition to the urging of spring 69. The activating lever 56 then positively holds the locking bar in this unlocked or released position. While the present invention makes reference to a drawer unit, it will be recognized that the drawer unit may comprise either a free-standing unit or may be suspended from beneath a work surface. The drawer unit of this invention may also provide a support for a work surface, such as a desk pedestal. Although a particular preferred embodiment of the invention has been disclosed in detail for illustrative purposes, it will be recognized that variations or modifications of the disclosed apparatus, including the rearrangement of parts, lie within the scope of the present invention.	A drawer unit having a lock mechanism for controlling a plurality of drawers. The lock mechanism employs a vertically elongated lock bar having a plurality of vertically spaced locking tabs mounted thereon at selected intervals, which lock tabs are permanently fixed to the bar. The drawer unit employs a cabinet which mounts therein the plurality of drawers, which plurality can vary in number and/or size to permit the user to select the optimum drawer arrangement. Irrespective of the number and/or sizes of drawers selected, the same lock bar cooperates with and lockingly holds all of the drawers in a closed locked position when activated, without requiring any rearrangement of the lock bar. An open drawer can also be readily moved into its closed position without undue effort since the lock bar is displaced against the urging of a spring so as to permit the lock stop on the activated drawer to move therepast.	4
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an apparatus for loading articles onto a conveyor. The invention has particular application for use in the automatic sorting or processing of articles using a vision recognition system and the invention is herein described in that context. However, it is to be appreciated that the invention has broader application and is not limited to this particular use. It is known to use mechanical conveying means in conjunction with an automated vision recognition system for the purpose of processing articles. For example, such systems are used for quality assurance. The automatic vision system usually operates by taking an image of an article and comparing the image against information stored on the memory, thus allowing the system to identify the article and to ensure that it conforms with a pre-recorded standard. Another example where such systems may be used is described in the applicant's co-pending Australian patent application PN6579 for the sorting of articles into batches such that the batched articles are the same or have some unifying characteristic. Such a system can be advantageously used in the sorting of articles for recycling. In such a system, the image of the article is compared against information stored in the memory so as to be characterised into one of a particular group. The article is then moved under operation of the conveyor to be deposited in a collection area associated with that group. Where vision recognition systems are used, it is generally necessary for the article to be carefully aligned for the purposes of comparing the image of the article with a pre-recorded standard. This is particularly so if there are relatively small differences between the respective articles being sorted. When articles are processed on a conveyor system it is often difficult to deposit the articles onto the conveyor in a predetermined orientation in a manner such that they will be accurately aligned for the purposes of visual recognition. It is of course possible to provide shaped holders for each conveyed article but this is expensive, and often not practical when there are a large number of articles to be sorted or the articles are to be sorted into a relatively large number of groups. In many cases, it is difficult to accurately align the article on the conveyor without stopping the conveyor and manipulating the article at an alignment station from which it can thereafter be conveyed to a vision recognition system. This practice has the disadvantage of being labour intensive and therefore costly. Furthermore, it is desirable that the automated mechanism move continuously if it is to maximize the processing rate. In addition, in any system where the conveying mechanism is required to stop and start, there is a greater likelihood of malfunction due to jamming or the like. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An aim of the present invention is to provide an apparatus for loading articles onto a conveyor in a manner that facilitates the deposit onto the conveyor of the articles in substantially the desired alignment. A further aim of the invention is to provide a loading apparatus which enables loading of the articles under continuous movement of the conveyor. Accordingly in its broadest terms, the present invention provides an apparatus for loading articles onto a moving conveyor including: (a) transport means mounted on the conveyor which includes holding means adapted to engage at least a portion of an article so as to hold the article in connected relation with the conveyor; and (b) locating means operable to cause an article positioned thereon to move into a position in which it can thereafter be engaged by the holding means wherein the transport means and the locating means are co-operable such that the article is caused to be moved on the locating means with the transport means prior to being engaged by the holding means. In a second embodiment of the invention there is provided an apparatus including: (a) a conveyor adapted to move an article from one location to another location; (b) transport means mounted on the conveyor which includes holding means adapted to engage at least a portion of the said article so as to hold the article in connected relation with the conveyor; and (c) locating means operable to cause an article once positioned thereon to move into a position in which it can thereafter be engaged by the holding means wherein the transport means and the locating means are co-operable such that the article is caused to be moved on the locating means with the transport means prior to being engaged by the holding means. The advantage of the present invention is that the article and the transport means are adapted to move together before the article is engaged with the holding means. The benefit of this arrangement is that the relative speed between the article and the transport means is reduced, thereby enabling more accurate engagement of the article with the holding means. In particular, the reduction in this relative speed reduces impacting forces between the article and the holding means during engagement of the article by the holding means. A further benefit of this arrangement is that it enables the article to align or settle correctly before engaging with the holding means. Further, the reduction in the relative speed can be achieved without requiring the conveyor to stop or even slow down. The apparatus is particularly suited for use in the collection and conveyance of articles such as garment hangers although it will be appreciated to those skilled in the art that the invention is by no means limited to its use in connection with such articles. Preferably, the holding means is in the form of a recess on the transport means which is configured to accommodate at least a portion of the article. In a preferred form, where the apparatus is used for collecting and conveying garment hangers, the recess is configured to accommodate a small part of the hanger. In one form, the recess provides a flat seat on which the hooked part of the garment hanger is adapted to be located. In this arrangement, the seat supports the hanger with the remaining part of the hanger being arranged to suspend from the transport means. The transport means is mounted on the conveyor. It is intended that the transport means be shaped and designed so that it is able to carry articles being conveyed from one location to another on the conveyor. Preferably, the transport means includes an abutment surface which is adapted to abut against a portion of the article once positioned appropriately by the locating means. The abutment surface is adapted to project forwardly from the holding means, in the direction of the conveyor movement, so that on abutment with the abutment surface, the article is adapted to be moved with the transport means under operation of the conveyor prior to being engaged by the holding means. Preferably, the locating means includes a ramp which is inclined relative to the direction of movement of the transport means. In this arrangement the locating means is adapted to move the article onto the ramp from where it may be moved with or by the transport means under operation of the conveyor. The article may be moved by separate conveying means located on or adjacent to the ramp so that the article is caused to move in concert with the transport means. Alternatively, and preferably the article is caused to move along the ramp by the transport means. In such an arrangement, it is also preferred that the apparatus include one or more retaining mechanisms which are fitted so to limit the forward movement of the article when it is first contacted by the moving transport means. As the article moves along the ramp it is preferred that it simultaneously be caused to move relative to the abutment surface and the apparatus is arranged such that this relative movement continues until the article is moved from the abutment surface and into engagement with the holding means. Preferably, the apparatus further includes retaining means operable to retain the article to the holding means. In one form, the retaining means is adapted to adopt either an operative mode wherein it is operable to retain the article to the holding means or an inoperative mode wherein it does not influence the position of the article relative to the holding means. In a preferred form, the retaining means is operable to temporarily change from the operative mode to the inoperative mode whilst the article is in engagement with the holding means. This arrangement enables the article to be adjusted if necessary whilst it is in engagement with the holding means. In one form, when the retaining means is in the inoperative mode, the article may be checked by external means to ensure that it is correctly aligned. In another form, the article is merely allowed to settle under gravity whilst the retaining means is in the inoperative mode. This latter form can be used when the article is a garment hanger and the garment hanger is supported at its hooked region as this region is a balance point for the garment hanger so that the hanger will have a tendency to align under its own accord under the influence of gravity. Preferably the retaining means is also adapted to adopt a discharge mode wherein it is operable to remove the article from the holding means. In this way, the retaining means is able to discharge the article from the conveyor. In a preferred form, the retaining means includes a pair of fingers which are adapted to be located on opposite sides of the article. The fingers are controllable by an operation arm which is able to move the fingers so to change the retaining means between the operative, inoperative and discharge modes. In one form, the fingers are located at one of opposite ends of the operation arm. A pivot is located intermediate of the arm ends and the mode of the fingers is controlled by movement of the arm about the pivot. In this way, the retaining means is able to change between the operative, inoperative and discharge modes by applying a force to the end of the operation arm opposite to the fingers. In a preferred form the force can be applied automatically through the use of a cam or the like. Preferably, the apparatus further includes positioning means adapted to locate the article at a leading end of the ramp. Preferably the articles are initially stored remote from the leading end of the ramp and the positioning means includes an indexing mechanism which is arranged to move individual ones of the articles at predetermined intervals onto the leading end of the ramp. The indexing mechanism is coordinated with the conveyor so that a single article is associated with each transport means. In addition, the locating means of the apparatus preferably includes means for conveying the article located thereon to the indexing mechanism. Such means can be in the form of a moving belt, chain or screw. The loading apparatus of the invention is particularly suited to be incorporated in an apparatus for automatically sorting garment hangers for recycling. A description of a preferred form of the apparatus of the present invention is hereafter provided as is a description of a sorting apparatus incorporating a loading apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention, both with reference to the accompanying drawings. The particularity of these drawings and the related description is not to be understood as superseding the generality of the preceding description of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a side view of an automatic loader for loading garment hangers onto a moving conveyor made in accordance with one embodiment of the invention; FIG. 2 is a side view of an automatic loader for loading garment hangers onto a moving conveyor in accordance with a further embodiment of the invention; FIG. 3 is a plan view of a sorting apparatus in which the conveying means travels in a loop around three separate turntables; and FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of the transport means used in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 with a garment hanger engaged within the said holding means. DETAILED DESCRIPTION With reference to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a loading apparatus which is generally designated by the numeral 1 for loading garment hangers 2 onto a moving conveyor (not shown) which operates to move the respective transport means 3 a, 3 b and 3 c in the direction of the arrow 4 . Each of transport means 3 a, 3 b and 3 c are mounted on a conveyor adapted to move the said transport means at a predetermined speed past the loading apparatus 1 . Each of the respective transport means includes holding means 5 being in the form of a recess onto which a portion of the garment hanger 2 is adapted to be seated. In FIG. 1, all that is visible of the hanger is the cross sectional surface of part of the hook and it will be seen that recess 5 is shaped to neatly accommodate the hook of the hanger once it has been loaded onto the transport means such as can be seen for the transport means identified as 3 c. The locating means of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 includes a rotating belt 6 on which garment hangers may be positioned. The manner by which garment hangers are conveyed to rotating belt 6 does not form part of the present invention. However, it will be appreciated that a number of methods known in the art are available for delivering articles such as hangers to this position. For example, a rod having a screw thread or rib continuously extending in a helical fashion may be used so that when the rod is rotated in a direction such that the screw thread or rib rotates upwardly, hangers located on the rod whilst it is circulating will move upwardly along the rod. Alternatively, articles may be manually located onto the rotating belt 6 . Preferably, the belt 6 provides adequate friction between the garment hanger 2 and the belt 6 for the garment hanger to be moved in the direction of the belt rotation (shown by the arrow) once it is deposited there. In one preferment, an optical sensor is located adjacent to the belt 6 and is activated when more than a predetermined number of hangers are located upon it. When the predetermined number of hangers are seated on belt 6 , the optical sensor can operate to stop any other automated mechanism which is being used to deliver the hangers to the conveying belt. This prevents overstocking of garment hangers onto the rotating belt 6 . Preferably, the belt 6 continuously rotates so that hangers 2 positioned thereon will firmly abut against end portion 7 . The transport means 3 a, 3 b and 3 c are conveyed by the conveyor past loader 1 . Attached to each of the transport means 3 a, 3 b and 3 c are respective retaining means 7 a, 7 b and 7 c. Said retaining means in each case includes fingers 8 and 9 which are part of operational arms 10 which are shown in full detail in FIG. 4 . Indexing mechanism 11 includes a lifting finger 12 . As garment hangers 2 reach end portion 7 , the indexing mechanism 11 awaits the arrival of one of the transporting means and then rotates about axis 13 such that lifting finger 12 engages under the hook of hanger 2 and lifts it on to the leading end of ramp 14 in front of transport means 3 a. Ramp 14 is an inclined surface. A retaining leaf spring 15 prevents the garment hanger 2 from being thrown too far forward by the lifting finger 12 and retaining arm 16 prevents the hanger from being thrown too high into the air. Once garment hanger 2 has been lifted on to the leading end of ramp 14 , the passing transport means 3 a comes into contact with the hanger 2 and moves it forward. It will be appreciated from FIG. 1 that as the transport means 3 a moves forward, it pushes garment hanger 2 along the ramp and up the incline. Each transport means includes an abutment surface 17 . In the position of transport means 3 a, the abutment surface 17 abuts against and pushes the garment hanger 2 forward. The relative movement of the garment hanger as the transport means moves in the direction of arrow 4 can be seen from each of the representations of the respective garment hangers and transport means 3 a, 3 b and 3 c. By the time the transport means has moved into the position of that of transport means 3 c, the garment hanger has been sufficiently elevated by the ramp to be seated in the holding means 5 . Simultaneously, due to the action of a cam (located above operational arm 10 ), the operational arm 10 pivots through the positions illustrated at the locations of each of transport means 3 a, 3 b and 3 c so that by the time it reaches that of transport means 3 c, fingers 8 and 9 firmly retain the garment hanger 2 to the holding means. Once loaded onto the transport means, a chain conveyor conveys the garment hanger to a further desired location. With reference to FIG. 2, an alternative embodiment of the loading apparatus is illustrated. This loading apparatus generally designated by the numeral 101 is in many respects similar to the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 . Corresponding components have been numbered using the same numbers used to identify features in FIG. 1 with the addition of 100 . In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, garment hangers 102 are conveyed to end portion 107 by a rotating screw 106 which is used in place of the conveyor belt 6 shown in the embodiment in FIG. 1 . This embodiment of the invention includes transport means of modified design in which the abutment surface 117 used to move hangers 102 along ramp 114 is part of the surface of finger 109 in each of retaining means 107 a-d fitted to any forming part of the respective transport means. Operational arm 110 is spring loaded and is held down whilst the end of the arm is in contact with cam 118 . This keeps the retaining means in the discharge mode (e.g. 107 a and 107 b ). After moving past cam 118 , the operational arm can move upwardly thus causing the respective retaining means to move into an operative mode where the hangers 102 are firmly retained on holding recess 105 (e.g. 107 c and d ). Referring to FIG. 3, there is shown an apparatus generally designated by the numeral 201 for the sorting of garment hangers. In the embodiment shown, a container of unsorted hangers including four different types (types A, B, C and D) are sorted by the apparatus into batches wherein each batch the hangers are of the same type. Garment hangers 2 are shown in overhead outline adjacent turntable 205 . Garment hangers 2 are transported around a predetermined path 204 by conveying means being a chain conveyor and transport means and this is best seen by reference to FIGS. 1, 2 and 4 . The sorting apparatus also includes turntables 203 and 206 . Turntable 205 includes processing means. The garment hangers are loaded onto the chain conveyor at location 207 by an automatic loading apparatus of a type the subject of the present invention. Either of the embodiments shown in either FIGS. 1 or 2 would be suitable for this purpose. Once the garment hanger 2 is loaded onto the transport means, the garment hangers are sequentially conveyed to turntable 205 . At turntable 205 , each individual garment hanger 2 is identified by an adjacent vision recognition unit 208 . Alternatively, vision recognition unit 208 may be located adjacent the chain conveyor at other suitable or convenient locations. Removal means located at positions 209 , 210 , 211 and 212 are adapted to remove the hangers 2 from the chain conveyor. Each garment hanger is retained on an individual transport means as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. As each of the respective hangers pass by vision recognition unit 208 , an image of the respective hangers is recorded and compared against information stored on a memory with processing means associated with the vision recognition unit 208 allowing the identification of the garment hanger as being either of type A, B, C or D. The vision recognition unit 208 has processing means so to match information concerning the type of hanger which has passed it with the specific transport means on which the hanger is retained. The system is coordinated such that the appropriate removal means designated for the particular hanger type, either 209 , 210 , 211 or 212 will be activated as the transport means holding the identified hanger is conveyed to any one of these respective locations. The transport means, once having had the garment hanger removed from it, proceeds back to loading station 207 so to be loaded with a new hanger. Thus, the process is a continuous one around a closed loop. With reference to FIG. 4 there is illustrated a cross sectional view of transport means 3 c with a garment hanger 2 retained thereon. In the position shown in FIG. 4, the retaining means is in an operative mode retaining the garment hanger 2 firmly on holding means 5 thus retaining the garment hanger 2 to the transport means. It will be appreciated that if operative arm 10 is caused to move downwardly in the direction of the arrow shown in FIG. 4, that finger 8 will remove pressure from garment hanger 2 , thus temporarily changing the mode to an inoperative one where the garment hanger 2 may be allowed to settle under the influence of gravity for alignment. If control arm 10 is forced to move further in the direction of the arrow, the retaining means will adopt a discharge mode as finger 9 will cause the garment hanger 2 to be ejected off the holding means. Thus, the design of the retaining means as illustrated in FIG. 4 enables flexible control of the garment hanger whilst being conveyed on the transport means so that it may be optionally, firmly retained, loosely retained where it can be further aligned or discharged. Thus a convenient automated system for loading articles onto a moving conveyor is provided. It has particular application for use with respect to garment hangers and the sorting and batching of such articles. The apparatus disclosed simply requires one manual operator to load garment hangers onto the system. Thereafter, the hangers may be processed and delivered onto a moving conveyor where they may be further processed or transported as desired. It will be appreciated that various modifications and/or improvements can be made to the apparatus hereinbefore described without departing from the spirit or ambit of the invention as claimed in the following claims.	An apparatus ( 1 ) for loading articles ( 2 ) onto a moving conveyor, the apparatus including (a) transport means (3 a, 3 b, 3 c ) on the conveyor which includes holding means ( 5 ) adapted to engage at least a portion of an article ( 2 ) so as to hold the article ( 2 ) in connected relation with the conveyor, and (b) locating means ( 6 ) operable to cause an article ( 2 ) positioned thereon to move into a position in which it cant thereafter be engaged by the holding means ( 5 ); wherein the transport means ( 3 a, 3 b, 3 c ) and the locating means ( 6 ) are co-operable such that the article ( 2 ) can be caused to be moved on the locating means ( 6 ) with the transport means (3 a, 3 b, 3 c to being engaged by the holding means ( 5 ).	1
BACKGROUND [0001] 1. Field of the Invention [0002] The invention pertains to storage systems for memorabilia. More particularly, the storage system retains and organizes memorabilia from sports, entertainment, and/or political events. [0003] 2. Description of Related Art [0004] Many people enjoy sports and entertainment memorabilia. In fact, Americans spend approximately $4 billion per year on sports collectables. They collect, trade, sell, and display their sport and entertainment artifacts so that other memorabilia enthusiasts may enjoy them. Additionally, personal memorabilia, which carries sentimental value, is frequently organized and shared with friends and family. It can, however, be a daunting task to catalogue and inventory large quantities of memorabilia. Therefore, it is not uncommon for newspaper clippings, event programs, ticket stubs, photographs, cards and the like to wind up in unorganized boxes or drawers. Information associated with mementos of such unorganized collections is often forgotten, irretrievably lost, or damaged under bulk storage conditions. [0005] Several sports memorabilia storage systems are known. By way of example, game ball holders are described in the following patents: U.S. Pat. No. 6,655,056; U.S. Pat. No. 6,220,441; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,199,804. [0006] Additionally, several collectable card holders are also known, such as those described in the following patents: U.S. Pat. No. 6,546,651; U.S. Pat. No. 6,295,750; U.S. Pat. No. 6,282,826; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,190,127. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0007] The present memorabilia storage system overcomes the problems outlined above and advances the art by providing an organizer that, for example, stores memorabilia for easy retrieval while protecting the memorabilia from damage. [0008] The memorabilia storage system may include one or more components configured for cooperative use, such as an archive journal, one or more event sleeves and/or one or more independent information sheets, a program disk for use on a single personal computer, and a pocket for securing the program disk. [0009] The event sleeves are preferably made from a transparent plastic material, wherein the plastic material may impart ultraviolet protection to the contents of the sleeve. Each event sleeve contains a main opening for receiving an information sheet, and an auxiliary pocket for housing a memento of complementary dimensions. The auxiliary pocket may be substantially vertical or substantially horizontal relative to the information sheet. Preferably, the auxiliary pocket and the contents thereof do not obscure text on the information sheet. Event sleeves may be secured in the archive journal, e.g., via a ring or clip binder system, and may be easily inserted and removed therefrom. [0010] In one embodiment, independent information sheets may be made from substantially thick paper (e.g., cardstock) and mementos may be attached directly to the independent information sheets via corner tabs, corner slits, adhesive material, fasteners or other known means. Independent information sheets may be produced with retainers for securing them in the archive journal or such retainers them may then be applied after printing. The paper for the information sheet may be a standard sized paper, such as 8 ½″×11″, but alternate sizes of any suitable dimension may also be used. [0011] In a particular embodiment, the archive journal may contain a locking mechanism. The locking mechanism is meant to ensure the privacy of the owner of the archive journal and prevent or deter the theft of valuable memorabilia. [0012] The program disk may be an optical storage medium, such as a CD, or DVD, or a magnetic storage medium. The program disk contains memorabilia software that may be used with a single personal computer. The software provides the user with various templates for producing information sheets, which may be printed by a standard computer printer. The software templates may include drop-down menus used, for example, to select teams, cities and stadiums. The templates may further include orientation features for user-selection of the paper layout of the information sheet, together with placement of the auxiliary pocket and memento relative to the information sheet according to one of a plurality of predetermined formats. [0013] The software may include program instructions for linking digital pictures to an electronic information sheet and/or for connecting the software user to a memorabilia Internet site. Electronic records of the information sheets may be electronically stored, edited and searched, for example, by use of a database and associated user-selectable query instructions. The software may also include program instructions for producing nonexistent ticket stubs or replacing missing ticket stubs based on data entered by user. For example: a ticket stub may be created to indicate teams, scores, date, city, stadiums, etc., according to a downloaded format or a predetermined ticket stub format. These ticket stubs may be used if the ticket memento is missing or stolen, or to provide a memento for a sporting event where tickets may not be provided, such as many high school sporting events. [0014] The memorabilia Internet site may be accessed either through software on the program disk or by use of an Internet browser. The memorabilia Internet site permits a community of users to acquire information pertaining to a past event, such as a sports program, photographs, artist biography, or player statistics. A secondary market may be created for sale and purchase of historical memorabilia merchandise, such as past sporting and event tickets, balls, and any other memorabilia. [0015] The term “memorabilia” as used in the present application may be any substantially flat item of popular appeal or sentimental value. “Mementos” may include, for example, tickets to sporting events, concert tickets, backstage passes, theater tickets, baseball cards, superhero cards, event programs, newspaper clippings, photographs, stamps, drawings, greeting cards, party invitations, letters, and the like. [0016] The memorabilia storage system may thus provide certain advantages over the prior art. For example, it may provide a user-written account of event information to be stored and displayed along with the memorabilia, e.g., we attended this game with Jim and Sue. Additionally, the information sheets may be electronically stored, edited, displayed, and searched using a personal computer, personal data assistant (PDA), cellular telephone, or other suitable electronic device. Electronic files, such as digital pictures, may be linked to an electronic information sheet. Certain aspects of the event information may be researched and downloaded from an internet website. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0017] FIG. 1 shows a front plan view of one embodiment of an exemplary information data sheet. [0018] 3 FIG. 2 a shows a front perspective view of one embodiment of an event sleeve, wherein the event sleeve has a vertical auxiliary pocket. [0019] FIG. 2 b shows the embodiment of FIG. 2 a wherein the event sleeve contains an exemplary information data sheet and the vertical auxiliary pocket contains a ticket stub. [0020] FIG. 3 a shows a front perspective view of one embodiment of an event sleeve, wherein the event sleeve has a horizontal auxiliary pocket. [0021] FIG. 3 b shows the embodiment of FIG. 3 a wherein the event sleeve contains an exemplary information data sheet and the horizontal auxiliary pocket contains a ticket stub. [0022] FIG. 4 shows, for exemplary purposes, an internal perspective view of a memorabilia storage system, containing several event sleeves and an electronic medium in a storage pocket. [0023] FIG. 5 a shows an independent information sheet of one embodiment of the present invention comprising adhesive patches for securing a memento to the information sheet. [0024] FIG. 5 b shows an independent information sheet of one embodiment of the present invention comprising corner slits for securing a memento to the information sheet. [0025] FIG. 5 c shows an independent information sheet of one embodiment of the present invention comprising corner tabs for securing a memento to the information sheet. [0026] FIG. 5 d shows an independent information sheet of one embodiment of the present invention comprising a fastener for securing a memento to the information sheet. [0027] FIG. 6 schematically illustrates program code or programmable instructions that may be provided on a program instruction disk that accompanies the system. [0028] FIG. 7 demonstrates a community of users connected to a website server that permits the users to share information and trade memorabilia. [0029] FIG. 8 illustrates program instructions for use on the website server. [0030] FIG. 9 shows a screen layout for a program initialization page. [0031] FIG. 10 shows screen layout for creating an event record. [0032] FIG. 11 shows a screen layout for maintaining team information. [0033] FIG. 12 shows a search/sort screen for existing event records. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0034] FIG. 1 shows a front plan view of one embodiment of an exemplary information data sheet 10 that is printed in a predetermined format as shown. Typical information data sheets contain a title 11 , an event description, date and location 12 , highlight information 13 , names of attendees 14 and a place for a memento 15 . [0035] FIG. 2 a is a front perspective view of one embodiment of an event sleeve 20 , wherein the event sleeve has a vertically elongate auxiliary pocket 21 . Event sleeve 20 has a main pocket 22 for receiving an information data sheet (not shown). Likewise, a vertically elongate auxiliary pocket 21 has an upper opening 23 for receiving a memento (not shown). Illustratively, event sleeve 20 contains a vertically elongate perforated strip 24 for securing the event sleeve 20 in an archive journal (not shown). The upper opening 23 is substantially parallel with that for main pocket 22 . A common edge 25 is shared by auxiliary pocket 21 , main pocket 22 , and perforated strip 24 . This construction advantageously provides economy of manufacture, since fewer operations and less materials are required to make an event sheet of this structure than would be required if there were different edges. FIG. 2 b shows the event sleeve 20 containing an exemplary information data sheet 27 in main pocket 22 . The auxiliary pocket 21 contains a ticket stub or memento 28 that is printed to a suitable vertical standard that is easily legible from the vertically elongate format of auxiliary pocket 21 . It has been determined that ideal dimensions for the auxiliary pocket include dimensions of seven inches by three and one half inches and of sufficient depth to be capable of holding a paper or cardboard ticket memento. [0036] FIG. 3 a is a front perspective view of one embodiment of an event sleeve 30 , wherein the event sleeve has a horizontally elongate auxiliary pocket 31 . Event sleeve 30 has a main pocket 32 for receiving an information data sheet (not shown). Likewise, auxiliary pocket 31 has an upper opening 33 for receiving a memento (not shown). Illustratively, event sleeve 30 contains a perforated strip 34 for securing the event sleeve 30 in an archive journal (not shown). FIG. 3 b shows the embodiment of FIG. 3 a wherein the event sleeve 30 contains an exemplary information data sheet 37 and the auxiliary pocket 31 contains a ticket stub or memento 38 that is printed to a suitable horizontal standard that is easily legible from the horizontally elongate format of auxiliary pocket 31 . Auxiliary pocket 31 shares a bottom edge 35 with main pocket 32 , as well as side edge 36 with main pocket 32 and perforated strip 34 . Edge 39 is commonly shared between auxiliary pocket 31 and main pocket 32 . Upper opening 33 is coextensive with and substantially parallel to that of main pocket 32 . [0037] FIG. 4 shows, for exemplary purposes, an internal perspective view of a memorabilia storage system 40 (not to scale), containing several event sleeves 41 , 42 , 43 and a program disk 44 in a storage pocket 45 . The memorabilia storage system 40 may contain a clip assembly (not shown) or ring binder 46 for securing the event sleeves 41 , 42 , 43 in the memorabilia storage system 40 . [0038] FIGS. 5 a - d show various embodiments of an independent information sheet 50 of the present invention comprising various structures for securing a memento (not shown) to the information sheet 50 . The illustrated structures for securing a memento to the information sheet 50 include, but are not limited to, adhesive strips 52 , corner slits 53 , corner tabs 54 and fasteners 55 . It will be appreciated that one or more adhesive patches or strips may be used to secure the memento to the information sheet and that the adhesive strip(s) 52 may be of any shape. Likewise, either two or four corner slits 53 or corner tabs 54 will be sufficient to secure a memento. The means for securing the information sheet 56 in the archive journal (not shown) may be formed as part of the information sheet 50 or may be applied after the printing of the information sheet. A protective cover 57 , such as that shown in FIG. 5 a, may be used with any of the aforementioned embodiments. [0039] FIG. 6 illustrates program process 60 , which may be provided by program code or instructions on a computer readable form, such as program disk 44 , when the instructions are installed and operable on a personal computer or server. An access menu 62 provides a plurality of menu option fields that may be click-selected for access to Create Event Sheet functions 64 , Edit Event Sheet functions 66 , Search records functions 68 , and Log onto Internet functions 70 . The create event sheet functions 64 are used to create event sheets, for example, as shown in FIGS. 1, 2 b, 3 b, 5 a, 5 b, 5 c, and 5 d. A select Event Type agent 72 permits the user to select from among a plurality of event types, such as concerts, football games, baseball games, hockey games, soccer games, speeches, gymnastic competitions, tennis tournaments or matches, lacrosse games, political rallies, protests, educational seminars, auto races, special events, academic competitions, debates, and any other event type including an option to for the user to define his or her own event type. Sporting event types may be further categorized as school sports, such as elementary, high school and college. Depending upon the type of event selected, the user is prompted to select event type 74 from among a plurality of event sheets having different formats. A drag and drop feature including predetermined shapes may here permit the user to define his or her own event sheet type. [0040] Depending upon the selected event type and event sheet type, the user may Enter Data as Prompted 76 according to predetermined data fields that are relevant to the event type. The data fields may, for example, permit the user to enter personal data about attendance or observations at the event, and may require entry of standard fields, such as date and name of event. Print/Save Event Sheet 78 permits the user to create an event sheet in paper or electronic form. The printed event sheet places information in a predetermined format that is preferably not obscured by the memorabilia where the print locations are complementary to the event sleeve in the sense that the memorabilia may be retained in structure, such as auxiliary pockets 28 , 31 , adhesive strips 52 , corner slits 53 , corner tabs 54 or fasteners 55 , without obscuring information printed on the corresponding event sheet within the main pocket of the event sleeve. Print/Save Event Sheet 78 also causes the electronic record to be saved in a database for future retrieval and access. [0041] It may be desirable for the user to edit electronic information that is saved, and this is facilitated by Edit Event Sheet functionality 66 . The user may enter a Search/Retrieve query 80 to retrieve an event sheet record, and then interactively edit the same using the Edit function 82 . The edited record may be printed and saved using the Print/Save function 84 . In like manner, the saved event sheet records may be searched and retrieved for review purposes only using a Search Records function 68 to perform a Search/Retrieve query 86 . [0042] Internet access is provided using a Log onto Internet function 70 , which connects to a website using Connect to Website agent 88 . FIG. 7 illustrates one schematic structure 700 for connecting to the Internet. A user community 702 includes a plurality of users 704 , 706 , 708 . . . who use the Internet 710 to connect to a Website Server 712 . [0043] FIG. 8 schematically illustrates functionality that may be provided by program instructions to Website Server 712 . Access to Website Server 712 is provided through a Home Page 800 , which may perform password authorization of individual or group accounts that are established for the user community 702 , either manually or automatically from the program instructions. Home Page 800 provides click access to a chat room 802 where the user community may have ongoing dialog as to any topic of interest. It is possible, for example, to print recollections of individual users who participated in or attended a particular event and to include these recollections as information that is printed on an event sheet. [0044] Home Page 800 also provides click access to a secondary market functionality, which establishes a forum for exchange of memorabilia. The exchange format may include Barter forum 806 , where memorabilia is traded for other memorabilia, Sale forum 808 where memorabilia is traded for money at auction or posted sale, and a Feedback function 810 where users express their relative satisfaction with other users in a transaction. [0045] An Information Download service 812 may provide access to historical event information. This information may be accessed from fixed storage associated with Website Server 712 , or hyperlinks to other websites that post information for download. The information may be provided for a fee, and can be printed for use on an event sheet. The user community 702 may provide additional information by use of a Postings function 814 . Access to this additional information may be secured to limit access to user groups, e.g., by password access or by prior identification of a particular user to a corresponding group. [0046] An Account Maintenance agent 816 permits users to maintain accounts, which may be charged a fee, and to associate individual users with groups of users. [0047] FIGS. 9-12 show various screen layouts that may be used in a graphical user interface that facilitates program processing 60 . FIG. 9 shows a program initialization page permitting a user to click-select from among a plurality of predetermined event-type fields, e.g., baseball field 900 or basketball field 902 . By way of example, selecting of the baseball field 900 launches a basketball event screen 1000 , as shown in FIG. 10 ., which prompts the user to enter data for a particular baseball game. Data entry is in a predetermined format prompting the user to enter text or numeric data that is germane to a baseball game, for example: Teams 1002 , 1002 ; location 1006 ; date of game 1008 ; scores 1010 , 1012 ; key players 1014 , 1016 ; persons in attendance 1018 ; and game highlight comments 1020 . Selection of team maintenance field 1022 launches team maintenance screen 1100 , which permits entry of team data that may be used to populate or verify team fields 1002 , 1004 and location field 1006 . Selection of the save field 1024 causes the data to be saved, e.g., in a database, to create an event record, which also results in the printing of an event sheet, for example, event sheet 10 as shown in FIG. 1 . For this purpose, text alignment fields 1026 permit a user to select from among a plurality of predetermined formats, such as the format shown generally in FIG. 2 b or that of FIG. 3 b. [0048] Returning to FIG. 9 , selection of the existing events field 904 launches an existing events screen 1200 . As shown, a search/report bar 1202 contains a plurality of sort fields, e.g., “Date” and “Home Team,” that may be click-selected to sort a plurality of event records, such as event record 1204 . An event type bar contains a plurality of fields, such as :baseball” or “basketball,” that are selectable to retrieve only data for event records for events of the field type. As shown, the “basketball” event type has been selected. Clicking on a field in the event record 1204 launches screen 1000 populated with data for that record for editing and maintenance. [0049] In FIG. 9 , selection of field 906 connects the user to a website where, for example, the software may be updated and the functions described above may also occur. [0050] The foregoing instrumentalities thus attain the objects set forth above, among those other objects that are apparent from the preceding description. Since certain changes may be made in the above methods and systems without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawing be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. It is also to be understood that the following claims are to cover all generic and specific features of the invention described herein, and all statements of the scope of the invention which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall there between.	A memorabilia storage system for recording, organizing and preserving mementos is disclosed. The memorabilia storage system provides electronic templates which facilitate recording of event data on an information sheet. A memento may then be associated with an information sheet and numerous information sheets may be stored in an archive journal.	6
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/479,101, filed Jun. 17, 2003. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] 1. Field of the Invention [0003] The present invention relates to sunshades and more particularly to a freestanding self-erecting shade device that is collapsible for convenient transport and storage. [0004] 2. Description of the Related Art [0005] Collapsible sunshades for chairs have been the subjects of previous patents. For example, in US 20003/0106577 A1 published Jun. 12, 2003 to Martinez teaches a collapsible sunshade for a chair. The shade is provided in the form of a flexible ring made of spring steel or other spring material. A fine mesh membrane or fabric material is attached to and disposed within the ring. The ring may be moved between an open position for providing shade and a closed position under spring tension for collapsing the shade. The opened shade can be bent and affixed to a chair to cover at least a portion of the seat of the chair. In one form of the Martinez shade, opposite ends of the erected shade are affixed to the arms of the chair to cover the seat portion of the chair. Another version of the Martinez shade has a narrow rear end and a wide front end. The narrow end is affixed to a support band on the back of the chair by fasteners. Cords are provided on the wide end to cinch to the chair so that the shade is bent towards the front of the chair over the seat of the chair in a position permitting a user to sit in the chair. A small fabric pocket may be attached to the shades for carrying small items and a flap or screen is provided in central portion of the shades to allow wind to pass through. [0006] In FIGS. 23-28 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,698,827 B2 issued Mar. 2, 2004 to Le Gette et al., collapsible shades similar in design to the Martinez shade. Gette et al., however, places the ventilation opening on the narrow rear portion of the shades and includes a carry bag for the collapsed shade. The flaps extend away from the perimeter of the flexible band frame and provided with cord and fasteners for securing the shade to the chair. The flaps also provide additional shading. [0007] In Patent Application Publication Number US 2002/0112752 A1 published Aug. 22, 2002 to Blakney a rigid folding canopy frame is supported in a chair bag mounted over the back of the chair. The chair bag includes a fabric pouch stitched thereon. A set of interchangeable canopies including a sunshade hemmed above the line of sight of a person sitting underneath it, a mosquito net of dark mosquito netting and a photography or changing blind having a hole in the line of sight of a person sitting in the chair. [0008] None of the above inventions and patents, taken either singly or in combination, is seen to describe the instant invention as claimed. Thus a self-erecting and collapsible shade device solving the aforementioned problems is desired. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0009] The self-erecting and collapsible shade device of the present invention is provided in the form of a portable collapsible shade assembly that includes, a self-erecting and collapsible canopy, a self-erecting and collapsible canopy shade pivotally mountable to the erected canopy, at least two ground stakes and anchor lines for securing the canopy against strong winds and a storage bag for conveniently carrying the collapsed canopy, collapsed canopy shade, and other components of the assembly. [0010] The erected shade assembly may be secured directly to the ground or affixed to an outdoor chair or seat having a supported backrest. When the storage bag is empty it can also be used as a seat cover to protect the users clothing from grass stains and soil. The assembly is primarily intended to be used to provide shade out in the open under the sun but may also be used as a hunting blind. [0011] It is an object of the invention to provide improved elements and arrangements thereof for the purposes described which is inexpensive, dependable and fully effective in accomplishing its intended purposes. [0012] These and other objects of the present invention will become readily apparent upon further review of the following specification and drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0013] [0013]FIG. 1 is an environmental perspective view of the freestanding self-erecting and collapsible shade device according to the present invention. [0014] [0014]FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the canopy of the shade device according to the present invention mounted upon a chair. [0015] [0015]FIG. 3 is a rear perspective view of the canopy of the shade device according to the present invention mounted upon a chair. [0016] [0016]FIG. 4 is a front view of a bag for storing and transporting the canopy shade and canopy of the shade device according to the present invention. [0017] [0017]FIG. 5 is a top plan view of the canopy the shade device according to the present invention. [0018] [0018]FIG. 6 is a front perspective view of the canopy shade for the canopy of the shade device according to the present invention. [0019] [0019]FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the shade device according to the present invention showing a meshed storage bag affixed on the inside of the canopy. [0020] Similar reference characters denote corresponding features consistently throughout the attached drawings. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0021] The present invention is a portable freestanding self-erecting and collapsible shade assembly 100 . The erected shade assembly 100 may be secured directly to the ground or affixed to an outdoor chair or seat having a supported backrest. Referring first to FIG. 1, shade assembly 100 includes a storage bag 200 , at least two stakes 104 , anchor lines 105 , a canopy 106 and a canopy shade 111 . The canopy 106 is secured to the ground by tie-down lines 104 . One end of each line 104 is connected to the top section 107 of canopy 106 and secured to the ground at a second end by stakes 105 . Storage bag 200 is placed on the ground underneath canopy 106 as a ground cover to be sat upon by a user. [0022] In FIGS. 2 and 3, canopy 106 is shown affixed to a chair 119 . Canopy shade 111 is shown erected and pivotally attached to the top section 107 of canopy 106 from an open position permitting entry by a user to a closed position providing shade over the front opening of canopy 106 . FIG. 3 additionally shows two rear web straps 112 which are used to secure canopy 106 to the backrest of chair 119 or to secure the canopy 106 to the ground with a stake 105 . [0023] Turning now to FIG. 4, the flexible body 120 of storage bag 200 is shown to be generally circular in shape having a front side 121 and a back side 122 . A zipper 123 is provided in the opening 124 of bag body 120 . Storage bag 200 is sized to receive the collapsed canopy 106 , the collapsed canopy shade 111 , the tie-stakes 104 and anchor lines 105 . A flexible carry strap 125 is attached to a top edge 126 of bag body 120 and a pocket 127 with closure flap 128 is provided on the front face 121 of the bag body 120 . The bag body 120 may be formed from any suitable durable flexible material. Patches 129 of hook and loop fastener material are provided on pocket 127 for releasably engaging patches 130 on the underside of flap 128 so that additional personal items can be removably stored in pocket 127 of bag body 120 . [0024] [0024]FIG. 5 shows that the canopy 106 is provided in the form of a generally oval section 150 and a U-shaped section 151 . Stitching 169 along the side edges 168 secures U-shaped section 151 to a rear edge of oval section 150 to form the rear section 110 of canopy 106 . [0025] Oval section 150 further includes a first frame access openings 164 centrally located along the front edge of top section 107 , a second frame access opening 166 centrally located along the rear edge of top section 107 , a first frame support opening 181 centrally located along the bottom edge and a second frame support opening 182 centrally located along the top edge (as best shown in FIG. 5). Oval section 150 forms the first side section 108 , top section 107 and second side section 109 of canopy 106 . Both sections 150 , 151 are both formed of a pliable material preferably Rip Stop Nylon, but can be made of other suitably pliable material as well. [0026] Still referring to FIG. 5, oval section 150 is folded along the edge and stitching 153 is provided to form a frame-receiving channel 154 around the periphery of the oval section 150 . A first vent opening 173 is formed in first side section 108 , a second vent opening 174 is provided in second side section 109 and a third vent opening 175 is provided in rear section 110 . [0027] Flexible mesh panels 176 A-C are affixed by stitching 177 over vent openings 173 - 175 , respectively to form a first ventilation window 178 in first side section 108 , a second ventilation window 179 in second side section 109 and a third ventilation window 180 in rear section 110 . Ventilation windows 178 - 180 are provided to aid in airflow circulation. [0028] The flexible mesh panels 176 A-C are preferably provided in the form of green mosquito netting but may be formed of any suitable netting. The ventilation windows 178 , 179 and 180 are depicted in the drawing figures in the form of a half circle but can be provided in any desirable ornamental configuration or shape suitable for appropriate ventilation. [0029] A net storage bag 186 is sewn onto the inner surface of second side surface 109 the canopy 106 for storing personal items of a user, beverages and other refreshments. The bag 186 may be formed with compartments for separating some of the stored items. Bag 186 is mounted so as make the items readily accessible to the user. [0030] In FIG. 7, the canopy 106 is shown secured to a chair 119 . The net storage bag 186 is located adjacent to the arm of the chair 119 for convenient access to the stored items. [0031] On the back side of the rear section 110 as shown in FIGS. 3 and 5, there are two quick release web straps 112 having quick release buckles 113 on one end. Web straps 112 are stitched into the lower part of the rear section 110 . The free ends of straps 112 loop around the back of the chair 119 . The second end of each strap 112 is passed through buckles 113 to draw straps 112 tightly around the back of chair 119 and secured by the quick release buckles 113 to support the back of the canopy 106 . [0032] A resilient flexible frame 155 is inserted into the frame-receiving channel 154 to form the overall arch configuration of the canopy 106 as shown in FIGS. 1-3 and 7 . Frame 155 is provided in the form of a first frame rod 156 having a first end 157 and a second end 158 and a second frame rod 159 having a third end 160 and a fourth end 161 . Rods 156 and 159 are inserted into frame receiving channel 154 of oval section 150 and secured. First end 157 of rod 156 and third end of rod 159 are fixedly secured together by a ferrule 162 . Second end 158 of rod 156 and fourth end 161 of rod 159 are fixedly secured together by a ferrule 163 . Rods 156 and 159 of frame 155 are made of any suitable spring-like material; preferably they are ¼ inch solid fiberglass rods held together by ¼ inch ferrules. [0033] A portion of frame rod 159 is accessible through frame support opening 182 and is provided with a double sided hook and loop fastening arm connection strap 184 and an elastic restraining strap 185 . Restraining strap 185 is sized to securely retain canopy 106 in a collapsed position for storage in storage bag 200 . [0034] A portion of frame rod 156 is accessible through frame support opening 181 and is provided with a double-sided hook and loop fastening arm connection strap 183 . The arm connection straps 183 and 184 are connected to the arm support frame or other suitable portion of chair 119 by wrapping the double sided hook and loop fastening arm connection straps 183 and 184 around the arm support frame several times. This provides support for the front of the canopy 106 . [0035] Access to sections 165 and 167 of frame 155 is provided through frame access openings 164 and 167 , respectively. Sections 165 and 167 of resilient flexible frame 155 are used as handles during the removal and collapse of the canopy 106 . [0036] Two tie-down loops 187 are stitched to the front edge of the top section 107 of canopy 106 at approximately 10 O'clock and 2 O'clock position as viewed in FIG. 2. Tie-down loops 187 provide tie downs points for anchor lines 105 in windy conditions or attachment points for canopy shade 111 . [0037] The canopy shade 111 is provided in the form of a generally round shade body 188 formed of a green mosquito netting but can be made of other suitable netting materials as well. The edge of body 188 is folded and secured by stitching 189 to form a shade frame channel 190 . A frame in the form of spring-like rod 191 is placed in channel 190 with the ends 192 and 193 secured together by a ferrule 194 . Elastic straps 196 are connected to suspender clips 197 and stitched along the edge of the body 188 generally at the 10 O'clock and 2 O'clock position as viewed in FIG. 6. The clips 197 are used to pivotally attach the canopy shade 111 to the tie-down loops 187 on canopy 106 . A flexible strap 198 is stitched to body 188 at a location opposite the location of attachment of clips 197 . [0038] Shade 111 is collapsible by twisting rod 191 into a figure eight and folding the loops together. Flexible strap 198 is wrapped around the collapsed shade 111 to hold it in the collapsed condition for storage and handling as seen in FIG. 1. [0039] After the canopy 106 has been removed from the storage bag 200 , the elastic restraining strap 185 is been removed and the canopy 106 tossed away from the user and any other object the resiliency of the frame 155 causes the canopy to self-erect. [0040] Start installation by placing the bottom 171 of the rear section 110 over the arms of the chair and then placing the quick release web strap 112 around back of chair 119 . [0041] To complete installation lift the front of the canopy 106 and attach arm connection straps 183 and 184 to the arms or other front portions of the chair, then return to back of chair 119 and tightened quick release web strap 112 with buckles 113 . Both quick release straps 112 should be taut to support the back of the canopy 106 upon the chair 119 . Removal is opposite of installation. [0042] After removal of canopy 106 (when used on a chair), place the canopy 106 on the ground with the quick release web straps 112 facing to your left. [0043] Grasp resilient flexible frame section 165 with one hand and frame section 167 with the other. [0044] The resilient flexible frame sections 165 and 167 are brought together. [0045] While holding resilient flexible flame sections 165 and 167 together with left hand, rotate the canopy 106 sideways so that the elastic restraining strap 185 is on the bottom and the quick release Web straps 112 are facing away from you. [0046] Place your right foot lightly on the edge of the bottom semi circle for stability. [0047] With your right hand fold the top semi circle down past the vertical position and lightly apply downward pressure with your left hand while still holding resilient flexible frame sections 165 and 167 to prevent canopy 106 from unfolding. [0048] Grasp the semi circle furthest away from you with your right hand while still holding semi circle closest to you with your left hand. [0049] Press each semi circle down and toward the center to collapse the canopy 106 . [0050] Once the canopy 106 is collapsed ensure all straps except for the elastic restraining strap 185 are stored inside the collapsed canopy 106 . [0051] Grasp the collapsed canopy 106 with one hand and with the other hand stretch the elastic restraining strap 185 over the canopy 106 to prevent it from unfolding. The canopy 106 is now ready for storage in supplied storage bag 200 . [0052] All straps may be mechanical or stretch material. [0053] It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, but encompasses any and all embodiments within the scope of the following claims.	The self-erecting and collapsible shade device is provided in the form of a portable collapsible shade assembly. The assembly includes a self-erecting and collapsible canopy, a self-erecting and collapsible canopy shade pivotally mountable to the erected canopy, at least two ground stakes, anchor lines and a storage bag for conveniently carrying the components of the assembly. The erected shade assembly may be secured directly to the ground or affixed to an outdoor chair or seat having a backrest. When the storage bag is empty it is usable as a seat cover to protect the clothing of a user seated beneath the assembly from being soiled by the ground. The assembly may also be used as a hunting blind.	4
BACKGROUND [0001] In computer networking, a Media Access Control (MAC) address is a unique identifier assigned to most network adapters or network interface cards (NICs) by the manufacturer for identification, and used in the Media Access Control protocol sublayer. If assigned by the manufacturer, a MAC address usually encodes the manufacturer's registered identification number. It may also be known as an Ethernet Hardware Address (EHA), hardware address, adapter address, or physical address. [0002] There are three numbering spaces, managed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), which are in common use for formulating a MAC address: MAC-48, EUI-48, and EUI-64. The “EUI” stands for Extended Unique Identifier. [0003] Although intended to be a permanent and globally unique identification, it is possible to change the MAC address on most of today's hardware, an action often referred to as MAC spoofing. Unlike Internet Protocol (IP) address spoofing, where a sender spoofing their address in a request tricks the other party into sending the response elsewhere, in MAC address spoofing (which takes place only within a local area network), the response is received by the spoofing party. [0004] In a network system wherein modules are integrated in a tandem or other integrated configuration that use at least two sets of image path boards, the image path boards do not have unique MAC addresses and therefore cannot communicate independently with the Program and Systems Information Protocol (PSIP). BRIEF DESCRIPTION [0005] The present disclosure provides a method of assigning media access control (MAC) addresses to image paths for a printing system. The method comprises: initializing a MAC address to each image path board in the printing system wherein the printing system includes at least two print engines each having an image path board; [0006] modifying a card cage enclosure to include a bit selector for each image path board; and, creating a unique IP address for each MAC address including generating a unique octet for each MAC address. A slot ID is used for the generating of the unique octet for each MAC address having a standard base value. [0007] In another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of assigning media access control (MAC) addresses to image paths for a printing system. The method comprises initializing a MAC address to each image path board in the printing system wherein the printing system includes at least two print engines each having an image path board, wherein the initializing of the MAC address creates identical MAC addresses for each of the at least two print engines. The method further comprises: modifying a card cage of each image path board wherein each image path board includes a discreet component with programmable logic; creating a unique slot ID from the programmable logic; and, creating a unique MAC address having a unique octet from the unique slot ID. [0008] In still another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of assigning media access control (MAC) addresses to image paths for a printing system. The method comprises initializing a MAC address to each image path board in the printing system wherein the printing system includes at least two print engines each having an image path board, wherein the initializing of the MAC addresses includes a router for isolating redundant MAC addresses. The method further comprises: using the router for creating unique engine MAC addresses derived from associated slot ID's for each image path board; assigning each the IP address for each the image path board based one respective the MAC address wherein an extension is added to each the IP address, wherein each IP address is unique for differentiating each print engine from all other print engines. The method still further comprises decoding each the IP address and generating another MAC address for each image path board based on the decoded IP address. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0009] FIG. 1 is one exemplary arrangement of MAC and IP addresses for boards within an enclosure and modules within integrated print engines; [0010] FIG. 2 is an exemplary assignment of a unique MAC address comprising a toggle switch and a slot ID; [0011] FIG. 3 is another exemplary arrangement of MAC and IP addresses for boards within an enclosure and modules within integrated print engines; [0012] FIG. 4 is still another exemplary arrangement of MAC addresses comprising external logic; [0013] FIG. 5 is yet still another exemplary arrangement of MAC addresses for boards within an enclosure and modules within integrated print engines; and, [0014] FIG. 6 is yet still another exemplary arrangement of MAC addresses comprising marker presence and slot IDs. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0015] In transmission control protocol/internet protocol (TCP/IP) networks, the MAC address of a subnet interface can be queried with the IP address using the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) for Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) or the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) for IPv6. On broadcast networks, such as Ethernet, the MAC address uniquely identifies each node and allows frames to be marked for specific hosts. It thus forms the basis of most of the Link layer (OSI Layer 2) networking upon which upper layer protocols rely to produce complex, functioning networks. [0016] The standard (IEEE 802) format for printing MAC-48 addresses in human-friendly form is six groups of two hexadecimal digits, separated by hyphens (−) or colons (:), in transmission order, e.g. 01-23-45-67-89-ab, 01:23:45:67:89:ab. This form is also commonly used for EUI-64. [0000] Address details can comprise the following: [0000] [0017] The original IEEE 802 MAC address comes from the original Xerox Ethernet addressing scheme. This 48-bit address space contains potentially 2 48 or 281,474,976,710,656 possible MAC addresses. [0018] All numbering systems use the same format and differ only in the length of the identifier. It is to be appreciated that addresses can either be “universally administered addresses” or “locally administered addresses.” [0019] A universally administered address can be uniquely assigned to a device by its manufacturer; these are sometimes called “burned-in addresses” (BIA). The first three octets (in transmission order) identify the organization that issued the identifier and are known as the Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI). The following three (MAC-48 and EUI-48) or five (EUI-64) octets are assigned by that organization in nearly any manner they please, subject to the constraint of uniqueness. A locally administered address can be assigned to a device by a network administrator, overriding the burned-in address. Locally administered addresses do not contain OUIs. [0020] Universally administered and locally administered addresses can be distinguished by setting the second least significant bit of the most significant byte of the address. If the bit is 0, the address is universally administered. If the bit is 1, the address is locally administered. In the example address 02-00-00-00-00-01 the most significant byte is 02 (hex). The binary is 00000010 and the second least significant bit is 1. Therefore, it is a locally administered address. The bit is 0 in all OUIs. [0021] If the least significant bit of the most significant byte is set to a 0, the packet is meant to reach only one receiving NIC. This is called unicast. If the least significant bit of the most significant byte is set to a 1, the packet is meant to be sent only once but still reach several NICs. This is called multicast. [0022] The distinction between EUI-48 and MAC-48 identifiers is purely semantic: MAC-48 is used for network hardware; EUI-48 is used to identify other devices and software. Thus, by definition, an EUI-48 is not in fact a “MAC address”, although it is syntactically indistinguishable from one and assigned from the same numbering space. [0023] The IEEE now considers the label MAC-48 to be an obsolete term which was previously used to refer to a specific type of EUI-48 identifier used to address hardware interfaces within existing 802-based networking applications and should not be used in the future. Instead, the term EUI-48 should be used for this purpose. [0024] The IEEE has built in several special address types to allow more than one network interface card to be addressed at one time: [0025] These are “group addresses”, as opposed to “individual addresses”; the least significant bit of the first octet of a MAC address distinguishes individual addresses from group addresses. That bit is set to 0 in individual addresses and 1 in group addresses. Group addresses, like individual addresses, can be universally administered or locally administered. [0026] In an integrated print system wherein each print engine is the same, each associated control board will be the same, thus, when a card cage is put in one position or, when a card cage is assembled with a board, they will all have the same MAC addresses. Therefore, if a card cage is put together in the same network there will exist two nodes with the same MAC address, and the address resolution presents a problem. [0027] In another illustrative example, i.e. in a networked printing system, the IP addresses can be basically assigned to boards in a card cage and each board can have a unique IP address based on location in the card cage. The IP addresses need to be different when two print engines, for example IGENS, are installed back to back. In a tandem configuration, IGEN number 1 would be driving paper into IGEN number 2. In IGEN number 1, a card cage exists that has a resultant IP address that is identical to the IP and MAC addresses that are in IGEN number 2. [0028] With reference now to FIGS. 1-6 , a system will be described hereinbelow for assigning unique IP addresses. The present disclosure provides methods to automatically configure a second IGEN, for example, with different IP addresses using a uniquely created MAC address. [0029] In one arrangement ( FIGS. 1 and 2 ), by using a combination of an external switch and slot ID (interconnection point), unique MAC addresses can be assigned to image path and control boards residing in a dual card cage configuration. Upon system initialization, all modules can be assigned IP addresses based on their respective MAC addresses. [0030] The present disclosure proposes using a combination of an external switch and slot ID values to assign unique MAC addresses to image path and control boards residing in dual card cages within a tandem print engine, or similar configuration. During system initialization, all modules that use Ethernet to communicate can be assigned an IP address based on their respective MAC addresses. Since image and control hardware (HW) are interchangeable and identical, uniqueness does not exist in a tandem configuration. The MAC addresses for each engine are identical. Thus, a novel adaptation of the existing card cage enables unique MAC addresses to be created from identical and interchangeable HW. [0031] The marker and image path hardware associated with digital-presses resides in a custom enclosure. This hardware controls image path logic and initiates the printing process. Circuit boards that are specific to controlling video path logic and marker software (SW) are inter-connected with various modules with a digital-press using an Ethernet interface housed with the custom enclosure. [0032] SW processes operating on individual boards within the enclosure can communicate with various print engine modules and one another via Ethernet packets transmitted from an initiator to a receiver. Packets are routed from a source to a destination based on an IP address that is bound to a unique MAC address associated with each board. Within the video path (which may be embedded within the enclosure), a given board may be responsible for image processing a given color separation and can be identical in form, fit, function and MAC address to a board responsible for image processing any other color separation within the enclosure. Therefore, assigning a unique MAC address to enable communications becomes problematic for various components within the enclosure. [0033] According to one embodiment, each card within the enclosure can take advantage of unique interconnection points embedded within the enclosure to enable assignment of a unique MAC address for boards within the enclosure. For example, all Video A circuit boards can have a MAC address defined as 01:02:03:04:05:06. This address will be combined with interconnects embedded in the enclosure by logic internal to Video A. Internal logic on each circuit board can modify its MAC address based on the interconnect value assigned to each card to form a unique MAC address. An IP address can then be associated with each unique MAC address for boards within the enclosure to enable communications between modules on the digital-press. [0034] When dual digital-presses are interconnected in a tandem configuration, two enclosures are required for each engine. Since each custom enclosure is identical in form, fit, and function, a unique IP address can no longer be assigned to various cards within each enclosure. For example, the IP addresses for boards within Engine1-enclosureA will be identical to those in Engine 2-enclosureB. Therefore, an extension can be introduced to ensure that unique interconnect points within Engine1-enclosureA shall differ from interconnect points within Engine2-enclosureB. [0035] Each enclosure can incorporate a switch 100 located on the outside of the enclosure (i.e., external switch) which can cause the most-significant bit of the interconnect points within an enclosure to either read high or low. Further, the external switch can enable and drive logic on I/O ports to mimic unique interconnect points on other boards within the enclosure. This enablement can allow identical boards in Engine 1-enclosureA and Engine 2-enclosureB to have unique MAC and IP addresses. The aforementioned enables communication between boards within the enclosures and modules within tandem or integrated print engines. [0036] Illustratively, for a simple mechanism having two identical card cages, one in IGEN one and the other in IGEN two, all the card sets are identical and therefore all of the IP and MAC addresses are identical. The above described method, in IGEN number 2, alters the external switch and forces the MAC address to be different on the card in IGEN number two. Each card in the card cage resides or lives in a particular slot, be it slot number 1, slot number 2, slot number 3, and so on and so forth. In the second IGEN placement of the card into a slot and the switch that alters the slot ID in the second card cage, enables the slot ID to become unique and different relative to the slot ID in the first card cage. Based on those new slot ID's, one can compute or generate new MAC addresses and therefore new IP addresses for those cards in the second IGEN. Once unique MAC addresses and IP addresses have been created, the board can be configured accordingly. Without the mechanism for creating unique IP addresses, it would not be possible to distinguish between the print engines IGEN number one and IGEN number two. A further distinction that has developed from the present disclosure is that if one engine has already been installed and another engine is then installed next to it, by the mere fact of being engine two connected to engine one, the unique IP addresses will be derived automatically, hence eliminating the need for the external switch. [0037] In another arrangement ( FIGS. 3 and 4 ), by using a combination of a slot ID (interconnection point) and an external logic module 200 attached to each board, unique MAC addresses can be assigned to image path and control boards residing in a dual card cage configuration. Upon system initialization, all modules can be assigned IP addresses based on their respective MAC addresses. [0038] In a tandem configuration, one enclosure can incorporate a logic module that shall be mounted to an I/O port on each card in the enclosure. The logic module's presence will be sensed by circuits that will generate a MAC address based on interconnect values and the module. This enablement shall allow identical boards n Engine1-enclosureA and Engine2-enclosureB to have unique MAC and IP addresses. This will enable communication between boards within the enclosures and modules within tandem or integrated print engines. [0039] SW processes operating on individual boards within the enclosure can communicate with various print engine modules and one another via Ethernet packets transmitted from an initiator to a receiver. Packets are routed from a source to a destination based on an IP address that is bound to a unique MAC address associated with each board. Within the video path (which may be embedded within the enclosure), a given board may be responsible for image processing a given color separation and can be identical in form, fit, function and MAC address to a board responsible for image processing any other color separation within the enclosure. Therefore, assigning a unique MAC address to enable communications becomes problematic for various components within the enclosure. [0040] According to still another arrangement, ( FIGS. 5 and 6 ) in a tandem print engine configuration, one enclosure can incorporate a logic module 300 that can be mounted to an I/O port on each card in the enclosure. The logic module's presence can be sensed by circuits that can generate a MAC address based on interconnect values and the module. This enablement shall allow identical boards in Engine1-enclosureA and Engine2-enclosureB to have unique MAC and IP addresses. This can enable communication between boards within the enclosures and modules within tandem or integrated print engines. [0041] By using a combination of internal logic and a modified slot ID, unique MAC addresses can be assigned to image path and control boards residing in a dual card cage configuration. Upon system initialization, all modules can be assigned IP addresses based on their respective MAC addresses. [0042] The present disclosure proposes using a combination of internal logic and modified slot ID values to assign unique MAC addresses to image path and control boards residing in dual card cages within a tandem or integrated network, or similar, configuration. During system initialization, all modules that use Ethernet to communicate are assigned an IP address based on their respective MAC addresses. Since image and control HW are interchangeable and identical, uniqueness does not exist in a tandem configuration. The MAC addresses for each engine are identical. A novel adaptation of the existing card cage enables unique MAC addresses to be created from identical and interchangeable HW. [0043] The marker and image path hardware associated with digital-presses resides in a custom enclosure. This hardware controls image path logic and initiates the printing process. Circuit boards that are specific to controlling video path logic and marker SW are inter-connected with various modules with a digital-press using an Ethernet interface housed within the custom enclosure. [0044] SW processes operating on individual boards within the enclosure communicate with various print engine modules and one another via Ethernet packets transmitted from an initiator to a receiver. Packets are routed from source to destination based on an IP address that is bound to a unique MAC address associated with each board. Within the video path (which may be embedded within the enclosure), a given board may be responsible for image processing a given color separation and can be identical in form, fit, function and MAC address to a board responsible for image processing any other color separation within the enclosure. Therefore, assigning a unique MAC address to enable communications becomes problematic for various components within the enclosure. [0045] Each card within the enclosure shall take advantage of unique interconnection points embedded within the enclosure to enable assignment of a unique MAC address for boards within the enclosure. For example, all VideoA circuit boards have a MAC address defined as 01:02:03:04:05:06. This address will be combined with interconnects embedded in the enclosure by logic internal to VideoA. Internal logic on each circuit board can modify its MAC address based on the interconnect value assigned to each card to form a unique MAC address. An IP address will be associated with each unique MAC for boards within the enclosure to enable communications between modules on the digital-press. [0046] When dual digital-presses are interconnected in a tandem configuration, two enclosures are required for each engine. Since each custom enclosure is identical in form, fit, and function a unique IP addresses can no longer be assigned to various cards within each enclosure. The IP addresses for boards within Engine1-enclosureA will be identical to those in Engine2-enclosureB. Therefore, an extension shall be introduced to ensure that unique interconnect points within Engine1-enclosureA shall differ from interconnect points within Engine2-enclosureB. [0047] In a tandem configuration, only one enclosure shall incorporate a marker operating in a slot corresponding to slot ID 00010. When a marker operates in slot 00010, logic within the enclosure automatically sets the MSB of the remaining interconnect bits high. Logic on each card can decode interconnect bits and can generate a unique MAC address based on those values. This enablement shall allow identical boards in Engine1-enclosureA and Engine2-enclosureB to have unique MAC and IP addresses. This will enable communication between boards within the enclosures and modules within tandem or integrated print engines. [0048] As described above, one solution for assigning unique MAC addresses proposes creating independent sub-networks by means of using a router. The router can provide the internal type of ID of the switch and interconnections between the card cage, but from the exterior it will look like one node. That way, when the local networks are configured by a router and connected to the main network they will look like independent nodes. Each node can be programmed to have a specific signature so the PSIP will be able to reconnect to detect some configurations. That way if the traffic is directed to one of the boards in a card cage from engine one will have a base address leaving the last Octet to be open for the selection of the board in the card cage of that engine. Likewise, for the second engine. This change will replicate for multiple systems or multiple integrated print engines. In this manner the system enables multiple engines to be front ended by a specific off-set address or hosted by the router in isolating an internal network which acts as the ‘bridge’ to the outside world. It is to be appreciated that the aforementioned can be implemented without changing any of the hardware or the card cages. [0049] In addition to the above description, it is to be appreciated that from the isolation provided by the router, the internal logic can be built into the system so that it becomes part of the card cage of the engine itself. Thus, at the time the boards are installed, a card can be built into the card cage that is connected. In this manner, one can assign a front end IP, obtain a MAC address to the card cage itself, and have the modules inside derive work from a pseudo-router now built into the internal logic. The old MAC addresses and IP addresses can be given a sub network. External logic provided by slot IDs in the card cage can facilitate this confirmation. [0050] It will be appreciated that various of the above-disclosed and other features and functions, or alternatives thereof, may be desirably combined into many other different systems or applications. Also that various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives, modifications, variations or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims.	The present disclosure provides a method of assigning media access control (MAC) addresses to image paths for a printing system. The method comprises: initializing a MAC address to each image path board in the printing system wherein the printing system includes at least two print engines each having an image path board; modifying a card cage enclosure to include a bit selector for each image path board; and, creating a unique IP address for each MAC address including generating a unique octet for each MAC address. A slot ID is used for the generating of the unique octet for each MAC address having a standard base value.	6
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention generally relates to replaceable cartridge packing techniques, and is particularly concerned with low-cost, easily manufactured ink cartridge packaging assemblies including a seal component to prevent undesirable ink leakage. 2. Description of the Related Art One of the messier workplace tasks brought about by the widespread introduction of personal computers and their peripheral devices into the home and office has been replacing printer consumables, such as laser printer toner or ink ribbons. All too often, ink, toner or similar recording agents become dislodged or seep from their cartridge housing during shipping or transport from the factory, and wind up getting on hands, clothes, furniture and printer casing instead of on the recording media they are intended for. Ink jet printers in particular are renowned for their low-cost and high-quality output, but their liquid ink reservoirs are especially prone to premature leakage. Certainly, it is no fun to open an inkjet cartridge package in order to finish that memo, report or presentation, only to discover an already stained cartridge oozing ink on everything, including your fingers. In response, as disclosed in unexamined Japanese patent application No. H3-234659 and counterpart U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,802 to Karita, et al., manufacturers have introduced, as part of the replacement cartridge packing materials or even on the cartridge itself, a pressurizing component for pressing a sealing component against the ink ejection area of the ink cartridge when stored or not used. Furthermore, according to this conventional approach, a sealing component possessing an adhesive is typically directly adhered to the ink ejection area to close it off and prevent seepage. However, it quickly became necessary to use a dedicated pressurizing component to cover the ink ejection area from outside the sealing component, in order to achieve and maintain a tight seal. This is because even when the sealing component is positioned over and contacts the ink ejection area, absent external compressive force, the ink may still seep out from the junction through capillary phenomenon. Therefore, manufacturers have resorted to at least a two-step packaging process in which the ink cartridge ejection area is first sealed by an external sealing member, and then, the cartridge is positioned such that a dedicated pressurizing component positively engages the sealing member and holds it in position while packaged. Further, according to this technique, because the adhesive surface of the sealing component is pressed against the ink ejection area, adhesive residue may be left on the ink ejection area itself or adhere to the area immediately surrounding the ink ejection area, particularly when the ink cartridge remains packaged for an extended period of time. This residue can, in turn, interfere with normal printing operations and degrade output quality, and could even block or clog the ejection area to the point that the cartridge becomes unusable. OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to maintain and even enhance ink ejector area sealing performance without using an adhesive that could leave undesirable deposits when the sealing member is removed. It is yet a further object of the invention to improve the sealing performance without the need for any dedicated pressurizing component as part of the cartridge packaging, SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with these and related objects, the present invention involves including a nozzle pressing component made of a flexible material in the packaging material, and is used to engage and cover the ink ejection area of an ink cartridge. Also, a complimentary ink cartridge holder for holding the ink cartridge such that its ejection area is positioned in front of the nozzle pressing component of the package is included as well. Moreover, a circumscribing bag housing that houses the ink cartridge held by the holder and covered by the nozzle pressing component is utilized to maintain the packaged positions of the ink cartridge, nozzle pressing component and cartridge holder. Preferably, this bag housing will be oriented to cover both the loaded ink cartridge holder and nozzle pressing component and then sealed under reduced pressure to maintain a stable package assembly. According to the preferred embodiments of the invention, an impermeable, compressible layer comprising a plastic film is fastened to a portion of the nozzle pressing component that immediately contacts the ink cartridge ejection area. Also, the ink cartridge holder is constructed using a low-cost cushioning material such as water-resistant corrugated cardboard. Likewise, the bag housing preferably consists of a shaped aluminum pack large enough to accept a load cartridge housing while maintaining a supportive, form-fitting shape when depressurized. Also, preferably, the ink cartridge package assembly additionally includes an integral terminal pressing component for covering and protecting a surface electrical terminal area present on the ink cartridge. It is possible to form this terminal pressing component and the aforementioned nozzle pressing component as a single unit. According to the preferred embodiments, the ink cartridge is placed inside the aluminum pack while the ejection area of the ink cartridge is touching the flexible nozzle pressing component, and then the aluminum pack is sealed under reduced pressure. During this process, the aluminum pack contracts due to the difference in the pressures inside and outside the aluminum pack, and the nozzle pressing component is pressed against the aluminum pack. As a result, intimate contact between the nozzle pressing component and the ejection area of the ink cartridge is made without any adhesives. In other words, no adhesive is required for sealing the nozzle, thus eliminating the risk of an adhesive entering or sticking to the ink ejection area. As a result, excellent, adhesive-free ink cartridges can be supplied to users. Furthermore, by sealing the aluminum pack under reduced pressure, the ejection area is automatically sealed, and the ink ejection area can be securely sealed without the use of a dedicated pressurizing component for covering the ink ejection area from outside the sealing component, eliminating the need for a dedicated pressurizing component and thus reducing the cost of the package itself. Moreover, the ink cartridge according to the preferred embodiment may include a terminal pressing component for covering an exposed ink cartridge terminal area when packaged. During the reduced-pressure sealing of the pack, the ejection area is brought into intimate contact with the nozzle pressing component and, at the same time, the terminal area also is brought into intimate contact with the terminal pressing component and is thus protected. When there are two locations that must be protected, such as the ink cartridge nozzle and terminal areas, both can be sealed using a single sealing component, resulting in cost reduction. However, different surfaces of the unified sealing component may be utilized to prevent terminal area ink contamination even if the nozzle is not sealed completely and seepage occurs. Other objects and attainments together with a fuller understanding of the invention will become apparent and appreciated by referring to the following description and claims taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawings, wherein like reference symbols refer to like parts: FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a partially disassembled internal case of the cartridge package according to the first preferred embodiment of the present invention including an ink cartridge; FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the case of FIG. 1 after assembly; FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the case of FIG. 2 being inserted into the aluminum pack according to the preferred embodiment; FIG. 4 is a perspective view of case and aluminum pack assembly of FIG. 3 after vacuum packing to form the ink cartridge package according to the first referred embodiment; FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the ink cartridge package of FIG. 4 prior to vacuum packing; FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the assembled ink cartridge package of FIG. 4 after vacuum packing; FIG. 7 is an exploded perspective view of a representative ink cartridge according to the first preferred embodiment; FIG. 8 is partial cross-sectional view of the ink cartridge of FIG. 7 illustrating the ink jet head connection unit; and FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a partially disassembled internal case of the cartridge package according to a second preferred embodiment of the present invention including an ink cartridge. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS A representative ink cartridge according to the first preferred embodiment of the invention will be explained below with references to FIGS. 7 and 8. FIG. 7 is an exploded perspective view showing the configuration of a representative ink cartridge. Likewise, FIG. 8 is a cross-section of the ink jet head connection unit (area comprising ink jet head 10 and cases 30 and 40) forming part of the front end of the ink cartridge. Ink cartridge 100 generally comprises an ink jet head connection unit which consists of first case component 40 (hereinafter referred to as "head case"), second case component 30 (hereinafter referred to as "nozzle case 30"), and ink jet head 10; and an ink supply area which consists of ink sack 50 and ink case 60. Nozzle case 30 is preferably made of a resin such as AS, ABS, or PSF (polysulfone). Nozzle plate 31 equipped with opening 31a, through which nozzles 4 appears when ink jet head 10 is mounted, is provided in the center of nozzle case 30. Ink-stop groove 32 is provided around the nozzle plate 31. This ink-stop groove 32 is designed to use surface tension to retain the ink that is ejected from the nozzle during a priming operation. A priming operation (involves pressing of ink sack 50 from the outside in order to eject viscous ink or air bubbles) is used when the nozzle is clogged or when air bubbles inside the ink path cause an ejection failure. The ejected ink is retained inside the groove through surface tension. The user performs a priming operation while observing the amount of the ejected ink. That is, the internal area of the groove is preset to enable an appropriate priming operation when the ejected ink fills the groove. Protruding wall 36 for forming the adhesive groove (to be described below) is formed on the external perimeter of the opening on the back of nozzle case 30. Two pins 33 (only the top one shown here) for connecting the head case are formed on the back of nozzle case 30. Adhesive injection opening 34 is provided on the bottom front of nozzle case 30, and this adhesive injection opening 34 is connected to the adhesive groove described below. Head case 40 is preferably made of a transparent material such as PSF (polysulfone), PC (polycarbonate) or ABS. Linking hole 43 is formed on part of head case 40 that faces nozzle case 30. Upper pin 33 of nozzle case 30 is pressure-fit into this linking hole 43, linking nozzle case 30 to head case 40. Opening 41, into which protruding wall 36 of the nozzle case is inserted, is formed in the approximate center of head case 40, and opening 42 (shown in FIG. 8) which has substantially the same shape as opening 31a of the nozzle case is provided in the center of opening 41. This opening 42 houses the side of ink lead-in opening 27 of ink jet head 10. Nozzle 4 is formed on one end of ink jet head 10, and ink lead-in opening 27 is formed on the opposing end. Multiple pressure-generating elements are preferably positioned in a line inside ink jet head 10. In this embodiment, each of the pressure-generating elements consists of electrostatic actuator 80 formed by opposing diaphragm 5 and individual electrode 21, as shown in FIG. 8. When this electrostatic actuator 80 is charged, the resulting electrostatic force distorts diaphragm 5 toward individual electrode 21. As a result, the pressure inside ejection chamber 6 declines, drawing ink from reservoir 8 into ejection chamber 6. Subsequently, when charging is stopped, abruptly discharging the charge accumulated in electrostatic actuator 80, the elastic force of the diaphragm restores diaphragm 5 to its original shape. During this process, the pressure inside ejection chamber 6 rises abruptly, ejecting ink droplets 104 from nozzle 4. Turning back to FIG. 7, Head FPC (flexible print circuit) 101 for sending signals to the pressure-generating elements of the ink jet head is inserted into groove 49 of head case 40, terminal area 102 of FPC is fastened to the bottom surface of ink case 60. When an ink cartridge is mounted on the carriage (not shown herein), the printing terminal provided in the carriage and terminal 102 of FPC become electrically connected. Nozzle case 30 is connected to cover head case 40 in which ink jet head 10 is thus housed. A pair of claws 37 for clamping the ink jet head is provided inside protruding wall 36 of nozzle case 30, (See FIG. 8) and these claws press against ink jet head 10 to the bottom of opening 42 of head case 40 during case connection. As a result, the surface of ink jet head 10 on the side of ink lead-in opening 27 makes a tight contact or frictional fit with the bottom of the opening of head case 40. Further, ink jet head 10 is supported inside the case with ink lead-in opening 27 of ink jet head 10 connected to the ink supply port (not shown in FIG. 7) provided on the bottom of the opening of head case 40. Claws 37 also possess a function of positioning ink jet head 10 relative to the case. As shown in FIG. 8, opening 41 of the head case and protruding wall 36 of the nozzle case form a space (adhesive groove 48) around the entire outside perimeter of the ink jet head 10 near ink lead-in opening 27 of ink jet head 10 inside the connected case. Nozzle case 30 is provided with adhesive injection opening 34 and injection tube 35, and a dispenser provided with a hypodermic needle, for example, is used to inject an adhesive from injection opening 34 through injection tube 35 into adhesive groove 48. In this way, the area around lead-in opening 27 of ink jet head 10 is sealed by the adhesive and ink jet head 10 is fastened to the case. The ink jet head connection unit is thus joined, resulting in complete connection from the ink supply area to the nozzle. In other words, the ink supplied from ink supply tube 47 formed on the back of head case 40 is supplied to lead-in opening 27 of ink jet head 10, and is ejected as ink droplets 104 from nozzle 4 when the pressure-generating means inside the head is activated. An ink filling port 44 is provided on the top front of head case 40. Ink filling port 44 is plugged by press-fit plug 47 at all times other than when ink is being loaded into the ink cartridge. To prevent foreign matter from being introduced to the ink when plug 47 is inserted, plug 47 is made of a nylon material, for example. However, a soft resin such as polyimide or a metal ball can also be used as will become apparent to those ordinarily skilled in the art. Ink supply tube 46 is formed on the back of the head case, and filter 55 is heat-welded to its opening. Additionally, multiple pins 45 for connecting the head case to ink case 60 are provided on the back of the head case. Ink sack 50 is preferably made of butyl rubber, for example, and its tip consists of circular opening 51 as shown in the figure, and packing 52 is provided around opening 51. This packing 52 forms a sealing structure by being clamped between head case 40 and ink case 60. To prevent the ink from leaking from nozzle 4 of an ink cartridge during a standby state in which no printing is taking place or when the ink cartridge is removed from the printer and left idle, it is necessary to constantly supply (negative) pressure for returning the ink from ink jet head 10 to the ink path formed inside the ink cartridge. In this embodiment, the negative pressure is obtained by the spring characteristic (shape restoration characteristic) of ink sack 50. Like head case 40, ink case 60 is preferably made of a transparent material such as PSF (polysulfone), PC (polycarbonate), and ABS. Opening 61 is formed on the side of ink case 60 that faces head case 40, which houses ink sack 50. Linkage hole 62 is also formed, and pin 45 of the head case is pressure-fitted into this hole, physically engaging and linking together head case 40 and ink case 60. Protrusion 63 for positioning ink cartridge 100 during its mounting onto the carriage is provided on the back of ink case 60. As will be explained below, this protrusion 63 also prevents ink cartridge 100 from slipping off the packing when ink cartridge 100 is being placed therein. Handle 64 is provided on the upper back of ink case 60, which makes it easier to hold the ink cartridge 100 during carriage mounting operations. When the ink cartridge thus configured is left idle for an extended period of time, the water inside the ink near nozzle 4 evaporates, increasing the viscosity of the ink. Also, if the ink cartridge is dropped or is subjected to a shock, air bubbles are sucked into the cartridge through the nozzle. An ink cartridge in such a state can no longer eject the ink correctly. Furthermore, during the transportation of the ink cartridge, a shock may cause the ink to leak through the nozzle, contaminating the ink cartridge itself or its vicinity. Therefore, before the cartridge is shipped, it is necessary to seal the nozzle to ensure such problems will not occur, and yet to allow consumers to easily open the package. The ink cartridge package according to the presently preferred embodiment of the invention is explained below with references to FIGS. 1 through 6. FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing the representative ink cartridge 100 and the internal case for packing this ink cartridge in a partially opened state. The cartridge holder 200 used to hold and secure the ink cartridge during shipping consists of a cushioning material such as water-resistant corrugated cardboard. As shown in the FIG. 2, the cartridge holder 200 is made in the shape of an opened cube large enough to enclose ink cartridge 100. The face 250 which the back of ink cartridge 100 contacts when cartridge holder 200 is assembled includes hole 202 through which protrusion 63 of the ink cartridge is to be loosely inserted. The face 251 which the top of ink cartridge 100 contacts includes an interior step 201 which pushes the ink cartridge downward after the case assembly is completed. The surface which nozzle 4 of the ink cartridge contacts is provided with nozzle pressor 203. Although nozzle pressor 203 is made of a foamed material such as polyurethane foam or styrol resin form (styrofoam®) in this embodiment, flexible rubber can of course, also be used. Plastic film 204 is fastened to the surface of nozzle pressor 203 with a double-sided adhesive tape, for example. Note here surface of plastic film 204 is not coated with any adhesive agent. The polyurethane foam constituting nozzle pressor 203 is adhered to the case such that it straddles the surface that contacts nozzle 4 of the ink cartridge and the surface that contacts terminal area 102 (shown in FIG. 7) on the bottom of the ink cartridge. When the case is assembled to pack the ink cartridge, nozzle 4 and terminal area 102 become covered by plastic film 204 adhered to the polyurethane foam. In this way, area 207 of the polyurethane foam also functions as a terminal pressor. Ink cartridge 100 is placed on cartridge holder 200 thus configured as shown in FIG. 1, and then case 200 is bent along several bending areas 205 provided therein, to form the box shape shown in FIG. 2. During this process, because protrusion 63 of the ink cartridge is inserted into hole 202 of the case, ink cartridge 100 will not shift in the direction of arrow a or b. Furthermore, because ink cartridge 100 is pressed in the direction of arrow c by step 201, terminal area 102 on the bottom of the cartridge is also pushed against plastic film 204 (terminal pressor 207) on the polyurethane foam. As a result, terminal area 102 is covered and protected by plastic film 204 on the soft polyurethane foam. Note here that, also shown in FIG. 2, nozzle 4 is merely touching plastic film 204, and is not completely sealed by nozzle pressor 203. After ink cartridge 100 is placed inside cartridge holder 200 in this way, cartridge holder 200 containing ink cartridge 100 is placed inside aluminum pack 300 as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. Cartridge holder 200 is provided with protection flaps 206 (in two places) to ensure that the side of cartridge 100 will not touch aluminum pack 300 cartridge holder 200 which contains cartridge 100 and which is bent in the directions of arrows d and e is inserted into aluminum pack 300. FIG. 5 is a cross-section showing the state in which cartridge holder 200 containing ink cartridge 100 is inserted into aluminum pack 300. Aluminum pack 300 is shaped such that a gap 302 is formed between aluminum pack 300 and cartridge holder 200. In this state, aluminum pack 300 is set in a pressure-reduction or vacuum packing device. In this embodiment, the pressure inside aluminum pack 300 is reduced to 250 Torr. After the specified pressure reduction has been achieved, top area 301 of aluminum pack 300 is heat-welded as shown in FIG. 4, and then aluminum pack 300 is removed from the pressure-reduction device, completing the packing process. In this state, no external air enters the package. By reducing the pressure inside aluminum pack 300, a pressure difference results between the interior and exterior of the aluminum pack, and the aluminum pack contracts as shown in FIG. 6. During this process, a pressing force is applied to cartridge holder 200 in the direction of arrow f as shown in FIG. 6, caused by the contraction of the aluminum pack 300 pushing nozzle pressor 203 against nozzle 4. As a result, nozzle 4 becomes completely sealed by plastic film 204 and is isolated from the external atmosphere. Terminal area 102 on the bottom of the cartridge also tightly contacts plastic film 204. Nozzle 4 and terminal area 102 are formed on different surfaces of the ink cartridge in this embodiment. Such a configuration is preferable in order to prevent ink from contaminating the terminal area should any ink leak out of the nozzle during the packaging process. FIG. 9 is a perspective view similar to that of FIG. 1 and showing ink cartridge 100 and a modified form of cartridge folder 200 for packaging the ink cartridge according to the second preferred embodiment. In the modified embodiment, instead of providing the step 201 in the top of cartridge folder 200 which contacts the top of ink cartridge 100, nozzle presser 203 is extended to that surface. The extended portion 211 forms a step having a function equivalent to step 201 in the embodiment of FIG. 1. Another difference between the embodiment of FIG. 1 and modification of FIG. 9 is that a hole 212 is provided in the top surface of internal case 200 so as to receive the uppermost part of a handle 64 provided on the upper back side of ink case 60. Handle 64 engaging hole 212 assists in holding ink cartridge 100 in place relative to cartridge holder 200. The ink cartridge described above is merely a representative cartridge used to detail the presently preferred embodiments of the invention, and any ink cartridge in any form can be applied to the ink cartridge package of the invention as long as such an ink cartridge contains ink and possesses a nozzle for ejecting ink droplets. While the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments, it is evident to those skilled in the art that many further alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent in light of the foregoing description. Thus, the invention described herein is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, applications and variations as may fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.	Techniques for packaging inkjet style ink cartridges which prevent ink seepage without dedicated nozzle pressing mechanisms, nozzle sealants, or adhesives. Specifically, the ink cartridge is circumscribed by a flexible, multifaced cartridge holder which is then placed in an aluminum bag and vacuum packed. Integral, ink impermeable nozzle compressing and cartridge terminal coverage components are disposed on the inner periphery of the cartridge holder and engage the respective cartridge ink ejection and terminal areas when the cartridge holder is folded around the ink cartridge. Vacuum packing forces the outer aluminum bag to constrict and compress the cartridge holder, thereby securing the cartridge and sealing off the ejection area through compression of the aforementioned compressing and coverage surfaces. As a result, the ink cartridge can be packaged without the use of any adhesive materials, and the sealing performance can be significantly improved using a simple packing method.	1
TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to container closures. The invention is more particularly related to a dispensing closure for use with a squeeze-type container wherein the dispensing closure has a valve which opens to dispense a product from the container when the container is squeezed and which automatically closes when the squeezing pressure is released. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION AND TECHNICAL PROBLEMS POSED BY THE PRIOR ART Fine powder (e.g., body powder or cosmetic powder) may be conventionally packaged in a container having a dispensing closure which includes a container cover defining a plurality of dispensing apertures or openings. A solid cap or lid is typically provided for being releasably secured to the cover for occluding the dispensing openings when the container is not in use. This prevents spillage if the container is dropped or tipped over. The cap may also help keep the contents fresh and may reduce the ingress of contaminants. The inventors of the present invention have discovered that it would be advantageous to provide an improved system for dispensing a product, especially powder. In particular, it would be desirable to provide a powder dispensing system which would not require the use of a reclosable lid to prevent spillage if the container is inadvertently tipped over. It would also be desirable to provide an improved dispensing system that would eliminate or minimize contaminant ingress even if no lid is placed on the container. A variety of packages, including dispensing containers, have been developed for personal care products which are in liquid form (e.g., shampoo, lotions, etc.). One type of closure for these kinds of containers includes a flexible, self-closing, slit-type dispensing valve mounted over the container opening. The valve has a slit or slits which define a normally closed orifice that opens to permit fluid flow therethrough in response to increased pressure within the container when the container is squeezed. The valve automatically closes to shut off fluid flow therethrough upon removal of the increased pressure. Designs of closures using such valves are illustrated in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,271,531. Typically, the closure includes a base mounted on the container neck to define a seat for receiving the valve and includes a retaining ring or housing structure for holding the valve on the seat in the base. The closure can be provided with a hinged lid for covering the valve during shipping or when the container is packed for travel (or when the container is otherwise not in use). See, for example, FIGS. 31-34 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,271,531. The lid can keep the valve clean and/or protect the valve from damage. It would be desirable, however, to provide an improved closure system that could be even more conveniently used with a dispensing valve and that, in suitable applications, eliminates the need to always use an exterior lid. The inventors of the present invention have discovered that the use of such a valve to dispense fluid and non-fluid materials (e.g., powders) can provide advantages in some applications. However, the inventors have also discovered that the dispensing of some materials (e.g., powder) through a valve in a closure may result in discharge that lacks desirable distribution pattern characteristics and/or desirable mass flow characteristics. Therefore, it would be beneficial to provide a valve dispensing system for materials, especially powders, wherein desirable distribution patterns and discharge quantities can be readily obtained. Additionally, it would be beneficial if the closure components could be provided with an improved system for readily accommodating the assembly of the components during manufacture of the closure. Also, it would be desirable if such an improved closure could be provided with a design that would accommodate efficient, high quality, large volume manufacturing techniques with a reduced product reject rate. Further, such an improved closure should advantageously accommodate its use with a variety of conventional containers having a variety of conventional container finishes, such as conventional threaded or snap-fit attachment configurations. The present invention provides an improved closure which can accommodate designs having the above-discussed benefits and features. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the present invention, an improved dispensing closure is provided for an opening to a container interior. The closure employs a dispensing valve. Depending upon the application, the closure may also include a lid. The dispensing closure is especially suitable for use in dispensing fine powder (e.g., body powder or cosmetic powder). The closure accommodates the dispensing of powder in desirable distribution patterns and at desirable mass flow rates or discharge quantities. The closure includes a base for mounting to the container around the container opening. A dispensing valve is disposed across the base. The dispensing valve defines an orifice which opens to permit flow therethrough in response to increased pressure within the container and closes to shut off flow therethrough upon removal of the increased pressure. A dispersion baffle on the base outwardly of the valve is provided for controlling the discharge characteristics. The baffle defines a plurality of dispensing apertures. In a preferred embodiment, the closure also includes a lid hinged for movement between a closed position covering the baffle and an open position in which the baffle is uncovered. Numerous other advantages and features of the present invention will become readily apparent from the following detailed description of the invention, from the claims, and from the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the accompanying drawings forming part of the specification, in which like numerals are employed to designate like parts throughout the same, FIG. 1 is a fragmentary, perspective view of a first embodiment of a closure of the present invention shown in place on a container; FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the slit valve removed from the closure illustrated in FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the valve shown in FIG. 2; FIG. 4 is a side elevational view of the valve shown in FIG. 2; FIG. 5 is a fragmentary, cross-sectional view taken generally along the plane 5--5 in FIG. 1, and FIG. 5 shows, in solid lines, the valve in a an open, dispensing position and shows, in dashed lines, the valve in a closed, non-dispensing position; FIG. 6 is a perspective view of another form of a slit valve that can be used in the closure of the present invention; FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view taken generally along the plane 7--7 in FIG. 6; FIG. 8 is a fragmentary, cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 5, but FIG. 8 illustrates a second embodiment of the closure of the present invention employing the modified form of the valve illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7; FIG. 9 is a fragmentary, cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 8, but FIG. 9 illustrates a third embodiment of the closure of the present invention wherein the third embodiment of the closure employs a valve of the type illustrated in FIGS. 2-4 and also employs a hinged lid; FIG. 10 is a fragmentary, cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 9, but FIG. 10 illustrates a fourth embodiment of the closure employing the valve illustrated in FIGS. 2-4; FIG. 11 is a fragmentary, cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 10, but FIG. 11 illustrates a fifth embodiment of the closure employing a cartridge assembly which includes the valve of the type shown in FIGS. 2-4; FIG. 12 is a plan view of the cartridge used in the fifth embodiment illustrated in FIG. 11; FIG. 13 is a side elevational view, partly in cross section, taken generally along the plane 13--13 in FIG. 12; FIG. 14 is a perspective view of the cartridge illustrated in FIGS. 12 and 13, but FIG. 14 shows the cartridge in an opened configuration prior to assembly with the valve and subsequent closing of the cartridge; FIG. 15 is a plan view of the cartridge shown in FIG. 14; and FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view taken generally along the plane 16--16 in FIG. 15. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS While this invention is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms, this specification and the accompanying drawings disclose only some specific forms as examples of the invention. The invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments so described, and the scope of the invention will be pointed out in the appended claims. For ease of description, the closure of this invention is described in various positions, and terms such as upper, lower, horizontal, etc., are used with reference to these positions. It will be understood, however, that the closure components may be manufactured and stored in orientations other than the ones described. With reference to the figures, a first embodiment of a closure of the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 1-5 and is represented generally in FIGS. 1 and 5 by reference numeral 40. The closure 40 is adapted to be disposed on a container, such as a container 42 (FIGS. 1 and 5) which has a conventional mouth or opening 39 formed by a neck 43 (FIG. 5) or other suitable structure. The neck 43 typically has (but need not have) a circular cross-sectional configuration, and the body of the container 42 may have another cross-sectional configuration, such as an oval cross-sectional shape, for example. The closure 40 may be fabricated from a thermoplastic material, or other materials, compatible with the container contents. The container 42 may be stored and used in the orientation shown in FIG. 1 wherein the closure 40 is at the top of the container 42. The container 42 may also be normally stored in an inverted position (not illustrated). When stored in the inverted position, the container 42 employs the closure 40 as a support base. The container 42 is a squeezable container having a flexible wall or walls which can be grasped by the user and compressed to increase the internal pressure within the container so as to squeeze the product out of the container through the closure (as explained in detail hereinafter). The container wall typically has sufficient, inherent resiliency so that when the squeezing forces are removed, the container wall returns to its normal, unstressed shape. The closure 40 includes a base 50, a dispersion baffle 41, and a valve 46. In the first embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 5, the body 50 includes an inner annular wall 52 which has a conventional thread 54 or other suitable means (e.g., a conventional snap-fit bead (not illustrated)) for engaging suitable cooperating means, such as a thread 55 on the container neck 43 (FIG. 5) to secure the closure base 50 to the container 42. Near the top of the annular inner wall 52, the closure base 50 has a transverse deck 56 which extends over the upper, distal end of the container neck 43. The deck 56 has a downwardly extending, annular, flexible seal 58 which is received against the inner edge of the container neck 43 in the container neck opening 41 so as to provide a leak-tight seal between the closure body deck 56 and the container neck 43. As illustrated in FIG. 5, the closure body deck 56 defines a discharge aperture 60 over the container neck opening 39. A collar 62 projects upwardly from the closure body deck 56 around the discharge aperture 60. A larger diameter, annular sleeve 64 is disposed outwardly of the collar 62 and projects upwardly from the body deck 56. The sleeve 64 defines an inwardly open, annular groove 66. In the preferred form of the valve 46 illustrated, the valve 46 is of a known design employing a flexible, resilient material, which can open to dispense product. The valve 46 is preferably fabricated from thermosetting elastomeric materials such as silicone, natural rubber, and the like. It is also contemplated that the valve 46 may be fabricated from thermoplastic elastomers based upon materials such as thermoplastic propylene, ethylene, urethane, and styrene, including their halogenated counterparts. A valve which is similar to, and functionally analogous to, valve 46 is disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,439,143. However, the valve 46 has a peripheral flange structure (described in detail hereinafter) which differs from the flange structure of the valve shown in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,439,143. The description of the valve disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,439,143 is incorporated herein by reference to the extent pertinent and to the extent not inconsistent herewith. As illustrated in FIGS. 2-5, the valve 46 includes a flexible, central wall 96 which has an outwardly concave configuration and which defines at least one, and preferably two, dispensing slits 98 extending through the central wall 96. A preferred form of the valve 46 has two, mutually perpendicular, intersecting slits 98 of equal length. The intersecting slits 98 define four, generally sector-shaped, flaps or petals in the concave, central wall 96. As shown in FIG. 5, the flaps open outwardly from the intersection point of the slits 98 in response to increasing pressure of sufficient magnitude in the well-known manner described in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,439,143. The valve 46 includes a skirt 100 (FIGS. 2 and 5) which extends outwardly from the valve central wall 96. At the outer (upper) end of the skirt 100 there is a thin, annular flange 102 (FIGS. 2, 3, and 5) which extends peripherally from the skirt 100 in a downwardly angled orientation. The thin flange 102 terminates in an enlarged, much thicker, peripheral flange 104 which has a generally dovetail shaped transverse cross section. To accommodate the seating of the valve 46 in the closure 40, the underside of the baffle 41 defines an annular, downwardly facing, angled clamping surface 106 for engaging the top of the valve flange 104. The bottom of the valve flange 104 is engaged by an annular shoulder in the base deck 56 which defines an upwardly angled annular seating surface 108. The spacing between the deck clamping surface 106 and the deck seating surface 108 increases with increasing radial distance from the center of the valve 46. Such a configuration defines an annular cavity with a transverse cross section having a dovetail shape which generally conforms to the cross-sectional shape of the valve flange 104. This clamping arrangement securely holds the valve 46 in the closure 40 without requiring special internal support structures or bearing members adjacent the interior surface of the valve cylindrical skirt 100. This permits the region adjacent the valve skirt 100 to be substantially open, free, and clear so as to accommodate movement of the valve skirt 100. When the valve 46 is properly mounted in the closed condition within the closure 40 as illustrated in dashed lines in FIG. 5, the valve 46 is recessed relative to the top of the base 50. However, when the container 42 is squeezed to dispense the contents through the valve 46 (as described in detail in U. S. Pat. No. 5,439,143), then the valve central wall 96 is forced outwardly from its recessed position as illustrated in solid lines in FIG. 5. The baffle 41 extends over the valve 46. The baffle 41 includes a peripheral mounting flange 114 which is received between the base inner collar 62 and the base outer sleeve 64 as illustrated in FIG. 5. The baffle flange 114 includes an outwardly projecting, annular bead 116 which is received within the annular groove 66 defined in the base sleeve 64. Preferably, the baffle bead 116 and the base groove 66 define a conventional snap-fit engagement for retaining the baffle 41 in position in the base 50 over the valve 46. The snap-fit engagement between the base 50 and baffle 41 maintains the valve flange 104 in a leak-tight clamping engagement between the base 50 and the baffle 41 as illustrated in FIG. 5. In the first embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 5, the baffle 41 includes an annular lower deck 118 extending inwardly from the baffle mounting flange 114. The baffle 41 further includes an annular wall 120 extending upwardly from the deck 118 to provide an internal space for accommodating movement of the valve 46 from the retracted, closed position (illustrated in dashed lines in FIG. 5) to the extended, open position (illustrated in solid lines in FIG. 5). The baffle annular wall 120 terminates at its upper end in a transverse cross wall or outer baffle plate 122. The outer baffle plate 122 defines a plurality of dispensing openings or apertures 124 which are, in the preferred arrangement illustrated, located on a circular locus around a solid, central portion of the outer baffle plate 122. Preferably, the base 50, valve 46, and baffle 41 each have a generally circular configuration and are aligned along a common longitudinal axis as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 5. The intersection of the valve slits 98 lies on the longitudinal axis in registry with the center of the circular locus of the baffle apertures 124. The unapertured central portion of the baffle plate 122 within the circular array of apertures 124 has a diameter that is greater than the length of each of the valve slits 98. In use, the container 42 is squeezed to increase the pressure within the container 42 above ambient. This forces the product within the container 42 toward the valve 46 and forces the valve 46 from the recessed or retracted position (illustrated in dashed lines in FIG. 5) to the extended, open position (illustrated in solid lines in FIG. 5). When the valve 46 is subjected to an increased container pressure to open the valve, the valve central wall 96 (which contains the slits 98) is displaced outwardly while still maintaining its generally concave configuration. The outward displacement of the concave, central wall 96 is accommodated by the relatively, thin, flexible, skirt 100. The skirt 100 moves from a closed, rest position to the pressurized position wherein the skirt is projecting outwardly toward the outer baffle plate 122. The valve 46 does not open (i.e., the slits do not open) until the valve central wall 96 has moved substantially all the way to a fully extended position. Indeed, as the valve central wall 96 moves outwardly, the valve central wall 96 is subjected to radially inwardly directed compression forces which tend to further resist opening of the slits 98. Further, the valve central wall 96 generally retains its outwardly concave configuration as it moves forward and even after it reaches the fully extended position. However, if the internal pressure is sufficiently great, then the slits 96 of the valve 46 begin to open to dispense product as illustrated in FIG. 5. The product is expelled or discharged through the open slits 98. The product, which may be a liquid or a powder, is forced against the inner surface of the outer baffle plate 122 and also through the apertures 124. Some of the discharging product that initially impinges upon the inner surface of the outer baffle plate 122 is forced radially outwardly and then through the apertures 124. Even when the discharging product is a fine powder, the combination of the valve 46 and baffle 42 provides a desirable discharge pattern and discharge quantity. A desirable dispersion pattern of the fine powder is achieved. In contrast, it has been found that when the baffle 41 is omitted from the closure, the discharge of certain kinds of fine power through the valve 46 can result in a less desirable discharge. In particular, the fine powder tends to discharge in a stream that moves at too high of a velocity and does not spread out into a desirable pattern. The impact of such a discharging particulate stream (on the user's hand, for example) is undesirably high, and the quantity of product discharged may be too large. It has been found that the combination of the baffle 41 with the valve 46 reduces the mass flow rate and provides a desirable discharge pattern. The size, shape, number, and pattern of the apertures 124 can be varied as may be desired depending upon the characteristics of the product being dispensed, depending upon the dispensing characteristics of the valve 46, and depending upon the mass flow rate of product that is desired. The initial velocity and volume of product discharging from the valve 46 is generally controlled by the design characteristics of the valve and, of course, by the magnitude of the squeezing force and rate of application of squeezing force to which the container 52 is subjected. A second embodiment of a closure of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 8 and is represented generally in FIG. 8 by reference numeral 40A. The closure 40A is adapted to be disposed on a container 42A, and the container 42A may be identical with the flexible container 42 illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 5 and described in detail above. As with the first embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-5, the second embodiment closure and container may be stored and used in the orientation wherein the closure 40A is at the top of the container. The container 42A may also be normally stored in an inverted position (not illustrated). When stored in the inverted position, the container would employ the closure 40A as a support base. The closure 40A includes a baffle 41A, valve 46A, and base 50A. The closure base 50A may be substantially identical with the base 50 described above with reference to the first embodiment of the closure 40 illustrated in FIGS. 1-5. The valve 46A is separately illustrated in FIGS. 6 and 7. The valve 46A is generally similar to the valve 70 illustrated in FIGS. 1-5 of the U.S. Pat. No. 5,271,531. The description of that valve disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,271,531 is incorporated herein by reference thereto to the extent pertinent and to the extent not inconsistent herewith. The valve 46A includes a flexible, central wall 96A which has an outwardly concave configuration and which defines at least one, and preferably two, dispensing slits 98A extending through the central wall 96A. The valve 46A includes a skirt 100A which extends downwardly from the wall 96A. At the bottom of the skirt 100A, there is a peripheral flange 104A which has a generally dovetail-shaped, transverse cross section. The valve 46A is mounted within the closure 40A in a generally opposite orientation compared to the mounting of the valve 46 in the first embodiment of the closure illustrated in FIG. 5. That is, with reference to FIG. 8, the valve 46A has a normal, closed condition wherein the valve is positioned generally at the upper end of the base 50A. The valve 46A does not have a recessed or retracted orientation corresponding to the recessed orientation of the first embodiment valve 46 illustrated in dashed lines in FIG. 5. The valve 46A is, however, clamped within the closure in substantially the same manner that the first embodiment valve 46 is clamped within the closure 50 as described above with reference to FIG. 5. The closure baffle 41A is generally similar to the first embodiment baffle 41 described above with reference to the closure 40 illustrated in FIGS. 1-5. However, the baffle 41A is shorter. That is, the baffle 41A does not project upwardly above the container as high as does the first embodiment baffle 41. The baffle 41A can be shorter because the valve 46A, when it opens (as illustrated in FIG. 8), does not project upwardly as far as does the open valve 46 (FIG. 5). The baffle 41A is maintained in a snap-fit engagement with the base 50A, and the baffle 41A defines a plurality of discharge apertures 124A in an outer baffle plate 122A. The valve 46A and baffle 41A cooperatively function to provide desirable dispensing characteristics with respect to the product, whether it be liquid or powder, in substantially the same manner as described above with reference to the first embodiment of the closure 40 illustrated in FIGS. 1-5. Other types of valves, similar to, or different from, the valves 46 and 46A, may also be employed in the closure of the present invention. However, the flexible, slit-type valves 46 and 46A described above have been found to function particularly well with the baffle (41 or 42A) for dispensing product, especially fine powder. A third embodiment of closure of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 9 and is represented generally in FIG. 9 by reference numeral 40B. The closure 40B includes a base 50B for being mounted to a container 42B and for supporting a valve 46B in clamping engagement by means of a baffle 41B. In the third embodiment illustrated in FIG. 9, the container 42B, base 50B, baffle 41B, and valve 46B each have structures which are substantially identical with the corresponding structures 42, 50, 41, and 46 described above with reference to the first embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-5. The third embodiment of the closure 40B differs only in the addition of a cap or lid 128B. The lid 128B is preferably molded as a unitary part of the base 50B and is hingedly connected thereto with a flexible hinge strap 130B. The lid 128B includes an inner, annular seal wall 132B with an inwardly projecting seal bead 134B for engaging the exterior surface of the baffle 41B outwardly of the baffle dispensing apertures 124B. Thus, should the container 42B be accidentally squeezed or impacted with sufficient force to effect opening of the flexible valve 46B, the product will be retained within the lid 128B. When it is desired to dispense product from the container 42B, the lid 128B is lifted upwardly and pivoted about the hinge 130B to an open position. If desired the closure may employ a suitable snap-action, bistable hinge that has a self-maintaining, stable, open position. In some applications, it may be preferable to provide the lid 128B as a separate, movable component that is not directly attached as unitary part of the closure base 50B. A fourth embodiment of the closure of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 10 and is represented generally in FIG. 10 by reference numeral 40C. The closure 40C includes a base 50C for being mounted to a container 42C and for supporting flange 104C of a valve 46C in clamping engagement by means of a baffle 41C which has dispensing apertures 124C. The valve 46C is identical with, and functions in the same manner as, the first embodiment valve 46 described above with reference to FIGS. 1-5. In the fourth embodiment illustrated in FIG. 10, the baffle 41C is molded as a unitary part of the closure base 50C. Because the baffle 41C is a unitary part of the base 50C, no snap-fit engagement is required to hold a separate baffle on the closure base. In particular, as illustrated in FIG. 10, the closure base 50C includes an upwardly extending wall 64C which is connected in a unitary manner with an annular deck 118C forming the lower part of the baffle 41C. The portion of the baffle 41C extending upwardly from the deck 118C is substantially identical with the corresponding upper portion of the first embodiment baffle 41 described above with reference to FIGS. 1-5. Because the baffle 41C is formed as a unitary part of the closure base 50C, means must be provided for accommodating assembly of the components, and in particular, for accommodating placement of the valve 46C. To this end, the valve 46C is maintained in position by means of a separate body 140C which clamps the valve 46C against the baffle 41C. In particular, the body 140C defines a downwardly extending, annular, flexible seal 58C which is generally analogous to the seal 58 described above with reference to the first embodiment closure illustrated in FIGS. 1-5. The seal 58C is received against the upper inner edge of the container 42C to provide a leak-tight seal. The closure body 140C also has a deck 56C which defines a discharge aperture 60C over the container opening. The upper surface of the deck 56C defines an upwardly angled, annular seating surface 108C for engaging the peripheral flange 104C of the valve 46C and clamping the flange 104C tight against an annular, downwardly facing, angled clamping surface 106C defined by the baffle 41C. The body 140C includes an upwardly extending annular wall 62C having a radially outwardly projecting rim 144C which is received in an annular recess 146C defined on the inside surface of the base upper wall 64C. The rim 144C engages an annular bead 148C which projects inwardly from the base wall 64C below the recess 146C. A snap-fit engagement is effected between the body rim 144C and the base bead 148C to securely hold the body 140C in place and in clamping engagement with the valve 46C. The baffle 41C, although it is unitary with the upper end of the face 50C, defines a plurality of dispensing apertures 124C which function in a manner substantially identical with that described above for the first embodiment baffle apertures 124 illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 5. A fifth embodiment of closure of the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 11-16 and is represented generally in FIG. 11 by reference numeral 40D. The closure 40D includes a base 50D for being mounted to a container 42D and for supporting a valve 46D, valve support body 140D, and a baffle 41D. In the fifth embodiment illustrated in FIG. 11, the container 42D, base 50D, baffle 41D, and valve 46D each have structures which are generally similar to the corresponding structures 42, 50, 41, and 46 described above with reference to the first embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-5. The fifth embodiment of the closure 40D differs primarily in that the inner support for the valve 46D is provided separately from the base 50D in the form of the body 140D which together with the baffle 41D and valve 46D defines a cartridge. The base 50D has an upper annular wall 64D defining an inwardly open, annular groove 66D. An annular flange 60D extends inwardly from the annular wall 64D below the groove 66D and above the upper end of the container 42D. The inner end of the flange 60D defines an annular bead 61D. The above-described structure of the upper portion of the base 50D is adapted to receive and retain the valve support body 140D, baffle 41D, and valve 46D clamped between the body 140D and baffle 41D. Together, the body 140D, valve 46D, and baffle 41D define a standardized cartridge. As illustrated in FIGS. 14-16, the body 140D and baffle 41D of the cartridge are initially fabricated in an "open" condition in which the body 140D and baffle 41D are molded as a unitary structure. In the preferred embodiment illustrated, the body 140D and 41D are molded together from a suitable thermoplastic material as a unitary structure with a hinge 130D (FIGS. 15 and 16) extending between, and connecting, the body 140D and baffle 41D. The baffle 41D is molded with a central, upper baffle plate 122 having a plurality of dispensing apertures 124D in a circular locus. The cartridge also includes the flexible, resilient, slit-type dispensing valve 46D (FIG. 11) which is mounted in the body 140D and retained therein by the baffle 41D when the cartridge is in the closed configuration (FIGS. 11 and 13). The valve 46D is identical with the first embodiment valve 46 described above with reference to FIGS. 1-5. The valve 46D includes a skirt 100D and a peripheral flange 104D which has a generally dovetail shape transverse cross section. The valve 46D is disposed in the cartridge body 140D and is clamped therein by the baffle 41D which is closed over the top of the valve 46D to form the fully assembled cartridge as shown in FIGS. 11-13. To accommodate the seating of the valve 46D in the cartridge, the underside of the cartridge baffle 41D defines an annular, downwardly facing, angled clamping surface 106D (FIGS. 11 and 16) for engaging the top of the valve flange 104D. The bottom of the valve flange 104D is engaged by an annular shoulder in the body 140D which defines an upwardly angled seating surface 108D (FIGS. 11 and 16). The spacing between the clamping and seating surfaces 106D and 108D, respectively, increases with increasing radial distance from the center. Such a configuration defines a cavity with a transverse cross section having a dovetail shape which generally conforms to the shape of the valve flange 104D. This clamping arrangement securely holds the valve 46D in the cartridge body 140D without requiring special internal support structures or bearing members adjacent the skirt 100D. This permits the region adjacent the valve skirt 100D to be substantially open, free, and clear so as to accommodate movement of the valve skirt 100D. When the valve 46D is properly mounted within the body 140D as illustrated in FIG. 15, the valve 46D is recessed relative to the top part of the cartridge baffle 41D. This affords substantial room for the valve 46D to articulate upwardly to the open, dispensing position (analogous to the open position of the valve 46 in FIG. 5). As explained previously with respect to the first embodiment of the closure 40 illustrated in FIGS. 1-5, when the product is dispensed through the valve 46D, the valve is displaced outwardly from the recessed position. The cartridge body 140D and baffle 41D have exterior configurations permitting the baffle and body to be held together in the closed configuration (FIGS. 11-13). In particular, the body 140D has an annular bead 144D (FIG. 18) extending around the periphery of the upper edge of the body (except at the hinge 130D where the bead 144D is interrupted). The baffle 41D defines an annular groove 146D and bead 148D (FIGS. 11, 13, and 16) for receiving the body bead 144D in a snap-fit engagement when the baffle 41D is closed over the installed valve 46D. The closed cartridge (comprising the body 140D, baffle 41D, and valve 46D) is adapted to be engaged with the closure base 50D. To this end, the baffle 41D has an outwardly projecting, annular bead 116D (FIGS. 11-15) for being received in the base groove 66D (FIG. 11) in a snap-action engagement. The body 140D includes an annular seal wall 58D for sealing against the inner edge of the container 42D. The product within the container 42D can be dispensed from the container 42D by squeezing the container sufficiently to force the product through the valve 46D. Typically, this is effected by first inverting or tilting the container 42D so that the valve 46D is oriented to discharge generally downwardly. Typically, the product within the container flows downwardly, under the influence of gravity, and fills the container neck region. The product flows against the inside of the valve 46D. The valve 46D is preferably designed so that the weight of the product will not deflect the valve outwardly under normal, static conditions. However, if the internal pressure within the containers is increased sufficiently by squeezing the container, then the increased pressure (which could also include the weight of the liquid within the container if the container was inverted) will deflect the valve central wall outwardly and open the valve. A variety of different sizes and shapes of containers can be readily provided with a closure 40D having a standardized cartridge. The cartridge, including the valve 46D, can be provided in one, universal design having a standard shape and standard dimensions. The inside of the closure base 50D can be provided with a receiving region of a standard shape and size for the standard cartridge. Thus, only the skirt of the base 50D need be changed as necessary to accommodate a container neck having a particular size and shape. (The seal wall 58D could be omitted in appropriate applications so that a standard, small diameter cartridge (comprising the body 140D, valve 46D, and baffle 41D) could fit in a variety of larger necks of different containers.) Further, the use of a standard cartridge with a standard valve permits the use of a single manufacturing process to assemble the valve in the cartridge. The cartridge can thereafter be readily handled at a high rate of speed by automatic machinery which installs the cartridge in the closure base 50D. This eliminates the need for directly handling a small, flexible valve during installation in a larger closure base 50D. The use of a unitary cartridge (which includes the unitary body, hinge, and baffle and the separate valve) minimizes the number of separate parts that must be handled. Further, the snap-engagement of the cartridge baffle 41D with the cartridge body 140D permits a relatively rapid and efficient assembly process for capturing the valve 46D. Subsequently, the snap-fit engagement of the cartridge in the closure base 50D accommodates relatively high speed production with a minimum product reject rate. Further, the use of a separate cartridge easily accommodates the creation of a multi-color closure. The cartridge can be fabricated in one color, and the closure housing can be molded in another color. If desired, the cartridge baffle 41D or the base 50D could be provided with a hinged lid or cap (not illustrated) similar to the lid 128B shown in FIG. 9. Alternatively, a separate, completely removable lid could be provided. It will be readily observed from the foregoing detailed description of the invention and from the illustrations thereof that numerous other variations and modifications may be effected without departing from the true spirit and scope of the novel concepts or principles of this invention.	A closure is provided for a container having an opening. The closure includes a base for mounting to the container around the opening. A dispensing valve is disposed across the base and defines an orifice which opens to permit flow therethrough in response to increased pressure within the container and closes to shut off flow therethrough upon removal of the increased pressure. A dispersion baffle is included on the base outwardly of the valve. The baffle defines a plurality of dispensing apertures.	1
FIELD [0001] The present invention relates to devices and methods for controlling solar radiation and more particularly, to shades and reflectors for controlling and redirecting sunlight that enters a building through a window or other feature of a building that admits sunlight to the interior of the building. BACKGROUND [0002] Sunlight that enters a building frequently has beneficial lighting and heating effects but can also be objectionable if it raises the temperature inside the building to an uncomfortable level, causes sun damage to building contents or creates excessively bright or uneven illumination or glare. From the energy efficiency perspective, sunlight has the capacity to decrease energy usage by providing natural heat and light, thereby diminishing the need for energy-consuming artificial heating and lighting. In hot climates, however, solar radiation may produce unwanted heat that places additional demands on air conditioning equipment to reduce indoor temperatures. Furthermore, sunlight is sometimes too intense, e.g., to use for illumination of reading materials, and focused in areas of a building that are not optimal or useable due to position or concentration of the solar radiation. Indoor and outdoor shades of various kinds are known which block sunlight in whole or part to control the amount of solar radiation that enters a building. Apparatus are also known for use in redirecting light from its natural path, e.g., to illuminate areas of a building that would otherwise not be illuminated in the same manner by the incoming solar radiation. Notwithstanding the existence of known types of shades and light reflectors, alternative apparatus for controlling sunlight remain desirable. SUMMARY [0003] The disclosed subject matter relates to a light shelf for controlling solar radiation that impinges on a building. The light shelf has a panel capable of interacting with light, a stationary mounting element capable of occupying a fixed position relative to the building, and a moveable mounting element capable of coupling to the stationary mounting element and the panel and moveable between a plurality of positions relative to the stationary mounting element for selectively supporting the panel at a plurality of positions relative to the building. [0004] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, the stationary mounting element includes a track along which the moveable element moves. [0005] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, the moveable element includes a bracket moveable on the track and a retaining element capable of retaining the bracket at a selected one of the plurality of positions. [0006] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, the stationary mounting element includes a plurality of tracks and the moveable element includes a pair of brackets, each bracket of the pair moveable along a corresponding one of the plurality of tracks. [0007] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, each bracket of the pair of brackets is separately moveable relative to the other bracket of the pair. [0008] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, at least one of the brackets includes a pivot coupling interposed between the panel and the corresponding track allowing the panel supported by the at least one bracket to tilt. [0009] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, the panel tilts on the pivot coupling when one of the brackets of the pair is positioned at a higher elevation relative to the other bracket of the pair. [0010] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, both brackets of the pair of brackets has a pivot coupling. [0011] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, the pair of brackets may be moved conjointly on corresponding tracks of the plurality of tracks to selectively position the panel at one of a plurality of elevations relative to the building. [0012] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, the brackets are moveable relative the tracks by a motor. [0013] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, the brackets are moveable relative the tracks manually. [0014] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, the panel includes a plurality of panel elements, at least one panel element moveable relative to another of the panel elements between at least first and second positions, the plurality of panel elements conjointly defining the dimensional extent of the light shelf. [0015] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, the plurality of panel elements have a flat, planar configuration, the at least one moveable panel element stacked in parallel and moving parallel to the another of the panel elements when moving from the first position to the second position. [0016] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, the first position is a retracted position and the second position is a deployed position, the retracted position resulting in the light shelf having a smaller dimensional extent relative to the dimensional extent in the deployed position. [0017] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, the another of the panel elements has an internal hollow at least partially accommodating the at least one moveable panel element, which telescopes into and out of the another panel element to move between the retracted and deployed positions. [0018] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, the movement of the at least one moveable panel element is by a motor. [0019] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, the movement of the at least one moveable panel element is manual. [0020] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, the retainer element is at least one of a clamp, a pin and detent, a screw drive, a pinion gear and a motor. [0021] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, coupling of the moveable mounting element to the panel selectively permits the panel to be positioned at a selected side-to-side off-set relative to the stationary element. [0022] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, a light shelf for controlling solar radiation that impinges on a building, has a panel capable of interacting with light, the panel including a plurality of panel elements, at least one panel element moveable relative to another of the panel elements between at least first and second positions, the plurality of panel elements conjointly defining the dimensional extent of the light shelf. The light shelf has a stationary mounting element capable of occupying a fixed position relative to the building, and a moveable mounting element capable of coupling to the stationary mounting element and the panel and is moveable between a plurality of positions relative to the stationary mounting element for selectively supporting the panel at a plurality of positions relative to the building. [0023] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, the stationary mounting element includes a pair of tracks and the moveable element includes a pair of brackets, each bracket of the pair moveable along a corresponding one of the pair of tracks and capable of engaging the track at a plurality of positions to retain the bracket at a selected one of the plurality of positions, each bracket of the pair of brackets capable of moving separately relative to the other bracket of the pair, at least one of the brackets including a pivot coupling interposed between the panel and the corresponding track allowing the panel supported by the at least one bracket to tilt. [0024] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, the plurality of panel elements have a flat, planar configuration, the moveable panel element stacked and moving in parallel to another panel element when moving from the first position to the second position, the first position being a retracted position and the second position a deployed position, the retracted position resulting in the light shelf having a smaller dimensional extent relative to the dimensional extent in the deployed position, the another panel element having an internal hollow at least partially accommodating the moveable panel element, the moveable panel element telescoping into and out of the hollow between the retracted and deployed positions. [0025] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, the light shelf has a pair of opposed frame elements, each of which have at least one slot, the moveable panel element capable of being slideably received in the at least one slot of opposed frame elements and of moving from the first position to the second position, the first position being a retracted position and the second position a deployed position, the retracted position resulting in the light shelf having a smaller dimensional extent relative to the dimensional extent in the deployed position, the another panel element being held between the opposed frame elements. [0026] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, the light shelf has a pair of opposed frame elements, each having a pair of rotatable pulleys and a belt mounted on the pair of pulleys, wherein the moveable panel element is attached at one end to a first belt of the pair of belts and attached at another end to a second belt of the pair of belts and wherein the another panel element is attached at one end to a first belt of the pair of belts and attached at another end to a second belt of the pair of belts, the attachment of the moveable panel element to the pair of belts being offset from the attachment of the another panel element to the pair of belts, the belts being moveable on the pulleys to move the moveable panel element and the another panel element relative to one another to change a dimensional extent of the light shelf relative to the solar radiation. [0027] In accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, the light shelf has a motor for adjusting at least one of the position and conformation of the light shelf and a sensor for sensing at least one of the ambient brightness and temperature, a microprocessor coupled to the sensor to receive data generated by the sensor, the microprocessor programmed to respond to the data by generating control signals to the motor to cause the light shelf to adjust. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0028] For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is made to the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. [0029] FIGS. 1-4 are perspective views of a light shelf in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure and in a variety of positions. [0030] FIGS. 5-7 are diagrams illustrating selected positions of the light shelf of FIGS. 1-4 and the interaction of same with solar radiation/light. [0031] FIG. 8 is an enlarged perspective view of the light shelf of FIG. 4 . [0032] FIG. 9 is an elevational view of a bracket and track in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. [0033] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 9 taken along lines 10 - 10 and looking in the direction of the arrows. [0034] FIG. 11 is an elevational view of a bracket and track in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure. [0035] FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 11 taken along lines 10 - 10 and looking in the direction of the arrows. [0036] FIG. 13 is an elevational view of a bracket and track in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure. [0037] FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 13 taken along lines 10 - 10 and looking in the direction of the arrows. [0038] FIG. 15 is an elevational view of a bracket and track in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure. [0039] FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 15 taken along lines 10 - 10 and looking in the direction of the arrows. [0040] FIG. 17 is an elevational view of a bracket and track in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure. [0041] FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of the apparatus of FIG. 17 taken along lines 10 - 10 and looking in the direction of the arrows. [0042] FIG. 19 is front view of a deployment mechanism in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. [0043] FIGS. 20 and 21 are side views of the apparatus of FIG. 19 showing the deployed and retracted positions, respectively. [0044] FIG. 22 is a perspective view of a light shelf in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure. [0045] FIG. 23 is a sequence of schematic side views of the apparatus of FIG. 22 in two different positions. [0046] FIG. 24 is a perspective view of a light shelf in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure. [0047] FIG. 25 is a sequence of schematic side views of the apparatus of FIG. 24 in two different positions. [0048] FIG. 26 is a diagram of components for controlling a light shelf in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS [0049] FIG. 1 shows a light shelf 10 with a first panel 12 positioned relative to window frame 14 for controlling solar radiation that passes through window 16 . The window frame 14 may be provided with a pair of tracks 18 , 20 for adjustably supporting brackets 22 , 24 that hold the first panel 12 in a selected position. The support brackets 22 , 24 may engage the tracks 18 , 20 via manually actuated clamps, detents, friction locks or slide locks. Alternatively, the brackets 22 , 24 may have associated motors with pinion gears for engaging a rack gear parallel with the tracks 18 , 20 . Alternatively, the brackets 22 , 24 may be positioned by rotatable helices (screw) drives provided within tracks 18 , 20 . In this later case, the brackets 18 , 20 may be provided with apertures or forks that engage the helices, such that rotating a helix in a first direction results in the associated bracket going up and going down when the helix is turned in the other direction. As another alternative, the brackets 22 , 24 may be moved by a linear motor. The brackets 22 , 24 may be independently moved and may be moved in the same direction or opposite directions relative to the other. [0050] FIG. 1 shows that the first panel 12 may be positioned at a first height H 1 relative to the bottom of the window frame 14 . FIG. 2 shows that the first panel 12 may be lowered to another height H 2 , or positioned at any other selected height relative to window 16 , in order to change the shading provided, to position the first panel 12 to be exposed to more or less solar radiation R, or to adjust the angle of reflection of the solar radiation RR reflected from the light shelf 12 (see FIGS. 5 and 6 ). The supporting brackets 22 , 24 may feature pivot mounts 26 that enable the angular orientation of the first panel 12 to be adjusted, e.g., by positioning the supporting brackets 22 , 24 at different heights on tracks 18 , 20 , as shown in FIG. 3 , which shows a tilt angle A relative to the horizontal. As shown in FIG. 2 , the first panel 12 may be held on one side to the bracket 24 by a capped pin 30 extending from an upper surface 32 of bracket 24 , the cap of which is captured in a slotted plate 34 attached to the bottom surface of the first panel 12 . This type of connection allows the first panel 12 to slide relative to the bracket 24 to assume different angles A and to accommodate the associated different distances between brackets 22 , 24 , when the panel 12 is moved to different angular orientations relative to the horizontal. This type of sliding connection may also be implemented at the interface between the first panel 12 and the bracket 22 . As a further alternative, the side-to-side sliding position of the panel 12 relative to the brackets 22 , 24 may be controlled by a manual or motor-driven gear train, which can be used to position the panel 12 at a desired offset relative to the window frame 14 , as shown in dotted lines. The panel 12 may be extended sideways to different extents and in both directions. While the foregoing embodiment has been explained in terms of an apparatus utilizing a window frame 14 having tracks 18 , 20 , etc., it should be understood that the light shelf 10 may constitute an assembly, e.g., having a frame like 14 and/or tracks 18 , 20 that is retrofitable to an existing window frame, wall or other structural surface or member proximate an opening in a structure/building that admits light into the structure, e.g., by fastening the light shelf 10 by screws, bolts, welding, adhesives, etc. [0051] FIG. 3 illustrates that the light shelf 10 may assume a tilted orientation relative to the horizontal, viz., at tilt angle A. Radiation R impinging upon the first panel 12 is reflected off at an angle RA as reflected radiation RR, i.e., towards one side or the other of the window 16 , as determined by the angle A. [0052] FIGS. 4 and 8 show an embodiment of the present disclosure wherein the first panel 12 is hollow and accommodates a second panel 36 which telescopes into the hollow first panel 12 . The degree of deployment of the second panel 36 from the first panel 12 may be variable and/or controlled by an electric motor, e.g., acting through a rack and pinion, or by a spring which urges the second panel 36 to a deployed position and which acts against a control cord wound on a motor-driven take-up spool or other conventional motor/actuator positioning mechanisms. In the instance of a second panel 36 that is resiliently urged to a deployed position, the second panel 36 , can absorb force that is exerted thereon, e.g., by a person or object that inadvertently bumps into the second panel 36 without breaking The first and second panels 12 , 36 may be made from metal, such as aluminum, or from plastics, such as a polypropylene honeycomb panel or a multiwall polycarbonate panel with aluminum or mylar skin on the reflective surface. [0053] FIG. 5 diagrammatically shows a building 38 having a window 16 (shown in dotted lines), with the sun S casting radiation R through the window 16 . Some of the solar radiation travels to bright area B 1 , which could be a floor, a desk or any other type of surface. Another portion of the radiation R is intercepted by first panel 12 of light shelf 10 (see FIGS. 1-4 ) at height H 3 relative to the floor and is at least partially reflected RR from the first panel 12 to an area W 1 on wall W, or if the room were larger, to area C 1 on ceiling C. The interception of light by first panel 12 results in a shaded area D 1 . The reflected light RR impacting W 1 or C 1 diffuses outwardly to a degree depending upon the type of surface at W 1 or C 1 , e.g., as defined by color and texture. Similarly, the surface of first panel 12 from which light is reflected impacts the direction and amount of light reflected there from. A light diffuser (not shown) such as a translucent panel or frosted glass pane may be interposed between the first panel 12 and the impact area W 1 or C 1 to diffuse the reflected light RR before it reaches the wall W or ceiling C. [0054] FIG. 6 shows the building 38 with window 16 and the sun S in the same position as in FIG. 5 , casting radiation R through the window 16 . The first panel 12 of light shelf 10 has been positioned at a different height H 4 relative to the floor, resulting in differently positioned and sized shaded area D 2 and bright area B 2 . The reflected light RR has a width X 1 and impacts the wall W at area W 2 , which is lower on the wall W than W 1 . As can be appreciated from FIGS. 5 and 6 , the adjustable light shelf 10 can be used to selectively control solar radiation to shade and illuminate different areas of a structure 38 having a window 16 using direct, reflected and diffused solar radiation. FIG. 7 shows the building 38 with window 16 and the sun S in the same position as in FIGS. 5 and 6 , casting radiation R through the window 16 . The first panel 12 of light shelf 10 is positioned at the same height H 4 relative to the floor, as in FIG. 6 . Second panel 36 has been deployed from the hollow of the first panel 12 , resulting in a larger shaded area D 3 and a smaller bright area B 3 than in FIG. 6 . The width X 2 of the reflected light RR is also larger, as is the impact area W 3 of reflected light. The position and state of deployment of light shelf 10 can be controlled manually, or driven by an electric motor controlled by an interface, such as a toggle switch. As a further alternative, an electrically driven system can be automated, i.e., controlled by a microcontroller, e.g., to automatically change the state/position of the light shelf 10 depending upon the changing position of the sun and/or depending upon empirically measured parameters, such as, the brightness of illumination and/or temperature within the structure 38 . [0055] FIGS. 9 and 10 show a bracket 122 having a pivot mount 126 that supports a panel 112 . The bracket 122 has a slot 140 that is shaped to mate with track 118 , such that the bracket 122 can be slid up and down on the track 118 to position the panel 112 at a selected height. The bracket 122 has a threaded aperture 142 that receives a threaded pin 144 . The threaded pin 144 can be screwed into the aperture 142 to bear against the track 118 to secure the bracket 122 at a given position relative to the track 118 . [0056] FIGS. 11 and 12 show a similar arrangement as that shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 , wherein a bracket 222 having a pivot mount 226 supports a panel 212 . The bracket 222 has a slot 240 that is shaped to mate with track 218 , such that the bracket 222 can be slid up and down on the track 218 to position the panel 212 at a selected height. The bracket 222 has a threaded aperture 242 that receives a threaded pin 244 . The threaded pin 244 can be screwed into the aperture 242 to bear against the track 118 to secure the bracket 222 at a given position relative to the track 218 . The track 218 is provided with a plurality of apertures 246 that may receive a portion of the threaded pin 244 to provide a mechanical overlap, preventing the bracket 222 from sliding on the track 218 . [0057] FIGS. 13 and 14 show a bracket 322 having a pivot mount 326 that supports a panel 312 . The bracket 322 has a slot 340 that is shaped to mate with track 318 , such that the bracket 322 can be slid up and down on the track 318 to position the panel 312 at a selected height. The bracket 322 has an aperture 342 that receives a slide pin 344 . The slide pin 344 can be pushed into the aperture 342 and into a selected, aligned aperture 346 to secure the bracket 322 at a given position relative to the track 318 . [0058] FIGS. 15 and 16 show a bracket 422 having a pivot mount 426 that supports a panel 412 . The bracket 422 has a slot 440 that is shaped to mate with track 418 , such that the bracket 422 can be slid up and down on the track 418 to position the panel 412 at a selected height. An electric motor 448 fastened to the bracket 422 has a pinion gear 450 that engages a rack 452 extending from the track 418 . Activation of the motor 448 causes the pinion gear 450 to engage the rack 452 raising or lowering the bracket 422 on the track 418 . A self-coiling electrical cord 454 may be used to supply electricity to the motor 448 . [0059] FIGS. 17 and 18 show a bracket 522 having a pivot mount 526 that supports a panel 512 . The bracket 522 has a threaded aperture 556 that threadedly receives a helix rod 558 which is selectively turned by a motor/reduction gear unit 560 . The helix rod 556 can be turned clockwise or counterclockwise causing the bracket 522 to move up and down, as desired. The proximity of the bracket 522 to the track 518 prevents the bracket 522 from rotating with the helix rod 556 . [0060] FIGS. 19-21 show a light shelf 610 having a bracket 622 with a pivot mount 626 that supports a hollow first panel 612 and a second panel 636 which telescopes into and out of the first panel 612 . A motor 662 with a pinion gear 664 is mounted to the underside of the first panel 612 , which has a slot 666 through which a rack 668 attached to the second panel 636 projects. The motor 662 and pinion gear 664 may have a housing 662 h (shown in dotted lines). The motor-driven pinion gear 664 engages the rack 668 to allow the second panel 636 to be deployed, as shown in FIG. 20 and retracted, as shown in FIG. 21 . As described above, the state of deployment of the second panel 636 may be used to control the amount of shade provided by the light shelf 610 . A light and/or temperature sensor 670 may be employed to monitor the sunlight impacting the first panel 612 and/or the temperature. The bracket 622 may be moved up and down a track 618 and held at a selected position, e.g., by one of the apparatus described above in relation to FIGS. 9-18 . [0061] FIGS. 22-23 show a light shelf 710 having a first panel 712 and a second panel 736 . A pair of brackets 722 with pivot mounts 726 (only one side shown) support a corresponding pair of spaced frame members 772 a, 772 b on which are mounted a plurality of rotatable pulleys 774 . As described above, e.g., in relation to FIGS. 1-21 , the brackets 722 may be mounted to tracks (not shown), like tracks 18 , 20 , 118 , etc., that allow positioning the brackets 722 at a selected position on the tracks 18 , 20 , 118 , etc. The first panel 712 and the second panel 736 are attached to a pair of belts 776 a, 776 b, which are installed on the pulleys 774 . As shown in FIG. 23 , the panels 712 , 736 may be moved relative to one another to provide greater or lesser shading by the light shelf 710 ′ (greater) 710 ″ (lesser). More particularly, when the panels 712 , 736 are brought more closely into alignment, lesser shading is experienced and vice versa. The position of the belts 776 a, 776 b and panels 712 , 736 may be controlled by a motor acting directly on a pulley 774 or on a belt, e.g., 776 a, e.g., via a friction wheel. [0062] FIGS. 24 and 25 show a light shelf 810 having a first panel 812 and a second panel 836 . A pair of brackets 822 with pivot mounts 826 (only one side shown) support a corresponding pair of spaced frame members 872 a, 872 b, each having a pair of slots 878 for slideably accommodating the first panel 812 and the second panel 836 . The brackets 822 may be mounted to tracks 818 , like tracks 18 , 20 , 118 , etc. described above, that allow positioning the brackets 822 at a selected position on the tracks 818 . The first panel 812 and the second panel 836 are supported in the slots 878 , one above the other, allowing each to be independently slid forward and backward. As shown in FIG. 25 , the panels 812 , 836 may be moved relative to one another to provide greater or lesser shading by the light shelf 810 ′ (greater) 810 ″ (lesser). More particularly, when the panels 812 , 836 are brought more closely into alignment, lesser shading is experienced and vice versa. The position of the panels 812 , 836 may be controlled by a motor or manually. While two panels 812 , 836 are shown, a greater number of panels 812 , 836 may be used and accommodated in corresponding slots 878 . [0063] FIG. 26 shows a control system for motorized embodiments of the light shelves described above that may be automated to respond to ambient conditions, e.g., light intensity/brightness of illumination and temperature. A light/heat sensor 980 can sense brightness/temperature and convey that information to microcontroller 982 . The microcontroller can be programmed to analyze the input data and produce responsive output to a motor 984 that moves the light shelf 910 thereby changing the surface area exposed to incoming light and the shade provided by the light shelf 910 . [0064] It will be understood that the embodiments described herein are merely exemplary and that a person skilled in the art may make many variations and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed subject matter. For example, while only one light shelf is shown in association with one window, a selected plurality of light shelves may be employed to control the light entering one or a plurality of windows. If a plurality of light shelves are employed they may be independently controlled or partially or completely coordinated, either electronically or by a mechanical linkage. All such variations and modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.	A light shelf for controlling solar radiation that impinges on a building has a panel with a pair of support brackets. The brackets run along tracks secured to the building and engage the tracks to assume a variety of elevations. The brackets can be moved independently, allowing the panel to be tilted and may have pivot joints to facilitate tilting. The panel may be mounted to the brackets in a way that allows the panel to translate horizontally. The panel may have a plurality of elements that can be adjusted to change the surface area and may be automated to respond to ambient conditions.	4
[0001] This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 12/322,091 filed Jan. 29, 2009 which claimed priority to U.S. provisional patent application No. 61/063,213 filed Jan. 31, 2008. application Ser. Nos. 12/322,091 and 61/063,213 are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety BACKGROUND [0002] 1. Field of the Invention [0003] The present invention relates generally to the field of metal electroplating and more particularly to a method and apparatus for nickel-chrome plating of parts with internal recesses. [0004] 2. Description of the Prior Art [0005] Steel parts may be plated to prevent corrosion and improve appearance. Commercial plating methods many times mount small parts on racks which act as electric cathodes that are passed through numerous electro-chemical plating steps. The parts are generally attached to the rack in a fixed position. This is accomplished by providing attachment points or fingers on the rack that engage the part. These attachment points have conductive tips that act as electrical contacts with the part and also act as mechanical springs to hold the part on the rack. The part can be mounted by pushing it onto one or more of such fingers that hold the part firmly while making good electrical contact into the metal of the part. Each rack may be designed and constructed specially to hold a part of specific size and shape. [0006] The loaded racks are then normally suspended from a rail on an automatic plating machine. This machine can have numerous cleaning, plating and rinsing stations. In the case of nickel-chrome plating, the machine usually has several cleaning stations, several nickel plating stations, a chrome plating station and several rinse stations. The parts may require several layers of nickel including a layer of anti-corrosion nickel and a layer of bright nickel as well as a layer of chromium. The loaded rack is generally moved down the rail above each station or tank. As each new station is encountered, the machine halts and lowers the rack into a tank containing an appropriate solution for that station. Stations where actual plating is performed have metal anodes of nickel or chromium in the tanks with the proper electrolyte for that plating step. As a loaded rack of parts is lowered into a plating tank plating begins since there is a voltage is applied between the rack (cathode) and the metal anode to effect plating through the electrolyte solution as is known in the art. The various solutions in the process can be agitated with a continuous flow of air or by mechanical stirring or by other methods. A typical setup has one or more cleaning tanks, four nickel plating tanks, chrome plating tanks and several rinse tanks. [0007] There are some parts that contain recessed cavities such as the type of lug nut that has internal threads. It is very desirable to be able to plate a thin layer on the inside of the part to prevent corrosion of the threads. Usually a plating thickness of around 1 micron on the threads can be sufficient. However, if a lug nut of this type is simply placed on a rack using a standard spring finger, it has been found that no plating takes place in the threaded cavity. It is believed that this is because the cavity forms a stagnant area in the electrolyte fluid which quickly depletes of metal ions causing the plating process to stop in the cavity. It would be advantageous to have a method and system for plating parts such as lug nuts with a recessed thread cavity. Various attempts have been made to solve this problem including air venting, turning the parts upside down, and tube venting. None of these methods have been found to work satisfactorily. [0008] Also, it has been found that even parts without recesses will not always plate at points where the holding fingers make contact. It would be advantageous to be able to plate parts with deep recesses and to prevent non-plated regions on parts where fingers or other electrodes attach. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0009] The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for plating parts like lug nuts that have both an easily plated outside surface and a recessed cavity using a standard multi-station plating process. The invention relates as well to a method and apparatus for preventing areas of electrode contact on a part from being non-plated. The present invention plates the part containing a cavity by changing the part vertical orientation from a position where the cavity is facing around 45 degrees down to a position where the cavity is facing around 45 degrees up and then back down at various times during the process. The changing of the part position is generally initiated when the rack, which itself moves along a track above the fluid tanks, encounters a roller. The roller causes a depression bar to activate a mechanical mechanism that changes the position of the part. Other embodiments of the present invention can also turn or rotate the part on an electrode finger as a roller is encountered to avoid non-plated regions on the part. [0010] A particular embodiment of the present invention uses a specially designed rack that can hold numerous parts to be plated at the 45 degree down angle (fill position) that can cause the parts to rotate to a 45 degree up position (drain position) and then back down again (fill position) as the rack passes between an arrangement of rollers along the track. The parts can generally all be in the fill position when immersed in cleaning, plating and rinsing solutions. Then, in the cleaning and rinsing stations, they can be shifted to the drain position after the rack is out of the liquid to drain the cavities. This draining prevents loss of liquid and minimizes liquid carry-over from station to station. In the actual plating stations, the parts generally enter the liquid in the fill position and are caused to move to the drain position and immediately back to the fill position several times under the liquid. This action causes the depleted electrolyte to be replaced in the cavity so that the process keeps enough ions in the cavity to plate to the desired thickness. DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES [0011] Attention is directed at several illustrations to better understand the present invention. [0012] FIG. 1 shows a back view perspective view of a rack designed to plate lug nuts. [0013] FIG. 2 shows a front view of the rack in FIG. 1 [0014] FIG. 3 shows a view of an embodiment of a rotating arm with one pair of fingers. [0015] FIG. 4 shows a side view of the arm and the fingers in both the up or drain position and the down or fill position. [0016] FIG. 5 shows some lug nuts mounted on pairs of fingers and several empty fingers. [0017] FIG. 6 shows a side view of the rack of FIG. 1 . [0018] FIG. 7 shows a close-up view of a rack in the drain position. [0019] FIG. 8 shows a back view close-up view of the actuation mechanism on the top of the rack of FIG. 1 . [0020] FIG. 9 shows overhead rollers located at cleaning and rinse stations. [0021] FIG. 10 shows fluid lever rollers located at plating stations. [0022] FIG. 11 shows schematically the motion of the rack mechanism past a roller. [0023] FIG. 12 A shows fingers in a different type of part. [0024] FIG. 12 B shows the part of FIG. 12A in a first position. [0025] FIG. 12 C shows the part of FIG. 12 A in a second rotated position. [0026] Several illustrations and drawings have been presented to aid in the understanding of the invention. The scope of the present invention is not limited to what is shown in the figures. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0027] The present invention relates to a method of plating that involves changing the position of a part containing an internal recess from a fill position to a drain position and back to a fill position while in a plating bath (changing the position with respect to the horizontal plane). The present invention also relates to an apparatus that is a specially designed rack that can hold numerous parts using electrical contact fingers known in the art. This special rack can cause the part to change position from an up or fill position to a down or drain position by depressing a actuator mechanism. Finally, the present invention relates to moving or rotating a part with respect to its electrodes so that plating occurs on the part in locations of finger or other electrode contact. [0028] Turning to FIGS. 1-2 , a rack frame 3 can be seen that holds a number of horizontal rack bars 1 . Each rack bar 1 contains several metal fingers 2 protruding outward. Each metal finger 2 is generally a mechanical spring and an electrical contact. Each rack bar 1 pivots on a bearing so that the fingers 2 can point forward and down around 45 degrees (fill position) and also forward and up around 45 degrees (drain position). Each finger 2 causes the part to become an electrical cathode in the plating process. To achieve electrical conductivity and to allow rotation of the rack bar 2 , an electrical wire or other connection 4 completes the circuit between the fingers 2 and the rack bar 1 . Above the rack frame 1 an actuation bar 7 is mounted so that pushing downward on it causes a pair of springs 6 to compress driving a mechanism that forces each rack bar 1 to rotate causing all of the fingers to pivot from the down or fill position to the up or drain position. A rack hook 9 allows the rack to hang on the rail during processing on the plating machine. Parts can be fitted onto the multiple fingers where they are firmly held for plating. [0029] FIGS. 3-4 show an embodiment of a mechanism by which the fingers 2 can be rotated from the down or fill position 2 b to the up or drain position 2 a . The rack bar 1 is free to rotate on pivot bearings on each end that are attached to the rack frame. A mechanism causes the rack bar 1 to rotate in such a way that the fingers 2 shown in FIG. 4 move from an approximately 45 degrees down position 2 b to an approximately 45 degrees up position 2 a. [0030] FIG. 5 shows a close-up view of several lug nuts 8 snapped onto pairs of fingers 2 . It can be seen that each finger pair 2 protrudes from the rack bar 1 . As previously stated, the fingers 2 form one of the electrical contacts in the plating process. The tank is the other contact. [0031] FIG. 6 shows a side view of the rack of FIG. 1 . Several lug nuts 8 have been inserted onto fingers and can be seen in the down or fill position. It is not necessary to use all of the fingers on the rack. The rack can be held to an overhead rail by a hook 9 . A depress mechanism 5 can be seen that causes the fingers 2 to rotate upward along with a pair of compression springs 6 . A stabilizer assembly 10 , 12 , 11 and 13 can also be seen in the upper right of FIG. 6 . This stabilizer assembly can include a second engagement bar 13 and a second pair of compression springs 11 smaller than the main compression springs 6 . This stabilizer assembly is normally attached to the rack frame 3 by an extension of the bar 13 that passes through the springs 11 . The stabilizer assembly is used to keep the entire rack from swinging forward when the main bar 7 ( FIG. 1 ) is pressed downward by a roller on the machine. The reason the bar tends to swing is that during the process it merely hangs from the rail by the hook 9 . The main bar 7 , 6 is off center to the front of the unit. This causes a lever arm or torque that would swing the bottom of the rack backward (in FIG. 6 ) when downward pressure is applied to the bar 6 as the rack passes a roller. The stabilizer is actuated by using a second roller that presses on the bar 13 at the same time the first roller presses on the bar 7 . The two torques cancel, and the rack stays in an upright position. [0032] FIG. 7 shows several lug nuts 8 mounted on fingers 2 in the up or drain position. This drain position exists when the main actuator is being depressed by a roller on the plating machine. When the roller is passed, the springs cause the rack bars 1 to return to the down or fill position. In the fill position, plating fluid enters the void or cavity in the part. In the drain position, it runs out. By changing from one of these positions to the other several times during the plating operation, the interior cavity will be plated because fresh plating fluid is continually being introduced into the cavity. The number of draining or filling steps, or the number of rotations can be adjusted by changing the number of rollers above the tank. [0033] FIG. 8 shows a view of the depression mechanism from the top, back of a rack. A depression bar 7 and a stabilizer bar 13 can be clearly seen. As the rack 3 , which is supported by the hooks 9 , passes through a station, a front roller presses down on the front main bar 7 causing the parts to move from the down or fill position to the up or drain position. At the same time, a rear roller presses on the stabilizer bar 13 causing a torque around the clamps 9 that opposes the torque caused by pressing on the bar 7 as described. A set of these rollers can be seen in FIG. 9 . The front and rear springs 6 and 11 allow a softer encounter with the rollers preventing a shock that could cause parts to fall off or could damage either the roller or the rack as well as returning the rack bars to the down or fill position after the roller is passed. [0034] FIG. 9 shows rollers on a station where the switch from the up position to the down position takes place out of the fluid such as a cleaning station or a rinsing station. The front roller 15 causes the parts to switch position, while the rear roller stabilizes the rack. At cleaning or rinsing stations, the parts are immersed into the fluid in the down or fill position. As the rack is lifted out of the fluid, the parts are switched to the up or drain position. The fluid in the parts' cavities thus drains out preventing carry-over to the next step and waste of fluid. [0035] FIG. 10 shows a plating station. Here the plating action takes place while the parts are submerged in the fluid. The parts enter the fluid 18 in the down or fill position. In this position, the cavities immediately fill with plating fluid. As the rack moves through the plating bath, rollers may be encountered. As the rack passes under a roller 16 in FIG. 9 , the parts are shifted to the up or drain position. After the roller 16 is cleared, the parts return to the down or fill position. This causes a refreshing of the plating fluid inside the cavity of the part. The part does not need to remain in the drain position very long. The preferred time is several seconds; however, any time in the drain position is within the scope of the present invention. Roller 17 which is mounted behind roller 16 encounters the stabilizer bar and forces the rack to remain upright as roller 16 depresses the mechanism and rotates the parts. In practice, an optimum time to change the positions of the parts has been found to be around every 5 to 6 minutes. This number will vary with numerous variables in the process including speed of movement, desired drain time, type of plating and many other factors. Any number of position changes, and times of such changes, are within the scope of the present invention. [0036] FIG. 11 shows schematically how the activation mechanism works as a rack passes a roller. Clear of the roller, the mechanism is in the up position which normally puts the parts in the down or fill position. As the bar passes the roller, the bar and mechanism is pressed downward causing the rack bar to rotate the parts to the up or drain position. After the roller is cleared, the bar and mechanism move upward causing the parts to return to the down or fill position. The roller is generally attached to the track assembly and is normally stationary. [0037] FIGS. 12A-12C show how a different type of part can be rotated on fingers by a descending bar that forces the part to rotate. FIG. 12A is a perspective view and FIG. 12 B a side view of the part in a first position. FIG. 12C shows the part in a rotated position. In this embodiment of the present invention, instead of moving an entire row or crossbar of parts up and down, the individual parts are moved into several rotated positions in usually two sequences. The objective of this embodiment is to move each part enough to change the finger location on the part since that is where the part does not receive plating. Generally, the part is moved twice, once in a semi-bright plating process such as semi-bright nickel plating and a second time in a bright plating process. [0038] The arrangement (shown in FIGS. 12A-B ) starts in a neutral or zero degree position. Next, about half way through the semi-bright process, the actuator turns the part 30-45 degrees on the fingers. After pushing the parts downward, a spring loaded pusher mechanism will return the actuator arms to a neutral position awaiting the next movement. The second position is shown in FIG. 12C . A second rotation (not shown) can take place about ½ way through the bright plating process leaving the parts moved 60-80 degrees from their original position. Generally, a chrome layer can be added with no further rotation. While a preferred method of rotating parts has been shown, any rotating or part moving method or apparatus is within the scope of the present invention. [0039] The techniques of the present invention can be used in many different plating processes and can be adapted for different parts that have interior cavities that need internal plating. Any number of rollers and stations, and any combination of out-of-the-fluid and in-the-fluid position changes of the parts may be used as necessary for a particular process. The present invention enjoys a wider applicability to any type of process that requires either refreshment of fluid in a part with a recess, draining of a part with a recess, or rotating or otherwise moving a part during plating to avoid unplated areas from contact fingers. [0040] Several descriptions and illustrations have been provided to aid in understanding the present invention. One skilled in the art will realize that numerous changes and variations can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. Each of these changes and variations is within the scope of the present invention.	A method and apparatus for plating parts like lug nuts or other metal parts that have both an easily plated outside surface as well as a recessed cavity. The invention works in combination with a standard multi-station plating process. The present invention drains and plates a part containing a cavity by moving the part from a position where the cavity is facing around 45 degrees down to a position where the cavity is facing around 45 degrees up and then back down at various times during the process. The moving is generally initiated when the rack moving along a track above the fluid tanks encounters a roller.	2
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a gas-fired artificial log assembly, and more particularly to an improved artificial log assembly which visually simulates, in a realistic fashion, a fire in a fire-place or stove stacked with generally horizontally disposed artificial logs, which at the same time supplies substantial heat to the surrounding room environment while producing minimal undesirable combustion by-products. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Fuel burning fireplaces and stoves are very popular and desirable in houses and apartments, both for heating as well as for aesthetics. There are two primary types of fuel burning fireplaces and stoves -- those in which solid fuels such as wood, coal, coke, peat or combinations thereof are burned, and those which burn gas and have simulated solid fuel elements, such as artificial logs, to add an element of realism. Gas-fires in stoves and fireplaces have the advantage that they do not require manual refueling or clearing of ashes and they are very controllable. Because of the advantages of gas-fires, considerable efforts have been made to recreate the appearance of traditional solid fuel fires. Simulated solid fuel gas-fires for fire-places, that is, those having artificial solid fuel elements such as logs, are known. In general, these consist of a simulated fuel bed which is heated to incandescence by flames, or by the product of combustion of flames, to simulate the visible glowing embers of a solid fuel fire. A principle feature in the aesthetic appeal of real, or traditional, solid fuel fires is the existence of visually perceptible, luminous flames flickering about the main fuel bed. Such flames can be closely mimicked in simulated solid fuel gas-fires by burning neat gas, i.e., gas with little or no primary aeration, which produces a yellow flame. Simulated solid fuel gas-fires which incorporate this feature in combination with an incandescent or glowing bed are known. Such neat gas flames, like those produced in real or traditional solid fuel fires, are not static or spatially fixed, but move or waver about irregularly or randomly due to the air flow in the fireplace. U S. Pat. No. 4,602,609, discloses a simulated solid fuel fireplace having a main heater burner and a plurality of flame effect burners. The flame effect burners burn neat gas (non-aerated) to produce yellow flames, while the heater burner burns a gas-air mixture with a higher air content to produce very hot "blue" flames for space heating purposes. U.S. Pat. No. 4,573,446 also discloses a simulated solid fuel fire which has a neat gas burner for producing visible yellow flames and a main burner for producing blue heat flames. One drawback common to various known assemblies of this type is the generally incomplete combustion of the neat gas burned in neat gas burners due to the low air-to-gas ratio in the burners. As a result of the incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide and soot are produced as by-products of the flames. For safety reasons, it is desirable to minimize the production of carbon monoxide and soot. The shortcomings in the prior art gas fireplace and stove assemblies were addressed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,883,043 and 4,971,030, both issued to the inventors named herein. These prior patents are directed to gas-fired artificial log fireplace and stove assemblies, respectively, which are designed to visually simulate, in a realistic fashion, a fire in either a fireplace or a stove, and which supply substantial heat to the surrounding room environment. The present invention further improves upon the prior art assemblies to provide a very realistic-looking simulated solid fuel fire and provides substantial heat to the surrounding room environment while producing minimal undesirable combustion by-products. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A preferred embodiment of the improved gas-fired artificial log assembly of the present invention includes a support structure having a support plate and a grate-like portion. The support plate supports a base plate of a refractory material that glows visibly when heated above about 1470° F. The assembly further includes first and second front artificial log members which are supported by the base plate and retained by the grate portion. Preferably, the first artificial log member extends about one-half the width of the support structure and is designed and constructed to provide the appearance of a partially burned log. The second front artificial log member extends substantially the entire width of the support structure and has one of its end sections supported by the base plate and its other end section supported by the first artificial log member. The middle or medial section of this second front artificial log member is spaced above the base plate and a channel is thereby defined by the base plate, the medial section of the second front artificial log member and the first front artificial log member. Alternatively, there may be a single front artificial log having a medial channel therethrough. The preferred embodiment further includes a rear artificial log which is spaced from the first and second front artificial log members, extends substantially the entire width of the support structure, and is supported thereby. A primary gas burner is supported by the support structure and extends along and in front of the first and second front artificial log members (or in the alternative, one single front artificial log member) and the channel, thereby defining a combustion zone. The primary gas burner directs "blue" flame jets generally rearwardly against the base plate, the first and second front artificial log members and into the channel. These flames heat to a visible glow (which is above about 1470° F.) at least portions of the base plate and the first and second front artificial log members. Additionally, since the flame passes into and through the channel, it heats portions of the rear log to a visible glow. Furthermore, substantial heat is radiated to the surroundings and an appearance of glowing logs and underlying embers is provided to enhance the aesthetics of the artificial log fire-place. In the space between the rear artificial log and the first and second front artificial log members there is disposed neat gas burners for issuing flame jets generally upwardly to enhance the realism of the artificial log assembly. These neat gas burners, which are ignited by the flame from the primary gas burner that passes into and through the channel, are designed to provide realistic-looking "peaked" flames. That is, flames which taper upwardly to a peak at the center thereof. In certain circumstances, the artificial log assembly of the present invention may be used in unvented fireplaces or stoves. Since the emissions standards are very stringent for such unvented appliances, it is necessary to provide improved combustion efficiency so as to minimize the production of undesirable combustion by-products. This improved combustion efficiency may be aided by providing an elongated plate supported by the grate portion of the support structure generally vertically adjacent the primary gas burner and spaced from the first and second front artificial log members so as to further define the combustion zone. The metal strip serves the dual functions of preventing air that enters through the front of the stove or fireplace from disrupting or otherwise adversely affecting combustion in the combustion zone. Furthermore, the strip aids in retaining the heat from the flames issuing from the primary gas burner so that the combustion zone runs hotter and more efficiently, thereby resulting in the production of less undesirable combustion by-products. Other specific features of the artificial log assembly of the present invention are contemplated which add to the realistic simulation of a real solid fuel fire and aid in the combustion efficiency. These include providing the second front log member with a truncated branch segment extending outwardly from the medial region of the second front log member adjacent the channel to aid in trapping heat in the combustion zone and channeling the flame from the primary gas burner into the channel. Additionally, a plurality of ember-simulating members may be placed in and around the channel adjacent the first front artificial log member to provide the appearance of burning embers when heated to a visible glow by the flame from the primary gas burner. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of the artificial log assembly of this invention, with the logs partially broken away. FIG. 2 is a front elevation, partially broken away, of the artificial log assembly of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a vertical cross-section, from front to back, of the artificial log assembly of the present invention taken on line 3--3 of FIG. 2. FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a front artificial log member used in the log assembly of the present invention, shown with the base plate partially broken away. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In a preferred embodiment of the present invention shown in FIGS. 1-3, artificial log assembly 10 includes a support structure 12 consisting of a plurality of metal bars generally of rectangular cross-section welded or otherwise secured together to form support structure 12. Support structure 12 may be constructed in a wide variety of suitable configurations, although the configuration shown in the Figures is a preferred embodiment. As shown, support structure 12 includes first and second generally L-shaped members 14a and b, respectively. The leg portions 16a and 16b of L-shaped members 14a and 14b preferably angle upwardly at their distal ends thus providing angled segments 18a and 18b. Support structure 12 further includes front leg member 20, which is an elongated bar having down-turned ends 22a and 22b that serve to support and stabilize structure 12. Front leg member 20 is secured to angled segments 18a and 18b of L-shaped members 14a and 14b to provide a free-standing support framework. Upstanding vertical segments 24a and 24b of L-shaped members 14a and 14b are interconnected by horizontal support bar 26. Support bar 26 supports the rear edge of support plate 28. Support plate 28 preferably angles downwardly from support bar 26 and its front edge 30 rests on the underlying surface 32 which supports the entire artificial log assembly 10. Support structure 12 is preferably further provided with a plurality of individual generally L-shaped members 34 which are secured to front leg member 20 and which serve the dual purposes of retaining first and second front artificial log members 40 and 42 in place and also give the appearance of a grate typically found in a real solid fuel fireplace. Finally, support structure 12 includes support members 36a and 36b which are secured to upstanding vertical segments 24a and 24b of L-shaped members 14a and 14b. As shown in FIG. 1, support members 36a and 36b support respective distal ends of rear log 44, which is spaced rearwardly and upwardly of first and second front artificial log members 40 and 42, to give the appearance of stacked logs. The artificial log members used in the gas-fired artificial log assembly of the present invention preferably are composite logs of the type disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/661,868, filed on even date herewith naming Ian Thow as inventor, which application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/443,109, filed Nov. 28, 1989, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,026,579, issued June 25, 1991. The specifications of both these applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Thus, the artificial logs are preferably of the composite type having a ceramic concrete section of relatively high thermal conductivity for radiating substantial heat to the surroundings when heated and another section of ceramic fiber material having a relatively low conductivity which glows visibly when heated above about 1470° F. The ceramic fiber sections may be in the form of inserts 38 which are either molded into the ceramic concrete section, fitted into cavities provided in the ceramic concrete section, or otherwise attached to the ceramic concrete section, as shown for example in FIGS. 1 and 3. Alternatively, the composite artificial logs may comprise an upper ceramic concrete section and a lower ceramic fiber section attached thereto. In any case, the ceramic fiber sections have at least one surface outwardly exposed in the gas-fired artificial log assembly so as to provide the glowing appearance of a burning natural log when heated above about 1470° F. Support plate 28, which may be aluminized steel or which may be polished stainless steel to reflect the glow of the flames, preferably supports a base plate 50 composed of a refractory material (e.g., ceramic fiber) that glows visibly above about 1470° F. In a preferred embodiment, first front artificial log member 40 is supported by base plate 50. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, first artificial log member 40 is preferably constructed to give the appearance of approximately one-half of a log which has been burned and tapers to a simulated burnt end 41. Again with reference to FIG. 2, second front artificial log member 42 generally consists of a first distal end section 43, a second distal end section 45 and a medial section 47. The first distal end section 43 is supported by base plate 50 and the second distal end section 45 is supported by first front artificial log member 40. Thus, as shown in FIG. 2, with this arrangement the medial section 47 along with the upper surface 51 of base plate 50 and the burnt end section 41 of first front artificial log member 40 define a channel 52. Second artificial log member 42 preferably also includes a truncated branch portion 54 extending outwardly from the medial section 47 thereof vertically adjacent channel 52. In an alternative embodiment shown in FIG. 4 artificial log assembly 10 may have a single front artificial log that has a structure substantially the same as that defined by first and second front artificial log members 40 and 42 shown, as though those members were bonded together to form an integral log member 150. In this embodiment, as in the dual front log embodiment described hereinabove, the key is the provision of a medial or central channel 152, which allows the flame from the main burner 60, described below, to pass therethrough, while at the same time causing the segments of the front artificial log member(s) on either side of that channel to glow visibly upon heating above about 1470° F. When assembled, the channel 152 is defined by the base plate 50 and the cavity 154 of the front artificial log member 150. Artificial log assembly 10 further includes main burner 60, which is generally supported by support structure 12, as for example by brackets (not shown) attached to both the burner 12 and the base plate 38, and is spaced in front of first and second front artificial log members 40 and 42, thereby defining a combustion zone 70 therebetween (FIG. 3). Primary gas burner 60 produces hot "blue" flames that are directed generally horizontally rearwardly against base plate 50 and first and second front artificial log members 40 and 42, thereby also passing into and through channel 52. Primary gas burner 60 is substantially the same as the main burner disclosed and described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,883,043, the specification of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. The heat from the flames issuing from primary gas burner 60, and the combustion products thereof, which are at a temperature above approximately 1470° F., cause at least portions of upper surface 51 of base plate 50, and the first and second front artificial log members 40 and 42 to glow visibly, thereby simulating the glow of burning logs and embers. In addition, the heat from the flames of primary gas burner 60 and the combustion by-products heats the log members and is, in turn, radiated outwardly to provide heat to the surroundings. The gas-fired artificial log assembly of the present invention further includes neat gas burner means located between the rear artificial log 44 and the first and second front artificial log members 40 and 42, respectively. The neat gas burners 80 and 82, which are preferably disposed generally parallel to the front and rear logs, have downwardly-angled distal end portions 81 and 83, respectively, which angle downwardly at a location rearwardly adjacent to channel 52. Thus, the flame from the primary gas burner 60 which passes into and through channel 52 serves to ignite the neat gas burners 80 and 82 when they are supplied with gas. Neat gas burners 80 and 82 are preferably provided with a plurality of gas orifices 86 such that the flames therefrom issue generally upwardly between rear log 44 and first and second front logs 40 and 42. Additionally, it is preferred that the flames issuing from neat gas burners 80 and 82 are peaked, as shown in FIG. 2, to further enhance the realism of the artificial log assembly. This can be accomplished by providing adjacent gas orifices 86 of progressively increasing diameter, to a maximum, and then progressively decreasing diameter, so as to control the height of the flames. In all embodiments of the present invention, there is included a gas flow control (not shown) for controlling the gas supply to artificial log assembly 10. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, which includes first and second front artificial log members 40 and 42, rear artificial log 44, primary gas burner 60 and rear neat gas burners 80 and 82, the gas flow control is connected to a main gas supply (not shown), and has a control knob 102, the mechanism of which is housed in housing 100, preferably with five operational settings. In a first setting of control knob 102, the off position, no gas flows to the artificial log assembly 10 and it is non-operational. In a second setting, gas flows from the supply line through regulator 100 to a pilot (not shown), which is ignited in any suitable manner, for example, by an automatic spark igniter, or manually with a match. When control knob 102 is turned to the third setting, gas flows through regulator 100 to primary gas burner 60 and is ignited by the pilot (not shown but preferably located below the gas orifices of burner 60 to ensure ignition thereof). With control knob 102 in the fourth operational setting, gas flows to one of the rear neat gas burners 80 or 82, but not both, and that burner is positively ignited by the flame from primary gas burner 60 which passes through channel 52. When the control knob 102 is in the fifth setting, the full-on position, gas is supplied to the other rear neat gas burner 80 or 82, which is also lit by the flame from primary gas burner 60. In an alternative embodiment of the gas flow control, control knob 102 is provided with four settings: first, the off setting; second, the pilot setting as previously described; third, the primary burner on setting, previously described; and four, both rear neat gas burners on. With these types of control, variations in aesthetics and heat output from the fireplace assembly are possible by changing the setting to have more or less burners in operation at any given time. Rear log 44, which is preferably supported at its distal ends by support members 36a and 36b (as shown in FIG. 1) is spaced above base plate 50 and support plate 28. In a preferred embodiment, rear log 44 includes an integral (although it need not be integrally attached) block 110 which rests on either upper surface 51 of base plate 50 or directly on support plate 28 (as shown in FIG. 3). Block 110 serves to prevent the flames from primary burner 60 which pass through channel 52 from issuing out the rear of the assembly. This enhances heat retention in the region defined by rear log 44 and first and second front logs 40 and 42, thereby increasing the combustion efficiency of neat gas burners 80 and 82. Block 110 may preferably be made of a refractory material which glows visibly when heated above about 1470° F. and therefore adds further realism to the assembly of the present invention by glowing visibly when heated by the flames of the primary burner. There are several additional features which preferably may be included in assembly 10 of the present invention to add to the realism, as well as to increase the combustion efficiency thereof. Firstly, support structure 12 may include an elongated metal strip 120 secured to L-shaped grate members 34 extending along and in front of first and second front artificial log members 40 and 42 in a position generally vertically adjacent primary gas burner 60. Metal strip 120 serves to substantially prevent relatively "cold" air from the surroundings from entering combustion zone 70 and disrupting or decreasing the combustion therein. Strip 120 also serves to further define combustion zone 70 so that combustion therein runs at a higher temperature, and therefore more efficiently, which results in a decrease in the production of undesirable combustion by-products. Secondly, a plurality of ember-simulating elements 130, which are preferably made of a refractory material that glows visibly above about 1470° F., may be located in and around channel 52 and are supported by the upper surface 51 of base plate 50 to further enhance the realism of the artificial log assembly of the present invention when heated to a visible glow by the primary burner flame. It is contemplated that the ember-simulating elements may form integral parts of either base plate 50, or the artificial logs, or both. Next, an additional artificial log member 140 is supported by rear log 44 and second front artificial log 42 to provide the stacked appearance of logs in a real log fire. This additional log 140 is preferably positioned such that it does not substantially interfere with the flames issuing from rear neat gas burners 80 and 82, which issue upwardly on either side of log 140, as shown in FIG. 2. Finally, particulate matter such as sand, volcanic stones or Vermiculite 142 may be placed on support surface 28 in a visible position in front of base plate 50 and generally below primary gas burner 60 (as shown in FIG. 3) to provide the appearance of ashes from a fire. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and is not meant to be limited by the examples given herein.	The present invention relates to a gas-fired artificial log assembly for use in fireplaces or stoves, and more particularly to an improved gas-fired artificial log assembly which visually simulates, in a realistic fashion, a fire in a fireplace or stove stacked with generally horizontally disposed artifical logs, and which at the same time supplies substantial space heat to the surrounding room environment.	5
FIELD OF INVENTION This invention relates to compositions for ink jet printing conductive or semi-conductive organic material, opto-electrical devices manufactured using these compositions, and methods of manufacturing these opto-electrical devices. BACKGROUND OF INVENTION One class of opto-electrical devices is that using an organic material for light emission (or detection in the case of photovoltaic cells and the like). The basic structure of these devices is a light emissive organic layer, for instance a film of a poly (p-phenylenevinylene) (“PPV”) or polyfluorene, sandwiched between a cathode for injecting negative charge carriers (electrons) and an anode for injecting positive charge carriers (holes) into the organic layer. The electrons and holes combine in the organic layer generating photons. In WO90/13148 the organic light-emissive material is a polymer. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,507 the organic light-emissive material is of the class known as small molecule materials, such as (8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminium (“Alq3”). In a practical device one of the electrodes is transparent, to allow the photons to escape the device. A typical organic light-emissive device (“OLED”) is fabricated on a glass or plastic substrate coated with a transparent anode such as indium-tin-oxide (“ITO”). A layer of a thin film of at least one electroluminescent organic material covers the first electrode. Finally, a cathode covers the layer of electroluminescent organic material. The cathode is typically a metal or alloy and may comprise a single layer, such as aluminium, or a plurality of layers such as calcium and aluminium. In operation, holes are injected into the device through the anode and electrons are injected into the device through the cathode. The holes and electrons combine in the organic electroluminescent layer to form an exciton which then undergoes radiative decay to give light (in light detecting devices this process essentially runs in reverse). These devices have great potential for displays. However, there are several significant problems. One is to make the device efficient, particularly as measured by its external power efficiency and its external quantum efficiency. Another is to optimise (e.g. to reduce) the voltage at which peak efficiency is obtained. Another is to stabilise the voltage characteristics of the device over time. Another is to increase the lifetime of the device. To this end, numerous modifications have been made to the basic device structure described above in order to solve one or more of these problems. One such modification is the provision of a layer of conductive polymer between the light-emissive organic layer and one of the electrodes. It has been found that the provision of such a conductive polymer layer can improve the turn-on voltage, the brightness of the device at low voltage, the efficiency, the lifetime and the stability of the device. In order to achieve these benefits these conductive polymer layers typically may have a sheet resistance less than 10 6 Ohms/square, the conductivity being controllable by doping of the polymer layer. It may be advantageous in some device arrangements to not have too high a conductivity. For example, if a plurality of electrodes are provided in a device but only one continuous layer of conductive polymer extending over all the electrodes, then too high a conductivity can lead to lateral conduction and shorting between electrodes. The conductive polymer layer may also be selected to have a suitable workfunction so as to aid in hole or electron injection and/or to block holes or electrons. There are thus two key electrical features: the overall conductivity of the conductive polymer composition; and the workfunction of the conductive polymer composition. The stability of the composition and reactivity with other components in a device will also be critical in providing an acceptable lifetime for a practical device. The processability of the composition will be critical for ease of manufacture. Conductive polymer formulations are discussed in the applicant's earlier application GB-A-0428444.4. There is an ongoing need to optimise the organic formulations used in these devices both in the light emitting layer and the conductive polymer layer. OLEDs can provide a particularly advantageous form of electro-optic display. They are bright, colourful, fast-switching, provide a wide viewing angle and are easy and cheap to fabricate on a variety of substrates. Organic (which here includes organometallic) LEDs may be fabricated using either polymers or small molecules in a range of colours (or in multi-coloured displays), depending upon the materials used. As previously described, a typical OLED device comprises two layers of organic material, one of which is a layer of light emitting material such as a light emitting polymer (LEP), oligomer or a light emitting low molecular weight material, and the other of which is a conductive polymer layer, for example a layer of a hole transporting material such as a polythiophene derivative or a polyaniline derivative. Organic LEDs may be deposited on a substrate in a matrix of pixels to form a single or multi-colour pixellated display. A multicoloured display may be constructed using groups of red, green, and blue emitting pixels. So-called active matrix displays have a memory element, typically a storage capacitor and a transistor, associated with each pixel whilst passive matrix displays have no such memory element and instead are repetitively scanned to give the impression of a steady image. FIG. 1 shows a vertical cross section through an example of an OLED device 100 . In an active matrix display, part of the area of a pixel is occupied by associated drive circuitry (not shown in FIG. 1 ). The structure of the device is somewhat simplified for the purposes of illustration. The OLED 100 comprises a substrate 102 , typically 0.7 mm or 1.1 mm glass but optionally clear plastic, on which an anode layer 106 has been deposited. The anode layer typically comprises around 150 nm thickness of ITO (indium tin oxide), over which is provided a metal contact layer, typically around 500 nm of aluminium, sometimes referred to as anode metal. Glass substrates coated with ITO and contact metal may be purchased from Corning, USA. The contact metal (and optionally the ITO) is patterned as desired so that it does not obscure the display, by a conventional process of photolithography followed by etching. A substantially transparent hole transport layer 108 a is provided over the anode metal, followed by an electroluminescent layer 108 b . Banks 112 may be formed on the substrate, for example from positive or negative photoresist material, to define wells 114 into which these active organic layers may be selectively deposited, for example by a droplet deposition or inkjet printing technique. The wells thus define light emitting areas or pixels of the display. A cathode layer 110 is then applied by, say, physical vapour deposition. The cathode layer typically comprises a low work function metal such as calcium or barium covered with a thicker, capping layer of aluminium and optionally including an additional layer immediately adjacent the electroluminescent layer, such as a layer of lithium fluoride, for improved electron energy level matching. Mutual electrical isolation of cathode lines may achieved through the use of cathode separators (element 302 of FIG. 3 b ). Typically a number of displays are fabricated on a single substrate and at the end of the fabrication process the substrate is scribed, and the displays separated. An encapsulant such as a glass sheet or a metal can is utilized to inhibit oxidation and moisture ingress. Organic LEDs of this general type may be fabricated using a range of materials including polymers, dendrimers, and so-called small molecules, to emit over a range of wavelengths at varying drive voltages and efficiencies. Examples of polymer-based OLED materials are described in WO90/13148, WO95/06400 and WO99/48160; examples of dendrimer-based materials are described in WO 99/21935 and WO 02/067343; and examples of small molecule OLED materials are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,507. The aforementioned polymers, dendrimers and small molecules emit light by radiative decay of singlet excitons (fluorescence). However, up to 75% of excitons are triplet excitons which normally undergo non-radiative decay. Electroluminescence by radiative decay of triplet excitons (phosphorescence) is disclosed in, for example, “Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence” M. A. Baldo, S. Lamansky, P. E. Burrows, M. E. Thompson, and S. R. Forrest Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 75(1) pp. 4-6, Jul. 5, 1999”. In the case of a polymer-based OLED, layers 108 comprise a hole transport layer 108 a and a light emitting polymer (LEP) electroluminescent layer 108 b . The electroluminescent layer may comprise, for example, around 70 nm (dry) thickness of PPV (poly(p-phenylenevinylene)) and the hole transport layer, which helps match the hole energy levels of the anode layer and of the electroluminescent layer, may comprise, for example, around 50-200 nm, preferably around 150 nm (dry) thickness of PEDOT:PSS (polystyrene-sulphonate-doped polyethylene-dioxythiophene). FIG. 2 shows a view from above (that is, not through the substrate) of a portion of a three-colour active matrix pixellated OLED display 200 after deposition of one of the active colour layers. The figure shows an array of banks 112 and wells 114 defining pixels of the display. FIG. 3 a shows a view from above of a substrate 300 for inkjet printing a passive matrix OLED display. FIG. 3 b shows a cross-section through the substrate of FIG. 3 a along line Y-Y′. Referring to FIGS. 3 a and 3 b , the substrate is provided with a plurality of cathode undercut separators 302 to separate adjacent cathode lines (which will be deposited in regions 304 ). A plurality of wells 308 is defined by banks 310 , constructed around the perimeter of each well 308 and leaving an anode layer 306 exposed at the base of the well. The edges or faces of the banks are tapered onto the surface of the substrate as shown, heretofore at an angle of between 10 and 40 degrees. The banks present a hydrophobic surface in order that they are not wetted by the solution of deposited organic material and thus assist in containing the deposited material within a well. This is achieved by treatment of a bank material such as polyimide with an O 2 /CF 4 plasma as disclosed in EP 0989778. Alternatively, the plasma treatment step may be avoided by use of a fluorinated material such as a fluorinated polyimide as disclosed in WO 03/083960. As previously mentioned, the bank and separator structures may be formed from resist material, for example using a positive (or negative) resist for the banks and a negative (or positive) resist for the separators; both these resists may be based upon polyimide and spin coated onto the substrate, or a fluorinated or fluorinated-like photoresist may be employed. In the example shown the cathode separators are around 5 μm in height and approximately 20 μm wide. Banks are generally between 20 μm and 100 μm in width and in the example shown have a 4 μm taper at each edge (so that the banks are around 1 μm in height). The pixels of FIG. 3 a are approximately 300 μm square but, as described later, the size of a pixel can vary considerably, depending upon the intended application. The deposition of material for organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) using ink jet printing techniques are described in a number of documents including, for example: T. R. Hebner, C. C. Wu, D. Marcy, M. H. Lu and J. C. Sturm, “Ink-jet Printing of doped Polymers for Organic Light Emitting Devices”, Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 72, No. 5, pp. 519-521, 1998; Y. Yang, “Review of Recent Progress on Polymer Electroluminescent Devices,” SPIE Photonics West: Optoelectronics ' 98, Conf. 3279, San Jose, January, 1998; EP 0 880 303; and “Ink-Jet Printing of Polymer Light-Emitting Devices”, Paul C. Duineveld, Margreet M. de Kok, Michael Buechel, Aad H. Sempel, Kees A. H. Mutsaers, Peter van de Weijer, Ivo G. J. Camps, Ton J. M. van den Biggelaar, Jan-Eric J. M. Rubingh and Eliav I. Haskal, Organic Light-Emitting Materials and Devices V, Zakya H. Kafafi, Editor, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 4464 (2002). Ink jet techniques can be used to deposit materials for both small molecule and polymer LEDs. A volatile solvent is generally employed to deposit a molecular electronic material, with 0.5% to 4% dissolved material. This can take anything between a few seconds and a few minutes to dry and results in a relatively thin film in comparison with the initial “ink” volume. Often multiple drops are deposited, preferably before drying begins, to provide sufficient thickness of dry material. Typical solvents which have been used include cyclohexylbenzene and alkylated benzenes, in particular toluene or xylene; others are described in WO 00/59267, WO 01/16251 and WO 02/18513; a solvent comprising a blend of these may also be employed. Precision ink jet printers such as machines from Litrex Corporation of California, USA are used; suitable print heads are available from Xaar of Cambridge, UK and Spectra, Inc. of NH, USA. Some particularly advantageous print strategies are described in the applicant's UK patent application number 0227778.8 filed on 28 Nov. 2002. Inkjet printing has many advantages for the deposition of materials for molecular electronic devices but there are also some drawbacks associated with the technique. As previously mentioned the photoresist banks defining the wells have until now usually been tapered to form a shallow angle, typically around 15°, with the substrate. However it has been found that dissolved molecular electronic material deposited into a well with shallow edges dries to form a film with a relatively thin edge. FIGS. 4 a and 4 b illustrate this process. FIG. 4 a shows a simplified cross section 400 through a well 308 filled with dissolved material 402 , and FIG. 4 b shows the same well after the material has dried to form a solid film 404 . In this example the bank angle is approximately 15° and the bank height is approximately 1.5 μm. As can be seen a well is generally filled until it is brimming over. The solution 402 has a contact angle θ c with the plasma treated bank material of typically between 30° and 40° for example around 35°; this is the angle the surface of the dissolved material 402 makes with the (bank) material it contacts, for example angle 402 a in FIG. 4 a . As the solvent evaporates the solution becomes more concentrated and the surface of the solution moves down the tapering face of a bank towards the substrate; pinning of the drying edge can occur at a point between the initially landed wet edge and the foot of the bank (base of the well) on the substrate. The result, shown in FIG. 4 b , is that the film of dry material 404 can be very thin, for example of the order of 10 nm or less, in a region 404 a where it meets the face of a bank. In practice drying is complicated by other effects such as the coffee ring—effect. With this effect because the thickness of solution is less at the edge of a drop than in the centre, as the edge dries the concentration of dissolved material there increases. Because the edge tends to be pinned solution then flows from the centre of the drop towards the edge to reduce the concentration gradiant. This effect can result in dissolved material tending to be deposited in a ring rather than uniformly. The physics of the interactions of a drying solution with a surface are extremely complicated and a complete theory still awaits development. Another drawback of banks with a long-shallow taper is that an inkjet droplet that does not fall exactly into a well but instead lands in part on the slope of the bank can dry in place, resulting in non-uniformities in the end display. A further problem with inkjet deposition arises when filling wells which are large compared with the size of an inkjet droplet. A typical droplet from an inkjet print head has a diameter of approximately of 30 μm in flight and the droplet grows to approximately 100 μm in diameter when it lands and wets out. However it is difficult to produce drops of, say 100 μm in diameter (in flight) from a print head. Filling a well or pixel of a similar size to a drop presents little problem as when the drop lands it spreads out and fills the well. This is illustrated in FIG. 5 a which shows a well 500 for a long thin pixel of a type which is typically used in a RGB (red green blue) display. In the example of FIG. 5 a the pixel has a width of 50 μm and a length of 150 μm with 20 μm wide banks (giving a 70 μm pixel pitch and a 210 μm full colour pitch). Such a well can be filled by three 50 μm droplets 502 a, b, c as shown. Referring now to FIG. 5 b this shows a well 510 for a pixel which is approximately four times larger than each dimension giving a pixel width of approximately 200 μm, more suitable for applications such as a colour television. As can be seen from the figure, many droplets 512 are needed to fill such a pixel. In practice, these tend to coalesce to form a larger droplet 514 which tends not to properly fill corners of the pixel (although FIGS. 5 a and 5 b and idealised and, in practice, the corners are not generally as sharp as they are shown). One way around this problem is to sufficiently over fill the well that the dissolved material well is pushed into the corners. This can be achieved by using a large number of dilute droplets and a high barrier around the well. Techniques for depositing large volumes of liquid are described in WO03/065474, which describes the use of very high barriers (for examples at page 8 lines 8 to 20) to allow the wells to hold a large volume of liquid without the liquid overflowing to adjacent wells. However such structures cannot easily be formed by photolithography and instead a plastic substrate is embossed or injection moulded. It is also desirable to be able to fill a well using fewer (higher concentration) droplets as this enables, inter alia faster printing. One solution to the aforementioned problems is to modify the bank structure as described in the present applicant's earlier application GB-A-0402559.9. Another problem associated with ink jet printing of organic opto-electrical devices such as those discussed above is that in the resultant device, the organic hole injecting layer can extend beyond the overlying organic semi-conductive layer providing a shorting path between the cathode and the anode at an edge of the well. This problem is exacerbated if the contact angle of the conductive organic composition with the bank material is too low. This problem is further exacerbated if the conductivity of the organic hole injecting layer is too high. One solution to the aforementioned problem is to modify the bank structure by, for example, providing a stepped bank structure which increases the length of the shorting path, thus increasing the resistance of the path resulting in less shorting. Such a solution has been proposed by Seiko Epson. However, providing a more complex bank structure is expensive and increases the complexity of the manufacturing method for the device. In relation to the aforementioned problem, the more conductive the organic composition, the greater the shorting problem will become. Thus, addition of polyol solvents to PEDOT in order to increase their conductivity as described in WO 2003/048229 (which discloses PEDOT with ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and glycerol), WO 2003/048228 (which discloses PEDOT with diethylene glycol), and Polymer (2004), 45(25), 8443-8450 (which discloses PEDOT with ethylene glycol) will exacerbate this problem. Furthermore, although ink jet printing is mentioned in passing in these documents, the deposition techniques exemplified in these documents are not ink jet printing and the formulations disclosed appear to be too viscous for ink jet printing as a result of the high concentration of the polyol solvents utilized in these compositions. The present applicant seeks to solve, or at least reduce, the problems outlined above by adapting compositions for ink jet printing comprising conductive or semi-conductive organic material. These adapted compositions are of particular use in the manufacture of light-emissive devices. The feasibility of using ink jet printing to define hole conduction and electroluminescent layers in OLED display has been well demonstrated. The particular motivation for ink jet printing has been driven by the prospect of developing scalable and adaptable manufacturing processes, enabling large substrate sizes to be processed, without the requirement for expensive product specific tooling. In this application the implication of scalable and adaptable criteria for an ink jet print process are discussed and it is demonstrated how this can be achieved by development of suitable ink formulations. The last five years have seen an increasing activity in the development of ink jet printing for depositing electronic materials. In particular there have been demonstrations of ink jet printing of both hole conduction (HC) and electroluminescent (EL) layers of OLED devices by more than a dozen display manufacturers. A number of these companies have set up pilot production facilities and have indicated that mass manufacture will start in 2007-2008 timeframe [M. Fleuster, M. Klein, P. v. Roosmalen, A. de Wit, H. Schwab. Mass Manufacturing of Full Colour Passive Matrix and Active Matrix PLED Displays. SID Proceedings 2004, 4.2]. The key reasons for the interest in ink jet printing are scalability and adaptability. The former allows arbitrarily large sized substrates to be patterned and the latter should mean that there are negligible tooling costs associated with changing from one product to another since the image of dots printed on a substrate is defined by software. At first sight this would be similar to printing a graphic image—commercial print equipment is available that allow printing of arbitrary images on billboard sized substrates. However the significant difference between graphics printers and display panels is the former use substrates that are porous or use inks that are UV curable resulting in very little effect of the drying environment on film formation. In comparison, the inks used in fabricating OLED displays are ink jet printed onto non-porous surfaces and the process of changing from a wet ink to dry film is dominated by the drying environment of the ink in the pixel. Since the printing process involves printing stripes (or swathes) of ink (corresponding to the ink jet head width) there is an inbuilt asymmetry in the drying environment. In addition OLED devices require the films to be uniform to nanometer tolerance. It follows that to achieve scalability and adaptability requires control of the film forming properties of the ink and a robustness of this process to changes in pixel dimensions and swathe timing. In this application it is demonstrated how this can be achieved with suitable ink engineering. In general terms, the behaviour of drying drops of HC and EL inks is explained by the coffee-ring effect first modelled by Deegan [R. D. Deegan, O. Bakajin, T. F. Dupont, G. Huber, S. R. Nagel, and T. A. Witten. Capillary flow as the cause of ring stains from dried liquid drops. Nature 389, 827 (1997)]. For the case of circular pixels the wet ink forms a section of a sphere, where the angle made by the drop surface with the substrate is the contact angle. When pinning occurs (which it invariably does for the inks and surfaces used in polymer OLED display manufacturing) the drying drop maintains its diameter and solute is carried to the edges of the drop forming a ring of material at the outer edges of the pixel. The amount of material carried to the edge depends on a number of factors—in particular how long the process of material transfer can occur before the drying drop gels and the uniformity of the drying environment. At a swathe edge more drying occurs on the unprinted side since the solvent concentration in the atmosphere above the substrate is less than the printed side. With more evaporation taking place on the unprinted side more solute is deposited on this side and the film profile becomes asymmetric. Embodiments of the present invention seek to solve the problem associated with a rapid change in the profile of organic layers within the pixels and between the pixels surrounding a swathe join. SUMMARY OF THE PRESENT INVENTION According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition for ink jet printing an opto-electrical device, the composition comprising: a conductive or semi-conductive organic material; and a high boiling point solvent having a boiling point higher than water. The solubility, processability and functional properties of the organic material may be very sensitive to changes in solvent. Accordingly, it may be advantageous to retain a portion of solvent in which the organic material is stable. As such, according to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a composition comprising a conductive or semi-conductive organic material, a first solvent, and a second solvent, wherein the second solvent has a higher boiling point that the first solvent. The first solvent will typically be the usual solvent used for the organic material for achieving good solubility, processability and conductance characteristics. The provision of a high boiling point solvent increases the drying time of the composition. Thus, during ink jet printing, the amount of evaporation occurring in the time between deposition of adjacent swathes is reduced leading to a greater uniformity of drying and a more symmetric film formation around a swathe join. Typically, there will only be a few seconds until the next swathe is printed. However, due to the high surface to volume ratio of an ink, drying times are in the order of seconds. As a result significant drying can occur prior to deposition of an adjacent swathe. By using high boiling point solvents, the amount of evaporation occurring in this time can be reduced. Once adjacent swathes have been deposited the drying environment becomes symmetrical resulting in symmetric layer profiles around the swathe join. The amount and type of high boiling point solvent to be added to a composition will be dependent on how much of a reduction in drying time is desired. This will be dependent on the time taken to print adjacent swathes. Thus, for slower printing times, a slower drying composition is desirable and a larger volume and/or higher boiling point solvent will be required. However, adding too much high boiling point solvent or the wrong type of solvent may have several problematic affects as discussed below. The amount and/or type of solvent to be used will depend on the speed of ink jet printing (how much time it takes to print successive swathes). The amount and/or type of solvent will also depend on the surface to volume ratio of the ink droplet. For larger ink droplets, evaporation will be slower and for a given print speed, a lower boiling point solvent will be required when compared to an arrangement utilizing smaller droplets. One key feature of embodiments of the present invention is that the print speed, the droplet size/well size, and the boiling point of the solvent are selected such that when a first swathe and a second swathe are successively printed adjacent to each other, the print rate is such that the first swathe does not significantly dry prior to completing printing of the second swathe. Preferably, the high boiling solvent is present in the composition in a proportion between 10% and 50%, 20% and 40% or approximately 30% by volume. Preferably, the boiling point of the solvent is between 110 and 400 degrees centigrade, 150 and 250 degrees centigrade, or 170 and 230 degrees centigrade. For small pixels a higher solid content is generally used. For larger pixels a lower solid content is used. For larger pixels, the concentration of the composition is reduced to get good film forming properties. If the solvent is very viscous then it can become difficult to ink jet print the composition. If the viscosity of the composition becomes too high then it will not be suitable for ink jet printing without heating the print head. Embodiments of the present invention are preferably of a viscosity such that heating of the print head is not required in order to ink jet print the compositions. Furthermore, if the contact angle between the solvent and the material of the banks is too large, then the banks may not be sufficiently wetted. Conversely, if the contact angle between the solvent and the banks is too small, then the banks may not contain the composition leading to flooding of the wells. Thus, selecting an arbitrary high boiling point solvent can alter the wetting characteristics of the composition. For example, if the contact angle between the composition and the bank is too large then on drying the film has thin edges resulting in non-uniform emission. Alternatively, if the contact angle between the composition and the bank is too small then the well will flood. With such an arrangement, on drying, conductive/semi-conductive organic material will be deposited over the bank structure leading to problems of shorting. Preferably, the composition should have a contact angle with the bank such that it wets the bank but does not flood out of the well. With this arrangement, on drying a coffee ring effect occurs resulting in a thickening of the edges. A more uniform film morphology results producing a more uniform emission in the finished device. If the contact angle between the electroluminescent material and the conductive material is too high then the conductive material will not be sufficiently wetted by the electroluminescent material. One solution to the problem of flooding is to select a high boiling point solvent which has a sufficient contact angle such that it is adequately contained in the wells. Conversely, one solution to the problem of insufficient wetting of the banks is to select a high boiling point solvent which does not have a high contact angle with the material of the base of the well and does not have a contact angle with the banks which is too high. The problem of insufficient wetting or flooding can be controlled by the addition of a suitable surfactant to modify the contact angle such that the well is sufficiently wetted without flooding. The provision of a surfactant can also produce flatter film morphologies. Preferably, the surfactant is present in a low amount so as to avoid changing other aspects of the composition's behaviour. For example, the range 0.5-5%, 0.5-3% or 1-2% by volume has been found to be sufficient in many ink formulations. Examples of suitable surfactants include glycol ethers such as ethylene glycol ethers and propylene glycol ethers. A preferred surfactant is 2-butoxyethanol. It will be understood that these additives are not conventional surfactants. However, they do act as surface-active agents in the present compositions and thus may be thought of as surfactants in the context of the present invention. The viscosity will also be dependent on the solid content (the viscosity increases with solid content). The viscosity should be such that the composition is jettable. The solid content of the composition may be between 0.5% and 6%, 1% and 4%, 1% and 2%, and in some cases is preferably 1.5%. The solid content also affects the form of the film after drying. If the solid content is too high then the film forms a dome shape whereas if the solid content is too low then an excessive coffee ring effect occurs. A further problem in using high boiling point solvents is that the conductivity of the composition may be modified by the high boiling point solvent. One solution to this problem is to select a solvent which does not significantly modify the composition's conductivity. Alternatively, or additionally, a conductivity modifier may be included in the composition to compensate for any change in conductivity caused by the high boiling point solvent. For example, the inclusion of a high boiling point solvent can result in an increase in the conductivity of the composition resulting in problems due to shorting between electrodes. Accordingly, in one arrangement, a conductivity modifier is included in the composition in order to reduce the conductivity of the composition. Following on from the above, a particular problem in organic opto-electrical devices is that the conductive organic hole injecting layer may extend beyond the overlying organic semi-conductive layer providing a shorting path between the cathode deposited thereover and the underlying anode. This problem is exacerbated if the contact angle of the conductive organic composition with the bank material is too low. This problem is further exacerbated if the conductivity of the organic hole injecting layer is high. This problem is further exacerbated if the contact angle of the electroluminescent composition with the conductive layer is too large. One solution to this problem is to modify the bank structure, by, for example, providing a stepped bank structure which increases the length of the shorting path, thus increasing the resistance of the path resulting in less shorting. However, providing a more complex bank structure is expensive and increases the complexity of the manufacturing method for the device. Accordingly, it would be advantageous to solve this problem without requiring a complex bank structure by tailoring the compositions deposited in the wells such that underlying layers do not extend beyond the layers deposited thereover and provide a shorting path between the electrodes. This may be done, for example, by tailoring the conductive organic composition such that the contact angle between the conductive polymer composition and the bank material is not too low, and/or tailoring the conductive organic composition so that its conductivity is not too high, and/or tailoring the electroluminescent composition and/or the conductive composition such that the contact angle therebetween is not too high. Asymmetric drying at the swathe join can also lead to shorting paths being created at the swathe join. Accordingly, the use of a high boiling point solvent which alleviates asymmetric drying will also reduce the shorting problem caused by poor film morphologies. The present applicant has found that in some cases quite the opposite effect occurs, i.e. the addition of a high boiling point solvent increases shorting at the swathe joins. This has been found to be due to an increase in the conductivity of the conductive polymer film. Thus, in such cases, a conductivity modifier can be used to reduce the conductivity. The high boiling point solvent may comprise one or more of ethylene glycol, glycerol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butane 1,4 diol, propane 1,3 diol, dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and dimethylsulfoxide, either alone or in a blend. The high boiling point solvent is preferably a polyol (e.g. ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, glycerol). It has been found that these solvent improve film uniformity within the pixels and across swathe joins. Furthermore, they do not compromise other aspect of the ink's performance. It has been found that the composition has a greater wetting capacity on the banks when the solvent used is more “organic” i.e. it has less hydroxyl groups. Thus, diols will have a higher wetting capacity than triols. A light-emitting layer may be deposited as a composition comprising a semi-conductive organic material in a high boiling point solvent. Preferably, the organic material comprises a polymer and most preferably the polymer is either fully or partially conjugated. A charge injecting layer may be deposited as a composition comprising a conductive organic material in a high boiling point solvent. Preferably, the organic material comprises a polymer and most preferably the organic material comprises PEDOT with a suitable polyanion, for example PSS. Embodiments of the present invention relate to new PEDOT ink formulations for improved film uniformity within pixels and across swathe joins. Slower drying inks have been formulated which do not compromise other aspects of the ink's performance. This provides an alternative to interlacing which is very slow. The present applicant has found that the problem of film non-uniformity in PEDOT is very important to device performance. The device performance may not be directly affected significantly by the thickness of the PEDOT film. However, the uniformity of the PEDOT film affects the uniformity of the overlying electroluminescent layer. The EL layer is very sensitive to changes in thickness. Accordingly, the present applicant has found that it is paramount that uniform films of PEDOT profiles are achieved in order to achieve uniform EL profiles. In the case of PEDOT, it has been found that the swathe join effect is sensitive to the ratio of PEDOT:counterion. Higher counterion compositions result in a decrease in the problem. Preferably, the ratio of PEDOT:counterion is in the range 1:20 and 1:75, 1:20 and 1:50, 1:25 and 1:45, or 1:30 and 1:40. For example, in one embodiment, a PEDOT:PSS composition of 1:20 gives a poor swathe join, a composition of 1:30 gives a good swathe join, and a composition of 1:40 completely eliminates the swathe join effect. An increase in PSS decreases the conductivity of the composition. Accordingly, the excess PSS (above 1:20) is acting as an insulating material/conductivity modifier. PSS also increases surface energy thus aiding wetting. According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of manufacturing an opto-electical device by inkjet printing a composition according to any preceding claim. For example, a method of forming a device by inkjet printing of a formulation comprising PEDOT (or possibly other hole injection materials) and a high-boiling point solvent (higher than water). According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided an opto-electrical device formed using the compositions described herein. According to yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of manufacturing an organic light-emissive display comprising: providing a substrate comprising a first electrode layer and a bank structure defining a plurality of wells; depositing a conductive polymer layer over the first electrode; deposition an organic light-emissive layer over the conductive polymer layer; and depositing a second electrode over the organic light-emissive layer, wherein at least one of the conductive polymer layer and the organic light-emissive layer is deposited by ink jet printing a composition as described herein into the plurality of wells. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DRAWINGS Embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 shows a vertical cross section through an example of an OLED device; FIG. 2 shows a view from above of a portion of a three colour pixelated OLED display; FIGS. 3 a and 3 b show a view from above and a cross-sectional view respectively of a passive matrix OLED display; FIGS. 4 a and 4 b show a simplified cross section of a well of an OLED display substrate filled with, respectively, dissolved material, and dry material; FIGS. 5 a and 5 b show examples of filling a small pixel and a large pixel respectively with droplets of dissolved OLED material; FIG. 6 show asymmetry in the drying profiles of EL ink at a swathe join. The coordinates indicate the row (row 20 in this case) and column number, column 1 is the edge of the swathe. The redder the colour, the thicker the film. Lines indicate where thickness profiles are taken—the horizontal profile is used to calculate centroid position; FIG. 7 shows improved film profile with reformulation of Baytron P HC ink. The swathe join occurs between column 32 and 33 . Before reformulation the position of the centroid varies by 25 microns; FIG. 8( a ) shows a photomicrograph of printed reformulated PEDOT and 8 ( b ) shows a white light interferometry representation of PEDOT film profile in one of the wells—the uniformly coloured areas represent a thickness variation of ±2 nm; FIG. 9 shows film profiles of conductive polymer for a range of pixels across a display formed using a reformulation of Baytron P HC ink according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 10 shows average deviation from the average thickness of the films in FIG. 9 ; FIG. 11 shows film profiles for electroluminescent material on the conductive films of FIG. 9 ; and FIG. 12 shows average deviation from the average thickness of the films in FIG. 11 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention will be described in relation to an electroluminescent display comprising a PEDOT hole injecting layer and a semiconductive polymer electroluminescent layer comprising conjugated or partially conjugated polymer material. In particular, the composition of PEDOT formulations for the hole injecting layer are described. The asymmetric drying effect can be seen in FIG. 6 . The images show height profiles of an EL ink printed into square wells. The profile changes from asymmetric at the edge of a swathe becoming more symmetric towards the centre of a swathe. In this particular case each pixel was printed with a single nozzle of a Spectra SX head in a Litrex 140P printer that would have been running vertically down the page. To quantify the swathe edge non-uniformity so that the effect of changing ink formulation and drying condition can be determined, we calculate the centroid of the film profile in the axis perpendicular to the print direction. This would correspond to the centroid of the profile taken along the horizontal lines shown in FIG. 6 . The centroid of ink jet printed PEDOT:PSS (Poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate), a common HC layer, across a swathe join is shown in FIG. 7 . The PEDOT films show a rapid change in the profile around the pixels surrounding the swathe join—in this case occurring between columns 32 and 33 . It requires more than five pixels before the centroid becomes unaffected by the swathe join. Non-uniform PEDOT profiles can give rise to non-uniform EL profiles and this in turn leads to nonuniformities in the display [J. Carter, A. Wehrum, M Dowling, M. Cachiero-Martinez, N. Baynes. Recent Developments in Materials and Processes for Ink Jet Printing High Resolution Polymer OLED Displays. Proc SPIE 4800, 34 (2003)]. To overcome the swathe join effect through ink formulation requires the development of inks that dry on a substantially longer timescale than the printing process—requiring the use of higher boiling point solvents in the ink. However, the addition of higher boiling point solvents can have negative impacts on other aspects of the ink's performance. The ink has to meet the requirements for reliable jetting; it has to form films with the necessary film flatness and morphology; and the resultant film has to perform adequately as an electronic material—having suitable efficiency and lifetime for example [J. Carter, A. Wehrum, M Dowling, M. Cachiero-Martinez, N. Baynes. Recent Developments in Materials and Processes for Ink Jet Printing High Resolution Polymer OLED Displays. Proc SPIE 4800, 34 (2003)]. FIG. 7 shows the centroid data for reformulated PEDOT ink that meets the requirements for jetting, film morphology and flatness and performance. This ink shows no discernable variation in film profile across the swathe join. FIG. 8( a ) shows photomicrographs of this PEDOT formulation printed into wells and FIG. 8( b ) shows the uniformity of the film profile in one of the wells. This ink demonstrates excellent film uniformity. It has been demonstrated that it is possible to create ink formulations that are insensitive to swathe joins. This has been achieved by creating slower drying inks that don't compromise other aspects of ink performance. The significance of these inks are that, not only do they remove swathe related defects visible in displays, they also make the ink jet process more robust to the size and arrangement of display panels on the substrate. This scalability function incorporated into the ink can significantly reduce development time by reducing the risks in the transfer of processes from small R&D substrates to larger generation glass sizes. It has also been demonstrated that inks can behave in a similar way regardless of well geometry. The adaptability function of an ink makes the printing process more capable of being used in products with different size pixels. This functionality significantly reduces tooling costs associated with changing display product. There are limits in how adaptable inks can become due to the fundamental nature of the well filling process, however we have demonstrated that there is significant latitude in the applicability of a single ink to different pixel size. EXAMPLES 2 new glycerol-based PEDOT formulations were evaluated for swathe joins, printed non-interlaced: Formulation A: 1% solids content (30:1 PSS:PEDOT), 30% Glycerol, 69% Water Formulation B: 1% solids content (40:1 PSS:PEDOT), 30% Glycerol, 69% Water Formulation A This formulation produced films which were swathe-free in cross-section, and showed dramatically-improved swathe joins when the displays were lit up. There was no evidence of a change in LEP profile on the PEDOT composition at the swathe join. The composition was still well contained within the pixel as was the LEP. FIG. 9 shows film profiles for a range of pixels across a display formed using this composition. It can be seen that the profiles across the display are very similar to each other from the 15 th to the 40 th pixel. FIG. 10 shows average deviation from the average thickness of the films in FIG. 9 . No significant change occurs at the swathe join (30-31 column). FIG. 11 shows film profiles for LEP on the conductive films formed using this composition. It can be seen that the profiles across the display are very similar to each other from the 15 th to the 40 th pixel (except for 3 bad points 16, 17 and 25). FIG. 12 shows average deviation from the average thickness of the LEP films in FIG. 11 . No significant changes occur at the swathe join both for PEDT (24-25 column) and LEP (30-31 column). Formulation B This formulation produced films which were swathe-free both in cross-section and when the displays were lit up. The PEDOT formulation was still well contained within the pixels as was the LEP. Drying Conditions The new formulations were dried at 100° C. Fast Vacuum to 5e-2 mbar. A temperature of 130° C. for 10 minutes was also successful. First-pass results suggest an improvement in blue emission using the aforementioned formulations and these drying conditions. Table 1 summarizes a sample range of the compositions formulated to date. The table shows the solid content (PEDOT-PSS), the ratio of PSS:PEDOT, and the % volume of additives in the compositions. Water makes up the remainder of the compositions. TABLE 1 % Solids content PSS:PEDOT ratio % Additive 1.0 30:1 30% Glycerol 0.5% 2-Butoxyethanol 1.0 30:1 30% Glycerol 2% 2-Butoxyethanol 1.0 30:1 30% Ethylene glycol 0.5% 2-Butoxyethanol 1.0 30:1 30% Ethylene glycol 2% 2-Butoxyethanol 1.0 30:1 30% Propylene glycol 1.0 30:1 30% Propylene glycol 0.5% 2-Butoxyethano 1.0 40:1 30% Ethylene glycol 0.5% 2-Butoxyethanol 1.5 40:1 30% Ethylene glycol 0.5% 2-Butoxyethanol 2.0 40:1 30% Ethylene glycol 0.5% 2-Butoxyethanol 1.0 40:1 30% Ethylene glycol 2% Glycerol 0.5% 2-Butoxyethanol 1.5 40:1 30% Ethylene glycol 2% Glycerol 0.5% 2-Butoxyethanol 2.0 40:1 30% Ethylene glycol 2% Glycerol 0.5% 2-Butoxyethanol 1.5 40:1 30% Ethylene glycol 2% 2-Butoxyethanol 1.5 40:1 30% Ethylene glycol 3% 2-Butoxyethanol 1.5 40:1 30% Ethylene glycol 5% 2-Butoxyethanol 1.5 40:1 20% Ethylene glycol 2% 2-Butoxyethanol 1.5 40:1 10% Ethylene glycol 2% 2-Butoxyethanol	A composition for ink jet printing an opto-electrical device, the composition comprising: an electroluminescent or charge transporting organic material; and a high boiling point solvent having a boiling point higher than water.	2
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to excavating tools such as revolving cutter head excavators for use in mines or dredgers. Revolving cutter head excavators consist of a drive wheel that rotates around a shaft and is driven by a means of rotation. The periphery of the revolving cutter head excavator has a series of buckets equipped with teeth arranged in directions that are essentially radial. Dredgers do not have buckets and their teeth are distributed around the periphery in a rotary ogival structure. Each tooth consists of a single-unit tooth body structure made of a mechanically resistant metal or alloy such as steel, having a fixing area to connect it to the bucket or the ogival structure and a working area to dig the soil. The working area is generally flat and shaped like a shovel and is bounded by a leading face that points in the direction of movement of the periphery of the wheel or ogival structure in the preferred direction of rotation and a trailing face or face opposite the leading face. The leading face and the trailing face are generally flat or slightly curved and are connected by a front tapered facet that defines a transverse cutting edge. If the tooth is mounted on the bucket or the ogival structure, the transverse cutting edge is essentially parallel to the axis of rotation of the assembly and the general plane formed by the tooth shovel or working area generally slants in the direction of the direction of movement of the tooth in the preferred direction of rotation. During operation, part of the peripheral zone of the bucket or cutter cuts into the ground, the transverse cutting edge of the teeth bites into the ground and the leading face pushes up the material. This results in considerable wear of the transverse cutting edge and the leading face. One common solution to increase the service life and the efficiency of the teeth is to hardface the external surface of the leading face and the tapered front facet in order to cover them with a coat of molten carbide by fusing a welding bead. Although this process significantly increases the service life of the tooth, wear still occurs, relatively slowly at the start of use when the hard material still covers the front facet; wear then becomes much faster when the hard material that covers the front facet is itself damaged by wear. The tooth can only be used as long as the length of its working area has not reduced too extensively and this defines the maximum permissible area of wear of the tooth. In particular, as soon as the front facet has lost its protective coating of hard material, wear becomes much faster despite the existence of a layer of hard material on the leading face of the tooth. Another drawback of known structures is that they require the use of a protective surface hardfacing, a layer that is produced by melting with a welding torch or an electric arc. An examples of such a layer comprises a deposit consisting of a mixture of molten carbide particles embedded in a fusible matrix. Such hardfacing is time consuming and awkward and produces relatively irregular surfaces made up by the juxtaposition of several side-by-side welding beads. The intermediate areas between two successive beads are usually sunken areas of which the metallurgical structure is slightly different from the central structure of the welding beads. This results in a lack of homogeneity of the material that forms the protective layer made of a hard material and this results in the appearance of preferential areas of wear, thus encouraging faster wear of the material. In addition, such a process is expensive and requires skilled labor. Dredger teeth with a composite structure are known consisting of a metal tooth body containing inserts of a hard anti-abrasion material. In document U.S. Pat. No. 3,805,423, a prefabricated insert is fitted in appropriate recesses in the metal tooth body where it is fixed by welding or brazing. The insert, in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, consists of two intermediate bars which each take up half the height of the tooth. Document U.S. Pat. No. 4,052,802 also describes providing a prefabricated insert and fitting it in the tooth body. The insert is sandwiched between the metal surface plates, between which it is assembled by brazing. Therefore the insert does not take up the entire height of the tooth. There is no suggestion in this document of replacing the metal plates by a material containing particles of a hard material. In document FR-A-2 373 500, an excavating tool is produced by providing cover plates made of sintered carbide on a steel body. The steel body is cast around the cover plates. There is no suggestion in this document of replacing the internal steel body by a material containing particles of hard material. In any case, this results in an extremely fragile tooth. The structures and production processes described in documents U.S. Pat. No. 4,052,802 and FR-A-2 373 500 are not compatible with each other. In fact, producing a tooth with an internal insert made of particles of hard material in accordance with document U.S. Pat. No. 4,052,802 is achieved by assembling several subassemblies by brazing whereas document FR-A-2 373 500 makes provision for such assembly by molding from a casting. The expert is therefore not encouraged to cosine the teachings of instruction in these two documents. In document U.S. Pat. No. 3,286,379, fingers of hard material are produced by casting a hard material in longitudinal grooves in the metal tooth body. Document JP-A-62 99 527 describes a tooth for an excavating tool in which the prefabricated inserts are formed from sintered carbide and are assembled on the tooth body by brazing. It seems that these known structures with longitudinal inserts do not give the expected results in terms of efficiency and long service life. In fact, fairly rapid wear is observed on the tooth, particularly due to flaking of the bars made of hard material. The bars of hard material which do not take up the entire height of the tooth do not provide a sufficient increase in the service life of the tooth and their manufacturing process does not allow sufficient cohesion of the components of such a heterogenous structure. One of the main objects of the present invention is to avoid the disadvantages of known excavating tool teeth structures and their production processes; it initially proposes a new composite tooth structure consisting of several longitudinal bars of hard material that take up the entire height of the tooth. The new tooth structure is compatible with the presence of protective surface layers made of a molten hard material but can also be used without such a protective surface layer. One of the problems is that, with usual brazing or welding processes, it is awkward or difficult to correctly insert and join bars that take up the entire height of the tooth without adversely affecting the mechanical properties of the anti-abrasion material that constitutes the bars. The invention solves this difficulty by using a new infiltration process on the tooth blank itself. The invention suggests producing such a tooth structure by means of a so-called infiltration process. The infiltration process can be implemented in a relatively simple manner and does not require great skill on the part of the user, unlike hardfacing techniques using a welding bead, and also results in lower production costs. The process avoids the tricky operation of having to solder or braze an insert. When such an infiltration process is used, the tooth structure thus obtained is characterized by the fact that the bars of hard material are bonded to the metal of the tooth body by a brazing alloy that forms the matrix which itself links the particles of hard material to each other. This feature seems particularly important in order to obtain satisfactory cohesion between the bars of hard material and the metal that forms the tooth body. When using such an infiltration process, the mold structures are particularly small and easy to produce because the metal parts of the tooth structure themselves act as a mold. The invention makes it possible to considerably improve the service life and efficiency of an excavating tool tooth to a surprising extent compared with familiar techniques given comparable quantities of hard material. The tooth continues to cut as it wears. Finally, the risk of breakage or flaking of the coating and the bars of hard material is significantly reduced; this risk is often encountered with known teeth. The invention therefore makes it possible to obtain better cohesion of the excavating tooth, improved hardness of the bars of hard material and greater ease of production. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In order to achieve these objects as well as others, the tooth for an excavating tool in accordance with the invention has a general structure that is similar to known teeth; however, the working area of the tooth according to the invention has bars consisting of a mixture based on particles of hard material bonded in a matrix, the said bars being embedded in the metal of the tooth body and forming longitudinal bars that are essentially perpendicular to the transverse cutting edge. The longitudinal bars made of hard material form a row of bars that are inserted into the interstices of a metal comb constituted by the rest of the structure of the body. In those parts of the cross section that contain longitudinal bars with particles of hard material, the material with particles of hard material ideally takes up the entire height of the tooth between the leading face and the trailing face. In one possible embodiment, the longitudinal bars of hard material are separated from the front facet by a metal area or metal crosspiece. This structure makes it easy to produce the tooth by infiltration because the metal crosspiece then forms part of the mould to contain the molten material intended to form the bars. In one particular embodiment, the longitudinal bars made of hard material are linked to each other by bridges of hard material of which the height is less than that of the bars and with which they form a plate of hard material that constitutes the central part of the leading face. In this case, the front ends of the bars made of hard material can usefully be joined to each other by a crosspiece made of a hard material of which the height is essentially equal to the height of the bars. Further objects, characteristics and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description of particular embodiments, reference being made to the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic cross section of a dredger; FIG. 2 is a top view of a tooth showing the leading face; FIG. 3 is a side view of the tooth in FIG. 2; FIG. 4 is a bottom view of the tooth in FIG. 2 showing the trailing face; FIGS. 5 to 7 show the leading face, a profile view and the trailing face of a tooth respectively in another embodiment of the invention; FIG. 8 is a longitudinal cross section along plane A--A in FIG. 9; FIG. 9 is a top view of the tooth in FIG. 5, a longitudinal cross section along plane B--B in FIG. 8; FIG. 10 is a cross section along plane C--C in FIG. 9; FIGS. 11, 12 and 13 are views similar to FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 respectively in a second embodiment of the invention; FIGS. 14, 15 and 16 are views similar to FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 in a third embodiment of the invention; FIGS. 17, 18 and 19 are views similar to FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 respectively in a third embodiment of the invention; FIGS. 21 and 22 are views similar to FIGS. 9 and 10 respectively in a fourth embodiment of the invention with FIG. 20 being a longitudinal cross section along plane D--D in FIG. 21; and FIGS. 23 to 27 illustrate the stages in a process to produce teeth in accordance with the invention by infiltration. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In the embodiment diagrammatically shown in FIG. 1, an excavating tool such as a dredger or a revolving cutter head excavator for use in a mine generally consists of a rotating carrier structure 1 mounted so that it rotates on a drive shaft 2 and is driven by means of rotation around a preferred axis of rotation represented by arrow 3. The periphery 4 of the rotating carrier structure is fitted with teeth such as tooth 5 pointing in generally radial directions facing slightly in the direction of preferred direction of rotation 3 as shown in the Figure. The teeth are all normally identical. Tooth 5 consists of a leading face 6 pointing towards the preferred direction of rotation 3, an opposite trailing face 7 and a front facet 8 that defines a transverse cutting edge 9. Transverse cutting edge 9 is essentially parallel to the axis of rotation 2 of the wheel. Tooth 5 is shown in greater detail in FIGS. 2 to 4. FIGS. 2 to 4 only show the outer surface of the tooth which can be a traditional tooth or a tooth in accordance with the present invention. As shown in FIGS. 2 to 4, a tooth of an excavating tool in accordance with the invention consists of a tooth body structure made of a mechanically resistant metal or alloy such as steel having a fixing area 10 to join it to the drive wheel structure and a working area 11 to dig the soil. Fixing area 10 can be of the traditional type and has no special effect as far as the present invention is concerned. The invention deals with working area 11. Working area 11 is generally flat, shaped like a shovel and limited by leading face 6, trailing face 7, front facet 8 and two lateral edges 12 and 13. Leading face 6 and trailing face 7 are generally flat, slightly curved and, if applicable, parallel to each other. Front facet 8 is tapered. The tooth therefore has a transverse cutting edge 9. Traditional teeth generally have coating layers made of a hard material such as layers based on particles of molten tungsten carbide embedded in a metal matrix. Leading face 6, front facet 8 and lateral edges 12 and 13 are covered in a protective layer of hard material. The structure according to the invention is characterised in particular by the presence and the shape of the areas of hard material embedded in the metal structure of working area 11. Such areas of hard material are apparent, for example, in the embodiment on FIGS. 5 to 7: FIG. 5 shows, on leading face 6, five rectangular areas 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 respectively. The hard material consisting of a mixture based on particles of hard material bonded in a matrix just shows on the surface of leading face 6 in the five rectangular areas which are regularly spaced relative to each other and have longitudinal axes. The rectangular areas are close to transverse cutting edge 9 but nevertheless do not touch the cutting edge. Likewise, similar rectangular areas 19, 20, 21, 22 and 23 on trailing face 7 are shown in FIG. 7. In reality, the respective areas such as area 17 in FIG. 5 and area 22 in FIG. 7 are the exposed faces of a bar 24 (FIG. 8) consisting of a hard material inserted in a slot that crosses the metal forming the base structure of working area 11. FIGS. 8 to 10 show various cross sections and longitudinal sections of the tooth in FIGS. 5 to 7. FIG. 8 is a longitudinal section along a plane that is perpendicular to leading face 6 and bisects the bar made of hard material 24 in FIG. 9 corresponding to surfaces 17 in FIG. 5 and 22 in FIG. 7. The hard material of bar 24 is laterally limited by two intermediate metal spars 25 and 26, by the base 27 of the working area metal structure and by an end metal crosspiece 28. The material of bar 24 is apparent on leading face 6 to form rectangular area 17 and is apparent on trailing face 7 to form rectangular area 22. In this embodiment, the working area metal part 11 has a series of longitudinal slots separated by spars, for example six spars 25, 26, 29, 30, 31 and 32 which define five slots to accommodate five bars 24, 33, 34, 35 and 36. The longitudinal slots are filled with anti-abrasion hard material such as tungsten carbide or the like. The metal spars are all linked on the one hand to the base of metal structure 27 and, on the other hand, to front metal crosspiece 28. In this embodiment, the outer faces of the tooth are not covered in a protective anti-wear layer based on a hard material. The presence of internal areas of hard material such as bar 24 is sufficient to delay wear of the tooth considerably. The structure shown in FIGS. 11 to 13 is similar to that in FIGS. 8 to 10: the internal structure is identical; the only difference is the presence of an external protective layer 100 of hard material such as particles of molten tungsten carbide bonded by a metal matrix, the external surface of the said protective layer forming the leading face 6, the front facet 8 and the lateral edges 12 and 13. The external appearance of such a tooth is identical to that shown in FIGS. 2 to 4. The embodiment shown in FIGS. 14 to 16 is similar to that in FIGS. 11 to 13 and only differs from it in that metal crosspiece 28 has been omitted. In this case, the metal spars such as spars 25 and 26 have front ends that are free and are not joined and space 24 is an open slot. The metal spars therefore form a kind of comb of which the interstices are occupied by a row of bars made of hard material. The hard material that fills the interstices such as space 24 extends as far as protective layer 100 of which the external surface forms front cutting facet 8. As an alternative, one can use the same internal tooth structure without external protective layer 100. In the embodiment in FIGS. 17 to 19, the structure is similar to that in the embodiment in FIGS. 14 to 16. It differs from it in that, in the front area of lateral edges 12 and 13, the thickness of protective layer 100 made of hard material is increased. These areas are actually preferred areas of wear that are subjected to wear stresses that exceed those to which the other working parts of the tooth are subjected. It has been observed that a slight increase in the thickness of the protective layer in both these lateral parts results in a significant increase in the service life of the tooth. The embodiment shogun in FIGS. 20 to 22 differs from the above embodiments in that bridges of hard material are provided in order to link the successive internal bars made of hard material of the tooth. As in the embodiment in FIGS. 8 to 10, the metal structure of the tooth consists of a metal base 27 to which intermediate spars 25, 26, 29 and 30 are connected as well as two lateral spars 31 and 32. The front ends of lateral spars 31 and 32 are linked by metal crosspiece 28. Intermediate metal spars 25, 26, 29 and 30 have free front ends that are offset from metal crosspiece 28. The hard material thus forms longitudinal bars 24, 33, 34, 35 and 36 and the front ends of the bars are linked to each other by a crosspiece 37 made of hard material. Crosspiece 37 made of hard material can ideally take up the entire height of the working part of the tooth, i.e. the entire distance separating leading face 6 and trailing face 7 as shown in FIG. 20. In this case, during use, metal crosspiece 28 wears out fairly quickly and exposes crosspiece 37 made of hard material which counteracts wear. Similarly, metal lateral spars 31 and 32 wear out fairly quickly and then expose lateral bars 33 and 36 made of hard material which counteract wear. In this same embodiment, longitudinal bars made of hard material are linked to each other by bridges of hard material of which the height is less than that of the bars and with which they form a plate of hard material that constitutes the central part of leading face 6. As shown in FIG. 22 in a cross section, longitudinal bars 24 and 33 made of hard material are linked by bridge 38. FIG. 20 is a longitudinal section along plane D--D in FIG. 21 and shows a longitudinal section of this same bridge 38. Bridges 39, 40 and 41 link the other longitudinal bars made of hard material two by two. In other words, the height oil the intermediate metal spars is less than the total height of the working part of the tooth so that the hard material covers intermediate longitudinal bars on the leading face 6 of the tooth. In all the embodiments described above, the bars made of hard material can be approximately 4 to 15 mm thick and can be separated by metal areas or metal spars that are roughly 4 to 15 mm thick. The thickness is defined as the dimension in a direction parallel to transverse cutting edge 9. The length of the bars of hard material is essentially equal to the length of the maximum permissible area of wear of the tooth. The hard material that forms the longitudinal bars can ideally contain particles of molten tungsten carbide, preferably spheroidal particles with no sharp-angle areas. Improved anti-wear characteristics are obtained by using a mixture of particles of different sizes, some particles of molten tungsten carbide having a diameter equal to or greater than 2 mm. In accordance with the invention, the preferred process shown in FIGS. 23 to 27 to produce internal areas of hard material such as the longitudinal bars, comprises the following steps: a) According to FIG. 23, produce a blank 42 made of metal or alloy having a fixing area 10 and a working area metal part 11, the said working area metal part consisting of a series of longitudinal slots 43 that terminate at least on leading face 6 and are separated by spars 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32; b) According to FIG. 24, place the said blank 42 on a mounting 44 with its leading face 6 upwards and in an essentially horizontal direction; c) According to FIG. 25, fill the said longitudinal slots 43 with particles of a hard anti-abrasion material 45 such as molten tungsten carbide or the like and vibrate this assembly so that the particles are in as close as possible contact with the walls of the slots and are contiguous to each other; d) According to FIG. 25, prepare a sufficient quantity of an appropriate alloy 46 in a form suitable to ensure subsequent distribution of the alloy during a subsequent melting phase, the alloy being a brazing alloy capable of wetting the particles of hard material 45 and the material which forms blank 42 and of melting at a temperature less than the melting temperature of blank 42 and mounting 44; e) According to FIG. 26, heat this assembly to a temperature higher than the melting point of alloy 46 and lower than the melting point of blank 42 and mounting 44 in order to ensure infiltration of the molten alloy between the particles of hard material 45; f) According to FIG. 27, allow to cool and separate the piece thus obtained from its mounting. In the embodiment described with reference to FIGS. 23 to 27, blank 42 is such that intermediate metal spars 25, 26, 29 and 30 are offset from leading face 6 which is defined by outer spars 31 and 32. In this way, during the filling and infiltration stage in FIG. 25, hard material 45 fills slots 43 and covers intermediate spars 25, 26, 29 and 30 in order to produce a plate of infiltrated hard material 47 which is shown in FIG. 27 and forms the central area of leading face 6. According to one variation, front ends of outer spars 31 and 32 are linked to each other by a metal crosspiece such as crosspiece 28 shown in FIG. 20 whereas intermediate spars 25, 26, 29 and 30 have a free end which is separated from crosspiece 28 by a gap. In this way, during the filling and infiltration stage illustrated in FIG. 25, hard material 45 fills the said gap which separates the free ends of the intermediate spars and metal crosspiece 28 in order to form a crosspiece 37 of hard material such as that shown in FIGS. 20 and 21. This process is compatible with a subsequent stage during which one can produce a surface coating 100 of hard material on leading face 6 and front facet 8 as shown in FIGS. 11 to 16. Surface coating 100 of hard material can, for instance, be produced by fusing a welding bead with a welding torch or electric arc using conventional hardfacing processes by welding. In order to improve the cohesion between the tooth body metal structure and the parts made of hard material, one can carry out, before infiltration and welding, an initial operation to prepare the surface of the blank which is in contact with the hard material. Such preparation may include the following phases: Grinding or shot blasting of the surface, Plating of a thin film of alloy of the self-fusing nickel-chrome-boron-silicon type by means of a welding torch. The present invention is not confined to the embodiments explicitly described and it includes the various variations and generalizations contained in the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. In particular, one can, without exceeding the scope of the invention, provide a number of bars of hard material other than five, bars having cross sections other than a rectangular cross section and shapes of the leading and trailing tooth face which are not flat.	An excavating tool tooth includes a mounting area (10) and a working area (11). The working area (11) includes longitudinal bars (14-18) made of a hard material. The bars are inserted in the steel and snugly contact the tooth's cutting face. The presence of the rods made of a hard material substantially increases the tooth's service life. The bars are produced by infiltration.	1
FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] This invention concerns a wind driven turbine for the generation of electricity that includes a turbine wheel rotatably mounted on a laterally extending central axis, with an electrical generator in driven relationship with the turbine wheel. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Windmills have been used for many generations for the purpose of pumping water from the ground and for generating electricity. The basic advantage of the windmill is that it uses the power of the wind to move the blades. This rotary movement is converted into various useful purposes. For example, wind turbines including turbine blades mounted on towers have been placed in areas where steady winds are prevalent and the rotary movements of the wind driven turbine blades are used to generate electricity. [0003] In order to take maximum advantage of the wind energy, the blades of the conventional wind turbines are very large and must be made of expensive rigid material, with no extra support at the outer tips of the blades. The conventional wind turbine blades rotate at a high rate of revolutions and must withstand both the centrifugal forces generated by the fast revolution of the blades and the cantilever bending forces applied to the blades by the wind. Since the outer portions of the blades move at a very high velocity and are engaged by strong winds, the larger the blades the stronger they must be and the more expensive they become. Thus, there is a practical limit as to the length and width of the turbine blades. [0004] Another wind turbine concept is disclosed in U.S. Patent Publications 2010/0266407 A1 and 2010/0264663 A1. These wind turbines have a turbine wheel that includes an elongated central axle structure and an outer concentric circular rail, and support cables extend radially form the ends of the axle structure and converge inwardly toward connection with the outer concentric rail, similar to the conventional bicycle wheel. In this way, the outer concentric circular rail is firmly yet rotatably supported in its concentric relationship with the central axle structure. Turbine blades extend radially between and are supported at their ends by the central axle structure and the outer concentric circular rail. With this construction the turbine blades are not self-supportive at their outer ends, but are supported at their ends by the central axle structure and the outer concentric circular rail. [0005] The outer concentric circular rim supports the outer portions of the turbine blades so that the force of the wind applied to the blades may be absorbed to a major extent by the outer rim so there is little if any cantilever force applied to the blades. This allows the blades of the wind turbine to be formed of lighter weight material, material that is not required to bear as much stress in comparison to the typical free bladed turbine. This also allows the use of turbine blades that may be much longer than the blades of conventional prior art wind turbines. [0006] An electrical generator may be mounted to the turbine wheel, such as to the outer concentric circular rail to generate electricity in response to the atmospheric wind engaging the blades and rotating the turbine wheel. [0007] In addition to the above noted recent developments, it would be desirable to increase the effective forces of the atmospheric winds against the turbine blades of a wind turbine, particularly in slow wind conditions. For example, the prior art teaches the use of a shroud mounted about the turbine blades of a wind turbine that develops a zone of high velocity wind at the blades of the wind turbine to form a greater air pressure differential across the blades of the wind turbine. See U.S. Patent Publications 2020/0308595 A1, 2011/0085901 A1, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,849,965 B2. However, the shrouds add to the weight of the overall structures and it appears that the turbine blades are of conventional short and heavy cantilever designs and do not have the blade length for higher performance. [0008] Thus, it would be desirable to produce and use a wind turbine that has light weight long turbine blades and includes a means for inducing a zone of low pressure air at or behind the turbine blades for increasing the pressure differential across the blades, thereby enabling the wind turbine to be more efficient, particularly during low wind conditions. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE [0009] Briefly described, this disclosure sets forth the features of a wind turbine that is powered by atmospheric wind and which can be used to create rotary energy that is transformed into an end product, such as to drive an electrical generator, to run a grist mill, or to pump water. The end use may vary in accordance with need, but a practical end use for the wind turbine is to create electricity by driving a generator. [0010] A turbine wheel is mounted on a mast or other turbine wheel support for generating power by rotating in response to oncoming atmospheric wind. The turbine wheel includes a central axle structure for mounting on the turbine wheel support, a perimeter rim extends coaxially about the central axle structure and rotates about the central axle structure. An airfoil is mounted to the perimeter rim and is rotatable with the perimeter rim about the central axle structure. [0011] A plurality of turbine blades are mounted in the turbine wheel and each blade includes an inner end supported by the central axle structure and an outer end supported by the perimeter rim. [0012] A plurality of cables extend between the central axle structure and the perimeter rim and support the perimeter rim from the central axle structure such that said perimeter rim is rotatable about said central axle structure. [0013] The air foil is shaped to redirect the atmospheric wind in an outwardly directed approximately conical shape extending downstream from the central axle structure for forming a reduced atmospheric air pressure downstream of the airfoil for enhancing the movement of atmospheric air through the plurality of turbine blades. [0014] The perimeter rim may extend radially outwardly from the air foil, and an electrical generator may be positioned at the perimeter rim for converting the rotatory movements of the perimeter rim into electricity. [0015] The central axle structure of the turbine wheel supports the turbine wheel on a horizontal axis and the turbine wheel is movable on the turbine wheel support about a vertical axis to face the changing directions of oncoming wind. [0016] The airfoil may be connected to the perimeter rim and move in unison with the perimeter rim. The air foil may be formed of a series of air foil segments extending about the perimeter rim. [0017] Other objects, features and advantages of this invention may be understood upon reviewing the accompanying drawings when taken in conjunction with the following specification and claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0018] FIG. 1 is a front elevational view of the wind turbine, showing the turbine wheel mounted on a vertical mast. [0019] FIG. 2 is a side elevational view, showing the mast and turbine wheel with the airfoil shown in cross section. [0020] FIG. 3A is a top view of the turbine wheel and its mast, showing the airfoil in cross section. [0021] FIG. 3B is a side elevational view of the wind turbine, showing the airfoil in cross section. [0022] FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of the airfoils of the turbine wheel, showing how the oncoming wind moves about the airfoils and is redirected to form a zone of reduced air pressure downstream of the airfoils. [0023] FIG. 5 is a partial view of the perimeter rim and the airfoils at the outer edge of the turbine wheel. [0024] FIG. 6 is a detail showing the structure of one of the airfoils and the manner in which it is mounted to the perimeter rim, showing how the direction of the oncoming atmospheric wind is redirected by the airfoil. [0025] FIG. 7 is a side elevational view of the lower portion of the turbine wheel, with an indication of the oncoming atmospheric wind passing about the airfoil, showing how the wind is redirected by the airfoil. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0026] Referring now in more detail to the drawings in which like numerals indicate like parts throughout the several views, FIG. 1 illustrates a wind turbine 10 that includes a vertically oriented mast 12 and a turbine wheel 14 mounted to the mast. The mast 12 functions as a turbine wheel support. [0027] The turbine wheel includes a central axle structure 16 that is supported by the mast 12 , with the central axle structure being horizontally oriented and rotatable about a horizontal axis 18 . [0028] Turbine wheel 14 includes a circular turbine blade support ring 19 extending concentrically about and rotatable about said central axle structure. The circular turbine blade support ring 19 includes perimeter rim 20 that extends coaxially about the central axle structure 16 and that is rotatable about the central axle structure 16 , and circular airfoil 22 mounted inwardly of perimeter rim 20 and also extending circumferentially about said central axle structure. A plurality of turbine blades 24 extend radially from the central axle structure 16 to the circular turbine blade support ring 19 . The turbine blades 24 are supported at their inner ends by the central axle structure 16 and at their outer ends by the circular turbine blade support ring 19 . [0029] While only three turbine blades 24 are illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 , a different number of turbine blades may be positioned in the turbine wheel, such as four, five or six turbine blades, as may be desired. Three turbine blades are illustrated so as to better describe the features of the turbine wheel. [0030] As shown in FIGS. 1 , 3 A and 3 B, the turbine wheel includes a plurality of radially extending cables 26 , generally equally angularly spaced about the turbine wheel, extending from the central axle structure 16 , radially outwardly to the turbine blade support ring 19 . As shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B , there are two sets of cables 26 , with one set of cables 26 A positioned on one side of the turbine wheel and the other set of cables 26 B positioned on the opposite side of the turbine wheel. The cables 26 A and 26 B have their inner ends mounted to the ends of the central axle structure 16 so that they are spread apart along the axis 18 of the turbine wheel 14 . The cables 26 A and 26 B then converge toward one another as they extend radially outwardly from the central axle structure 16 and are connected at their outer ends to the turbine blade support ring 19 . This converging relationship between the cables 26 A and 26 B forms a stable support for turbine blade support ring 19 , holding the turbine blade support ring 19 in a coaxial relationship with respect to the central axle structure 16 . Therefore, the turbine blade support ring 19 is firmly supported in its coaxial relationship with respect to the central axle structure 16 . [0031] Airfoil 22 is a part of turbine blade support ring 19 and is a circular structure that is also coaxial with respect to the central axle structure 16 . Airfoil 22 is joined to the perimeter rim 20 and to the turbine cables 26 . Accordingly, airfoil 22 rotates in unison with turbine wheel 14 about central axle structure 16 , as will be described in more detail hereinafter. [0032] FIG. 4 shows a schematic view of the airfoil, with the airfoil shown in two cross sections that are closely spaced to one another. The airfoil 22 has a longitudinal axis 30 , an inwardly facing lift surface 32 , and an outwardly facing stable surface 34 . Generally, the stable surface 34 is closer to being parallel to the longitudinal axis 30 than the lift surface 32 . The lift surface is convex and requires a more radical change of direction of the atmospheric wind flowing about the airfoil, as shown by the dash lines passing over the surfaces. [0033] The atmospheric wind 36 moves toward the front edge of the turbine blades 24 and travels across the lift surface 32 and stable surface 34 as shown by the dash lines of FIG. 4 . [0034] The longitudinal axis 30 of the air foil 22 is oriented at an angle of attack 39 with respect to the direction of the on-coming atmospheric wind 36 . The angle of attack 39 typically will be approximately 20° from the direction of the oncoming atmospheric wind 36 . [0035] It can be seen from the trailing wind direction illustrated at 38 that a substantial redirection of the atmospheric wind takes place as the wind travels across the airfoil 22 . This redirection of the atmospheric air induces a reduced air pressure at and behind the perimeter rim 20 . The reduced air pressure at and behind the turbine wheel tends to increase the velocity of the oncoming atmospheric air. [0036] As shown in FIG. 4 , perimeter rim 20 may protrude radially outwardly from the airfoil 22 , and the perimeter rim includes a sloped forwardly facing surface 40 , and an outwardly facing horizontal surface 42 . The sloped forwardly facing surface 40 is shaped so as minimize the disturbance of the flow of the atmospheric air passing about the airfoil 22 . The outwardly facing horizontal surface 42 is shaped so as to be conveniently engaged by the wheel 44 of an electrical generator 46 . As shown in FIGS. 1 , 2 and 3 B, the electrical generator and its wheel may be supported by the upright mast 12 . [0037] As the turbine wheel rotates the turbine blades 24 , the turbine wheel develops centrifugal forces, but the circular shape of the turbine blade support ring 19 , including its perimeter ring 20 and air foil 22 , bear most of the centrifugal forces instead of the turbine blades. This allows the use of increased dimensions and weights of the turbine blades. The centrifugal force tends to increase the stability of the overall turbine wheel and also increase the effective strength that supports the turbine blades, adding to the possible dimensions and weights of the turbine blades in high atmospheric wind conditions. [0038] As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 , the airfoil 22 may be formed of rectilinear segments connected end to end. The segments illustrated in FIG. 6 are rectilinear; however, airfoil segments may be made in arcuate segments. Also, like the air foil, the perimeter rim 20 may be made in rectilinear segments or arcuate segments, as may be desired. An advantage of making the perimeter rim and airfoil in segments is that they may be shipped across interstate highways from manufacturing site to the destination where they will be erected for operation. [0039] As shown in FIG. 6 , connecting cables 50 may be used to connect the segments of the airfoil 22 together. Other connection means such as cables, bolts, brackets or other connection means may be used as desired. Likewise, similar connecting cables, bolts, or other connection means may be used to connect the segments of the perimeter rim 20 together. [0040] The air foil 22 may be hollow with spars and other conventional interior structural means, as is conventional in the art. [0041] The turbine blades may be made of fiberglass, polyvinylchloride, woven fabric or other materials suitable for the predicted atmospheric conditions, and that hold their shapes over an extended time use. [0042] The cables 26 may be made of various metal materials or non-metal materials. The expression “cables” is to include other structures, preferably of light weight material, that function in tension to hold the turbine blade support ring in place, such as rods or spokes under tension. [0043] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that while the foregoing description sets forth in detail preferred embodiments of the present invention, and modifications, additions, and changes might be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as set forth in the following claims.	A wind turbine 10 includes a turbine wheel 14 that includes a circular air foil 22 surrounding the turbine blades 24 , with the angle of attack 39 of the air foil directing some of the trailing air outwardly in a cone-shaped path to form an area of low air pressure that induces more rapid flow of atmospheric air through the turbine blades.	5
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to lighting fixtures, particularly of the type used for commercial and theatrical lighting requirements. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Specialized lighting fixtures, for commercial and theatrical lighting, for example, frequently utilize various forms of accessories, such as filters, conditioners and lenses to modify the shape, color or other aspects of the emitted lighting. These accessories may be changed from time to time to achieve different lighting effects, and a number of arrangements have been proposed heretofore to accommodate such periodic changes. The fixture of the Kane et al U.S. Pat. No. 6,942,368, for example, utilizes a removable cartridge in which accessory elements are installed in advance of the cartridge itself being placed in the fixture. One of its important advantages is that the accessory group may be pre-assembled at ground level, which facilitates and makes safer the final installation, which frequently must take place on a high ladder. Many other proposals can, however, be overly complicated and expensive and/or can be more cumbersome and time consuming than is desired. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to a novel and improved form of specialized light fixture having a uniquely simplified and economical facility for the removable mounting of accessory elements as well as for mounting of a reflector element. The invention makes use of novel, multifunctional accessory retaining elements which are mounted in the bezel, at the front of the lamp housing, and enable one or several accessory elements to be carried in the bezel and to be easily installed in and removed therefrom. The bezel and the multifunctional retaining elements also include novel features for removably retaining and accurately positioning the reflector of the lamp to maximize the efficiency of the lighting output and to facilitate installation and replacement of the reflector and/or lamp as necessary or desirable. Additionally, the design of the lamp components is such that portions of the multifunctional elements are engageable with portions of the lamp housing to enable the bezel to be easily and expeditiously joined with and locked to the lamp housing after installing or changing accessories or changing of the lamp, for example. The fixture of the invention, while having significant functional advantages is also very economical to manufacture because primary components, i.e., housing and bezel, may be plastic moldings, while the inexpensive and easily installed multifunctional elements enable bezel to be securely and accurately attached to the housing with a small rotation of the bezel, while providing for mounting of the reflector and various accessories in an precise and reliable manner. For a more complete understanding of the above and other features and advantages of the invention, reference should be made to the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention and to the accompanying drawings illustrating the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a typical form of lighting fixture incorporating the invention. FIG. 2 is an exploded view of a portion of the fixture of FIG. 1 illustrating certain features of the invention. FIG. 3 is an enlarged perspective view of a novel form of multifunctional element incorporated in the fixture of FIG. 1 and serving in multiple capacities therein as will be described. FIG. 4 is a top plan view of the multifunctional element of FIG. 3 . FIGS. 5 and 6 are front and side elevational views respectively of the element of FIG. 3 FIG. 7 is a diametric cross sectional view through the lamp housing and bezel of FIG. 1 . FIG. 8 is a broken away view illustrating the interaction between the multifunctional elements and the lamp housing for securing of the bezel to the housing. FIG. 9 is an enlarged, fragmentary cross sectional view showing elements of the bezel, housing and reflector in assembled relationship. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring now to the drawings, the numeral 10 designates generally a light fixture incorporating the invention. The illustrated fixture is shown as a track lighting fixture, for mounting in a suitable bus bar (not shown). However, the invention is directed to features of the lamp itself without regard to the manner of its mounting. The illustrated embodiment includes a track mounting body 11 , a transformer housing 12 extending downward from the mounting body and rotatable with respect thereto, a lamp housing 13 rotatably mounted on the transformer housing, and a bezel 14 secured to the front of the lamp housing. With reference to FIGS. 2 and 7 , the lamp housing 13 comprises a lower portion 15 of circular cross section joined with an upper portion 16 which mounts to the transformer housing 12 . The upper portion of the lamp housing includes means of a standardized form (not shown) for mounting a lamp 17 . In the preferred form of the invention, the lamp 17 is a metal halide type, having an elongated cylindrical bulb form, which is mounted in the housing to be substantially coaxial with the circular portion 15 of the housing 13 . A suitable lamp for this purpose is a GE CMH14/T/U/830/G12 which is available commercially from the General Electric Company. The lower portion of the lamp housing 13 is formed with a downwardly projecting cylindrical wall 18 of smaller diameter than adjacent portions of the housing 15 , which is adapted to be closely received within the cylindrical side wall 19 of the bezel 14 . The bezel 14 also is formed with an inwardly projecting annular bottom flange 21 which defines a front opening and provides support for one or more circular lenses or circular filter discs 22 in a manner to be described. It should be understood in connection with this description that directional references, such as vertical, horizontal, upper, lower, etc. are used for convenience only, and with respect to the invention in its specifically illustrated orientation. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the bezel 14 mounts internally a pair of diametrically opposed, multifunctional accessory retaining elements 23 , shown in detail in FIGS. 3-6 . The accessory retaining elements 23 advantageously are stamped from a single section of spring metal, for example stainless steel of a thickness of about 0.015 inch. Each accessory retaining element 23 includes a flat base member 24 of arcuate shape, arranged to be supported on the bottom flange 21 of the bezel 14 and to be secured thereon by friction clips 25 which are engageable with posts (not shown) projecting upward from the flange 21 . A vertical support 26 extends upward from the base member 24 to a level near but not above the upper edge of the cylindrical bezel flange 21 , as shown in FIG. 7 . On each side of the vertical support 26 there are formed inwardly projecting panels 27 which, among other things, impart stiffness to lower portions of the vertical support 26 . Spring arms 28 extend divergently inward from inner edges of the panels 27 and are disposed relative to each other at a relatively shallow angle of, in the illustrated embodiment, about 128 degrees. For a bezel of about four inches in diameter, an advantageous form of multifunctional accessory retaining element 23 may have a “wing span”, between upper corner areas 29 of the spring arms 28 , of about 1.46 inches. As shown particularly in FIGS. 3 and 5 , the spring arms have upwardly divergent outer edges 30 . For example, in the illustrated embodiment of the invention the outer edges 30 may be disposed at an angle of about 102 degrees with respect to the horizontal. The arrangement is such that, because of angular disposition of the spring arms, the upper portions of the outer edges 30 are positioned slightly more radially inward, toward the center of the bezel, than lower portions of those edges. As shown in FIG. 7 , the bottom flange 21 of the bezel 14 is provided with an upwardly projecting circular bead 31 extending around the inner edge of the flange. The bead 31 serves to support one or more (typically up to three) circular filter discs 22 in an axial stack. The filter discs 22 are positioned in centered relation in the bezel by means of circumferentially spaced internal ribs 32 extending inward from the circular flange of the bezel 14 . The upwardly divergent outer edges 30 of the spring arms are positioned so that the lower portions thereof will be resiliently displaced outwardly when a first disc is inserted into the bezel and supported on the annular bead 31 . The displaced spring arms bear inward against outer edges of the disc, and the upwardly divergent outer edges 30 of the spring arms bear somewhat downwardly on upper portions of the disc to retain the disc against the annular bead 31 . If a second filter disc is inserted into the bezel, it will be engaged by upper portions of the outer edges 30 , which are positioned slightly more inward than the edge portions engaging the lower disc, such that the spring arms will again be displaced in a radially outward direction and will resiliently bear inward and downward upon the uppermost disc. A similar action takes place if a third disc (not shown) is inserted onto the stack, it being understood that the accessory retaining elements 23 are, in the illustrated embodiment, configured to receive a maximum of three standard discs. In each case, downward pressure against the uppermost disc serves to retain the entire disc stack positioned in the bezel 14 . To facilitate displacement of the spring arms 28 during insertion of filter discs 22 , the upper corner portions of the spring arms can be provided with outwardly bent tabs 33 . These tabs initially engage lower portions of the filter discs 22 during insertion into the bezel and cause the spring arms to be easily displaced outwardly when a disc is pressed downwardly into the bezel. In the illustrated form of the invention, the vertical support 26 of the multifunctional accessory retaining element 23 has a support portion 34 which extends upward above the spring arms 28 and supports a spring clip 35 . The spring clip is integral with the support portion 34 and extends downward and inward therefrom. At its lower end, the spring clip has a V-shaped indentation 36 positioned to receive the edge of a flat, outwardly extending flange 37 of a reflector 38 , the body 39 of which is suitably shaped for the service intended. As is evident in FIGS. 7 and 9 , the internal ribs 32 of the bezel 14 are formed with upper and lower horizontally disposed support surfaces 40 , 41 . The lower support surfaces 41 serve to position the reflector flange 37 (and thus the reflector 38 itself) accurately and in a stable manner with respect to the bezel 14 . The reflector is installed in the bezel by pressing the reflector downward until the flange 37 snaps into the V-shaped indentations 36 of an opposed pair of accessory retaining elements 23 . The V-shaped indentations then serve to press the flange resiliently downward against the several support surfaces 41 . The reflector is also accurately positioned coaxially with the bezel by the confining surfaces 42 of the internal ribs 32 . Pursuant to another feature of the invention, the accessory retaining elements 23 are each provided with a housing engaging arm 43 integral with the support portion 34 of the vertical support 26 and extending laterally therefrom, spaced closely above the upper edges of the spring arms 28 . The arm 43 is curved inward slightly, to follow the arcuate contours of the bezel side wall 19 , and mounts an inwardly projecting cylindrical peg 44 at its outer end. As indicated in FIGS. 2 and 8 , the downwardly projecting cylindrical wall 18 of the lamp housing 13 has a bottom surface 45 which, when the bezel 14 if fully assembled to the lamp body, will engage the upper support surfaces of the internal ribs 32 of the bezel ( FIG. 9 ) to accurately position the bezel (and therefore the reflector 38 as well) with respect to the housing 13 . Pursuant to one aspect of the invention, the bezel 14 is secured to the housing 13 by means of the arms 43 and pegs 44 , which engage elements of the cylindrical wall 18 . To this end, the cylindrical wall 18 is formed in diametrically opposed locations with downward and outwardly opening recesses 46 which are of sufficient width (circumferentially) to receive upper portions of the multifunctional accessory retaining elements 23 . Communicating with the recesses 46 are adjacent recesses 47 which are outwardly open but closed at the bottom by means of a bottom wall 48 . To initially assemble the bezel 14 with the housing 13 , the bezel is rotated to a position in which the multifunctional accessory retaining elements 23 are aligned with the downwardly opening recesses 46 , allowing the accessory retaining elements 23 to be inserted into the recesses and the bezel 14 to be applied over the downwardly projecting cylindrical wall 18 . Thereafter, the bezel 14 is rotated clockwise (as viewed from below) relative to the housing 13 , causing the arms 43 and pegs 44 to enter the open ends of the recesses 47 . The pegs 44 are thus engaged and supported by the bottom walls 48 of the recesses 47 . As evident in FIGS. 2 and 8 , the bottom walls 48 are contoured such that, as the pegs 44 advance in a clockwise direction, they are first displaced upwardly and then allowed to drop downwardly slightly and captured with a detent action at the closed ends of the recesses 47 . The natural spring characteristics of the arms 48 allows the pegs to be moved through the detent position after the surface 45 has engaged the support surfaces 40 ( FIG. 9 ), such that the bezel is effectively locked in accurately positioned relation to the lamp housing 13 . To advantage, a stop element 49 ( FIG. 2 ) can be provided on the cylindrical projection, to engage with one of the internal ribs 32 of the bezel and limit the rotation of the bezel in the clockwise direction. The bezel can be readily removed, when desired, by a counterclockwise twisting motion to overcome the detent action and allow the pegs 44 to be withdrawn circumferentially from the recesses 47 . In the illustrated embodiment, the internal ribs 32 have thin portions 50 extending upward from the upper support surfaces, between the cylindrical wall 18 and the bezel wall 19 to accurately position the bezel axially with respect to the housing while minimizing frictional resistance between the bezel and housing during mounting and removal of the bezel. Desirably, the interior of the lamp housing may be sealed with a Quad Ring 51 or the like to keep it free of dust. The lighting fixture of the invention greatly facilitates rearrangement of the working elements, including the filters and the reflector, as is necessary or desirable from time to time to change the character of the lighting. When such changes are desired, a quick partial rotation of the bezel 14 enables it to be completely separated from the main housing 13 , and along with it, as a unit, the filters and the reflector. In this respect, it is often desirable to change the reflector to provide a different focus of the light beam. Both the reflector 38 and the filter discs 22 are easily removed by separating them from between the two multifunctional accessory retaining elements 23 , which both retain and position them by an advantageous spring action. While different reflectors can be easily snapped into place in the accessory retaining elements 23 , they are precisely positioned laterally by the confining surfaces 42 and axially by the support surfaces 41 on the bezel. In the preferred embodiment of the fixture, the lamp 17 has a cylindrical body. The precise positioning of the reflector in the bezel enables the reflector opening 52 fit around the lamp with an absolute minimum of clearance space, thus maximizing the efficiency of the reflected light. The new fixture provides a number of advantageous features with respect to facilitating the periodic revision of lighting characteristics while providing a unit of low cost and minimal complication. All of the normally changeable elements (i.e., the reflector and filters) are held in the bezel and are easily removable and mountable with a simple twist action of the bezel. This is in made possible in large part by the use of unique and novel multifunctional accessory retaining elements which position and secure filters in various numbers, provide for easy but precise mounting of the reflector, and provide quick but positive and precise assembly of the bezel to the lamp housing. The multifunctional clip elements 23 are inexpensively made of sheet metal material, which shaped and formed in a novel manner to facilitate the initial mounting in the bezel and to obtain the desired multiple functions from the elements after mounting. Mounting of the reflector in the removable bezel also makes the lamp 17 easily accessible and facilitates replacement of the lamp when necessary. It should be understood, of course, that the specific form of the invention herein illustrated and described in intended to be illustrative only as many variations may be made thereto within the clear teachings and scope of the invention. Reference should therefore be made to the following claims in ascertaining the full and true scope of the invention.	A specialized lighting fixture including a main housing and a front bezel, and a pair of clip elements mounted in the bezel to removably secure one or more filters and a reflector. The clip elements also include a pair of opposed spring arms angled towards the bezel axis with the upper portion of the side edges of the arms positioned closer to the bezel axis than the lower portion of such edges. The bezel includes support surfaces that function, together with the clip elements to position the reflector with respect to the bezel and the bezel with respect to the main housing.	5
This application is a division of application Ser. No. 08/881,707 filed Jun. 24, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,129,869. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The field of art to which the invention relates comprises method and apparatus for forming a surface hand grip on poured aggregate coping cantilevered about a swimming pool. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A continuous nose or lip raised along the peripheral edge of coping cantilevered about a swimming pool is considered desirable as affording a reachable handgrip for swimmers particularly children. Such a configuration has long been available using precast coping. For economic reasons, however, it has been preferred by many that pool decking including the coping be formed on site by the pouring of aggregate such as concrete. However, the use of poured aggregate heretofore has precluded the raised lip or projected nose being formed therewith along the peripheral edge of the coping. The inability to provide such a lip or nose has generally been attributed to the practice of the cement-placing crews rodding the top of the concrete form with their strike off rods when finishing concrete around the swimming pool. As a result, many states have forbidden poured cantilevered decking on public pools. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART Cantilevered coping is commonly provided about the inside perimeter of a swimming pool and is typically constructed of either processed concrete slabs or of an aggregate poured on site. When poured, a form board is utilized to profile the coping as disclosed for example in U.S. Pat. No. 3,872,195. Unlike the precast coping slabs, forming the coping by pouring of aggregate has precluded forming an extension such as a raised horizontally placed lip or a vertically placed nose extending the entire peripheral edge of the coping that swimmers can grip or cling to from within the water. Such coping therefore is considered desirable as a safety feature and is frequently a code requirement for public pools frequented by children. On the other hand, the poured aggregate coping is considered more economical yet perfectly safe for many installations where use of a raised coping lip or nose is deemed unnecessary and/or not required by law. Yet despite recognition of the foregoing, it has not been known heretofore how to form such a raised nose, lip or combination thereof along the coping edge where the coping is constructed of poured aggregate. OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION An object of the invention is to provide novel method and apparatus for effecting a raised lip, nose or combination thereof along the horizontal peripheral coping surface at the cantilevered edge of poured aggregate coping. It is a further object of the invention to effect the previous object in a reliable and economical manner. It is a still further object of the invention to construct a cantilevered coping of poured aggregate having a raised lip, nose or both along the peripheral edge that can conveniently be grasped by a swimmer in the water below. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to forming the decking and coping for a swimming pool of poured aggregate. More specifically, the invention relates to a poured aggregate coping having a continuous gripping surface raised along the perimeter edge of the coping that can be readily grasped by a swimmer in the pool. For achieving the foregoing, a configured form board is utilized to shape the face of the coping when poured and provides for forming a nose projection along the vertical edge facing of the coping. Operative in the alternative or in conjunction therewith is a hand displaceable hopper mule closely fitting over the form board and the already poured coping to provide a vertically raised lip along the horizontal surface end of the coping. The mule includes a vertical hopper into which poured aggregate is introduced and an underside longitudinally extending recess into which aggregate from the hopper is dispensed onto the horizontal coping underlying the mule. Longitudinally displacing the mule while continually maintaining an aggregate supply in the hopper causes the raised lip to be deposited continuously about the horizontal distal surface of the coping. Separate mules are then utilized for troweling while a finishing tool is used to eliminate any parting line and effect a seamless grasping surface of the lip and nose before the aggregate sets. By means of the above, there is provided method and apparatus for overcoming a long standing limitation imposed on poured aggregate coping affording a safety feature previously unavailable with such copings. The above noted features and advantages of the invention as well as other superior aspects thereof will be further appreciated by those skilled in the art upon reading the detailed description which follows in conjunction with the drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a fragmentary isometric elevation illustrating the formation of a raised lip and nose along the peripheral edge of poured aggregate coping; FIG. 2 is a fragmentary sectional elevation as seen substantially along the lines 2 — 2 of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a sectional elevation as seen substantially along the lines 3 — 3 of FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is a top plan view of the mule of FIG. 1; FIG. 5 is an underside plan view of the mule of FIG. 1; FIG. 6 is an isometric elevation of a troweling tool for floating the aggregate deposited by the mule of FIG. 1; FIG. 7 is a tool similar to that of FIG. 6 for floating aggregate about sharp radii or corners; and FIG. 8 is an isometric view of a finishing tool to provide a finished texture to the lip and nose surfaces created by the form board and deposited by the mule of FIG. 1 . DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT In the description which follows, like parts are marked throughout the specification and drawings with the same reference numerals respectively. The drawing figures are not necessarily to scale and in certain views, proportions may have been exaggerated for purposes of clarity. Referring now to FIGS. 1-5 of the drawings, there is illustrated a vertical pool wall 10 having tile 22 against which there is positioned a styrofoam form board 12 for shaping the cantilevered end face of uncured decking 14 including an integral coping 16 . Form board 12 is preferably of the type disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 29/070,142 file May 1, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. D399,573 and incorporated herein by reference. Included on form board 12 are parallel vertically spaced feet 18 on which double faced adhesive tape 20 secures the form in place against pool tile 22 . Upper form edge 24 defines what would normally be the plane for upper surface 26 of decking 14 . To form the canted face of cantilevered coping 16 , form board 12 includes a vertically canted face 28 and at its upper edge includes a longitudinal concave recess 30 by which to form a nose projection 32 . A strip of thin plastic tape 27 overlies edge 24 to protect and preserve the edge from the adverse effects of rodding and the use of mule 36 to be described. Pouring the aggregate to form decking 14 and coping 16 as thus far described, results in an outwardly tapered end face on coping 16 complementing the profile of form board 12 and which at its upper edge contains a longitudinally extending convex nose or projection 32 . Nose 32 when cured becomes the complementary underside of a gripping surface 34 to be described. For forming the top continuous and complementary portion of the gripping surface 34 (FIG. 3) there is utilized a metal mule 36 while the aggregate of coping 16 is still uncured, for depositing the upper convex strip or lip 38 . Comprising mule 36 is an angle shaped frame 39 of metal or plastic including a front plate 40 and a normally oriented top plate 42 . Plate 40 is adapted on its inside surface to engage the back wall of form 12 . Top plate 42 , extends normal to front plate 40 and, contains on its underside a metal or hard rubber-like base 44 including a longitudinal concave recess 46 . Communicating with the recess is a centrally located elongated opening 48 extending through plate 42 and base 44 that includes a discharge draft 49 at either end. Communicating with opening 48 from above plate 42 is an inwardly tapered vertical hopper 50 in which a quantity of uncured aggregate is placed for the forming of raised lip 38 . For utilizing mule 36 , it is positioned as shown in FIG. 1 with the rear underside 52 of base 44 seated on plastic tape 27 over form edge 24 . The inside face of front plate 40 engages the back face 54 of form 12 and a quantity of uncured aggregate 56 is placed in hopper 50 . Handle 58 enables manual displacement of the mule gradually in the direction of arrow 60 . In the course of displacement, aggregate 56 is dispensed outwardly through opening 48 to deposit on coping 16 in configuration conformance with the arcuate configuration of recess 46 . This is continued until the entire longitudinal length of lip 38 is completed. Following behind the mule is a troweling tool 62 (FIG. 6) formed of right angle front and top plates 64 and 66 respectively with the top plate supporting a base 68 similar to base 44 including a like longitudinal recess 70 at its underside. As with mule 36 , the inside of front plate 64 engages the rear face 54 of the form board while the underside 72 of base 68 is adapted to ride tape 27 on form board edge 24 . Handle 74 is utilized for displacing troweling tool 62 whereby a float of previously deposited lip 38 is attained. FIG. 7 illustrates a second troweling tool 76 primarily useful for traversing curved portions of the coping and is of similar construction to troweling tool 62 except for the width of the tool and the orientation of handle 78 . After depositing and floating the upper portion of lip 38 , form board 12 is removed and a hard rubber finishing tool 80 is utilized to smooth out and combine upper lip 38 with lower nose 34 while enhancing their surface texture and eliminating any parting lines therebetween. For these purposes, tool 80 is comprised of a continuous hard-rubber base 82 containing an internally smooth longitudinal recess 84 . The arcuate extent of recess 84 is sufficient to embody both nose 32 and lip 38 while eliminating a surface seam or parting line at the joinder thereof that might otherwise occur. By the above description there is disclosed novel method and apparatus for effecting a raised gripping surface about the distal end of poured cantilevered coping extending about a swimming pool. In the manner hereof, there is enabled the construction of a horizontal nose, a vertical lip or a combination thereof affording a swimmer's grip particularly suitable for young children unable to swim or swim well. By means thereof there is afforded a simple yet inexpensive approach to constructing such a gripping surface that not only affords the virtue of an inexpensive aggregate construction but enables such construction to overcome previous legal prohibitions against use of poured on site aggregate coping. Since many changes could be made in the above construction and many apparently widely different embodiments of this invention could be made without departing from the scope thereof, it is intended that all matter contained in the drawings and specification shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.	Method and apparatus for forming a raised gripping surface along the peripheral edge of poured aggregate swimming pool coping. Utilized therein is a form board including a recess to form a first portion of the gripping surface and an aggregate dispensing mule to form a second portion of the gripping surface in a contiguous relation to the first portion. A finishing tool joins both portions into a combined unitized structure.	4
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from the prior Japanese Patent Application No. 2007-15511, filed on Jan. 25, 2007, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND The present method and apparatus relate to a frequency synchronization method and a frequency synchronization apparatus in a radio communication system. DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART Frequency synchronization is very important in a radio communication system such as Wimax (World interoperability for microwave access). The previous technology of the apparatus which performs frequency synchronization is described in FIG. 5 . That is, in the previous example, a control loop (CL) comprises a high-frequency receiving unit (RF) 1 , an analog/digital conversion unit (ADC) 2 , a frequency error detection unit 3 , an equalization unit 4 , a rounding processing unit 5 , an offset binary conversion unit 6 , a digital/analog conversion unit (DAC) 7 and a voltage controlled oscillator (VCTCXO) 8 . The previous example performs frequency synchronization by detecting a frequency error which occurs in the high-frequency receiving unit 1 . Operation of the previous example shown in FIG. 5 is explained as follows in reference to FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 . First, the high-frequency receiving unit 1 converts a received signal (frequency fR) into a base-band signal by using a local oscillation signal (frequency fL) which is generated in a voltage controlled oscillator 8 . As shown in FIG. 6 , the high-frequency receiving unit 1 comprises a multipliers 1 _ 1 and 1 _ 2 which input an I signal component (in-phase component) and a Q signal component (quadrature phase component) respectively, a multiplier 1 _ 3 in which a local oscillator signal from the voltage controlled oscillator 8 is multiplied by 125, a phase shifter 1 _ 4 which shifts a phase of an output signal of the frequency multiplier 1 _ 3 90 degrees, and a low-pass filters (LPF) 1 _ 5 and 1 _ 6 which pass only a low-frequency component from each output signal of the multipliers 1 _ 1 and 1 _ 2 . The multiplier 1 _ 1 multiplies a received signal and an output signal of the multiplier 1 _ 3 , and outputs the I signal component. The multiplier 1 _ 2 multiplies the received signal and an output signal of the multiplier 1 _ 3 and the phase shifter 1 _ 4 , and outputs the Q signal component. Therefore, the low-pass filters 1 _ 5 and 1 _ 6 in the high-frequency receiving unit 1 output a base-band signal of the I signal component and a base-band signal of the Q signal component respectively. Analog/digital conversion units 2 _ 1 and 2 _ 2 convert the base-band signals from the low-pass filters 1 _ 5 and 1 _ 6 into digital signals and output the digital signals as demodulated signals. The base-band signal has a vestigial frequency error (fe=fR−fL) (sampling error) as shown in FIG. 7 . Accordingly, the previous example needs to detect and correct the error component. The error component is detected in the frequency error detection unit 3 . In case of the OFDM method, for example, the frequency error detection unit 3 detects a frequency error by using correlated information which is obtained by a guard interval signal. The frequency error detected in the frequency error detection unit 3 is transmitted as a signed value to the equalization unit 4 . As shown in FIG. 6 , the equalization unit 4 comprises a multiplier 4 _ 1 and a loop filter 4 _ 2 . The loop filter 4 _ 2 comprises a series circuit consisting of an adder 4 _ 2 a , a register 4 _ 2 b and a limit processing unit 4 _ 2 c . The adder 4 _ 2 a adds an output value of the limit processing unit 4 _ 2 c to an output value of the multiplier 4 _ 1 . That is, the multiplier 4 _ 1 firstly multiplies a coefficients, which is used to adjust sensitivity, by the frequency error which is outputted from the frequency error detection unit 3 . Then, the output from the loop filter 4 _ 2 is averaged to be a 17-bit digital signal. Note that the loop filter 4 _ 2 has a 16-bit limit processing unit 4 _ 2 c . As shown in figure, the limit processing unit 4 _ 2 c performs limit processing as that a 17th bit is discarded when the sign bit of the 17-bit digital signal from the register 4 _ 2 b is 0 (positive) and a 17th bit is discarded and a 16th bit is given “1” when the sign bit is 1 (negative). The rounding processing unit 5 performs rounding processing as that (1) a 10th bit of a 16-bit data with a sign bit is given “1” when a 11th bit of the 16-bit data with a sign bit is “1” and the bits which are lower than the 10th bit are discarded. The rounding processing unit 5 performs rounding processing as that (2) in case of “01111111111xxxxx”, for example, the lower five bits are discarded resulting in a 10-bit “0111111111”. Digital signals rounded by the rounding processing unit 5 become the signed values “−512 to +511”. The offset binary conversion unit 6 performs conversion processing as that the most significant bit is flipped, which is converted into a straight binary, and which is transmitted as the data of 10-bit “0 to 1023” to the digital/analog conversion unit 7 . The voltage controlled oscillator 8 transmits a local oscillator signal corresponding to an analog output voltage from the digital/analog conversion unit 7 to the high-frequency receiving unit 1 . Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2002-27005 discloses a demodulator having an A/D conversion in which a demodulated analog signal is synchronized with a sampling clock by which it is to be sampled, thereby being converted into a digital signal, and an unbounded phase shift means to obtain demodulated signals by giving phase shift revolution control to the two of the mutually orthogonal digital signals which are output by the A/D conversion means. Thus, in the above-described previous example, a frequency can be adjusted to a frequency error according to resolution of the digital/analog conversion unit 7 by putting back the frequency error as an analog signal to the voltage controlled oscillator 8 to reduce the frequency error as much as possible. In the above-described previous example, the resolution (the number of bits) of the digital/analog conversion unit 7 needs to be increased to further reduce frequency error. However, in the previous example, the resolution of the digital/analog conversion unit 7 generally has to be increased by using a high-technology with technical difficulties, such as clock jitter. In the above-described previous example, if the resolution of the digital/analog conversion unit 7 is not increased, a variable range of the voltage controlled oscillator 8 can be reduced. However, there is a problem that the frequency range processed in the high-frequency receiving unit 1 becomes narrow. SUMMARY It is an object of the present method and apparatus to provide a frequency synchronization method and apparatus which increases the resolution of the digital/analog conversion unit and the frequency band that can be handled by the high-frequency receiving unit. The frequency synchronization method comprises a first step of detecting a frequency error which occurs when a high-frequency receiving signal is converted into a digital signal of a base-band, performing rounding or discarding processing and generating a local oscillation signal depending on the converted analog signals, a second step of generating a digital signal whose frequency depends on a discard component obtained by the rounding or discarding processing when the rounding or discarding processing is performed and a third step of canceling a frequency component of the digital signal which is generated by the second step from a frequency component of the digital signal of the base-band. The frequency synchronization method further comprises a fourth step of giving a value which is equivalent to a frequency offset to the discard component, a fifth step of generating a digital signal corresponding to a value which is obtained by the fourth step, a sixth step of canceling the frequency component of the digital signal which is obtained by the fifth step from the frequency component of the digital signal of the base-band, and a seventh step of converting the digital signal obtained by the fifth step into an analog signal and generating a transmission signal from the analog signal and the local oscillation signal. The second step includes a step of equalizing the discard component and a step of generating a digital signal whose frequency corresponds to the averaged discard component. The third step includes a step of performing the cancellation by inputting an I signal component and a Q signal component of each digital signal to be complex multiplied. The frequency synchronization apparatus comprises a first means for performing rounding or discarding processing for a frequency error occurring when a high-frequency receiving signal is converted into a digital signal of the base-band by a local oscillation signal and converting the frequency error from the rounding or discarding processing into an analog signal and generating the local oscillation signal corresponding to the analog signal, a second means for generating a digital signal whose frequency corresponds to a discard component of the rounding or discarding processing; a third means for canceling a frequency component of the digital signal generated by the second means from a frequency component of the base-band. The frequency synchronization apparatus further comprises a fourth means for adding a value which is equivalent to a frequency offset, a fifth means for generating a digital signal whose frequency corresponds to a value obtained by the fourth means, a sixth means for canceling a frequency component of the digital signal obtained by the fifth means from a frequency component of an input signal, and a seventh means for converting the digital signal obtained by the fifth means into an analog signal and generating a transmission signal from the analog and the local oscillation signal. The second means includes a means for equalizing the discard component and a means for generating a digital signal whose frequency corresponds to the averaged discard component. The third means includes a means for performing the cancellation by inputting the I signal component and the Q signal component of each digital signal to be complex multiplied. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows a block diagram schematically showing a first embodiment of a frequency synchronization method and a frequency synchronization apparatus which relate to the present method and apparatus. FIG. 2 shows a block diagram specifically showing a first embodiment of a frequency synchronization method and a frequency synchronization apparatus shown in FIG. 1 . FIG. 3 shows a diagram illustrating operation of a numerical controlled oscillator (NCO) 12 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 . FIG. 4 shows a block diagram showing an embodiment [2] of a frequency synchronization method and a frequency synchronization apparatus which relate to the present method and apparatus. FIG. 5 shows a block diagram showing a frequency synchronization method and a frequency synchronization apparatus in the previous example. FIG. 6 shows a block diagram specifically showing the previous example shown in FIG. 5 . FIG. 7 shows a diagram illustrating a frequency error which is generated in a high-frequency receiving unit. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 schematically shows a first embodiment of a frequency synchronization apparatus which realizes a frequency synchronization method that relates to the present method and apparatus. Contrary to the previous example shown in FIG. 5 , the present method and apparatus described in FIG. 1 additionally include an equalization unit 11 which inputs a discard component to be averaged, a numerical controlled oscillator 12 (NCO: Numerical Controlled Oscillator) which generates a frequency signal corresponding to an output of the equalization unit 11 , and a complex multiplier 13 which inputs an output signal from the numerical controlled oscillator 12 and an output signal from the analog/digital conversion unit 2 and generates an output signal whose frequency component corresponding to a frequency error is discarded from a base-band signal. An operation of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1 is explained as follows in reference to FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 showing specific examples. First of all, a control loop (CL) is similar to that in the previous example shown in FIG. 5 . When the rounding processing unit 5 performs rounding processing (16 bits→10 bits), the present method and apparatus shown in FIG. 6 cancel a frequency error of a base-band output signal by an output signal which is generated by feed-forward control, focusing on the fact that bits below the 11th bit are discarded. Consequently, the rounding processing unit 5 transmits a discard component (6-bit) with a sign (1-bit) to an equalization unit 11 . An equalization unit 4 comprises a multiplier 11 _ 1 multiplying a coefficient α 2 which is used to adjust sensitivity, a loop filter 11 _ 2 , and a multiplier 11 _ 3 multiplying a coefficient β which is used to adjust sensitivity. The loop filter 11 _ 2 comprises a series circuit consisting of an adder 11 _ 2 a , a register 11 _ 2 b and a limit processing unit 11 _ 2 c . The multiplier 11 _ 3 of the equalization unit 11 corresponds to the multiplier 4 _ 1 of the equalization unit 4 in FIG. 6 . The loop filter 11 _ 2 corresponds to an adder 4 _ 2 a , a register 4 _ 2 b and a limit processing unit 4 _ 2 c of the loop filter 4 _ 2 , in FIG. 6 . The operation of the equalization unit 11 is the same as that of the equalization unit 4 . In this way, the discard component which is averaged in the equalization unit 11 corresponds to a frequency (voltage) of the error component which is generated in the digital/analog conversion unit 7 in the control loop (CL). The numerically controlled oscillator 12 oscillates at the frequency of the averaged error component. That is, as described in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 (1), the numerical controlled oscillator 12 comprises an adder 12 _ 1 , a 25-bit register 12 _ 2 , a 24-bit limit processing unit 12 _ 3 , a series circuit consisting of a 12-bit rounding processing unit 12 _ 4 , a sin-ROM table 12 _ 5 and a cos-ROM table 12 _ 6 which consist of 12-bit×4069-words respectively and are connected to the rounding processing unit 12 _ 4 . The adder 12 _ 1 adds an output value of the limit processing unit 12 _ 3 to an output value of the multiplier 11 _ 3 of the equalization unit 11 . As shown in FIG. 3 (2), a register 12 _ 2 generates a saw tooth from a hold value that is circulated and integrated. Then, a slope of the saw tooth, and a frequency of the saw tooth, varies according to output values from the multiplier 11 _ 3 . For example, if an output value from the multiplier 11 _ 3 becomes larger, the slope of the saw tooth becomes larger. As a result, the frequency of the saw tooth becomes higher. In this way, the saw tooth generated by the register 12 _ 2 is sent to the limit processing unit 12 _ 3 . The limit processing unit 12 _ 3 as described in FIG. 3 (3) adds “1” to the 25th bit when a sign bit is 0 (positive) and no addition is done when all bits except the sign bit are “1”. Then, the limit processing unit 12 _ 3 uses the high-order 24 bits and discards the lower-order 1 bit. The limit processing unit 12 _ 3 also adds “1” to the 25th bit of the saw tooth when the sign bit is 1 (negative), and then uses the high-order 24 bits and discards the lower-order 1 bit. Thereafter, the rounding processing unit 12 _ 4 rounds a 24-bit saw tooth signal to 12-bit length and transmits an address according to the 12-bit signals to the table 12 _ 5 and the table 12 _ 6 . Exemplary contents of the tables at this point are shown in FIG. 3 (4). That is, the numerical controlled oscillator 12 generates a sin signal and a cos signal which correspond to the frequency of the saw tooth as described in FIG. 3 (5) by using the output of the saw tooth from the rounding processing unit 12 _ 4 as an address of the ROM tables 12 _ 5 and 12 _ 6 . The sin signal and the cos signal are transmitted to the complex multiplier 13 . The complex multiplier 13 may be one which is known. For example, as shown in FIG. 2 , the complex multiplier 13 comprises four multipliers 13 _ 1 to 13 _ 4 and two adders 13 _ 5 to 13 _ 6 . Here, in case that the output value of the sin-ROM table 12 - 5 is sin α and that of the cos-ROM table 12 - 6 is cos α, the output of the numerical controlled oscillator 12 can be expressed as cos α+j sin α. In the case that an input signal to be input to the complex multiplier 13 is cos θ+j sin θ as shown in the FIG. 2 , the complex multiplier 13 has the following multiplication result: (cos θ+j sin θ)(cos α+j sin α) =cos θ cos α+j cos θ sin α=j sin θ cos α−sin θ sin α =cos θ cos α− sin θ sin α+j(cos θ sin α+cos α sin θ). . . Formula (1) Accordingly, an output signal from the complex multiplier 13 becomes such that an I signal component is cos θ cos α−sin θ sin α=cos(θ+α) and a Q signal component is cos θ sin α+cos α sin θ=sin(δ+α) as shown in FIG. 2 . Here, θ=(x−α) is represented with that a shows a frequency error and x shows a true frequency. Therefore, when θ=(x−α) is substituted, cos(x−α+α)= cos(x) and sin(x−α+α)= sin(x) are represented, showing that the frequency error is canceled. The ROM tables 12 _ 5 and 12 _ 6 store information for one cycle (or ½-cycle or ¼-cycle as applicable with circuit ingenuity) of sin and cos, respectively. And, the oscillation frequency may be varied depending on input values to be input to the numerical controlled oscillator 12 . In the previous example, a value which is given to the digital/analog conversion unit 7 is rounded (round-off) from an output of the equalization unit 4 . But, in case of the present method and apparatus, some processing may be eliminated to simplify the circuit. A frequency error occurring in the digital/analog conversion unit 7 can be canceled by a digital unit. FIG. 4 shows an embodiment in which the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1 to FIG. 3 may also include a transmission circuit. That is, the second embodiment has the adder 21 which adds an offset value corresponding to a frequency difference between frequencies of a reception system and a transmission system to an output signal of the equalization unit 11 which is arranged in a reception system. The second embodiment further has the numerical controlled oscillator 22 and the complex multiplier 23 which are arranged in the same way as the combination of the numerical controlled oscillator 12 and the complex multiplier 13 . In the second embodiment, the input signal of the base-band signal is set to accurate frequency in a frequency offset state as well as in the transmission system, The digital/analog conversion unit 24 converts the input signal into an analog signal. A high-frequency transmitting unit 25 synthesizes the analog signal in a local oscillation signal from the voltage controlled oscillator 8 used in the reception system and generates a transmission signal. In the second embodiment, the reception system and the transmission system can be controlled independently by setting up values of the numerical controlled oscillators separately. The present method and apparatus are not limited to the above embodiments. It is apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications can be made based on the appended claims.	A frequency synchronization method comprise a first step of detecting a frequency error which occurs when a high-frequency receiving signal is converted into a digital signal of a base-band, performing rounding or discarding processing and generating a local oscillation signal depending on the converted analog signals, a second step of generating a digital signal whose frequency depending on a discard component obtained by the rounding or discarding processing when the rounding or discarding processing is performed, and a third step of canceling a frequency component of the digital signal which is generated by the second step from a frequency component of the digital signal of the base-band.	7
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to apparatus and techniques for food processing generally and more particularly to food processing involving electrical heating. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION There exist many techniques for heating food products electrically, employing alternating current. U.S. Pat. No. 4,417,132 describes an example of such a technique applied to liquid foodstuffs. U.S. Pat. No. 3,996,385 discloses alternating current electrical heating of potatoes immersed in an electrolyte solution, wherein the current level is varied along the processing path. U.S. Pat. No. 3,632,962 illustrates the application of alternating current to meat and similar food for heating thereof by direct contact with electrodes. U.S. Pat. No. 3,651,753 describes a control circuit for alternating current cooking appratus which compensates automatically for changes in load resistance and/or supply voltage. All of the above patents indicate the use of alternating current at mains frequencies, i.e. 60 Hz or below. It has been found by applicant that the use of mains frequencies is unsuitable for food processing due to the resulting electrolysis and damage to the structure of the food products. The electrolysis may cause chemical contamination of food products through oxidation and/or reduction. For example, ordinary cooking salt may be broken down into hydrogen, chlorine and sodium hydroxide. An additional difficulty with the prior art apparatus is the tendency of the electrodes to dissolve, possibly resulting in contamination of the food products. It has been found by applicant that application of AC current at mains frequencies also causes substantial breakdown of the cellular structure of the food products, which is often undesireable. Although the use of high frequency radiation is well known in microwave cooking applications, the use of such high frequencies has not been taught or suggested in the prior art for electroheating applications wherein AC current is caused to pass through a food product. Induction heating of food products is also well known in the art and is described in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,265,922, 4,241,250 and 3,498,209. In all of these patents, eddy currents are induced in a metal housing or enclosure which is heated and the heat is transferred to the food by conduction. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention seeks to provide apparatus and techniques for food processing which overcome the above-described limitations and disadvantages of the prior art. There is thus provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention apparatus for food processing comprising means for causing AC electrical current at a frequency exceeding mains frequencies to pass through a food product producing direct resistance heating of the food product, the frequency being selected to preclude substantial electrolysis of the food product. Additionally in accordance with one preferred embodiment of the invention, the means for causing the AC current to flow comprises a plurality of electrodes disposed in electrical communication with the food product. Alternatively in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the means for causing the AC current to flow comprises means for inducing eddy currents directly in the food product. In the latter embodiment, the food product to be treated is normally disposed in or caused to pass through a non conductive enclosure surrounded by the induction coil which produces the eddy currents. The food product to be processed may be either a liquid of any of a wide range of viscosities, for example, extending from fruit juices to tomato paste, or a solid, such as a potato or tomato. Where the food product is a solid, it is immersed in a solution of a conductive liquid such as water. Additionally in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the relative conductivities of the solid food product and the liquid in which it is immersed may be selected to determine the relative speed of heating of the food product. Where only surface heating of the food product is desired, as in techniques for peeling tomatoes, for example, a liquid whose conductivitiy significantly exceeds that of the solid is employed. Where fast and uniform heating of the solid is desired, its conductivity may be increased so as to exceed the conductivity of the liquid in which it is immersed. This may be accomplished in accordance with the present invention by vacuum impregnation of the solid with a conductive solution. In this way corn cobs or potatoes may be impregnated with a saline solution in order to increase their conductivity and enhance the speed and uniformity of heating thereof. It is a particular feature of the present invention that by suitable selection of the frequency of the electrical current caused to pass through the food product, it is possible to control the softening of the food product due to by breakdown of the cellular structure thereof. It is appreciated according to the present invention that a relatively lower frequency produces increased structural breakdown while a higher frequency produces less structural breakdown. There is also provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention a method for food processing comprising the step of causing AC electrical current at a frequency exceeding mains frequencies to pass through a food product producing direct resistance heating of the food product, the frequency being selected to preclude substantial electrolysis of the food product. Additionally in accordance with one preferred embodiment of the invention, the step of causing the AC current to flow comprises the steps of inserting a plurality of electrodes in electrical communication with the food product and applying the AC voltage across the electrodes. Alternatively in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the step of causing the AC current to flow comprises inducing eddy currents directly in the food product. In the latter embodiment, the food product to be treated is normally disposed in or caused to pass through a non conductive enclosure surrounded by the induction coil which produces the eddy currents. Additionally in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method of removing the peel from food products such as tomatoes comprising the steps of disposing the food products to be peeled in a liquid whose conductivitiy significantly exceeds that of the food products, and passing the AC current as described above through the liquid and food products. Further in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the method of treatment of food products may also include the step of impregnation of the food product prior to the passagae of AC electrical current therethrough, whereby the conductivity of the food product is modified thereby. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, a relatively highly conductive solution is vacuum impregnated into the food product in order to increase its conductivity. Additionally in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention there is provided a technique for selectable softening of food products comprising the step of passing therethrough an AC electrical current of a frequency exceeding the mains frequency, which frequency is selected to provide a desired degree of breakdown of the cellular structure of the food product. According to an embodiment of the invention, the frequencies employed in the invention lie in a range above 100 Hz and preferably these frequencies lie in the KHz range. These frequencies may reach as high as 200 KHz, although they need not necessarily be so high. Additionally according to a preferred embodiment of the invention, the impregnation step and the heating step may be carried out simultaneously. A particularly suitable structure for carrying out these steps may be a barometric leg formed of a non-conductive material, filled with the impregnating liquid and surrounded by an induction coil. It is a particular feature of the present invention that a high quality, extremely uniformly cooked food product is provided, independently of the size of the food product. The food product may be heated according to the present invention even after it has been packaged, as in a hermetically sealed plastic container. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the drawings in which: FIG. 1 is an illustration of appratus for food processing constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; FIGS. 2A and 2B are respective end and side sectional illustrations of apparatus for food processing constructed and operative in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3 is an illustration of apparatus for food processing including vacuum impregnation apparatus constructed and operative in accordance with a further alternative embodiment of the present invention; and FIG. 4 is an illustration of apparatus for food processing including vacuum impregnation apparatus constructed and operative in accordance with an additional alternative embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Reference is now made to FIG. 1, which illustrates apparatus for electrical heating of food products constructed and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention and comprising a container 10, typically formed of a non-conductive material, such as plastic, in which a food product to be heated is disposed. The food product may be a liquid of desired viscosity including a paste or a solid. If it is a solid, it is preferably immersed in a conductive liquid, such as water, or a conductive paste. First and second electrodes 12 and 14 are disposed adjacent opposite sides of the container and are disposed and arranged such that the volume subtended thereby includes all or most of the inside volume of the container. The first and second electrodes are coupled by means of suitable conductors 16 and 18 to first and second terminals of a high frequency AC power supply 20, typically operating at a selected frequency in the range of 100 Hz to 200 KHz, but preferably at a frequency in the KHz range, such as 1-10 KHz. Power supplies across the entire frequency range of 100 Hz to 200 KHz are commercially available from Westinghouse, Inc. of Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.A. EXAMPLE I Whole, uncooked potatoes of non-uniform size and weight were immersed in water in container 10. A voltage of 440 volts at a frequency of 220 KHz was applied across the electrodes 12 and 14 for a duration of approximately 4 minutes, thereby cooking the potatoes fully. No degradation of the electrodes or electrolysis was encountered. The cellular structure of the potatoes appeared intact. EXAMPLE II Tomato paste of uniform conductivity about 35 mmho was placed in container 10. A voltage of 440 volts at a frequency of 220 KHz was applied across the electrodes 12 and 14 for a duration of approximately 2 minutes, thereby cooking the paste. No degradation of the electrodes or electrolysis was encountered. EXAMPLE III A whole tomato was immersed in dilute sodium hydroxide and placed in container 10. A voltage of 440 volts at a frequency of 220 KHz was applied across the electrodes for a duration of about 15 seconds. The tomato was not cooked, but its outer skin was heated so as to be separated from the flesh of the tomato. Reference is now made to FIGS. 2A and 2B which illustrate apparatus for induction heating of food products construction and operative in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. The apparatus employs a non-conductive enclosure 30, typically a tube, through which food products pass as they are heated. An induction coil 32 of suitable diameter is wound around enclosure 30 and may be a hollow coil to permit the passage of cooling liquid therethrough. The ends of the induction coil 32 are connected to the terminals of a high frequency power supply 34, which may be identical to power supply 20, of the embodiment of FIG. 1. It is appreciated that the high frequency power supplies employed in the present invention may have fixed or variable output frequencies. A variable frequency power supply may be preferably so as to permit control of the physical breakdown of the cellular structure of the food product as a function of frequency, it having been determined by applicant that the lower the frequency applied, the greater is the amount of breakdown of the cellular structure. This understanding may be put to practical use in the design of apparatus in accordance with the present invention which products not only heating of the food product but pureeing thereof to a desireable degree. EXAMPLE IV Whole, uncooked potatoes of non-uniform size and weight were immersed in water and caused to pass through non-conductive enclosure 30. An AC voltage of 440 volts at a frequency of 220 KHz was applied across the induction coil 32, thereby producing inductive heating of the potatoes for a dwell time of approximately 4 minutes, thereby cooking the potatoes, fully. No electrolysis was encountered. The cellular structure of the potatoes appeared intact. The enclosure 30 was not heated. EXAMPLE V Whole, uncooked potatoes of non-uniform size and weight and caused to pass through non-conductive enclosure 30. An AC voltage of 440 volts at a frequency of 450 KHz was applied across the induction coil 32, thereby producing inductive heating of the potatoes for a dwell time of approximately 4 minutes, thereby cooking the potatoes fully. No electrolysis was encountered. The cellular structure of the potatoes appeared intact. The enclosure 30 was not heated. EXAMPLE VI Six pounds of tomato paste of uniform conductivity of about 35 mmho was located in enclosure 30. A voltage of 440 volts at a frequency of 450 KHz was applied across the induction coil 32 for a dwell time of approximately 2 minutes, thereby cooking the paste. No electrolysis was encountered. The enclosure 30 was not heated. EXAMPLE VII A whole tomato was immersed in water and placed in enclosure 30. A voltage of 440 volts at a frequency of 450 KHz was applied across the induction coil. The tomato was not cooked, but its outer skin was heated so as to be separated from the flesh of the tomato. Reference is now made to FIG. 3 which illustrates an alternative embodiment of the invention employing vacuum impregnation of food products. The vacuum impregnation may be employed to impregnate the food product with a relatively highly conductive liquid, such as a saline solution, thereby to increase its conductivity and enhance speed and uniformity of heating thereof in accordance with the present invention. The apparatus of FIG. 3 includes a vacuum chamber 40 which receives a supply of food products, such as potatoes. A particularly useful vacuum chamber inlet construction is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 686,404 filed Dec. 26, 1984, of the present applicant. In the vacuum chamber 40, air is removed from the food product. The food product is permitted to move from the vacuum chamber into a barometric leg 42 typically defined by a non-conductive vertically disposed tube, filled with a highly conductive liquid, such as a saline solution. As the food product falls through the barometric leg it is impregnated with the conductive liquid. An induction coil 44 is wound around the barometric leg at a suitable location therealong and is coupled to a high frequency power supply 46 of the same type as that employed in the embodiments of FIGS. 1, 2A and 2B. Operation of the induction coil 44 at a suitable high frequency and voltage as described hereinabove provides heating of the food product as it passes though the barometric leg. The speed and uniformity of heating is enhanced by the impregnation of the conductive liquid therein. The cooked food product is removed via a bath 48 of conductive liquid at the bottom of the barometric leg 42. FIG. 4 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the invention wherein the impregnation step precedes the heating step. Here food products are first impregnated in a suitable impregnating device 50 and then passed to a vacuum heating device 52 including entrance and exit wheels 54 of a type described in applicant's U.S. patent application Ser. No. 686,404 filed Dec. 26, 1984. The vacuum heating device includes an endless conveyor 56 which causes the food product to pass an induction region 58 which is surrounded by an induction coil 60 which is in turn coupled to a high frequency power supply 62 of the type employed in the embodiments of FIGS. 1-3. Operation of the induction coil at frequencies and voltages in the general range described hereinabove provides desired heating of the food product. It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather the scope of the present invention is defined only by the claims which follow:	Apparatus and a method for food processing wherein an AC electrical current at a frequency exceeding mains frequencies is caused to pass through a food product producing direct resistance heating of the food product, the frequency being selected to preclude substantial electrolysis of the food product.	8
This is a division of application Ser. No. 594,335, filed July 9, 1975. DISCUSSION OF THE PRIOR ART Norpatchoulenol is a known compound described, for example, in French Patent published under the No. 2,152,522 (filed Sept. 1, 1971). Norpatchoulenol is an extremely important odorant compound which is present in the naturally occuring Patchouli Oil. It only occurs therein at a concentration which is considerably less than that of patchoulol which latter although it is the principal constituent of Patchouli Oil is practically inodorous. The ratio of the concentrations of the two alcohols in Patchouli Oil is of the order of 1:100. Synthetic methods for the production of norpatchoulenol and key intermediates for its production are disclosed and claimed in the German patent applications published under the Nos. 2,407,782 and 2,407,781. OBJECT OF THE PRESENT INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide additional advantageous routes to norpatchoulenol. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION This invention is concerned with a process for the production of norpatchoulenol having the formula ##STR2## The process according to the present invention comprises oxidatively decarboxylating the acid-alcohol having the formula ##STR3## This oxidative decarboxylation may conveniently be effected with the aid of lead tetraacetate. The reaction may be effected by working in an inert organic solvent or in a polar coordinating solvent. Solvents which may be used include e.g. benzene, chlorobenzene, chloroform, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, dioxane, dimethyl sulphoxide and pyridine. The rate at which the reaction proceeds depends on the nature of the solvent and the temperature of the reaction. In general, the reaction should be carried out at the lowest temperature possible in order to avoid side-reactions, including reactions such as further oxidation of the norpatchoulenol produced. The reaction temperature employed may thus vary from the ambient temperature, or even lower, up to the reflux temperature of the reaction mixture. The reaction may conveniently be effected in the presence of catalytic amounts of cupric acetate. This reaction may further be catalysed by a variety of bases such as pyridine, as well as by salts such as lithium acetate. The acid-alcohol starting material of formula II used in the reaction may be prepared by oxidation of the methyl group in position 4 of patchoulol which has the formula ##STR4## This oxidation may be effected by any convenient method, e.g. either by purely chemical means or by a biological process. One particularly interesting biological method for oxidising patchoulol consists of administering patchoulol orally either to rabbits, dogs or rats, which metabolise patchoulol in a practically quantitative yield into a mixture of the acid-alcohol of formula II and the glycol of formula ##STR5## Another process for the preparation of the acid-alcohol starting material of formula II utilises the hydroxy-aldehyde of formula ##STR6## The latter can be prepared by careful oxidation of the glycol IV, for example by the use of chromic acid in pyridine. The oxidation of the hydroxy-aldehyde of formula V to the acid-alcohol of formula II can be effected by any convenient method for example by moist silver oxide (formed in situ from a solution of silver nitrate and ammonium hydroxide). A certain minor proportion of the hydroxy-aldehyde of formula V is also formed during the above mentioned biological oxidation of patchoulol in rabbits, dogs or rats. The various intermediate compounds having the formula ##STR7## wherein R represents --COOH, --CH 2 OH or --CHO, formed in the processes described above are novel, namely the compounds of the formulae II, IV and V. The invention with now be illustrated with reference to the following Examples. EXAMPLE 1 To a solution of 500 mg of the acid-alcohol of formula II, 200 mg of cupric acetate and 1 ml of pyridine in 50 ml of benzene, there are added 800 mg of lead tetraacetate. The mixture is then heated under reflux for 30 minutes. After cooling, 1,2-propanediol is added and the mixture is extracted with ethyl ether. Evaporation of the solvent yields an oil which is chromatographed on SiO 2 ; there are thus obtained 300 mg of a product which by comparison of thin layer chromatograms. I.R. and NMR spectra and melting points was shown to be identical to natural norpatchoulenol. The acid-alcohol II employed may be prepared as follows: 36 hours before administration of the patchoulol, rabbits are put into the metabolism cages. They are left to fast for 24 hours before force feeding. Each rabbit (albino, about 3 kg) receives 1 g (or 1.5 g or 2 g according to trial) of patchoulol in suspension in 20 ml of 1% carboxymethylcellulose solution, then 25 ml of water. These liquid administrations are made by gastric force feeding of the rabbit anaesthetised with Nembutal (about 30 mg/kg). After the force feeding, the rabbits were allowed to partake freely of water and food. All urine passed was collected every 24 hours. The urine collected over a period of 96 hours is acidified to pH = 4.5 with a solution of 10% HCl. There are added thereto 6 ml of (β D-glucuronide)glucuronidase (Suc d'Helix Pomatia de l'Industrie Biologique francaise). The solution is left at 37° for 24 hours, then acidified to pH = 1. After saturating the solution with NaCl, it is extracted with ethyl ether. Evaporation of the ethyl ether yields a viscous liquid, which is immediately chromatographed on SiO 2 . There are obtained 20 to 40% of the acid-alcohol of formula II and 10 to 30% of the glycol of formula IV with 50% ethyl ether, 50% petroleum ether as eluant. Acid-alcohol of formula II: I.R. ν c = o 1700 cm -1 N.M.R. ##STR8## 0.9 ppm (s, 3H) and 1.1 ppm (s, 6H) Methyl ester of the acid-alcohol II: I.R. ν OH = 3600 and 3500 cm -1 . ν c = o 1725 cm -1 N.M.R. ##STR9## 0.9 ppm (s, 3H), 1.10 ppm (s, 3H) and 1.13 ppm (s, 3H), ##STR10## 3.65 pm (s, 3H) Glycol of formula IV: M.P. = 104°-105° C. (α) D CHCl .sbsp.3 = -120° I.R. ν OH = 3620 and 3450 cm -1 N.M.R. ##STR11## 0.85 ppm (s, 3H) and 1.1 ppm (s, 6H) ##STR12## 3.45 ppm (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H) Monoacetate of the glycol: I.R. ν OH = 3600 and 3500 cm -1 , ν c = o 1725 cm -1 N.M.R. ##STR13## 0.85 ppm (s, 3H) and 1.1 ppm (s, 6H) ##STR14## 2.05 ppm (s, 3H), ##STR15## 3.90 pm (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H). EXAMPLE 2 3 g of a chromic anhydride-pyridine complex are dissolved in 50 ml of methylene chloride to which 6 drops of pyridine have been added. A solution of 460 mg of the glycol of formula IV dissolved in 10 ml of methylene chloride is then added and the reaction mixture is agitated for 4 hours at the ambient temperature. The reaction mixture is then filtered and the precipitate is washed with 50 ml of methylene chloride. The combined filtrates are then washed successively four times with 10 ml of 5% aqueous sodium hydroxide, three times with 10 ml of 10% aqueous hydrochloric acid, twice with 10 ml of saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and finally twice with 10 ml of water. The organic solution is then dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solvent is distilled off. There is obtained 465 mg of the hydroxy-aldehyde of formula V which is purified on a silica column. The pure hydroxy-aldehyde has the following characteristics: [α D ] CHCl .sbsp.3 = -40°; IR: ν OH at 3500 cm -1 , ν C=O at 1715 cm -1 ; NMR: ##STR16## singlet (3H) at 0.89 ppm; ##STR17## 2 singlets coinciding (6H) at 1.08 ppm; ##STR18## CHO singlet (1H) at 9.64 ppm. EXAMPLE 3 To a solution of 440 mg of silver nitrate in 1 ml of water there is added, with stirring, a solution of 200 mg of sodium hydroxide in 1 ml of water, then a solution of 146 mg of the hydroxy-aldehyde of formula V in 0.5 ml of pentane. Stirring is continued at ambient temperature for 30 minutes and the mixture is then heated to 40° C. for 2 hours. After cooling the mixture is filtered and the precipitate is washed with 10 ml of hot water. The combined filtrates are extracted twice with 5 ml of ethyl ether and then acidified with aqueous 36% w/w hydrochloric acid. Sodium chloride is then added until a saturated solution is obtained. The solution is then extracted three times with 10 ml of diethyl ether. The combined ethereal phases are washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride and then dried over sodium sulfate. One obtains 110 mg of the acid alcohol of formula II having the following physical characteristics: [α D ] CHCl .sbsp.3 = -87°; IR: ν CO at 1700 cm -1 , ν OH at 3180 and 2600 cm -1 , ν OH at 3480 cm -1 ; NMR: ##STR19## singlet (3H) at 0.88 ppm; ##STR20## singlet (3H) at 1.08 ppm; ##STR21## singlet (3H) at 1.11 ppm.	A novel process for the production of the valuable perfume material norpatchoulenol is disclosed which involves oxidatively decarboxylating an acid precursor according to the following reaction scheme: ##STR1##	2
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/132,550, filed May 5, 1999. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Multidrug-resistant strains of many clinically important pathogenic bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis , and Enterococci strains are becoming a worldwide health problem. There is an urgent need to discover new agents to treat patients infected with multidrug-resistant bacteria. A new group of thiazolyl peptide antibiotics, (designated herein as nocathiacins) having inhibitory activity at the nanomolar level against Gram-positive bacteria has been discovered. The present invention relates to novel antibiotic halo- or hydroxy-substituted nocathiacin compounds, and comprising the process for preparing them by precursor-directed biosynthesis with Nocardia sp. ATCC-202099 or mutants thereof. The novel nocathiacin antibiotics disclosed herein exhibit potent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria in vitro, and exhibit in vivo efficacy in a systemic Staph. aureus infection model in animals. The nocathiacin compounds are antibiotics useful in the treatment of bacterial infections in humans. PRIOR ART The substituted nocathiacin antibiotic compounds of this invention are produced by Nocardia sp. ATCC-202099 in a novel fermentation process. This microorganism also produces nocathiacin I and II, which were previously described by J. E. Leet et al (U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/093,021 filed Jul. 16, 1998) and Sasaki, T. et al, J. of Antibiotics 51, No. 8, pp. 715-721 (1998). The nocathiacin antibiotics are related to but clearly distinguishable from nosiheptide (Prange T. et al., J. Am Chem Soc . 99, 6418 (1977); Benazet, F. et. al. Experientia 36, 414 (1980); Floss, H. G. et al., J. Am Chem Soc . 115, 7557 (1993); glycothiohexide-a (Steinberg, D. A. et al, J. Antibiot. 47, 887 (1994); M. D. Lee et al, J. Antibiot . 47, 894 (1994); M. D. Lee et al, J Antibiot . 47, 901 (1994); U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,581, 1995), and Antibiotic S-54832A (U.S. Pat. No. 4,478,831, 1984). Nocathiacin I (R is OH) and II (R is H) are indicated by the formula SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention concerns novel antibiotic compounds of Formula IV, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, which are halo- or hydroxy-substituted nocathiacins produced by precursor-directed biosynthesis with nocathiacin antibiotic producing microorganisms. Specifically, 5-fluoronocathiacin is obtained by the fermentation of Nocardia sp. ATCC-202099 or mutants thereof, in the presence of 5-fluorotryptophan. The fermentation process is accomplished under submerged aerobic conditions in an aqueous medium containing carbon and nitrogen nutrient at a pH of about 5-8 for a sufficient time to produce 5-fluoronocathiacin. The resulting antibiotics exhibit improved antibiotic activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-positive bacteria, compared to nocathiacin I or II. The invention also deals with pharmaceutical compositions and methods for treating bacterial infections with the novel nocathiacins, as well as a biologically pure culture Nocardia sp. ATCC-202099 from which the antibiotic is obtained. The utility of the subject compounds in the treatment of bacterial infections is based upon the expectation that compounds which inhibit Gram-positive bacteria in vitro and in vivo can be used as antibiotics in animals, and in particular, humans. The compounds of this invention were found to have antibiotic activity, particularly in inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive bacteria. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES FIG. 1 Shows the ultraviolet absorption (UV) spectrum of 5-fluoronocathiacin. FIG. 2 Shows the infrared absorption (IR) spectrum of 5-fluoronocathiacin. FIG. 3 Shows the 1 H-NMR spectrum (500 MHz) of 5-fluoronocathiacin in deuterated dimethylsulfoxide. FIG. 4 Shows the 13 C-NMR (125 MHz) spectrum of 5-fluoronocathiacin in deuterated dimethylsulfoxide. FIG. 5 Shows the ultraviolet absorption (UV) spectrum of 6-fluoronocathiacin. FIG. 6 Shows the infrared (IR) spectrum of 6-fluoronocathiacin. FIG. 7 Shows the 1 H-NMR spectrum (500 MHz) of 6-fluoronocathiacin in deuterated dimethylsulfoxide. FIG. 8 Shows the 13 C-NMR (125 MHz) spectrum of 6-fluoronocathiacin in deuterated dimethylsulfoxide. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention describes novel halogen- or hydroxy-substituted nocathiacin antibiotic compound(s) IV obtained through precursor-directed biosynthesis. Halogen means bromine, chlorine, fluorine and iodine. The invention provides an efficient method for the preparation of such substituted nocathiacins. The novel process of this invention comprises fermentation of Nocardia sp. ATCC-202099 or mutants thereof, or other nocathiacin producing microorganisms, in the presence of a halogen- or hydroxy-substituted tryptophan compound(s) III in a nutrient medium, and isolation of the resulting substituted nocathiacin product, in a conventional manner. The novel nocathiacin compound(s) IV have the formula wherein: R is H or OH; and X is halogen or OH. Tryptophan is represented by the following formula The halogen- or hydroxy-substituted tryptophan precursor compound(s) III used to make the corresponding nocathiacin derivatives herein are represented by the formula The substituted tryptophan compound(s) III can be prepared by procedures well known in the prior art. This is illustrated below in the following two methods for making 5-, 6- or 7-fluorotryptophans. Method 1 : 5-Fluorotryptophan and 7-fluorotryptophan Ref: Minsu Lee and Robert S. Phillips, Synthesis and Resolution of 7-Fluorotryptophans, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett ., 1(9), 477-489, 1991 Fluoroaniline 1 was diazotized and reduced with SnCl 2 to give 2, which was added to a mixture of (EtO 2 C) 2 CHNHAc, sodium methoxide and H 2 C═CHCHO in benzene to form 3. Reflux of 3 with dilute sulfuric acid for 5 hours afforded indole 4. Saponification and decarboxylation followed by N-deprotection of 4 yielded fluorotryptophan 5. 5: 5-fluorotryptophan: R 1 =F, R 2 =H; 7-fluorotryptophan: R 1 =H, R 2 =F. a) NaNO 2 /H + ; b) SnCl 2 ; c) (EtO 2 C) 2 CHNHAc/MeO − /H 2 C═CHCHO; d) H + ; e) OH − /H + Method 2 : 5-Fluorotryptophan and 6-fluorotryptophan Ref: Ernst D. Bergmann and Eliahu Hoffmann, 6-Fluoro-, 6-Methoxy-, and 7-Methoxy-tryptophan, J. Chem. Soc ., 1962, 2827-2829. Fluoroindole 6 was reacted with a mixture of dioxan, glacial acetic, formalin solution and aqueous 55% dimethylamine solution to give 7. Reflux of 7, (EtO 2 C) 2 CHNHCHO, NaOH and toluene under nitrogen yielded 8, which was treated with sodium hydroxide then glacial acetic acid to afford fluorotryptophan 9. 9: 5-fluorotryptophan: R 1 =F, R 2 =H; 6-fluorotryptophan: R 1 =H R 2 =F. a) Me 2 NH, HCHO, HOAc; b) NaOH, (EtO 2 C) 2 CHNHCHO; c) OH − /H + . The microorganisms, Nocardia sp. ATCC-202099, employed in the present invention may be any microorganism capable of producing nocathiacin. The microorganism, regardless of origin or purity, may be employed in the free state or immobilized on a support such as by physical adsorption or entrapment. The preferred precursor-directed biosynthesis microorganism that was used in this study for producing the new nocathiacin compound(s) IV was isolated from a soil sample collected in New Mexico. The culture was deposited on Mar. 4, 1998 with the American Type Culture Collection in Rockville, Md. with the accession number of ATCC 202099. The taxonomic analysis of Nocardia sp. ATCC-202099 has been described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/093,021 filed Jul. 16, 1998. In general, the desired novel substituted nocathiacin compound(s) IV (for example, 5-fluoronocathiacin) can be produced by culturing the aforementioned microorganism in the presence of an appropriate concentration of the corresponding substituted tryptophan precursor compound(s) III, (for example, 5-fluorotryptophan) in an aqueous nutrient medium containing sources of assimilable carbon and nitrogen, preferably under submerged aerobic conditions. Thus, derivative compound(s) IV of nocathiacin I (where R is OH) can be made using the procedures described herein, by using the appropriately substituted tryptophan precursor compound in the directed biosynthesis reaction. For example, 5-fluorotryptophan can be used to make 5-fluoronocathiacin; 6-hydroxytryptophan can be used to make 6-hydroxynocathiacin; 7-bromotryptophan can be used to make 7-bromonocathiacin, etc. Similarly, derivative(s) IV of nocathiacin II (where R is H) can be made using the corresponding substituted tryptophan precusor compound(s) III. Using 5-fluoronocathiacin as an example (i.e. where R is OH and X is 5-fluoro), the aqueous medium is incubated at a temperature between 22° C. and 35° C., preferably at 28° C. The aqueous medium is incubated for a period of time necessary to complete the biosynthesis as monitored by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) usually for a period of about 1-5 days after the addition of 5-fluorotryptophan, on a rotary shaker operating at about 180-300 rpm with a throw of about 2 inches. Growth of the microorganisms may be achieved by one of ordinary skill of the art by the use of appropriate medium. Appropriate media for growing microorganism include those which provide nutrients necessary for the growth of microbial cells. A typical medium for growth includes necessary carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and trace elements. Inducers may also be added. The term inducer as used herein, includes any compound enhancing formation of the desired enzymatic activity within the microbial cell. Carbon sources may include sugars such as glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, sucrose, mannitol, sorbital, glycerol starch and the like; organic acids such as sodium acetate, sodium citrate, and the like; and alcohols such as ethanol, propanol and the like. Nitrogen sources may include N-Z amine A, corn steep liquor, soybean meal, beef extract, yeast extract, tryptone, peptone, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, amino acids such as sodium glutamate and the like, sodium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and the like. Trace elements may include magnesium, manganese, calcium, cobalt, nickel, iron, sodium and potassium salts. Phosphates may also be added in trace or preferably, greater than trace amounts. The medium employed may include more than one carbon or nitrogen source or other nutrient. Preferred media for growth include aqueous media, particularly that described in the example herein. The product, 5-fluoronocathiacin, can be recovered from the culture medium by conventional means which are commonly used for the recovery of other known biologically active substances. Accordingly 5-fluoronocathiacin can be obtained upon extraction of the culture with a conventional solvent, such as ethyl acetate, treatment with a conventional resin (e.g. anion or cation exchange resin, non-ionic adsorption resin), treatment with a conventional adsorbent (e.g. activated charcoal, silica gel, cellulose, alumina), crystallization, recrystallization, and/or purification by reverse phase preparative HPLC. Microorganisms and Culture Conditions The precursor-directed biosynthesis process using Nocardia sp. ATCC-202099 as the producing host is as follows. From the frozen vegetative stock culture of using Nocardia sp. ATCC-202099, 4 ml was used to inoculate 100 ml of seed medium contained the following per liter of deionized water: soluble starch, 20 g; Dextrose, 5 g; N-Z case, 3 g; yeast extract, 2 g; fish meat extract, 5 g; calcium carbonate 3 g, in a 500-ml flask. The culture was incubated at 24-32° C. on a rotary shaker operating at 250 rpm for 3 days. Two to Eight ml of the resulting culture was used to inoculate 100 ml of producing medium consisting of the following per liter of deionized water: HY yeast 412, 10 g; Dextrose, 20 g; Nutrisoy, 10 g, in a 500-ml flask. The producing cultures were incubated at 24-32° C. on a rotary shaker operating at 180-250 rpm for 1 to 3 days. Suitable amount of sterile 5-fluoro-tryptophan aqueous solution (4 to 10 mg/ml) was then added to each flask to reach a final concentration of 0.1 to 1 mg/ml. The cultures were then returned to the shaker and incubated for additional 1 to 5 days at 24-32° C. and 180-250 rpm. The cultures were then processed for the recovery of the 5-fluoronocathiacin. Isolation and structural characterization The purification of 5-fluoronocathiacin from Nocardia sp. ATCC-202099 fed with 5-fluorotryptophan was monitored using C18 HPLC-UV, and accomplished by extraction with ethyl acetate and chloroform-methanol 1:1, followed by silica gel chromatography and reverse phase (C18) preparative HPLC. Spectral data indicated 5-fluoronocathiacin, a thiazolyl peptide antibiotic. The structure of 5-fluoronocathiacin, shown below, was assigned based on 2D NMR studies and positive ion electrospray HRMS and MS/MS data. Materials Hexanes, ethyl acetate, chloroform, methanol, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran (anhydrous HPLC grade) were obtained from EM Science Company. These solvents were not repurified or redistilled. Water used in chromatography experiments refers to in-house deionized water passed through a Millipore 4 cartridge reagent grade water system (10 mega ohm Milli-Q water). Dicalite (diatomaceous earth) was manufactured by Grefco Minerals, Torrance, Calif. LiChroprep Si 60, 25-40 μm was from EM Separations, N.J., a U.S. associate of E. Merck, Germany. Analytical Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) Uniplate Silica Gel GHLF precoated thin layer chromatography plates (scored 10 x 20 cm, 250 microns) were purchased from Analtech, Inc., Newark, Del. Fractions were spotted using size 2 microliter Microcaps (disposable pipets) and the plates were developed in a tank equilibrated with chloroform-methanol-water (90:10:1 v/v). The components of the resulting chromatogram were visualized by long wavelength UV light and/or ceric sulfate-sulfuric acid spray reagent followed by prolonged heating. Analytical HPLC The purification of the 5-fluoronocathiacin was monitored by HPLC analysis on an APEX 5μ ODS column, 4.6 mm i.d.×15 cm l. (product of Jones Chromatography Inc., Lakewood, Colo). Analyses were done on a Hewlett Packard 1100 Series Liquid Chromatograph, with UV detection at 254 nm. A gradient system of acetonitrile and 0.01M potassium phosphate buffer pH 3.5 was used, according to the method of D. J. Hook et.al. ( I. Chromatogr . 385, 99 (1987). The eluant was pumped at a flowrate of 1.2 ml/min. Preparative HPLC The following components were used to construct a preparative HPLC system: Beckman Instruments Inc. (Somerset, N.J.), Beckman “System Gold” 126 Programmable Solvent Module; Beckman 166 Programmable Detector Module; Beckman “System Gold” Version 711U software; IBM PS/2 55SX System Controller; Preparative HPLC column (reverse phase: C18; YMC Inc. (Wilmington, N.C.) ODS-AQ or Pro-C18, 5μ particle size, 120 Å pore size, 20 mm i.d.×150 mm l., fitted with a ODS-A 25μ particle size, 120 Å pore size, 10 mm i.d.×10 mm l. drop-in guard module; mobile phase 0.1M ammonium acetate-tetrahydrofuran isocratic; flow rate 10 ml/min. UV detection: 360 nm. Analytical Instrumentation Low resolution MS measurements were performed with a Finnigan SSQ 7000 single quadrupole mass spectrometer, using the positive electrospray ionization mode. MS/MS measurements were conducted in the positive electrospray ionization mode with a Finnigan TSQ 7000 tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer using Argon collision gas or a Finnigan LCQ ion trap mass spectrometer. High resolution MS data were determined with a Finnigan MAT 900 magnetic sector mass spectrometer, positive electrospray ionization mode, ppg reference. The UV spectra were obtained using a Hewlett-Packard 8452A diode array spectrophotometer. IR measurements were taken on a Perkin Elmer 2000 Fourier Transform spectrometer. 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR spectra were obtained on a Bruker DRX-500 instrument operating at 500.13 and 125.76 MHz, respectively, using a Nalorac microprobe. Chemical shifts are reported in ppm relative to solvent (DMSO-d 6 , δ H 2.49; δ C 39.6). The 19 F-NMR spectrum was obtained on a Bruker DPX-300 instrument operating at 282 MHz, using a QNP probe; CCl 3 F external reference. CD data were recorded with a Jasco J-720 spectropolarimeter. In a similar manner, the other halogen- or hydroxy-substituted nocathiacin compound(s) IV can be made and recovered. When the nocathiacin compounds herein are employed as pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of bacterial infections, they may be combined with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, for example, solvents, diluents and the like, and may be administered orally in such forms as tablets, capsules, dispersible powders, granules, or suspensions containing, for example, from about 0.05 to 5% of suspending agent, syrups containing, for example, from about 10 to 50% of sugar, and elixirs containing, for example, from about 20 to 50% ethanol, and the like, or parenterally in the form of sterile injectable solutions or suspension containing from about 0.05 to 5% suspending agent in an isotonic medium. Such pharmaceutical preparations may contain, for example, from about 0.05 up to about 90% of the active ingredient in combination with the carrier, more usually between about 5% and 60% by weight. The effective dosage of active ingredient employed may vary depending on the particular compound employed, the mode of administration and the severity of the condition being treated. However, in general, satisfactory results are obtained when the compounds of the invention are administered at a daily dosage of from about 0.5 to about 500 mg/kg of animal body weight, preferably given in divided doses two to four times a day, or in sustained release form. For most large mammals the total daily dosage is from about 1 to 100 mg, preferably from about 2 to 80 mg. dosage forms suitable for internal use comprise from about 0.5 to 500 mg of the active compound in intimate admixture with a solid or liquid pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. This dosage regimen may be adjusted to provide the optimal therapeutic response. For example, several divided doses may be administered daily or the dose may be proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation. These active compounds may be administered orally as well as by intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous routes. Solid carriers include starch, lactose, dicalcium phosphate, microcrystalline cellulose, sucrose and kaolin, while liquid carriers include sterile water, polyethylene glycols, non-ionic surfactants and edible oils such as corn, peanut and sesame oils, as are appropriate to the nature of the active ingredient and the particular form of administration desired. Adjuvants customarily employed in the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions may be advantageously included, such as flavoring agents, coloring agents, preserving agents, and antioxidants, for example, vitamin E, ascorbic acid, BHT and BHA. These active compounds may also be administered parenterally or intraperitoneally. Solutions or suspensions of these active compounds as a free base or pharmacologically acceptable salt can be prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant such as hydroxypropylcellulose. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols and mixtures thereof in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms. The pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions. In all cases, the form must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils. The term pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes solvates, hydrates, acid addition salts and quaternary salts. The acid addition salts are formed from a nocathiacin compound having a basic nitrogen and a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acid including but not limited to hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, phosphoric, methanesulfonic, acetic, citric, malonic, succinic, fumeric, maleic, sulfamic, or tartaric acids. Quaternary salts are formed from a basic nocathiacin compound and an alkyl or arylalkyl halide, preferably methyl or benzyl bromide. EXAMPLES The following examples set out the preparation of substituted nocathiacin compound(s) IV by precursor-directed biosynthesis. Reasonable variations, such as those which would occur to a skilled artisan can be made herein without departing from the scope of the invention. 5-FLUORONOCATHIACIN (R IS OH: X IS 5-FLUORO) PREPARED BY PRECURSOR-DIRECTED BIOSYNTHESIS Biosynthesis Example 1 From the frozen vegetative stock culture of Nocardia sp. ATCC-202099, 4 ml was used to inoculate 100 ml of seed medium containing the following per liter of deionized water: soluble starch, 20 g; Dextrose, 5 g; N-Z case, 3 g; yeast extract, 2 g; fish meat extract, 5 g; calcium carbonate 3 g, in a 500-ml flask. The culture was incubated at 28° C. on a rotary shaker operating at 250 rpm for 3 days. Four ml of the resulting culture was added to each of six 500-ml flasks containing the 100 ml of fresh seed medium and the culture was incubated at 28° C. on a rotary shaker operating at 250 rpm for 3 days. The resulting culture from six flasks was pooled and 4 ml of the combined culture was used to inoculate each of eighty 500 ml flasks containing 100 ml of producing medium consisting of the following per liter of deionized water: HY yeast 412, 10 g; Dextrose, 20 g; Nutrisoy, 10 g. The producing cultures were incubated at 28° C. on a rotary shaker operating at 250 rpm for 27 hours. Five ml of 5-fluoro-dl-tryptophan aqueous solution (4 mg/ml, sterilized by passing through a 0.22 μm filter) was then added to each flask. The cultures were then returned to the shaker and incubated for an additional 42 hours at 28° C. and 250 rpm. The cultures were then processed for the recovery of the 5-fluoronocathiacin. Example 2 From the frozen vegetative stock culture of Nocardia sp. ATCC-202099, 4 ml were used to inoculate 100 ml of seed medium containing the following per liter of deionized water: soluble starch, 20 g; Dextrose, 5 g; N-Z case, 3 g; yeast extract, 2 g; fish meat extract, 5 g; calcium carbonate 3 g, in a 500-ml flask. The culture was incubated at 28° C. on a rotary shaker operating at 250 rpm for 3 days. The resulting cultures from two flasks were pooled and 2 ml of the combined culture were used to inoculate each of ten 500-ml flasks containing the 100 m of producing medium consisting of the following per liter of deionized water: HY yeast 412, 10 g; Dextrose, 20 g; Nutrisoy, 10 g. The producing cultures were incubated at 28° C. on a rotary shaker operating at 250 rpm for 24 hours. Five ml of 5-fluoro-dl-tryptophan aqueous solution (4 mg/ml, sterilized by passing through a 0.22 μm filter) was then added to each flask. The cultures were then returned to the shaker and incubated for additional 4 days at 28° C. and 250 rpm. The cultures were then processed for the recovery of the 5-fluoronocathiacin. Isolation Example 3 Preparation of Crude Extract Fermentation broth of Nocardia sp. ATCC-202099 (5 L.) was extracted (whole broth including mycelia) with approximately 2 L. ethyl acetate by vigorous shaking. The biphasic mixture was vacuum filtered through a pad of dicalite. The phases were separated and the lower, aqueous portion extracted one additional time with 2 L. ethyl acetate. The mycelia-Dicalite cake was soaked in 2 L. chloroform-methanol 1:1 for 1 hr. The pale yellow ethyl acetate and chloroform-methanol extracts were pooled and evaporated in vacuo to dryness in a rotary evaporator to yield approximately 740 mg of Residue A. Silica Gel Vacuum Liquid Chromatography of Residue A The crude extract containing nocathiacin antibiotics (Residue A) was preadsorbed onto 2 g Merck LiChroprep Silica Gel 60 (25-40μ) and applied to a 2.5×15 cm fritted filter funnel packed half full with this adsorbent. Elution using house vacuum was initially with chloroform (100 ml), followed by chloroform-methanol-water mixtures in a step gradient (e.g. CHCl 3 —MeOH—H 2 O 98:2:0.2, 97:3:0.3 (2×), 95:5:0.5, 93:7:0.7, 90:10:1, v/v, 100 ml each. Fractions were consolidated on the basis of silica TLC profiles (chloroform-methanol-water 90:10:1 v/v, long wavelength UV and ceric sulfate spray). In this manner, 5-fluoronocathiacin was detected in the second CHCl 3 —MeOH—H 2 O 97:3:0.3 fraction and the CHCl 3 —MeOH—H 2 O 95:5:0.5 fraction. These fractions were combined and evaporated to dryness, (Residue B, 121 mg). Isolation of 5-fluoronocathiacin Residue B was further purified using the specified Beckman System Gold preparative HPLC system. A typical sample injection size was 25-50 mg/100-200 μl DMSO. Elution was isocratic using 0.1M ammonium acetate—tetrahydrofuran mixtures (e.g. 0.1M ammonium acetate—tetrahydrofuran 6:4, 55:45, 57:43, v/v). Elution flow rate was 10 ml/min. Detection (UV) was at 360 nm. In this manner, 5-fluoronocathiacin (18 mg total yield) was obtained. Physico-Chemical Properties of 5-Fluoronocathiacin Description: yellow amorphous solid Molecular Formula: C 61 H 59 FN 14 O 18 S 5 Molecular Weight: 1454 Mass Spectrum: HR-ESIMS [M+H] + m/z 1455.281 ESI-MS/MS fragmentation ions: m/z 1284, 1266, 1240, 1222, 1204, 1172, 788 Infrared Spectrum: Major IR Bands (cm −1 ) 3391, 2938, 1731, 1667, 1532, 1485, 1418, 1385, 1319, 1253, 1200, 1160, 1129, 1090, 1069, 1036, 1013, 885, 802, 755. Ultraviolet Spectrum: λ max (MeOH) nm 220, 292, 361 (log ε 4.94, 4.60,4.24). Circular Dichroism: CD λ nm (Δε) (MeOH) 211 (+38.0), 236 (−47.3), 265 (+26.5), 307 (−8.7), 355 (+8.0). HPLC (Rt) 26.9 min; (C18; Acetonitrile - 0.01 M potassium phosphate buffer pH 3.5 gradient (J. Chromatogr. 385, 99 (1987)). 1 H-NMR Observed Chemical Shifts (relative to DMSO-d 6 signal δ 2.49): δ 10.08 (1H, s), 9.21 (1H, s), 8.66 (1H, d, J = 8.2 Hz), 8.64 (1H, s), 8.54 (1H, s), 8.53 (1H, s), 8.29 (1H, s), 8.11 (1H, s br), 7.87 (1H, s), 7.84 (1H, s), 7.78 (1H, dd, J = 4.5, 10.0 Hz), 7.66 (1H, s br), 7.33 (2H, m), 6.41 (1H, s), 5.81 (1H, d, J = 13.7 Hz), 5.77 (1H, s), 5.70 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 5.40 (1H, d, J = 12.9 Hz), 5.24 (1H, d br, J = 6.9 Hz), 4.97 (1H, d, J = 3.9 Hz), 4.78 (1H, d, J = 10.3 Hz), 4.59 (1H, d, J = 10.8 Hz), 4.37 (1H, d, J = 9.7 Hz), 4.28 (1H, m), 4.12 (1H, d, J = 10.5 Hz), 4.04 (1H, d, J = 9.4 Hz), 3.93 (3H, s), 3.79 (1H, d br, J = 6.8 Hz), 2.53 (6H, s), 2.34 (1H, m), 2.10 (1H, s br), 2.03 (3H, s), 1.98 (1H, m), 1.82 (1H, d, J = 14.2 Hz), 1.44 (3H, s), 1.18 (3H, d, J = 4.8 Hz), 0.59 (3H, d, J = 6.4 Hz). 13 C-NMR Observed Chemical Shifts (relative to DMSO-d 6 signal δ 39.6): δ 172.0, 167.8, 167.6, 167.4, 166.5, 165.2, 164.1, 163.3, 161.7, 160.8, 160.6, 160.5, 158.8, 158.6, 154.9, 154.7, 149.9, 149.6, 148.7, 145.8, 141.6, 135.7, 134.5, 131.4, 130.0, 127.3, 127.2, 126.1, 125.6, 119.6, 113.6, 112.7, 111.4, 109.6, 103.7, 95.2, 79.1, 70.6, 68.4, 67.6, 66.2, 65.5, 64.1, 63.1, 58.5, 56.2, 55.3, 50.5, 50.2, 44.4, 40.4, 30.6, 18.0, 17.8, 13.1 19 F-NMR Observed Chemical Shifts (relative to CCl 3 F signal δ 0.0): δ -128.2 BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF 5-FLUORONOCATHIACIN Example 4 Antibiotic Activity of 5-Fluoronocathiacin To demonstrate its antimicrobial properties, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 5-fluoronocathiacin antibiotic of the invention was obtained against a variety of bacteria using a conventional broth dilution assay (serial broth dilution method using nutrient broth (Difco)). The results obtained are shown in Table 1 below, and demonstrate that 5-fluoronocathiacin has utility in treating bacterial infections. TABLE 1 MIC (μg/ml) Organism Strain # 5-Fluoronocathiacin Streptococcus pneumoniae A9585 ≦0.002 Streptococcus A27881 ≦0.002 pneumoniae /penicillin intermediate Streptococcus A28272 ≦0.002 pneumoniae /penicillin resistant Enterococcus faecalis A20688 0.25 Enterococcus faecalis A27519 0.25 Enterococcus faecalis +50% A20688 0.25 calf serum Enterococcus faecium A24885 0.25 Enterococcus avium A27456 0.25 Staphylococcus aureus /β- A15090 0.125 lactamase positive Staphylococcus aureus + A15090 0.125 50% calf serum Staphylococcus A24407 0.125 aureus /QC/ATCC #29213 Staphylococcus A27223 0.003 aureus /homo methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus + A27223 0.003 50% calf serum Staphylococcus A24548 0.007 epidermidis Staphylococcus A27298 0.003 haemolyticus Moraxella catarrhalis /β- A22344 0.06 lactamase positive Moraxella catarrhalis /β- A25409 0.06 lactamase positive 6-FLUORONOCATHIACIN (R IS OH; X IS 6-FLUORO) PREPARED BY PRECURSOR-DIRECTED BIOSYNTHESIS Biosynthesis Example 5 Directed biosynthesis of 6-fluoronocathiacin From the frozen vegetative stock culture of using Nocardia sp. ATCC 202099, 4 ml was used to inoculate 100 ml of seed medium contained the following per liter of deionized water: soluble starch, 20 g; Dextrose, 5 g; N-Z case, 3 g; yeast extract, 2 g; fish meat extract, 5 g; calcium carbonate 3 g, in a 500-ml flask. The culture was incubated at 28° C. on a rotary shaker operating at 250 rpm for 3 days. Four ml of the resulting culture was added to each of four 500-ml flasks containing the 100 ml of fresh seed medium and the culture was incubated at 28° C. on a rotary shaker operating at 250 rpm for 3 days. The resulting culture from four flasks was pooled and 4 ml of the combined culture was used to inoculate each of sixty 500-ml flasks containing 100 ml of producing medium consisting of the following per liter of deionized water: HY yeast 412, 10 g; Dextrose, 20 g; Nutrisoy, 10 g. The producing cultures were incubated at 28° C. on a rotary shaker operating at 250 rpm for 20 hours. Five ml of 6-fluoro-dl-tryptophan aqueous solution (4 mg/ml, sterilized by passing through a 0.22 μm filter) was then added to each flask. The cultures were then returned to the shaker and incubated for additional 27 hours at 28° C. and 250 rpm. The cultures were processed for the recovery of 6-fluoronocathiacin. Isolation Example 6 Preparation of Crude Extract Fermentation broth of Nocardia sp. ATCC-202099 (6.5 L.) was extracted (whole broth including mycelia) with approximately 4 L. ethyl acetate. The biphasic mixture was vacuum filtered through a pad of dicalite. The phases were separated and the lower, aqueous portion extracted one additional time with 3 L. ethyl acetate. The mycelia-dicalite cake was extracted with 1.5 L. chloroform-methanol 1:1. The pale yellow ethyl acetate and chloroform-methanol extracts were pooled and evaporated in vacuo to dryness in a rotary evaporator to yield approximately 1.6 g of Residue C. Silica Gel Vacuum Liquid Chromatography of Residue C The crude extract containing nocathiacin antibiotics (Residue C) was preadsorbed onto 2 g Merck LiChroprep Silica Gel 60 (25-40μ) and applied to a 2.5×15 cm fritted filter funnel packed two-thirds full with this adsorbent (13 g). Elution using house vacuum was initially with chloroform (100 ml), followed by chloroform-methanol-water mixtures in a step gradient (e.g. CHCl 3 —MeOH—H 2 O 98:2:0.2, 97:3:0.3, 95:5:0.5 (2×), 93:7:0.7, v/v, 100 ml each. Fractions were consolidated on the basis of silica TLC profiles (chloroform-methanol-water 90:10:1 v/v, long wavelength UV and ceric sulfate spray). In this manner, 6-fluoronocathiacin was detected in the CHCl 3 —MeOH—H 2 O 97:3:0.3 fraction and the first CHCl 3 —MeOH—H 2 O 95:5:0.5 fraction. These fractions were combined and evaporated to dryness, (Residue D, 567 mg). Isolation of 6-fluoronocathiacin Residue D was further purified using the specified Beckman System Gold preparative HPLC system: YMC-Pack Pro C18 column (5μ particle size, 120 Å pore size, 20 mm i.d.×150 mm l.), fitted with a ODS-A 25μparticle size, 120 Å pore size, 10 mm i.d.×10 mm l. drop-in guard module. A typical sample injection size was 50-100 mg/200-400 μl DMSO. Elution was isocratic using 0.1M ammonium acetate—tetrahydrofuran 6:4. Elution flow rate was 10 ml/min. Detection (UV) was at 360 nm. In this manner, 6-fluoronocathiacin (13 mg total yield) was obtained. Physico-Chemical Properties of 6-Fluoronocathiacin Description: yellow amorphous solid Molecular Formula: C 61 H 59 FN 14 O 18 S 5 Molecular Weight: 1454 Mass Spectrum: HR-ESIMS [M+H] + m/z 1455.276 ESI-MS/MS fragmentation ions: m/z 1284, 1266, 1240, 1222, 1204, 1172, 788 Infrared Spectrum: Major IR Bands (cm −1 ) 3392, 2955, 1743, 1717, 1667, 1534, 1479, 1368, 1321, 1254, 1204, 1172, 1092, 1015, 756. Ultraviolet Spectrum: λ max (MeOH) nm 223, 291, 366 (log ε 4.96, 4.59,4.28). Circular Dichroism: CD λ nm (Δε) (MeOH) 211 (+39.6), 235 (−53.6), 262 (+31.8), 306 (−7.0), 350 (+7.1). HPLC (Rt) 26.9 min; (C18; Acetonitrile - 0.01 M potassium phosphate buffer pH 3.5 gradient (J. Chromatogr. 385, 99 (1987)). 1 H-NMR Observed Chemical Shifts (relative to DMSO-d 6 signal δ 2.49): δ 10.04 (1H, s), 9.14 (1H, s), 8.63 (1H, d, J = 8.2 Hz), 8.61 (1H, s), 8.50 (1H, s), 8.45 (1H, s), 8.25 (1H, s), 8.06 (1H, s br), 7.81 (1H, s br), 7.79 (1H, s), 7.70 (1H, s br), 7.63 (1H, s br), 7.46 (1H, d, J = 8.5 Hz), 7.29 (1H, d, J = 7.7 Hz), 7.12 (1H, d, J = 9.6 Hz), 6.33 (1H, s), 5.89 (1H, d, J = 12.1 Hz), 5.66 (1H, s), 5.60 (1H, d, J = 8.3 Hz), 5.14 (1H, m), 4.96 (1H, d, J = 12.5 Hz), 4.87 (1H, d, J = 3.5 Hz), 4.69 (1H, d, J = 10.0 Hz), 4.51 (1H, d, J = 10.5 Hz), 4.27 (1H, d, J = 9.7 Hz), 4.24 (1H, m), 4.01 (1H, d, J = 9.7 Hz), 3.95 (1H, d, J = 9.3 Hz), 3.85 (3H, s), 3.70 (1H, m), 2.49 (6H, s), 2.04 (1H, s br), 2.00 (3H, s), 1.94 (1H, m), 1.78 (1H, d, J = 13.8 Hz), 1.40 (3H, s), 1.15 (3H, d, J = 4.7 Hz), 0.56 (3H, d, T = 6.5 Hz). 13 C-NMR Observed Chemical Shifts (relative to DMSO-d 6 signal δ 39.6): δ 171.8, 167.9, 167.4, 167.3, 165.9, 165.3, 164.5, 163.3, 161.7, 160.9, 160.6, 160.5, 160.3, 159.1, 158.7, 158.4, 155.3, 149.8, 149.3, 148.8, 145.8, 140.2, 136.3, 135.2, 134.4, 130.5, 129.9, 127.2, 127.0, 126.5, 125.9, 125.6, 119.2, 116.4, 112.5, 111.9, 109.6, 107.1, 103.4, 98.1, 95.2, 79.2, 70.6, 68.4, 67.7, 66.5, 66.3, 65.5, 64.1, 63.1, 56.3, 55.3, 50.5, 50.3, 44.5, 40.4, 30.6, 18.0, 17.9, 13.1 19 F-NMR Observed Chemical Shifts (relative to CCl 3 F signal δ 0.0): δ -118.0 BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF 6-FLUORONOCATHIACIN Example 7 Antibiotic Activity of 6-Fluoronocathiacin To demonstrate its antimicrobial properties, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 6-fluoronocathiacin antibiotic of the invention was obtained against a variety of bacteria using a conventional broth dilution assay (serial broth dilution method using nutrient broth (Difco)). The results obtained are shown in Table 2 below, and demonstrate that 6-fluoronocathiacin has utility in treating bacterial infections. TABLE 2 MIC (μg/ml) Organism Strain # 6-Fluoronocathiacin Streptococcus pneumoniae A9585 <0.0005 Streptococcus A27881 <0.0005 pneumoniae /penicillin intermediate Streptococcus A28272 <0.0005 pneumoniae /penicillin resistant Enterococcus faecalis A20688 <0.001 Enterococcus faecalis +50% A20688 0.015 calf serum Enterococcus faecium A24885 0.004 Staphylococcus aureus /β- A15090 0.002 lactamase positive Staphylococcus aureus + A15090 0.015 50% calf serum Staphylococcus A24407 0.002 aureus /QC/ATCC #29213 Staphylococcus A27223 0.002 aureus /homo methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus + A27223 0.015 50% calf serum Staphylococcus A24548 0.004 epidermidis Staphylococcus A27298 0.004 haemolyticus Moraxella catarrhalis /β- A22344 0.25 lactamase positive Haemophilus A20191 >16 influenzae /β-lactamase negative Haemophilus A21515 >16 influenzae /β-lactamase positive Staphylococcus A9497 0.002 aureus /209P/ATCC #6538P Staphylococcus A9497 16 aureus /Thiostrep. Res/Mutant Bacillus A9506A 0.002 subtilis /ATCC #6633 Bacillus subtilis / A9506A >32 Thiostrep. Res/Mutant	Fermentation of Nocardia sp. ATCC-202099 in the presence of a halogen- or hydroxy-substituted tryptophan precursor yields a novel corresponding halogen- or hydroxy-substituted nocathiacin compound which has broad spectrum antibiotic activity against Gram-positive bacteria and has in vivo efficacy in animals.	2
BACKGROUND The present invention relates to safety structures used during building construction, and more particularly to such structures providing an elevated walkway and/or protective covering for a sidewalk or the like. Sidewalks adjacent to tall buildings under construction or during remodeling are typically provided with a bridge-type scaffold structure for protecting passers-by from falling objects, the structure also providing an elevated walkway above the sidewalk for workers on the job. One conventional form of such structures employs in-place fabrication from posts, beams, braces, etc. Typical modular forms of similar prior art structures are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,746,027 to Cannon, 3,382,949 to Block, and 3,566,991 to Prouly. A number of disadvantages are exhibited in each of the above examples, including one or more of the following: 1. They are excessively time-consuming to fabricate and dismantle; 2. They are difficult to transport and store in they are excessively bulky, even when dismantled; 3. They are difficult to use in that they do not preserve convenient lines of sight for use such as by surveyors of the work in process; 4. They are unsightly; and 5. They are excessively expensive to provide in that they include intricate custom components and fittings. Thus there is a need for modular walkway system that overcomes the above disadvantages. SUMMARY The present invention is directed to a system that meets this need. At least one module of the system includes a rectangular wall structure having a top, bottom, and sides; a rectangular roof structure rigidly joined perpendicular to the wall structure proximate the top thereof and having a roof extremity that extends parallel to the wall structure. A rectangular face structure is connected to the roof structure proximate the roof extremity, the roof structure, the wall structure, and the face structure having a common length, the module having means for holding the face structure perpendicular to the roof structure for strengthening the roof structure, and support means spaced from the wall structure for supporting the roof extremity with the roof structure elevated above a supporting surface and the wall structure extending vertically from the supporting surface. The face structure can be pivotally connected to the roof structure on a pivot axis, the holding means releasably locking the face structure perpendicular to the roof structure. Preferably a quantity N of the modules is restable within a rest volume, the volume having a length approximately equal to the common length of the modules, and a width not greater than approximately a roof height of the roof structure from the supporting surface plus (N-1) times a roof thickness of the roof structure, plus N times a face thickness of the face structure. The volume can also have a height not greater than approximately a roof width of the roof structure plus a face width portion of the face structure, plus N times the wall thickness. The pivot axis can be located approximately midway within the face height, the portion of the face width being approximately half of the face width. The support means can include a pair of column members vertically extending below opposite end extremities of the face structure. The face structures can be removably connected to a top flange portion of a single column member. Each of the column members can have a pair of rail bosses extend from opposite sides thereof, a tubular hand rail member extending between the column members and being supported by end engagement with facing ones of the rail bosses. The wall structure preferably includes a rigid open frame having panel members vertically spaced apart thereon for providing a horizontally disposed view aperture through substantially a full width of the wall structure, whereby surveying operations may be performed between locations on opposite sides of the wall structure. DRAWINGS These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings, where: FIG. 1 is a front elevational view of one module of an erected modular safety walkway apparatus according to the present invention; FIG. 2 is a right side elevational view of the apparatus of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is an oblique elevational perspective view showing series connected modules of the apparatus of FIG. 1; and FIG. 4 is left side elevational view showing a nested stacked plurality of the modules of FIG. 1. DESCRIPTION The present invention is directed to a modular walkway for elevated access to building structures, and for protectively covering sidewalks adjacent to such structure With reference to FIGS. 1-4 of the drawings, a walkway system 10 according to the present invention includes a canopy module 11, a plurality of the modules 11 to be connected end-to-end as described below. Each of the canopy modules 11 has a rigid, planar frame wall structure portion 12 having a length L and a height H w . A lower panel member 14 having a panel width W p is rigidly connected to a front face surface 16 of the structure portion 12, the panel member 14 extending to a length L that is flush with opposite side edge extremities 18, and to a bottom edge extremity 20 of the structure portion 12. An upper panel member 22 is similarly connected to the structure portion 12 and vertically spaced above the lower panel member 14 by a distance V, the upper panel member 22 also extending to the length L between the side edge extremities 18. A rectangular roof structure portion 24 is rigidly connected perpendicular to the wall structure portion 12 proximate a top edge extremity 26 of the wall structure portion 12, the structure portions 12 and 24 forming an inverted L-shaped canopy section 27. The roof structure portion 24 includes a spaced plurality of structural joist members 28 that are rigidly connected to the wall structure portion 12, the joist members 28 supportively carrying a plurality of roof stringer members 30 for providing a roof walkway surface 32, each of the stringer members 30 preferably having a length that is substantially the same as the length L of the wall structure portion 12. Typically, the stringer members 30 can be standard 2×8 planks of lumber. As best shown in FIG. 1, the joist members 28 are configured as inverted L-shaped members, being located in outwardly facing, closely spaced pairs. A face structure 34 is pivotally connected to the roof structure portion 24 on a face pivot axis 36 that is located proximate the free ends of the joist members 28. The face structure 34 includes a face panel member 38 that is rigidly connected to a rectangular face frame 40 having a face width W F and a length substantially the same as the length L of the wall structure portion 12. The face frame 40 includes a parallel-spaced plurality of L-shaped rib members 42, the frame 40 having a top edge extremity 44, a bottom edge extremity 46, and a pair of side edge extremities 48. In a preferred configuration of the module 10, the face pivot axis 36 is located proximately midway between the top and bottom extremities 44 and 46 of the face structure 34. The face structure 34 has an erected position relative to the roof structure 24 as indicated by the solid lines is FIG. 2, each of the rib members 42 extending between a pair of the joist members 28, being pivotally connected thereto on the face pivot axis 36. A spaced plurality of upper fare braces 50 and lower face braces 52 are also pivotally connected to respective ones of the roof joist members 28 on a common brace axis 54 for holding the face structure 34 in its erected position. In the erected position, each of the upper face braces 50 is removably connected to one of the rib members 42 proximate an upper extremity thereof, and each of the lower face braces 52 is similarly connected to one of the rib members 42 near a lower extremity thereof for securely locking the face structure 34 in the erected position. As further shown by the dashed lines in FIG. 2, the face structure 34 is movable to a storage position proximately coplanar with the roof stringer members 30, whereby a plurality of the canopy modules 11 are storable in a preferred configuration as a nested stack 56 of the modules 11 as shown in FIG. 4. Once the upper and lower face braces 50 and 52 are disconnected from the face structure 34, they are foldable beside the joist members 2 at which position they do not interfere with the stacking and unstacking of the modules 11. In the configuration of FIG. 4, the stack 56 occupies a compact volume having the length L (perpendicular to the view plane), a stack height H s (discussed below), and a stack width W s that is not greater than a roof height H R from the bottom of the canopy section 27 to the walkway surface 32 plus N-1 times a horizontal offset distance D H of not more than a roof thickness T R of the roof structure portion from the walkway surface 32 added to a face thickness T F of the face structure 34, where N is the total number of the modules 11 in the stack 56. This result is obtained by having the to edge extremity 44 of the face structure folded below the plane of the walkway surface 32 in the storage position as shown in FIG. 2. For this purpose, the face pivot axis 36 is located proximate the bottoms of the joist members 28 as best shown in FIG. 2. Alternatively, should the face structure 34 be foldable only to the extent that it traverses the walkway surface by the face thickness T F , the stack width W s is increased slightly to H plus N-1times T R plus N times T F . The stack height H s in the preferred configuration of the stack 56, from the back of the lowest wall structure portion 12 to the top edge extremity 44 of the highest face structure 34, is not greater than a canopy width W c of the canopy sections 27 from the back of the wall structure portion 12 to the free ends of the joist members 28 plus a face extension distance E w by which the face structure extends beyond the joist members 28 in the storage position, plus N-1 - times the wall thickness T w of the canopy sections 27 between the backs of the wall structure portions 12 and the fronts of the panel members 14 and 22. A plurality of column members 58 are provided for supporting opposite ends of each face structure 34, each of the column members 58 having a top flange member 60 rigidly connected thereto for supporting and tying together an adjacent pair of the face structures 34 by suitable face fasteners 61 that protrude opposite ends of the flange member 60, threadingly engaging each face frame 40. Counterparts of the face fasteners 61 are also used for securing together the side extremities of adjacent wall structure portions, as shown in FIG. 1. Each of the column members 58 has an adjustable foot assembly 62 that threadingly engages a bottom end of the column member 58, the foot assembly 62 having a foot member 64 for resting on a supporting surface 66 on which the system 10 is erected. The foot member 64 has an anchor passage 68 for accepting a suitable anchor fastener 70, whereby the system 10 is also anchored to the supporting surface 66. Counterparts of the foot assembly 62 are also affixed to the wall structure portions 12 for anchoring same to the supporting surface 12. A pair of rail bosses 72 are affixed to opposite sides of each column member 58, such as by welding, for locatively supporting a tubular hand rail member 74 below each of the face structures 34. As shown in FIG. 4, a complementary pair of shear or column braces 76 are provided for diagonally bracing the columns 58, each brace 76 being connected to the flange member 60 of one column member 58 by one of the face fasteners, a lower extremity of the brace 76 being anchored to the supporting surface 66 by a counterpart of the anchor fasteners 70. As further shown in FIGS. 2 and 4, a plurality of wall braces 78 are similarly fastened to the backs of each wall structure portion 12, sloping downwardly away from the canopy sections 27 and being anchored to the supporting surface 66 for stiffening the system 10 in a direction perpendicular to the wall structure portions 12. As described above, the upper panel member 22 is spaced above the lower panel member 14 on the wall structure portion 12 by the distance V. As shown in the drawings, the wall structure portion 12 is preferably configured as an open frame, which can be fabricated from steel tubing of round or preferably square cross section. More preferably. it has been determined that sufficient strength is obtained using elongated members having an open square cross-sectional shape, approximately 1.5 inches on a side, formed from 14 gauge steel. The common length L of the canopy sections s 27 is approximately 8 feet for accommodating the lower panel member 14 as a standard 4×8'×κ" sheet of plywood, the width W p thus being 48 inches. The bottom extremity 20 of the wall structure portions 12 is spaced slightly above the supporting surface 66 by the adjustable foot assemblies 62, the lower panel member 14 extending to a panel height H p of approximately 50 inches. The spacing V is approximately 15 inches in the preferred configuration, advantageously providing a field of view through the canopy sections 27 for use by surveyors and the like. A protective screen assembly 80 is fastened to the wall structure portion 12 within the distance between the panel members 14 and 22, the screen assembly having a perimeter frame 82 and a screen panel 84, welded together. A suitable material for the screen panel 84 is conventional flat rolled "expanded metal" which has a multiplicity of openings formed in relatively stiff sheet metal such as 16 gauge steel. In the preferred configuration of the canopy modules 11, the roof height H R between the supporting surface 66 and the walkway surface 32 is approximately 99 inches, the canopy width W c being approximately 52.25 inches. The face structure 34 extends above the walkway surface by an upper face extension H F of approximately 12 inches in the erected position, the face width W F being approximately 30 inches. Accordingly, the face extension distance E w in the storage position is approximately 14.5 inches. The wall thickness T w and the face thickness T F are each approximately 2.0 inches, and the roof thickness T R is approximately 4.5 inches, the horizontal offset distance D H being approximately 6.5 inches. Accordingly, the stack width W s of the nested stack 56 of FIG. 4 having N=5 of the canopy sections 27 is approximately 125 inches, the stack height H s being approximately 74.25 inches Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to certain preferred versions thereof, other versions are possible. For example, the face structure 34 can be movably connected to the canopy section 27 by a plurality of four-bar linkages or the like for reducing the distance E w in the storage position, the face structure 34 being lockable in its erected position by a plurality of removable pins or fasteners that connect the rib members 42 to the joist members 28. Also, the face structure 34 can be removably connected to the canopy section 27. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not necessarily be limited to the description of the preferred versions contained herein.	Disclosed is a modular walkway for elevated access to building structures, and for protectively covering sidewalks adjacent to such structures, including a plurality of canopy modules that are connected end-to-end when erected, and nestedly stackable for compact storage. Each of the canopy modules has a wall structure and a roof walkway cantilevered thereto, a face structure being movably connected to an edge extremity of the walkway. In an erected configuration, each module is supported by adjustable feet at the bottom of the wall structure, and a pair of columns that support opposite ends of the face structure, the face structure extending vertically above and below the walkway and strengthening the walkway. The face structure is foldable substantially into the plane of the walkway for providing a convenient and compact nested configuration of the modules when stacked.	4
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 878,460, filed June 25, 1986 now. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to polyurethane polymers prepared from active hydrogen-containing materials which contain reinforcing polymers. Various polymers are prepared from compounds and polymers which contain a plurality of active hydrogen atoms. Principal among these polymers are the polyurethanes and polyureas. In preparing these polymers, it is normally desirable to obtain the best possible physical properties. For example, when a flexible polymeric foam is prepared, it is often desirable to produce a foam which has good load-bearing, resiliency, and tensile properties. The materials most commonly used in preparing polyurethanes and/or polyureas are polyethers and polyesters which contain two or more active hydrogen-containing groups. Although excellent polymers, both cellular and noncellular, are produced therefrom, it is desirable in certain instances to further improve their properties. One known method of improving the properties of polyurethanes made from polyethers or polyesters is to employ a dispersion of polymer particles in a continuous polyether or polyester polyol phase. These so-called polymer polyols or copolymer polyols contain addition polymers, polyurea or polyurethane-urea particles, or other polymers dispersed through the polyol as a plurality of colloidal (10-1000 nm) particles. The dispersed particles have been shown to improve various properties of the resulting cellular polyurethane and/or polyurea, and often perform a cell-opening function in the production of polyurethane and/or polyurea foam. However, even with the use of a polymer polyol, improvement in certain properties of the polyurethane and/or polyurea polymer is desired. In particular, it is desirable to provide a cellular polyurethane and/or polyurea having high load-bearing. It is also desirable that it have a high modulus as later defined. Such high modulus foams are particularly suitable for automobile or other seating, in which the foam desirably feels soft as one sits on it, yet provides sufficient support for adequate comfort. It would therefore be desirable to provide a polyurethane and/or polyurea polymer having improved physical properties and to provide an active hydrogen-containing composition which reacts with a polyisocyanate to produce a polyurethane and/or polyurea polymer having improved properties. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one aspect, this invention is a solution or colloidal dispersion of a polymer of an ethylenically unsaturated polyaromatic compound, said compound containing a rigid moiety comprising at least two aromatic nuclei which are connected by a covalent bond or a rigid connecting group, said polymer being dispersed in an active hydrogen-containing compound having an average of at least two isocyanate-reactive groups per molecule. In another aspect, this invention is a polyurethane and/or polyurea polymer prepared by reacting a polyisocyanate with the solution or dispersion of this invention. In another aspect, this invention is a polyurethane and/or polyurea foam containing a polymer of an ethylenically unsaturated compound containing a rigid moiety comprising at least two aromatic nuclei which are connected by a covalent bond or a rigid connecting group. This invention is also a crosslinked, noncellular or microcellular polyurethane and/or polyurea polymer containing a polymer of an ethylenically unsaturated compound containing a rigid moiety comprising at least two aromatic nuclei which are connected by a covalent bond or a rigid connecting group. The inclusion of a solution or dispersion of this invention in an active hydrogen-containing composition has surprisingly been found to yield significant and unexpected improvements in the physical properties of polyurethane and/or polyurea polymers prepared therefrom. In particular, cellular polyurethane and/or polyurea polymers made from these solutions have excellent firmness and high moduli. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In this invention, a polyol having dispersed or dissolved therein a polymer of an ethylenically unsaturated compound containing a rigid moiety comprising at least two aromatic nuclei which are connected by a covalent bond or a rigid group (sometimes referred to herein as a "polyaromatic monomer") is reacted with a polyisocyanate to form a polyurethane and/or polyurea polymer. The term "polyol" is used herein to broadly include compounds having a plurality of isocyanate-reactive groups, including hydroxyl, primary or secondary amine, carboxylic acid or mercaptan groups. The polymer of the polyaromatic monomer is one which is soluble or colloidally dispersable in an active hydrogen-containing compound, and which contains a plurality of pendant polyaromatic moieties as described herein attached to the backbone of the polymer. By colloidally dispersible, it is meant that the polymer can be dispersed in an active hydrogen-containing compound as a plurality of particles having an average diameter of about 10-1000 nm. Preferably, the polymer is soluble in the active hydrogen-containing compound, as the reinforcing characteristics are most apparent with soluble polymers. The molecular weight of the polymer of the polyaromatic monomer is not especially critical when it is soluble in the active hydrogen-containing compound, as long as it is sufficiently high that the pendant rigid moieties can aggregate to form a reinforcing structure. Such structures are generally formed when the pendant rigid moieties have an aspect ratio of at least about 2.25, preferably at least about 2.4, more preferably at least about 6.4. When the polymer is dispersed, rather than dissolved, in the active hydrogen-containing compound, its molecular weight and particle size are advantageously such that it is colloidally dispersed in the active hydrogen-containing compound. The polymer used herein is an addition polymer prepared by homopolymerizing or copolymerizing an ethylenically unsaturated compound having an internal grouping having the structure ##STR1## wherein b is a number from about 1 to about 10, preferably about 1 to about 3, more preferably 1 or 2; each D is independently hydrogen, inertly substituted lower alkyl, halogen, or, when ortho to the -X- linkage, may be such that the linkage X, the aromatic rings and a group D from each ring form a cyclic structure, and each X is independently a covalent bond or a group which provides a rigid linkage between the aromatic rings. Exemplary groups X include cycloalkyl groups, heterocyclic groups and groups which are capable of participating in conjugation with the aromatic rings, or permit the rings to participate in conjugation with each other. Suitable such groups include --N═N--, --N═C═N--, --C═C--, --C.tbd.C--, --N═C═, ##STR2## --COO--, --NHCO--, --NHCOO--, and the like. The group -X- may also be alkylene when it forms a cyclic structure with the groups D ortho to the -X- linkage. Exemplary such monomers are described, for example, in Tables 1-4, pages 108-120 of Blumstein, et al, "Liquid Crystalline Order in Polymers with Mesogenic Side Groups", Liquid Crystalline Order in Polymers, A. Blumstein, ed., Academic Press, Inc., New York (1978), as well as on pp. 61-107, Kelker and Hatz, Handbook of Liquid Crystals, Verlag Chemie GmbH, 1980, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. A polymer containing pendant polyaromatic groups can be prepared by a free-radical polymerization of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer as described before. Suitable processes for the free-radical polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers are well known in the art, and reference is made thereto for the purposes of this invention. The polymerization is conducted under conditions such that the resulting polymer is soluble or dispersible in an active hydrogen-containing compound or polymer. Solution polymerization techniques are particularly suitable for polymerizing the ethylenically unsaturated monomer. In such solution polymerization, the monomer is polymerized in the presence of an inert solvent. By "inert" it is meant that the solvent does not react with the monomer, or otherwise undesirably interfere with its polymerization. When a solvent is used, it is advantageously stripped from the polymer after it is dissolved or dispersed in the active hydrogen-containing compound. Alternatively, the monomer can be polymerized in situ in the active hydrogen-containing compound or polymer. In such in situ polymerization, it is common practice to employ a dispersant to aid in the solubility or dispersability of the polymer. Particularly suitable dispersants include reaction products of the active hydrogen-containing compound and a difunctional compound having an active hydrogen-reactive group and an ethylenically unsaturated group, such as an ethylenically unsaturated isocyanate, anhydride, epoxide, carboxylic acid, carboxylic acid chloride and the like. Techniques for such in situ polymerization are taught, for example, in U. S. Pat. Nos. 4,460,715 and 4,394,491, incorporated by reference. The polymerization is advantageously conducted in the presence of a source of free radicals. Any of the common free radical initiators such as the well known organic peroxides, peroxyesters and azo compounds are suitable for that purpose. In addition, radiation or other free radical sources can be used. The polymerization is advantageously conducted at a temperature from about -20° C. to about 150° C. The optimum polymerization temperature is, of course, dependent on the particular monomer used, the particular free radical initiator used, if any, and other circumstances which are well known in polymerizing ethylenically unsaturated monomers. In order to control the molecular weight of the polymer, it may be advantageous to adjust the level of initiator used, or to employ a chain transfer agent in the polymerization. Typically, the use of a greater quantity of a free radical initiator or chain transfer agent tends to decrease the molecular weight of the resulting polymer. Thus, a free radical initiator is advantageously employed in an amount from about 0.01 to about 10, preferably about 0.05 to about 5 parts per 100 parts monomer. Suitable chain transfer agents include, for example, mercaptans, carboxylic acids, halogen containing compounds and the like. These and other suitable chain transfer agents are described, for example, in European Patent Publication No. 0091036A2. The rigid monomer may be homopolymerized or copolymerized with another monomer. Any such copolymerization may be a random copolymerization, or a block or graft copolymerization. The sole limitation on such other monomer is that it must be of such composition and present in such an amount such that the polyaromatic moieties can aggregate to form a reinforcing structure. Typically, this is accomplished when the polyaromatic monomer constitutes at least about 25, preferably about 35-100, more preferably about 50-100 mole percent of the monomers. Suitable monomers which are useful comonomers include those described in U. S. Pat. No. 4,394,491, incorporated by reference. Of particular interest are the acrylic and methacrylic esters, especially hydroxyalkyl acrylates and methacrylates; the unsaturated nitriles, particularly acrylonitrile; and the vinyl aromatics, particularly styrene. The polymer is dissolved or dispersed in an active hydrogen-containing compound. The active hydrogen-containing compound can be of any composition as long as the polymer is soluble or dispersible therein at beneficial proportions. By "soluble or dispersible at beneficial proportions" it is meant that a sufficient amount the polymer can be dissolved or dispersed into the active hydrogen-containing compound to provide property or processing improvements to a polyurethane and/or polyurea polymer prepared therefrom. Typically, such improvement is seen when at least about 1, preferably about 1-80, more preferably about 3-60 parts by weight of a dispersed rigid polymer are present per 100 parts of the active hydrogen-containing compound. When the polymer is dissolved in the active hydrogen-containing compound, preferably about 1-20, more preferably about 1-10 parts by weight are present per 100 parts of the active hydrogen-containing compound. The active hydrogen-containing compound in which the polymer is dispersed is selected according to the properties which are desired in a polyurethane and/or polyurea polymer prepared therefrom. It is well known to employ various equivalent weight and functionality active hydrogen-containing compounds to produce polyurethane and/or polyurea polymers having various properties. For example, in the preparation of elastomeric polyurethanes and/or polyureas, relatively high equivalent weight (400-10,000) and low functionality (2-4 functional) active hydrogen-containing compounds are preferred. For making more rigid polyurethanes and/or polyureas, lower equivalent weight (31-1000), higher functionality (2-16 functional) materials are preferred. The selection of proper active hydrogen-containing compounds for use in preparing particular polyurethane and/or polyurea polymers is considered to be a matter of ordinary choice to one skilled in the art. Suitable active hydrogen-containing compounds are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,394,491, incorporated herein by reference. Preferred such compounds are polyether polyols and the corresponding amine-terminated polyethers; polyester polyols; the so-called polymer polyols, particularly those containing dispersed polymers of ethylenically unsaturated monomers, polyurea polymers or polyurethane-polyurea polymers; alkylene glycols and amine-terminated chain extenders as are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,218,543. Most preferred are polyether polyols having a functionality of about 2-4 and an equivalent weight of about 800-3000, the corresponding amine-terminated polyethers, and copolymer polyols having dispersed polymers of ethylenically unsaturated non-rigid monomers prepared from such polyether polyols as well as mixtures of these materials with alkylene glycols and/or amine-terminated chain extenders. It has surprisingly been found the the typical reinforcing effects of copolymer polyols are further increased with the use of a solution or dispersion of this invention. The solution or dispersion of this invention is formed into a polyurethane and/or polyurea polymer by reaction with a polyisocyanate. Procedures for conducting this reaction are well known and described, for example, by Ulrich, "Urethane Polymers", The Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd ed., Vol. 23, New York (1983), pp. 576-608. Either aromatic or aliphatic organic polyisocyanates having an average of at least 2 isocyanate groups per molecule are useful. Such polyisocyanates are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,065,410, 3,401,180, 3,454,606, 3,152,162, 3,492,330, 3,001,973, 3,594,164, and 3,164,605, all incorporated by reference. Aromatic polyisocyanates which are particularly useful herein include 2,4- and/or 2,6-toluene diisocyanate, diphenylmethanediisocyanate, p-phenylene diisocyanate, polymethylenepolyphenylpolyisocyanates, mixtures thereof and the like. Also useful are polymeric derivatives of diphenylmethanediisocyanate as well as prepolymers or quasi-prepolymers thereof. Particularly useful aliphatic polyisocyanates include, for example, the hydrogenated derivatives of the foregoing aromatic polyisocyanates, as well as hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophoronediisocyanate, 1,4-cyclohexane diisocyanate and the like. In addition, prepolymers and quasi-prepolymers of the foregoing polyisocyanates having an --NCO content of about 0.5 to about 30% by weight are useful herein. The polyisocyanate is advantageously present in an amount sufficient to provide in the reaction mixture from about 70 to about 500, preferably about 80 to about 150, and more preferably about 95 to about 120 isocyanate groups per 100 active hydrogen-containing groups. Higher amounts of the polyisocyanate can be used when the formation of an isocyanurate-containing polymer is desired. In general, noncellular polyurethane and/or polyurea elastomers (those having an unfilled density of at least about 0.8 g/cc) are prepared by reacting a relatively high equivalent weight active hydrogen-containing compound (preferably 800-3000 molecular weight) and a chain extender compound with a polyisocyanate. The chain extender compound advantageously has an equivalent weight of from about 31-250 and a functionality of about 2-4, preferably about 2. The chain extender is preferably a glycol or a diamine, with C 2 -C 6 alkylene glycols and stearically hindered aromatic diamines being preferred. In preparing noncellular or microcellular elastomers, a conventional casting process, particularly a solventless casting process, or a reaction injection molding process can be employed. Suitable casting techniques are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,556,703. Reaction injection molding techniques are described, for example, in Sweeney, F. M., Introduction to Reaction Injection Molding, Technomics, Inc., 1979, incorporated by reference. Suitable formulations for use in RIM processes are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,269,945, 4,218,610, 4,297,444, 4,530,941, all incorporated by reference. In these formulations substitution of all or a portion of one or more of the active hydrogen-containing compounds is substituted with a solution or dispersion of this invention in which the polyol has a similar equivalent weight, functionality and reactivity. In preparing elastomeric polyurethane and/or polyurea polymers, either a one-shot or two-shot (i.e. prepolymer) process can be employed. In the two-shot process, all or most of the relatively high equivalent weight active hydrogen-containing compound is reacted with an excess of a polyisocyanate to form an isocyanate-terminated prepolymer, which is then reacted with the chain extender and any remaining high equivalent weight material. In the one-shot process, most or all of the relatively high equivalent weight material is mixed with the chain extender and the mixture is reacted with the polyisocyanate. However, certain prepolymers and quasi-prepolymers may be employed as the polyisocyanate component even in a one-shot process. Preferably, the polyurethane and/or polyurea polymer is cellular, i.e. has an unfilled density of less than about 0.8 g/cc. More preferably, the polyurethane and/or polyurea is a flexible polyurethane foam. Such flexible polyurethane foam is advantageously prepared by reacting a relatively high equivalent weight solution or dispersion of this invention with a polyisocyanate in the presence of a blowing agent. In preparing flexible polyurethane foams, it is advantageous to also employ a surfactant to stabilize the foaming reaction mass and to compatibilize the various components of the reaction mixture, and to employ various catalysts for both the urethane forming and blowing reactions. In addition, a crosslinker such as diethanolamine is often employed to promote rapid initial curing. In preparing flexible polyurethane foam, the major active hydrogen-containing compound(s) in the solution or dispersion advantageously has an equivalent weight of about 800-3000 and an average functionality (defined herein as the number of active hydrogen-containing groups per molecule) from about 2 to about 4, more preferably about 2-3. Suitable blowing agents for preparing foams are well known and include, for example, water, low boiling halogenated alkanes such as methylene chloride, monochlorodifluoromethane, dichlorodifluoromethane, dichloromonofluoromethane and the like, the so-called "azo" blowing agents, finely divided solids and the like as well as other materials which generate a gas under the conditions of the foaming reaction. Water, the halogenated methanes or mixtures thereof are preferred. When water is used as the blowing agent, about 0.5 to about 10, preferably about 1 to about 5 parts by weight are used per 100 parts of active hydrogen-containing compound(s). The halogenated alkanes are typically used in an amount from about 5 to about 75 parts per 100 parts by weight of active hydrogen-containing compound(s). However, the use of varying amounts of blowing agents to achieve a desired density is well known in the art, and it may in some instances be advantageous to use amounts of blowing agents outside of the ranges mentioned before. Suitable surfactants include the diverse silicone surfactants, preferably those which are block copolymers of a polysiloxane and a poly(alkylene oxide). Suitable such surfactants include Y-10184 surfactant, available from Union Carbide Corporation, and the like. Surfactants are used in an amount sufficient to stabilize the foaming reaction mixture against collapse until the foam is cured, and to promote the formation of a somewhat uniform cell structure. Typically, about 0.1 to about 5, preferably about 0.3 to about 3 parts by weight of surfactant are employed per 100 parts of active hydrogen-containing compound(s). Crosslinkers which are commonly employed in preparing flexible polyurethane foams include low equivalent weight alkanolamines such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, propanolamine, dipropanolamine, tripropanolamine, methyldiethanol amine, methyl dipropanol amine, and the like. Also useful are the alkylene glycols and low equivalent weight hydroxyl-terminated polyols such as glycerine and trimethylolpropane. Such crosslinkers are generally used in minor amounts, preferably about 0.2 to about 10, more preferably about 0.5-5 parts per 100 parts of relatively high equivalent weight active hydrogen-containing compounds. Catalysts for preparing polyurethane and/or polyurea foams include organometallic catalysts and tertiary amine compounds. Of the organometallic catalysts, organotin catalysts are generally preferred. Suitable catalysts are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,495,081, incorporated herein by reference. When using such catalysts, an amount sufficient to increase the rate of the urethane-forming (and foaming reactions, when a cellular polymer is formed) is used. Typically, about 0.001 to about 0.5 part of an organometallic catalyst is used per 100 parts of active hydrogen-containing compound(s). Tertiary amine-containing compounds are used in amounts ranging from about 0.1 to abut 3 parts per 100 parts of active hydrogen-containing material. When polyisocyanurate foams are produced, alkali metal compounds are usefully employed as trimerization catalysts. The foam can be prepared in any convenient manner. The foam can be prepared by reacting the components in a closed mold, or by permitting the reacting components to freely rise. Processes for preparing polyurethane foams are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,451,588, incorporated by reference. In addition to preparing flexible foams and noncellular elastomers, the solution or dispersion of this invention is useful in preparing rigid cellular and noncellular polyurethane and/or polyurea polymers. Methods for making such materials are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,579,844 and 4,569,951, incorporated herein by reference. Rigid polyurethane foams are advantageously prepared using active hydrogen-containing compounds having an equivalent weight from about 31-400 and an average functionality of about 3-16, preferably about 3 to about 8. The polyurethane and/or polyurea polymers of this invention are useful, for example, as seating, cushioning, industrial elastomers, automobile fascia and bumpers, thermal insulation and the like. The following examples are provided to illustrate the invention, but are not intended to limit the scope thereof. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated. EXAMPLE 1 A. Preparation of Polyaromatic Monomer Into a suitable reactor are placed 65 parts of a 1650 equivalent weight ethylene oxide-capped poly(propylene oxide) having a nominal functionality of 3.0 (Polyol A), 119 parts of an IEM-capped polyol which is prepared by reacting IEM with Polyol A at a mole ratio of 0.374, and 12.8 parts of a rigid monomer having the structure ##STR3## which is separately prepared by reacting methacryloyl chloride with the reaction product of phenylisocyanate and para-hydroxy benzoic acid. This mixture is heated to about 140° C. and to it is added at that temperature, over a period of about one hour, a mixture of 119 parts of the IEM-capped polyol and 0.65 grams azobis(isobutyronitrile). Following complete addition of the initiator solution, the reaction mixture is heated at about 140° C. for an additional 4 hours. The resulting product is a solution of a polymer of the polyaromatic monomer in Polyol A. Six parts of this solution are placed in a reactor along with 14.91 parts of the rigid monomer and 108 parts of Polyol A. This mixture is heated to a temperature of 140° C., upon which the solid monomer melts. Then, 23 parts of Polyol A in which 0.6 part of azobis(isobutyronitrile) and 2.8 parts of a solution of the rigid polymer in Polyol A are added over a period of about 30 minutes at 140° C. Following this addition, the mixture is heated for another 30 minutes and cooled. The resulting product is a dispersion of particles of a reinforcing polymer in Polyol A. B. Preparation of Polyurethane Foam A molded, high resiliency foam (Sample No. 1) is prepared using the formulation described in Table 1 following. The proportions of the dispersion from Example 1-A and the copolymer polyol are such that the mixture contains 10% by weight SAN particles (from the copolymer polyol and 2.6% by weight liquid crystalline polymer particles. TABLE 1______________________________________ Parts byComponent Weight______________________________________Dispersion from Example 1001-A/Copolymer polyol blendWater 3.8Silicone Surfactant.sup.1 1.65Tertiary Amine Catalyst.sup.2 0.24Catalyst A.sup.3 0.12Organotin catalyst B.sup.4 0.0042Diethanolamine 1.7Toluene diisocyanate.sup.5 105 index______________________________________ .sup.1 Y10184 silicone surfactant, sold by Union Carbide Corporation .sup.2 bis(N,N--dimethylaminoethyl)amine .sup.3 A 33 weight percent solution of triethylenediamine in dipropylene glycol .sup.4 Dimethyltindilaurate .sup.5 An 80/20 by weight mixture of the 2,4 and 2,6 isomers For comparison, a molded foam (Comparative Sample A) is prepared using the same formulation, except that the polyol mixture of Example 1 is replaced with a 10% solids copolymer polyol containing 70/30 SAN particles. The properties of Sample No. 1 and Comparative Sample A are as reported in Table 2 following. TABLE 2______________________________________Property A* Sample No. 1______________________________________% Polyaromatic 0 2.6polymer.sup.1CPP solids.sup.2 10 10Density, lb/ft.sup.3 1.87 2.09Tensile Str.sup.3, 22.8 21.3psiElongation.sup.3, % 107 139Tear Str, pli.sup.4 1.81 2.42Resiliency, %.sup.5 55 47Compression Set.sup.6 13.1 20.9CdILD.sup.725% 22 2165% 53 64ret 25% 17 16Modulus.sup.8 2.41 3.05Air Flow.sup.9 4.8 5.7______________________________________ Not an example of this invention .sup.1 From Example 1A. .sup.2 % styrene/acrylonitrile particles in the polyols .sup.3 ASTM 357481 Test E .sup.4 ASTM 357481 Test F .sup.5 ASTM 357481 Test H .sup.6 ASTM 357481 Test D .sup.7 ASTM 357481 Test B. ILD is indentation load deflection. .sup.8 Ratio of 65% ILD to 25% ILD. .sup.9 ASTM 357481 As can be seen from the data in Table 2, very substantial increases in modulus and 65% ILD are obtained with the presence of a small quantity of liquid crystal polymer in the foam formulation. EXAMPLE 2 A. Preparation of 2-(4-biphenyloxy)ethyl methacrylate In a suitable flask are charged 2040 g 4-phenyl phenol, 1216 g ethylene carbonate and 40 g triethyl amine. This mixture is heated under nitrogen to 125° C. for about 3 hours, and then to 150° C. for another hour, until the evolution of gas becomes very slow. The hot product is recrystallized in toluene to provide 2281 g of 2-(4-biphenyloxy)ethoxy ethanol. A 750-g portion of this product is combined with 1200 g methylmethacrylate, 35 g hydroquinone and 18 g concentrated sulfuric acid. The mixture is heated to about 100°-120° C. under nitrogen in an oil bath for about 5 hours. The resulting mixture is dissolved in 1040 ml toluene followed by 1040 ml of cyclohexane, after which a precipitate forms. The suspension is then neutralized with ammonia and filtered. Three grams of hydroquinone are added and 2-(4-biphenyloxy) ethanol precipitates. The solution is then washed with 500 ml of 5% aqueous NaOH and 500 ml of water and dried. A small quantity of p-methoxyphenol is added and the solution concentrated under vacuum. The solution (840 g) is mixed with 900 ml of acetonitrile at -5° C., and the product precipitates. The product (rigid monomer A) is washed with -10° C. acetonitrile and dried in a vacuum oven. It has a melting point of 58°-60° C. B. Preparation of Solution of a Polymer of Rigid Monomer A in Polyol Into a suitable reactor equipped with a nitrogen pad are mixed 9 g of Rigid Monomer A and 200 g of the IEM-capped polyol described in Example 1. The mixture is heated to about 120° C. to melt the monomer and aid mixing. A clear fluid is obtained. To this mixture is added, over a 90 minute period, a homogenized mixture of 60 grams of a 1000 equivalent weight, nominally trifunctional poly(propylene oxide-ethylene oxide) (Polyol B), 64 grams of the IEM-capped polyol, 3.99 g of hydroxyethylacrylate and 0.72 parts of azobis(isobutyronitrile). After the addition is complete, the reaction mixture is heated for an additional four hours at 120° C. Following this period, the product is vacuum stripped to remove volatile impurities. The product is a solution containing about 3.8 weight percent of the copolymer of hydroxyethylacrylate and rigid monomer A, to which copolymer is believed to be grafted a portion of the IEM-capped polyol. C. Preparation of Slabstock Polyurethane Foam A slabstock foam is prepared by reacting 100 parts by weight of the solution of Example 2-B, 0.1 part of an amine catalyst, 0.2 part of an organotin catalyst, 1 part of a silicone surfactant and an 80/20 mixture of the 2,4- and 2,6- isomers of TDI. This foam is designated Example No. 2, and its physical properties are as indicated in Table 2 following. For comparison, a foam is made from a like formulation, except the solution of Example 2-B is replaced with a copolymer polyol containing Polyol B as a continuous phase and 10 weight percent of 70/30 SAN particles as the dispersed phase. This foam is designated Comparative Sample B and has properties as indicated in Table 2 following. D. Preparation of Dispersion of Polymerized Rigid Monomer A in Polyol In a suitable reactor are blended 210 g Polyol B, 40 g of Rigid Monomer A and 32 g of the product from Example 2-B. This blend is heated to 120° C., and to it is added, over a 90 minute period, a mixture of 1.09 g azobis(isobutyronitrile), 98 g of Polyol B and 8 g of the product from Example 2-B. After the monomer stream is added, the mixture is maintained at 120° C. for an additional 4 hours, after which the product is vacuum stripped to remove any volatile impurities. The resulting product is a dispersion containing about 10 weight percent of polymerized Rigid Monomer A. This dispersion is then foamed in the same manner as Example No. 2 and Comparative Sample B, with results as indicated as Example No. 3 in Table 3 following. TABLE 3______________________________________Property B 2 3______________________________________% Rigid Polymer.sup.1 0 3.8 10% CPP solids.sup.2 10 0 0Density, lb/ft.sup.2 1.34 1.27 1.31Tensile Str, psi.sup.3 21 18.5 18.5Elongation, % 195 222 172Tear Str, pli.sup.4 3.03 2.62 2.82Compresson Set.sup.5 46.1 26.4 50CtILD.sup.625% 48 83 5765% 80 153 103ret 25% 32 48 36Modulus.sup.7 1.67 1.84 1.81Air Flow.sup.8 2.7 2.7 3.2______________________________________ *Not an example of this invention. N.D. means not determined. .sup.1 In Example 2, the proportion of HEA/Rigid Monomer A copolymer. In Example 3, the proportion of polymer of Rigid Monomer A. .sup.2 % sytrene/acrylonitrile particles in the polyols .sup.3 ASTM 357481 Test E .sup.4 ASTM 357481 Test F .sup.5 ASTM 357481 Test D .sup.6 ASTM 357481 Test B. ILD is indentation load deflection. .sup.7 Ratio of 65% ILD to 25% ILD. .sup.8 ASTM 357481 As can be seen from the data in Table 3, very substantial improvements in load bearing are obtained with this invention.	The inclusion of a polymer containing rigid moieties in an active hydrogen-containing compound has surprisingly been found to yield significant and unexpected improvements in the physical properties of polyurethane and/or polyurea polymers prepared therefrom. In particular, cellular polyurethane and/or polyureas made from these solutions have excellent firmness and high moduli.	2
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to an apparatus suitable for twist-drawing an undrawn or partially drawn yarn. In another aspect, the invention relates to a method suitable for twist-drawing an undrawn or partially drawn yarn. The use of synthetic yarns presently dominates the textile industry. Although some natural fibers such as cotton and wool are still used today, the majority of yarns used to produce clothing, carpeting, upholstery material and other textile goods are primarily synthetic yarns. In order for synthetic yarns to resemble yarns made from natural fibers, it is necessary to texture or bulk the synthetic yarns. Texturing synthetic yarns in order that such yarns when made into fabrics will have the hand and feel of fabrics made from natural staple yarns is well known in the art. The various texturing processes used to texture synthetic yarns also employ a variety of feed yarns. For example, a feed yarn can be drawn, partially drawn or undrawn and a feed yarn can be twisted or entangled to bind the filaments in the yarn closer together because a yarn that is not twisted or entangled often has filaments that become separated from the yarn that can snag and break during the various processing steps. Also packages of feed yarn should be used in a size or weight best suited for the particular process used. Some of the more commonly employed texturing processes use a feed yarn that has been twisted and drawn. To produce such a feed yarn, a draw-twist machine is frequently used. Such a machine, which is well known in the art, draws an undrawn or partially drawn yarn and then twists the drawn yarn during windup by feeding the yarn to a rotating vertically mounted take-up bobbin through a rotatable "flyer" driven only by the angular momentum of the yarn. Although this type of machine works very well and is widely used, the packages of draw-twisted yarn that can be produced on such machines are relatively small because the windup bobbin itself must be rotated. In some texturing processes where large packages of feed yarn are desirable, it is necessary to splice and recone the draw-twisted yarn to make larger feed yarn packages. An additional problem associated with use of a draw-twisting machine is its relatively slow speed. Most draw-twist equipment operates in the area of 300 to 400 meters/minute and when higher speeds are attempted by using higher drawing speeds and/or draw ratios broken filaments occur. An object of the invention is to produce large packages of yarn wherein the yarn has been twisted and drawn. Another object of the invention is to produce drawn and twisted yarn at speeds substantially above 400 meters/minute without producing a yarn with an unacceptable number of broken filaments. Another object of the invention is an apparatus suitable for producing large packages of yarn wherein the yarn has been twisted and drawn. Still another object of the invention is an apparatus suitable for producing drawn and twisted yarn at speeds substantially above 400 meters/minute without producing a yarn with an unacceptable number of broken filaments. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the invention an apparatus comprises a 2-for-1 twist spindle; at least one guide roll positioned above the spindle; means suitable for receiving a yarn from the guide roll and drawing the yarns; and means suitable for winding the drawn yarn, wherein the guide roll comprises a cylindrical surface mounted on a shaft which is attached to a base suitable for positioning the cylindrical surface so that the yarn rides on the surface of the roll in a relatively fixed position and a substantial amount of twist is not trapped in the yarn ahead of the guide roll. Further according to the invention, an essentially as spun yarn is passed from a twisting zone to a guiding zone, guiding the yarn from the twisting zone to a drawing zone without trapping substantial twist in the yarn ahead of the guiding zone, drawing the twisted yarn and winding the twisted and drawn yarn. Packages of twist-drawn yarn produced according to the invention are capable of being produced in much larger sizes or weights as compared to packages of yarn produced on equipment wherein the yarn is first drawn and then twisted. Further, twist-drawn yarn can be produced according to the invention at rates of production substantially above 400 meters/minute without a substantial number of broken filaments. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 shows schematically an embodiment of an apparatus of the present invention; FIG. 2 shows a side view of a guide roll partially in section suitable for use in the apparatus of FIG. 1; and FIG. 3 shows an end view of the guide roll shown in FIG. 2. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring to FIG. 1 of the drawing, an essentially as spun yarn 10, which is also known in the art as an undrawn or partially drawn yarn, wound on a package 12 which is supported on a 2-for-1 twister such as a Verdol twister manufactured by Verdol of Lyon, France, indicated generally by reference numeral 14, is passed through a guide 16 forming what is known in the art as the "inner balloon" 15. The yarn is then passed through the center of the package 12, disc 18, and around the outside of the twister to form what is known in the art as the "outer balloon" 20. Disc 18 is attached to spindle 17 that is rotated by power means 19. Can 22, supported on twist spindle mount 24, prevents contact between the inner balloon and the outer balloon. The twisted yarn 10a is gathered above the 2-for-1 twister at guide 26 and is passed around guide roll 28, positioned above the 2-for-1 spindle, through pigtail guides 30 and 32 and around guide roll 34. According to the invention, the guide rolls 28 and 34 must be of the type that will not trap twist in the yarn ahead of the guide rolls. This is an essential and critical requirement of the present invention. After wrapping around guide roll 34, the yarn is passed around feed roll 36 and idler roll 38, draw roll 40 and idler roll 42. The yarn 10b is drawn by draw roll 40 and idler roll 42 which rotates at a faster lineal speed than feed roll 36, thus drawing the twisted yarn. The draw ratio employed depends upon the degree of orientation of the as spun yarn, but generally ranges from about 2 to 1 to about 6 to 1. The twisted and drawn yarn 10c is wound as is known in the art, such as on package support 46 after passing through traversing means 44 to form a package of twistdrawn yarn 48. The package of yarn 48 is driven by rotating roll 50 which is in frictional contact with yarn package 48. In FIGS. 2 and 3 a specific embodiment of a guide roll, indicated generally by reference numeral 60, is shown which is suitable for use as guide rolls 28 and 34 of FIG. 1. In FIG. 2, guide roll 60 comprises a cylindrical surface 62 which is mounted on a shaft 64 by using bearings 66 and 68. The shaft 64 is attached to a base 70 which is attached to a mounting plate 72. Base 70 is attached to mounting plate 72 by using three screws 74 (shown clearly in FIG. 3) having a threaded portion 76 and a head portion 78. Screws 74 pass through smooth holes 80 in base 70 and are screwed into threaded holes 82 in mounting plate 72. The diameter of smooth holes 80 is such that the threaded portion 76 of screws 74 will pass through holes 80 but the head portion 78 will not pass through holes 80. Between base 70 and mounting plate 72 coil springs 84 are concentrically aligned with the threaded portion 76 of screws 74 which force base 70 against the head portion 78 of screws 74. By turning the screws 74 the cylindrical surface of guide rolls 60 can be adjusted to the proper angle so that the yarn 10a rides on the rolls in a relatively fixed position. Mounting plate 72 is equipped with holes 86 for attaching the guide roll 60 to the equipment. Depending upon the type of yarn being processed, it may be desirable to employ heated rolls for feed roll 36 and draw roll 40. The yarn used in the present invention is a synthetic multifilament as spun yarn. As used herein, the term "as spun yarn" means a continuous multifilament yarn having a tenacity of less than about 3.0 grams per denier. However, in most instances the as spun yarns used in the present invention will have a tenacity of less than about 2.0 grams per denier, and it is in processing the lower tenacity as spun yarns that the present invention is particularly useful. Most any type of synthetic filament yarn can be employed in the invention as long as it can be drawn. Generally, the yarn employed is a polyamide, polyester or polyolefin yarn; however, the use of other yarns is within the scope of the invention. Good results were obtained using polypropylene as the polyolefin yarn. Yarns processed according to the method and apparatus of the present invention are normally processed at a rate ranging from about 600 to about 1000 meters per minute to produce a drawn yarn having a twist ranging from about 0.1 to about 1.0 twists per inch (tpi); however, rates ranging from about 800 to 900 meters per minute and a twist ranging from about 0.2 to about 0.8 tpi will probably be used most often. It is recognized that twisting a yarn, such as by employing a 2-for-1 twister, and then drawing the twisted yarn is not a new process in the broad sense; however, such a process has been difficult to operate with feed yarns having a tenacity ranging from about 1.0 to 2.0 grams per denier satisfactorily because of filament breakage. As is well known in the art, as spun yarn has very low tenacity and consequently such yarn must be handled very carefully. This is true even after twisting the as spun yarn. It has been found that the type of guide roll is extremely important in the control of filament breakage. As an illustration of the criticality in the selection of the guide roll, guide rolls were used in the process and apparatus schematically shown in FIG. 1 in which the surface of the guide rolls had a "V" groove in order to control the position of the yarn riding on the guide rolls. "V" groove type rolls are commonly employed in all types of yarn processing equipment and heretofore were believed to be suitable for use on twist-draw equipment. The feed yarn was an as spun polypropylene 1750 denier 70 filament yarn having a tenacity of 1.3 grams per denier. The 2-for-1 twister was operated at 4000 rpm. The feed roll was operated at a linear speed of 145 meters per minute and the draw roll was operated at 678 meters per minute, thus the draw ratio was 4.68. After only a short period of operation, the yarn broke out stopping the yarn processing after a number of attempts and after a number of various adjustments to the apparatus were made. There were a few instances where it took as long as 45 minutes to 1 hour for the yarn to break out, but such runs were the exception rather than the rule. However, the same yarn processed without incident after the guide rolls were changed out to rolls having a cylindrical surface similar to that of roll 60 shown in FIG. 2 and the roll was adjusted so that the yarn rode on the surface of the roll in a relatively fixed position. It is presently believed that the rolls having the cylindrical surface solved the problem with broken filaments because the "V" grooved roll tended to act as a twist trap causing a high degree of twist to build up in the yarn ahead of the roll whereas the roll with the cylindrical surface did not act as a twist trap. The above illustration clearly demonstrates the surprising results obtained according to the invention by employing a guide roll having a cylindrical surface as compared to a guide roll with a "V" groove surface and the criticality in guide roll type and selection. The term "2-for-1 twister" as used herein is intended to cover modifications known in the art that increase the twist ratio of a 2-for-1 twister from 2 twists per revolution of the spindle to 4 twists per revolution of the spindle, and thus the term "2-for-1 twister" is used in the specification and claims in the generic sense.	A yarn is twist-drawn on an apparatus employing a 2-for-1 twist spindle; at least one guide roll positioned above the spindle; means suitable for receiving a yarn from said guide roll and drawing the yarn; and means suitable for winding the drawn yarn, wherein the guide roll comprises a cylindrical surface mounted on a shaft which is attached to a base suitable for positioning the cylindrical surface so that the yarn rides on the surface of the roll in a relatively fixed position and a substantial amount of twist is not trapped in the yarn ahead of the guide roll.	3
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/894,965, filed Jul. 20, 2004,now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,348,417, which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/493,317, filed Aug. 7, 2003, the contents each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to the purification of chemical compounds with pharmacological properties and veterinarian uses. More specifically, the invention relates to novel methods of purifying moxidectin, and to the moxidectin obtained thereby. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to the purification of the anthelmintic compound known as moxidectin. The chemical name for moxidectin is [6R,23E,25S(E)]-5-O-Dementhyl-28-deoxy-25-(1,3-di methyl-11′-butenyl0-6,28-epoxy-23-9methoxyimino)milbemycin B. The composition of moxidectin and various uses thereof are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,916,154, Asato, et. al, and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,900,753, Sutherland, et. al. The morphological characteristics, compounds and methods of production for moxidectin are further disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,106,994, and in its issued European counterpart, EP 170,006. Another process used to purify moxidectin is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,988,824. Moxidectin is useful as an anti-parasitic in the prevention, treatment or control of helmintic, ectoparasitic, insect, acarid and nematode infections and infestations in warm-blooded animals, as well as agricultural crops. It is especially useful to cattle and sheep farmers to control such parasites as ticks and worms. Moxidectin may be administered to livestock and other animals in a number of ways including, as a topical or “drench”, as a subcutaneous injection, or orally in pill or tablet form. Two methods currently used to purify moxidectin are described as examples 17 and 19 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,988,824. The methods of examples 17 and 19 yield purity levels of 89% and 71%, respectively. Another process currently known and used to purify moxidectin involves the following steps: dissolving moxidectin in cyclomethylhexane, (MCH), and adding water to the moxidectin/MCH solution resulting in the precipitation of moxidectin over an extended period of time. The process results in a product with 90-92% purity, but can take days to complete. The current methods are cost-intensive, time-consuming and result in an end product with a purity level that is not high enough for many applications. A higher purity level would further enable suitable formulations of pharmaceutical preparations for animal, as well as human uses. A method that would allow for amorphous moxidectin to be converted to crystalline moxidectin with a higher purity would also be useful to the skilled artisan. Other methods of moxidectin currently available to the skilled artisan may achieve a higher purity level, but typically will utilize more hazardous solvents such as chloroform and dichloromethane. They also can involve more complicated processes such as normal and reverse chromatography steps (silica media). Therefore, what is needed in the art is a new method to purify moxidectin that is cost-effective, less time consuming, and produces an end product with a higher purity level than is currently available. Also needed is moxidectin with a higher purity level than what is otherwise available in the art that is safe for use in a wide variety of pharmaceutical applications, including those for animal and even human uses. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In one embodiment of the invention there is provided a method for purifying moxidectin which comprises combining moxidectin with a first solvent to produce a moxidectin solution. The solution is then concentrated at a temperature at or below about 50° C., and thereafter the temperature of the moxidectin solution is cooled to a temperature within the range of about 40° to 30° C. A second solvent is combined with the moxidectin solution; and thereafter the moxidectin solution is agitated while lowering the temperature to within the range of about 30 to 10° C., so as to generate moxidectin crystals from the solution. The crystals from the moxidectin solution are then purified, and dried. In a further embodiment, the method to purify solid moxidectin involves dissolving solid moxidectin in methylcyclohexane, (MCH), thereby resulting in a moxidectin/MCH solution. Next, the moxidectin/MCH solution is concentrated at a pot temperature of about 45° C. to 50° C. under vacuum. N-heptane is added to the moxidectin/MCH solution, at a ratio of about 1:4 MCH to n-heptane, under agitation. The resultant solution is then aged for about 4-5 hours at about 30° C., and thereafter the solution is further aged at a temperature of about 10° C. for about 2-3 hours so as to generate moxidectin crystals. The resultant crystalline moxidectin so obtained is filtered and dried under vacuum. The invention also provides a process for generating moxidectin crystals from amorphous moxidectin. According to this embodiment, amorphous moxidectin is first added to a first solvent to produce a moxidectin solution. Next, using distillation, the weight percentage of moxidectin within the solution is caused to be within the range of about 40-44% at a temperature within the range of about 45-50° C. for the solution. The solution is then cooled, and a second solvent is added to the moxidectin solution at a temperature within the range of about 30-35° C. for the solution. The temperature of the solution is next lowered to about 10° C. over the period of about 2-8 hours, while agitating the solution such that the agitation increases over the time period above so as to effect crystallization of the moxidectin. The moxidectin crystals are then dried and recovered. The invention also provides moxidectin crystals purified according to the various embodiments herein described which are about 94-96%, or higher, pure, and are described as substantially solvent-free and suitable for a wide range of pharmaceutical applications, including those in the veterinary and human fields. In addition, the invention provides compositions of moxidectin using the crystalline moxidectin herein obtained in a large range of suitably effective anthelmintic and anti-parasitic applications. These and other objects of the invention will become more apparent from the detailed description of the invention provided hereinbelow. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Moxidectin in its crystalline form can be conveniently incorporated into many veterinarian pharmaceutical formulations. These veterinarian formulations are useful as anthelmintics, ectoparasiticides, insecticides, acaricides and nematicides,—for preventing and controlling diseases in warm-blooded animals, such as poultry, cattle, sheep, swine, rabbits, horses, dogs, cats and human beings and agricultural crops. Moxidectin is suitable for incorporation into topical, oral, subcutaneous and various other veterinarian and pharmaceutical formulations. The pharmaceutical and veterinarian formulations may be administered in a variety of ways including: injectable and sustained release formulations, solutions, suspensions, bolus, oral tablets and liquid drenches for use as an anthelmintic for animals. The present invention involves making a solution of moxidectin and a first solvent. The moxidectin may be obtained from whatever source is available to the skilled artisan. Preferably, the moxidectin is in its unpurified or “raw”, or amorphous form. It may be derived from a small- or large-scale (industrial) process typically utilized for producing moxidectin. The moxidectin may be obtained from a deblocking chemical reaction, such as by alkaline hydrolysis. By way of non-limiting example, the process described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,988,824 is a useful method for generating moxidectin. Typically, the moxidectin useful in the process hereinafter described will have an initial purity (dried) of less than about 92%, many times within the range of about 90-92%. The first solvent is preferably selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, methylcyclohexane, hexane, benzyl alcohol, toluene, heptane, and mixtures thereof. Other solvents capable of dissolving moxidectin may also be utilized. Cost and safety profiles will further affect the selection of a suitable solvent. Most preferred solvents will be physiologically tolerated in very trace amounts and thus will be suitable for inclusion in trace amounts in pharmaceutical preparations. Of these, preferably cyclomethylhexane (MCH), is used as the first solvent. The moxidectin is combined with the first solvent in a weight ratio within the range of about 1:1 to 1:2 to produce the moxidectin solution. After the moxidectin and first solvent are combined, the resultant moxidectin solution is then concentrated, preferably under vacuum. As a result of this concentrating step, the percentage of the moxidectin in the moxidectin solution is made to be about 40-50% by weight, and preferably about 40-44% by weight. Concentration of the moxidectin in the solution is typically effected at a temperature at or below about 50° C., with a temperature within the range of about 40-50° C. being preferred, and a temperature within the range of about 45-50° C. being especially desirable. Distillation, using accepted protocol, is the preferred means of obtaining the desirable moxidectin concentration. In yet another embodiment, the moxidectin/first solvent (e.g., MCH) solution is distilled under vacuum at a pot temperature of about 45° to 50° C. The use of a vacuum and control of the temperature range are used to minimize thermal effects such as compound degradation. Thereafter, the temperature of the concentrated moxidectin solution is cooled and regulated to approximately 30° C., and may vary within a range of about 30-40° C. Next, a second solvent is added to the moxidectin solution. This second solvent is preferably a non-polar organic solvent. Even more desirably, the second solvent is selected from the group consisting of hexane, heptane, toluene, isooctane, other non polar organic solvents capable of dissolving moxidectin or mixtures thereof. Of these, n-hexane and n-heptane are often particularly preferred. Other suitable non polar organic solvent may be selected by those skilled in the art, and can be ascertained by evaluation of physical and chemical properties of the molecular species to be crystallized. Cost and safety profiles will often affect the selection of a suitable non polar organic solvent as well. Most preferred non polar organic solvents will be physiologically tolerated in very trace amounts and thus will be suitable for inclusion in trace amounts in pharmaceutical preparations. The second solvent is added in a weight ratio with respect to the first solvent within a range of about 2:1 to 6:1. It is more preferably that this weight ratio be about 3:1. Preferably, the second solvent is added under agitation, such as by stirring. More hazardous solvents such as chloroform and dichloromethane, are preferably avoided as part of the method of the invention. After adding the second solvent; the moxidectin solution is further regulated to a temperature between about 30° C.-10° C.; and even more preferably between about 25-10° C. Even more desirably, the temperature of the solution is gradually lowered from the high end to the low end of the ranges just described, preferably under agitation, as by gentle stirring. This part of the process of the invention will generate moxidectin crystals from the solution. Preferably, a time period of about 2 to 12 hours, more preferably about 3 to 6 hours is utilized to effect optimal crystalline formation. This in itself is an advance over the state of the art, in which it was often necessary to devote up to 48 hours or more for crystallization. Thereafter, the moxidectin crystals are filtered from the solution. This can also be achieved under gentle agitation. Once obtained, the moxidectin crystals are dried, preferably under vacuum. The dried moxidectin crystals should desirably be substantially solvent-free, that is, they should contain at most only trace amounts of residual solvent within established pharmaceutical standards. The resulting moxidectin crystals obtained according to the purification method of the invention will typically have a purity level within the range of about 94%-96%, which is higher than a beginning purity level of 90%-92% often obtained as a result of making amorphous moxidectin using known synthesis protocol. In any event, the invention contemplates an ending purity level which is about 1.5 to 10% or greater, more preferably about 2 to 6%, higher than the starting level of purity for the moxidectin. Purity levels may be measured by high pressure liquid chromatography, (HPLC) using accepted protocol. Other methods available in the art for measuring purity may also be utilized. The moxidectin crystals of the invention may be utilized in a wide variety of pharmaceutical applications, especially veterinarian products. Thus, the moxidectin obtained according to the process hereinabove described may be incorporated into several anti-parasitic, endectoside and anthelmintic products, as well as other related applications. If desired, the method of the invention may be repeated one or more additional times to optimize purity, if desired. The following example illustrates one or more preferred aspects of the invention and is provided by way of illustration only, and should not be construed as limiting the scope thereof. EXAMPLE 1 Table One reports purification results obtained by the procedure of the invention, while varying different aspects of the process. TABLE 1 TS MTM Initial Conc. % Weight Solids MCH Purity of after Ratio of Crystallization Purity % Used Used MTM MCH Solvent solvent Temperature MTM (after (Grams) (Grams) Used Distillation Used to MCH ° C. Isolation)* 5 7.7 92.6% 39.0% n- 3:1 Room 94.0% Hexane Temperature (RT) 5 7.5 93.1% 40.0% n- 3:1 (RT) 96.3% Hexane 5 7.5 93.1% 40.0% n- 4:1 (RT) 94.2% Hexane 5 7.5 93.1% 40.0% n- 5:1 (RT) 94.5% Hexane 16.2 24.28 93.8% 40.0% n- 3:1 10° C. 96.1% Heptane 19.8 29.73 93.8% 40.0% n- 3:1 25° C. 95.0% Heptane 9.9 14.91 93.0% 40.0% n- 3:1 25° C. 95.6% Heptane *(Purity % MTM (Moxidectin Technical Material) after Isolation is solvent-free purity) TS = Total Solids The present invention imparts the several advantages over the currently used methods of moxidectin purification, as exemplified in the U.S. Pat. No. 4,988,824 in examples 17 and 19. The present invention can be accomplished in a matter of hours, whereas the currently used methods may take days to complete. The present invention produces a crystalline moxidectin product with a purity level of approximately 94% to 96%, whereas the currently used methods result in an end product with a purity level of less than 92%. Additionally, the present invention results in a cost savings in comparison to the currently used methods. A further advantage of the current invention pertains to batch production. Utilization of the current invention allows for recovery of moxidectin that is not pure enough to meet defined specification standards or has decomposed. Recovery can be accomplished by simply repeating the crystallization process, thus increasing the purity level of the moxidectin to meet the defined specification standards, while saving a batch that would have otherwise been wasted. The foregoing description is merely illustrative and should not be understood to limit the scope or underlying principles of the invention in any way. Indeed, various modifications of the invention, in addition to those shown and described herein, will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following examples and the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.	Methods for the purification of the macrolide moxidectin result in higher purity levels than can often otherwise be obtained. The crystalline moxidectin is then used in a wide variety of pharmaceutical and veterinary applications, including the prevention, treatment and control of parasites in plants, animals and humans.	2
TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to the field of reagents such as chain transfer agents useful for controlling the molecular weight of synthetic polymers. In another aspect, the invention relates to polymers having photoactivatable (i.e., photoreactive) groups incorporated therein, and to methods for preparing such polymers. In yet a further aspect, the invention relates to photoactivatable polymers useful for modifying surfaces by the attachment of the polymers to the surface, via activated photo groups. BACKGROUND ART It is often desirable to modify the surface of a material for such purposes as making an otherwise nonwettable surface wettable, passivating the surface, making the surface more amenable to adhesive bonding, or immobilizing desired molecules onto the surface. For example, hydrophobic membranes made from polysulfone, polycarbonate or polyvinylidene difluoride can be made permanently wettable by the attachment of hydrophilic polymers. Similarly, such membranes can be "passivated" by attaching polymers that serve to prevent the adsorption of proteins or lipids that could foul the membranes. Membranes or other porous materials can also be modified in order to immobilize binding proteins, such as antibodies or other receptors, for use as affinity purification media. Likewise, materials that are difficult to bond, such as polyolefins or silicone rubber, can be modified with a primer to allow stronger bonds to other materials. Methods have also been described for modifying surfaces by the immobilization of photopolymers. U.S. Pat. No. 5,002,582, for instance, describes such methods and is incorporated herein by reference. On a separate subject, the term "telomerization" was originally used to describe the free radical polymerization of ethylene. Today, this word can be defined more broadly as the process of reacting, under polymerization conditions, a telogen (AB) with more than one unit of a taxogen (e.g., a polymerizable compound having ethylenic unsaturation) in order to form products called telomers. A telomer has the formula A(C) n B where (C) n (with "C" being called a taxomon) is a divalent radical formed by chemical union of molecules of the taxogen, n is greater than one, and A and B are fragments of the original telogen, now attached to the terminal taxomons. Telomerization can now be used to describe polymerization methods that include free radical, anionic, cationic, and transition metal catalyzed processes. See, for instance, "Telomerization", pp. 1163-1164 in Concise Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kroschwitz, ed., John Wiley and Sons, 1990, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Polymerization processes have previously been described that include the use of compounds, known as "chain transfer agents", to control the weight of synthetic polymers. Methods for the synthesis of polymers having certain functional groups at one end have been previously reported. Takei, Y. G., et. al. Bioconj. Chem. 4:42 (1993) and Andreani, F.et.al., J. Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 1:72 (1986) describe such methods and are incorporated herein by reference. Such polymers have been described as "telechelic", meaning a polymer having a functional endgroup such as a terminal hydroxyl, thiol, halide, carboxyl or amine group. See, e.g., "Terminally reactive oligomers: telechelic oligomers and macromers", pp. 162-196, J. Ebdon, Chapt. 6, in New Methods of Polymer Synthesis, Chapman and Hall, 1991. Alternatively, the word "semitelechelic" can be used to refer to a linear macromolecule possessing a functional group at one end of the molecule. (See, e.g., S. Kamei, et al., Pharm. Res. 12(5):663-338 (1995). U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,642 describes latent thiol mercaptan chain transfer agents, and their use in the synthesis of polymers. The polymers have at least one protected thiol group, said to be primarily at the terminal portion of the chain. The polymer can be used with the thiol group in its protected form, or the thiol group can be deprotected to yield a terminal thiol group capable of reacting with other monomers to form a block copolymer. U.S. Pat. No. 5,412,015 describes polymers having at least one amine sulfide terminal moiety, imparted by the use of amine-thiols as chain transfer agents. See also, Andreani et al. "Synthesis of Functionalized End-capped N-vinylpyrrolidone Telomers with Potential Utility as Drug-Binding Matricies", J. Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 1:72-78 (1986); Veronese et al., "Hydroxyl-Terminated Polyvinylpyrrolidone for the Modification of Polypeptides", J. Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 5:167-178 (1990); and Takei et al. "Temperature Responsive Bioconjugates", Bioconjugate Chem. 4:42-46 (1993). Applicants are unaware, however, of any art that teaches or suggests either the preparation or use of chain transfer agents to provide polymers having terminal photoactivatable groups. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a photoactivatable reagent useful as a chain transfer reagent for providing a semitelechelic polymer having one or more terminal photoactivatable groups. The word "semitelechelic", when used with respect to a polymer of this invention, will refer to a polymer in which one or more photoactivatable groups are provided by the group forming one end of the polymer. Generally, and preferably, that end group is the residue of a chain transfer agent that was used to initiate the polymer, and that itself provided the photoactivatable group(s). In another aspect, the reagent comprises one or more photoactivatable groups and one or more chain transfer groups, the chain transfer groups serving to terminate the free radical polymerization of a polymer chain by donating an atom to a propagating free radical, and in turn, the reagent serving as an initiation site for the growth of a new polymer chain in order to provide a semitelechelic polymer having an end group comprising one or more photoactivatable groups. A chain transfer agent of this invention comprises one or more photoactivatable groups and a sulfhydryl (or other chain transfer group), the photoactivatable and chain transfer groups optionally being joined together by a spacer group. Preferably the reagent is provided in the form of a photoactivatable mercaptan chain transfer agent having the general formula: Y.sub.i --X--SH where Y is an organic radical comprising one or more photoactivatable groups, X is optional, and if present is a di- or higher order organic radical that serves as a spacer, i is ≧1, and SH is a sulfhydryl radical. In another aspect, the invention provides a method of preparing a polymer, the method comprising the step of initiating the polymerization of monomers, e.g., ethylenically unsaturated monomers, by the use of a reagent of the present invention. The reagent becomes an integral part of the resultant polymer, thereby providing the polymer with its photoactivatable nature. The chain transfer reagent can also serve to terminate chain growth, e.g., by hydrogen atom transfer, thus providing a reinitiation site for the growth of a new polymer chain. In yet another aspect, the invention provides a synthetic polymer prepared using a chain transfer reagent of the present invention, the polymer comprising polymerized monomer units, e.g., polymerized ethylenically unsaturated monomers, and at least one terminal photoactivatable group. In yet a further aspect, the invention provides surfaces modified using synthetic polymers as described above, as well as a method of modifying such surfaces. Reagents of the present invention provide a number of benefits, including the ability to provide homogeneous photoactivatable polymer compositions, e.g., in terms of the uniform location of the photogroup(s) on the terminal portion of each polymer molecule. By virtue of the present invention, a reagent composition can be readily prepared and used, the composition comprising homogeneous populations of individual polymer molecules, each having one or more terminal photogroup(s). In addition to providing improved selection and control of the location of photoactivatable groups in a polymer, the reagent of the present invention also permits improved control of the molecular weight, and reduced molecular weight dispersity, of the resulting photopolymers. Those skilled in the relevant art, given the present description, will be able to determine a proper molar ratio for the polymerizable monomers and chain transfer agent of the present invention. In turn, they will be able to control the average molecular weight and number of terminal photogroups in the resulting population of photopolymer molecules. Reagents of the invention also provide benefits in terms of the ability to build a desired nonpolar quality into otherwise polar polymers, resulting in improved surfactancy. Preferred photoactivatable groups, such as benzophenone, can be used to provide a hydrophobic quality, i.e, at the terminal portion, to an otherwise hydrophilic polymer. Such a quality can permit the polymer to be used, e.g., applied to a surface, in a manner not generally feasible between a hydrophilic polymer and hydrophobic surface. In turn, preferred polymers of the present invention can be applied to a surface in a straightforward method that comprises the steps of contacting the surface with the polymer under conditions in which the hydrophobic portions are able to orient themselves to the hydrophobic surface. Thereafter, the photogroups can be activated in order to covalently attach the polymer molecules in their oriented position. As a result, such polymers can be used without the need to first derivatize the polymer or treat the surface in order to render it wettable with aqueous solutions. In summary, the present invention provides several advantages over the current art for the preparation of photopolymers. Those advantages include the ability to provide endpoint incorporation of the photoactivatable group, improved control of molecular weight and reduced molecular weight dispersity. The advantages also include the ability to prepare a polymer having improved surfactant action to control orientation of the molecule on the surface to be coated. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present invention provides, inter alia, a reagent useful as a chain transfer agent, for preparing photoactivatable polymers having one or more terminal latent reactive (i.e., photoreactive) groups. By "terminal" is meant that the reagent providing one or more photoactivatable groups is incorporated into and present at an end of the polymer chain. The word "photoactivatable", and inflections thereof, will be used interchangeably with the word "photoreactive" and its inflections, in order to refer to a chemical group that responds to an applied external energy source in order to undergo active specie generation, resulting in covalent bonding to an adjacent chemical structure (e.g., a carbon having an abstractable hydrogen). Photopolymers of the present invention can be prepared using a free-radical polymerization comprising four elementary steps: initiation, propagation, termination, and chain transfer employing a photoactivatable chain transfer agent. See, e.g., "Radical Polymerization", pp.941-956, in Concise Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kroschwitz, ed., John Wiley and Sons, 1990, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The chain transfer agent of the present invention can be used in a reaction scheme as outlined in Takei, Y. G., et. al. (cited and incorporated above). The initiator for the polymerization reaction begins the reaction process by the generation of free radicals. The free radicals are each capable of undergoing an atom transfer reaction with a respective chain transfer reagent of this invention in order to leave the radical center on the latter species. As a radical, the chain transfer reagent then adds to a monomer to form an active center. The propagation, or growth reaction, then consists of the rapid addition of monomer molecules to the radical species, usually in a head-to-tail fashion. In termination, growth of polymer chains is brought to an end by the destruction of propagating radicals via dimerization of two radicals. Alternatively, a free radical can be used to abstract an atom (e.g., hydrogen) from a saturated molecule (the chain transfer agent) in order to cease the growth of the propagating radical, and at the same time produce a new, small radical which may itself reinitiate a new polymer chain. In so doing, the chain transfer agent itself becomes a new initiation site and forms the end group of the resultant polymer. The term "chain transfer", as used herein, therefore refers to an atom abstraction process that may involve any species present in a free radical polymerization process. "Chain transfer agent" refers to a reagent, e.g. monomer, initiator, solvent, polymer, or some other species that has been added deliberately to effect chain transfer. Finally, "chain transfer group" will refer to that portion (or portions) of a chain transfer agent that provides the desired chain transfer function. A chain transfer reagent of the invention can serve other purposes as well, e.g., the word "iniferter" can be used to describe a reagent which upon decomposition generates a pair of free radicals, thus serving as both an initiator and a chain transfer reagent. A reagent of the present invention provides a photoactivatable chain transfer agent, the reagent being useful for terminating a polymerization reaction in order to form a new species capable of reinitiating new chain growth to incorporate the photoreagent into the resulting polymer. Preferably, such polymers are synthesized by free radical polymerization using reagents of the present invention, the reagents having both photoactivatable groups and chain transfer groups such as sulfhydryl groups that function as free radical chain transfer agents. The polymers prepared by use of such reagents typically have greater surfactant character and orient more favorably (i.e., with photogroups toward the hydrophobic surface and hydrophilic polymer away from the surface) than do photopolymers having randomly distributed photogroups. In another aspect, the invention provides a method of preparing photoactivatable polymers having one or more photogroups provided by an end group, the method comprising the steps of: (a) providing a reagent comprising a photoactivatable chain transfer agent having one or more photoactivatable groups, and (b) providing a composition comprising one or more polymerizable monomers and one or more free radical initiators, and (c) initiating a polymerization reaction and employing the photoactivatable chain transfer agent in the composition under conditions suitable to allow the agent to initiate the polymerization of monomers, thereby incorporating the reagent, and in turn the photoactivatable group(s), into the polymer. PREPARATION OF PHOTOACTIVATABLE CHAIN TRANSFER AGENTS Preferred reagents of the present invention provide one or more photoactivatable groups and one or more chain transfer (e.g., sulfhydryl) groups joined together, optionally, by means of a spacer radical. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the chain transfer agent comprises two photoactivatable groups and one sulfhydryl group. A chain transfer agent of this invention comprises one or more photoactivatable groups, a spacer region, and a sulfhydryl group. A preferred agent of the invention can be described by the following general structure: Y.sub.i --X--SH where Y is an organic radical comprising, independently, one or more photoactivatable groups, X is optional, and if present is a di- or higher order organic radical that serves as a spacer, i is ≧1, and SH is a sulfhydryl radical. Terminal "Y" Groups In a preferred embodiment one or more photoactivatable groups are provided by the Y group attached to the X radical. Preferred groups are sufficiently stable to be stored under conditions in which they retain such properties. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,002,582, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Latent reactive groups can be chosen that are responsive to various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, with those responsive to ultraviolet and visible portions of the spectrum being particularly preferred. Photoactivatable aryl ketones are preferred, such as acetophenone, benzophenone, anthraquinone, anthrone, and anthrone-like heterocycles (i.e., heterocyclic analogues of anthrone such as those having N, O, or S in the 10- position), or their substituted (e.g., ring substituted) derivatives. The functional groups of such ketones are preferred since they are readily capable of undergoing the activation/inactivation/reactivation cycle described herein. Benzophenone is a particularly preferred photoactivatable group, since it is capable of photochemical excitation with the initial formation of an excited singlet state that undergoes intersystem crossing to the triplet state. The excited triplet state can insert into carbonhydrogen bonds by abstraction of a hydrogen atom (for example, from a support surface or target molecule in the solution and in bonding proximity to the agent), thus creating a radical pair. Subsequent collapse of the radical pair leads to formation of a new carbon-carbon bond. If a reactive bond (e.g., carbon-hydrogen) is not available for bonding, the ultraviolet light-induced excitation of the benzophenone group is reversible and the molecule returns to ground state energy level upon removal of the energy source. Hence, photoactivatable aryl ketones are particularly preferred. Optionally, the photogroups can themselves be derivatized, e.g., in order to improve or alter the hydrophobicity or other physico-chemical characteristics of the group as a whole. The derivatized Y group, in turn, can be used to provide the altered or improved characteristics to the chain transfer agent, and in turn, to a polymer formed therefrom. Examples of the preparation and use of derivatized photogroups are provided herein, e.g., Compound VIII at Example 10. Spacer "X" Groups Spacer regions of the present invention, identified as "X" groups, can include any di- or higher-valent organic radical. Suitable spacer radicals provide an optimal combination of such properties as hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, reactivity suitable for the incorporation of Y and SH groups, a substitution pattern to permit easy incorporation of multiple groups, good chemical stability of the linking functional groups, and good photochemical stability to prevent degradation during the photoimmobilization process. Examples of suitable spacer radicals include, but are not limited to the group consisting of substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, oxyalkylene, cycloalkylene, arylene, oxyarylene, or aralkylene group and having amides, ethers, esters, and carbamates as linking functional groups to the photoactivatable group and chain transfer agent. Examples of preferred spacer radicals include, but are not limited to; ##STR1## Wherein: ##STR2## and wherein q=0-16, n=1-16, and m=2-16. Chain Transfer Groups Suitable chain transfer groups for use in a reagent of the present invention provide an optimal combination of such properties as the ability to function as chain terminators along with the ability to efficiently reinitiate polymerization by effectively carrying the radical center to the remaining monomer present. An efficient chain transfer agent will be able to control the average molecular weight without significant reduction in the overall rate of polymerization. In addition, good chemical stability of the group is needed to enhance storage life for the reagent. Examples of suitable chain transfer groups include, but are not limited to, sulfhlydryl compounds, arylacetonitriles, 2-aryl acetates and derivatives of indene, fluorene, α-phenylpropiolactone, and pentaphenylethane. An example of a particularly preferred chain transfer group is the sulfhydryl group. Preparation of Reagents and Polymers Those skilled in the art, guided by the present description and Examples, will have available a variety of suitable methods for the synthesis of photoactivatable chain transfer agents within the scope of this invention. Preferable is the selection of spacer groups having a minimum of two functional groups with distinctly different chemical reactivities to permit differential incorporation of the photoactivatable group(s) and the chain transfer group using organic chemistry coupling techniques well known to those skilled in the art. For example, the --SH chain transfer group can be incorporated using a heterobifunctional molecule containing both the --SH and an amine group, using the latter group to couple to an acid chloride or activated ester on the spacer group to form a stable amide linkage. Alternatively, the --SH group can be formed by a ring opening reaction of a gamma-thiobutyrolactone using an amine functionality on the spacer group. The photoactivatable group can be introduced by an alkylation reaction using a photoactivatable benzyl halide with hydroxyl groups on the spacer to provide coupling through the Williamson ether synthesis. Alternatively, the photoactivatable group can be delivered as an acid chloride for reaction with amines on the spacer group to provide stable amide linking groups. These nonlimiting examples demonstrate the versatility of synthetic methods available for the incorporation of the spacer group into the chain transfer reagent. Photoactivatable chain transfer agents of the invention can be used in a variety of polymerization (including copolymerization) reactions that employ chain transfer agents, and in particular for free-radical polymerization reactions employing unsaturated monomers. Suitable monomers are selected from the group consisting of monosubstituted or unsymmetrically (1,1-) disubstituted ethylenes, CH 2 ═CHR 4 , and CH 2 ═CHR 4 R 5 . Preferred monomers for use in preparing a photopolymer of the present invention are selected from the group consisting of alpha-olefins, vinyl monomers and acrylic monomers. The polymerization involves repeated free-radical addition to monomer double bonds, forming chains of carbon atoms constructed of units --(CH 2 ═CHR 4 R 5 )-- or --(CH2--CR 4 R 5 )-- linked in predominantly head-to-tail fashion (the substituted carbon atom being designated the head). The substituents R 4 and R 5 form side chains attached to the primary chains of the polymer. For purposes of the present invention, any side chains can be employed, e.g., alkyl groups, so long as they do not detrimentally affect the preparation or use of the polymer for its intended purpose. The appropriate selection of the side chains can also add to the versatility of the polymers by introducing reactive functionality on the polymer. For example, the use of monomers containing N-oxysuccinimidyl esters can be used to prepare photopolymers capable of reacting with the amine groups of other molecules. Alternatively, monomers containing vicinal diols can be used to prepare photopolymers which can be oxidized to generate aldehyde groups as a reactive functionality. Examples of preferred monomers include, but are not limited to, acrylate esters and acids, methacrylate esters and acids, styrene and substituted styrenes, and allyl ethers and amines. Examples of particularly preferred monomers include acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, acrolein, acrylamide, N-vinylpyrrolidone, vinylphosphonic acid and esters, N-(3-aminopropyl) methacrylamide, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, allyl glycidyl ether, 3-allyloxy-1,2-propanediol, 2-vinyl-4, 4-dimethyl-2-oxazolin-5-one, and N-succinimidyl 6-maleimidohexanoate. As described in "Developments in Polymerization", Chapt. 1, pp. 1-21, in New Methods of Polymer Synthesis, J. Ebdon, ed., Chapman and Hall, 1991, the chain transfer agent functions in a dual role: terminating a growing polymer chain by transfer of an atom from the chain transfer agent to the growing chain, followed by a reinitiation of the polymerization process begun by the radical center now residing on the chain transfer agent. The average molecular weight of the photopolymer formed will thus be controlled by the frequency with which the radical at the end of the growing chain encounters a new monomer molecule versus a chain transfer agent. The ease of radical transfer will vary from system to system depending upon the nature of the monomer and the chain transfer agent because of differences in transfer constants. However, for a given combination of monomer and chain transfer agent, the molecular weight will be largely determined by the ratio of monomer/chain transfer agent. This ratio will control the statistical frequency with which these groups encounter one another. The chain transfer agents of this invention are preferably used in monomer/chain transfer agent molar ratios of 5:1 to 800:1, more preferably 10:1 to 300:1, and most preferably 20:1 to 150:1. Free-radical polymerization is normally effected in the liquid phase, in bulk monomer, or in solution. For commercial large scale preparations, solution, suspension or emulsion polymerizations have several advantages. Preferred photoactivatable chain transfer agents of the present invention include, but are not limited to, those shown in TABLE I below. TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________Structure Compound Example__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR3##1 I 32 #STR4## II 43 #STR5## III 54 #STR6## IV 65 #STR7## V 76 #STR8## VI 87 #STR9## VII 98 #STR10## VIII 10__________________________________________________________________________ Use of Photopolymers Photoactivatable polymers of the present invention can be used in any suitable manner, including by the simultaneous or sequential attachment of the polymer to a support surface. Polymers of the present invention can be used to modify any suitable surface. Where the latent reactive group of the agent is a photoactivatable group of the preferred type, it is particularly preferred that the surface provide abstractable hydrogen atoms suitable for covalent bonding with the activated group. Preferred photopolymers are water soluble in that they are soluble at a concentration of about 0.1 mg/ml, preferably at about 1 mg/ml and most preferably at about 10 mg/ml in aqueous systems. When dissolved in water, preferred polymers are able to reduce the surface tension of the aqueous solution, in a manner analogous to that of a detergent. The surfactant character of the polymer contributes, in turn, to the ability of such aqueous solutions to wet relatively hydrophobic polymeric surfaces. The hydrophobic character of the photogroups causes them to associate with hydrophobic surfaces, resulting in the polymers orienting with the photogroup end toward the surface and the hydrophilic end away from the surface, thus rendering the surface hydrophilic. Plastics such as polyolefins, polystyrenes, poly(methyl)methacrylates, polyacrylonitriles, poly(vinylacetates), poly (vinyl alcohols), chlorine-containing polymers such as poly(vinyl) chloride, polyoxymethylenes, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyimides, polyurethanes, phenolics, amino-epoxy resins, polyesters, silicones, cellulose, and rubber can all be used as supports, providing surfaces that can be modified as described herein. See generally, "Plastics", pp. 462-464, in Concise Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kroschwitz, ed., John Wiley and Sons, 1990, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In addition, supports such as those formed of pyrolytic carbon and silylated surfaces of glass, ceramic, or metal are suitable for surface modification. In one aspect, the present invention provides photoactivatable polymers having one or more photoactivatable groups at one end of the polymer, such polymers having been synthesized by free radical polymerization using compounds that contain photoactivatable groups and functional groups such as sulfhydryl groups that function as free radical chain transfer agents. The polymers synthesized by use of such compounds typically have greater surfactant character and orient more favorably (i.e., with photogroups toward the surface and hydrophilic polymer away from the surface) than do photopolymers having randomly distributed photogroups. Any suitable technique can be used for attaching a photoactivatable polymer to a surface, and such techniques can be selected and optimized for each material, process, or device. The polymer can be successfully applied to clean material surfaces as listed above by spray, dip, or brush coating of a solution of the reactive linking agent. In a typical simultaneous application, the support intended for coating is first dipped in an aqueous solution of polymer. The coated surface is then exposed to ultraviolet or visible light in order to promote covalent bond formation between the linking agent, target molecule, and material surface, after which the support is washed to remove unbound molecules. In a typical sequential application, the support is first coated with a solution of the polymer. By virtue of the hydrophobic nature of the photoactivatable group(s), the polymer molecules can be used to coat a hydrophobic surface under conditions suitable to allow the photogroups to orient themselves to the surface. Once oriented, the polymer-coated support is then exposed to ultraviolet or visible light in order to covalently bond the polymer to the support surface. Polymers of the present invention can be used to modify surfaces in order to provide a variety of different or improved properties, e.g., to render an otherwise nonwettable surface wettable, to passivate the surface in order to prevent protein fouling, to make the surface more amenable to adhesive bonding, and to immobilize desired molecules onto the surface. When desired, other approaches can be used for surface modification using the reagent and polymers of the present invention. Such approaches are particularly useful in those situations in which the support surface and polymer (including photogroups) do not demonstrate the desired extent of hydrophobic or hydrophilic attraction. The invention will be further described with reference to the following nonlimiting Examples. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many changes can be made in the embodiments described without departing from the scope of the present invention. Thus the scope of the present invention should not be limited to the embodiments described in this application, but only by embodiments described by the language of the claims and the equivalents of those embodiments. Unless otherwise indicated, all percentages are by weight. EXAMPLES Example 1 Preparation of 4-Benzoylbenzoyl Chloride 4-Benzoylbenzoic acid (BBA), 1.0 kg (4.42 moles), was added to a dry 5 liter Morton flask equipped with reflux condenser and overhead stirrer, followed by the addition of 645 ml (8.84 moles) of thionyl chloride and 725 ml of toluene. Dimethylformamide, 3.5 ml, was then added and the mixture was heated at reflux for 4 hours. After cooling, the solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the residual thionyl chloride was removed by three evaporations using 3×500 ml of toluene. The product was recrystallized from 1:4 toluene: hexane to give 988 g (91% yield) after drying in a vacuum oven. Product melting point was 92-94° C. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis at 80 MHz ( 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 )) was consistent with the desired product: aromatic protons 7.20-8.25 (m, 9H). All chemical shift values are in ppm downfield from a tetramethylsilane internal standard. The final compound was stored for use in the preparation of photoactivatable chain transfer reagents, as described for instance in Examples 4 and 6. Example 2 Preparation of 4-Bromomethylbenzophenone 4-Methylbenzophenone, 750 g (3.82 moles), was added to a 5 liter Morton flask equipped with an overhead stirrer and dissolved in 2850 ml of benzene. The solution was then heated to reflux, followed by the dropwise addition of 610 g (3.82 moles) of bromine in 330 ml of benzene. The addition rate was approximately 1.5 ml/min and the flask was illuminated with a 90 watt (90 joule/sec) halogen spotlight to initiate the reaction. A timer was used with the lamp to provide a 10% duty cycle (on 5 seconds, off 40 seconds), followed in one hour by a 20% duty cycle (on 10 seconds, off 40 seconds). At the end of the addition, the product was analyzed by gas chromatography and was found to contain 71% of the desired 4-bromomethylbenzophenone, 8% of the dibromo product, and 20% unreacted 4-methylbenzophenone. After cooling, the reaction mixture was washed with 10 g of sodium bisulfite in 100 ml of water, followed by washing with 3×200 ml of water. The product was dried over sodium sulfate and recrystallized twice from 1:3 toluene:hexane. After drying under vacuum, 635 g of 4-bromomethylbenzophenone were isolated, providing a yield of 60% and having a melting point of 112-114° C. Analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) aromatic protons 7.20-7.80 (m, 9H) and benzylic protons 4.48 (s, 2H). The final compound was stored for use in the preparation of photoactivatable chain transfer reagents, as described for instance in Examples 3, 5, and 7-9. Example 3 Preparation of 4-Mercaptomethylbenzophenone (Compound I) A photoactivatable chain transfer reagent of the present invention was prepared in the following manner, and used in the manner described in Example 13. Thiourea, 4.14 g (54.4 mmol), was dissolved in 31.5 ml of 95% ethanol, followed by the addition of 15.0 g (54.4 mmol) of 4-bromomethylbenzophenone, prepared according to the general method described in Example 2, in three portions using gentle warming to help dissolve the solids. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The solid product was isolated by filtration, rinsing the solid with ethanol. The solids were dried in a vacuum oven to give 15.64 g of product, an 82% yield. The product was used in the second step without further purification. The isothiourea hydrobromide salt, 12.5 g (35.5 mmol), was dissolved in 250 ml of water with warming. A solution of 5.7 g of sodium hydroxide (0.143 mol) in 10 ml of water was then added to the salt solution and the mixture was refluxed 45 minutes. After cooling, the solution was acidified with concentrated sulfuric acid and the product was extracted with 5×60 ml of chloroform. The combined extracts were washed with 100 ml of water and then dried over sodium sulfate. Removal of solvent gave 7.95 g (98% yield) of product, melting point 54.7° C. by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) aromatic protons 7.15-7.80 (m, 9H), methylene protons 3.71 (d, 2H), and SH 1.76 (t, 1H). Example 4 Preparation of N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-4-benzoylbenzamide (Compound II) A photoactivatable chain transfer reagent of the present invention was prepared in the following manner, and used in the manner described in Examples 14-20. 2-Aminoethanethiol hydrochloride, 24.39 g (0.215 mol), was added to a 1 liter 3-neck flask and dissolved in 200 ml of chloroform under an argon atmosphere. A solution of 50.0 g (0.204 mol) of 4-benzoylbenzoyl chloride, prepared according to the general method described in Example 1, in 250 ml of chloroform was then added dropwise over a 45 minute period. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The product was washed with water and 0.1 N hydrochloric acid and then dried over sodium sulfate. Removal of solvent under reduced pressure yielded a slightly yellow solid product which was recrystallized twice from toluene to give 50.0 g of a white powder, an 86% yield. Melting point on this product was 112.9° C. by DSC. Analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) aromatic protons 7.20-7.85 (m, 9H), amide NH 6.70-7.05 (m, 1H), methylene adjacent to amide 3.55 (q, 2H), methylene adjacent to SH 2.55-3.00 (m, 2H), and SH 1.40 (t, 1H). Example 5 Preparation of N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-3,5-bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzamide (Compound III) A photoactivatable chain transfer reagent of the present invention was prepared in the following manner, and used in the manner described in Examples 23-27. 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 46.2 g (0.30 mol), was weighed into a 250 ml flask equipped with a Soxhlet extractor and condenser. Methanol, 48.6 ml, and concentrated sulfuric acid, 0.8 ml, were added to the flask and 48 g of 3A molecular sieves were placed in the Soxhlet extractor. The extractor was filled with methanol and the mixture was heated at reflux overnight. Gas chromatographic analysis of the resulting product showed a 98% conversion to the desired methyl ester. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give approximately 59 g of crude product. This product was used in the following step without further purification. A small sample was previously purified for NMR analysis, resulting in a spectrum consistent with the desired product: 1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) aromatic protons 6.75 (d, 2H) and 6.38 (t, 1H), methyl ester 3.75 (s, 3H). The entire methyl ester product from above was placed in a 2 liter flask with overhead stirrer and condenser, followed by the addition of 173.25 g (0.63 mol) of 4-bromomethylbenzophenone, prepared according to the general method described in Example 2, 207 g (1.50 mol) of potassium carbonate, and 1200 ml of acetone. The resulting mixture was then refluxed overnight to give complete reaction as indicated by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The solids were removed by filtration and the acetone was evaporated under reduced pressure to give 49 g of crude product. The solids were diluted with 1 liter of water and extracted with 3×1 liter of chloroform. The extracts were combined with the acetone soluble fraction and dried over sodium sulfate, yielding 177 g of crude product. The product was recrystallized from acetonitrile to give 150.2 g of a white solid, a 90% yield for the first two steps. Melting point of the product was 131.5° C. (DSC) and analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) aromatic protons 7.25-7.80 (m, 18H), 7.15 (d, 2H), and 6.70 (t, 1H), benzylic protons 5.05 (s, 4H), and methyl ester 3.85 (s, 3H). The methyl 3,5-bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzoate, 60.05 g (0.108 mol), was placed in a 2 liter flask, followed by the addition of 120 ml of water, 480 ml of methanol, and 6.48 g (0.162 mol) of sodium hydroxide. The mixture was heated at reflux for three hours to complete hydrolysis of the ester. After cooling, the methanol was removed under reduced pressure and the sodium salt of the acid was dissolved in 2400 ml of warm water. The acid was precipitated using concentrated hydrochloric acid, filtered, washed with water, and dried in a vacuum oven to give 58.2 g of a white solid (99% yield). Melting point on the product was 188.3° C.(DSC) and analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: 1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) aromatic protons 7.30-7.80 (m, 18H), 7.15 (d, 2H), and 6.90 (t, 1H), benzylic protons 5.22 (s, 4H). The 3,5-bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzoic acid, 20.0 g (36.86 mmol), was added to a 250 ml flask, followed by 36 ml of toluene, 5.4 ml (74.0 mmol) of thionyl chloride, and 28 μl of N,N-dimethylformamide. The mixture was refluxed for four hours to form the acid chloride. After cooling, the solvent and excess thionyl chloride were removed under reduced pressure. Residual thionyl chloride was removed by four additional evaporations using 20 ml of chloroform each. The crude material was recrystallized from toluene to give 18.45 g of product, an 89% yield. Melting point on the product was 126.9° C. (DSC) and analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) aromatic protons 7.30-7.80 (m, 18H), 7.25 (d, 2H), and 6.85 (t, 1H), benzylic protons 5.10 (s, 4H). The 2-aminoethanethiol hydrochloride, 4.19 g (36.7 mmol), was added to a 250 ml flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, followed by 15 ml of chloroform and 10.64 ml (76.5 mmol) of triethylamine. After cooling the amine solution on an ice bath, a solution of 3,5-bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzoyl chloride, 18.4 g (32.8 mmol), in 50 ml of chloroform was added dropwise over a 50 minute period. Cooling on ice was continued 30 minutes, followed by warming to room temperature for two hours. The product was diluted with 150 ml of chloroform and washed with 5×250 ml of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid. The product was dried over sodium sulfate and recrystallized twice from 15:1 toluene: hexane to give 13.3 g of product, a 67% yield. Melting point on the product was 115.9° C. (DSC) and analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: 1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) aromatic protons 7.20-7.80 (m, 18H), 6.98 (d, 2H), and 6.65 (t, 1H), amide NH 6.55 (broad t, 1H), benzylic protons 5.10 (s, 4H), methylene adjacent to amide N 3.52 (q, 2H), methylene adjacent to SH 2.70 (q, 2H), and SH 1.38 (t, 1H). Example 6 Preparation of N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-2.6-bis(4-benzoylbenzamido)hexanamide (Compound IV) A photoactivatable chain transfer reagent of the present invention was prepared in the following manner, and used in the manner described in Example 21. Lysine monohydrochloride, 3.65 g (20 mmol), was dissolved in 8 ml of 2 N sodium hydroxide and cooled in an ice bath. A solution of 10.77 g (44 mmol) 4-benzoylbenzoyl chloride, prepared according to the general method described in Example 1, in 17 ml of chloroform was added simultaneously with 4.48 g of sodium hydroxide in 19 ml of water. The reaction was stirred on the ice bath for 2 hours and then was allowed to warm to room temperature for 3 hours. Hydrochloric acid was used to adjust the pH to 1 and an additional 60 ml of chloroform were added. A centrifuge was used to separate the layers and the aqueous was extracted with 3×50 ml of chloroform. The combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate. An attempt was made to recrystallize the resulting solid product from 80% acetic acid but the recovery of product was poor. The mother liquors were diluted with water to precipitate the product, which was then dissolved in chloroform, washed with 10% sodium bicarbonate, 1 N hydrochloric acid, and finally water. The solution was dried over sodium sulfate and the product was used without purification. Analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) acid proton 8.45 (broad s, 1H), aromatic and amide protons 7.00-8.10 (m, 20H), CH4.50-4.90 (m, 1H), methylene adjacent to N 3.30-3.70 (m, 2H), remaining methylenes 1.10-2.25 (m, 6H). The lysine derivative, 4.35 g (7.73 mmol), and N-hydroxysuccinimide, 0.901 g (7.83 mmol), were dissolved in 40 ml of dry 1,4-dioxane, followed by the addition of 1.951 g (9.45 mmol) of 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) in 10 ml of 1,4-dioxane. The mixture was allowed to stir overnight at room temperature. The resulting white solid was filtered off and washed with 2×25 ml of 1,4-dioxane. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was rinsed with 3×25 ml of hexane to remove excess DCC. The resulting N-oxysuccinimide (NOS) ester, 4.10 g (81% yield), was used without further purification. 2-Aminoethanethiol hydrochloride, 0.75 g (6.6 mmol), was diluted with 15 ml of chloroform and 1.09 ml of triethylamine under an argon atmosphere. The NOS ester, 4.10 g (6.22 mmol), in 25 ml of chloroform was added dropwise at room temperature over a 30 minute period. After 4 hours of reaction, the mixture was washed with water and 0.05 N hydrochloric acid, followed by drying over sodium sulfate. The product was purified using silica gel flash chromatography using a 95:5 CHCl 3 : CH 3 OH solvent system to give 2.30 g of product, a 59% yield. Analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) aromatic and amide protons 6.90-8.00 (m, 21H), CH 4.40-4.85 (m, 1H), methylenes adjacent to N 3.00-3.75 (m, 4H), remaining methylenes 1.00-2.95 (m, 8H), and SH 1.40 (t, 1H). Example 7 Preparation of N,N-Bis 2-(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)ethyl!-4-mercaptobutanamide (Compound V) A photoactivatable chain transfer reagent of the present invention was prepared in the following manner, and used in the manner described in Example 22. Diethanolamine, 5.43 g (51.7 mmol), was diluted with 50 ml of dichloromethane in a 100 ml flask, followed by the dropwise addition of 11.3 g (51.7 mmol) of di-t-butyldicarbonate in 10 ml of dichloromethane. The mixture was allowed to stir two hours at room temperature. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in 45 ml of chloroform. The product was washed with the following solutions of sodium hydroxide: 2×45 ml of 1 N, 45 ml of 0.1 N, and 45 ml of 0.01 N. The aqueous washes were back-extracted with 3×45 ml chloroform and the combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate. The product was purified by silica gel flash chromatography using an ethyl acetate solvent to give 6.74 g of a viscous oil, a 63% yield. Analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) hydroxyl protons and methylenes adjacent to oxygen 3.50-3.85 (m, 6H), methylenes adjacent to nitrogen 3.25-3.50 (m, 4H), and t-butyl 1.45 (s, 9H). The t-BOC diethanolamine, 6.7 g (32.6 mmol), was placed in a 100 ml flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, followed by the addition of 50 ml of dry tetrahydrofuran, 19.72 g (71.7 mmol) of 4-bromomethylbenzophenone prepared according to the general method described in Example 2, 1.75 g (5.43 mmol) of tetra-n-butylammonium bromide, and 0.083 g (0.55 mmol) of sodium iodide. Sodium hydride, 3.1 g (71.7 mmol) of 55% in mineral oil, was added portionwise to the solution until approximately 80% of the total had been added. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature under an argon atmosphere. The remaining 20% of the sodium hydride was then added and stirring was continued for an additional hour. The mixture was diluted with 200 ml of water and was extracted with 3×100 ml of chloroform. The combined organic extracts were washed with 2×100 ml portions of water and dried over sodium sulfate. The product was purified by silica gel flash chromatography using 95:5 chloroform:acetonitrile to give 15.6 g of product, an 81% yield. Analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) aromatic protons 7.10-7.80 (m, 18H), benzylic protons 4.53 (s, 4H), methylene protons 3.30-3.75 (m, 8H), and t-butyl 1.45 (s, 9H). The alkylated t-BOC compound, 1.90 g (3.20 mmol), was dissolved in 20 ml of ethyl acetate and 10 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid. After stirring for 10 minutes at room temperature, the solution was treated with a mixture of 40 ml of chloroform, 20 ml of water, and 30 ml of 6 N sodium hydroxide. The organic layer was removed and the aqueous was extracted with 2×20 ml of chloroform. The combined organic extracts were then dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed to give 1.4 g of crude product. This residue was diluted with 7 ml of acetonitrile, followed by the addition of 0.346 g (3.39 mmol) γ-thiobutyrolactone and purging of the solution with argon. The mixture was stirred overnight at 80° C. followed by purification on a silica gel flash chromatography column using 85:15 chloroform:acetonitrile to give 0.51 g of product, a 27% yield. Analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) aromatic protons 7.10-7.80 (m, 18H), benzylic protons 4.50 (s, 4H), methylenes adjacent to nitrogen and oxygen, 3.60 (broad s, 8H), methylenes adjacent to carbonyl and sulfur 2.30-2.70 (m, 4H), methylene 1.60-2.10 (m, 2H), and SH 1.25 (t, 1H). Example 8 Preparation of N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-3,4,5-tris(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzamide (Compound VI) A photoactivatable chain transfer reagent of the present invention was prepared in the following manner, and used in the manner described in Example 28. Gallic acid, 10.0 g (58.8 mmol), was added to a 250 ml flask, followed by 100 ml of methanol and 10 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid. The mixture was refluxed for 30 minutes, followed by removal of solvent under reduced pressure. An additional 100 ml of methanol were added and the mixture was refluxed for 30 minutes and evaporated again. This process was repeated a third time to complete formation of the methyl ester. The residue was diluted with 500 ml of ethyl acetate and was washed with 2×500 ml of cold water. The water washes were back-extracted with 500 ml of ethyl acetate and the combined extracts were dried over sodium sulfate. Removal of solvent gave 9.9 g of a white solid for a 92% yield. Analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: 1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) phenolic protons 8.50-9.20 (broad m, 3H), aromatic protons 6.85 (s, 2H), and CH 3 3.70 (s, 3H). Methyl gallate, 9.21 g (0.050 mol), was added to a 1 liter flask equipped with overhead stirrer and reflux condenser, followed by the addition of 400 ml of 2-propanol, 0.31 g (2.1 mmol) of sodium iodide, and 41.25 g (0.15 mol) of 4-bromomethylbenzophenone, prepared according to the general method described in Example 2. After heating to reflux, 100 ml of 2 M sodium hydroxide were added in 5 ml portions over a 20 minute period. An additional 200 ml of 2-propanol were added to permit adequate stirring. After refluxing for 2.5 hours, the mixture was cooled and filtered to remove the solids. The solid was resuspended in 800 ml of water and filtered a total of three times to remove inorganic salts and then was dried to give 34.2 g of crude product (89% yield). Analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) aromatic protons 7.10-7.80 (m, 29H), benzylic protons 5.15 (s, 6H), and CH 3 3.80 (s, 3H). This product was used without further purification. Methyl 3,4,5-tris(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzoate, 15.34 g (20.0 mmol), was added to a 500 ml flask and dissolved in 125 ml of tetrahydrofuran with heating. To the refluxing solution was added 12 ml of 2 M potassium hydroxide and the reflux was continued for 35 hours. After cooling, the mixture was diluted with 440 ml of water and acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The product was extracted with 5×500 ml of ethyl acetate and the combined organic extracts were dried over sodium sulfate. Removal of solvent gave 13.40 g of a solid, purified by recrystallization from a mixture of 300 ml of chloroform and 120 ml of hexane. After filtration and drying, 8.0 g of product were isolated for a 53% yield. Analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: 1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) aromatic protons 7.05-7.90 (m, 29H) and benzylic protons 5.05-5.35 (m, 6H). 3,4,5-Tris(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzoic acid, 0.50 g (0.664 mmol), was added to a 50 ml flask, followed by 0.092 g (0.80 mmol) of N-hydroxysuccinimide and 3 ml of dry 1,4-dioxane. The mixture was placed under argon and heated to reflux. A solution of 0.206 g (1.0 mmol) of DCC in 5 ml of 1,4-dioxane was then added dropwise over a 25 minute period. Reflux was continued for 1.5 hours and the mixture was then heated overnight at 60° C. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered to remove solids, and then evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was extracted with 2×4 ml of hexane and then dried under reduced pressure to provide 0.56 g of crude product. No further purification of this NOS ester was performed before use in the following step. Aminoethanethiol hydrochloride, 0.083 g (0.73 mmol), was added to a 50 ml flask, followed by 4 ml of chloroform and 0.14 ml of triethylamine. While stirring under an argon atmosphere, a solution of 0.56 g (0.66 mmol) of the NOS ester in 4 ml of chloroform was added over a 30 minute period. The reaction was stirred overnight under argon at room temperature. The mixture was washed with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid and dried over sodium sulfate. The product was purified on a silica gel flash chromatography column using a 90:10 chloroform:acetonitrile solvent system to give 0.200 g of product, a 37% yield. Analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) aromatic protons 7.00-7.80 (m, 29H), amide proton 6.65 (broad t, 1H), benzylic protons 5.15 (s, 6H), methylene adjacent to nitrogen 3.50 (q, 2H), methylene adjacent to sulfur 2.70 (q, 2H), and SH 1.35 (t, 1H). Example 9 Preparation of 1,4-Bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)-2-mercaptobutane (Compound VII) A photoactivatable chain transfer reagent of the present invention was prepared in the following manner, and used in the manner described in Example 29. 2-Butene-1,4-diol (95% cis), 5.02 g (56.97 mmol), was added to a 250 ml flask and diluted with 100 ml of dry THF. Sodium hydride, 3.0 g of 60% in mineral oil (125 mmol), was then added, followed by the addition of 32.90 g (119.6 mmol) of 4-bromomethylbenzophenone, prepared according to the general method described in Example 2. The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature under an argon atmosphere. The product was quenched carefully with water, diluted with chloroform, and the organic layer was separated and dried over sodium sulfate. The crude product was purified initially by silica gel flash chromatography using a chloroform:acetonitrile:acetic acid 95:4:1 solvent system. This partially purified product was subjected to two additional silica gel flash chromatography purifications using a chloroform:acetonitrile 95:5 solvent to give a final yield of 18.52 g (68%). Analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) aromatic protons 7.00-7.90 (m, 18H), vinyl protons 5.65-5.90 (m, 2H), benzylic protons 4.55 (s, 4H), and allylic protons 4.10 (d, 4H). The 1,4-bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)-2-butene, 2.07 g (4.34 mmol), was diluted with 10 ml of THF, followed by the addition of 0.35 g (4.60 mmol) of thiolacetic acid and 0.082 g (0.5 mmol) of 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). The solution was deoxygenated with an argon sparge for 5 minutes and was heated overnight at 55° C. at which time NMR showed approximately 25% reaction. An additional 0.35 g of thiolacetic acid and 0.41 g of AIBN were added and the heating was continued overnight. NMR analysis at that time showed approximately 70% reaction so an additional 0.35 g of thiolacetic acid and 0.41 g of AIBN were added and the heating was continued for 5.5 hours. The solvent was then evaporated and the product was purified on a silica gel flash chromatography column using chloroform with an increasing gradient of acetonitrile of 0, 1, and 2%. A total of 0.971 g of product were isolated for a 40% yield. NMR analysis (CDCl 3 ) confirmed the presence of the thioester group with the acetate methyl group at 2.30 ppm. This analysis also confirmed the presence of some starting olefin along with AIBN decomposition products. A portion of this product, 100 mg, was treated with 1 ml of 0.38 M potassium hydroxide in methanol under argon. After heating at 50° C. for three minutes, the solution was treated with 1 ml of 1 N hydrochloric acid and the product was extracted with 3×3 ml of chloroform. The product was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to give 86.5 mg. NMR analysis (CDCl 3 ) confirmed the removal of the acetate group with the absence of the singlet at 2.30 ppm and the presence of the sulfhydryl with a doublet at 1.25 ppm. The purity was estimated at 80% and the compound was used without further purification. Example 10 Preparation of N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-4- 4-(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10, 10-heptadecafluoro-2-thiadecyl)benzoyl!benzamide (Compound VIII) A photoactivatable chain transfer reagent of the present invention is prepared in the following manner, and used in the manner described in Example 30. Terephthalic acid chloride-mono methyl ester, 5.00 g (25.2 mmol), is dissolved in 50 ml of anhydrous toluene, followed by the addition of 8.89 g (66.7 mmol) of aluminum chloride. The resulting mixture is warmed at 40° C.for four hours and then is quenched by the addition of water. The product is extracted with chloroform and dried over sodium sulfate, followed by purification with silica gel flash chromatography. The methyl 4-(4-methylbenzoyl)benzoate, 2.0 g (7.87 mmol), is dissolved in 80 ml of carbon tetrachloride, followed by the addition of 20 mg of dibenzoyl peroxide and 1.51 g (9.45 mmol) of Br 2 . The mixture is heated at reflux and is monitored by gas chromatography until the starting material is largely consumed and the quantity of dibromo product is minimal. The product is then washed with sodium bisulfite to remove any excess bromine and dried over sodium sulfate. The fmal product is purified by recrystallization from an appropriate solvent system. The methyl 4-(4-bromomethylbenzoyl)benzoate, 0.50 g (1.50 mmol), is dissolved in 10 ml of ethanol along with 0.114 g (1.50 mmol) of thiourea. The mixture is heated at 50° C. with formation of a solid product. The solid is isolated by filtration, washed, and then treated with aqueous sodium hydroxide. After heating at 80° C. until the reaction is complete, the cooled solution is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid until acidic. The precipitated product is isolated by filtration and purified by recrystallization from an appropriate solvent system. The 4-(4-mercaptomethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid, 0.50 g (1.84 mmol), is dissolved in 10 ml of dry N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), followed by the addition of 1.00 g (1.84 mmol) of perfluorooctyl iodide and 0.227 g (4.05 mmol) of potassium hydroxide. The reaction is sealed under argon and warmed gently until thin layer chromatography shows consumption of starting material. The mixture is diluted with water, acidified with dilute hydrochloric acid, and extracted with chloroform. The final product is purified using silica gel flash chromatography. The perfluoro substituted acid, 1.00 g (1.45 mmol), is diluted with 10 ml of thionyl chloride, and after the addition of 0.050 ml of DMF, is heated at reflux for 4 hours to convert the acid to the corresponding acid chloride. The excess thionyl chloride is then removed under reduced pressure using repeated evaporations with chloroform to help remove the last traces. The acid chloride is diluted with 10 ml of chloroform and cooled to 0° C., followed by the addition of 0.405 g (4.0 mmol) of triethylamine and 0.181 g (1.60 mmol) of 2-aminoethanethiol hydrochloride. After warming to room temperature, the mixture is stirred until the starting acid chloride is consumed. The mixture is then diluted with chloroform, washed with dilute hydrochloric acid, and dried over sodium sulfate. The resulting product is purified by silica gel flash chromatography. Example 11 Preparation of N-Succinimidyl 6-Maleimidohexanoate A functionalized monomer was prepared in the following manner, and was used in the manner described in Examples 15 and 25 to introduce activated ester groups to the backbone of a polymer. 6-Aminohexanoic acid, 100.0 g (0.762 moles), was dissolved in 300 ml of acetic acid in a three-neck, 3 liter flask equipped with an overhead stirrer and drying tube. Maleic anhydride, 78.5 g (0.801 moles), was dissolved in 200 ml of acetic acid and added to the 6-aminohexanoic acid solution. The mixture was stirred one hour while heating on a boiling water bath, resulting in the formation of a white solid. After cooling overnight at room temperature, the solid was collected by filtration and rinsed with 2×50 ml of hexane. After drying, the typical yield of the (Z)-4-oxo-5-aza-2-undecendioic acid was 158-165 g (90-95%) with a melting point of 160-165° C. Analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: 1 H NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) amide proton 8.65-9.05 (m, 1H), vinyl protons 6.10, 6.30 (d, 2H), methylene adjacent to nitrogen 2.85-3.25 (m, 2H), methylene adjacent to carbonyl 2.15 (t, 2H), and remaining methylenes 1.00-1.75 (m, 6H). (Z)-4-Oxo-5-aza-2-undecendioic acid, 150.0 g (0.654 moles), acetic anhydride, 68 ml (73.5 g, 0.721 moles), and phenothiazine, 500 mg, were added to a 2 liter three-neck round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer. Triethylamine, 91 ml (0.653 moles), and 600 ml of THF were added and the mixture was heated to reflux while stirring. After a total of 4 hours of reflux, the dark mixture was cooled to <60° C. and poured into a solution of 250 ml of 12 N HCl in 3 liters of water. The mixture was stirred 3 hours at room temperature and then was filtered through a Celite 545 pad to remove solids. The filtrate was extracted with 4×500 ml of chloroform and the combined extracts were dried over sodium sulfate. After adding 15 mg of phenothiazine to prevent polymerization, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The 6-maleimidohexanoic acid was recrystallized from 2:1 hexane:chloroform to give typical yields of 76-83 g (55-60%) with a melting point of 81-85° C. Analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) maleimide protons 6.55 (s, 2H), methylene adjacent to nitrogen 3.40 (t, 2H), methylene adjacent to carbonyl 2.30 (t, 2H), and remaining methylenes 1.05-1.85 (m, 6H). The 6-maleimidohexanoic acid, 20.0 g (94.7 mmol), was dissolved in 100 ml of chloroform under an argon atmosphere, followed by the addition of 41 ml (0.47 mol) of oxalyl chloride. After stirring for 2 hours at room temperature, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure with 4×25 ml of additional chloroform used to remove the last of the excess oxalyl chloride. The acid chloride was dissolved in 100 ml of chloroform, followed by the addition of 12.0 g (0.104 mol) of N-hydroxysuccinimide and 16.0 ml (0.114 mol) of triethylamine. After stirring overnight at room temperature, the product was washed with 4×100 ml of water and dried over sodium sulfate. Removal of solvent gave 24.0 g of product (82%) which was used without further purification. Analysis on an NMR spectrometer was consistent with the desired product: 1 H NMR (CDCl 3 ) maleimide protons 6.60 (s, 2H), methylene adjacent to nitrogen 3.45 (t, 2H), succinimidyl protons 2.80 (s, 4H), methylene adjacent to carbonyl 2.55 (t, 2H), and remaining methylenes 1.15-2.00 (m, 6H). Example 12 Preparation of 5-Maleimidopentyl Isocyanate A heterobifunctional molecule was prepared in the manner described below. The molecule was used in the manner described in Example 17 to derivatize polymers in order to introduce maleimide groups, which in turn, can be used to immobilize molecules containing SH groups. The 6-maleimidohexanoic acid, 50.0 g (0.237 mol), prepared according to the general method described in Example 11, was dissolved in 250 ml of chloroform, followed by the addition of 100.0 ml (1.146 mol) of oxalyl chloride under an argon atmosphere. After stirring overnight at room temperature, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure with 4×50 ml of additional chloroform used to remove the last of the excess oxalyl chloride. The acid chloride was dissolved in 100 ml of acetone, followed by the addition of 23.0 g (0.354 mol) of sodium azide in 100 ml of water at 0° C. After stirring 1 hour on an ice bath, the product was extracted with 2×250 ml of ethyl acetate. The extracts were dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure while keeping the temperature below 25° C. The presence of the acyl azide group was confirmed by IR (2130 cm -1 ) and the product was stored in a freezer. The entire acyl azide sample was dissolved in 500 ml of chloroform and was heated to reflux for a total of 3.5 hours to convert the compound to the isocyanate. Removal of solvent gave 40.0 g of product for an 81% yield. The presence of the isocyanate group was confirmed by IR (2275 cm -1 ). The product was used without further purification. Example 13 Polyacrylamide using 4-Mercaptomethylbenzophenone A photoactivatable polymer of the present invention was prepared in the following manner. Acrylamide, 4.763 g (67.0 mmol), was dissolved in 61.6 ml of DMSO, followed by 0.517 g (3.15 mmol) of AIBN, and 0.226 g (0.99 mmol) of 4-mercaptomethylbenzophenone, prepared according to the general method described in Example 3. The solution was deoxygenated with a helium sparge for 5 minutes, sealed under argon, and heated overnight at 55° C. The polymer solution was added with stirring to 600 ml of ether to precipitate the polymer. After decanting the solvent, the solid was washed with 300 ml of ether and 2×300 ml of chloroform. After drying under vacuum, 5.24 g of product were isolated. Example 14 Polyacrylamide using N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-4-benzoylbenzamide A photoactivatable polymer of the present invention was prepared in the following manner. Acrylamide, 8.575 g (120.6 mmol), was dissolved in 102.7 ml of DMSO, followed by 7.921 g (48.2 mmol) of AIBN, and 1.425 g (5.0 mmol) of N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-4-benzoylbenzamide, prepared according to the general method described in Example 4. The solution was deoxygenated with a helium sparge for 5 minutes, sealed under argon, and heated overnight at 55° C. The polymer solution was added with stirring to 1000 ml of acetone to precipitate the polymer. The solid was isolated and resuspended for 1 hour in 500 ml of acetone, followed by filtration and vacuum drying to give 9.5 g product. The resultant polymer has the general structure: ##STR11## Similar procedures were conducted using tetrahydrofuran as solvent. In this case, the polymers precipitated during the polymerization process and were isolated by filtration and rinsing with tetrahydrofuran. Example 15 Copolymer of Acrylamide and N-Succinimidyl 6-Maleimidohexanoate using N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-4-benzoylbenzamide A photoactivatable copolymer of the present invention was prepared in the following manner. Acrylamide, 7.896 g (111.0 mmol), was dissolved in 107.6 ml of DMSO, followed by 0.285 g (1.00 mmol) of N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-4-benzoylbenzamide, prepared according to the general method described in Example 4, 1.818 g (5.9 mmol) of N-succinimidyl 6-maleimidohexanoate, prepared according to the general method described in Example 11, 0.328 g (2.0 mmol) of AIBN, and 0.108 ml of N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED). The solution was deoxygenated with a helium sparge for 4 minutes, followed by an argon sparge for an additional 4 minutes. The sealed vessel was then heated overnight at 55° C. to complete the polymerization. The polymer was precipitated by pouring the solution into 300 ml of ether and the resulting solid was isolated by filtration and resuspended in 300 ml of chloroform. The final product was recovered by filtration and dried in a vacuum oven to provide 9.85 g of solid. Example 16 Copolymer of N-Vinylpyrrolidone and 3-Allyloxy-1,2-propanediol using N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-4-benzoylbenzamide--Oxidation to Aldehyde A photoactivatable copolymer of the present invention was prepared in the following manner. N-Vinylpyrrolidone, 1.80 g (16.2 mmol), was diluted with 2.5 ml of DMSO, followed by the addition of 0.213 g (1.61 mmol) of 3-allyloxy-1,2-propanediol, 0.20 g (1.22 mmol) of AIBN, 0.050 ml of TEMED, and 0.060 g (0.21 mmol) of N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-4-benzoylbenzamide, prepared according to the general method described in Example 4. The solution was deoxygenated with a nitrogen sparge for 5 minutes and the sealed vessel was then heated at 55° C. overnight. The resulting product was dialyzed against deionized water using 6,000-8,000 molecular weight cutoff tubing. A portion of the resulting solution, 5 ml, was removed as a retained sample of the diol polymer and 1.18 g (5.5 mmol) of sodium periodate were added to the remaining 55 ml of solution. After an overnight oxidation at room temperature, the product was again dialyzed against deionized water (6,000-8,000 MWCO). Lyophilization of the final product gave 1.25 g of solid. Example 17 Copolymer of Acrylamide and N-(3-Aminopropyl)methacrylamide Hydrochloride using N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-4-benzoylbenzamide--Conversion to Maleimide Derivative A photoactivatable copolymer of the present invention was prepared in the following manner. Acrylamide, 4.282 g (60.2 mmol), was dissolved in 58 ml of DMSO, followed by 0.436 g (2.7 mmol) of AIBN, 0.340 g (1.9 mmol) of N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide hydrochloride, and 0.378 g (1.3 mmol) of N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-4-benzoylbenzamide, prepared according to the general method described in Example 4. The solution was deoxygenated with a helium sparge for 4 minutes, followed by an argon sparge for an additional 4 minutes. The sealed vessel was then heated overnight at 55° C. to complete the polymerization. One-half of the DMSO solution, theoretically containing 0.95 mmol of primary amine in the polymer, was then slowly added to a solution of 1.12 g (4.75 mmol) of 5-maleimidopentyl isocyanate, prepared according to the general method described in Example 12, in 20 ml of dry DMSO. The solution was stirred overnight at room temperature and precipitated using ether. After washing with chloroform and drying in a vacuum oven, 2.875 g of polymer were obtained. The presence of maleimide in the polymer was confirmed by the presence of a broad singlet at 6.85 in the NMR (DMSO-d 6 ). Example 18 Polyvinylphosphonic Acid using N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-4-benzoylbenzamide A photoactivatable polymer of the present invention was prepared in the following manner. Vinylphosphonic acid, 2.829 g (26.2 mmol), was dissolved in 3.3 ml of ethyl acetate, followed by 0.296 g (1.8 mmol) of AIBN, and 0.171 g (0.6 mmol) of N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-4-benzoylbenzamide, prepared according to the general method described in Example 4. The solution was deoxygenated with a helium sparge for 10 minutes, followed by an argon sparge for 2 minutes. The sealed vessel was then heated overnight at 55° C. to complete the polymerization. The precipitated polymer was then isolated by filtration and washed with additional ethyl acetate. Vacuum drying of the product gave 2.90 g of the polyvinylphosphonic acid. Example 19 Copolymer of Acrylamide and 2-Vinyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolin-5-one using N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-4-benzoylbenzamide A photoactivatable copolymer of the present invention was prepared in the following manner. Acrylamide, 1.0 g (14.1 mmol), was dissolved in 5 ml of tetrahydrofuran (THF), followed by the addition 0.066 g (0.24 mmol) of AIBN, 0.050 ml of TEMED, 0.220 g (1.58 mmol) of 2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolin-5-one, and 0.035 g (0.122 mmol) of N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-4-benzoylbenzamide, prepared according to the general method described in Example 4. The solution was deoxygenated with a nitrogen sparge for 5 minutes and the sealed vessel was heated at 55° C. overnight. The polymer precipitated from the ThF solution during polymerization and was isolated by filtration. After washing with additional THF, the polymer was dried to give 1.44 g of product. Example 20 Copolymer of Acrolein and N-Vinylpyrrolidone using N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-4-benzoylbenzamide A photoactivatable copolymer of the present invention was prepared in the following manner. N-Vinylpyrrolidone, 0.855 g (7.69 mmol), was dissolved in 1.4 ml of DMSO, followed by 0.110 g (1.96 mmol) of acrolein, 0.041 g (0.25 mmol) of AIBN, and 0.036 g (0.13 mmol) of N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-4-benzoylbenzamide, prepared according to the general method described in Example 4. The solution was deoxygenated with a helium sparge for 5 minutes, followed by an argon sparge for 5 minutes. The sealed vessel was then heated overnight at 55° C. to complete the polymerization. Chloroform, 10 ml, was added to each sample and the resulting solution was poured into 100 ml of ether to precipitate the polymer. The suspension was centrifuged to isolate the solid polymer. The solid was rinsed with 50 ml of ether and was redissolved in 10 ml of chloroform. The polymer was precipitated a second time by pouring into 100 ml of chloroform, followed by isolation by centrifuging. After vacuum drying of the product, 0.730 g of product were isolated. The presence of aldehyde in the polymer was confirmed by a broad doublet at 9.40 (DMSO-d 6 ) in the NMR spectrum. Example 21 Polyacrylamide using N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-2.6-bis(4-benzoylbenzamido)hexanamide A photoactivatable polymer of the present invention was prepared in the following manner. Acrylamide, 0.939 g (13.2 mmol), was dissolved in 12.1 ml of DMSO, followed by the addition of 0.054 g (0.30 mmol) of AIBN and 0.061 g (0.10 mmol) of N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-2,6-bis(4-benzoylbenzamido)hexanamide, prepared according to the general method described in Example 6. The solution was deoxygenated with a helium sparge for 5 minutes and sealed under an argon atmosphere. The sealed vessel was heated at 55° C. overnight. The polymer was precipitated by pouring the DMSO solution into 120 ml of ether. The resulting solid was washed with 3×50 ml of chloroform and then vacuum dried to give 0.93 g of a white solid. Example 22 Polyacrylamide using N,N-Bis 2-(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)ethyl!-4-mercaptobutanamide A photoactivatable polymer of the present invention was prepared in the following manner. Acrylamide, 2.86 g (40.2 mmol), was dissolved in 36.7 ml of DMSO, followed by the addition of 0.165 g (1.0 mmol) of AIBN and 0.50 g (0.8 mmol) of N,N-bis 2-(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)ethyl!-4-mercaptobutanamide, prepared according to the general method described in Example 7. The solution was deoxygenated with a helium sparge for 5 minutes, followed by an argon sparge for 5 minutes. The sealed vessel was then heated overnight at 55° C. to complete the polymerization. The polymer was precipitated by addition of the DMSO solution to 400 ml of methanol. The solid was separated by centrifuging and was resuspended in 380 ml of fresh methanol. Centrifuging and vacuum drying gave 3.35 g of a white solid. Example 23 Polyacrylamide using N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-3,5-bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzamide A photoactivatable polymer of the present invention was prepared in the following manner. Acrylamide, 0.850 (11.9 mmol), was dissolved in 10.9 ml of DMSO, followed by the addition of 0.049 g (0.30 mmol) of AIBN and 0.150 g (0.30 mmol) of N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-3,5-bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzamide, prepared according to the general method described in Example 5. The solution was deoxygenated with a helium sparge for 10 minutes and then was sealed under an argon atmosphere. The sealed vessel was then heated overnight at 55° C. to complete the polymerization. The polymer was precipitated by pouring the DMSO solution into 50 ml of methanol with stirring. The solid was separated by centrifuging and was washed with 2×50 ml of methanol and dried under vacuum to give 0.85 g of product. Example 24 Polyvinylpyrrolidone using N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-3,5-bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzamide A photoactivatable polymer of the present invention was prepared in the following manner. N-Vinylpyffolidone, 9.248 g (83.2 mmol), was diluted with 10.4 ml of DMSO, followed by the addition of 0.411 g (2.5 mmol) of AIBN and 0.752 g (1.3 mmol) of N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-3,5-bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzamide, prepared according to the general method described in Example 5. The solution was deoxygenated with a helium sparge for 5 minutes, followed by an argon sparge for 5 minutes. The sealed vessel was then heated overnight at 55° C. to complete the polymerization. The solution was then dialyzed against deionized water using 6,000-8,000 molecular weight cutoff tubing for 5 days. The product was lyophilized to give 9.01 g of a white solid. Example 25 Copolymer of Acrylamide and N-Succinimidyl 6-Maleimidohexanoate using of N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-3,5-bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzamide A photoactivatable copolymer of the present invention was prepared in the following manner. Acrylamide, 7.639 g (107.4 mmol), was dissolved in 104 ml of THF, followed by 0.328 g (2.0 mmol) of AIBN, 0.104 ml of TEMED, 0.602 g (1.00 mmol) of N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-3,5-bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzamide, prepared according to the general method described in Example 5, and 1.76 g (5.7 mmol) of N-succinimidyl 6-maleimidohexanoate, prepared according to the general method described in Example 11. The solution was deoxygenated with a helium sparge for 4 minutes, followed by an argon sparge for an additional 4 minutes. The sealed vessel was then heated overnight at 55° C. to complete the polymerization. The precipitated polymer was isolated by filtration and was washed by stirring in 100 ml of THF for 30 minutes. The final product was recovered by filtration and dried in a vacuum oven to provide 8.96 g of solid. Example 26 Copolymer of N-Vinylpyrrolidone and 3-Allyloxy-1,2-propanediol using N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-3,5-bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzamide--Oxidation to Aldehyde A photoactivatable copolymer of the present invention was prepared in the following manner. N-Vinylpyrrolidone, 16.58 g (0.149 mol), was dissolved in 21.0 ml of DMSO followed by 2.218 g (16.8 mmol) of 3-allyloxy-1,2-propanediol, 0.985 g (6.0 mmol) of AIBN, 0.18 ml of TEMED, and 1.203 g (2.0 mmol) of N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-3,5-bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzamide, prepared according to the general method described in Example 5. The solution was deoxygenated with a helium sparge for 5 minutes and then was sealed under an argon atmosphere and heated overnight at 55° C. The solution was then diluted to a final volume of 200 ml with deionized water and 4.00 g (18.7 mmol) of sodium periodate were added. The oxidation was allowed to proceed overnight at room temperature. The product was dialyzed against deionized water using 12,000-14,000 MWCO tubing and then was lyophilized to give 13.45 g of a white solid. The presence of aldehyde in the polymer was confirmed by a broad singlet at 9.50 (CDCl 3 ) in the NMR spectrum. Example 27 Copolymer of Acrylamide and N-(3-Aminopropyl)methacrylamide Hydrochloride using N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-3,5-bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzamide A photoactivatable copolymer of the present invention was prepared in the following manner. Acrylamide, 3.671 g (51.6 mmol), was dissolved in 52.6 ml of DMSO, followed by the addition of 1.044 g (5.78 mmol) of N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide hydrochloride, 0.246 g (1.50 mmol) of AIBN, and 0.303 g (0.50 mmol) of N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-3,5-bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzamide, prepared according to the general method described in Example 5. The solution was deoxygenated with a helium sparge for 5 minutes and then sealed under an argon atmosphere. The sealed vessel was then heated overnight at 55° C. to complete the polymerization. The polymer was precipitated by pouring into 550 ml of ether and the isolated solid was resuspended in 400 ml of chloroform before a final filtration. Vacuum drying gave 5.28 g of final product. Analysis of the amine content using the trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid method found 0.088 mmol/g of polymer, 76% of theoretical. Example 28 Copolymer of Acrylamide and 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic Acid using N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-3,4,5-tris(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzamide A photoactivatable copolymer of the present invention was prepared in the following manner. Acrylamide, 0.785 g (11.0 mmol), was dissolved in 10.6 ml of DMSO, followed by the addition of 0.134 g (0.586 mmol) of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, 0.035 g (0.20 mmol) of AIBN, and 0.081 g (0.10 mmol) of N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-3,4,5-tris(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)-benzamide, prepared according to the general method described in Example 8. The solution was deoxygenated with a helium sparge for 10 minutes and then sealed under an argon atmosphere. The sealed vessel was then heated overnight at 55° C. to complete the polymerization. The polymer was precipitated by pouring the DMSO solution into 100 ml of ether. The solid was resuspended twice in 100 ml of chloroform to give 1.06 g of product after vacuum drying. Example 29 Copolymer of Acrylamide and 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic Acid using 1,4-Bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)-2-mercaptobutane A photoactivatable copolymer of the present invention was prepared in the following manner. Acrylamide, 1.094 g (15.4 mmol), was dissolved in 14.8 ml of DMSO, followed by the addition of 0.187 g (0.817 mmol) of 2-acrylainido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, 0.044 g (0.27 mmol) of AIBN, and an estimated 0.069 g (0.135 mmol) of 1,4-bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)-2-mercaptobutane, prepared according to the method described in Example 9. The solution was deoxygenated with a helium sparge for 10 minutes and then sealed under an argon atmosphere. The sealed vessel was then heated overnight at 55° C. to complete the polymerization. The polymer was precipitated by pouring the DMSO solution into 200 ml of acetone. The solid was resuspended three times in 100 ml of acetone to give 1.3 g of product after vacuum drying. Example 30 Copolymer of Acrylamide and 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic Acid using N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-4- 4-(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadecafluoro-2-thiadecyl)benzoyl!benzamide A photoactivatable copolymer of the present invention is prepared in the following manner. Acrylamide, 1.094 g (15.4 mmol), is dissolved in 14.8 ml of DMSO, followed by the addition of 0.187 g (0.817 mmol) of 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, 0.044 g (0.27 mmol) of AIBN, and 0.101 g (0.135 mmol) of N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-4- 4-(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadecafluoro-2-thiadecyl)benzoyl!benzamide, prepared according to the method described in Example 10. The solution is deoxygenated with a helium sparge for 10 minutes and then sealed under an argon atmosphere. The sealed vessel is heated overnight at 55° C. to complete the polymerization. The resulting polymer is precipitated by pouring the DMSO solution in excess ether. The resulting solid is then washed with chloroform and dried under vacuum. Example 31 Improved Wettability of Polypropylene Using a Polyacrylamide Prepared with 4-Mercaptomethylbenzophenone A polyacrylamide prepared according to the general method described in Example 13 was dissolved in deionized water at 20 mg/ml. 1-Hexanol was added to make the solution 0.58% 1-hexanol in water to aid wetting of the fabric with the polymer solution. Melt blown polypropylene disks (1 inch diameter) were immersed in the polymer solution for two minutes, then removed and illuminated for two minutes on each side while still wet using a Dymax lighting system having a 400 watt medium pressure mercury bulb. The illumination distance was 250 cm (10 in.), giving an illumination intensity of approximately 2.0 mW/cm 2 at the 330-340 nm wavelength measured. Control disks were immersed in the polymer solution, but were not illuminated. The disks were then washed by placing them singly in membrane holders and passing 5×10 ml of deionized water through the fabric disks. The disks were dried by pressing between dry paper towels until no more water was removed, followed by air drying for at least 10 minutes. The fabric disks were tested for wettability by adding drops of water to the disks. Water added to the polymer coated disks was immediately absorbed into the fabric whereas water placed on control disks remained beaded on the surface. Example 32 Reduction in Protein Binding Using a Polyacrylamide Prepared with N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-4-benzoylbenzamide Polysulfone (10,000 nominal molecular weight cutoff) and polycarbonate (0.1 μm pores) membrane disks (19 mm diameter) were soaked overnight at room temperature on a shaker in a 10 mg/ml solution of the polymer prepared according to the general method of Example 14. The membranes were illuminated wet, one minute on each side, using a lighting system as described in Example 31. They were then washed in water for 2×30 minutes. They were blotted to remove excess water, but not completely dried. The membranes were placed into vials containing either bovine serum albumin (BSA)( 3 H-250 dpm/μg) or a horseradish peroxidase-streptavidin ("HRP-SA") conjugate at 1μg/ml. The vials were shaken overnight at 35° C. The membranes exposed to BSA were then washed and counted in a liquid scintillation counter. The membranes exposed to HRP-SA were washed and tested using a colorimetric assay for peroxidase activity. On polycarbonate membranes, the amounts of BSA absorbed was reduced 17% and the HRP-SA was reduced 19% compared with uncoated membranes. On polysulfone membranes, the BSA absorbed was reduced 54% and HRP-SA was reduced 39% compared with uncoated membranes. Example 33 Protein A Immobilization Using a Copolymer of Acrylamide and N-Succinimidyl 6-Maleimidohexanoate Prepared with N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-4-benzoylbenzamide The copolymer, prepared according to the general method described in Example 15, was dissolved at 10 mg/ml in 50% IPA/50% of 25 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7. The solution was applied to one inch disks of regenerated cellulose membranes (RC) with a pore size of 0.45 μm. After incubation for 2 minutes, the membranes were dried. The disks were illuminated for 1 minute on each side using the lighting system described in Example 31. The membranes were then washed with 25% IPA to remove unbound polymer and dried. Protein A solution (100 μl) at 5 mg/ml in PBS was applied to the reactive membranes and dried onto the membrane for 1-1.5 hours at room temperature. The Protein A membranes were then washed to remove unbound Protein A by passing solutions through the coated disks in membrane holders. The membranes were washed sequentially with: 1) 0.1 M glycine in 2% acetic acid, 2) 10× PBS, 3) PBS. The washed membranes were stored in 10× PBS at 4° C. The Protein A coated disks were evaluated by determination of the IgG binding capacity. Rabbit serum (2 ml) was diluted 1:5 in PBS and passed through the coated membranes at 1 ml/min. The disks were then washed with PBS to remove unbound protein. The bound IgG was eluted with 0.1 M glycine in 2% acetic acid. The amount of eluted IgG was determined by measuring the absorbance of the eluant at 280 nm and using an extinction coefficient of 1.4 ml/cm-mg. The IgG binding capacity was 103 and 80 μg/cm 2 respectively for each of 2 assay cycles. Example 34 Protein A Immobilization Using an Oxidized Copolymer of N-Vinylpyrrolidone and 3-Allyloxy-1,2-propanediol Prepared with N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-4-benzoylbenzamide The copolymer, prepared according to the general method described in Example 16, was coated onto membranes as described in Example 33 except that the polymer was applied at 5 and 2 mg/ml. Protein A was immobilized as described in Example 33, except that the protein A was coupled in pH 9 carbonate buffer and, after reacting the Protein A solution, 1 mg/ml of sodium borohydride in cold PBS was added to the disks and incubated for 15 minutes to reduce the Schiff base. The IgG binding capacities were 235 and 217 μg/cm 2 respectively for disks coated with 5 and 2 mg/ml polymer solutions as determined with the evaluation system described in Example 33. Example 35 Oligonucleotide Immobilization Using a Maleimide Derivatized Copolymer of Acrylamide and N-(3-Aminopropyl)methacrylamide Hydrochloride Prepared with N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-4-benzoylbenzamide The copolymer, prepared according to the general method described in Example 17, was diluted at 5 mg/ml in H 2 O. The suspension was applied at 100 μl/well to E.I.A. medium binding flat bottom microplates (Corning Costar) and incubated for 2 hours. Excess reagent was removed and the plates were air dried in the dry room for 1 hour, followed by UV illumination for 2 minutes using the lighting system described in Example 31. The wells were then washed two times in H 2 O. Uncoated and coated wells were incubated with 15 pmole/50 μl of a fluorescently labeled 33-mer oligonucleotide, modified with a sulfhydryl group on its 5'-end or with an identical oligonucleotide without the 5' thiol modification. Oligonucleotides were incubated for 2 hours at room temperature. The wells were then washed twice with 5X SSPE (0.9 M NaCl, 50 mM Na 3 PO 4 , pH 7.4, 5 mM EDTA) containing 0.5% SDS at 30° C. Oligonucleotide binding was evaluated using a fluorescence microscope. The results represent triplicate wells/experiment in two separate experiments. No fluorescence was observed for either oligonucleotide in uncoated wells. Minimal fluorescence was observed in coated wells either containing no oligonucleotide or the unmodified oligonucleotide (+1, on a 1-4 scale). In contrast, fluorescence was markedly increased in the coated wells containing the thiol-modified oligonucleotide (+3). Example 36 Improved Wettability of Polypropylene Using Polyvinylphosphonic Acid Prepared with N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-4-benzoylbenzamide The polymer, prepared according to the general method described in Example 18, was dissolved at 10 mg/ml in deionized water containing 0.58% 1-hexanol (v/v). The coating process and evaluation were the same as described in Example 31. Water added to the polymer coated disks was immediately absorbed into the fabric whereas water placed on control disks remained beaded on the surface. Example 37 Protein A Immobilization Using a Copolymer of Acrylamide and 2-Vinyl-4.4-dimethyl-2-oxazolin-5-one Prepared with N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-4-benzoylbenzamide The polymer, prepared according to the general method described in Example 19, was coated onto membranes as described in Example 33 except that the polymer was applied at 5 mg/ml in water and the Protein A was coupled in pH 9 carbonate buffer. The IgG capacity was 117 μg/cm 2 as determined with the evaluation system described in Example 33. Example 38 Protein A Immobilization Using a Copolymer of Acrolein and N-Vinylpyrrolidone Prepared with N-(2-Mercaptoethyl-4-benzoylbenzamide The copolymer, prepared according to the general method described in Example 20, was coated onto polysulfone membranes (Gelman HT-450, 0.45 μm pore size) as described in Example 33 except that the polymer was applied at 1 mg/ml. Protein A was immobilized as described in Example 33, except that the protein A was coupled in pH 9 carbonate buffer and, after reacting the Protein A solution, 1 mg/ml of sodium borohydride in cold PBS was added to the disks and incubated for 15 minutes to reduce the Schiff base. The IgG binding capacity was 22 μg/cm 2 as determined with the evaluation system described in Example 33. Example 39 Reduction in Protein Binding Using a Polyacrylamide Prepared with N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-2,6-bis(4-benzoylbenzamido)hexanamide The polyacrylamide, prepared in a method analogous to Example 21 without prior purification of the chain transfer agent, was dissolved in deionized water at 1.0 mg/ml. The polymer solution was added to polystyrene microplate wells (200 μl per well) and incubated overnight at room temperature. After incubation, 150 μl were removed from each well and the plate was placed in a plastic bag and illuminated for two minutes using the lighting system described in Example 31. After illumination, it was washed ten times with deionized water. To each well was added 100 μl of a HRP-SA conjugate followed by incubation for six hours. The plates were then washed ten times with deionized water followed by color generation using hydrogen peroxide and tetramethylbenzidine and the color measured at 655 nm in a microplate reader. The average absorbance reading (five replicates) for the polymer-coated wells was 0.179 compared with 1.057 for uncoated wells. Example 40 Reduction in Protein Binding Using a Polyacrylamide Prepared with N,N-Bis 2-(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)ethyl!-4-mercaptobutanamide The polyacrylamide, prepared according to the general method described in Example 22, was dissolved in deionized water at 5 mg/ml and 200 μl were applied per well of polystyrene microplates. The polymer solution was left in the wells overnight, then removed and the plates illuminated two minutes in a plastic bag to keep them from drying. The lighting system described in Example 31 was used for the illumination. The plates were then washed five times with deionized water after which 100 μl of a HRP-SA conjugate solution in phosphate buffered saline were added and incubated for seven hours at room temperature. After thorough washing with deionized water, color was generated from the adsorbed peroxidase using tetramethylbenzidine and measured in a microplate reader at 655 nm. Polymer-coated wells had an average absorbance reading of 0.333 compared with uncoated wells with an average absorbance of 2.45. Example 41 Reduction in Protein Binding Using a Polyacrylamide Prepared with N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-3,5-bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzamide The polyacrylamide, prepared according to the general method described in Example 23, was coated onto PS microplates and tested as in Example 40. Polymer-coated wells had an average absorbance reading of 0.122 compared with uncoated wells with an average absorbance of 2.45. Example 42 Reduction in Protein Binding Using a Polyvinylpyrrolidone Prepared with N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-3,5-bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzamide The polyvinylpyrrolidone, prepared according to the general method described in Example 24, was dissolved at 5 mg/ml in deionized water. The turbid solution was filtered through porous polypropylene disks to remove any particulates. To wells of polystyrene microplates were added 150 μl of the polymer solution. After incubating overnight at room temperature, the plates were illuminated for one minute using the lighting system described in Example 31. The plates were washed five times with water. Radiolabelled protein solutions (100 μl per well) were added to coated and uncoated wells and incubated overnight at room temperature. The protein solutions used were bovine serum albumin (BSA) at 0.1 mg/ml, immunoglobulin G (IgG) at 0.02 mg/ml and ribonuclease (RNase) at 0.1 mg/ml. After incubation with the protein solutions, the wells were washed five times with phosphate buffered saline. The wells were separated from the plate strips and dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and counted in a liquid scintillation counter. Compared with uncoated controls, the polymer-coated wells had the following reductions in protein adsorbed: BSA--83%, IgG--92% and RNase--89%. Example 43 Protein A Immobilization Using a Copolymer of Acrylamide and N-Succinimidyl 6-Maleimidohexanoate Prepared with N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-3,5-bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzamide The copolymer, prepared according to the general method described in Example 25, was coated onto membranes as described in Example 33 except that the polymer was applied at 5 and 2 mg/ml in 50% IPA and the disks were incubated for 5 minutes and dried and the Protein A was coupled in PBS. The IgG capacity was 185 and 163 μg/cm 2 respectively for each of two assay cycles as determined with the evaluation system described in Example 33. Example 44 Protein A Immobilization Using an Oxidized Copolymer of N-Vinylpyrrolidone and 3-Allyloxy-1,2-propanediol Prepared with N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-3,5-bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzamide The copolymer, prepared according to the general method described in Example 26, was coated onto RC membranes as described in Example 33 except that the polymer was applied at 5 and 1 mg/ml. Protein A was immobilized as described in Example 33, except that the protein A was coupled in pH 9 carbonate buffer and, after reacting the Protein A solution, 1 mg/ml of sodium borohydride in cold PBS was added to the disks and incubated for 15 minutes to reduce the Schiff base. The IgG binding capacities were 121 and 70 μg/cm 2 respectively for disks coated with 5 and 1 mg/ml polymer solutions as determined with the evaluation system described in Example 33. Example 45 Improved Wettability of Polypropylene Using a Copolymer of Acrylamide and N-(3-Aminopropyl)methacrylamide Hydrochloride Prepared with N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-3,5-bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzamide The copolymer, prepared according to the general method described in Example 27, was dissolved at 10 mg/ml in deionized water containing 0.58% 1-hexanol (v/v). The coating process and evaluation were the same as described in Example 31. Water added to the polymer coated disks was immediately absorbed into the fabric whereas water placed on control disks remained beaded on the surface. Example 46 Improved Wettability of Polypropylene Using a Copolymer of Acrylamide and 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic Acid Prepared with N-(2-Mercaptoethyl)-3,4,5-tris(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)benzamide The copolymer, prepared according to the general method described in Example 28, was dissolved at 10 mg/ml in deionized water containing 0.58% 1-hexanol (v/v). The coating process and evaluation were the same as described in Example 31. Water added to the polymer coated disks was immediately absorbed into the fabric whereas water placed on control disks remained beaded on the surface. Example 47 Improved Wettability of Polypropylene Using a Copolymer of Acrylamide and 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic Acid Prepared with 1.4-Bis(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)-2-mercaptobutane The copolymer, prepared according to the general method described in Example 29, was dissolved at 10 mg/ml in deionized water containing 0.58% 1-hexanol. The coating process and evaluation were the same as described in Example 31. Water added to the polymer coated disks was immediately absorbed into the fabric whereas water placed on control disks remained beaded on the surface.	A photoactivatable reagent useful as a chain transfer reagent for providing a semitelechelic polymer having one or more terminal photoactivatable groups. The reagent provides one or more photoactivatable groups and one or more sulfhydryl (or other chain transfer) groups, the photoactivatable and chain transfer groups optionally being joined together by a spacer group. The reagent can be used to prepare a polymer by serving to initiate the polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers. The reagent itself becomes an integral part of the resultant polymer, thereby providing the polymer with a terminal photoactivatable nature. The method provides a number of benefits, including the ability to provide homogeneous photoactivatable polymer compositions, e.g., in terms of the uniform location of the photogroup(s) on the terminal portion of each polymer molecule and the ability to build a desired nonpolar quality, and in turn improved surfactancy, into otherwise polar polymers.	8
RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/442,863 filed Jan. 27, 2003, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety as if set forth fully herein. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates generally to eggs and, more particularly, to methods and apparatus for processing eggs in ovo. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Injections of various substances into avian eggs have been employed to decrease post-hatch mortality rates, increase the potential growth rates or eventual size of the resulting bird, and even to influence the gender determination of the embryo. Similarly, injections of antigens into live eggs have been employed to incubate various substances used in vaccines which have human or animal medicinal or diagnostic applications. Examples of substances that have been used for, or proposed for, in ovo injection include vaccines, antibiotics and vitamins. In addition, removal of material from avian eggs has been employed for various purposes, such as testing and vaccine harvesting. Examples of in ovo treatment substances and methods of in ovo injection are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,630 to Sharma et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,028,421 to Fredericksen et al., and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,032,612 and 6,286,455 to Williams, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. [0004] An egg injection apparatus conventionally is designed to operate in conjunction with commercial egg carrier devices or flats. The injection apparatus may comprise a plurality of injection needles which operate simultaneously or sequentially to inject a plurality of eggs, or a single injection needle used to inject a plurality of eggs. The injection apparatus may comprise an “injection head” which comprises the injection needle or needles, and wherein each injection needle is in fluid communication with a source containing a treatment substance to be injected. A single fluid source may supply all of the injection needles in an injection device, or multiple fluid sources may be utilized. [0005] An exemplary in ovo injection apparatus 10 is illustrated in FIG. 1. The illustrated apparatus 10 includes an egg carrier (e.g., an egg flat) 15 that supports eggs 20 for transport, a frame 16 , and a plurality of injection delivery devices, or heads, 25 with fluid delivery means such as needles positioned therein in accordance with known techniques. The illustrated flat 15 holds a plurality of eggs 20 in a substantially upright position and is configured to provide external access to predetermined areas of the eggs 20 . Specifically, each egg 20 can be contacted from above the flat 15 and from beneath the flat 15 . Each egg 20 is held by the illustrated flat 15 so that a respective end thereof is in proper alignment relative to a corresponding one of the injection heads 25 . [0006] In ovo injection of substances (as well as in ovo extraction of materials) typically occurs by piercing an egg shell to form an opening (e.g., via a punch), extending an injection needle through the hole and into the interior of the egg (and in some cases into the avian embryo contained therein), and injecting treatment substance(s) through the needle and/or removing material therefrom. For example, each injection head 25 of the apparatus of FIG. 1 includes a punch 26 and an injection needle 27 with the punch surrounding the needle 27 in coaxial relationship therewith as illustrated in FIG. 2A- 2 B. The punch 26 is configured to pierce the shell of an egg 20 so as to form an opening therein and the needle 27 is configured to deliver a substance into the egg 20 (FIG. 2B) via the opening. [0007] Egg flats utilized in conjunction with in ovo injection apparatus typically contain an array of pockets that are configured to support a respective plurality of eggs in a generally upright orientation. An exemplary egg flat 15 is illustrated in FIG. 3A- 3 B. The illustrated egg flat 15 includes a plurality of rows of pockets 32 . Each pocket 32 is configured to receive one end 20 a of a respective egg 20 so as to support the respective egg 20 in a substantially vertical position. Each pocket 32 of the illustrated egg flat 15 contains a plurality of tabs 34 that are configured to support a respective egg as illustrated in FIG. 4. [0008] Although effective in supporting eggs during transport, these support tabs 34 can damage eggs during in ovo processing. The force applied to an egg by an in ovo processing punch or needle can push an egg downwardly against the support tabs 34 with sufficient force to cause the egg to crack. In addition to reducing hatch rates, cracked eggs can lead to contamination of other eggs within an egg flat, as well as contamination of processing equipment. [0009] In addition, support tabs in conventional egg flats are typically somewhat flexible and may deflect when an egg supported thereby is punched. In addition, conventional egg flats themselves may be somewhat flexible. As such, during punching of a plurality of eggs, an egg flat structure may warp and/or twist. This warping and/or twisting of an egg flat may add to the deflection of the support tabs such that when the force of punching is removed the egg flat and tabs can grip an egg, thereby making removal of the egg from the egg flat difficult. Accordingly, it would be desirable to be able to punch through the shell of an egg supported within an egg flat without causing the egg to crack and without causing the egg to become stuck within the egg flat. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0010] In view of the above discussion, an in ovo injection apparatus, according to embodiments of the present invention, includes an egg carrier configured to hold a plurality of eggs and to provide external access to the eggs, a plurality of injection devices positioned above the carrier, and an egg support assembly positioned beneath the carrier that is configured to support each egg in the carrier during contact therewith by a respective injection device. According to embodiments of the present invention, the egg support assembly includes a frame that is movable between an operative position and a retracted position, a plate having an array of openings attached to the frame, and a plurality of pedestals. Each pedestal is removably secured within a respective one of the openings and includes a free end portion configured to engage an egg within the carrier when the frame is in the operative position. The egg support assembly is operatively associated with the plurality of injection devices such that each pedestal moves upwardly through a respective opening in the carrier to support an egg as a respective injection device makes contact with the egg. [0011] According to embodiments of the present invention, the egg support assembly is configured to lift each egg slightly from the carrier during contact with each egg by a respective injection device. Moreover, the height of the free end portion of each pedestal relative to the plate may be adjustable. [0012] According to embodiments of the present invention, a method of injecting eggs in ovo includes positioning an egg carrier containing a plurality of eggs beneath a plurality of injection devices, and supporting the plurality of eggs from beneath the egg carrier while simultaneously delivering a predetermined dosage of a treatment substance into each egg and/or removing material from each egg. The eggs may be lifted slightly from the carrier according to embodiments of the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0013] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain principles of the invention. [0014] [0014]FIG. 1 is a side elevation view of an exemplary in ovo processing apparatus that is configured to form an opening in an egg shell and inject material into an egg and/or remove material from an egg. [0015] [0015]FIG. 2A- 2 B are cross-sectional views of a lower portion of an injector head of the apparatus of FIG. 1 wherein a punch is about to pierce the shell of an egg (FIG. 2A), and wherein a needle is injecting material into an egg after an opening has been formed in the shell thereof by the punch (FIG. 2B). [0016] [0016]FIG. 3A is a perspective view of a conventional egg flat. [0017] [0017]FIG. 3B is a top plan view of the egg flat of FIG. 3A. [0018] [0018]FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the egg flat of FIG. 3B taken along lines 4 - 4 and illustrating an egg supported within a pocket thereof. [0019] [0019]FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an in ovo injection apparatus that includes an egg support assembly according to embodiments of the present invention. [0020] [0020]FIG. 6 is a plan view of the injection apparatus of FIG. 5 taken along lines 6 - 6 and illustrating the conveyor system. [0021] [0021]FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the egg support assembly illustrating its location beneath the rails of the conveyor system. [0022] [0022]FIG. 8 is an exploded perspective view of the plate and pedestals of the egg support assembly of FIG. 7. [0023] [0023]FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a pedestal according to embodiments of the present invention. [0024] [0024]FIG. 10 is a side, cross-sectional view of a pedestal according to embodiments of the present invention. [0025] [0025]FIG. 11 illustrates a lifting device according to embodiments of the present invention that is configured to raise and lower the egg support assembly of FIG. 7. [0026] [0026]FIG. 12 is a perspective view of the frame portion of the lifting device of FIG. 11. [0027] [0027]FIG. 13 is a perspective view of the egg support assembly of the present invention with the pedestals moved to an engaged position so as to support eggs within an egg flat. [0028] [0028]FIG. 14 is an enlarged perspective view of a portion of the egg support assembly and egg flat of FIG. 13. [0029] [0029]FIG. 15A- 15 E illustrate sequential operations for supporting an egg via the egg support assembly according to embodiments of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0030] The present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which preferred embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. [0031] As used in the description of the invention and the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. [0032] All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. [0033] In the drawings, the thickness of lines, layers and regions may be exaggerated for clarity. It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element, there are no intervening elements present. It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected” or “attached” to another element, it can be directly connected or attached to the other element or intervening elements may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected” or “directly attached” to another element, there are no intervening elements present. Terms such as “upwardly”, “downwardly”, “vertical”, “horizontal” and the like are used herein for the purpose of explanation only. [0034] Methods and apparatus according to embodiments of the present invention may be practiced with any type of avian egg, including, but not limited to, chicken eggs, turkey eggs, duck eggs, geese eggs, quail eggs, ostrich eggs, emu eggs, squab eggs, game hen eggs, pheasant eggs, exotic bird eggs, etc. Moreover, methods and apparatus according to embodiments of the present invention may be utilized to punch the shell of an egg at any time during the embryonic development period (also referred to as the incubation period) thereof. Embodiments of the present invention are not limited to a particular day during the embryonic development period. [0035] An exemplary egg injection device, with which methods and apparatus for punching eggs according to embodiments of the present invention may be utilized, is the INOVOJECT® brand automated injection device (Embrex, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina). However, embodiments of the present invention may be utilized with any type of in ovo processing device, without limitation. [0036] Methods and apparatus according to embodiments of the present invention may be utilized to inject eggs in various orientations. Embodiments of the present invention are not limited only to in ovo injection devices that inject eggs in the illustrated orientation. [0037] Referring now to FIG. 5, an in ovo injection apparatus 100 incorporating an egg support assembly, according to embodiments of the present invention, is illustrated. The illustrated in ovo injection apparatus 100 includes a frame 110 that supports a conveyor system 112 and a plurality of egg injection devices 25 . [0038] [0038]FIG. 6 is a plan view of the injection apparatus 100 of FIG. 5, taken along lines 6 - 6 , and illustrating the conveyor system 112 . The illustrated conveyor system 112 includes a pair of substantially parallel rails 114 and a plurality of guides 116 therebetween. The guides 116 are configured to slidably receive egg flats placed thereon for movement along the direction indicated by arrow A 1 . In operation, each egg flat is moved along direction A 1 to a position directly beneath the egg injection devices so that the plurality of eggs within the flat can be injected. [0039] Positioned between illustrated rails 114 is an egg support assembly 130 according to embodiments of the present invention. The egg support assembly 130 is positioned between the rails such that egg flats pass thereover. FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the egg support assembly 130 illustrating its location beneath rails 114 , 116 . As will be described below, the egg support assembly 130 is configured to support each egg in an egg flat during contact by an egg injection device 25 . [0040] The illustrated egg support assembly 130 includes a plate 132 having a plurality of pedestals 134 extending from an upper surface 132 a of the plate 132 . Each pedestal 134 is configured to support a respective egg in an egg flat positioned thereover, as will be described below. The plate 130 and each pedestal 134 may be formed from any type of material that is easily cleanable, and that, for example, is easy to machine. An exemplary material includes Hydrex 4101, available from the Hyde Corporation. However, embodiments of the present invention are not limited to this material. Various materials and combinations of materials may be utilized including, metals, polymers, etc. [0041] [0041]FIG. 8 is an exploded perspective view of the egg support assembly 130 of FIG. 7 that illustrates the plate 132 and pedestals 134 . In the illustrated embodiment, the plate 132 includes an array of openings 133 formed therein in a pattern matching the array of pockets in an egg flat. Each pedestal 134 is removably secured within a respective one of the plate openings 133 . [0042] Each pedestal 134 includes a proximal end 134 a and a distal free end 134 b . An O-ring 135 is secured to each pedestal adjacent the proximal end 134 a and provides a snug, friction fit when the proximal end 134 a is disposed within a respective opening 133 . One or more shims 136 may be utilized to adjust the height of the distal end 134 b of each pedestal 134 above the plate surface 132 a , as illustrated. It may be necessary to adjust pedestal height for specific types of eggs and/or for specific types of egg flats. The pedestals 134 are configured to be easily removed from the plate 132 such that shims can be added and removed as necessary. [0043] Referring to FIG. 9- 10 , the distal end portion 134 b of each pedestal 134 has a concave configuration defined by wall 140 that is configured to engage an egg. Wall 140 is inclined relative to a centerline C of pedestal 134 between about twenty five degrees and about fifty five degrees (25°-55°), although other inclination angles may be utilized. The illustrated wall 140 has a generally flat, conical configuration. However, according to embodiments of the present invention, wall 140 can have a curved conical (e.g. parabolic, etc.) configuration as well. A groove 138 is formed within the illustrated pedestal 134 adjacent the proximal end 134 a thereof, and is configured to receive an O-ring 135 therein. [0044] Referring now to FIG. 11- 12 , the plate 132 (FIG. 7) is movably secured between rails 114 via lifting device 150 . Lifting device 150 includes a frame 152 having two members 154 extending between opposite rails 114 in generally parallel, spaced-apart relationship, and a pair of spaced-apart support members 156 extending between members 154 . Each frame member 154 includes opposite end portions 154 a , 154 b . Each frame member 154 also includes a pair of support blocks 158 extending from opposite sides thereof, as illustrated. A dowel 160 extends upwardly from each support block 158 . The dowels 160 are configured to removably engage respective receptacles in the plate 132 and to thereby support the plate 132 . The illustrated dowels 160 have a free end 160 a with a tapered configuration. However, embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the illustrated configuration of the dowels 160 or to the illustrated frame 152 . The tapered configuration of each dowel 160 facilitates easy removal of plate 132 for cleaning and maintenance. [0045] The frame 152 is movable between an engaged position and a disengaged position via actuators 170 . The illustrated actuators are pneumatically controlled and receive pressurized air via nozzles 172 . Other types of actuators may be utilized including, but not limited to, hydraulic actuators, electromagnetic actuators, electronic actuators, etc. and/or combinations thereof. Embodiments of the present invention are not limited to pneumatic actuators. [0046] When the frame 152 is moved to the engaged position, an egg support assembly 130 supported thereon is moved upwardly so that each pedestal 134 attached thereto extends into the pocket of an egg flat and supports a respective egg during in ovo injection. According to embodiments of the present invention, each pedestal 134 may raise each egg slightly from the egg flat, although this is not required. [0047] [0047]FIG. 13- 14 illustrate the frame 152 and pedestal plate 132 of the egg support assembly 130 moved to an engaged position. A row of eggs 20 in an egg flat 15 are supported by respective pedestals 134 which extend upwardly into the egg flat pockets. Each pedestal 134 provides solid support for a respective egg 20 and reduces damage to an egg resulting from contact from an injection device. Moreover, each pedestal 134 prevents an egg from being pushed downwardly against flexible portions of the egg flat pocket. [0048] In operation, an egg flat 15 containing a plurality of eggs 20 is moved over the egg support assembly 130 prior to injection by a plurality of injection heads. The frame 152 of the egg support assembly 130 is moved upwardly such that the plate 132 containing a plurality of pedestals 134 is moved upwardly until each pedestal 134 engages a respective egg 20 . The injection heads 25 contact the eggs, which are supported by the pedestals 134 , form an opening in the shell thereof and deliver a predetermined dosage of a treatment substance into (and/or remove a substance from) the egg via the opening. [0049] Referring now to FIG. 15A- 15 E, sequential operations for supporting an egg 20 via a pedestal 134 according to embodiments of the present invention, will now be described. Referring initially to FIG. 15A- 15 B, an egg flat 15 is moved into position such that an egg injection head 25 is positioned above an egg 20 , and such that a pedestal 134 of an egg support assembly 130 is positioned beneath the egg 20 . In FIG. 15C, the pedestal 134 is moved upwardly, as described above, such that the pedestal distal free end 134 b contacts the egg 20 as the egg injection head 25 moves downwardly into contact with the egg 20 . In FIG. 15D, the pedestal 134 has actually lifted the egg 20 slightly upwardly from the egg flat 15 . After in ovo injection (or in ovo material removal), the injection head 25 is moved upwardly and the pedestal 134 is moved downwardly from the egg 20 , as illustrated in FIG. 15E. [0050] The foregoing is illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting thereof. Although a few exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention as defined in the claims. Therefore, it is to be understood that the foregoing is illustrative of the present invention and is not to be construed as limited to the specific embodiments disclosed, and that modifications to the disclosed embodiments, as well as other embodiments, are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. The invention is defined by the following claims, with equivalents of the claims to be included therein.	In ovo injection apparatus include an egg carrier configured to hold a plurality of eggs and to provide external access to the eggs, a plurality of injection devices positioned above the carrier, and an egg support assembly positioned beneath the carrier that is configured to support each egg in the carrier during contact therewith by a respective injection device. The egg support assembly includes a frame, a plate having an array of openings attached to the frame, and a plurality of pedestals removably secured within a respective one of the openings. The egg support assembly is operatively associated with the plurality of injection devices such that each pedestal moves upwardly through a respective opening in the carrier to support an egg as a respective injection device makes contact with the egg.	0
This is a division of U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 704,582, filed on July 12, 1976, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,095,007; which, in turn, was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 406,843, filed Sept. 17, 1974, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,969,561. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION For years, the nonwoven industry has attempted to produce a carded nonwoven fabric that has good cross direction strength. Generally, the fibers in carded webs are aligned in a direction substantially parallel to the direction of the web within the carding machine normally used to make nonwoven fabrics. Consequently, the machine direction strength of a carded web generally is a high multiple of the cross direction strength. A further complication is that the conventional processing of bonded nonwoven fabrics consists of a set of stages--conveying, saturating, drying, winding, etc--all of which impose a further drafting and parallelizing effect on the fibrous web. In this "normal" multi-stage bonding operation, tensile strength ratios will be found which are 10 to 20 to 1, machine direction to cross direction strengths. Attempts to bring the so-called MD/CD ratio closer to 1 have included the use of a cross-laying device, whereby a full-width web of oriented fibers is mechanically pleated back and forth across a conveyor belt to build up a composite batt in which the average angular displacement of the fibers is alternated. Such devices are slow, cumbersome and are suitable only for batts of substantial thickness where fold marks and overlap ridges are not objectionable. Another expedient used in the prior art to achieve better tensile strength ratios is to disperse the fibers in more or less random orientation into an air stream, from which they are collected on a conveyer screen with the aid of suction. Such devices, however, are expensive, and while satisfactory at speeds of around 10 yards per minute, they produce webs of poorer quality at speeds of over 15 yards per minute, due to clumping and poor dispersion of fibers. It is with improvements in the art of producing fibrous webs and nonwoven fibrics of more nearly equalized machine (longitudinal) direction and cross (lateral) direction tensile strengths, as well as producing aesthetically pleasing and different nonwoven fabrics, that this invention is concerned. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to produce a nonwoven fabric, initially made from a carding machine, that has an MD/CD strength ratio that approaches unity. It is another object of this invention to produce an aesthetically different and pleasing nonwoven fabric that has this advantageous strength characteristic. Still another object of this invention is to provide apparatus and a method of making a carded nonwoven fabric that has an MD/CD ratio that approaches unity. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A carded nonwoven fabric is produced to have a cross direction/machine direction strength ratio that approaches unity. This advantageous web has alternate stripes of high fiber density and low fiber density that is made in such a manner as to have the high fiber density stripes run across the fabric. A carded web disposed on a relatively fine mesh screen has finger-like striping bars placed over the web with the axis of the bars disposed at approximately 90° to the carded web's fiber orientation. A hydroforming process, wherein water is sprayed over the assembly, rearranges the fibers in the web. The fibers in the low fiber density areas have their fibers straight and highly oriented in the machine direction so as to maximize the MD strength per unit of fabric weight in the light or low fiber density area. By drawing the fibers very straight in these low density stripes, more of the individual fiber's length is available for folding into fiber segments lying in the cross direction in the high fiber density stripes. These fiber segments that are hydraulically moved from the low fiber density areas to the high fiber density areas are accordian folded, resulting in a higher CD orientation of the fiber segments in the high density areas than was present in the original web. The resulting nonwoven fabric advantageously has, not only good aesthetic appeal but, a nearly equal cross direction strength and machine direction strength. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows a plan view of a portion of the biaxially oriented nonwoven fabric of this invention; FIG. 2 shows a plan view of a normal textile fiber in its relaxed state; FIG. 3 shows a plan view of the fiber shown in FIG. 2 after being rearranged by fluid forces as described in this invention; FIG. 4 shows a portion of a nonwoven fabric of this invention, wherein the fibers of the web are alternatingly drawn straight and accordian folded; FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of the apparatus of this invention that is used to produce the nonwoven fabric of this invention; FIG. 6 shows a side view of the drum and hydroforming portion of the apparatus shown in FIG. 4; FIG. 7 shows a photograph of one of the fabrics made in this invention; and FIG. 8 shows a sectional view of the nonwoven web of this invention between a tensioned screen and another screen having the striping bars as an integral part thereof. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS A nonwoven fabric 10 has alternating stripes of high fiber density areas 11 and low fiber density areas 12, as shown in FIG. 1. A majority of the fibers in the high fiber density stripes 11 are rather uniformly distributed therein and are oriented in a direction substantially parallel with the contours of the stripes, and a majority of the fibers in the low fiber density areas 12 that lies directly adjacent the high fiber density areas 11 are substantially uniformly distributed therein, and are oriented in a direction substantially normal to the axis of the stripe. Such a nonwoven material is described in my U.S. Pat. No. 3,969,561, issued on July 13, 1976, of common assignee. This fabric has particularly good hand and feel, as well as a very high aesthetic appeal to those skilled in the art. However, like other nonwoven products, this material has a rather high tensile strength ratio in favor of the machine direction strength. U.S. Pat. No. 2,862,251 described a method and apparatus for producing foraminous fabrics. This patent describes a method and apparatus for using fluid forces to rearrange a layer of fibrous material into a foraminous unitary nonwoven fabric structure comprising spaced interconnected packed fibrous portions of starting material and openings or apertures arranged in a predetermined pattern which are separated by the interconnected packed portions. A layer of starting material having individual fibrous elements which are capable of movement under the influence of an applied fluid force is positioned between rigid means having apertures thereon and a tensioned screen having foramina thereon that are smaller than the apertures. A stream of water, from a jet spray, or the like, is then caused to flow through the web thereby rearranging the individual fibrous elements into a patterned, apertured nonwoven web. It has now been discovered that an aesthetically pleasing, striped nonwoven fabric can be made from a carded web to have a machine direction to cross direction tensile strength ratio that approaches unity. A carded web or a cross stretched carded web is passed through an apparatus quite similar to that described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,862,251; however, instead of positioning the fibrous web between the apertured rigid means and the tensioned screen, the carded web is placed between a tensioned screen and a drum having spaced-apart striping bars disposed thereon. Thus, when streams of a fluid, such as water, are passed through the thusly positioned web, the fluid forces push the ends of the fibers located between the striping bars to the area under the bars, thereby causing the fibers in these newly formed low fiber density areas to be drawn very straight. Simultaneously, when this action takes place, the fiber segments that are hydraulically moved from the thin or low fiber density sections to the thicker or high fiber density sections are accordian folded when pushed together by forces on either side of a striping bar, thereby resulting in a higher cross direction of orientation of the fiber segments in the high fiber density areas than was present in the original carded web. Accordingly, a fabric is produced having the high-fiber density stripes running across the fabric to maximize the cross direction strength. FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 show, in an exaggerated manner, how the fluid forces act on an individual fiber. For example, FIG. 2 shows a normal individual fiber 20 as being a series of cursive twists and turns, and having substantially no "straight" areas therein. However, FIG. 3 simulates in an exagerrated manner what the same fiber might look like after being subjected to the fluid forces with the striping bars used in this invention, wherein the fiber segments between striping bars used herewith are drawn straight, such as at 21, while the portions of the fiber above the striping bars become pushed together in an accordian fold, as shown by 22. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 4, the fibers 21 in the low fiber density areas have their fibers straight and highly oriented in the machine direction of the carded web so as to maximize the MD strength per unit of fabric weight in the low fiber density areas, while the fiber segments 22 in the high fiber density areas are accordian folded resulting in a higher CD orientation--the MD/CD strength ratio thereby comes close to unity, or at least less than 2 to 1. The cross direction strength can be further enhanced when an overall saturation binder technique is then used on the web. For example, when binder is added to the still wet web, and suction is applied to remove excess binder, a majority of the binder in the low fiber density areas passes through the web. Consequently, more binder is present in the thick or high density areas than in the low fiber density areas, thereby producing a further enhancement of the CD strength. Of course, striping bars of varying widths can be used, and the number of striping bars per inch can be varied while still producing the novel nonwoven fabric of this invention. This is shown in the examples outlined herein. It should be noted that fibers or fiber segments forced to lie in a narrow band or stripe must become increasingly oriented along the axis of that stripe as the stripe width decreases. For example, in a hypothetical stripe of only a few fiber diameters width, any fiber segment of reasonable length would be forced into a cross-direction orientation of absolute precision with its axis only a few fiber diameters in variation from a straight line. While this example may be difficult to produce, it does demonstrate this geometric principle. As mentioned earlier herein, the actual production of this fabric can be made with apparatus described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,862,251. However, instead of the foraminous drum having apertures thereon, a drum has been made having striping bars thereacross. FIGS. 5 and 6 show a carded web 31 being sandwiched between a tensioned screen 32 and the striping bars 33 disposed on the drum 34. Fluid jets, such as water jets 35, are mounted on shaft 36 so that as the carded web 31 passes through this sandwich it is hit by the jets of water in a striking zone in a manner that rearranges the fibers in the web as described herein above. As the fluid force passes through the thusly positioned web, it pushes the fibers located between the striping bars to the area under the bars, thereby causing the fibers in these newly formed low fiber density areas to be drawn very straight, being pulled in opposite directions toward the adjacent high fiber density areas under the bars. At the same time, when this action takes place, the fiber segments that are hydraulically moved from the low fiber density areas to the high fiber density areas become somewhat accordian folded, thereby resulting in a higher cross direction orientation of the fiber segments in the high fiber density areas than was present in the original carded web. The drum 34, cradled as by freely moving rollers 38, can then carry the thusly treated web past suction box 37, which further aids in rearranging the fibers in the web as well as removing the excess water therefrom. A suction box 39 can also be positioned directly behind the drum at the point where the water is being passed through the striping bars, web and screen. Of course, it is not necessary to use water as the fluid force; other fluids such as gas or air or the like can be used with similar although possibly somewhat less desirable results. For example, if the web contains a proportion of the thermoplastic fibers therein, then it might be desirable to use live steam as the fluid to rearrange the fibers, thereby producing a thermoplastic bonded fabric at the same time as the rearrangement of the web takes place. The fluid force exerted by the water jets or nozzles should preferably produce a water flow rate of approximately 10 cc/sec per inch of width per bank of nozzles, using 6 banks of nozzles. The nozzles can be conventional solid cone nozzles in overlapping relation, such as used and described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,862,251. Also, the water pressures and delivery capabilities can be as described in the above-mentioned patent. However, when this system is used with the striping bar apparatus described above, a pulling action is exerted on the fibers in the low density areas between the bars, while the above-described accordian folding action takes place simultaneously under the bars. This is opposed to the results achieved and described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,862,251, wherein uniformly apertured fabrics are formed having spaced interconnected packed fibrous portions of starting material and apertures arranged in a predetermined pattern which are separated by interconnected packed portions in yarn-like bundles. The difference in fiber structure achieved above unexpectantly results in a much stronger fabric in all directions--i.e., a nonwoven fabric possessing a tensile strength ratio that approaches unity. FIG. 7 shows a photograph of the striped fabric of this invention. As can be observed in this photograph, the low fiber density areas have a majority of its fibers drawn relatively straight between the high fiber density stripes. While in the high fiber density stripes, the "accordian folds" are not as pronounced as in FIG. 3, it is urged that this is the mechanism taking place in those stripes that gives the particular fiber orientation described. Furthermore, although "apertures" are present in the web, they appear in a random fashion thereon and are not surrounded by yarn-like bundles of fibers. The following are illustrative examples of fabrics produced with this invention: EXAMPLE I A carded web weighing 12.28 gms/sq. yrd. was made in the conventional manner using 3 denier 1 9/16" type 40 FMC rayon fibers. The MD/CD tensile strength ratio of such webs is over 10 to 1. The carded web is then put through the apparatus described above wherein the striping bar mechanism is made of 1/8" wide metal striping bars that are positioned on the drum on 1/4" centers. The web is hit with water droplets having a flow rate of approximately 10 cc/sec per inch of width per bank of solid cone type spray nozzles using six banks of nozzles. The web continues on the drum, is suctioned to remove excess water, and is then overall saturated with HA 8 binder (tradename for an acrylic binder composition sold by Rohm & Haas). The resulting striped nonwoven fabric would have a machine direction tensile strength of 1.95 pounds per inch of width and a cross direction tensile strength of 1.15 pounds per inch of width--an MD/CD ratio of about 1.7 to 1. This is an improvement in the strength ratio over the carded web of 5.84 times. EXAMPLE II A carded web weighing 20 grams/sq. yd. was prepared in the same manner and of the same fiber material as that previously described in the above example. Again, the MD/CD ratio of this material being in excess of 10 to 1. This web was treated in the same manner as in Example I and under the same conditions, also using the HA 8 binder. The resulting striped fabric would have a machine direction tensile strength of 2.4 pounds per inch of width and a cross direction tensile strength of 2.1 pounds per inch of width--an MD/CD ratio of about 1.14 to 1. This is an improvement in the strength ratio over the carded web of more than eight times. Although all the figures and discussions for making the nonwoven fabric of this invention utilize a drum having fairly rigid striping bars thereon, FIG. 8 shows another embodiment of the apparatus used to make this fabric. A tensioned screen 54 serves as a backing for web 53. The web is sandwiched between screen 54 and another screen 51 having striping bars 52 as an integral part thereof. These striping bars 52 can either be imprinted on the screen or woven into the screen. If the water spray enters from direction A, then you will still have the same action as described above herein with the drum. However, if the water spray enters from direction B, then the fibers will be washed away from the impervious striped areas 52 and into the open areas between the stripes--this is the reverse of our previous discussion and examples. In addition to the obvious advantage of increased strength ratios in the fabric of this invention, it should also be pointed out that due to the structure of the fabric (i.e., alternating stripes of high and low fiber density) the low fiber density stripes act as "hinges" of a sort thereby greatly enhancing the feel and drape of the fabric. While it is described in the two examples that the web is made of rayon fibers, it should be pointed out that any other fibers used by those skilled in the art of nonwoven fabrics could also be utilized in this invention. For example, as described herein earlier, thermoplastic fibers could be used in forming the web and could later be subjected to live steam to bind the web and rearrange the fibers simultaneously. Further, a carded web could be made from continuous filaments of reshuffled spread tow web and could also be utilized in this process with similar results. The water pressures and flow rates mentioned herein are preferred, however, it is possible to use pressures in the range of 20 PSIG to 10,000 PSIG. For example, high pressure water streams can be used, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,485,706 to produce these striped fabrics. These pressures range up to 5,000 pounds per square inch gage. The striped fabric produced thereby will not require any further bonding agents, while still having an MD/CD that approaches unity. In the description of this invention, it has been stated that a carded web is used as a starting material, however, if a CD strength that is higher than the MD strength is the desired end product, then a random web can be used initially and will result in a nonwoven that has an MD/CD ratio of less than one. It should also be noted at this time that a cross-stretched carded web could be used with similar and perhaps more advantageous results. It is obvious that many modifications and embodiments can be made in the above-described invention without changing the spirit and scope of the invention; for example, as noted above, a screen with impervious striping bars woven into or imprinted on the screen could be used instead of striping bars over the web. However, it is intended that this invention not be limited by anything other than the appended claims.	A nonwoven fabric having alternating stripes of high fiber density and low fiber density is made in such a manner that the high fiber density stripes run across the fabric and maximize the cross direction strength to a point that the cross direction/machine direction strength ratio approaches unity. This advantageous and desirable characteristic can be achieved by hydroforming card web; first disposing the carded web on a relatively fine mesh screen and placing a finger-like striping bars over the web with the axis of the bars at 90° to the card web's general fiber orientation. Water was then sprayed over the assembly with sufficient force to rearrange the fibers in the web thereby producing the nonwoven fabric of this invention.	3
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/859,255 filed Sep. 19, 2015 and since issued as U.S. Pat. No. ______, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/185,975 filed Feb. 21, 2014 and since issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,167,397, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/411,427 filed Mar. 26, 2009 and since issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,676,176, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/012,746 filed Dec. 7, 2001 and since issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,561,872, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/277,517 filed Mar. 19, 2001, with all applications incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. TECHNICAL FIELD [0002] The inventions generally relate to a user's control over telecommunications services provided by a service provider. More specifically, the inventions relate to systems and methods that allow a user to gain access to, view, and make changes or modifications to profile information related to the telecommunications services. BACKGROUND [0003] A wide variety of communications services are available including, for example, call waiting, call forwarding, call blocking, do not disturb services, customized messaging services, communications circles, etc. Generally, the services are implemented for a particular customer based on profile information relating to the customer's preferences. For example, a customer may have call forwarding service implemented so all calls to his or her home telephone number during business hours are forwarded to a network voice mail service. As another example, a customer may have call blocking service implemented so calls received from a specific number during evening hours are blocked. [0004] A customer's preferences with respect to communications service may change from time to time. Referring to the examples above, the customer may decide to have calls that were previously forwarded to the network voice mail service forwarded instead to an office telephone. With respect to the call blocking service, the customer may decide to extend the call blocking service to block calls from another specific number. To accommodate the change in preferences, the customer's profile information relating to the communications service may need to be changed. [0005] Generally, the service provider providing the service makes the change in the customer's profile information relating to the service. The service provider typically makes the change because the service provider delivers the service, and thus, controls the delivery of the service. [0006] To make a change in a communications service, a customer notifies the service provider. The customer may notify the service provider in a number of different ways, which include calling a customer service number, or using the Internet to reach the service provider's web site and communicating the desired changes. Some service providers allow a customer to call a feature access code (FAC) and provide change instructions. [0007] The necessity of having the customer contact the service provider and provide the change instructions significantly slows the desired change in the communications services. The additional necessity of having the service provider implement the change instructions further slows the desired change. Some customers may plan ahead or be patient so a delay of a desired change to communications services may not be important. Most customers, however, desire their changes to communications services to take effect as close to immediately as possible. [0008] Therefore, there is a need for faster ways of implementing a customer's desired changes to his or her communications services. There is also a need for more convenient ways of implementing a customer's desired changes. In addition, there is a need for faster and more convenient ways of implementing a customer's desired changes to his or her communications services without sacrificing qualities such as accuracy and thoroughness in the implementation of the changes. SUMMARY [0009] The inventions generally relate to a user's control over telecommunications services provided to the user by a service provider. By these inventions, a user is allowed to gain access to, view, and make changes or modifications to profile information related to the telecommunications services provided to the user. Advantageously, the inventions allow a user to use almost any type of communications device to make changes in communications services provided to him or her. The changes may be made by the user quickly and efficiently, but qualities such as accuracy and thoroughness in the implementation of the changes are not sacrificed. Further, the changes to the communications services are implemented without involvement by the service provider in the change process. [0010] More particularly, the inventions allow a user to access profile information related to communications services, view the profile information, and make changes or modifications to the profile information so as to add, delete, turn-on, turn-off, or otherwise modify the communications services. Any changes or modifications made by the user are effective almost immediately, and without involvement of the service provider in the change process. [0011] The inventions include an exemplary method for direct access to change a telecommunications service in a telecommunications system. Per this method, profile information about the telecommunications service is stored on a server in a data network. A change action relating to the profile information may be received at the server. The change action may be received from a data device (such as a wireless unit) operating on the data network. The change action is implemented on the profile information to result in changed profile information being stored on the server. The changed profile information is provided from the server via the data network to the telecommunications system for use in providing the telecommunications service. In an embodiment, the changed profile information is provided to the telecommunications service in response to a request from the telecommunications system received at the server. [0012] The inventions also include an exemplary system for directly changing the implementation of a telecommunications service without intervention by the service provider. The telecommunications service may be provided to a customer, and the customer may make changes directly by using a wireless unit. For example, the customer may use a personal digital assistant (PDA), an interactive pager (i-pager or IP), an interactive television (TV), or a wireless application protocol (WAP) phone. The wireless unit may be used to send an instruction relating to a change in the implementation of the telecommunications service to a service platform in a data network. [0013] The service platform in the data network communicates with the telecommunications system. The service platform stores profile information relating to the implementation of the telecommunications service provided by the service provider. In an embodiment, the service platform stores the profile information as-a-whole. An embodiment also provides for the unique storage of the profile information by the service platform. In other words, in this exemplary embodiment, the telecommunications system does not store the profile information, and must request the service platform for the profile information. For example, the request may be made when the telecommunications system is providing a telecommunications service to the customer. [0014] As noted, a customer may use a wireless unit to send an instruction to change the profile information relating to the telecommunications services to be provided to the customer. The service platform may receive the instruction from the wireless unit, change the profile information based on the instruction, and send the profile information to the telecommunications system. The profile information is received by the telecommunications system and the profile information is used to change the implementation of the telecommunications service. [0015] In addition, the inventions include a method for use of a customer's telecommunications profile with another service so as to change the telecommunications service to the customer in light of the other service. This method stores the customer's profile relating to telecommunications services, and also stores an entry of information related to the customer with respect to the other service provided to the customer. The entry of information may be reviewed for relevance to the telecommunications services of the customer. Relevance may be established if the entry of information allows for changes in the provision of the telecommunications services to the customer. For example, the information may include a reference to a future activity of the customer. The future activity of the customer may necessitate a change in the telecommunications services provided to the user such as a change in a call forwarding number, etc. If the entry of information is relevant to the telecommunications services of the customer, then the customer's profile relating to the telecommunications services is changed to reflect the entry of information. [0016] Further, the inventions may include a method for updating a customer's profile with respect to a telecommunications service provided to the customer by a telecommunications system. The method may store the customer's profile on a server in a data network. The server also may store an application for providing a service to the customer other than the telecommunications service. Application information may be received at the server in the data network. The application information may be used with the application in providing the service other than the telecommunications service to the customer. The server may determine the application information relates to the customer's profile with respect to the telecommunications service provided to the customer. If that determination is made, then the customer's profile may be updated with the application information. In an embodiment, the customer's profile updated with the application information may be provided from the server via the data network to the telecommunications system for use by the telecommunications system in providing the telecommunications service to the customer. [0017] For example, the application providing the service other than the telecommunications service to the customer may be an itinerary application. The application information may include itinerary information. In this example, the customer's profile may be updated with the itinerary information. The updating of the customer's profile with the itinerary information may result in the telecommunications services being provided pursuant to the customer's profile as updated by the itinerary information. [0018] The inventions, in addition, may include, a method to manage a user's telecommunications services in light of a calendar of the user. The profile information about the user's telecommunications services may be stored on a server in a data network. A calendar including entries of activities of the user also may be stored on the server. An entry in the calendar may be received with the entry indicating a future activity of the user. In response to receipt of the entry in the calendar of the future activity, the profile information about the user's telecommunications services may be changed to reflect or correspond to the future activity. [0019] For example, the future activity may include an activity associated with a telephone number other than the directory number of the user. In this example, the profile information may be changed to include the telephone number associated with the activity so the telecommunications services provided during the activity to the user correspond to the telephone number associated with the activity. [0020] To illustrate, the profile information may be changed to forward communications for the user received during the future activity to a number associated with the future activity. As an example, the profile information may be changed to block communications received during the future activity. The profile information also may be changed to include activation of a do not disturb feature during the future activity with respect to the directory number of the user. Further, the profile information may be changed to include a message to be provided to calls to the directory number of the user if the calls are received during the future activity. In an embodiment, in response to a request from the provider, the profile information (as changed to reflect the future activity) is provided to the provider of the user's telecommunications services. [0021] The inventions also include a method for facilitating the narrowing of the number of possible locations of a person when the person is being sought. The facilitation includes storing profile information about telecommunications services provided to the person. The profile information may be stored on a server in a data network, and the profile information may include data about real-time use of a wireless communications unit by the person. [0022] Access to the profile information may be allowed (or allowed only to an authorized searcher as included in the profile information) to determine whether the data about the real-time use of the wireless communications unit indicates the wireless communications unit is activated. If the data indicates the wireless communications unit is activated, a communication may be held with the wireless communications unit to determine the person's location. [0023] In sum, the inventions described herein store profile information about a customer's communications services in such a manner that the customer may use almost any type of communications device to access the profile information, and to make changes or modifications as desired. Advantageously, the customer may use the most convenient communications device to him or her to effect changes in his or her communications services at almost any time and from almost any place so as to make the communications services best serve the needs of the customer as he or she determines. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0024] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary wireless unit that may be used with the exemplary embodiments of the inventions. [0025] FIG. 2 illustrates the exemplary wireless unit of FIG. 1 with additional details in the implementation of an exemplary embodiment. [0026] FIG. 3 illustrates another exemplary wireless unit that may be used with the exemplary embodiments of the inventions. [0027] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary computer display screen that may be used with the exemplary embodiments. [0028] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary operating environment or architecture that may be used for implementing the exemplary embodiments. [0029] FIG. 6 illustrates exemplary data that may be included in a customer profile in exemplary embodiments. [0030] FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary TCP/IP message set that may be used in exemplary embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0031] Generally stated, the inventions described herein allow a customer to use almost any type of communications device to make changes in communications services provided to him or her. Advantageously, the customer may make the changes himself or herself, and the changes to the communications services are implemented without involvement by the service provider in the change process. [0032] More particularly, the inventions allow a customer to access profile information related to communications services, view the profile information, and make changes or modifications to the profile information so as to add, delete, turn-on, turn-off, or otherwise modify the communications services. Any changes or modifications made by the customer are effective almost immediately. [0033] Moreover, the customer may gain access to, view, and make changes or modifications to the profile information using almost any kind of device. Advantageously, a customer may use a wireless device such as a personal digital assistant (PDA), an interactive pager (IP), an interactive television (TV), a wireless telephone, or any other device having data transmission features that allow operation through the use of the wireless application protocol (WAP). A telephone or other device that may operate with the WAP is typically referred to as a WAP phone. The customer also may gain access to and make changes or modifications to profile information using a wireline device such as a telephone, a personal computer (PC), or any other similar device. The term “customer” is used herein to refer to a user (including a person or an entity) who may make use of the inventions. [0034] For example, assume a customer subscribes to a call forwarding service on a business telephone number. Also assume the customer is going home to work and would like calls to the business telephone number to be forwarded to the home telephone number. Using the systems and methods of the inventions, the customer may change the “forwarded-to” number using almost any type of communications device, and the change may take effect almost immediately. Alternatively, the customer may specify the changes take effect at a later time/date. [0035] FIG. 1 provides an example of how a customer may make the above call forwarding change through use of a PDA, such as the illustrated Palm VII Handheld from Palm, Inc., Santa Clara, Calif. Of course, the inventions described herein may be used with other PDAs including, but not limited to: the Cassiopeia EM-500 or E-125 from Casio, Dover, N.J.; the Sony Clie from Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan; the Da Vinci or the Vista from Royal, Bridgewater, N.J.; the ECHO or the PDA-256 Pen Based Organizer from Oregon Scientific, Tualatin, Oreg.; the Palm m100, m105, VIIx, Vx, Mc, or IIIxe from Palm, Inc., Santa Clara, Calif.; the iPAQ Pocket PC H3600 series or the H3100 series, or the Aero 1500 from Compaq Computer Corporation, Houston, Tex.; the jornada 720 or 680/690, or the hp 600, 300, or 200 series from Hewlett-Packard Company, Palo Alto, Calif.; the Visor, the Visor Deluxe, Platinum, or Prism from Handspring, Inc., Mountain View, Calif.; the Nino 500 or 200 from Philips CFT North America, Sunnyvale, Calif.; the Revo or Revo Plus from Psion Inc., Concord, Mass., the Mobile Companion MC 218 from Ericsson, Stockholm, Sweden, or any other suitable device. [0036] Referring to FIG. 1 , the PDA 10 includes a graphic user interface (GUI) representing an applications manager. On the monitor 12 of the PDA 10 , the GUI displays icons 14 of applications, features, and services available for use with the PDA 10 . This display of icons 14 also may be referred to herein as the desktop of the PDA 10 . Particularly, the desktop of the PDA 10 includes an icon 16 for BellSouth Corporation (BellSouth), Atlanta, Ga. BellSouth is the communications service provider to this exemplary customer, and, in particular, the service provider of the call forwarding service to the customer's business telephone number. When the customer activates the icon 16 , the display on the monitor 12 changes to the BellSouth interface, as shown on PDA 18 . [0037] The first display on the monitor 12 of the BellSouth interface allows the customer access to the Universal Call Control (UCC) system via a log-in prompt. The UCC system is an exemplary system that may be used to implement the systems and methods of the inventions described herein. The nomenclature of “Universal Call Control” for this exemplary system is particularly apt because the system allows a customer to control the services provided to the customer's telecommunications services, and allows the customer to have such control from almost any type of communications device. Another name for such an exemplary system may be “Multi-Mode Access” system because the customer may use one or more of multiple devices to readily access profile information so the customer's communications services may be changed as desired by the customer. [0038] In logging-in to the UCC system, the customer may be required to provide information such as a password or other identifier for authentication and/or verification as an authorized user of the UCC system. After the customer logs-in and is deemed authorized and/or verified, if necessary, the display on the monitor 12 changes, as illustrated on PDA 20 , to show a list of the communications services to which the customer may gain access to profile information. By gaining access to the profile information, the customer may view the information, and may add, delete, turn-on, turn-off, change, or otherwise modify one or more services. The list of communications services may include services to which the customer subscribes or which otherwise may be available to the customer. The exemplary list of communications services displayed on PDA 20 includes a reference to call forwarding service. [0039] FIG. 2 illustrates a PDA 30 , like PDA 20 in FIG. 1 , with the list of the communications services on display on the PDA's monitor 12 . The display on PDA 30 also includes a reference to the customer's business telephone number of “4043322180”. To access profile information related to the customer's call forwarding service on that telephone number, the customer activates or clicks-on the call forwarding reference. When the subscriber activates the call forwarding reference, additional displays are presented. With the additional displays, the subscriber may change the “forward-to” number from the business telephone number to the home telephone number (or any other telephone number desired by the customer). [0040] For example, PDA 32 displays profile information related to the customer's call forwarding service. This profile information is obtained by the PDA 32 (as explained in greater detail below) through the Internet and/or the public switched telephone network (PSTN) from a service platform (server or other element) and associated with or including a database or other storage of customer profiles 34 . [0041] Referring again to the display of profile information related to the customer's call forwarding service on PDA 32 , the customer may activate call forwarding service by clicking the “ON” reference. Should the customer change his or her mind, the customer may deactivate the service by clicking the “OFF” reference. On the display of PDA 32 , the call forwarding service is indicated as “ON” (rather than “OFF”), and three directory numbers are displayed as options for the “forward-to” number. In this example, these three directory numbers include: Home; Mobile; and Uni-Mailbox (Universal Mailbox). Typically, a customer supplies directory numbers in the profile information so these numbers may be displayed as part of the profile information as options for the “forward-to” number for call forwarding service. [0042] As illustrated on PDA 32 , the Home directory number is highlighted, and such highlighting indicates the “forwarded-to” number for the customer's call forwarding service for telephone number “4043322180” is the home telephone number “7704432333”. Of course, the customer may choose to designate a number other than the home telephone number or the numbers presented as options on the display as the “forward-to” number. To do so, the customer simply inputs the telephone number and such input may result in a display of the telephone number as the “forward-to” number on the monitor 12 of the PDA 32 . Once the customer has made his or her choices with respect to call forwarding service, the customer may implement the choices by activating the “submit” reference on the display of the PDA 32 . The activation of the “submit” reference causes the PDA 32 again to communicate (as explained in greater detail below) over the Internet and/or the PSTN with service platform (or other element) including the customer profiles 34 . The communication with the service platform results in an update of the profile information related to the customer such that call forwarding service is turned-on and the home telephone number is included as the “forward-to” number. [0043] As noted above, once the customer has made the desired change in the “forward-to” number, the change information is conveyed from the PDA through the Internet and/or PSTN to the service platform, web server, or other element hosting the profile information, and changes are made in the profile information. In some embodiments, the change information also may be forwarded to elements of the PSTN so information relating to the customer stored in the PSTN may be updated. When a call is received for the customer's business telephone number, the PSTN may use its profile information, or may take action by communicating over the Internet with the web server to obtain the profile information related to the customer. The profile information is then used in the PSTN to forward the call from the business telephone number to the customer's home telephone number as the “forward-to” number. [0044] FIG. 3 provides preliminary examples of how a customer may use a WAP phone to turn-on a call forwarding service. The inventions described herein may be used with WAP phones or WAP devices such as the following: the Series 5mx16 MB or the Series 7 16 MB from Psion Inc., Concord, Mass.; the Mobile Phone R320 or R380 from Ericsson, Stockholm, Sweden; the Nokia Activ Office, ID, Security, or Alert from Nokia Mobile Internet Applications, Finland; the TalkAbout T2288, V.2288; or the Timeport P7389, P7389e, or P1088 from Motorola, Shaumburg, Ill.; or the S40 from Siemens, Munchen, Germany. [0045] Referring to FIG. 3 , assume a customer desires to have calls to the WAP phone forwarded to his or her home telephone number. The WAP phone 56 includes a display of the BellSouth GUI for the UCC system in its monitor 57 . The WAP phone 58 includes another portion of the GUI for the UCC system on it monitor 57 , displaying a list of the communications services with respect to which the customer may have access to profile information so as to view, or to add, delete, turn-on, turn-off, change, or otherwise modify a service. [0046] In this example, assume a customer subscribes to call forwarding service, but the service is inactive. As illustrated on the display of WAP phone 58 , there is a reference to call forwarding service in the list of services on the display. The call forwarding service includes a notation the call forwarding service is off (Call Fwd (off)). To turn-on the call forwarding service, the customer activates the Call Fwd reference. The customer has accomplished an initial step in turning-on the call forwarding service, but additional information relating to the “forward-to” number of the customer is required. In another display illustrated on WAP phone 60 , the customer is presented with a list of options for a “forward-to” or forwarding number including: Home; Mobile; and Unified Mailbox. Some embodiments of the UCC system may allow the customer to pre-designate one or more telephone numbers that may be included in a list of options for a “forward-to” number whenever the customer desires to turn-on call forwarding service. Alternatively, the customer may enter a number other than presented in the list of options. As PDA 60 shows, the Home option is activated so calls to the WAP phone are forwarded to the home telephone number. [0047] FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 illustrate exemplary wireless devices (a PDA and a WAP phone) that may be used by a customer to access the UCC system so the customer may view, and add, delete, turn-on, turn-off, change, or otherwise modify communication services provided to the customer. In addition, the customer may access the UCC system through wireline devices such as a telephone, a computer, or any other suitable device. [0048] FIG. 4 provides a preliminary example of how a customer may use a computer to view, and add, delete, turn-on, turn-off, change, or otherwise modify three exemplary services: call forwarding; do not disturb services; and customized messaging services. Initially, the customer accesses the appropriate web site for the UCC system. In the example, BellSouth is the service provider of the UCC system and provides a web site with an illustrated page 61 that allows a customer (whose telephone number is “770-555-1234” in this example) to access the UCC system by activating the Universal Call Control (UCC) reference 62 on the page 61 . [0049] As a result of the activation of the UCC reference 62 , a window or other display 63 of information relating to the UCC system for telephone number “770-555-1234” is displayed. As with the PDA and WAP phone examples discussed above, the UCC display 63 on the computer displays profile information relating to the customer, and particularly, relating to the customer's call forwarding service. In addition, the UCC display 63 on the computer displays profile information related to two other services subscribed to and/or available to the customer: Do Not Disturb, and Customized Message. Advantageously, the UCC display 63 allows the customer to view, and add, delete, turn-on, turn-off, change, or otherwise modify any or all of the three services displayed to the customer. The profile information in the UCC display 63 is obtained by the computer through the Internet and/or PSTN from a web server hosting profile information, and in particular, customer profiles related to the UCC system. Typically, the protocol used by the computer in communicating with the web server is the hypertext markup language (HTML). [0050] As noted above, a telephone is another wireline device that may be used by a customer to access, and add, delete, turn-on, turn-off, change, or otherwise modify communications services. Advantageously, the exemplary UCC system allows a customer to call the UCC system from any telephone. In response to the call, the UCC system “talks” to the customer and provides information related to the customer's communication services. For example, the UCC system may read the customer the present information contained in the profile information related to the customer's call forwarding service. The UCC system may then offer the customer options in adding, deleting, or otherwise changing or modifying the profile information. The customer may respond to the options orally by simply talking into the telephone and/or by inputting data through use of the telephone keypads and dual tone multi-frequency (DTMF) tones understood by the UCC system. [0051] As explained below, the communication between the telephone being used by the customer and the UCC system is carried on through the Internet and/or PSTN. In particular, a VoiceXML (also referred to as VOXml) gateway may be included in the PSTN and/or the Internet to enable the communication. “VoiceXML” is an acronym for voice extensible markup language, and is a web development language based on XML (extensible markup language). The VoiceXML gateway enables access to and modification of web-based information through a normal voice interface. In addition, the VoiceXML gateway provides for automatic speech recognition and/or text-to-speech communication so there may be understandable communication between the customer on the telephone and the UCC system. [0052] In sum, the inventions described herein store profile information about a customer's communications services in such a manner that the customer may use almost any type of communications device to access the profile information, and to make changes or modifications as desired. Advantageously, the customer may use the most convenient communications device to him or her to effect changes in his or her communications services at almost any time and from almost any place so as to make the communications services best serve the needs of the customer as he or she determines. System Architecture [0053] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary environment or architecture that may be used for implementing the inventions described herein and/or the UCC system including the inventions described herein. Assume a customer (also referred to as a user or a subscriber) is provided with communications service relating to the telephone number associated with the customer's telephone 64 . Also assume other communications services may be available to the customer for use on his or her telephone 64 . The specific information related to the provision and/or availability of communications services for the customer is referred to herein as the profile information related to that customer. Specific details regarding the contents of the profile information are provided below in the section entitled “System Set Up”. Suffice it to say here, that access to and the viewing of a customer's profile information reveals generally detailed information related to the communications services to which the customer subscribes, whether the services are ON or OFF; how, when, where, and with respect to whom the services are provided; whether the customer is available for communications, and if so, how the customer is available; and similar information such as the availability of other services to the subscriber, etc. [0054] In other words, access to and the viewing of profile information provides the viewer with a profile about the implementation details related to most, if not all, of the communications services provided and/or available to the customer. Conveniently, the inventions described herein may store the profile information (as is described in detail below in the section entitled “System Set Up”) “as-a-whole” so that any part or all of the profile information may be readily accessed, viewed, changed, or otherwise modified. In some embodiments, storing the profile information “as-a-whole” may mean storing all or most of the customer's profile information in a centralized fashion such as in the same place or element. In other embodiments, storing the profile information “as-a-whole” may mean storing the customer's profile information in such a way that parts of the profile information are linked to or otherwise are in correspondence with the other parts of the profile information such that all or part of the customer's profile information may be obtained, viewed, changed, or modified. [0055] Preferably, the customer's profile information when stored “as-a-whole” is not duplicated. In other words, the customer's profile information is typically not stored “as-a-whole” in an element(s) of the PSTN and “as-a-whole” in an element(s) of a globally-accessible computing network, such as the Internet. The storage of the profile information “as-a-whole” in the exemplary embodiments has advantages with respect to other systems that may not store such information “as-a-whole.” Profile information stored “as-a-whole” may be accessed readily from the storage location(s). [0056] In contrast, some other methods and systems of call control available to service providers and/or customers may store the information about a customer's communications services in a “piecemeal” fashion—some information may be spread among one or more elements of the PSTN directly involved with providing services; some information may be located on servers in an intranet; still other information may be located in service platforms or elsewhere in elements of a data network such as the Internet, etc. Profile information stored in “piecemeal” fashion is not as readily accessed, viewed, and/or changed/modified as is profile information stored “as-a-whole.” [0057] Often, other methods and systems of call control duplicate the customer's profile information whether on a “piecemeal” basis or completely duplicate, replicate, etc. the profile information of a customer. Such duplication, replication, etc. and piecemeal storage leads to problems related to keeping all of the information in synchronization or at least accurate and current. [0058] For example, a customer may be provided with access to his or her profile information in such other systems, but such access may be access to only a single element that fails to include all of the profile information. To access other information, the customer may have to otherwise communicate or go through multiple steps and processes in accessing the information. Even if the customer succeeds in modifying his or her profile information as desired, such modifications may not be made in all of the elements necessary to effectively modify the communications services provided to the customer. [0059] Advantageously, the inventions described herein allow a customer to use almost any type of communications device to access all of his or her profile information, to view the information, and to make changes or modifications as desired. In particular, the customer may access the profile information so as to make changes such as to add, delete, turn-on, turn-off, or otherwise modify services that are available and/or provided. For ease of reference, all of these actions (accessing, viewing, adding, deleting, turning-on, turning-off, changing, otherwise modifying, and like actions) are referred to herein as “change actions”. [0060] As noted, profile information is stored in such a manner such that almost any type of convenient communications device may be used to access the profile information and make change actions. For example, a customer may use a wireless device such as a WAP phone 66 , a cell phone or mobile phone 68 , an interactive pager 70 , a PDA 72 , an interactive television (TV) 74 , or any other suitable device. In addition, the change actions may be implemented by a customer through use of a wireline device such as a telephone 64 , or a personal computer (PC) 75 . [0061] Generally, the communications services that may be affected by change actions by the customer are services provided through the Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN) of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) 76 . Alternatively, the communications services that may be affected by the change actions described herein may be provided by one or more entities and other than through the AIN or PSTN. For example, a service provider may use one or more communications servers 98 connected through the Internet 78 (or other data network such as a secure intranet 84 ) to provide all or part of the services and/or service logic associated with the UCC system and/or one or more of the communications services provided to the customer. [0062] Advantageously, the change actions described herein may be used with a wide range of communications services given the present invention's storage of information related to the customer as profile information in an “as-a-whole” format rather than having the information distributed “piecemeal” and/or duplicated, replicated, etc. across multiple elements of the PSTN 76 , the Internet 78 , and/or other networks. As another example, the communications services against which the change actions may be implemented may include services provided from a network having a packet-based architecture or infrastructure because the elements of such networks (such as a “soft switch”) may directly access the web server 106 (or other platform) storing the profile information through the Internet 78 or other data network. [0063] As noted, the change actions described herein may be used with a wide range of communications services including advanced services such as may be provided through the AIN/PSTN 76 . The present inventions are described herein with reference to a few of the advanced services with which the inventions may be used, to-wit: call forwarding service; do not disturb (DND) service; and customized message data service. Nonetheless, advanced services are not limited to these three services, and the advanced services also may include calendaring services, communications circle services, time of day/day of week (TOD/DOW) services, caller or number identification services, call diversion services, priority caller services, call waiting services, personal number services, remote event notification services such as CallerID Anywhere service, and the like. [0064] Further, the services may include or relate to accessing, viewing, modifying, deleting, adding, transmitting, and otherwise modifying features and applications on communications devices. For example, a customer may use the inventions described herein to access and to view, add, delete, change, transmit, copy, or otherwise modify an application or service like a remote file management program on his or her PC, a PDA or interactive pager, and such as PowerPoint files or the like type of files or data that may be used by a customer on his or her wireline and wireless devices. [0065] For additional details on the Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN) of the PSTN, the reader is referred to the commonly assigned patent to Weisser, Jr., U.S. Pat. No. 5,430,719, which is incorporated herein by reference. [0066] The wireless devices that may be used by the customer to modify the advanced services typically operate in connection with a global data/information network such as the Internet 78 . To make the modifications from a wireless device operating on the Internet 78 to the advanced services provided to the customer's telephone 64 operating as part of the PSTN 76 , there is a connection between the Internet 78 and PSTN 76 that may be implemented through an intelligent network/internet protocol (IN/IP) gateway 82 and/or a secure intranet 84 . [0067] FIG. 5 further illustrates some principal elements that may implement the connections among the wireless devices, other communication devices, the PSTN 76 , and the Internet 78 as they relate to the inventions described herein. For example, the WAP phone 66 operates using the WAP through a WAP gateway 86 using TCP/IP with the Internet 78 and the PSTN 76 . The wireless unit 68 operates in a wireless communications system, and particularly, communicates with a mobile switching center (MSC) 88 that may operate in a wireless intelligent network (IN) 90 and include an intelligent network/internet protocol (IN/IP) gateway 92 to the Internet 78 and the PSTN 76 . The PDA 72 may communicate through a service provider 90 and/or an Internet service provider (ISP) 96 to the Internet 78 and the PSTN 76 . The interactive TV 74 may communicate through the PSTN 76 or otherwise to the Internet 78 and the PSTN 76 . [0068] In addition, some communications servers 98 such as third party service providers may be connected through a Secure Intranet 84 or otherwise to the Internet 78 and the PSTN 76 . As noted above, a third party service provider may be used to implement some or all of the UCC system for the service provider of the communications services. Alternatively, the communications server 98 may be used to implement some or all of the communications services provided to customers of the service provider providing communication service and/or the UCC system. [0069] In addition, FIG. 5 illustrates that profile information about the customers of advanced services provided by a service provider may be stored in customer profiles 34 such as may be implemented in a database, table, log, server, service platform, or other suitable storage device. Typically, the profile information about a customer's services may be kept in a customer profile 34 . A customer profile 34 may include, but is not limited to, the following information: a list of all communications services available and/or provided to the customer; for each service available to the customer, a list of the features of the service that may be affected by change actions by the customer; for each applicable service, an indication of whether the service is active (ON) or inactive (OFF); “presence” status such as any information related to how a subscriber can be reached such as an IP address, instant messaging address, e-mail address, pager address, other telephone numbers, passwords, identifiers, and the like; other information related to the customer such as files, scheduled events, calendars, log of activities, and/or communications, permissions for shareable information or public information, designation of private information, etc. [0075] Generally, the customer's profile may be accessed by the service provider for the provision of the advanced services to the customer's designated telephone number(s). In addition, the customer's profile may be accessed by the customer to implement change actions. Further, as explained below in connection with Communications Circle (CC) services, some or all of the customer's profile may be accessed by persons or entities of the customer's communications circle. For the customer and for the persons or entities of the customer's communications circle, access to the customer's profile may be made through use of a wireless device such as a PDA or a WAP phone, or through a wireline device such as a telephone or a computer. [0076] FIG. 5 illustrates the customer profiles 34 as connected through application servers 106 and a firewall 105 to a Secure Intranet 84 and to the Internet 78 , and through the Internet 78 or the Secure Intranet 84 to the PSTN 76 . The customer profiles 34 , however, may be connected in other ways so as to be accessible as necessary through the PSTN 76 and/or the Internet 78 . Further, the logic or programming necessary for implementation of the inventions described herein (such as the exemplary UCC system implementing some of the inventions) may be contained in application server(s) 106 such as may be included on a web server or service platform. As illustrated, the application servers 106 are shown as connected to customer profiles 34 , and such connection as being located on the same server or platform may be preferable for ease of execution of the methods and systems described herein. Nevertheless, the application servers 106 and the customer profiles 34 need not be located on the same element such as a server or platform, but may be located in distinct elements that are functionally connected whether they are elements of the Internet 78 , another data network, or the PSTN 76 . [0077] An advantage of storing the customer profiles 34 on a web server in the Internet 78 is that such information then is universally accessible through myriad wireline and wireless devices. Whatever device the customer uses to access the UCC system, for example, and his or her customer profile, it is the same customer profile that is accessed no matter the device. The customer profile is automatically synchronized because it is updated as necessary by changes from the customer and/or from service management, and no further updates to other corresponding information are necessary. [0078] Further, the storage of customer profiles 34 on a web server in the Internet 78 may allow third parties to write to the customer profiles or provide third party applications that may be used with the customer profiles 34 . For example, a third party may provide a calendar application used by a customer. The customer updates or modifies the calendar with an entry relating to an out-of-town visit. The calendar application may be configured to communicate with the UCC system, and particularly, with the customer profiles 34 so the customer's profile is updated as necessary with respect to the out-of-town visit. [0079] Another example of a third party application that may be used with the inventions described herein is an itinerary application that may be maintained by a customer on a third party's server. The customer may make information related to his or her itinerary accessible to other people and through the UCC system or customer profiles 34 . Further, the itinerary application may be so sophisticated as to automatically update the customer's itinerary in cases such as flight delays, etc. The itinerary application then may update the customer's profile information in the UCC system. Colleagues of the customer who have access to his or her itinerary are provided with the most up-to-date version of the itinerary. [0080] Of course, customer profiles 34 could be duplicated in another element in the Internet 78 and/or the PSTN 76 . To do so, the customer profiles 34 across the elements would have to be synchronized so as to provide uniformity of services. Such synchronization may require audits of the information across the elements, or other verification of proper synchronization. [0081] As noted, FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary environment or architecture that may be used in implementing the inventions described herein. For example, FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary environment relating to the use of WAP phones and PDAs by customers in implementing change actions to services provided by a service provider and relating to the customer's communications services. Assume the wireline device 64 is the customer's telephone, which is served by an element of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) 76 and AIN referred to as a service switching point (SSP) 102 . To implement an advanced service for a customer, the customer's telephone number may be provisioned with a terminating attempt trigger (TAT) at the SSP 102 serving the customer's number. When a call is received for the customer's number, the TAT causes the SSP 102 to pause in the processing of the call and to request instructions from another PSTN element referred to as a service control point (SCP) 104 . The communications between the SSP 102 and the SCP 104 generally are made pursuant to the transactional capabilities application part (TCAP) and the Signaling System 7 (SS7) protocol. [0082] The SCP 104 may include information relating to the processing of the call to the customer's telephone number, or the SCP 104 may obtain such information from another source. For example, information relating to the call may be present in a customer profile stored in the customer profiles 34 . As illustrated in FIG. 5 , the customer profiles 34 may be stored on a web server 106 or other platform connected to the Internet 78 . Thus, the SCP 104 may be configured to include applications (sometimes referred to as service package applications (SPAs)) to be able to communicate to initiate a request for information relating to the call from the PSTN 76 through the Internet 78 to the web server 106 and customer profiles 34 . The communication between the SCP 104 and the web server 106 may be made pursuant to the transmission control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP). Once the SCP 104 obtains the information relating to the processing of the call, the SCP 104 provides instructions to the SSP 102 . [0083] FIG. 5 also illustrates how a customer might use a telephone 64 to make changes to his or her customer profile. The customer uses the telephone 64 to make a call to a specified directory number that is routed through the PSTN 76 to the VoiceXML gateway. The number dialed by the customer typically maps to an internet protocol (IP) address for the server or database with the customer profiles 34 . A VoiceXML page is returned from the database to the gateway. The page includes text which is translated from text-to-speech by the gateway so the customer may hear the text. The customer responds to the speech, and the response is translated by the VoiceXML gateway and provided to the customer profiles 34 . [0084] FIG. 5 also includes additional information on typical protocols used between and/or among the elements of the exemplary environment. For example, FIG. 5 illustrates that WAP phone 66 communicates using the wireless access protocol (WAP) with the WAP gateway 86 . The WAP gateway 86 communicates with the secure intranet 84 using TCP/IP. The secure intranet 84 also uses TCP/IP in communicating with the voice/web gateway 82 . Further, the secure intranet 84 communicates using TCP/IP through the security solution with the Internet 78 . [0085] As noted above, the web server 106 hosting the customer profiles 34 may communicate using TCP/IP through the Internet 78 to the SCP 104 of the PSTN 76 . In addition, the web server 106 may communicate using wireless mark-up language (WML) through the Internet 78 with the WAP gateway 86 . Further, the web server 106 may communicate using voice extensible mark-up language (VoiceXML) through the Internet 78 to the voice/web gateway 82 . [0086] As noted above, profile information relating to a customer is stored in a customer profile typically held on a web server or other platform so the customer profile may be accessed by a customer over the Internet using a wireless device such as a WAP phone or a PDA. System Set Up [0087] FIG. 6 includes bullet points of information related to an exemplary set up of a customer profile in the Universal Call Control (UCC) system. A customer profile, of course, may be set up in other ways, and may contain different information depending on the customer, the service provider, the architecture, the web server, the database, table, log, or registry holding the customer profile, the services available to the customer, the services subscribed to by the customer, and other factors. [0088] In the exemplary set up of FIG. 6 , the customer profile is described as residing in a web server such as may be used with the Internet. The customer profile may be accessed via the Internet such as through use of a personal computer, through use of a telephone or other wireline device using the VoiceXML (or the like) protocol, or through a wireless device such as a PDA, WAP phone, interactive pager, or the like. Access to the customer profile may allow the customer to view the data in the customer profile and to implement change actions with respect to the data in the customer profile. [0089] In the exemplary set up of FIG. 6 , all access to a customer profile requires a password authentication. For example, a customer may use his or her PDA to access the customer profile on a communications presence registry. After initial contact with the registry, the customer may be requested to provide a password, an identifier, or some other information that may be verified or authenticated so as to determine whether the customer is authorized to access the customer profile. [0090] As noted above, the customer profile may be used by the service provider in providing the customer with communications services. As part of the set up of the UCC system for any particular customer, a termination attempt trigger (TAT) is set in the service switching point (SSP) serving the customer's telephone number in the PSTN. When a call is received for the customer's telephone number at the SSP, the TAT is noted and the SSP pauses in its processing of the call for instructions from a service control point (SCP). In some cases in the UCC system, the SCP may store or otherwise include the customer's profile so as to be able to instruct the SSP on how to further process the call. But generally, pursuant to the exemplary UCC system, the SCP must obtain the customer profile before the SCP can provide the SSP with instructions on how to further process the call. Thus, the SCP communicates through the Internet to the web server or other platform housing the communication presence registry, and obtains the customer profile from that registry. Once the customer profile is obtained, the SCP uses the data from the customer profile in instructing the SSP on further processing of the communication. [0091] Further, FIG. 6 illustrates exemplary data that may be included in a customer profile relating to a customer who subscribes to three advanced services with respect to which the customer may make change actions. The three advanced services include: call forwarding service; do not disturb service; and customer message data service. The customer profile includes the customer's telephone number (also referred to as the subscriber's directory number). Typically, the customer's telephone number is used as the key in searching the communication presence registry for the customer profile relating to the customer. [0092] For the call forwarding service, the customer profile may include an indication of the status of the call forwarding service, i.e., whether the service is active (ON) or inactive (OFF). If the customer decides to implement the call forwarding service, then calls dialed to the customer's number having the service are forwarded to another telephone number. These “forwarded-to” numbers also may be referred to as “Active Reach Numbers”. In this example, the customer has included his or her home telephone number, mobile number, and unified mailbox number as possible “forwarded-to” number. When the customer is implementing the call forwarding service using the UCC system, the customer may choose one of the listed numbers as the “forwarded-to” number. Alternatively, the customer may enter a telephone number to be used as the “forwarded-to” number. [0093] For the do not disturb (DND) service, the customer profile may include an indication of the status of the service, i.e., whether the service is active (ON) or inactive (OFF). Generally, when the service is active, calls are not terminated to the customer's number. Some types of DND service allow a customer to specify one or more telephone numbers that may “by-pass” the DND service when the service is active so that calls from those specific telephone numbers may be terminated to the customer's telephone number. Generally, a caller who is allowed to by-pass the DND service is referred to as a priority caller. A priority caller's telephone number is referred to as a priority caller phone number. Thus, the customer profile for DND service may include one or more priority caller phone numbers. If a call is received for the customer's telephone number as originating from one of these priority caller phone numbers, then the call is put through to the customer rather than being blocked by the DND service. [0094] For the customized message (CM) service, the customer profile may include an indication of the status of the CM service, i.e., whether the service is active (ON) or inactive (OFF). If the customer decides to implement the CM service, then the customer may specify that calls received from one or more specific telephone numbers are to be provided with a message. [0095] Generally, a caller who is to be provided with a message per the CM service is referred to as a CM caller. A telephone number of a CM caller is referred to as a CM caller's telephone number. Thus, the customer profile for CM service may include one or more CM caller's telephone numbers. If a call is received for the customer's telephone number as originating from one of these CM caller's telephone numbers, then the call is provided with a message. The customer may specify a message to be provided to the CM callers. As indicated in FIG. 6 , the customer may compose his or her own message, and provide up to 100 characters of message (or some other predetermined number of characters). These characters of message are referred to as the CM Text and are included in the customer profile. In an alternative embodiment, the CM service may provide the customer with message options so the customer does not have to compose his or her own message. For example: the CM service may allow a customer to choose from one of the following standard messages: “Call me later”; “I'm unavailable”; etc. [0096] As noted above, when a customer subscribes to the UCC system, a terminating attempt trigger (TAT) is provisioned with respect to the customer's telephone number at the service switching point (SSP) serving the telephone number. When a call is received for the customer's number, the SSP requests instructions from a service control point (SCP) in the PSTN. Generally, the SCP must obtain the customer profile so as to instruct the SSP on how to further process the communication. The SCP obtains this information through communication over the Internet with the web server or other platform housing the communication presence registry having the customer profile. The SCP communicates over the Internet with the web server/communication presence registry using one or more TCP/IP query/response exchanges or message sets. [0097] FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary TCP/IP message set such as may be exchanged between an SCP and a web server communicating over the Internet with regard to a customer who subscribes to three advanced services. These three services include: call forward service; do not disturb (DND) service; and customized message (CM) service. The left column of information on FIG. 7 begins with an exemplary specification of the types of information or data that may be included in a TCP/IP query relating to a customer from the SCP to the web server. Following the exemplary TCP/IP query, FIG. 7 also illustrates an exemplary specification of the types of information or data that may be included in a TCP/IP response corresponding to the TCP/IP query described above. The TCP/IP response is from the web server to the SCP Exemplary Communications Service—Communications Circle Service [0098] An example of a communications service is a communications circle (CC) service. An exemplary CC service allows a subscriber to specify person(s) or other entities who are to be included in the subscriber's communications circle. A log, table, or other structure may store information about each entity in the communications circle. The information may include a name, password, other identifier, a telephone number, a facsimile number, an e-mail address, a mobile phone number, etc. This information may be used to allow the subscriber to quickly contact the entities in his or her communications circle. [0099] In addition, persons or other entities in the communications circle may be allowed access to some or all of the profile information in the UCC system relating to the subscriber. The access to some or all of the profile information about a subscriber in the UCC system may provide the person in the communications circle with real-time information about the subscriber, and thus, facilitate communications between the person in the communications circle and the subscriber. For example, a person in the communications circle may check profile information on the subscriber to determine whether the subscriber has turned on his or her mobile unit or interactive pager. If so, the person then may attempt to reach the subscriber at his or her mobile unit or interactive pager rather than first trying the subscriber's home or office telephone number. As a result, the person may save time in contacting the subscriber, and the subscriber at least may appear to be more readily available for communication with the person in the communications circle. [0100] Advantageously, the person in the communications circle may access some or all of the profile information in the UCC system relating to the subscriber through use of a wireless device such as a PDA or WAP phone. For example, a person in the communications circle may use his or her PDA to access some of the subscriber's profile information in the UCC system and check whether the subscriber has turned on his or her mobile unit or interactive pager. In sum, the person in the communications circle may access some or all of the profile information in the UCC system relating to the subscriber to gain information about the subscriber. Generally, a person in the communications circle does not have the same privileges as the subscriber in implementing the change actions relating to communications services of the subscriber. Rather, the person in the communications circle typically has only “read-only” privileges relating to the profile information of the subscriber in the UCC system. [0101] For additional details on CC services, the reader is referred to the commonly assigned patent application entitled “Shared Communication Presence Information”, filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office on Nov. 10, 2000, assigned Ser. No. 09/709,038, and incorporated herein by reference. [0102] In conclusion, the inventions described herein including the universal call control (UCC) systems and methods allow a customer to use almost any type of communications device to change or modify communications services provided to the customer. While the inventions have been particularly shown and described in conjunction with examples and exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that variations in and modifications may be effected by persons of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit or scope of the inventions. Further, it is to be understood that the principles described herein apply in a similar manner, where applicable, to all examples and exemplary embodiments.	Users are provided control of their communications. Should a call be processed for a user, a text message may be automatically sent as a response to the call. The user may pre-compose different text messages. The user may also compose a custom text message. Regardless, the user's text message is automatically sent as a response to the call.	7
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS, IF ANY None BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to the art of coverings for windows and doors, and more particularly to the art of vertical blinds which are deployed across a window or door opening and which include vertically disposed vanes which may be closed for privacy or opened to allow a view from the interior and light to enter the room. Still more specifically, the present invention relates to the types of vertical blinds just described which also include curtain material joined to the vanes to give a softer appearance, and, in the case where the blinds are in their open position (with the individual vanes parallel to one another or perpendicular to the window opening), to give some amount of privacy, while still allowing some light to enter the room. In its most preferred form, the present invention relates to a novel method of manufacturing such vertical blinds with curtains. 2. Description of the Prior Art A wide variety of door and window coverings are known in the art and are available for the consumer when new construction, remodelling or redecorating occurs. Common window coverings include roller shades, mini-blinds, Roman shade products, curtains, cellular and pleated blinds, vertical blinds including vanes only, and in recent years vertical blinds which also include curtain material attached to one or both vertically disposed edges of the vanes to permit light control, a softer and more decorative look, and to provide some amount of privacy, even when the blinds are open. The latter category of door and window coverings has not gained widespread acceptance because of the difficulty and expense of manufacturing such products. One of the earliest of such blind with curtain products is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,638,881 issued on Jun. 17, 1997 to Ruggles, et al. and entitled “BLIND WITH CURTAIN”. In this device, the individual vanes, constructed of plastic material, are formed with a generally U-shaped socket on one longitudinal edge. Curtain material strips sufficiently wide to join the front portions of adjacent vanes when the vanes are parallel to one another are provided with beads of rigid material on each longitudinal edge. A pair of such curtain strips are placed back-to-back so that the beads of adjacent strips are next to one another and the beads are inserted into the U-shaped sockets to join the curtain material to the plastic vanes. This device provides a very appealing product appearance and suffers only from the time required to manufacture it. This patent also discloses certain techniques for attaching the vanes to a headrail system and is incorporated in its entirety into this disclosure for such purpose. This patent is owned by the assignee of the present invention. A number of other patents have issued in recent years relating to the same general subject matter of the present application. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,339,883 issued on Aug. 23, 1994 to Colson, et al. for “COVERING ASSEMBLY FOR ARCHITECTURAL OPENINGS”. In this patent, one of the embodiments includes two parallel sheer fabrics which have spaced apart vanes connected to each sheet. The fabric/vane panels are connected to a track using carriers which allow the vanes to be spread apart or stacked with respect to each other and, when spread apart, to be manipulated between opened and closed positions for light control. The deployment of vanes and the stacking thereof in vertical blinds has, in and of itself, been a known feature for vertical blinds for many, many years. Another patent issued to Colson, et al. is U.S. Pat. No. 5,392,832 issued Feb. 28, 1995 and entitled “COVERING ASSEMBLY FOR ARCHITECTURAL OPENINGS”. This patent also describes the use of a panel with two sheer fabrics attached to a plurality of vanes, the track and particular details of an actuator used with the system. Claims are additionally made concerning the dimensional stability of the sheer fabrics in substantially mutually perpendicular directions, and other claims are directed to the types of materials used to form the panels or sheets of fabric so that the vanes do not twist when they are manipulated. A further Colson, et al. patent, U.S. Pat. No. 5,490,553, was issued on Feb. 13, 1966 and is entitled “FABRIC WINDOW COVERING WITH RIGIDIFIED VANES”. This patent discusses both horizontal and vertical blinds, wherein fabric vanes are impregnated with a stiffening compound so that they can be moved between an open position in which the vanes are perpendicular to the fabric sheets and a closed position in which they are parallel with respect to each other. The patent also discusses the use of loops of material for the vanes and the insertion of rigid slats in the loops to provide the desired amount of stiffness. In such products, hinge lines may also be formed at opposite edges of the vane so that the vanes are flexibly connected to the curtain material. U.S. Pat. No. 5,603,369 issued to Colson, et al. on Feb. 18, 1997 and is entitled “FABRIC WINDOW COVERING WITH VERTICAL RIGIDIFIED VANES”. This patent, which is a division of the aforementioned '553 patent, includes claims to the use of only a single sheet of fabric connected to vanes impregnated with stiffening compounds, as well as the controls for vertically suspending and pivoting the vanes. Additional claims discuss the construction of the vanes from loops of materials with slats inserted therein, providing hinge connections between the fabric sheet and the slats and the control systems mentioned above. Additional claims are provided for two sheets of fabric connected to the vanes, which can be arranged either horizontally or vertically. A still further Colson patent entitled “FABRIC FOR AN ARCHITECTURAL COVERING AND METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING SAME” was issued on May 12, 1998 as U.S. Pat. No. 5,749,404. This patent includes numerous claims relating to the combination of vanes with flaps attached in a variety of different ways to fabric, the connection of the fabric sheet around the flaps, the use of single or double sheets, valances, the use of two sheets and the connection of vanes on either side to different materials at each side edge. The patent indicates in some claimed embodiments that the vanes have a flexibility less than the flexibility of the sheets of fabric material attached thereto. Despite numerous descriptions of vane and fabric architectural blinds, relatively little information is provided concerning manufacturing techniques. In connection with the Colson patents just mentioned, one manufacturing technique involves the use of an inserter blade between an anvil and a horn to create loops of material to form the vane, with the fabric remaining in an unlooped condition between the loops. Various glue, creaser and folder stations are also involved in the disclosed and illustrated manufacturing embodiment. In most cases, however, no manufacturing information is provided other than that which might be gleaned from an examination of various cross-sectional and perspective views of the blinds with curtains themselves. The present inventor has found that a significant impediment to the commercialization of such products is the ability to manufacture the products precisely and at low cost, especially with the tendency of various fabric components to wrinkle, crease, stretch, pucker or the like. An efficient technique for manufacturing such door and window coverings would represent a substantial advance in this art. To the extent such manufacturing technique led to the creation of a new blind with curtain product, such advance would be even more significant. FEATURES AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention features a novel door or window covering including vanes having fabric attached thereto, the vane material preferably being different from the curtain fabric material. Another feature of the present invention is a manufacturing method for efficiently preparing such door and window coverings. A further feature of the present invention is to provide a manufacturing method which may be readily adaptable to a wide variety of starting materials for both the vane and fabric portions and which may be readily adaptable to blinds of different sizes. Yet a further feature of the present invention is to provide a manufacturing method which has great flexibility with regard to the rigidity of the vane material and the amount of opaqueness thereof. A further feature of the present invention is to allow low cost materials to be used for a portion of a blind with curtain, while more expensive designer materials may be used for other components. How these and other features of the present invention are accomplished will be described in the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment, taken in conjunction with the drawings. Generally, however, they are provided by a product and manufacturing method which begins with the creation of a three component elongate strip which may optionally be made in advance and at a different location from the place where the actual blinds with curtain are made. The elongate strip includes a center portion (which will be referred to as the curtain material or curtain portion in this specification) bounded along each lateral edge by vane material or vane portions. The widths of the three portions may be varied depending upon the desired final product specifications. Typically, the curtain material will be fashion oriented and may be more expensive than the vane material. The vane material is typically opaque and may be rigidified either by its own structure or the addition of various stiffening compounds. The curtain and vane materials are attached to each other to form the three component strip by adhesives, ultrasonic welding or other combining techniques. To prepare the blind with curtain according to the present invention, discrete pieces of the three component strip are cut to a desired length, following which the cut pieces are fed sequentially through a conveyor system to the top of inverted, generally U-shaped mandrels arranged so that the curtain material rests along the top of the mandrel with the vane material draped along either side thereof. Prior to the mandrel placement step, adhesive is applied to the vane material. Following the mandrel placement step, one mandrel is indexed laterally and another mandrel is located to receive another piece of the three component strip. That mandrel is then indexed, causing two vane portions to come into contact with one another. At this point, and depending on the type of adhesive used, bonding occurs between the two adjacent vane portions to form a double layer vane. The process is repeated as many times as desired to provide a blind with curtain of a desired width. If the adhesive is a heat set adhesive, the mandrels may be heated in ways which will be described below. If liquid adhesives are applied before the mandrel placement step, the adhesives may simply bond the vane portions to one another, or contact adhesives could be employed which are activated merely by pressure exerted by the mandrels once they have indexed away from the placement location. Other ways in which the features of the present invention are accomplished will become apparent to those skilled in the art after they have read this specification. Such other ways are deemed to fall within the scope of the present invention if they fall within the scope of the claims which follow. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the following drawings, like reference numerals are used to indicate like components, and FIG. 1 is front elevation view of a vertical blind with curtain system, having vertical vanes in a closed position; FIG. 2 is a front elevation view, similar to that of FIG. 1, but showing the vanes in an open position; FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the three component fabric strip according to a preferred form of the present invention; FIG. 4 is a side diagrammatic view showing a manufacturing process for preparing the strip of FIG. 3 and cutting same into pieces of a desired length; FIG. 5 is a top view of further components of the manufacturing device of the present invention, showing the folding of the pieces of the three component strip and the application of the pieces of the strip to mandrels; FIG. 6 is an end view of the mandrel station shown in FIG. 5 taken along the line 6 — 6 thereof; and FIG. 7 is a horizontal cross-section of a blind with curtain made according to the preferred method described in this specification. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Before proceeding to the detailed description of the preferred embodiment, several general comments should be made about the applicability and the scope of the present invention. First, with regard to the types of materials which may be employed for preparing the blind with curtain, one starting material will be referred to in this specification as “curtain material”. This will be the material located between the vanes and which will be prominent when the blind is deployed across the door or window opening with which it is used. The curtain material will be softly folded when the vanes are retracted to their closed position as is generally known in the vertical blind art. When the vanes are in their deployed position, the curtain material is located across the expanse of the door or window whether or not the vanes are rotated between their parallel position (in which they generally lie parallel to the curtain material and behind the same when viewed from the inside) or their open position (in which they are generally perpendicular to the curtain material). The other major starting material will be the “vane material”, typically a lesser cost and more opaque material. Fabrics are preferred for both the curtain and the vane material, but the fabrics may be selected from a wide variety of woven and non-woven materials. If sonic welding will be used to join the two portions of vane material to the center portion of curtain material, one or both of the materials must be thermoplastic to allow a heat seal to form. Other techniques, however, may be used for joining the curtain and vane materials, such as sewing or the use of various types of adhesives. In addition the vane material may be, and preferably should be, stiffer than the curtain material. The stiffening may be accomplished by using stiff material to begin with or by adding stiffening compounds. The adhesives used in the invention may be liquid adhesives which remain liquid until portions of the two materials to be joined are placed against one another and may cure through heat, catalytic curing, drying or the like. The adhesives also may generally be applied to either or both surfaces to be joined. If adhesives are used for the preparation of the starting three component strip, the adhesive may be applied to either the curtain or the vane material. Similarly, in the manufacturing operation, the adhesive may be applied to one or both of the vane portions which will be joined together. Further, various dimensional relationships and numbers of components will be referred to in the following description, but they are to be taken as illustrative rather than limiting in any respect. For example, the overall length of the mandrels and the number thereof may be widely varied by those skilled in the art after they understand the principles of the present invention. Next, the hardware components used with blinds with curtains manufactured according to the present invention will not be described in detail, because in and of themselves they form no part of the present invention. For example, most vertical blinds include an elongate track above the opening to be covered. Trucks are mounted for movement along the track, either by the use of a wand or by the use of cords and pulleys. From these trucks, components descend and engage the upper end of the vanes. Structure within the top rail, operated either by the wand or by additional cords cause rotation of such components which in turn causes the vanes to move between their parallel and perpendicular positions. Various other features known to the vertical blind art may also be incorporated for use with products made according to this invention, such as the use of a single wand for deploying the blind across the opening and for the rotation of the vanes. Furthermore, various known tracking equipment can be included in the head rail to prevent the bunching of vanes at the outer end of the blind when retraction is initiated. Finally, in the illustrated and preferred embodiment, heat is used to assist in the bonding of vane material to vane material between mandrels, and the heat may be supplied in a variety of ways. Heated air may be forced through hollow mandrels, or induction heating may be employed. In addition, an entire set of mandrels, in their closed position, may be placed into a warmed environment to create the desired adhesive bond. Proceeding now to a description of the present invention, FIG. 1 illustrates a typical blind assembly 10 including a plurality of free-hanging elongated vertical vanes 11 . Each of the vanes 11 is supported at its upper end 12 so as to hang in a substantially vertical position. The vanes will hang in a preselected, spaced apart relation to one another in a manner which enables each of the vanes to rotate about its longitudinal axis between an open position as shown in FIG. 2 and a closed position shown in FIG. 1 . Each vane 11 has a bottom end (not shown) and a top end 12 , as well as a front or leading longitudinal edge area 14 and a back, longitudinal edge 15 . The vanes are laterally sized so that the front edge 14 of each vane overlaps the back edge 15 of the next adjacent vane, when the vanes are in the closed vane position as is shown in FIG. 1 . FIG. 1 also includes a decorative valance 16 , behind which the track and other operating components discussed previously are deployed. When in the FIG. 2 position, a wand or cords can be used to urge the left most vane 11 toward the right, thereby causing the vanes to approach one another. FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 also illustrate the curtain material 20 which is provided between each of the vanes 11 . Again, it should be pointed out that FIGS. 1 and 2 serve only for purposes of illustrating well known background for a better understanding of the advancements made in connection with the present invention. Unlike the bead and socket curtain attachment technique described in the aforementioned Ruggles, et al. '881 patent, or the vane and fabric sheet attachment systems described in the Colson or Colson, et al. patents described above, the present invention employs an elongate strip 30 of material to form one half of a first vane, the curtain material extending between a pair of vanes and one-half of an adjacent vane. FIG. 3 illustrates, in a schematic way, such elongate strip material 30 . It is comprised of three longitudinally extending portions 31 - 33 . Portions 31 and 33 are vane material, and for purposes of the description of the preferred embodiment, are opaque, non-woven and relatively inexpensive polyester material. On the other hand, portion 32 is illustrated as being a woven fabric which may be relatively more expensive. This is usually acceptable since it will be visible to the user of the blind. FIG. 3 also shows a pair of seal lines 35 and 37 extending the length of strip 30 . For purposes of this illustration, each of seal lines 35 and 37 can be considered to be adhesive seal lines. These seals can be created at high speeds, allowing the strip 30 to be made “on-line”. Before proceeding to a description of the preferred manufacturing machinery, the process will be briefly explained. The manufacturing operation includes the preparation of strip 30 , cutting thereof into distinct pieces, the transport of the cut pieces along a conveyor path during which the vane material portions 31 and 33 are dropped downwardly. Adhesive is applied to one or both of the outer facing surfaces of the vane material 31 and 33 prior to this conveying step. Each of the pieces are then fed, one at a time, onto inverted U-shaped mandrels, so that the curtain material 32 lies on the upper curved portion of a mandrel, while the vane material 31 and 33 lies against the flat sides thereof. Through a timing and weight mechanism, mandrels are indexed after a cut piece is placed thereover, and the vane material 31 of one cut piece is clamped against the vane material 33 of the following piece. When a sufficient number of vanes have been thus formed, and any required heating or other treatment has been carried out to cure the adhesive, the mandrels are opened slightly for the removal of the finished fabric components of the vertical blind with curtain. With reference to FIG. 4, a device for preparing a blind with curtain according to the preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in schematic form. The three component strip 30 is first prepared starting with rolls 42 and 44 of vane material 31 and 33 respectively and roll 46 of curtain material 32 . In the illustrated process, adhesive is placed on the materials in four locations. A first bead is placed on the inner edge 31 A and 33 B of portions 31 and 33 just prior to overlapping them with the curtain material portion 32 , at which point bonding occurs under the nip rollers 46 and 47 . An adhesive application station is generally illustrated at 45 . Adhesive is also applied to the upwardly facing surfaces of vane material portions 31 and 33 , along the outer edges 31 B and 33 B thereof. Adhesive may also be applied to areas between the outer and inner edges of the vane material portions, such as by bead application, spraying, brushing, the use of a doctor blade or the like. The combination strip 30 proceeds along the process area 49 until it approaches a rotary cut-off knife 50 which may be of the same design as the knife used in the preparation of cellular blinds known to the art. Combination strip 30 may include a signalling hem strip area periodically along its length (see reference number 36 in FIG. 3) if photocells are used to activate the knife 50 . Discrete pieces of the three component strip 30 , after passing through knife 50 then enter a two stage conveyor. The first section 52 is an acceleration section comprised of a circular, rounded O-ring type central belt 55 (seen best in FIG. 5 ), flanked on either side by flat belts 57 and 58 . Belts 55 , 57 and 58 travel at an equivalent speed to each other, but at a speed which is faster than the speed upstream of the cut-off knife 50 , so that the discrete pieces of strip 30 travel to the right (with reference to FIG. 4 ). The second section of the conveyor system is designated generally as 60 . In this section, belts 57 and 58 gradually drop away from supporting the vane portions 31 and 33 , so that they droop to a vertical, unsupported position with respect to the curtain material portion 32 . At the end of section 60 , the curtain material 32 still travels on the rounded belt 55 . A vertical cross-section of a piece of strip 30 at this point in the process would look like an inverted U. The curtain material 32 forms the top of the inverted U and the vane material 31 and 33 forms the sides. The next step in the process is shown best in FIGS. 5 and 6 where the assembly of a plurality of discrete pieces of strip 30 is illustrated. At the end of conveyor section 60 an indexing mandrel section 70 is located to receive the discrete pieces of strip 30 . A frame 72 supports a plurality of inverted U-shaped mandrels 74 , each of which may be selectively placed at the discharge end of conveyor section 60 . Each mandrel 74 is at lest as long as the length of the blind with curtain to be made and the number of mandrels 74 is selected based on the width of the blind with curtain, i.e. the number of vanes which are required for a vertical blind to cover a particular opening. Each mandrel 74 has a curved upper portion 76 and two parallel and spaced apart sides, 77 and 78 , ideally configured to fully contact the underside of the cut pieces of strip 30 so that the curtain material 32 fully covers the upper portions 76 of mandrels 74 and the sides are least as long as the width of the vane material portions 31 and 33 . A web 79 extends between the sides 77 and 78 of the mandrel for internal support. The mandrels may be constructed from a variety of plastic or metal materials, heat conductive metals being preferred if heat is used in the final vane to vane bonding step. The mandrels 74 are individually supported periodically down their length by ball bearing linear slides 73 . These slides movably rest on a precision ground track 73 ′ which facilitates virtually frictionless travel perpendicular to the length of the mandrels. Such slide and tracks are in and of themselves well known as indicated in the catalog LB93-1 supplied with this specification from Ball Screws & Actuators Co., Inc. Placement of the cut pieces of strip 30 onto mandrels 74 may be carried out by the apparatus illustrated, where the mandrels 74 are horizontally arranged, or it may be carried out using downwardly inclined mandrels which are lower at the ends thereof remote from section 60 of the conveyor. Transfer to the mandrels 74 can also be enhanced by providing a smooth outer surface on the mandrels or be providing sufficient frictional contact between the belt 55 and the curtain material lying thereover so that the conveyor section 60 in effect “pushes” the strip 30 onto the mandrels 74 . Use of an elastomer belt, such as a urethane belt, is especially preferred. Indexing of the mandrels is accomplished in the illustrated embodiment by a pair of indexing wheels 81 located on frame 72 below mandrels 74 . The indexing wheels are located on a common shaft 82 , driven by a motor (not shown) at timing intervals determined for the specific process. A first one of the indexing wheels 81 is located within frame 72 and generally adjacent but inwardly of the front upper beam thereof, designated as reference number 85 . The second indexing wheel is located just inwardly of the rear upper support beam 87 . As illustrated best in FIG. 5, the mandrels extend outwardly of the frame 72 , the amount not being critical and depending primarily on the overall length of the blinds with curtain to be made at a particular facility. FIG. 6 illustrates best the spacing of the mandrels which is caused by teeth 89 on the indexing wheel which engage the lower portions of the mandrels 74 . The central mandrel, designated as 74 A in FIG. 6 will be located immediately downstream of the belt 55 from conveyor section 60 , while the unfilled and filled mandrels extend on either side thereof, the direction not being critical. In the drawings the fabric stack is being created on the right side of FIG. 6 . FIGS. 5 and 6 also show a weight system including a pair of weights 90 having a line 92 extending therefrom and passing over a pulley 93 (see FIG. 6 ). The line 92 has a first end connected to weight 90 and a second end connected to the most remote mandrel 74 . It should be apparent then, from this disclosure, that the weights will force the mandrels toward one another to assist in the pressing of the respective sections of vane materials 31 and 33 together. Other force applying systems, such as hydraulic or pneumatic systems can be substituted for the weight system shown in the drawings. Once all the mandrels have indexed and a piece of composite strip 30 has been applied to each, the adhesive can be cured through drying, the forcing of heated air through the elongate mandrels 74 , or the entire frame 72 and its accompanying structure can be moved into an area where the temperature is sufficiently high to cause cure or reaction of the adhesive. If rollers (not shown) are placed on the lower end of frame 72 , the transport of the frames is easily facilitated. In connection with the adhesives, it will be clear at this point that if only a single bead of adhesive is applied to the outer edges 31 B and 33 B of the vane material, together with the application of the adhesive at the inner edges 31 A and 33 A thereof, the vane which will result for the final product made by the method of the present invention will be hollow, i.e. attached at the longitudinal edges thereof, but that if adhesive is applied across the entire faces of portions 31 and 33 , a unitary vane comprised of two overlapping layers of material will be formed. A cross-section taken horizontally through a blind with curtain 10 made according to the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 7, which FIGURE represents the latter of the previous two examples, i.e. where there is uniform adhesive application across the surfaces of the vane portions 31 and 33 . Cutting the length to the size required for a particular application, and the attachment of the vanes to deployment hardware will complete the preparation of a blind with curtain 10 made according to the present invention. While the instant invention has been described in connection with a particular preferred embodiment and several references have been made to alternatives which may be used, the invention is not to be limited by the above description, but is to be limited solely by the scope of the claims which follow.	A method for manufacturing vertical blinds is disclosed, the method yielding a blind which has curtain material located between the vanes, so that when the blind is deployed across an opening, the vanes may be arranged perpendicularly with respect to the curtain material to allow light into a room or the vanes may be aligned so that they are parallel and overlapping one another, in which case a privacy product results. The method includes preparing discrete pieces of a three component strip having a center portion of curtain material and vane portions bonded to each longitudinal edge of the curtain portion. Adhesive is applied to one or both of the vane portions, and the discrete pieces are placed on an U-shaped mandrel, inverted so that the opening of the “U” faces downwardly. The curtain material portion lies over the rounded top of the mandrel and the vane portion lies against the sides of the mandrel. The mandrel is indexed, another mandrel replaces it and the process is repeated. When the mandrels are indexed, the vanes of adjoining pieces are pressed against one another and are joined by the adhesive. The adhesive employed may be heat activated or be a contact adhesive, and in the most preferred form of the invention, the two vane material portions, when combined with the adhesive, will have substantial rigidity and will be opaque. A novel blind product results from the process.	4
TECHNICAL FIELD Cross Reference to Related Applications [0001] This application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-277363 filed on Dec. 19, 2011, and Japanese Patent Application No. 2012-014817 filed on Jan. 27, 2012, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. [0002] The present invention relates to a chimeric protein capable of binding to cellulose and/or chitin, DNA encoding the chimeric protein or its complementary strand, and a luminescent material. BACKGROUND ART [0003] Many polymer hydrolytic enzymes have a binding domain to a substrate. For example, cellulase and chitinase are known to have a cellulose-binding domain and a chitin-binding domain, respectively. Patent Literature 1 (JP4604185B) discloses a heat-resistant domain binding to both chitin and cellulose. [0004] Patent Literature 2 discloses a fused protein of a fluorescent protein and a luciferase having high BRET (Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer) efficiency based on the BAF (BRET-based Auto-illuminated Fluorescent-protein) technique. CITATION LIST Patent Literature [0005] PTL 1: JP4604185B [0006] PTL 2: JP2008-283959A SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem [0007] An object of the present invention is to provide a novel technique that employs a luminescent domain. Solution to Problem [0008] The present invention provides the below-described chimeric protein, which is capable of binding to cellulose and/or chitin, DNA that encodes the chimeric protein or its complementary strand, and a luminescent material. [0000] Item 1: A chimeric protein comprising a luminescent domain and a cellulose- and/or chitin-binding domain, the luminescent domain comprising at least one luminescent protein selected from the group consisting of luciferases and fluorescent proteins. Item 2: The chimeric protein according to Item 1, wherein the luminescent domain is bound to the cellulose- and/or chitin-binding domain directly or via a first linker. Item 3: The chimeric protein according to either Item 1 or 2, wherein the luminescent domain comprises a luciferase and a fluorescent protein, and energy transfer (BRET) from the luciferase to the fluorescent protein can occur. Item 4: The chimeric protein according to Item 3, wherein the luciferase is bound to the fluorescent protein via a second linker. Item 5: The chimeric protein according to any one of Items 1 to 4, wherein the fluorescent protein is GFP, YFP, BFP, CFP, OFP, DsRED, or RFP. Item 6: The chimeric protein according to Item 5, wherein the fluorescent protein is YFP or RFP. Item 7: The chimeric protein according to any one of Items 1 to 6, wherein the first linker and/or the second linker comprises a protease cleavage sequence. Item 8: DNA that encodes the chimeric protein according to any one of Items 1 to 7, or its complementary strand. Item 9: A luminescent material wherein the chimeric protein according to any one of Items 1 to 7 is bound to a cellulose- or chitin-comprising granule, bead, sheet, or film. Advantageous Effects of Invention [0009] The chimeric protein of the present invention, when bound to a granule, a bead, a sheet, a film, or the like, of a biopolymeric material, such as cellulose or chitin, and dried, can maintain its activity for a long period of time. Because luminescent proteins, when dried, are typically deactivated, the chimeric protein of the present invention is excellent as a luminescent material. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS [0010] FIG. 1 shows the procedure for examining the drying resistance (room temperature storage) of a paper sample to which a chimeric protein has been applied and bound, followed by air-drying. The steps are explained below. [0011] (A) A chimeric protein aqueous solution is added dropwise to a punched round filter paper sample to bind a chimeric protein to the filter paper. [0012] (a-1) The filter paper sample is dried. [0013] (a-2) The filter paper sample is stored at room temperature. [0014] (B) A buffer is added thereto. [0015] (b) This moistens the filter paper sample. [0016] (C) A luciferin aqueous solution is added to the buffer containing the filter paper sample. [0017] (c) The luciferase activity of the resulting moistened filter paper sample is measured. [0018] FIG. 2 shows the properties of a CBD-BAF-bound paper sample dried and stored at room temperature. [0019] (A) shows an example in which the CBD-BAF-Ym3-bound paper sample (filter paper), which had been dried and stored at room temperature, was reacted with a buffer and a luciferin aqueous solution. [0020] (a), (b), and (c) respectively show a bright field image, merged image, and chemiluminescent image. In the bright field image (a), the round area in the center of the filter paper sample is an area where CBD-BAF-Ym3 was applied. In the merged image (b) and chemiluminescent image (c), a green emission was observed in the CBD-BAF-applied area. [0021] (B) shows the results of luminescence intensity measured through a storage period (N=5). The horizontal axis indicates the period (in weeks) of a filter paper sample stored under room temperature drying conditions. The vertical axis indicates the luminescence intensity (×10 8 RLU) measured. The dried filter paper was stored at room temperature of 27° C. [0022] FIG. 3 shows the properties of an hCBD-eBAF-Ym3-bound paper sample dried and stored at room temperature for a long period of time. [0023] (A) is a diagram showing the structure of hCBD-eBAF-Ym3. The structure includes, sequentially from the N terminal, hCBD, which is a cellulose- and/or chitin-binding domain, and eBAF-Ym3, which is a luminescent domain. [0024] (B) shows the results of luminescence intensity measured through a storage period (N=5). The horizontal axis indicates the period (in weeks) of a filter paper sample stored under room temperature drying conditions. The vertical axis indicates the luminescence intensity (RLU) measured. The dried filter paper was stored at room temperature of 22 to 27° C. Note that a storage period of 52 weeks indicates one year. [0025] FIG. 4 shows the properties of an hCBD-eBAF-R 3 -bound paper sample having a protease recognition sequence dried and stored at room temperature for a long period of time. [0026] (A) is a diagram showing the structure of hCBD-eBAF-R 3 . The structure includes, sequentially from the N terminal, hCBD, which is a cellulose- and/or chitin-binding domain, a linker in which an HRV-3C cleavage sequence, which is a protease recognition sequence, is introduced, and eBAF-R 3 , which is a luminescent domain. [0027] (B) shows the results of luminescence intensity measured through a storage period (N=3). The horizontal axis indicates the period (in weeks) of a filter paper sample stored under room temperature drying conditions. The vertical axis indicates the luminescence intensity (RLU) measured. The dried filter paper was stored at room temperature of 22 to 26° C. Note that a storage period of 52 weeks indicates one year. [0028] FIG. 5 shows the properties of an hCBD-eBAF-R 4 -bound paper sample having a protease recognition sequence dried and stored at room temperature for a long period of time. [0029] (A) is a diagram showing the structure of hCBD-eBAF-R 4 . The structure includes, sequentially from the N terminal, hCBD, which is a cellulose- and/or chitin-binding domain, a linker in which an HRV-3C cleavage sequence, which is a protease recognition sequence, is introduced, and eBAF-R 4 , which is a luminescent domain. [0030] (B) shows the results of luminescence intensity measured through a storage period (N=3). The horizontal axis indicates the period (in weeks) of a filter paper sample stored under room temperature drying conditions. The vertical axis indicates the luminescence intensity (RLU) measured. The dried filter paper was stored at room temperature of 26° C. Note that a storage period of 52 weeks indicates one year. [0031] FIG. 6 shows the procedure for an example of a protease activity detection model. [0032] (A) (a-1) A chimeric protein aqueous solution was added dropwise to a filter paper sample to bind a chimeric protein to the filter paper. The paper was dried to produce a chimeric protein-bound filter paper sample (i). [0033] (a-2) After adding a reaction buffer (ii) thereto to fully moisten the chimeric protein-bound filter paper sample (i), the buffer was removed, and a protease-containing buffer solution (iii) was further added. [0034] (a-3) The resulting sample was allowed to stand at 4° C. for 64 hours to perform a protease reaction. [0035] (B) (b-1) schematically shows the state before reaction. In the buffer, the chimeric protein-bound filter paper (paper sample) sank to the bottom of a micro centrifugal tube. The buffer included protease (p). [0036] (b-2) The reaction proceeded by stationary incubation. [0037] (b-3) schematically shows the state after reaction. The BAF portions cut by protease were separated into a water layer. [0038] (b-4) The supernatant of the sample after reaction was collected by separation or separated to measure luminescence (or fluorescence). [0039] FIG. 7 shows the results of an example of a protease activity detection model. [0040] (A) schematically shows the mechanism of the model. [0041] (a-1) shows the state where a chimeric protein is bound to a filter paper. The chimeric protein includes, sequentially from the N terminal, hCBD, which is a cellulose- and/or chitin-binding domain, a linker in which a HRV-3C cleavage sequence, which is a protease recognition sequence, is introduced, and BAF, which is a luminescent domain. The HRV-3C cleavage sequence is LEVLFQ/GP (“/” means a cleavage site). [0042] (a-2) The chimeric protein was cut by an HRV-3C protease effect, and the BAF portion was separated into a water layer. [0043] (B) shows the chemiluminescent measurement results of the collected supernatant (water phase). The vertical axis indicates the relative light intensity (RLU) measured. The water layer of the sample (+) to which a cleavage enzyme (HRV-3C protease) was added exhibited luminescence that is 3,000 times higher than the water layer of the sample (−) to which no cleavage enzyme was added. [0044] (C) shows the results of SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Samples are, from the left, the water layer of the sample (−) to which no cleavage enzyme (protease) was added, the water layer of the sample (+) to which a cleavage enzyme was added, and an hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-Ym3 purified preparation (hCBD-BAF, control). The detected bands respectively show (i) hCBD-BAF, (ii) a BAF portion cut and separated from the filter paper into the water layer, and (iii) an HRV-3C enzyme. [0045] (D) shows the GFP fluorescence of BAF in the water layer. The left side shows the water layer of the sample to which no cleavage enzyme (protease) was added and the right side shows the water layer of the sample to which a cleavage enzyme was added. [0046] FIG. 8 shows an example of a chitin-binding domain sequence. [0047] (A) shows an example of an amino acid sequence of chitin-binding domain 2 (chBD2) derived from Pyrococcus furiosus , and a base sequence encoding the amino acid sequence. [0048] (B) shows an example of a chBD2 (TN) amino acid sequence in which Glu (E279) and Asp (D281) in the chBD2 amino acid sequence were respectively replaced by Thr (T) and Asn (N), and a base sequence encoding the amino acid sequence. [0049] FIG. 9 shows the properties of a chimeric protein-binding chitin material having a protease recognition sequence dried and stored at room temperature for a long period of time. [0050] (A) Chimeric proteins of hCBD-eBAF-Ym3, hCBD-eBAF-R 3 , and hCBD-eBAF-R 4 were individually applied to a chitin material derived from a crab shell. FIG. 9(A) shows areas to which each of the chimeric proteins was applied. [0051] (B) (b-1) shows a bright field image of a luminescent protein-chitin hybrid material stored for three days, which was obtained under a fluorescent lamp. [0052] (b-2) shows a fluorescence image of the hybrid material stored for three days, which was obtained by excitation light irradiation. [0053] (b-3) shows a fluorescence image obtained after storage for 10 months. [0054] FIG. 10 shows the properties of an hCBD-RLuc-bound paper sample having a protease recognition sequence dried and stored at room temperature for a long period of time. [0055] (A) is a diagram showing the structure of hCBD-RLuc. The structure includes, sequentially from the N terminal, hCBD, which is a cellulose- and/or chitin-binding domain, a linker in which an HRV-3C cleavage sequence, which is a protease recognition sequence, is introduced, and RLuc, which is a luminescent domain. [0056] (B) shows the results of luminescence intensity measured through a storage period (N=3). The horizontal axis indicates the storage period (in weeks) of a filter paper sample under room temperature drying conditions. The vertical axis indicates the luminescence intensity (RLU) measured. The dried filter paper was stored at room temperature of 26° C. [0057] FIG. 11 shows a luminescence spectrum of eBAF-Ym3, and the chemical luminescent activity (green) of an hCBD-eBAF-Ym3-bound chitin material obtained when a luciferin (luminescent substrate) was added. A chitin material derived from a crab shell was used. [0058] (A) shows a luminescence spectrum of eBAF-Ym3. The horizontal axis indicates the wavelength (nm). The vertical axis indicates the relative light intensity (relative intensity) measured. [0059] (B) (b-1), (b-2), and (b-3) respectively show a bright field image, a chemiluminescent image, and an overlapping image (an explanatory figure) of an example of an hCBD-eBAF-Ym3-bound chitin hybrid material. In (b-3), the area to which hCBD-eBAF-Ym3 was applied is indicated by an arrow. [0060] FIG. 12 shows a luminescence spectrum of eBAF-R 3 , and the chemical luminescent activity (orange) of an hCBD-eBAF-R 3 -bound chitin material obtained when a luciferin (luminescent substrate) was added. A chitin material derived from a crab shell was used. (A) shows a luminescence spectrum of eBAF-R 3 . The horizontal axis indicates the wavelength (nm). The vertical axis indicates the relative light intensity (relative intensity) measured. [0061] (B) (b-1), (b-2), and (b-3) respectively show a bright field image, a chemiluminescent image, and an overlapping image of an example of an hCBD-eBAF-R 3 -bound chitin hybrid material. [0062] FIG. 13 shows a luminescence spectrum of eBAF-R 4 , and the chemical luminescent activity (white) of an hCBD-eBAF-R 4 -bound chitin material obtained when a luciferin (luminescent substrate) was added. A chitin material derived from a crab shell was used. [0063] (A) shows a luminescence spectrum of eBAF-R 4 . The horizontal axis indicates the wavelength (nm). The vertical axis indicates the relative light intensity (relative intensity) measured. [0064] (B) (b-1), (b-2), and (b-3) respectively show a bright field image, a chemiluminescent image, and an overlapping image of an example of an hCBD-eBAF-R 4 -bound chitin hybrid material. [0065] FIG. 14 shows the luminescence of an hCBD-eBAF-Ym3-bound chitin hybrid material. A cicada exuvia was used as a chitin material. [0066] (A) shows a comparison between the hCBD-eBAF-Ym3-bound material and the control. [0067] (a-1) shows a bright field image and (a-2) shows a chemiluminescent image. The left side shows a container holding the hCBD-eBAF-Ym3-bound material, and the right side shows a container holding a buffer alone (control). [0068] (B) shows an entire image of a cicada exuvia to which hCBD-eBAF-Ym3 was bound. (b-1) and (b-2) respectively show a bright field image and a chemiluminescent image. DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS [0069] The chimeric protein of the present invention comprises a domain that binds to cellulose and/or chitin (a cellulose/chitin-binding domain) and a luminescent domain. (1) Cellulose/Chitin-Binding Domain [0070] The cellulose/chitin-binding domain may be any domain capable of binding to cellulose (a cellulose-binding domain), any domain capable of binding to chitin (a chitin-binding domain), and any domain capable of binding to both cellulose and chitin. [0071] Examples of cellulose-binding domains include those found in cellulase. A number of cellulose-binding domains derived from various living organisms, such as microorganisms, plants, and animals, are known. These known cellulose-binding domains can be widely used. [0072] Examples of chitin-binding domains include those found in chitinase. A number of chitin-binding domains derived from various living organisms, such as microorganisms, plants, and animals, are known. These known chitin-binding domains can be widely used. [0073] Specific examples of chitin-binding domains include those found in chitinase from heat-resistant bacteria. Examples of heat-resistant bacteria include those belonging to the genus Thermococcus or Pyrococcus . Specific examples of heat-resistant bacteria include Pyrococcus furiosus, Thermococcus litoralis, Pyrococcus sp.KOD1, and Thermotoga maritima . The amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 10 is chitin-binding domain 2 (ChBD2) from Pyrococcus furiosus , which is one of the preferable chitin-binding domains. This region corresponds to the region from the 258th to the 352nd amino acids of chitinase from Pyrococcus furiosus. [0074] Examples of cellulose/chitin-binding domains (i.e., domains capable of binding to both chitin and cellulose) include those derived from heat-resistant bacteria as described in JP2007-075046A. Specific examples include heat-resistant cellulose/chitin-binding domains obtained by introducing a mutation into the heat-resistant chitin-binding domains of such heat-resistant bacteria. [0075] A specific example of a cellulose/chitin-binding domain is an amino acid sequence that obtained by replacing two acidic amino acids (E279 and D281) of the amino acid sequence (SEQ ID No. 10) of Pyrococcus furiosus -derived chitin-binding domain 2 (ChBD2) with other amino acids, wherein the amino acid sequence encodes a polypeptide having cellulose-binding activity. Examples of other amino acids to replace acidic amino acids include neutral amino acids with low hydrophobicity, typically Gln, Asn, Ala, Ser, Thr, Cys, and Met, preferably Gln, Asn, Ala, Ser, Thr, and Cys, and more preferably Gln, Asn, Ala, Ser, and Thr. Further, Glu(E279) is more preferably replaced by Thr(T), and Asp(D28) is more preferably replaced by Asn(N). A specific example is ChBD2(TN), which is a sequence obtained by replacing Glu(E279) and Asp(D281) of the ChBD2 amino acid sequence with Thr(T) and Asn(N), respectively ( FIG. 8 , SEQ ID No. 11). (2) Luminescent Domain [0076] Examples of luminescent domains include a variety of luciferases, fluorescent proteins, and fused proteins thereof (e.g., BAF). Examples of luciferases include a variety of luciferases derived from Lampyridae (fireflies), Rhagophthalmus ohbai, Vargula hilgendorfii, Phrixothrix hirtus, Pyrearinus termitilluminans, dinoflagellate, Renilla and the like. Examples of fluorescent proteins include GFP, YFP, BFP, CFP, OFP, DsRED, and RFP. [0077] Either a luciferase or a fluorescent protein may be singly used as a luminescent domain. A preferable luminescent domain is a protein in which a luciferase is bound to a fluorescent protein directly or via a spacer of a proper length, and energy transfer (BRET: bioluminescence resonance energy transfer) between the luciferase and the fluorescent protein occurs, i.e., a BAF protein (simply referred to as “BAF”). A process for producing DNA encoding BAF is described, for example, in PTL 2. Such a DNA is obtained by binding a luciferase gene to a fluorescent protein gene via a proper DNA sequence corresponding to the second linker. In this specification, a chimeric protein having BAF as a luminescent domain may be referred to as “CBD-BAF.” (3) Chimeric Protein [0078] The chimeric protein of the present invention is obtained by incorporating a genetic construct or vector into a host cell (e.g., Escherichia coli ) to thereby produce a transformant, and culturing the transformant, wherein the genetic construct or vector comprises a chimeric protein-encoding DNA formed by bonding DNA encoding a cellulose/chitin-binding domain to DNA encoding a luminescent domain directly or via a DNA sequence corresponding to the first linker. (4) Linker [0079] The first linker is not particularly limited as long as it comprises one or more amino acids, and as long as it does not impair the function of the cellulose/chitin-binding domain and the luminescent domain. The number of amino acids constituting the first linker is at least 1, and may range from 2 to 100, for example, 4 to 80, preferably 5 to 60, more preferably about 6 to 40, still more preferably 7 to 30, and particularly more preferably about 8 to 16. [0080] The second linker is not particularly limited as long as it comprises one or more amino acids, and as long as it does not interrupt energy transfer from a luciferase to a fluorescent protein. The number of amino acids constituting the second linker is typically 8 to 26, preferably 8 to 16, more preferably 10 to 14, and particularly more preferably 12. When the number of amino acids constituting the linker is 7 or less, or 27 or more, the energy transfer efficiency is significantly lowered. [0081] A protease recognition sequence can be incorporated into the linker (the first linker or the second linker). Such makes it possible to detect whether a protease is present in a sample by using the chimeric protein of the present invention. Alternatively, an amino acid sequence which enables one or more substances in the sample bind to the linker to thereby change the luminescent activity can be incorporated into the into the linker. Such makes it possible to detect or quantify such a linker-binding substance in the sample. Such a protease recognition sequence and linker-binding substance are known, and can be suitably selected by a person skilled in the art. A specific example of a combination of a protease and a protease recognition sequence includes, but is not limited to, HRV-3C protease and an amino acid sequence LEVLFQ/GP (“/” means the cleavage site). (5) Others [0082] In this specification, luciferases to be used may be wild-type luciferases. Luciferases with improved properties, such as stability and luminescence, may also be used. [0083] In this specification, fluorescent proteins to be used may be wild-type fluorescent proteins. Fluorescent proteins with improved properties, such as stability and luminescence, may also be used. [0084] When using, for example, Renilla luciferase as a luminescent domain, a wild-type Renilla luciferase (e.g., Rluc) may be used. Renilla luciferases with improved properties, such as stability and luminescence (e.g., Rluc8 and Rluc8/A123S/D162E/I163L) may also be used. As used herein, the term “luciferase” includes both wild-type luciferases and any luciferases that have modified luciferase properties. Likewise, as used herein, the term “fluorescent protein” includes both wild-type fluorescent proteins and any fluorescent proteins that have modified properties of a fluorescent protein. [0085] Examples of fluorescent protein include green fluorescent protein (GFP), yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), blue fluorescent protein (BFP), cyan fluorescent protein (CFP), orange fluorescent protein (OFP), DsRED, and red fluorescent protein (RFP). GFP includes wild-type green fluorescent protein (e.g., AvGFP and AcGFP) derived from jellyfish of the genus Aequorea (e.g., Aequorea victoria , and Aequorea coerulescens ) and various GFP derivatives, such as EGFP. YFP also includes a wide variety of variants comprising one or more amino acid substitutions, such as EYFP, Topaz, Venus, and Citrine. DsRED includes a wide variety of wild-type fluorescent proteins derived from coral of the genus Discosoma , their variants having their amino acid sequences modified, e.g., by substitution, addition, deletion or insertion, and monomeric forms obtained by modifying polymeric wild-type DsRED (e.g., mCherry). DsRED of monomeric form is preferable. RFP includes a wide variety of wild-type red fluorescent proteins derived from, for example, actiniae (e.g., Entacmaea quadricolor ; note, however, that DsRED that emits red light is not included) and their variants having their amino acid sequence modified (e.g., TurboRFP). Likewise, other fluorescent proteins also include a wide variety of wild-type fluorescent proteins and their variants having their amino acid sequences modified, e.g., by substitution, addition, deletion or insertion. [0086] The use of a fluorescent protein that changes RLU (relative light unit, relative intensity) or fluorescence wavelength depending on pH, such as YFP, makes it possible to measure the pH of the environment where the fluorescent protein is present. Thus, the chimeric protein of the present invention can be used as a pH indicator. Further, the use of proteins that do not significantly change RLU or wavelength depending on pH, such as GFP, makes it possible to quantify, without being affected by the pH, the chimeric protein of the present invention or substances (e.g., proteins) labeled by such a chimeric protein. [0087] The DNA of the present invention encodes the chimeric protein of the present invention. [0088] The chimeric protein of the present invention is obtained by incorporating the gene of the present invention, which will be described below, into an expression vector, and allowing gene expression to occur in an appropriate host cell. Examples of the host cell include mammal and other animal cells, plant cells, eukaryotic cells (e.g., yeast) and prokaryotic cells (e.g., Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis , algae, and Eumycetes ). Any of these cells can be used. Preferable host cells include Escherichia coli and the like. [0089] A feature of the chimeric protein of the present invention is that the chimeric protein, when attached or bound to a material, such as a sheet, a film, a granule, or a bead, which is formed of cellulose or chitin, and dried, maintains its luminescence activity for a long period of time. Thus, the chimeric protein of the present invention is useful as a luminescent material. Further, due to its luminescent activity not being lowered in storage for a long period of time, the chimeric protein of the present invention is useful as a standard substance as well. [0090] In this specification, cellulose to be used includes wild-type cellulose and regenerated cellulose. Examples of wild-type cellulose include refined pulp obtained from needle-leaved trees or broad-leaved trees, cellulose obtained from cotton linter or cotton lint, cellulose obtained from sea grass, such as Valoniaceae and Cladophorale, cellulose obtained from ascidian, and cellulose produced by bacteria. Examples of regenerated cellulose include those obtained by dissolving natural cellulose fibers and regenerating them in a fibrous form with the chemical structure of cellulose maintained. [0091] Chitin can be obtained from, for example, crab shells. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, chitin is obtained by the following procedure: a crab shell is washed with water, and treated with an acid, such as hydrochloric acid to remove inorganic matter (e.g., calcium); subsequently, organic matter (e.g., protein) is removed by a caustic soda treatment, and lipid is further removed by an alcohol treatment, thereby obtaining chitin as an insoluble residue for use. The crab shell material pulverized into granules may also be used. [0092] Further, cicada exuviae can be used as chitin. Because chitin is exposed on the inner surface of exuviae, cicada exuviae can be used without the need for treatment. EXAMPLES [0093] The present invention is described in detail below using Examples. Needless to say, however, the present invention is not limited to these Examples. In the Examples, it is understood that “CBD-BAF” and “hCBD-BAF” are included in “chimeric proteins.” Example 1 Production of Plasmid [0094] (1) pCII-CBD-eBAF-Ym3 and pCII-CBD(TN)-eBAF-Ym3 [0095] In order to produce CBD-eBAF-Y expression vectors, the gene coding for CBD(wt) or CBD(TN) was amplified by PCR. The primers used for PCR were as follows: [0000] chBD2-F-NdeI, 5′-GGAATTCCATATGACTACCCCTGTCCCAGTCTC-3′; and chBD2-R-NdeI, 5′-CGATATCCATATGAATTACTTGTCCGTTTATTTCTAG-3′. The PCR fragments were digested with NdeI, and inserted into the NdeI site of pCII-eBAF-Ym3, thereby building pCII-CBD-eBAF-Ym3 and pCII-CBD(TN)-eBAF-Ym3. [0096] eBAF-Ym3 is described in PTL 1, and is a BAF protein in which mutations of A123S, D162E, and I163L are introduced into the RLuc8 portion of eBAF-Y. The genes coding for CBD and CBD(TN) are sequences derived from the genome of a hyperthermophilic bacterium. [0000] (2) pCII-hCBD-eBAF-Y [0097] For efficient protein expression in Escherichia coli , the CBD gene (only CBD(TN)) was artificially synthesized for the purpose of codon optimization in Escherichia coli . The artificial synthetic CBD(TN) gene (hereinafter referred to as “hCBD” for distinction; however, the amino acid sequence thereof was the same as that of CBD(TN)) was used to replace the CBD(TN) portion of the above pCII-CBD(TN)-eBAF-Ym3, thereby building pCII-hCBD-eBAF-Ym3. Further, at this time, in preparation for recombination at a later stage, an Asp718-BamHI-NdeI site was added to the 3′ end of the hCBD sequence when the artificial gene was designed. As a result, the nucleotide sequence of the junction region was 5′-GGTACCGGGGGATCCCATATG-3′, and hCBD and eBAF-Ym3 were connected in-frame via the amino acid sequence G-T-G-G-S-H (ATG of the NdeI site corresponded to the initiation Met of eBAF-Ym3). [0000] (3) pCII-hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-Ym3 [0098] A synthetic double-stranded DNA comprising AspHRV3CsBam-Sens: 5′-GTACCGGTGGTTCCGCGGGTCTGGAAGTTCTGTTCCAGGGGCCCTCCGCGGGTtccggtg-3′ and AspHRV3CsBam-Anti: GATCCACCGGAACCCGCGGAGGGCCCCTGGAACAGAACTTCCAGACCCGCGGAACCACCG, was inserted into the Asp718-BamHI site of pCII-hCBD-eBAF-Ym3, and an HRV-3C protease cleavage sequence was inserted. The amino acid sequence corresponding to the region from the Asp718 site to the BamHI site was G-T-G-G-S-A-G-L-E-V-L-F-Q-G-P-S-A-G-S-G-G-S, and LEVLFQ/GP in the center was the protease cleavage sequence (/: cleavage site). [0000] (4) pCII-hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-Ym3ΔNdeI [0099] In Escherichia coli expression vectors for various BAFs, typified by pCII-eBAF-Y, more than 400 types of various BAFs, which had been developed by the year 2008, are all cloned with the NdeI-XbaI site. Comparatively, in pCII-hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-Ym3, the hCBD portion is inserted at the NdeI site, and the NdeI site on the 5′ end of the hCBD portion interrupts the production of new BAF substitution products. Accordingly, the NdeI site was destroyed by single-nucleotide substitution mutagenesis using hCBDdelNdeIoligo-Sens: 5′-TCATCATCATCATCAcATGACCACTCCGGTG-3′ and hCBDdelNdeIoligo-Anti: 5′-CACCGGAGTGGTCATgTGATGATGATGATGA-3′, and pCII-hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-Ym3ΔNdeI was thereby produced. The QuikChange system (Stratagene) was used to perform the single-nucleotide mutagenesis. [0100] FIG. 3 shows the test results of the luminescent activity of the chimeric protein expressed using pCII-hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-Ym3ΔNdeI after it was adsorbed/bound to filter paper, and then dried. [0000] (5) pCII-hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-R 3 and pCII-hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-R 4 [0101] pCII-hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-Ym3ΔNdeI was digested with NdeI and XbaI to remove the eBAF-Ym3 portion, and BAF-R 3 or BAF-R 4 was inserted instead. Thus, pCII-hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-R 3 and pCII-hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-R 4 were produced. BAF-R 3 and BAF-R 4 contained TurboRFP and mCherry, respectively, as red fluorescent proteins. BAF-R 3 and BAF-R 4 were produced according to the method described in PTL 1. [0102] FIGS. 4 and 5 show the test results of the luminescent activity of to the chimeric proteins expressed using pCII-hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-R 3 and pCII-hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-R 4 after they were each adsorbed/bound filter paper, and then dried. [0000] (6) pCII-hCBD-RLuc [0103] The eBAF-Ym3 portion was removed from pCII-hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-Ym3ΔNdeI and RLuc ( Renilla luciferase) was inserted instead, in the same manner as in (5) above. FIG. 10 shows the test results of the luminescent activity of the chimeric protein expressed using the obtained pCII-hCBD-HRV3Cs-RLuc after it was adsorbed/bound to filter paper, dried, and stored at room temperature. Preparation of Recombinant Protein [0104] Each chimeric protein was expressed in an Escherichia coli BL21 strain by a low-temperature shock inducible promoter system (TAKARA) using a recombinant protein as a His-tagged fused protein. The recombinant protein was purified by a Ni-NTA affinity column. Production of Various Chimeric Protein-Bound Filter Papers [0105] A round filter paper (ADVANTEC) sample (diameter: 6 mm) produced by a hole puncher was placed on a Parafilm sheet. A high-concentration aqueous solution of each chimeric protein, which had been His-tagged and purified, was added dropwise (several microliters per drop) to the filter paper sample and then dried. This process was repeated. After binding a sufficient amount of chimeric protein, the filter paper sample was washed with a large amount of purified water to remove unbound CBD-BAF. The washed filter paper sample was air-dried on a Parafilm sheet. Various chimeric protein-bound filter papers were produced in this manner. FIG. 1 schematically shows the outline of the method. The chimeric proteins used were CBD-eBAF-Ym3, hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-Ym3ΔNdeI (hereinafter also referred to as “hCBD-eBAF-Ym3”), hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-R 3 (hereinafter also referred to as “hCBD-eBAF-R 3 ”), hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-R 4 (hereinafter also referred to as “hCBD-eBAF-R 4 ”), and hCBD-HRV3Cs-RLuc (hereinafter also referred to as “hCBD-RLuc”). Observation of Luminescence Image of Chimeric Protein-Bound Filter Paper [0106] A filter paper sample was cut out by an apple-shaped hole puncher, and CBD-eBAF-Ym3 was bound to the center of the filter paper sample. After washing the filter paper sample, a luciferin solution was added thereto, and yellowish-green luminescence was visually observed. After it was confirmed that no diffusion from the part coated with the chimeric protein was observed, a luminescence image was acquired by a LAS-4000 with an exposure time of 4 seconds at High Resolution mode (lowest sensitivity). FIG. 2A shows the results. [0107] Only in this Example, CBD-eBAF-Ym3 having CBD (chBD2(TN) type; the gene (base) sequence except for the mutated portion was derived from a natural hyperthermophilic bacterium) was used as the cellulose/chitin-binding domain. In all of the other Examples, an artificial synthetic gene (also referred to as “hCBD”) coding for the amino acid sequence of chBD2(TN) and optimized for codon usage in Escherichia coli was used. [0000] Measurement of Luminescence Intensity after Dry Storage of Chimeric Protein-Bound Filter Paper at Room Temperature [0108] The CBD-eBAF-Ym3 protein-binding filter paper was placed in a plastic petri dish, and the petri dish was covered with a lid and then stored at room temperature (26° C. to 27° C.) in a dark place. Immediately before measurement, the dry filter paper sample was placed in a luminometer measuring tube (Nunc), and 200 μl of luminescent reaction buffer (60 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0) was added to sufficiently moisten the sample. A 1 μM luciferin solution (200 μl) was added to the tube, and the luminescence was measured. The luminescence intensity was measured by integration for 10 seconds using a Luminescencer-PSN (Atto). FIG. 2B shows the results. [0109] The luminescence intensity of hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-Ym3ΔNdeI, hCBD-eBAF-R 3 , hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-R 4 , and hCBD-HRV3Cs-RLuc after storage was similarly measured. FIGS. 3 to 5 and 10 show the results. Implementation of Protease Activity Detection System [0110] FIGS. 6 and 7A schematically show the outline of the system. [0111] The expression of hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-Ym3 was induced using pCII-hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-Ym3-containing Escherichia coli , followed by purification. The obtained hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-Ym3 was used to prepare a dry filter paper sample to which this protein was bound. [0112] The filter paper sample was placed in a 2.0-ml micro centrifugal tube, and 100 μl of 1×HRV-3C buffer (150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5) was added to sufficiently moisten the sample. Then, the buffer was completely removed. To the tube containing the buffer-moistened filter paper sample, 120 μl of 1×HRV-3C buffer solution or 1×HRV-3C buffer solution containing 4U of HRV-3C protease (Novagen) was newly added, and the mixture was allowed to stand at 4° C. for 64 hours. After the reaction, the micro centrifugal tube was centrifuged, and 40 μl of supernatant was taken in another tube. The collected supernatant was supplied to SDS-PAGE each in an amount of 4 μl, and separated by electrophoresis, followed by CBB dyeing. In addition, an unreacted hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-Ym3 purified preparation was used as a control. FIG. 7C shows the results. [0113] Further, 2 μl of the collected supernatant was diluted with 200 μl of luminescent reaction buffer (60 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0), and an equivalent amount of 0.5 μM luciferin solution was added. The luminescence was measured three times. The luminescence intensity was measured by integration for 10 seconds using a Luminescencer-PSN (Atto). FIG. 7B shows the results. [0114] Moreover, the fluorescence of the collected supernatant was observed using a blue LED transilluminator and an orange acrylic plate. An image was obtained by photography using a digital camera (Nikon D-70). FIG. 7D shows the results. [0000] Production of Chitin Material to which hCBD-BAF Proteins Bind [0115] A crab shell was sequentially treated with hydrochloric acid (calcium removal), NaOH (protein removal), and then alcohol (lipid removal), thereby obtaining a chitin material (crab shell chitin material). Three hCBD-BAF proteins (hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-Ym3, hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-R 3 , and hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-R 4 ) were applied to different areas of the obtained chitin material ( FIG. 9A ), and dried. After storage at room temperature for three days, the chitin material was irradiated with a 505-nm green LED illuminator, and light passing through an orange filter was photographed with a digital camera. FIG. 9B (b-1) shows a bright field image under a fluorescent lamp, and (b-2) shows a fluorescence image. FIGS. 9B (b-1) and (b-2) show photographs taken from the same angle. The green color in the negative control and the uncoated part is caused by the reflection of the irradiating green light. Further, FIG. 9B (b-3) shows a fluorescence image of the same sample after dry storage at room temperature for 10 months. [0000] Spectral Measurement of BAFs Used in hCBD-BAF [0116] The spectrum of each of the BAF proteins (eBAF-Ym3, eBAF-R 3 , and eBAF-R 4 ) used, respectively, in the three hCBD-BAF proteins (hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-Ym3, hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-R 3 , and hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-R 4 ) was measured according to the method described in PTL 2. FIGS. 11 to 13 show the results. Binding of CBD-BAF Protein to Cicada Exuvia, and Luminescence Observation [0117] A cicada exuvia was used as a chitin material. hCBD-HRV3Cs-eBAF-Ym3 was directly applied to the cicada exuvia. This hybrid material was immersed in the above-mentioned reaction buffer, and a luciferin solution was added. Then, the luminescence state was recorded with a digital camera. FIG. 14 shows the results.	The main object of the present invention is to provide a novel technique using a BAF. The invention that achieves the object provides the following: a chimeric protein comprising a luminescent domain and a cellulose- and/or chitin-binding domain, the luminescent domain comprising at least one luminescent protein selected from the group consisting of luciferases and fluorescent proteins.	2
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/CN2012/084961, filed on Nov. 21, 2012, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. TECHNICAL FIELD [0002] The present invention relates to the field of electronic information technologies, and in particular, to a method and an apparatus for recovering data. BACKGROUND [0003] With the development of electronic information technologies, data stored by users in a database is ever-increasing. To ensure security and stability of the data, a lot of data maintenance/recovery technologies are derived, where a multi-copy data storage technology is a common data maintenance/recovery technology. [0004] In an existing multi-copy data storage technology, multiple same copies are generated on a basis of data, and the multiple same copies are separately stored in different databases or backup nodes. For example, data that needs to be backed up may be copied to generate three same copies, and each copy is the same as the data that needs to be backed up. The three same copies are separately stored in a node 1 , a node 2 and a node 3 ; the node 1 , the node 2 and the node 3 have been networked, and may perform data exchange. When the copy on one node is damaged, the copy is recovered using the correct copy on another node. For example, when the data on the node 3 is damaged due to a fault occurring on the node 3 , the data on the node 3 is recovered using the correct data on the node 1 or node 2 , which ensures that the three copies are available and enhances data reliability. [0005] Problems in the prior art are as follows. In some cases, all copies may be damaged. For example, when the copies in the node 1 , node 2 and node 3 are all damaged, the copies cannot be recovered, so that the data that is backed up is permanently damaged, and this brings losses to a user due to low security of the data that is backed up. SUMMARY [0006] Embodiments of the present invention provide a method and an apparatus for recovering data, which can divide data in a copy into multiple data segments, and recover the data in the copy using a data segment as a minimum unit; therefore, when damaged data exists in all copies, data that is backed up can still be recovered, thereby reducing losses of a user. [0007] To achieve the foregoing objective, the embodiments of the present invention adopt the following technical solutions. [0008] According to a first aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for recovering data, including backing up data that needs to be backed up, and generating at least N same copies, where each copy is formed by at least M segments, each segment includes part of content of one copy, the number of segments forming each copy is the same, N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2, M is a positive integer greater than or equal to 1, and a manner of dividing each copy into segments is the same, that is, when all the copies are undamaged, one segment in one copy includes same content as a segment that is in another copy and located in a same position as this segment; and executing the following procedure for each segment: detecting whether segments in a same position in all the copies are damaged; and replacing a damaged segment with an undamaged segment if at least one of same segments in all the copies is undamaged. [0009] With reference to the first aspect, in a first possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the method further includes dividing the data that needs to be backed up into at least one segment, and generating, according to a preset rule, a standard check code corresponding to each segment in the data that needs to be backed up, where each segment in the data that needs to be backed up includes part of content of the data that needs to be backed up, and a manner of dividing the data that needs to be backed up into segments is the same as the manner of dividing each copy into segments, that is, when all the copies are undamaged, one segment in the data that needs to be backed up includes same content as a segment that is in any copy and located in a same position as this segment. [0010] With reference to the first aspect or the first possible implementation manner of the first aspect, in a second possible implementation manner, the detecting whether same segments in all the copies are damaged includes generating, according to the preset rule, check codes corresponding to segments in a first copy; detecting whether the check codes corresponding to the segments in the first copy are the same as the standard check code, where if a check code corresponding to one segment in the first copy is the same as the standard check code, this segment in the first copy is undamaged; and if a check code corresponding to one segment in the first copy is different from the standard check code, this segment in the first copy is damaged; and repeating the foregoing procedure until it is detected whether the segments in all the copies are damaged. [0011] With reference to the first aspect, in a third possible implementation manner of the first aspect, the replacing a damaged segment with an undamaged segment includes acquiring an i th segment that is undamaged in one copy, and copying content included in the i th segment that is undamaged, where 1≦i≦M, and i is an integer; determining all i th segments that are damaged in other copies; sending the copied content to backup nodes on which the i th segments that are damaged are located; and overwriting content of the i th segments that are damaged on the backup nodes with the copied content. [0012] With reference to the first aspect, in a fourth possible implementation manner of the first aspect, if the same segments in all the copies are all damaged, the method further includes acquiring a first segment set, where the first segment set includes segments in one same position in all the copies; using one segment as a target segment in the first segment set, where X sub-segments of the target segment are different from sub-segments that are of other segments in the first segment set and located in same positions as the X sub-segments, X is an integer greater than or equal to 1, one sub-segment includes at least one binary character, and a manner of dividing each segment into sub-segments is the same, that is, in the first segment set, one sub-segment of one segment includes same content as a sub-segment that is of another segment in the first segment set and located in a same position as this sub-segment; replacing an X th sub-segment of the target segment with a sub-segment that is of other Y x segments and located in a same position, and acquiring Y x +1 replacement results, where Y x represents the number of sub-segments that are of other segments, located in the same position and different from the X th sub-segment of the target segment, Y x is an integer, and 1≦Y x ≦N; combining replacement results of all the X sub-segments of the target segment, and acquiring (Y 1 +1)(Y 2 +1) . . . (Y x +1)−N segments that are of the target segment and obtained by combination; and determining an undamaged segment among the segments obtained by combination, and replacing all segments in the first segment set with the undamaged segment in the segments obtained by combination. [0013] With reference to the fourth possible implementation manner of the first aspect, in a fifth possible implementation manner, the determining an undamaged segment among the segments obtained by combination includes generating, according to the preset rule, check codes corresponding to the segments obtained by combination; determining a target check code among the check codes corresponding to the segments obtained by combination, where the target check code is a check code that is the same as a standard check code corresponding to the target segment, and in the data that needs to be backed up, a standard check code of a segment that is located in a same position as the target segment is the standard check code corresponding to the target segment; and using a segment that is obtained by combination and corresponds to the target check code as the undamaged segment. [0014] According to a second aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides an apparatus for recovering data, including a backup generating module, configured to back up data that needs to be backed up, and generate at least N same copies, where each copy is formed by at least M segments, each segment includes part of content of one copy, the number of segments forming each copy is the same, N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2, M is a positive integer greater than or equal to 1, and a manner of dividing each copy into segments is the same, that is, when all the copies are undamaged, one segment in one copy includes same content as a segment that is in another copy and located in a same position as this segment; a diagnosing module, configured to detect whether segments in a same position in all the copies are damaged; and a recovering module, configured to replace a damaged segment with an undamaged segment if at least one of same segments in all the copies is undamaged. [0015] With reference to the second aspect, in a first possible implementation manner of the second aspect, the apparatus includes a standard check code generating module, configured to divide the data that needs to be backed up into at least one segment, and generate, according to a preset rule, a standard check code corresponding to each segment in the data that needs to be backed up, where each segment in the data that needs to be backed up includes part of content of the data that needs to be backed up, and a manner of dividing the data that needs to be backed up into segments is the same as the manner of dividing each copy into segments, that is, when all the copies are undamaged, one segment in the data that needs to be backed up includes same content as a segment that is in any copy and located in a same position as this segment. [0016] With reference to the second aspect or the first possible implementation mode of the second aspect, in a second possible implementation mode, the apparatus includes a check code generating module, configured to generate, according to the preset rule, check codes corresponding to segments in a first copy, where the diagnosing module is further configured to detect whether the check codes corresponding to the segments in the first copy are the same as the standard check code, where if a check code corresponding to one segment in the first copy is the same as the standard check code, this segment in the first copy is undamaged, and if a check code corresponding to one segment in the first copy is different from the standard check code, this segment in the first copy is damaged; and repeat the foregoing procedure until it is detected whether the segments in all the copies are damaged. [0017] With reference to the second aspect, in a third possible implementation manner of the second aspect, the recovering module includes an extracting unit, configured to acquire an i th segment that is undamaged in one copy, and copy content included in the i th segment that is undamaged, where 1≦i≦M, and i is an integer; a positioning unit, configured to determine all i th segments that are damaged in other copies; a transmitting unit, configured to send the copied content to backup nodes on which the i th segments that are damaged are located; and a first recovering unit, configured to overwrite content of the i th segments that are damaged on the backup nodes with the copied content. [0018] With reference to the second aspect, in a fourth possible implementation manner of the second aspect, the recovering module further includes an analyzing unit, configured to acquire a first segment set, where the first segment set includes segments in one same position in all the copies, and use one segment as a target segment in the first segment set, where X sub-segments of the target segment are different from sub-segments that are of other segments in the first segment set and located in same positions as the X sub-segments, X is an integer greater than or equal to 1, one sub-segment includes at least one binary character, and a manner of dividing each segment into sub-segments is the same, that is, in the first segment set, one sub-segment of one segment includes same content as a sub-segment that is of another segment in the first segment set and located in a same position as this sub-segment; a first preprocessing unit, configured to replace an X th sub-segment of the target segment with a sub-segment that is of other Y x segments and located in a same position, and acquire Y x +1 replacement results, where Y x represents the number of sub-segments that are of other segments, located in the same position, and different from the X th sub-segment of the target segment, Y x is an integer, and 1≦Y x ≦N; a second preprocessing unit, configured to combine replacement results of all the X sub-segments of the target segment and acquire (Y 1 +1)(Y 2 +1) . . . (Y x +1)−N segments that are of the target segment and obtained by combination; and a second recovering unit, configured to determine an undamaged segment among the segments obtained by combination, and replace all segments in the first segment set with the undamaged segment in the segments obtained by combination, where the check code generating module is configured to generate, according to the preset rule, check codes corresponding to the segments obtained by combination; and the diagnosing module is further configured to determine a target check code among the check codes corresponding to the segments obtained by combination, and use a segment that is obtained by combination and corresponds to the target check code as the undamaged segment, where the target check code is a check code that is the same as a standard check code corresponding to the target segment, and in the data that needs to be backed up, a standard check code of a segment that is located in a same position as the target segment is the standard check code corresponding to the target segment. [0019] According to a third aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a computing node for recovering data, including a processor, a communication interface, a memory, and a bus, where the processor, the communication interface and the memory implement mutual communication using the bus; the processor is configured to acquire, through the communication interface, a data backup that needs to be backed up, back up data that needs to be backed up, generate at least N same copies, and store the at least N same copies in the memory, where each copy is formed by at least M segments, each segment includes part of content of one copy, the number of segments forming each copy is the same, N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2, M is a positive integer greater than or equal to 1, and a manner of dividing each copy into segments is the same, that is, when all the copies are undamaged, one segment in one copy includes same content as a segment that is in another copy and located in a same position as this segment; the processor is further configured to detect whether segments in a same position in all the copies are damaged; and the processor is further configured to, if at least one of same segments in all the copies is undamaged, acquire the undamaged segment from the memory segment, and replace a damaged segment in the memory with the undamaged segment. [0020] With reference to the third aspect, in a first possible implementation manner of the third aspect, the processor is further configured to divide the data that needs to be backed up into at least one segment, generate, according to a preset rule, a standard check code corresponding to each segment in the data that needs to be backed up, and store the generated standard check code in the memory, where each segment in the data that needs to be backed up includes part of content of the data that needs to be backed up, and a manner of dividing the data that needs to be backed up into segments is the same as the manner of dividing each copy into segments, that is, when all the copies are undamaged, one segment in the data that needs to be backed up includes same content as a segment that is in any copy and located in a same position as this segment. [0021] With reference to the third aspect or the first possible implementation manner of the third aspect, in a second possible implementation manner, the processor is further configured to generate, according to the preset rule, check codes corresponding to segments in a first copy; detect whether the check codes corresponding to the segments in the first copy are the same as the standard check code stored in the memory, where if a check code corresponding to one segment in the first copy is the same as the standard check code, this segment in the first copy is undamaged; and if a check code corresponding to one segment in the first copy is different from the standard check code, this segment in the first copy is damaged; and repeat the foregoing procedure until it is detected whether the segments in all the copies are damaged. [0022] With reference to the third aspect, in a third possible implementation manner of the third aspect, the memory is formed by at least one backup node, and the processor is further configured to acquire an i th segment that is undamaged in one copy, and copy content included in the i th segment that is undamaged, where 1≦i≦M, and i is an integer; determine all i th segments that are damaged in other copies; send the copied content to backup nodes on which the i th segments that are damaged are located through the communication interface; and overwrite content of the i th segments that are damaged on the backup nodes with the copied content. [0023] With reference to the third aspect, in a fourth possible implementation manner of the third aspect, the processor is further configured to acquire a first segment set if the same segments in all the copies are all damaged, where the first segment set includes segments in one same position in all the copies; use one segment as a target segment in the first segment set, where X sub-segments of the target segment are different from sub-segments that are of other segments in the first segment set and located in same positions as the X sub-segments, X is an integer greater than or equal to 1, one sub-segment includes at least one binary character, and a manner of dividing each segment into sub-segments is the same, that is, in the first segment set, one sub-segment of one segment includes same content as a sub-segment that is of another segment in the first segment set and located in a same position as this sub-segment; replace an X th sub-segment of the target segment with a sub-segment that is of other Y x segments and located in a same position, and acquire Y x +1 replacement results, where Y x represents the number of sub-segments that are of other segments, located in the same position and different from the X th sub-segment of the target segment, Y x is an integer, and 1≦Y x ≦N; combine replacement results of all the X sub-segments of the target segment, and acquire (Y 1 +1)(Y 2 +1) . . . (Y x +1)−N segments that are of the target segment and obtained by combination; and determine an undamaged segment among the segments obtained by combination, and replace all segments in the first segment set with the undamaged segment in the segments obtained by combination. [0024] With reference to the first possible implementation manner of the third aspect or the fourth possible implementation manner of the third aspect, in a fifth possible implementation manner, the processor is further configured to generate, according to the preset rule, check codes corresponding to the segments obtained by combination, and store, in the memory, the check code corresponding to the segments obtained by combination; determine a target check code among the check codes corresponding to the segments obtained by combination, where the target check code is a check code that is the same as a standard check code corresponding to the target segment, and in the data that needs to be backed up, a standard check code of a segment that is located in a same position as the target segment is the standard check code corresponding to the target segment; and use a segment that is obtained by combination and corresponds to the target check code as the undamaged segment. [0025] According to a fourth aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a computer program product for recovering data, including a computer-readable storage medium that stores program code, where an instruction included in the program code is used for backing up data that needs to be backed up, and generating at least N same copies, where each copy is formed by at least M segments, each segment includes part of content of one copy, the number of segments forming each copy is the same, N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2, M is a positive integer greater than or equal to 1, and a manner of dividing each copy into segments is the same, that is, when all the copies are undamaged, one segment in one copy includes same content as a segment that is in another copy and located in a same position as this segment; and executing the following procedure for each segment: detecting whether segments in a same position in all the copies are damaged; and replacing a damaged segment with an undamaged segment if at least one of same segments in all the copies is undamaged. [0026] According to the method and apparatus for recovering data provided in the embodiments of the present invention, data in a copy can be divided into multiple data segments, check codes for the data segments are compared to detect whether the data segments are damaged, and when one data segment is damaged, the damaged data segment is recovered using another undamaged data segment, thereby ensuring correctness of the data segments and further ensuring correctness of the copy. In the solutions provided in the present invention, data that is backed up can still be recovered when damaged data exists in all copies, which prevents a problem in the prior art that the copies cannot be recovered and the data that is backed up is permanently damaged when all the copies are damaged, thereby improving security of the data that is backed up and reducing losses of a user. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS [0027] To describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention more clearly, the following briefly introduces the accompanying drawings required for describing the embodiments. [0028] FIG. 1A is a flowchart of a method for recovering data according to an embodiment of the present invention; [0029] FIG. 1B is a schematic diagram of a specific example of a method for recovering data according to an embodiment of the present invention; [0030] FIG. 1C is a schematic diagram of another specific example of a method for recovering data according to an embodiment of the present invention; [0031] FIG. 1D is a schematic diagram of still another specific example of a method for recovering data according to an embodiment of the present invention; [0032] FIG. 2A is a flowchart of another method for recovering data according to an embodiment of the present invention; [0033] FIG. 2B is a flowchart of a specific implementation manner of another method for recovering data according to an embodiment of the present invention; [0034] FIG. 2C is a schematic diagram of a specific example of a method for recovering data according to an embodiment of the present invention; [0035] FIG. 2D is a schematic diagram of another specific example of a method for recovering data according to an embodiment of the present invention; [0036] FIG. 2E is a schematic diagram of still another specific example of a method for recovering data according to an embodiment of the present invention; [0037] FIG. 2F is a schematic diagram of yet another specific example of a method for recovering data according to an embodiment of the present invention; [0038] FIG. 2G is a flowchart of another specific implementation manner of another method for recovering data according to an embodiment of the present invention; [0039] FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of an apparatus for recovering data according to an embodiment of the present invention; [0040] FIG. 4A is a schematic structural diagram of another apparatus for recovering data according to an embodiment of the present invention; [0041] FIG. 4B is another schematic structural diagram of another apparatus for recovering data according to an embodiment of the present invention; and [0042] FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a computing node for recovering data according to an embodiment of the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS [0043] The following clearly describes the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. [0044] According to one aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for recovering data, as shown in FIG. 1A , including the following steps. [0045] It should be noted that, a specific implementation manner of data recovery in this embodiment may be executed by a device such as a server, for example, a management server in a common database, or may be executed by a terminal device, for example, a mobile workstation that is commonly used by a person of skill during work and is capable of accessing a database. That is, a device that is capable of performing analysis and copying processing on data and has a data transmission function can execute the specific implementation manner of the data recovery in this embodiment, which is not limited herein. [0046] 101 . Back up data that needs to be backed up, and generate at least N same copies. [0047] In this embodiment, a server may first back up the data that needs to be backed up, and generate at least two copies. When all the copies are undamaged, the first segment in a first copy includes same content as the first segment in another copy, that is, the copies that have just been generated are the same as the data that needs to be backed up. For example, the server copies a document with a size of 10 megabyte (MB) for three times to generate three copy documents, and each copy document is the same as the original document. [0048] Further, each copy is formed by at least M segments, each segment includes part of content of one copy, the number of segments forming each copy is the same, N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2, M is a positive integer greater than or equal to 1, and one segment in one copy includes same content as a segment that is in another copy and located in a same position as this segment. In the embodiment, the segment can also be named slice. The two terms are interchangeable. [0049] In this embodiment, the server may divide one copy into at least two data segments using a commonly used technical means, and use one data segment as one segment. For example, as shown in FIG. 1B , the server may divide each copy document with the size of 10 MB into five data segments, and a size of each data segment is 2 MB, that is, a size of each segment is 2 MB. The server may also divide each of the other copy documents into five segments in a same dividing manner, where a size of each segment is 2 MB. Because the copy documents that are backed up are the same and dividing manners are also the same, a segment in each copy document is also the same as a segment in a same position in the other copy documents. For example, as shown in FIG. 1B , a segment 1 in a copy document 1, a segment 1 in a copy document 2 and a segment 1 in a copy document 3 are all the same. [0050] In this embodiment, the server may execute the following procedure of 102 - 103 for each segment. [0051] 102 . Detect whether segments in a same position in all the copies are damaged. [0052] For example, as shown in FIG. 1B , each of the copy document 1, the copy document 2 and the copy document 3 has the segment 1, and the segment 1 in the copy document 1, the segment 1 in the copy document 2 and the segment 1 in the copy document 3 are all the same, so that the set of segments 1 includes same segments in all the copies, and the server may detect whether any one of the segment 1 in the copy document 1, the segment 1 in the copy document 2 and the segment 1 in the copy document 3 is damaged. [0053] 103 . Replace a damaged segment with an undamaged segment if at least one of same segments in all the copies is undamaged. [0054] For example, as shown in FIG. 1C , when the server detects that the segment 1 in the copy document 1 is undamaged and both the segment 1 in the copy document 2 and the segment 1 in the copy document 3 are damaged, the server may separately copy the segment 1 in the copy document 1 to the copy document 2 and the copy document 3 to replace the segment 1 in the copy document 2 and the segment 1 in the copy document 3, so as to recover the damaged segment 1 in the copy document 2 and the damaged segment 1 in the copy document 3. [0055] Processing is skipped if no segment in all the copies is damaged. [0056] According to the method for recovering data provided in this embodiment of the present invention, data in a copy can be divided into multiple data segments, and when one data segment is damaged, the damaged data segment is recovered using another undamaged data segment, thereby ensuring correctness of the data segment and further ensuring correctness of the copy. For example, as shown in FIG. 1D , if the segment 1 in the copy document 1, the segment 2 in the copy document 2 and the segment 3 in the copy document 3 are all damaged, but other segments are undamaged, that is, when damaged data exists in all the copies, a server may use an undamaged segment in one copy to recover a damaged segment in another copy, so as to recover all the copy documents. Compared with the prior art, in the solutions according to this embodiment of the present invention, data that is backed up may still be recovered when damaged data exists in all copies, thereby improving security of the data that is backed up and reducing losses of a user. [0057] In this embodiment, the method may further include a solution shown in FIG. 2A . [0058] 201 . Back up data that needs to be backed up, and generate at least N same copies. [0059] 202 . Divide the data that needs to be backed up into at least one segment, and generate, according to a preset rule, a standard check code corresponding to each segment in the data that needs to be backed up. [0060] Each segment in the data that needs to be backed up includes part of content of the data that needs to be backed up, the number of segments in the data that needs to be backed up is the same as the number of segments in a copy, and the segments in the data that needs to be backed up have a same composition structure as the segments in the copy. [0061] In this embodiment, after executing 201 , a server may execute dividing on the data that needs to be backed up in a same dividing manner as a copy, so that the data that needs to be backed up is segmented into segments with the same composition structure and quantity as the segments in the copy. Because a copy document that is backed up is the same as an original document and dividing manners are also the same, a segment in the original document is the same as a segment in a same position in other copy documents, for example, as shown in FIG. 2C , a segment 1 in the original document is the same as a segment 1 in a copy document 1, a segment 1 in a copy document 2, and a segment 1 in a copy document 3. [0062] In an actual application, data is finally stored in a hardware device in a form of a character string. In this embodiment, the server may compute, according to the preset rule, such as a Message Digest (MD5) Algorithm, a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), or a Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA), a specific character string of data included in a segment, and obtain a corresponding check code. That is, the server may generate, according to the preset rule, a corresponding check code for each segment. [0063] 202 is repeated until the standard check code corresponding to each segment is acquired. [0064] 203 . Generate, according to the preset rule, check codes corresponding to segments in a first copy. [0065] The foregoing procedure is repeated until check codes corresponding to the segments in all the copies are generated. [0066] It should be noted that, when data in a copy is undamaged, a segment in the copy is the same as a segment in the data that needs to be backed up, that is, a specific character string of data included in the segment in the copy is the same as a specific character string of data included in the segment in the data that needs to be backed up, and the standard check code generated by the server is also the same as a check code for the segment in the copy. For example, as shown in FIG. 2D , the segment 1 in the original document is the same as the segment 1 in the copy document 1, the segment 1 in the copy document 2 and the segment 1 in the copy document 3. When data in a copy is undamaged, the standard check code that is generated by the server according to the preset rule, such as an MD5 algorithm and that is for the segment 1 in the original document, is the same as a check code for the segment 1 in the copy document 1, a check code for the segment 1 in the copy document 2, and a check code for the segment 1 in the copy document 3. [0067] 204 . Detect whether same segments in all the copies are damaged. [0068] In this embodiment, 204 may include: [0069] 2041 . Detect whether the check codes corresponding to the segments in the first copy are the same as the standard check code. [0070] The standard check code is generated by the server using the preset rule in 202 according to the data that needs to be backed up. [0071] In this embodiment, when data in a copy is damaged, a specific character string of data included in a segment in the copy may be different from a specific character string of data included in a segment in the data that needs to be backed up. For example, when data in a copy document is undamaged, a character string included in the segment 1 is 0011 and is the same as a character string included in the segment 1 in the original document, and a check code that is obtained after the server computes 0011 according to the MD5 algorithm and the standard check code are both FF (In the embodiment, FF is an example of the standard check code). When the data in the copy document is damaged, the character string included in the segment 1 becomes 1011 and is different from the character string 0011 included in the segment 1 in the original document, and a check code that is obtained after the server computes 1011 according to the MD5 algorithm is AF and is different from the standard check code FF. [0072] If a check code corresponding to one segment in the first copy is the same as the standard check code, this segment in the first copy is undamaged. [0073] In this embodiment, if a check code corresponding to one segment in one copy is the same as the standard check code, because the check code and the standard code are generated by the server according to the same preset rule, obviously, this segment in the copy is the same as the data that needs to be backed up, which indicates that this segment in the copy is undamaged. [0074] If a check code corresponding to one segment in the first copy is different from the standard check code, this segment in the first copy is damaged. [0075] 2041 is repeatedly performed on all the copies until it is detected whether the segments in all the copies are damaged. [0076] 205 . Replace a damaged segment with an undamaged segment if at least one of same segments in all the copies is undamaged. [0077] Processing is skipped if no segment in all the copies is damaged. [0078] In this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 2B , 205 may include: [0079] 2051 . Acquire an i th segment that is undamaged in one copy, and copy content included in the i th segment that is undamaged, where 1≦i≦M, and i is an integer. [0080] For example, for the copy documents shown in FIG. 2C , if the segment 1 in the copy document 1 and the segment 1 in the copy document 2 are damaged and the segment 1 in the copy document 3 is undamaged, the server may copy the segment 1 in the copy document 3. [0081] 2052 . Determine all i th segments that are damaged in other copies. [0082] For example, for the copy documents shown in FIG. 2C , that the server determines all the segments 1 that are damaged, the segment 1 in the copy document 1 and the segment 1 in the copy document 2 are damaged. [0083] 2053 . Send the copied content to backup nodes on which the i th segments that are damaged are located. [0084] In this embodiment, the backup nodes may be devices that are well-known to a person skilled in the prior art and has a data storage function, such as a hard disk in a database or a terminal device on a cloud network. [0085] It should be noted that, in this embodiment, segments in a same copy may be stored in different backup nodes, or may be stored in a same backup node. For example, as shown in FIG. 2E , backup nodes are hard disks in a database, the segment 1 in the copy document 1 may be stored in a hard disk 1, the segment 2 in the copy document 1 may be stored in a hard disk 2, and segments 3, 4 and 5 in the copy document 1 may be stored in a hard disk 3. [0086] 2054 . Overwrite content of the i th segments that are damaged on the backup nodes with the copied content. [0087] The process of 2053 - 2054 is repeated until content of all the i th segments that are damaged is overwritten with the copied content. [0088] 206 . If the same segments in all the copies are all damaged, acquire a first segment set, and use one segment as a target segment in the first segment set. [0089] The first segment set includes segments in one same position in all the copies; and X sub-segments of the target segment are different from sub-segments that are of other segments in the first segment set and located in same positions as the X sub-segments, X is an integer greater than or equal to 1, one sub-segment includes at least one binary character, and a manner of dividing each segment into sub-segments is the same, that is, in the first segment set, one sub-segment of one segment includes same content as a sub-segment that is of another segment in the first segment set and located in a same position as this sub-segment. [0090] For example, as shown in FIG. 2F , the first segment in the copy document 1, the first segment in the copy document 2 and the first segment in the copy document 3 are all damaged. The server may further segment the first segment in each copy into five sub-segments using a commonly used technical means, each sub-segment includes two binary characters, specific content of the first segment in a correct copy document (or the original document) is 00 00 00 00 00. However, because the first segments in the copy documents 1, 2 and 3 are all damaged, specific content of the first segment in the copy document 1 is 11 11 11 00 00, specific content of the first segment in the copy document 2 is 11 00 11 00 00, and specific content of the first segment in the copy document 3 is 00 11 00 00 00. In the embodiment, the sub-segment is also named character slice. These two terms are interchangeable. [0091] That is, the first sub-segment of the first segment in the copy document 1 is different from the first sub-segment of the first segment in the copy document 3, the second sub-segment of the first segment in the copy document 1 is different from the second sub-segment of the first segment in the copy document 2, and the third sub-segment of the first segment in the copy document 1 is different from the third sub-segment of the first segment in the copy document 3. Therefore, the server may determine that three sub-segments of the first segment in the copy document 1 are different from sub-segments that are of other segments and located in same positions, that is, X=3. [0092] 207 . Replace an X th sub-segment of the target segment with a sub-segment that is of other Y x segments and located in a same position, and acquire Y x +1 replacement results. [0093] Y x represents the number of sub-segments that are of other segments, located in the same position and different from the X th sub-segment of the target segment, Y x is an integer, and 1≦Y x ≦N. [0094] For example, as shown in FIG. 2F , for the first check bit in the first segment in the copy document 1, if Y 1 =1, two replacement results, namely, 11 and 00, may be acquired; for the second sub check in the first segment in the copy document 1, if Y 2 =1, two replacement results, namely, 11 or 00, may be acquired; for the third sub check in the first segment in the copy document 1, if Y 3 =3, two replacement results, namely, 11 or 00, may be acquired. [0095] 208 . Combine replacement results of all the X sub-segments of the target segment, and acquire (Y 1 +1)(Y 2 +1) . . . (Y x +1)−N segments that are of the target segment and obtained by combination. [0096] For example, as shown in FIG. 2F , for specific content of the first segment in the copy document 1, seven combinations may be acquired, and include: [0000] 00 11 11 00 00 11 00 11 00 00 11 11 00 00 00 00 11 00 00 00 11 00 00 00 00 00 00 11 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [0097] 209 . Determine an undamaged segment among the segments obtained by combination, and replace all segments in the first segment set with the undamaged segment in the segments obtained by combination. [0098] For example, as shown in FIG. 2F , for the seven combinations of the specific content of the first segment in the copy document 1, if 00 00 00 00 00 is the same as the specific content of the first segment in the correct copy document (or the original document), a segment 00 00 00 00 00 that is obtained by combination is the undamaged segment, and the server may replace a damaged segment with the undamaged segment. [0099] As shown in FIG. 2G , 209 may include: [0100] 2091 . Generate, according to the preset rule, check codes corresponding to the segments obtained by combination. [0101] In this embodiment, the server may generate check codes for the (Y 1 +1)(Y 2 +1) . . . (Y x +1)−N segments obtained by combination according to the preset rule in 202 . [0102] 2092 . Determine a target check code among the check codes corresponding to the segments obtained by combination. [0103] The target check code is a check code that is the same as a standard check code corresponding to the target segment, and in the data that needs to be backed up, a standard check code of a segment that is located in a same position as the target segment is the standard check code corresponding to the target segment. [0104] For example, as shown in FIG. 2F , according to the preset rule in 202 , the generated check code for 00 00 00 00 00 is the same as the standard check code for the first segment in the copy document 1, and the check code for 00 00 00 00 00 is the target check code. [0105] 2093 . Use a segment that is obtained by combination and corresponds to the target check code as the undamaged segment, and replace a damaged segment with the undamaged segment. [0106] For example, as shown in FIG. 2F , according to the preset rule in 202 , the generated check code for 00 00 00 00 00 is the same as the standard check code for the first segment in the copy document 1, and the segment 00 00 00 00 00 that is obtained by combination is the undamaged segment. [0107] According to the method for recovering data provided in this embodiment of the present invention, data in a copy can be divided into multiple data segments, check codes for the data segments are compared to detect whether the data segments are damaged, and when one data segment is damaged, the damaged data segment is recovered using another undamaged data segment, thereby ensuring correctness of the data segments and further ensuring correctness of the copy. In the solutions provided in the present invention, data that is backed up can still be recovered when damaged data exists in all copies, which prevents a problem in the prior art that the copies cannot be recovered and the data that is backed up is permanently damaged when all the copies are damaged, thereby improving security of the data that is backed up and reducing losses of a user. [0108] According to another aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides an apparatus 30 for recovering data, as shown in FIG. 3 , including a backup generating module 31 , configured to back up data that needs to be backed up, and generate at least N same copies, where each copy is formed by at least M segments, each segment includes part of content of one copy, the number of segments forming each copy is the same, N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2, M is a positive integer greater than or equal to 1, and a manner of dividing each copy into segments is the same, that is, when all the copies are undamaged, one segment in one copy includes same content as a segment that is in another copy and located in a same position as this segment; a diagnosing module 32 , configured to detect whether segments in a same position in all the copies are damaged; and a recovering module 33 , configured to replace a damaged segment with an undamaged segment if at least one of same segments in all the copies is undamaged. [0109] According to the apparatus for recovering data provided in this embodiment of the present invention, data in a copy can be divided into multiple data segments, check codes for the data segments are compared to detect whether the data segments are damaged, and when one data segment is damaged, the damaged data segment is recovered using another undamaged data segment, thereby ensuring correctness of the data segments and further ensuring correctness of the copy. In the solutions provided in the present invention, data that is backed up can still be recovered when damaged data exists in all copies, which prevents a problem in the prior art that the copies cannot be recovered and the data that is backed up is permanently damaged when all the copies are damaged, thereby improving security of the data that is backed up and reducing losses of a user. [0110] Further, an embodiment of the present invention provides another apparatus 40 for recovering data, as shown in FIG. 4A , including a backup generating module 41 , configured to back up data that needs to be backed up, and generate at least N same copies; a check code generating module 42 , configured to generate, according to a preset rule, check codes corresponding to segments in a first copy; a standard check code generating module 43 , configured to divide the data that needs to be backed up into at least one segment, and generate, according to the preset rule, a standard check code corresponding to each segment in the data that needs to be backed up, where each segment in the data that needs to be backed up includes part of content of the data that needs to be backed up, and a manner of dividing the data that needs to be backed up into segments is the same as a manner of dividing each copy into segments, that is, when all the copies are undamaged, one segment in the data that needs to be backed up includes same content as a segment that is in any copy and located in a same position as this segment; a diagnosing module 44 , configured to detect whether segments in a same position in all the copies are damaged, where the diagnosing module 44 is further configured to detect whether the check codes corresponding to the segments in the first copy are the same as the standard check code, where if a check code corresponding to one segment in the first copy is the same as the standard check code, this segment in the first copy is undamaged, and if a check code corresponding to one segment in the first copy is different from the standard check code, this segment in the first copy is damaged; and repeat the foregoing procedure until it is detected whether the segments in all copies are damaged; and the diagnosing module 44 is further configured to repeat the foregoing procedure for other N−1 copies until it is detected whether the segments in all the copies are damaged; and a recovering module 45 , configured to replace a damaged segment with an undamaged segment if at least one of same segments in all the copies is undamaged. [0111] Further, optionally, the recovering module 45 may include an extracting unit 451 , configured to acquire an i th segment that is undamaged in one copy, and copy content included in the i th segment that is undamaged, where 1≦i≦M, and i is an integer; a positioning unit 452 , configured to determine all i th segments that are damaged in other copies; a transmitting unit 453 , configured to send the copied content to backup nodes on which the i th segments that are damaged are located; and a first recovering unit 454 , configured to overwrite content of the i th segments that are damaged on the backup nodes with the copied content. [0112] The recovering module 45 may repeatedly run the extracting unit 451 , the positioning unit 452 , the transmitting unit 453 and the first recovering unit 454 until content of all the i th segments that are damaged is overwritten with the copied content. [0113] As shown in FIG. 4B , the recovering module 45 further includes an analyzing unit 455 , configured to acquire a first segment set, where the first segment set includes segments in one same position in all the copies, and use one segment as a target segment in the first segment set, where X sub-segments of the target segment are different from sub-segments that are of other segments in the first segment set and located in same positions as the X sub-segments, X is an integer greater than or equal to 1, one sub-segment includes at least one binary character, and a manner of dividing each segment into sub-segments is the same, that is, in the first segment set, one sub-segment of one segment includes same content as a sub-segment that is of another segment in the first segment set and located in a same position as this sub-segment; a first preprocessing unit 456 , configured to replace an X th sub-segment of the target segment with a sub-segment that is of other Y x segments and located in a same position, and acquire Y x +1 replacement results, where Y x represents the number of sub-segments that are of other segments, located in the same position and different from the X th sub-segment of the target segment, Y x is an integer, and 1≦Y x ≦N; a second preprocessing unit 457 , configured to combine replacement results of all the X sub-segments of the target segment and acquire (Y 1 +1)(Y 2 +1) . . . (Y x +1)−N segments that are of the target segment and obtained by combination; and a second recovering unit 458 , configured to determine an undamaged segment among the segments obtained by combination, and replace all segments in the first segment set with the undamaged segment in the segments obtained by combination. [0114] The check code generating module 42 is further configured to generate, according to the preset rule, check codes corresponding to the segments obtained by combination. [0115] The diagnosing module 44 is configured to determine a target check code among the check codes corresponding to the segments obtained by combination, and use a segment that is obtained by combination and corresponds to the target check code as the undamaged segment, where the target check code is a check code that is the same as a standard check code corresponding to the target segment, and in the data that needs to be backed up, a standard check code for a segment that is located in a same position as the target segment is the standard check code corresponding to the target segment. [0116] According to the apparatus for recovering data provided in this embodiment of the present invention, data in a copy can be divided into multiple data segments, check codes for the data segments are compared to detect whether the data segments are damaged, and when one data segment is damaged, the damaged data segment is recovered using another undamaged data segment, thereby ensuring correctness of the data segments and further ensuring correctness of the copy. In the solutions provided in the present invention, data that is backed up can still be recovered when damaged data exists in all copies, which avoids a problem in the prior art that the copies cannot be recovered and the data that is backed up is permanently damaged when all the copies are damaged, thereby improving security of the data that is backed up and reducing losses of a user. [0117] According to still another aspect, an embodiment of the present invention provides a computing code for recovering data, as shown in FIG. 5 , including a processor 51 , a communication interface 52 , a memory 53 , and a bus 54 , where the processor 51 , the communication interface 52 and the memory 53 implement mutual communication using the bus 54 . [0118] The processor 51 is configured to acquire, through the communication interface 52 , a data backup that needs to be backed up, back up data that needs to be backed up, generate at least N same copies, and store the at least N same copies in the memory 53 , where each copy is formed by at least M segments, each segment includes part of content of one copy, the number of segments forming each copy is the same, N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2, M is a positive integer greater than or equal to 1, and a manner of dividing each copy into segments is the same, that is, when all the copies are undamaged, one segment in one copy includes same content as a segment that is in another copy and located in a same position as this segment. [0119] The processor 51 is further configured to detect whether segments in a same position in all the copies are damaged. [0120] The processor 51 is further configured to, if at least one of same segments in all the copies is undamaged, acquire the undamaged segment from the memory 53 , and replace a damaged segment in the memory 53 with the undamaged segment. [0121] Optionally, the processor 51 is further configured to divide the data that needs to be backed up into at least one segment, generate, according to a preset rule, a standard check code corresponding to each segment in the data that needs to be backed up, and store the generated standard check code in the memory 53 , where each segment in the data that needs to be backed up includes part of content of the data that needs to be backed up, and a manner of dividing the data that needs to be backed up into segments is the same as the manner of dividing each copy into segments, that is, when all the copies are undamaged, one segment in the data that needs to be backed up includes same content as a segment that is in any copy and located in a same position as this segment. [0122] In parallel, optionally, the processor 51 is further configured to generate, according to the preset rule, check codes corresponding to segments in a first copy; detect whether the check codes corresponding to the segments in the first copy are the same as the standard check code stored in the memory 53 , where if a check code corresponding to one segment in the first copy is the same as the standard check code, this segment in the first copy is undamaged, and if a check code corresponding to one segment in the first copy is different from the standard check code, this segment in the first copy is damaged; and repeat the foregoing procedure until it is detected whether the segments in all the copies are damaged. [0123] Further, optionally, the memory 53 is formed by at least one backup node, and the processor 51 is further configured to acquire an i th segment that is undamaged in one copy, and copy content included in the i th segment that is undamaged, where 1≦i≦M, and i is an integer; determine all i th segments that are damaged in other copies; send, through the communication interface 52 , the copied content to backup nodes on which the i th segments that are damaged are located; and overwrite content of the i th segments that are damaged on the backup nodes with the copied content. [0124] Further, optionally, the processor 51 is further configured to acquire a first segment set, if the same segments in all the copies are all damaged, where the first segment set includes segments in one same position in all the copies; use one segment as a target segment in the first segment set, where X sub-segments of the target segment are different from sub-segments that are of other segments in the first segment set and located in same positions as the X sub-segments, X is an integer greater than or equal to 1, one sub-segment includes at least one binary character, and a manner of dividing each segment into sub-segments is the same, that is, in the first segment set, one sub-segment of one segment includes same content as a sub-segment that is of another segment in the first segment set and located in a same position as this sub-segment; replace an X th sub-segment of the target segment with a sub-segment that is of other Y x segments and located in a same position, and acquire Y x +1 replacement results, where Y x represents the number of sub-segments that are of other segments, located in the same position and different from the X th sub-segment of the target segment, Y x is an integer, and 1≦Y x ≦N; and then, combine replacement results of all the X sub-segments of the target segment, and acquire (Y 1 +1)(Y 2 +1) . . . (Y x +1)−N segments that are of the target segment and obtained by combination; and finally, determine an undamaged segment among the segments obtained by combination, and replace all segments in the first segment set with the undamaged segment in the segments obtained by combination. [0125] Further, optionally, the processor 51 is further configured to generate, according to the preset rule, check codes corresponding to the segments obtained by combination, and store, in the memory 53 , the check code corresponding to the segments obtained by combination; determine a target check code among the check codes corresponding to the segments obtained by combination, where the target check code is a check code that is the same as a standard check code corresponding to the target segment, and in the data that needs to be backed up, a standard check code for a segment that is located in a same position as the target segment is the standard check code corresponding to the target segment; and use a segment that is obtained by combination and corresponds to the target check code as the undamaged segment. [0126] According to the apparatus for recovering data provided in this embodiment of the present invention, data in a copy can be divided into multiple data segments, check codes for the data segments are compared to detect whether the data segments are damaged, and when one data segment is damaged, the damaged data segment is recovered using another undamaged data segment, thereby ensuring correctness of the data segments and further ensuring correctness of the copy. In the solutions provided in the present invention, data that is backed up can still be recovered when damaged data exists in all copies, which prevents a problem in the prior art that the copies cannot be recovered and the data that is backed up is permanently damaged when all the copies are damaged, thereby improving security of the data that is backed up and reducing losses of a user. [0127] Further, an embodiment of the present invention provides a computer program product for recovering data, including a computer-readable storage medium that stores program code, where an instruction included in the program code is used for backing up data that needs to be backed up, and generating at least N same copies, where each copy is formed by at least M segments, each segment includes part of content of one copy, the number of segments forming each copy is the same, N is a positive integer greater than or equal to 2, M is a positive integer greater than or equal to 1, and a manner of dividing each copy into segments is the same, that is, when all the copies are undamaged, one segment in one copy includes same content as a segment that is in another copy and located in a same position as this segment; and executing the following procedure for each segment: detecting whether segments in a same position in all the copies are damaged; and replacing a damaged segment with an undamaged segment if at least one of same segments in all the copies is undamaged. [0128] According to the computer program product for recovering data provided in this embodiment of the present invention, data in a copy can be divided into multiple data segments, check codes for the data segments are compared to detect whether the data segments are damaged, and when one data segment is damaged, the damaged data segment is recovered using another undamaged data segment, thereby ensuring correctness of the data segments and further ensuring correctness of the copy. In the solutions provided in the present invention, data that is backed up can still be recovered when damaged data exists in all copies, which prevents a problem in the prior art that the copies cannot be recovered and the data that is backed up is permanently damaged when all the copies are damaged, thereby improving security of the data that is backed up and reducing losses of a user. [0129] The embodiments in this specification are described in a progressive manner, for same or similar parts in the embodiments, reference may be made to these embodiments, and each embodiment focuses on a difference from other embodiments. Especially, a device embodiment is basically similar to a method embodiment, and therefore is described briefly; for related parts, reference may be made to partial descriptions in the method embodiment. [0130] A person of ordinary skill in the art may understand that all or a part of the processes of the methods in the embodiments may be implemented by a computer program instructing relevant hardware. The program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium. When the program runs, the processes of the methods in the embodiments are performed. The foregoing storage medium may comprise a magnetic disk, an optical disc, a read-only memory (ROM), or a random access memory (RAM). [0131] The foregoing descriptions are merely specific embodiments of the present invention, but are not intended to limit the protection scope of the present invention. Any variation or replacement readily figured out by a person skilled in the art within the technical scope disclosed in the present invention shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.	In a data recovery method, there are a server and a plurality of storage devices each storing a copy of a data block. The server divides each copy of the data block into N segments corresponding to a sequence of N partitions. And then, the server constructs a plurality of different trial data blocks each including N segments corresponding to the sequence of N partitions. After that, the server calculates a check code for each trial data block, and continues to identify a trial data block having a check code identical to a pre-stored standard check code of the data block. At last, the server replaces at least one of the copies of the data block with the identified trial data block having the check code identical to the pre-stored standard check code.	6
RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/446,930 filed Dec. 29, 1999, which claims priority of PCT Patent Application PCT/GB99/00093 filed Jan. 24, 1998, United Kingdom Patent Application No. 9801494.7 filed Jan. 24, 1998, and United Kingdom Patent Application No. 9811852.4 filed Jun. 2, 1998, which are incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] This invention relates to a downhole tool, and in particular to a casing or liner shoe. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] In oil and gas exploration and production operations, bores are drilled to gain access to subsurface hydrocarbon-bearing formations. The bores are typically lined with steel tubing, known as tubing, casing and liner, depending upon diameter, location and function. Bores may also be lined with a filtration medium, such as slotted pipe or tube, or filtration media comprising a combination of two or more of slotted pipe or tubing, slotted screens or membranes and sand-filled screens. Embodiments of the present invention may be useful in some or all of these applications, and for brevity reference will generally made to “tubing”. The tubing is run into the drilled bore from the surface and suspended or secured in the bore by appropriate means, such as a casing or liner hanger. For casing, cement may then be introduced into the annulus between the tubing and the bore wall. [0004] As the tubing is run into the bore the tubing end will encounter irregularities and restrictions in the bore wall, for example ledges formed where the bore passes between different formations and areas where the bore diameter decreases due to swelling of the surrounding formation. Further, debris may collect in the bore, particularly in highly deviated or horizontal bores. Accordingly, the tubing end may be subject to wear and damage as the tubing is lowered into the bore. [0005] These difficulties may be alleviated by providing a “shoe” on the tubing end. Proposals for casing shoes of various forms are described in Canadian Patent No. 1,222,448, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,334,788 and 4,825,947 and International Patent Application WO96\28635. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0006] It is among the objectives of embodiments of the present invention to provide an improved tubing shoe. [0007] According to the present invention there is provided a tubing shoe comprising a body for mounting on the lower end of rotatable tubing, and a rigid reaming portion comprising reaming members extending helically around the body towards the leading end thereof in an opposite direction to the intended direction of rotation of the tubing. [0008] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of reaming a bore in preparation for receiving tubing, the method comprising the steps of: [0009] mounting a tubing shoe on the lower end of tubing, the tubing shoe comprising a body and reaming members extending helically around the body towards the leading end thereof in one direction; and [0010] running the tubing into a bore while rotating the tubing in the opposite direction to said one direction. [0011] In use, these aspects of the present invention facilitate running in of tubing such as casing or liner which is supported or mounted such that it may be rotated as it is run into a bore: liner is typically run in on drill pipe, which may be rotated from surface as necessary; casing may be rotated using a top drive. In the interest of brevity, reference will be made herein primarily to liner. By providing reaming members which extend helically around the body in the opposite direction to the rotation of the liner, the reaming members do not tend to “bite” into obstructions in the bore wall; in conventional shoes provided with helical blades or flutes which extend in the same direction as the rotation of the liner the blades tend to engage obstructions, in a similar manner to a screw. In contrast, in the present invention, the members will tend to ride on or over any obstruction as the members ream the bore to the desired diameter to allow the liner to pass. This minimises the possibility of the shoe and liner becoming stuck fast in the bore due to the shoe becoming locked with a bore obstruction. [0012] While the body and reaming portion are preferably substantially cylindrical, the leading end of each reaming member may define a pilot reaming portion defining a smaller diameter than a subsequent reaming portion. Most preferably, the reaming portions include a cutting or rasping surface or inserts on an outer surface of the portions, such as blocks or inserts of tungsten carbide, diamond or other hard material welded or otherwise fixed to the body or reaming members. The pilot and subsequent reaming portions of each reaming member may be helically aligned, or may be staggered. In a preferred embodiment, the reaming members are provided with inserts of hard material, such as tungsten carbide; testing has shown that such inserts provide more effective cutting and members provided with such inserts are harder wearing. It is believed that the ability to press the inserts into interference fit holes or slots avoids the stresses and other material property changes induced by welding blocks of tungsten carbide in place, and the inserts are spaced apart on the reaming members and are effectively self-cleaning, unlike traditional welded tungsten carbide blocks which require cleaning and often become “clogged”. [0013] Each reaming member may include a stabilising portion, which may extend rearwardly of a reaming portion. Most preferably, the stabilising portion has a relatively smooth and hard wearing outer surface, for example of machined tungsten carbide. Alternatively, or in addition, a torque reducing sleeve or centraliser may be provided on the body rearwardly of the reaming portion. Preferably, the centraliser is spaced rearwardly of the reaming portion. Most preferably, the centraliser is rotatable relative to the body. In the preferred embodiment, the centraliser defines a bushing or sleeve, and one or more fluid conduits may carry fluid to provide lubrication between the bushing and the shoe body. In other embodiments the fluid conduits may be omitted. The centraliser may define raised helical flutes or blades. Preferably, the blades extend in the same direction as the intended direction of rotation of the shoe, that is in the opposite direction to the reaming members. In other embodiments the centraliser blades may extend in the same direction as the reaming members. The centraliser blades may include one or both of axial lead in and lead out portions, the portions facilitating relative axial movement of the centraliser relative to the bore wall. In other embodiments, the centraliser blades may be “straight”, that is extend solely axially. [0014] Alternatively, or in addition, further torque reducing sleeves or centralisers may be provided rearwardly of the shoe or on the liner itself. [0015] The trailing edge of each reaming member may define a back reaming portion, which back reaming portions may include a cutting or rasping surface, such as blocks or inserts of tungsten carbide or other hard material welded, located in bores, or otherwise fixed to the body. This feature is useful in shoes having a reduced diameter portion in which material may gather or become trapped, hindering retraction or withdrawal of the shoe. In the preferred embodiment of the invention there is little or no reduction in shoe body diameter following the reaming members, such that it is not necessary to provide the back reaming feature. Most conveniently, the shoe tapers towards the leading end thereof. [0016] The body may define a fluid transmitting conduit in communication with fluid outlets located between the reaming members; due to the orientation of the members, the rotation of the shoe will not tend to clear cuttings and other material from the channels or flutes between the members, and passing fluid into the channels facilitates maintaining the channels clear of cuttings and the like. Most preferably, the fluid outlets are arranged to direct fluid rearwardly of the leading end of the shoe. Conveniently, at least adjacent fluid outlets are longitudinally offset, to minimise weakening of the shoe body. In other embodiments, such fluid outlets may be provided on a nose portion on the body, the outlets being arranged to direct fluid rearwardly towards or between the reaming members. [0017] Preferably also, the body includes a nose portion, preferably an eccentric nose portion, that is the leading end of the nose portion is offset from the shoe axis. Most preferably, the nose portion is of a relatively soft material, for example an aluminium or zinc alloy, or indeed any suitable material, to allow the nose to be drilled out once the liner has been located in a bore. The nose portion may define one or more jetting ports, depending upon the desired flow rate of fluid from the nose portion. One or more jetting ports may be provided toward a leading end of the nose portion; in one preferred embodiment, a jetting port may be provided aligned with the shoe axis. One or more jetting ports may be provided toward a trailing end of the nose portion; in one preferred embodiment a plurality of spaced jetting ports are provided around a base of the nose portion and, in use, direct fluid rearwardly towards the reaming members. The one or more ports provided on the nose portion may open into respective recesses in the nose portion surface, to facilitate in the prevention of the jetting ports becoming blocked or plugged. In the preferred embodiment, the nose portion is rotatable relative to the body, to facilitate passage of the shoe over ledges and the like. Most preferably, the nose is rotatable only to a limited extent, for example through 130°; this facilitates the drilling or milling out of the nose. Of course, if the nose portion is not required to be drillable, the nose portion may be freely rotatable relative to the body. The nose may be biased towards a particular “centred” orientation by a spring or the like. [0018] According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a tubing shoe comprising: a fluid transmitting body for mounting on the lower end of tubing; reaming members on the body; and fluid outlets for directing fluid towards or between the members. [0019] Preferably, the fluid outlets are arranged to direct fluid rearwardly of the leading end of the shoe. [0020] Preferably also, at least adjacent fluid outlets are longitudinally offset. [0021] The fluid outlets may be provided in a nose located on the leading end of the shoe. [0022] According to a still further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of reaming a bore in preparation for receiving tubing, the method comprising the steps of: [0023] mounting a tubing shoe on the lower end of tubing, the tubing shoe comprising a fluid transmitting body, reaming members on the body, and fluid outlets for directing fluid towards or between the members; [0024] running the tubing into a bore; and [0025] passing fluid through said outlets. [0026] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a tubing shoe comprising a body for mounting on the lower end of tubing, and reaming members on the body, the leading end of each reaming member defining a pilot reaming portion defining a smaller diameter than a subsequent reaming portion. [0027] Preferably, the reaming members each define a cutting or rasping surface, such as blocks or inserts of tungsten carbide or other hard material welded, held in bores or slots or otherwise fixed to the body. Most preferably, the reaming members extend helically around the outer surface of each member. Preferably also, the cutting or rasping surfaces of the reaming members combine to provide substantially complete coverage around the circumference of the body. Thus, even if there is no rotation of the shoe as it is advanced into a bore, there is cutting or rasping capability around the circumference of the bore and the bore is reamed to at least a minimum diameter corresponding to the diameter defined by the cutting or rasping surface. [0028] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a tubing shoe comprising: a body for mounting on the end of a tubing string; and reaming members extending longitudinally and helically around the body, the reaming members providing substantially complete circumferential coverage of the body whereby, in use, when the tubing shoe is advanced axially into a bore, the reaming members provide reaming around the shoe circumference. [0029] According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of clearing a bore to receive tubing, the method comprising: [0030] mounting a tubing shoe on the end of a tubing string, the shoe having reaming members extending longitudinally and helically around the body, the reaming members providing substantially complete circumferential coverage of the body; and [0031] advancing the tubing shoe axially into the bore, the reaming members provide reaming around the shoe circumference. [0032] These aspects of the invention are of particular application in tubing shoes which are not subject to rotation during running in to a bore. [0033] The inclination of the reaming members to the longitudinal axis of the shoe may be constant or may vary over the length of the members, for example the members may include portions parallel of perpendicular to the shoe longitudinal axis. [0034] According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a tubing shoe comprising: a body for mounting on the end of a tubing string; and a nose rotatably mounted on the body. [0035] Preferably, the nose is rotatable about a longitudinal axis. [0036] Preferably also, the degree of rotation of the nose relative to the body is restricted, to facilitate drilling or milling through the nose. [0037] According to a still further aspect of the present invention there is provided a tubing shoe comprising: a body for mounting on the end of a tubing string; and a torque reducing sleeve or centraliser on the body. [0038] Preferably, the centraliser is rotatably mounted on the body. Most preferably, the body defines a fluid conduit and a bearing area between the centraliser and the body is in fluid communication with the conduit, to supply lubricating fluid to the bearing area. [0039] Preferably also, the centraliser defines external blades or flutes. The blades may extend helically, and may include one or both of substantially axial lead in and lead out portions. Where the shoe includes reaming members, the centraliser blades may extend in the same or the opposite direction to the reaming members. [0040] According to a yet further aspect of the present invention there is provided a tubing shoe comprising: [0041] a body for mounting on the end of a tubing string; and [0042] a rigid reaming portion comprising reaming members extending helically around the body and comprising inserts of relatively hard material on bearing surfaces of the reaming members. [0043] The various aspects of the invention as described above may be manufactured and assembled by various methods. For example, the body and reaming members may be machined from a single billet. However, it is preferred that the body is formed of a single part on which a sleeve defining the reaming members is mounted. A centralising sleeve may also be provided for mounting on the body. Conveniently, the body defines a reduced diameter portion on which one or more sleeves are mounted. A rotating sleeve, such as a centraliser, may be retained by a locking ring or the like. A fixed sleeve, such as carries the reaming members, may be pinned to the body, and the pin may also serve to retain a nose portion on the body. [0044] The various aspects of the invention as described above may be provided singly or in combination with one or more of the other aspects. Further, if desired the various aspects of the invention may be provided in combination with one or more of the optional or preferred features of the other aspects of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0045] These and other aspects of the present invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: [0046] [0046]FIG. 1 illustrates a liner shoe in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention; [0047] [0047]FIG. 2 illustrates a liner shoe in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention; [0048] [0048]FIGS. 3 and 4 are side and end views of the nose of the shoe of FIG. 2; [0049] [0049]FIG. 5 illustrates a liner shoe in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention; [0050] [0050]FIG. 6 is an exploded view of the shoe of FIG. 5; and [0051] [0051]FIG. 7 is an end view of a retaining ring of the shoe of FIG. 5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0052] Reference is first made to FIG. 1 of the drawings, which illustrates a liner shoe in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention. The shoe 10 has a hollow cylindrical body 12 adapted for mounting on the lower end of a length of bore liner (not shown). Typically, such mounting will be achieved by a conventional threaded box and pin type arrangement. [0053] The body carries four reaming members extending helically around the body 12 towards the leading end of the body in the opposite direction to the intended direction of rotation of the liner: in the Figure, arrow A illustrates the direction of the reaming members 14 , while arrow B illustrates the direction of rotation of the shoe 10 in use. [0054] The leading end of each reaming member 14 comprises a pilot reaming portion 16 and a following larger diameter reaming portion 18 . Rearwardly of the reaming portions 16 , 18 each reaming member 14 defines a stabilising portion 20 . Further, the trailing edge of each reaming member 14 defines a back reaming portion 22 . The reaming portions 16 , 18 , 22 are provided with an aggressive surface formed of blocks of tungsten carbide welded to the body 12 . However, each stabilising portion 20 has a relatively smooth outer surface formed of machined tungsten carbide. [0055] As noted above, the body 12 is hollow and thus may carry a drilling fluid which is pumped from surface through the liner. Rearwardly directed jetting ports 24 communicate with the body bore such that, in use, drilling fluid is directed rearwardly, in the direction of arrow C, to clear cuttings from between the reaming members 14 . [0056] A jetting port 26 is also provided in an eccentric nose portion 28 which is threaded onto the end of the body 12 . The nose portion 28 is formed of relatively soft aluminium alloy, such that it may be drilled out of the body 12 once a liner is in place, to provide a clear bore through the liner and the shoe 10 . [0057] In use, the shoe 10 is mounted on the lower end of a length of liner, which is then run into a bore. The upper section of the bore will have been previously lined with steel casing, such that initial passage of the shoe and liner into the bore should be relatively straightforward. However, as the shoe 10 and the leading end of the liner move into the lower unlined part of the bore, the shoe 10 is likely to encounter ledges, deposits of cuttings, and other obstructions. These may be dislodged or pushed aside by the shoe 10 , or the fluid passing from the shoe 10 . However, on occasion it may be necessary to rasp or ream past an obstruction using the reaming members 14 . This may be achieved by rotating the liner and shoe 10 in the direction B such that the pilot reaming portions 16 and the reaming portions 18 rasp or ream the obstruction to an extent that the shoe 10 and the liner may pass. Due to the mass and dimensions of a typical section of liner, and the fact that the liner is suspended on relatively flexible drill pipe, it is often not possible to apply a significant torque to the shoe 10 . However, the action of the reaming portions 16 , 18 will normally be sufficient to overcome any obstructions. Further, the orientation of the reaming portions 16 , 18 ensure that the reaming members 14 ride over any obstructions and do not bite into the obstructions, as might occur if the members 14 were to extend in the opposite direction. In this example it may be observed that the reaming members 14 are “left handed”, that is the members 14 extend counter clockwise around the body 12 , as the shoe 10 is to be rotated in a clockwise direction. In some situations it may be sufficient to reciprocate the liner and shoe 10 axially to rasp or ream past an obstruction. [0058] The provision of a pilot reaming portion 16 , and also the provision of a cutting or rasping surface over the surface of the reaming portions 16 , 18 , further minimise the possibility of the reaming members 14 jamming or locking against an obstruction. [0059] As the configuration of the reaming members 14 is such that the rotation of the shoe 10 will not tend to dislodge cuttings and other debris from between the members 14 , the jetting ports 24 ensure that the channels between the members 14 remain clear. [0060] Reference is now made to FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 of the drawings, which illustrate a casing shoe 30 in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention. The shoe 30 has a generally cylindrical tubular body 32 adapted for mounting on the lower end of a string of casing or liner (not shown). A nose cone 34 is mounted on the leading end of the body 32 , and directly behind the nose on the body are a series of six reaming members 36 (the number of reaming members will typically be determined by the shoe diameter, that is, the larger the diameter the greater the number of members). A centraliser 38 is mounted on the body 32 rearwardly of and longitudinally spaced from the reaming members 36 . [0061] The nose cone 34 is of generally frusto-conical form, with the nose leading end 40 being offset from the longitudinal axis of the shoe 42 . A central fluid conduit 44 in the nose communicates with the interior of the body and, in use, directs fluid to two smaller diameter conduits 46 , 48 which terminate at longitudinally and circumferentially spaced outlet ports 50 , 52 . The nose cone 34 is axially fixed but is rotatable through 146° relative to the body 32 , around the axis 42 . The nose cone 34 is located relative to the body 32 by pins 54 , each pin 54 having a threaded outer portion 56 for engaging a corresponding threaded bore 56 in the body 32 and an inner portion 58 for location in an annular groove 61 defined by a reduced diameter rear portion of the nose cone 60 . The groove 61 also accommodates springs (not shown) which tend to centre the cone in a predetermined position relative to the body 32 . [0062] If reference is made in particular to FIG. 4, it will be noted that the interior of the rear portion of the nose cone 34 defines a series of radial slots 59 , which slots assist in the milling out of the nose cone 34 once the liner is in place; the relatively soft aluminium alloy from which the nose cone has been machined may tend to “smear” over a milling tool, and the slots facilitate the break-up of the cone and reduce the likelihood of such smearing. [0063] The reaming members 36 are formed of an aggressive cutting material, such as tungsten carbide blocks, welded to the leading end of the body to define reaming blades. Each blade 36 comprises a leading pilot portion 63 which defines a taper extending rearwardly and helically from the nose cone 34 . Rearwardly of each pilot portion 63 is a larger diameter reaming portion 62 with tapering leading and trailing ends 64 , 66 , each reaming portion being spaced from but helically aligned with the respective pilot portion 63 . It should be noted that, as the leading end of each blade 36 overlaps longitudinally the trailing end of an adjacent blade 36 , the blades 36 collectively provide 360° coverage of the body. [0064] Like the first described embodiment, fluid outlet ports 68 , which communicate with the interior of the body, are provided between the blades 36 . In this embodiment it will be noted that adjacent ports 68 are longitudinally offset, to minimise weakening of the body 32 . [0065] The centraliser 38 is located at the longitudinal centre of the shoe 30 and comprises a bushing 70 defining five blades 72 , although the number of blades may be varied as desired. The bushing 70 is rotatable on the body and is located between a body shoulder 74 and a lock ring 76 . In use, two fluid conduits (not shown) carry fluid from the body interior to lubricate the bearing surfaces between the bushing 70 and the body 32 . The blades 72 each comprise a main helical portion 78 and axial leading and trailing portions 80 , 82 . [0066] In use, the shoe 30 is mounted on the lower end of a casing string and run into a well bore. As the shoe 30 passes through the bore the nose 34 will tend to push aside any sand, cuttings and the like which have gathered in the bore, to allow the liner to pass. Any irregularities and intrusions in the bore wall will be rasped or reamed to the required diameter by the blades 36 . Due to the overlapping blade configuration, such rasping and reaming may be achieved solely by axial movement of the shoe 30 through the bore, and may be enhanced by rotating the shoe. As described above with reference to the first described embodiment, the blade configuration and orientation is such that, if the shoe is rotated, the blades 36 will tend to ride over and rasp or ream away any obstructions, rather than bite into the obstruction. [0067] Rotation of the shoe, and the following liner string, is facilitated by the provision of the centraliser 38 , which acts as a rotary bearing between the shoe 30 and the bore wall. The configuration of the centraliser blades 72 also facilitates fluid flow past the shoe. [0068] In the event of the shoe encountering a ledge or the like, the ability of the eccentric nose cone 34 to rotate relative to the body 32 facilitates negotiation of the ledge, as the nose 34 may “roll off” the ledge, particularly where the shoe itself is not rotating. [0069] If, for any reason, it is deemed necessary to retract or withdraw the shoe 30 , the tapering of the shoe towards its leading end and the absence of any reduced diameter portions rearwardly of nose, such as occur rearwardly of the stabiliser portions 20 in the first described embodiment, facilitate such withdrawal. Retraction of the shoe should be possible without back reaming, which of course is not possible in applications where there is no facility to rotate the liner string. [0070] Reference is now made to FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 of the drawings, which illustrate a casing shoe 100 in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention. The shoe 100 has a generally cylindrical tubular body 102 having a reduced diameter leading end portion 104 which carries a centraliser 106 , a reamer sleeve 108 and a nose 110 , as will be described. [0071] The centraliser 106 is substantially similar to the centraliser 38 described above, and will therefore not be described in any detail. [0072] The reamer sleeve 108 comprises five helical reaming blades or members 112 of substantially constant radial extent. Each member 112 defines a row of blind bores 114 which retain a respective tungsten carbide insert 116 , in the illustrated example each member 112 having eight inserts 116 . The bores 114 are sized such that the inserts 116 may be pressed in, without requiring any welding and thus avoiding the corresponding stresses and material changes which welding induces. [0073] A threaded pin 118 is used to lock the sleeve 108 to the body 102 , the inner end portion of the pin serving to retain the nose 110 on the end of the body 102 . [0074] The nose 110 , like the nose cone 34 described above, is rotatable to a limited extent relative to the body and has a leading end offset from the shoe axis 119 . However, the configuration of the fluid outlet ports 120 , 122 of this embodiment are different, there being a single outlet port 120 aligned with the axis 119 for directing fluid forwards, and a series of circumferentially spaced ports 122 around the base of the nose 110 , the ports 122 opening into a circumferential groove 124 . In use, ports 122 direct fluid rearwardly over the reaming members 112 , to assist in maintaining the members 112 clear of debris. [0075] It will be apparent to those of skill in the are that the configuration of the body 102 , sleeves 106 , 108 and nose 110 will facilitate manufacture and assembly of the shoe 100 , and provide for flexibility in manufacture, in that a single form of body 102 may accommodate centralisers and reamer sleeve having, for example, blades of different configurations, as desired. [0076] It will be clear to those of skill in the art that the above-described embodiments are merely exemplary of the present invention, and that various modifications and improvements may be made thereto, without departing from the scope of the present invention.	A tubing shoe ( 30 ) comprising: a body ( 32 ) for mounting on the end of a tubing string; and reaming members ( 36 ) extending longitudinally and helically around the body, the reaming members providing substantially complete circumferential coverage of the body whereby, in use, when the tubing shoe is advanced axially into a bore, the reaming members ( 36 ) provide reaming around the shoe circumference. A rotatable torque reducing sleeve or centraliser ( 38 ) may also be mounted on the body, rearwardly of the reaming members.	4
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention The invention relates to a mechanism for an office chair, in particular an office chair comprising a backrest support which may be pivoted to the rear. Various solutions are known from the prior art, by which the pivoting of the backrest of an office chair, in particular the “pivoting resistance”, may be adjusted. To this end, complicated adjusting mechanisms are frequently used, which generally take up a considerable portion of the available constructional space, and which are relatively restrictive as regards the design of the office chair. Moreover, the adjustment of the pivoting of the backrest always has to be manually undertaken by the user of the office chair, for example by actuating an adjusting element or, however, by means of an external drive, for example an electric motor. It is a further drawback that the adjustment always takes place “instinctively”, without a decision about any setting being necessarily based on ergonomic considerations. An object of the present invention is to provide a solution which is particularly simple in terms of structure, for adjusting the pivoting of the backrest of an office chair. This object is achieved by the mechanism set forth in the claims. Accordingly, the mechanism is provided with a base support which may be positioned on a chair column, a seat support, a backrest support which may be pivoted to the rear and a spring arrangement for acting on the mechanism counter to the movement of the backrest support. According to the invention, the mechanism is characterized in that the seat support and the base support form a moving unit which may be moved relative to the chair column depending on the weight of a user applying a load to the seat support, a movement of the moving unit resulting in an adjustment of the pretensioning of the spring arrangement and/or an adjustment of the spring constant of the spring arrangement. A fundamental idea of the invention is to provide the adjustment of the pivoting of the backrest automatically, i.e. without the user of the office chair having to carry out additional steps therefor in any form, whether manually or by means of an external drive. Instead, according to the invention the adjustment of the pivoting of the backrest takes place fully automatically, solely by the user sitting on the office chair. The mechanism is automatically adjusted depending on the weight of the user—and thus adjustable from the ergonomic perspective for optimum pivoting features—by the spring arrangement defining the “pivoting resistance” of the backrest, being more or less pretensioned and/or the spring rate (also known as spring rigidity, spring hardness or spring constant) of the spring arrangement being altered. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION With a heavyweight user, this adjustment preferably takes place such that a high “pivoting resistance” opposes a pivoting of the backrest of the office chair whilst, in contrast thereto, a pivoting of the backrest with a lightweight user may be implemented considerably more easily. In this connection, it is left to the actual embodiment of the invention whether, when adjusting the pretensioning of the spring arrangement, one or more spring elements may be tensioned or alternatively relaxed. In other words, on the one hand, a spring element which is fully or partially relaxed in the unloaded state of the office chair may be tensioned when loaded, for example, or alternatively, a spring element which is pretensioned to a maximum extent or partially pretensioned in the resting state, is relaxed when a load is applied to the office chair. Preferably, however, even without a load being applied to the seat support by a user, an active impingement of the mechanism counter to the movement of the backrest support is carried out by a number of already pretensioned spring elements. It is left to the actual design of the invention whether the spring rate of one or more spring elements is altered and how the alteration of the spring rate is implemented. In order to achieve an operation which is as simple and robust as possible with, at the same time, a simple structural design of the office chair, it is provided that the seat support and base support when applying a load to the seat support are moved by a user together as a moving unit relative to the fixed chair column, this relative movement being dependent on the weight of the user. The type of movement is initially unimportant for implementing the invention. Preferably, however, the movement is a linear movement in the vertical direction, i.e. in the direction in which the user also sits on the chair. In this manner, a direct and particularly easy transfer of the weight is possible for acting on the spring arrangement. Advantageous embodiments of the invention are set forth in the sub-claims. The pretensioning of the spring arrangement and the spring rate of the spring arrangement may be fundamentally adjusted according to the invention by two different methods. Firstly, it is possible to alter the position of at least one spring end of a spring element of the spring arrangement, with the overall position of the spring element remaining the same or being altered. This may, for example, take place by pulling apart or pressing together the spring ends of a helical spring or by twisting and/or deflecting one spring leg of a leg spring around the longitudinal axis of the spring extending through the spring center point against the other spring leg or relative to the other spring leg. Secondly, it is possible to alter the position of the spring element itself relative to its fixed spring ends or, in a similar manner, at least the partially movable spring ends. This may be carried out by a leg spring, for example, by displacing the spring center point of the leg spring, when the bearing points are fixed. Both variants of the spring adjustment may be implemented according to the invention, depending on which requirements are set for the design of the seat mechanism. A structurally simple solution and a compact design is achieved according to a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, in particular when the seat support and the base support are arranged such that they carry out together the movement relative to the seat column, without therefore altering their relative position to one another. In other words, a direct and immediate common movement of the seat support and the base support is performed relative to the seat column. Force deflecting arrangements for moving the base support, such as for example levers between the seat support and the base support, are not provided. The seat support and the base support are moved instead on a single common path of motion. To this end, the base support and seat support may be connected to one another via corresponding connecting elements. As an alternative, however, it is also possible that the base support and the seat support are configured as a common component. In addition, for a design which is as compact as possible a further embodiment is advantageous, according to which the base support and/or the seat support comprises a guide, in particular a linear guide for transmitting the relative movement to the spring arrangement. Preferably, the seat column in this case is guided directly or via a guide element in the base support and/or in the seat support, so that no additional components are required for implementing the invention. It is particularly advantageous if the linear guide is arranged vertically. By the design of the receiver as a linear guide, and the vertical arrangement thereof, a particularly simple and thus economical option is provided to convert the weight of the user of the office chair into a relative movement of the base support in the sense of a vertical deflection. Moreover, the embodiment of the solution according to the invention may be implemented both by means of direct and by means of indirect influence on the spring arrangement, in particular by means of a direct and/or indirect impingement of a spring element of the spring arrangement. A direct impingement of a spring element is understood in this case as an alteration to the spring tension and/or the spring rate by a force acting directly on the spring element itself, whilst an indirect impingement is understood as the alteration of the spring tension and/or the spring rate by an indirect force acting on the spring element—i.e. for example via an auxiliary element. A direct impingement of a spring element of the spring arrangement by the base support moving relative to the chair support allows a particularly simple, robust and reliable adjustment of the “pivoting resistance” of the backrest. In this case, the spring element is preferably arranged in the base support or in the direct vicinity of the base support, so that a direct deflection of the spring element may be implemented in a simple manner. In such a case, a fixed leg spring is preferably used, the one leg thereof being driven by the base support which moves when a load is applied to the seat support or by the fixed chair column, whilst the other leg is supported on the mechanism such that a pivoting of the backrest is only possible counter to the spring element provided with a greater pretensioning, in other words the “pivoting resistance” increases by the coupling of one leg. In one embodiment of the invention, the other leg may in this connection act directly on the backrest support itself. Such an embodiment is able to be applied particularly advantageously in an asynchronous mechanism in which only the backrest pivots, whilst the seat support is fixed. The invention may, however, in a further embodiment also be designed such that the other spring leg is supported on the seat support which is pivotably connected to the backrest support. This design is able to be used particularly advantageously in a synchronous mechanism, in which the seat support may be pivoted to the rear in synchronism with the backrest support, and the spring arrangement is configured for acting on the synchronous mechanism counter to the synchronous movement thereof by the seat support and backrest support. Naturally, however, even in the case of a synchronous mechanism, the other leg may be supported on the backrest support. With an indirect impingement of the spring element of the spring arrangement by the base support which moves relative to the chair column, preferably a transmission means may be used, cooperating with the moving unit, in particular the base support, by which the weight of the user is transmitted to the spring element. Transmission means in the form of tractive means, such as a control cable or Bowden cable, levers and belts, in particular toothed belts, have proved particularly advantageous. Thus the displacement of the moving unit caused by the weight of the user may also be used to influence spring elements arranged remotely from the base support. It is, for example, quite particularly advantageous if the pretensioning of a helical compression spring is increased via a control cable fastened to the fixed chair column and driven by the moving base support, which is supported on the seat support of a synchronous mechanism counter to the pivoting movement of the backrest. Preferably, the control cable is guided in this case from the base support to the spring element via corresponding rollers, which prevent mechanical wear of the control cable and at the same time allow an adjustment of the spring pretensioning in a particularly friction-free manner. At the same time, the control cable is arranged such that it preferably extends entirely in the housing of the base support and/or seat support and thus is not visible from the outside. Thus, not only soiling of the control cable is avoided thereby. Also, a concealed control cable guide is recommendable for reasons of safety. Moreover, the concealed arrangement of the control cable is also advantageous from an aesthetic perspective. In a further particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, the spring rate is adjusted by means of a transmission means in the form of a slotted guide, in which a pin is guided and/or held, which in turn is connected to spring elements, such as for example tension springs. In summary, the invention relates to the automatic adjustment of the “pivoting resistance” of the backrest, which—by the user himself or herself applying a load to the office chair—may take place either by adjusting the pretensioning or by adjusting the spring rate of the spring arrangement of the mechanism or by a combination of both adjustment options. The structural and functional details disclosed here relative to the adjustment of the pretensioning of the spring arrangement may, in other words, also be associated with the structural and functional details disclosed here relative to the adjustment of the spring rate of the spring arrangement, so that an automatic adjustment of the “pivoting resistance” of the backrest may also be carried out by a combination of both adjusting options. By means of such a combination, the advantages of both techniques may be combined in a simple manner and possible drawbacks of one and/or the other technique may be avoided. Moreover, the invention also discloses a safety device for an office chair, by which an inadvertent adjustment of a spring arrangement adjusted by the weight of the user by pivoting the backrest support, is effectively avoided. Embodiments of the invention are described in more detail hereinafter with reference to the drawings, in which: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a first synchronous mechanism, FIG. 2 shows a first synchronous mechanism in plan view, FIG. 3 shows a sectional view of a first synchronous mechanism in the partially loaded state (along the line AA in FIG. 2 ), FIG. 4 shows a sectional view of a first synchronous mechanism in the loaded state (along the line AA in FIG. 2 ), FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of a second synchronous mechanism, FIG. 6 shows a second synchronous mechanism in the unloaded state in plan view, FIG. 7 shows a sectional view of a second synchronous mechanism in the unloaded state (along a line displaced from the inside to the outside within the mechanism), FIG. 8 shows a second synchronous mechanism in the loaded state in plan view, FIG. 9 shows a sectional view of a second synchronous mechanism in the loaded state (along a line displaced from the inside to the outside within the mechanism), FIG. 10 shows a perspective view of a third synchronous mechanism, FIG. 11 shows a third synchronous mechanism in plan view, FIG. 12 shows a sectional view of a third synchronous mechanism in the unloaded state (along the line BB in FIG. 11 ), FIG. 13 shows a sectional view of a third synchronous mechanism in the loaded state (along the line BB in FIG. 11 ), FIG. 14 shows a fourth synchronous mechanism in plan view, FIG. 15 shows a sectional view of a fourth synchronous mechanism in the unloaded and unpivoted state (along the line AA in FIG. 14 ), FIG. 16 shows a sectional view of a fourth synchronous mechanism in the unloaded and pivoted state (along the line AA in FIG. 14 ), FIG. 17 shows a sectional view of a fourth synchronous mechanism in the loaded and unpivoted state (along the line AA in FIG. 14 ), FIG. 18 shows a sectional view of a fourth synchronous mechanism in the loaded and pivoted state (along the line AA in FIG. 14 ), FIG. 19 shows a partial sectional view of a fourth synchronous mechanism in the loaded and unpivoted state (along the line AA in FIG. 14 ), FIG. 20 shows spring characteristics of the first three embodiments, FIG. 21 shows spring characteristics of the fourth embodiment (variant with a 90° arrangement between the longitudinal axis of the tension spring and the first slotted guide), and FIG. 22 shows spring characteristics of the fourth embodiment (variant with an arrangement of the first slotted guide deviating from the vertical). All the figures show the invention merely schematically and with the essential components thereof. A first embodiment of the invention which shows the adjustment of the pretensioning of a spring arrangement, is shown in FIGS. 1 to 4 . A synchronous mechanism is substantially used as a basis for the mechanism described below, as is disclosed in the German patent DE 10 2005 003 383. The contents of this printed patent specification are hereby fully incorporated in the present description. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The synchronous mechanism 1 has a base support 2 which, in a manner described in detail below, is connected to the upper end of a chair column (not illustrated). The synchronous mechanism comprises a substantially frame-shaped seat support 4 and a backrest support 5 which is fork-shaped in plan view, the cheeks 6 , 7 thereof being arranged on both sides of the base support 2 . Moreover, the synchronous mechanism comprises a spring arrangement described in detail further below, for acting on the mechanism counter to the movement of the backrest support 5 . The seat (not shown) provided with an upholstered seating surface is mounted on the seat support 4 . On the lateral frame elements 10 of the seat support 4 , a number of latching lugs 11 are provided, arranged in succession in the longitudinal direction of the chair L, which in a manner known per se and not described in more detail are used for positioning and fastening the seat to the seat support 4 . A backrest which is not shown in more detail is attached to the backrest support 5 , and which is height-adjustable in modern office chairs. The backrest may also be integrally connected to the backrest support 5 . The entire synchronous mechanism 1 , as regards the actual kinematics, is of mirror-symmetrical construction relative to the central longitudinal plane M (see FIG. 2 ). In this respect, the following description is always based on structural elements of the actual pivoting mechanism which are present in pairs on both sides. The backrest support 5 is, on the one hand, directly connected to the base support 2 in an articulated manner by the lower end 12 of the cheek 6 which is oriented to the front, namely mounted on a pivot pin 13 on the base support 2 such that the backrest support 5 is approximately centrally articulated via the pivot pin 13 directly on the base support 2 . As a result, the backrest support 5 may be pivoted with the backrest in the pivoting direction S, about the central longitudinal axis 14 extending through the pivot pin 13 . On the other hand, the backrest support 5 is connected by the upper end 15 of the cheek 6 via a joint 16 to the seat support 4 at the rear end region 17 thereof. By pivoting the backrest, therefore, the seat support 4 is also driven and lowered in the pivoting direction S. In other words a pivoting takes place about the joint axis 19 of the joint 16 . The geometry of the pivoting mechanism used has the advantage that a high down-tilt angle of the seat support 4 may be achieved, without the pivoting angle of the backrest having to be too great, which might lead to a position similar to a reclining position. Thus the so-called “riding-up effect” of clothes is effectively avoided. The seat support 4 is at its front end region 21 connected to the base support 2 via a turning-and-sliding joint (not shown in detail). For designing the turning-and-sliding joint—and for further structural details of the mechanism—reference is made to the contents of the printed patent specification DE 10 2005 003 383. Due to the shape of the backrest support 5 and the arrangement thereof on the base support 2 and the seat support 4 , when loading the backrest, on the one hand, the backrest support 5 carries out a pivoting motion S downward to the rear. As a result of the pivoting motion, however, the seat support 4 is also pivoted downward to the rear and also horizontally displaced to the rear in the region of the turning-and-sliding joint. As a result, no significant lifting motion of the front end of the seating surface is produced, whereby the underside of the thigh is prevented from being trapped. The synchronous mechanism 1 is pretensioned by a spring arrangement counter to the pivoting direction S—i.e. towards the initial position of the synchronous mechanism. This spring arrangement 50 is provided in the form of two leg springs 41 , 41 ′ aligned with one another in the transverse direction. The leg springs 41 , 41 ′ are positioned around the pivot pin 13 . The leg facing upwards 42 is supported on a prismatic guide 55 , which is arranged on the underside 31 of the seat support 4 , whilst the second leg 43 extending to the rear, is supported in an adjusting mechanism according to the invention in the base support 2 . The leg springs 41 , 41 ′ exert a spring force counter to the pivoting motion S of the backrest oriented to the rear, which may be varied by the adjusting mechanism. The adjusting mechanism is substantially formed by a vertical linear guide 30 , which is designed as part of the base support 2 . The linear guide 30 comprises a square guide opening 22 arranged in the base support 2 as well as a correspondingly formed guide element 23 located in the guide opening 22 . The guide opening 22 is formed in this connection by suitable sub-elements 24 of the base support 2 . The guide opening 22 and/or guide element 23 may also have different cross sections in other embodiments of the invention. On the underside 25 of the guide element 23 , a conical receiver 3 is provided for fastening the upper end of the chair column. In other words, the chair column and the guide element 23 in the assembled state form a sub-assembly, which is fixedly located in the guide opening 22 of the base support 2 . The diameter of the guide opening 22 is enlarged on its side facing in the direction of the seat support 4 , so that a stop 26 is formed in the guide opening. In the unloaded state of the seat support 4 , the guide element 23 bears against the stop 26 with its upper end 27 which is provided with an enlarged diameter, see FIG. 3 . The guide element 23 has a horizontally extending transverse opening 28 in which the leg 43 extending to the rear of the leg spring 41 is located, and is mounted and supported there on guide elements/mounting elements 29 provided in the transverse opening 28 . The pivot pin 13 and the linear guide 30 are in this case positioned in the vicinity of one another such that the leg 43 in the assembled state may easily pass through a through-opening 32 provided accordingly in the sub-element 24 of the base support 2 , and may be located in the transverse opening 28 . In the unloaded state of the seat support 4 , the leg 43 extends slightly inclined downward from the horizontal through the through-opening and transverse opening 28 , 32 (not illustrated). In a partially loaded state of the seat support 4 , as illustrated in FIG. 3 , the leg 43 extends substantially horizontally and thus approximately parallel to the underside 33 of the transverse opening 28 of the guide element 23 , without mechanical contact with the through-opening or transverse opening 28 , 32 . If a full load is applied to the seat support 4 by a user having sat down on the office chair, the moving unit formed from the seat support 4 and base support 2 is moved downwards as a whole in the direction of movement, namely on a common path of motion, namely a vertically extending straight line 18 , relative to the fixed sub-assembly made up of the chair column and the guide element 23 . The relative motion of the moving unit to the chair column takes place, in this case, without the position of the seat support 4 and base support 2 being altered relative to one another. The friction occurring with the relative movement between the guide element 23 and the guide opening 22 , is in this case reduced by the use of ball bearings, guide rings, slide bushes or the like (not illustrated). The spring leg 43 , extending to the rear, of the leg spring 41 is driven from the underside 33 of the transverse opening 28 and forced upward, i.e. deflected upward from the horizontal, which leads to an increase in the pretensioning of the leg spring 41 . This has the result that the pivoting motion of the seat support 4 and the backrest support 5 takes place in the pivoting direction S against a greater resistance. Due to the loading of the seat support 4 by the user, therefore, initially an adjustment of the pivoting resistance takes place independently of a pivoting motion of the backrest. However, in the present mechanism it is also provided that the pivoting resistance is altered by the pivoting of the backrest itself. As the leg spring 41 is floatingly mounted on both sides, when the seat support 4 is pivoted downward to the rear, i.e. in the pivoting direction S, the point of articulation of the upper spring leg 42 is displaced. The position of the point of articulation is thus altered when a load is applied to the backrest such that the point of articulation is displaced in the direction of the spring center point 56 . As a result, an automatic alteration to the spring behavior of the leg spring 41 additionally takes place with a movement in the pivoting direction S. In other words, when the seat is pivoted, the leg spring 41 and thus the seat as a whole automatically become more rigid. The backrest support 5 is fastened with fastening screws 57 to the central pivot pin 13 . In other words, during the pivoting motion, the pivot pin 13 rotates with the backrest support 5 . The diameter of the pivot pin 13 is selected such that the leg springs 41 , 41 ′ in the clamped position do not bear against the pivot pin 13 . The internal diameter of the leg springs 41 , 41 ′ is always greater than the diameter of the pivot pin 13 . As a result, an unhindered rotation of the pivot pin 13 is ensured when the seat is pivoted. Additionally, unpleasant contact noise, such as for example squeaking, is avoided. As the two leg springs 41 , 41 ′ fitted onto the pivot pin 13 are located with their periphery in a spring support (not illustrated) formed in the manner of a prism, the positioning of the leg springs 41 , 41 ′ in their operating position is, nonetheless, reliably ensured. A second embodiment of the invention, which shows the adjustment of the pretensioning of a spring arrangement, is shown in FIGS. 5 to 9 . As a basis for the subsequently disclosed mechanism, a synchronous mechanism is substantially used as is disclosed in the European patent EP 1 396 213. The contents of this printed patent specification are thus entirely incorporated in the present description. As a supporting part of the synchronous mechanism 1 ′, a base support 2 ′ is provided which in the region of its rear end 34 , in a manner disclosed below in detail, is connected to the upper end of a chair column (not illustrated). Further basic components of the synchronous mechanism 1 ′ are the backrest support 5 ′ and the seat support 4 ′. The backrest support 5 ′ in the region of the rear end 34 of the base support 2 ′ is pivotably mounted via a transverse shaft 35 on the base support 2 ′. The backrest support 5 ′ consists of two side struts 36 , 37 extending obliquely upward to the rear, which form the connection to the actual backrest (not shown). In the front end region 58 of the base support 2 ′, two upwardly projecting bearing posts 38 , 39 are formed on both sides of the central longitudinal plane M, in which a transverse shaft 40 , not illustrated in detail, is rotatably mounted. The substantially plate-shaped seat support 4 ′, in the region of its front end has a slot (not shown), by which the seat support 4 rests on the transverse shaft 40 . As a result, a turning-and-sliding joint is formed between the base support 2 ′ and seat support 4 ′, i.e. the seat support 4 ′ may pivot about the transverse shaft 40 , and at the same time move relative thereto in the direction of the slots. For the design of the turning-and-sliding joint, —and for further structural details of the mechanism—reference is made to the contents of the printed patent specification EP 1 396 213. In the region of its rear-facing end, the seat support 4 forms together with a corresponding upwardly projecting bearing projection 8 , 9 , on the two side struts 36 , 37 of the backrest support 3 , a pivot bearing about a transverse shaft 41 . For acting on the synchronous mechanism 1 ′ counter to the synchronous adjusting motion, from the initial position shown in the figures, a spring arrangement 43 is provided which has four helical compression springs 44 arranged parallel to one another, in a common horizontal plane on both sides of the central longitudinal plane M. In this connection, for each helical compression spring 44 , one respective abutment extension arm 45 is provided, the front end thereof being pivotably articulated relative to the base support 1 via a bearing head 46 . The rod-shaped shaft of the abutment extension arm 45 projects freely to the rear. The rear end of the helical compression springs 44 is supported on an adjusting strip 59 described in more detail further below. The front end of the helical compression springs 44 is located on a supporting strip 48 , which extends transversely to the seat longitudinal direction L and horizontally and which is semi-circular in cross section, in the manner of abutments which are supported with their front-facing semi-circular peripheral surface in corresponding internal cylindrical bearing recesses 49 on the seat support 4 ′. The compressive force of the helical compression springs 44 clamped and pretensioned between the adjusting strip 59 and the supporting strip 48 , urges the seat support 4 ′ forward relative to the base support 2 ′ into the initial position shown. The backrest support 5 ′ is in this case in its maximum upright position. If the pretensioning of the helical compression springs 44 is to be altered, the adjusting mechanism which has already been disclosed in connection with the first embodiment, is used again. Also in this case, said adjusting mechanism is substantially formed from a vertical linear guide 30 ′ as part of the base support 2 ′, said linear guide comprising a cylindrical guide opening 22 ′ arranged in the base support 2 ′, as well as a guide element 23 ′ located in the guide opening 22 ′. The guide opening 22 ′ is in this case again formed by suitable corresponding sub-elements 24 ′ of the base support 2 ′. On the underside 25 ′ of the guide element 23 ′ a conical receiver 3 ′ is provided for fastening the upper end of a chair column, so that the chair column and guide element 23 ′ in the assembled state form a sub-assembly, which is fixedly located in the guide opening 22 ′ of the base support 2 ′. As shown in FIG. 7 , in the unloaded state of the seat support 4 ′ the guide element 23 ′ bears with its upper end 27 ′, provided with an enlarged diameter, against a stop 26 ′ formed in the guide opening 22 ′ which is formed by the diameter of the guide opening 22 ′ being enlarged on its side facing in the direction of the seat support 4 ′. The adjusting mechanism thus comprises two control cables 60 , 60 ′ serving as transmission means for transmitting the weight of the user to the helical compression springs 44 . The control cables 60 , 60 ′ are fastened with one end thereof to the guide element 23 ′ which is fixed to the chair column and with the other end thereof to the adjusting strip 59 . The adjusting strip 59 serves for supporting the rear ends of the helical compression springs 44 and is provided with four openings 61 , through which the shafts of the abutment extension arms 45 pass. In other words, the adjusting strip 59 is displaceably attached to the shafts. The control cables 60 , 60 ′ extend spaced apart from one another and in the region of the spring arrangement 43 parallel to the helical compression springs 44 , in order to achieve a displacement of the adjusting strip 59 which is as uniform as possible. Each control cable 60 , 60 ′ is arranged such that it leaves the guide opening 23 ′ downward in the direction of the relative motion of the moving unit, and subsequently partially encompasses at least one sub-element of the base support 2 ′ arranged adjacent to the guide opening 22 ′, in other words, extends beyond a sub-element of the base support 2 ′. This sub-element is preferably a guide pulley 62 , so that the mechanical friction and thus the wear of the control cables 60 , 60 ′ is only very slight. The control cable 60 , 60 ′ extends from the guide pulley 62 arranged on the guide opening 22 ′ and then to a further guide pulley 63 in the front end region 58 of the base support 2 ′, the guide pulley 63 in the embodiment shown being fastened to the transverse shaft 11 . From there the control cable 60 , 60 ′ extends directly to the adjusting strip 59 , to which it is connected. If a load is applied to the seat support 4 ′ by a user sitting down on the office chair, as is indicated in FIG. 9 by the arrow 47 , the moving unit formed from the seat support 4 ′ and base support 2 ′, is moved as a whole downward in the direction of movement, and namely on a common path of motion, namely a vertically extending straight line 47 relative to the fixed sub-assembly made up of the chair column and guide element 23 ′. The relative motion of the moving unit to the chair column takes place, therefore, without the position of the seat support 4 ′ and the base support 2 ′ being altered relative to one another. As, together with the base support 2 ′, the guide pulley 62 fastened to the base support 2 ′ is also moved downward in the vicinity of the guide opening 23 ′, the control cable 60 , 60 ′ is driven so that the cable length between the guide pulley 62 and the adjusting strip 59 is reduced. As a result, the adjusting strip 59 is displaced on the shafts of the abutment extension arms 45 in the direction of the supporting strip 48 , whereby the helical compression springs 44 are compressed to a greater degree and a greater compressive force is exerted on the supporting strip 48 and thus on the seat support 4 ′. As a result of the increased pretensioning of the helical compression springs 44 , when a load is applied to the backrest, the pivoting motion S of the seat support 4 ′ and backrest support 5 ′ takes place in the pivoting direction S against a greater “pivoting resistance”. As a result of the loading of the seat support 4 ′ by the user, therefore, in this embodiment initially an adjustment of the pivoting resistance also takes place independently of a pivoting motion of the backrest. However, it is also provided in the present mechanism that the pivoting resistance is altered by the pivoting of the backrest itself. When pushing back the backrest, the backrest support 5 ′ is namely pivoted to the rear. Said backrest support therefore pivots the seat support 4 ′ downward to the rear around the turning-and-sliding joint in the front region of the seat support 4 ′. At the same time, the supporting strip 48 is displaced closer to the end of the abutment extension arms 45 , so that the helical compression springs 44 are compressed to a greater degree and thus create a greater counter force. If the backrest is unloaded, the seat support 4 ′ is again pivoted upward to the front by the helical compression springs 44 , the backrest support 5 ′ being pivoted at the same time. A third embodiment of the invention, which shows the adjustment of the pretensioning of a spring arrangement, is shown in FIGS. 10 to 13 . The synchronous mechanism already shown in FIGS. 1 to 4 is substantially used as a basis. The synchronous mechanism 1 ″ has a base support 2 ″ which, in a manner disclosed below in detail, is connected to the upper end of a chair column (not illustrated). The synchronous mechanism comprises a substantially frame-shaped seat support 4 ″ (not illustrated in FIG. 10 for reasons of clarity) and a backrest support 5 ″ which is fork-shaped in plan view, the cheeks 6 ″, 7 ″ thereof again being arranged on both sides of the base support 2 ″. Moreover, the synchronous mechanism comprises a spring arrangement described below in more detail for acting on the mechanism, counter to the movement of the backrest support 5 ″. The seat (not shown) provided with an upholstered seating surface is mounted on the seat support 4 ″. A backrest, not shown in more detail, which in modern office chairs is height-adjustable, is attached to the backrest support 5 ″. The backrest may be also integrally connected to the backrest support 5 ″. The entire synchronous mechanism 1 ″, as regards the actual kinematics, is of mirror-symmetrical construction, relative to the central longitudinal plane M (see FIG. 11 ). In this regard, the following description is always based on structural elements which are present in pairs on both sides of the actual pivoting mechanism. The backrest support 5 ″ is firstly directly connected in an articulated manner by the lower end 12 ″ of the cheek 7 ″ oriented to the front, to the base support 2 ″, namely mounted on separate pivot elements 13 ″ on the base support 2 ″, such that the backrest support 5 ″ is approximately centrally articulated via the pivot elements 13 ″ directly on the base support 2 ″. As a result, the backrest support 5 ″ may be pivoted with the backrest about the central longitudinal axis 14 ″ in the pivoting direction S extending through the pivot elements 13 ″. Secondly, the backrest support 5 ″ is connected by the upper end 15 ″ of the cheek 7 ″ via a joint 16 ″ to the seat support 4 ″ at the rear end region 17 ″ thereof. By pivoting the backrest, therefore, the seat support 4 ″ is also driven and lowered in the pivoting direction S. In other words, the joint 16 ″ pivots about the joint axis 19 ″. The geometry of the pivoting mechanism used has the advantage that a high down-tilt angle of the seat support 4 ″ may be achieved, without the pivot angle of the backrest having to be too great which might lead to a position similar to a reclining position. Thus the so-called “riding-up effect” of clothes is effectively avoided. The seat support 4 ″ is at its front end region 21 ″ connected to the base support 2 ″ via a turning-and-sliding joint (not shown in detail). For the design of the turning-and-sliding joint—and for further structural details of the mechanism—reference is made to the contents of the printed patent specification DE 10 2005 003 383 as has already been made with reference to the first embodiment. Due to the shape of the backrest support 5 ″ and the arrangement thereof on the base support 2 ″ and the seat support 4 ″, when a load is applied to the backrest, the backrest support 5 ″ carries out, on the one hand, a pivoting motion in the pivoting direction S downward to the rear. As a result of the pivoting motion, however, the seat support 4 ″ is both pivoted downward to the rear and also displaced horizontally to the rear in the region of the turning-and-sliding joint. As a result, no significant lifting motion of the front end of the seating surface results, whereby the underside of the thigh is prevented from being trapped. The synchronous mechanism 1 ″ is pretensioned by a spring arrangement counter to the pivoting direction S—i.e. to the initial position of the synchronous mechanism. This spring arrangement 50 ″ is provided in the form of two leg springs 41 ″, 41 ′″ aligned with one another in the transverse direction. The leg springs 41 ″, 41 ′″ exert a spring force counter to the pivoting motion S of the backrest oriented to the rear, which may be varied by the adjusting mechanism. The leg 42 ″ of the leg spring 41 ″ facing to the rear, thus extends through a receiver opening 51 in the backrest support 5 ″ and is supported on a prismatic guide (not illustrated) on the backrest support 5 ″, whilst the second leg 43 ″ extending to the front, is supported on a prismatic guide 52 . The position of the two prismatic guides 52 may be vertically adjusted by means of a common adjusting mechanism 20 , not explained in more detail, via a hand wheel or the like, whereby the pretensioning of the leg springs 41 ″, 41 ′″ may also be manually adjusted, by altering the position of the spring leg 43 ″. In this third embodiment, therefore, the leg springs 41 ″, 41 ′″ are not positioned about a pivot pin. Instead, they are located in a vertically displaceable holding tray 53 , which forms part of the adjusting mechanism of this embodiment. The holding tray 53 forms in this case a receiver for the leg springs 41 ″, 41 ′″ configured in the manner of a prism. The adjusting mechanism is substantially formed by a vertical linear guide 30 ″, which is designed as part of the base support 2 ″. The linear guide 30 ″ comprises a square guide opening 22 ″ arranged in the base support 2 ″, as well as a guide element 23 ″ located in the guide opening 22 ″. The guide opening 22 ″ is in this case formed by suitable corresponding sub-elements 24 ″ (in this case housing parts) of the base support 2 ″. On the underside 25 ″ of the guide element 23 ″ a conical receiver 3 ″ is provided for fastening the upper end of the chair column. In other words, the chair column and guide element 23 ″ in the assembled state form a sub-assembly which is fixedly located in the guide opening 22 ″ of the base support 2 ″. For secure guidance of the guide element 23 ″ in the guide opening 22 ″, eight vertically extending guide strips 54 are provided in the guide opening 22 ″ which correspond to corresponding guide grooves (not shown) of the guide element 23 ″ see FIG. 11 . The guide element 23 ″ has an arm 64 extending forward out of the guide opening 22 ″ in the direction of the leg springs 41 ″, 41 ′″, in the upper face 65 thereof the holding tray 53 , which extends in the transverse direction, being provided for receiving the leg springs 41 ″, 41 ″′. The front sub-element 24 ″ of the base support 2 ″ has to this end a corresponding vertical opening 66 . In an unloaded state of the seat support 4 ″, as illustrated in FIG. 12 , the legs 42 ″, 43 ″ extend substantially in a linear manner, preferably from below at the front to above at the rear, i.e. the prismatic guide 52 is arranged lower down in the synchronous mechanism 1 ″ than the prismatic guide in the backrest support 5 ″ arranged behind the receiver opening 51 (and concealed in the figures). If the seat support 4 ″ is fully loaded as a user has sat down on the office chair, the moving unit, formed from the seat support 4 ″ and base support 2 ″, is as a whole moved downward in the direction of movement, and namely on a common path of motion, namely a vertically extending straight line 18 ″, relative to the fixed sub-assembly consisting of the chair column and the guide element 23 ″, see FIG. 13 . The relative motion of the moving unit to the chair column takes place, therefore, without the position of the seat support 4 ″ and the base support 2 ″ being altered relative to one another. By the relative movement of the guide element 23 ″ to the base support 2 ″ the arm 64 of the holding tray 53 is lifted relative to the remaining mechanism. As a result, the vertical position of the spring center point 56 ″ of the leg springs 41 ″, 41 ′″ is altered both relative to the fixed prismatic guide 52 in the base support 2 ″ and to the fixed prismatic guide in the backrest support 5 ″ arranged behind the receiver opening 51 . In other words, a simultaneous pretensioning takes place of both spring legs 42 ″, 43 ″ of the leg springs 41 ″, 41 ′″. This has the result that the resistance against a pivoting motion of the backrest support 5 ″ is markedly increased in the pivoting direction S. Due to the loading of the seat support 4 ″ by the user, therefore, initially an adjustment of the pivoting resistance takes place independently of a pivoting motion of the backrest. However, in the present mechanism, it is also provided that the pivoting resistance is altered by the pivoting of the backrest itself. As the leg spring 41 ″ is floatingly mounted on both sides, when pivoting the seat support 4 ″ downward to the rear, i.e. in the pivoting direction S, the point of articulation of the rear spring leg 42 ″ is displaced. The position of the point of articulation thus alters when a load is applied to the backrest such that the point of articulation is displaced in the direction of the spring center point 56 ″. As a result, an automatic alteration to the spring behavior of the leg spring 41 ″ additionally takes place when moving in the pivoting direction S. In other words, when pivoting the seat, the leg spring 41 ″ and thus the seat as a whole automatically become more rigid. A fourth embodiment of the invention which shows the adjustment of the spring rate of a spring arrangement 75 , is shown in FIGS. 14 to 19 . The entire synchronous mechanism 1 ″′ as regards the actual kinematics is again of mirror-symmetrical construction relative to the central longitudinal plane M. In this respect, the following description is always based on structural elements of the mechanism present in pairs on both sides. As a supporting part of the synchronous mechanism 1 ″, again a base support 2 ′″ is provided which in the region of its rear end 34 ′ in a manner described in detail below is connected to the upper end of a chair column (not illustrated). Further basic components of the synchronous mechanism 1 ′″ are the backrest support 5 ′″ and the seat support 4 ′″. The backrest support 5 ′″ consists of two side struts 36 ′, 37 ′ extending to the rear, which form the connection to the actual backrest (not shown). In the region of its rear end the seat support 4 ′″ forms, together with a corresponding upwardly projecting bearing projection 8 ′, 9 ′ on the two side struts 36 ′, 37 ′ of the backrest support 3 ′″, a pivot bearing about a transverse shaft 41 ′. The pivot bearing is in this case arranged behind the connection with the chair column. Two upwardly projecting bearing posts 39 ′ are formed just in front of the front end region 58 ′ of the base support 2 ′″ on both sides of the central longitudinal plane M. The bearing posts 39 ′ form with the front regions of the substantially plate-shaped seat support 4 ′″ a turning-and-sliding joint (not shown in detail) whereby a movement of the seat support 4 ′″ is possible to the rear. For the design of the turning-and-sliding joint, reference is made to the contents of the printed patent specification DE 10 2005 003 383. Via the transverse shaft 41 ′, on the one hand, and the turning-and-sliding joint, on the other hand, the seat support 4 ′″ when pivoting the backrest support 5 ′″ is pivoted therewith to the rear. The two side struts 36 ′, 37 ′ of the backrest support 5 ′″ are extended to the front beyond the bearing projections 8 ′, 9 ′ and pivotably mounted on the base support 2 ′″ in the region in front of the conical receiver 3 ′″ via a transverse shaft 35 ′. For urging the synchronous mechanism 1 ′″ out of the initial position into a pivoted position, a spring arrangement 75 is provided which has two tension springs 67 parallel to one another and arranged on both sides of the central longitudinal plane M in a common horizontal plane (symbolized in FIGS. 17 and 19 ). The tension springs 67 are in this case suspended with their ends 42 ′″, 43 ′″ respectively on transverse axes 68 , 69 and connected thereto. The one transverse shaft 68 is located fixedly in the front end region 58 ′ of the base support 2 ′″. The other transverse shaft 69 is movable and is held by the cooperation of two linear guides in a working position. The linear guides are slot-like slotted guides 70 , 71 . The tension springs 67 are in this case pretensioned toward the initial position of the synchronous mechanism. The position of the tension springs 67 does not play a crucial role for implementing the invention. However, the angle between the tension spring longitudinal axes 72 , on the one hand, and the first slotted guides 70 , on the other hand, is important, see FIG. 19 . These first slotted guides 70 are arranged in the side struts 36 ′, 37 ′ of the backrest support 5 ′″ extending to the front. In an unpivoted state, the first slotted guides 70 extend approximately vertically, the upper end of the slotted guides 70 relative to the lower end being slightly displaced to the rear, see FIGS. 15 and 17 . The side struts 36 ′, 37 ′ extend in this case sufficiently far to the front that the transverse shaft 69 in the unpivoted state is located in any case in front of the transverse shaft 35 ′. In a maximum pivoted state to the rear, when it is located in the lower end position of the first slotted guides 70 , the transverse shaft 69 is positioned approximately above the transverse shaft 35 ′, see FIG. 16 . If the transverse shaft 69 is located in this state in the upper end position of the first slotted guides 70 , the transverse shaft 69 is located behind the transverse shaft 35 ′, see FIG. 18 . The position of the transverse shaft 69 in the first slotted guides 70 and thus the distance between the transverse shaft 69 and the transverse shaft 35 ′, as disclosed further below, is dependent on the weight and is adjusted by the user himself or herself, by sitting on the office chair. The second slotted guide 71 extends horizontally and is arranged in a drive element 73 located in the central longitudinal plane M, which—similar to the arm 64 in FIGS. 12 and 13 —is integrally connected to the guide element 23 ′″ and vertically movable therewith, see FIG. 17 . The drive element 73 thus extends from the guide element 23 ′″ out of the guide opening 22 ′″ to such an extent to the front that the first slotted guides 70 permit a displacement of the transverse shaft 69 from a first position in which the transverse shaft 69 is located in front of the transverse shaft 35 ′, into a second position, in which the transverse shaft 69 is located behind the transverse shaft 35 ′. If the transverse shaft 69 is located in a central position in the slotted guide 71 , it is positioned approximately above the transverse shaft 35 ′. The second slotted guide 71 serves, amongst other things, to allow a pivoting of the backrest support 5 ′″ and thus to allow a synchronous movement, generally in the structure according to the invention. The tensile force of the tension springs 67 pretensioned between the transverse axes 68 , 69 , urges the seat support 4 ′″ relative to the base support 2 ′″ forward into the initial position shown. The backrest support 5 ′″ is in this case in its maximum upright position. If the spring rate of the tension springs 67 is to be altered, an adjusting mechanism is used. This is formed substantially by a vertical linear guide 30 ′″, which is designed as part of the base support 2 ′″. The linear guide 30 ′″ comprises a square guide opening 22 ′″ arranged in the base support 2 ′″ as well as a guide element 23 ′″ located in the guide opening 22 ′″. The guide opening 22 ′″ is in this case formed by suitable corresponding sub-elements 24 ′″ (in this case housing parts) of the base support 2 ′″. On the underside 25 ′″ of the guide element 23 ′″ a conical receiver 3 ′″ is provided for fastening the upper end of the chair column. In other words, the chair column and the guide element 23 ′″ in the assembled state form a sub-assembly which is fixedly located in the guide opening 22 ′″ of the base support 2 ′″. For secure guidance of the guide element 23 ′″ in the guide opening 22 ′″, a number of rollers are provided in the guide opening 22 ′″ for forming roller bearings 74 . Similar to the third embodiment, the front sub-element 24 ′″ of the base support 2 ′″ again has a vertical opening 66 ′ for the drive element 73 , see FIG. 14 . As shown in FIG. 17 , in the loaded state of the seat support 4 ′″ the guide element 23 ′″ with its upper end 27 ′″ bears against a stop 26 ′″ formed by the base support. The transverse shaft 69 held movably in the slotted guides 70 , 71 is used, therefore, for transmitting the weight of the user to the tension springs 67 . The position thereof in the slotted guides—and thus the spring rate of the tension springs 67 —is, according to the invention, determined by the weight of the user. If a load is applied to the seat support 4 ′″ by a user sitting down on the office chair, as is indicated in FIG. 17 by the arrow 47 ′, the moving unit formed by the seat support 4 ′″ and base support 2 ′″, is moved downward as a whole in the direction of movement and namely on a common path of motion, namely a vertically extending straight line 47 ′, relative to the fixed sub-assembly consisting of the chair column and guide element 23 ′″. The relative movement of the moving unit to the chair column takes place in this connection without the position of the seat support 4 ′″ and base support 2 ′″ being altered relative to one another. When a load is applied to the office chair by a user, the transverse shaft 69 is driven by the second slotted guide 71 and moved in the first slotted guides 70 into a working position, whereby the spring rate is adjusted. If the user is relatively lightweight, the transverse shaft 69 thus remains in a lower position of the slotted guides 70 , see FIGS. 15 and 16 . The spring stroke is relatively short. With a heavier user, the transverse shaft 69 is displaced into an upper position in the first slotted guides 70 , see FIGS. 17 and 18 . The points of articulation of the tension springs 67 are moved apart from one another. The spring stroke is lengthened according to the weight of the user. As a result, by the altered spring rate of the tension springs 67 when a load is applied to the backrest, the pivoting motion S of the seat support 4 ′″ and the backrest support 5 ′″ takes place in the pivoting direction S against a greater “pivoting resistance”. In other words, by means of this structural solution, the “initial force” required for pivoting the backrest support 5 ′″ is automatically adjusted depending on the weight of the user. A “sudden drop” when a heavyweight user leans against the backrest, when the office chair has been previously used by a lighter user, is eliminated. As a result of a load applied to the seat support 4 ′″ by the user, in this embodiment an adjustment of the pivoting resistance takes place independently of a pivoting motion of the backrest. Moreover, it is again provided that the pivoting resistance itself is altered by the pivoting of the backrest. When pushing back the backrest, the backrest support 5 ′″ is namely pivoted to the rear, whereby—much more markedly when a load is applied by a heavyweight user than with a lightweight user—the position of the transverse shaft 69 is again altered, and namely such that the pivoting resistance increases with increasing pivoting. Whilst, therefore, in the first three embodiments the weight of the user is used to alter the pretensioning of the spring arrangement 75 , in the last-described embodiment, the spring rate is adapted to the spring arrangement 75 . For an explanation, reference is made to FIGS. 20 to 22 , in which a schematic force-path diagram is provided for the first three embodiments. The lower characteristic curve KU represents the unloaded state, the upper characteristic curve KB the loaded state. The intervals F 1 , F 2 of the starting points from the base line correspond to the pretensioning of the spring arrangement. The increases Z 1 , Z 2 produced by the gradient corresponding to the spring stroke, after pivoting about a pivot angle, alpha, of for example 20°. In FIG. 21 , characteristic curves are provided as might be implemented by the fourth embodiment, when the first slotted guides 70 might be arranged exactly perpendicular to the longitudinal axes 72 of the tension springs 67 . In this case, a load applied by a user might exclusively lead to an alteration of the spring rate. This variant could also be implemented in an office chair. Both the loaded and the unloaded characteristic curves KB, KU start at a common starting point F 0 , which is irrespective of the weight of the user. Depending on the weight, however, with a pivoting angle of, for example, 20° a widely varying spring stroke Z 1 , Z 2 results. In practice, however, the above-described oblique arrangement of the first slotted guides 70 has proved advantageous, whereby the characteristic curves KU, KB are produced as illustrated in FIG. 22 . In addition to the alteration of the spring rate, which takes precedence and which is visible in the different increases Z 1 , Z 2 , with a pivoting angle of, for example, 20°, a slight alteration V to the pretensioning of the spring arrangement takes place at the same time, which is reflected in the different starting points of the characteristic curves. With reference to the fourth embodiment, a safety device is described hereinafter by which an inadvertent adjustment of the spring arrangement 75 , adjusted by the weight, may be effectively avoided when pivoting the backrest support 5 ′″. The use of the safety device is not restricted to the fourth embodiment. The main principle of the safety device is, instead, easily able to be adapted to all embodiments of the invention as well as to other chair mechanisms. When pivoting the backrest support 5 ′″, restoring forces act on the transverse shaft 69 in the direction of the spring longitudinal axis 72 on the transverse shaft 68 , on the one hand, and in the direction of the first slotted guides 70 on the transverse shaft 35 ′, on the other hand. In order to prevent the transverse shaft 69 when pivoting the backrest support 5 ′″ from moving in the first slotted guides 70 , a movable latching element 76 is provided which, during pivoting, automatically engages in a fixed retaining element 77 and locks the current setting of the spring rate and/or pretensioning, see FIG. 19 . As a latching element 76 , in the example disclosed here, a sleeve 78 is used which is mounted freely rotatably on the transverse shaft 69 which on one side thereof comprises a locking pawl 79 in the manner of a latching edge. The sleeve 78 is in this case fixed on the transverse shaft 69 in the region of one of the first slotted guides 70 , such that the locking pawl 79 points forward in the direction of the front inner wall 80 of the first slotted guide 70 and engages in one of the toothlike latching grooves 81 provided there, extending horizontally and used as retaining elements, which are distributed substantially over the entire length of the slotted guide 70 . In order to assist this engagement, a spring element is provided, urging the locking pawl 79 in the direction of the latching grooves 81 , for example in the form of a small leaf spring 82 or the like. As the disclosed latching is self-locking due to the weight loading by a user, a high spring force is not required, however, in order to bring the locking pawl 79 into a latching position. This takes place almost automatically, as soon as a pivoting of the backrest support 5 ′″ begins. A release of the locking pawl 79 takes place automatically when pivoting forward the backrest support 5 ′″ into its initial position. In this connection, the latched locking pawl 79 projecting laterally over the slotted guide strikes to this end against a release block 83 arranged adjacent to the relevant inner wall 80 of the first slotted guide 70 and projecting thereover to the rear, so that the latching is released, see FIG. 14 . Latching occurs again when the backrest support 5 ′″ is subsequently pivoted. The latching element 76 does not have to be attached on one side; a separate latching element 76 may also be provided for every first slotted guide 70 . The four embodiments described above merely represent preferred embodiments. The invention may also be used with further synchronous mechanisms as well as with asynchronous mechanisms. The invention may also be implemented by other transmission means. With the use of a toothed belt as transmission means instead of the guide pulleys, as are used in the second embodiment, gearwheels are preferably used, which prevent the toothed belt from slipping through. Instead of the slotted guide 71 in the drive element 73 in the fourth embodiment, other guides, in particular open and/or partially open guides may also be used. The guide also does not have to be a linear guide. By using non-linear guides, further advantageous adjusting features of the mechanism may be produced. In particular, non-linear characteristic curves of the spring rate may be achieved as a result. Instead of the above disclosed spring elements, other spring elements may also be used with the invention. Thus, for example, helical springs may be designed as compression springs or tension springs. Also other spring elements, such as for example elastomers or the like, may be used. Also the present invention may be combined with the most varied arrangements of the spring elements. Thus the spring elements may, for example, at positions other than those shown, be arranged in the seat support or base support or even be arranged in the backrest support. For example, the leg spring shown in FIGS. 1 to 4 does not necessarily have to be positioned in front of the linear guide. In further embodiments, it may also be arranged to the rear, above or below the linear guide. The path of motion of the moving unit formed from the seat support 4 and base support 2 , also does not necessarily have to extend vertically downward, see FIG. 4 . In a further embodiment (not illustrated) of the invention it is provided that the linear guide comprising a guide opening 22 and guide element 23 is not arranged vertically, i.e. parallel to the vertical, but obliquely, i.e. at a specific angle relative to the vertical, in the base support 2 and/or the base support/seat support sub-assembly. In this case, the user sits on the office chair as shown in FIG. 4 . The moving unit formed from the seat support 4 and base support 2 , however, does not move downward vertically in the direction of the straight line 18 but on a path of motion extending obliquely to the vertical, which is predetermined by the position of the linear guide. LIST OF REFERENCE NUMERALS 1 Synchronous mechanism 2 Base support 3 Conical receiver 4 Seat support 5 Backrest support 6 Cheek 7 Cheek 8 Bearing projection 9 Bearing projection 10 Frame element 11 Latching lug 12 Lower cheek end 13 Pivot pin 14 Central longitudinal axis 15 Upper cheek end 16 Joint 17 Rear end region 18 Movement of the moving unit when loaded 19 Joint axis 20 Adjusting mechanism 21 Front end region 22 Guide opening 23 Guide element 24 Sub-element 25 Underside 26 Stop 27 Upper end 28 Transverse opening 29 Guide element 30 Linear guide 31 Underside 32 Through-opening 33 Underside 34 Rear end 35 Transverse shaft 36 Side strut 37 Side strut 38 Bearing post 39 Bearing post 40 Transverse shaft 41 Transverse shaft 42 Upper leg 43 Spring arrangement 44 Helical compression spring 45 Abutment extension arm 46 Bearing head 47 Movement of the moving unit when loaded 48 Supporting strip 49 Bearing recess 50 Spring arrangement 51 Receiver opening 52 Prismatic guide 53 Holding tray 54 Guide strip 55 Prismatic guide 56 Spring center point 57 Fastening screw 58 Front end region 59 Adjusting strip 60 Control cable 61 Opening 62 Guide pulley 63 Guide pulley 64 Arm 65 Upper face 66 Vertical opening 67 Tension spring 68 Transverse shaft 69 Transverse shaft 70 First slotted guide 71 Second slotted guide 72 Tension spring longitudinal axis 73 Drive element 74 Roller bearing 75 Latching element 76 Retaining element 77 Sleeve 78 Locking pawl 79 Inner wall 80 Latching groove 81 Leaf spring 82 Release block	A mechanism for an office chair having a backrest support which may be pivoted rearwardly. Adjustment of the backrest pivotal motion is accomplished by the mechanism having a base support which may be positioned on a chair column, a seat support, the backrest support which may be pivoted to the rear, and a pre-tensioned spring arrangement for enabling the mechanism to counter or oppose the movement of the backrest support. The seat support and the base support form a movable unit, which may be moved relative to the chair column depending on the weight of a user applying a load to the seat support. Movement of the movable unit causes an adjustment of the pre-tension of the spring arrangement and/or an adjustment of the spring constant of the spring arrangement.	0
This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 824,168, filed Jan. 10, 1986, U.S. Pat. No. 4,723,513. BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to gas fired apparatus for heating water and more particularly to a gas water heater/boiler comprising a cylindrical array of finned heat exchanger tubes into which penetrates a tubular gas burner for heating water or other fluid passing through the tubes. The heat exchanger tubes are located vertically in the center of a cubical sealed casing which in turn is located inside a second sealed casing which forms the external body of the heating apparatus. The sealed space or forehearth separating the casings forms a passageway for fresh combustion air which ensures a very efficient thermal insulation of the heater. A blower is mounted within the forehearth which pressurizes the apparatus with fresh combustion air and thereby prevents any possible leak or circulation of combustion products. The water heater/boilers of the present invention are designed for water pressure up to 160 pounds per square inch and a water temperature of 250 degrees Fahrenheit, thus making them suitable for commerical installations including swimming pool heater applications. The design permits indoor or outdoor installation. Due to the insulating effect of the sealed forehearth the water heater/boiler may be installed in a closet with combustible flooring or against closet walls with zero clearance and it can draw fresh air for combustion from outside or within the closet. The input range of the water heater/boiler, depending upon the particular size or model, is from approximately 250,000 BTU per hour to approximately 1,000,000 BTU per hour. However, the principles disclosed herein may be utilized for water heater/boilers having substantially smaller or greater BTU input levels. One of the shortcomings of prior known water heater/boiler apparatus has been burner failure. In order to obtain high BTU input, high levels of heat from the burner are required. Excessive heat, however, frequently causes cracks, and hence failure, in metal tubular burners. Another problem associated with conventional water heater/boiler systems is condensation of the flue products on the heater exchanger tubes and corrosion that is associated therewith. A still further problem experienced by known water heater/boilers is the formation of mineral deposits on the inside of the heat exchanger tubes (also known as scaling or liming). A still further problem of conventional water heater/boilers is heat loss and a resultant less than desirable thermal efficiency which translates into higher operating costs. It is therefore desirable to provide a burner assembly for a gas fired water heater/boiler apparatus in which the burner is reinforced and the flame does not contact the outer surface of the burner assembly thereby ensuring cooler burner operation, longer burner life, and prevention of cracks or other premature failure of the burner. It is also desirable to provide a water heater/boiler apparatus in which the temperature of the combustion byproducts upon passing through the heat exchanger tubes is above the dew point thereby reducing the likelihood that condensation will occur on the heat exchanger tubes. It is further desirable to provide a water heater/boiler apparatus in which the fluid to be heated travels through the heat exchanger tubes at a velocity sufficient to minimize liming of the tubes. It is still further desirable to provide an insulated water heater/boiler apparatus that operates at high levels of thermal efficiency. Additional objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the subsequent description and appended claims taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view, partially broken away, of the water heater/boiler apparatus of the present invention. FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the heat exchanger unit of the water heater/boiler apparatus. FIG. 3 is a perspective view, partially broken away, of a first embodiment of the burner of the water heater/boiler apparatus. FIG. 4 is an elevational view of the burner shown in FIG. 3. FIG. 5 is a perspective view, partially broken away, of a second embodiment of the burner of the water heater/boiler apparatus. FIG. 6 is an elevational view of the burner shown in FIG. 5. FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of the area designated with the numeral "7" in FIG. 3 showing the burner perforations of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic illustration of a cross section taken through the heat exchanger unit of the water heater/boiler apparatus with the burner in place. FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic illustration of a side elevational view, partially in cross section, of the water heater/boiler apparatus of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to the drawings the water heater/boiler apparatus in accordance with the present invention is shown in FIG. 1 at 10. The water heater/boiler apparatus 10 (hereinafter "heater 10") includes a heat exchanger unit 12, a burner assembly 14, an inner sealed casing 16, and an outer sealed casing 18. Heat exchanger unit 12 and burner assembly 14, as will be described below, are shown in greater detail in FIGS. 2 and 3, respectively. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 9, heat exchanger unit 12 is situated vertically in the center of inner sealed casing 16 which in turn is situated inside an outer sealed casing 18. Inner sealed casing 16 has an inner casing top 20 which has an opening 22 located therein. Between inner casing 16 and outer casing 18 is a sealed space or forehearth 24 which is divided by a forehearth wall 25 into a first forehearth 27 and a second forehearth 29. Situated over an opening 31 in forehearth wall 25 is an air intake means 26 which causes fresh combustion air to be brought into forehearth 24 by way of an air inlet 33. Air intake means 26 may comprise a blower, fan, or other suitable device which draws fresh combustion air through air inlet 33 into first forehearth 27 and through opening 31 in forehearth wall 25, thereby injecting the combustion air into second forehearth 29. As a result forehearth 24 is pressurized; i.e. a negative pressure is created in first forehearth 27 and a positive pressure is created in second forehearth 29. In this manner pressurized forehearth 24 will prevent any combustion products within inner casing 16 from leaking outside heater 10. Heat exchanger unit 12 is comprised of a circular array of vertical heat exchanger tubes 28 as shown in FIG. 2. Tubes 28 can be made of copper or any other suitable material that is durable and provides high levels of heat conductivity. Tubes 28 include a pluralty of integral fins 30 that surround tubes 28 and serve to enlarge the surface area of tubes 28 to which heat from the combustion products is transferred. Tubes 28 are connected at their upper ends to an upper header 32 and at their lower ends to a lower header 34. Upper and lower headers 32 and 34 are circular in configuration and each having internal transverse baffles 36 which direct the fluid to be heated to circulate through a portion of tubes 28 to the opposite header. Transverse baffles 36 are offset with respect to headers 32 and 34 such that the fluid is circulated in a different bank of tubes 28 past burner assembly 14 a total of four times. This four-pass system maximizes the heating potential per unit length of heat exchanger unit 12. The arrows in FIG. 2 and in tubes 28 in FIG. 9 show the direction of the fluid through heat exchanger unit 12. Upper header 32 is provided with an inlet 38 for the water or other fluid to be heated to enter header 32. After the fluid makes its four-pass circulation through heat exchanger unit 12, it exits through an outlet 40 which is also provided on upper header 32. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 9, inlet 38 and outlet 40 may further comprise short pipe lengths which pass through forehearth wall 25 and outer sealing casing 18 with seals (not shown). Connected to inlet 38 is a fluid pump 42 that circulates the fluid to be heated through tubes 28 of heat exchanger unit 12. Pump 42 is designed to circulate the fluid at a velocity of approximately eight feet per second through each tube 28. This velocity has been found to be useful in preventing lime and other minerals from forming or collecting on the inner surface of tubes 28. In this manner the life of heat exchanger unit 12 is enhanced. At a velocity of eight feet per second, it has been found that a particle content of up to 25 grains of dissolved solids per gallon of water (which is higher than fluid particle contents encountered by the majority of domestic water heater/boiler applications) will remain in suspension. When heater 100 is utilized in systems where liming or scaling is not a problem and the system has its own pump, for instance in boiler and swimming poor heater applications, pump 42 may be eliminated. Lower header 34 comprises a lower manifold 44 and a lower manifold plate 46 that is attached to (with fasteners not shown) and sealingly engages lower manifold 44 and transverse baffle 36 to provide a fluid tight heater compartment for receiving fluid to be heated from a portion of tubes 28 and circulating the fluid into another portion of tubes 28. Upper header 32 comprises an upper manifold 48 and an upper manifold plate 50 that is attached to (with fasteners now shown) and sealingly engages upper manifold 48 and transverse baffles 36 to circulate the fluid as recited above. Uppe manifold 48 and upper manifold plate 50 are provided with first and second burner ports 52 and 54, respectively. Burner ports 52 and 54 provide an opening in upper header 32 through which burner assembly 14 can be inserted into heat exchanger unit 12. Upper and lower manifolds 48 and 44 also include a plurality of tube openings 56 for receiving the ends of heat exchanger tubes 28 in a fluid tight fashion. To resist the combined effects of corrosion and high temperature the insides of upper and lower headers 32 and 34 are coated with a protective material. Headers 32 and 34 may be constructed of cast iron or any other suitable material. As shown in FIG. 9, heater 10 comprises several distinct zones. Fresh combustion air is brought from outside heater 10 into a first or forehearth zone 58 to pressurize the heater. From there, the combustion air is mixed with gas in a second or mixing zone 60 inside burner assembly 14. The air/gas mixture then ignites outside the burner tube in a third or combustion zone 62 between burner assembly 14 and tubes 28. Finally, the combustion products pass through the array of heat exchanger tubes 28 into a fourth or flue products zone 64 between tubes 28 and inner sealed casing 16. In fourth zone 64 the pressure created by air intake means 26 pushes the flue products downward where they are caused to exit heater 10 through a flue outlet 66. The path of movement of the combustion air products through these zones is depicted by the arrows in FIG. 9. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 8 the circular array of heat exchanger tubes 28 is provided at its radially outermost portion with a plurality of baffles 68 which are substantially V-shaped in cross-section. Baffles 68 partially enclose tubes 28 and fins 30 throughout their length while leaving vertical slots 70 which permit communication between third zone 62 and fourth zone 64. This arrangement provides prolonged circulation of the heat from the combustion products around fins 30 and optimizes the transfer of combustion heat to the fluid in tubes 28. In FIG. 3, a first embodiment of burner assembly 14 is shown which comprises a burner tube 72, a support collar 76, an orifice 78, and a gas supply line 74. Burner tube 72 includes a venturi portion 80, a mixing portion 82, and a burner portion 84. Burner portion 84 extends for a length substantially equivalent to that of the heat exchanger tubes 28 of the particular model of heater 10 for which burner assembly 14 is to be used. Burner portion 84 is comprised of an inner perforated tube 86 and an outer perforated tube 92. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 7, inner perforated tube 86 has a plurality of first perforations 88 which are regularly and uniformly spaced around the circumference and length of inner perforated tube 86. First perforations 88 have uniform size of approximately 0.038 inches in diameter and are spaced such that inner perforated tube 86 has an open area of approximately 45%. Outer perforated tube 92 has a plurality of second perforations 90 which are regularly and uniformly spaced around the circumference and length of outer perforated tube 92. Second perforations 90 have a uniform size of approximately 0.265 inches in diameter and are spaced such that outer perforated tube 92 has an open area of approximately 65%. Inner and outer perforated tubes 86 and 92 are rolled flush together so that there is essentially no gap between the tubes. Tubes 86 and 92 are welded or attached in any other suitable fashion to mixing portion 82 of burner tube 72. The bottom of perforated tubes 86 and 92 is closed off with a cap that is also welded or otherwise suitably attached. It has been discovered that utilizing separate burner tubes with the open areas described above gives a resultant open area for burner portion 84 of approximately 29% when outer perforated tube 92 is superimposed over inner perforated tube 86. While the size of first perforations 88 is ideal for combustion and flame size, second perforations 90 randomly close off a portion of first perforations 88 and therefore decrease the flame distribution pattern so there will not be too much heat per linear foot of heat exchanger tubes 28. The superimposing of inner and outer perforated tubes 86 and 92 greatly enhances the strength of burner assembly 14. In prior art water heater/boiler apparatus, the gas burner assemblies have tended to have a shorter useful life in comparison to the rest of the apparatus. This shorter life was due in part to the fact that perforations of a sufficiently small size and number to give good flame and heat characteristics could not be economically made in a thick walled burner tube. Therefore, thinner walled burner tubes were utilized in which cracks and premature failure would result. When burner assembly 14 is assembled into heater 10, burner portion 84 of burner tube 72 extends downward into the central portion of heat exchanger unit 12 through opening 22 of inner casing 20 and through first and second burner ports 52 and 54 of header 32. Support collar 76, which extends radially outward from burner tube 72 between venturi portion 80 and mixing portion 82, rests on inner casing top 20 and upper header 32 to support burner assembly 14 when the burner assembly is positioned in heat exchanger unit 12. A plurality of small collar holes 106 are provided in support collar 76 for attaching (with fasteners not shown) collar 76, and hence burner assembly 14, to upper header 32 which has a plurality of corresponding attachment holes 108. The burner assembly is thus easily removable from heater 10 when necessary for cleaning or other maintenance. Referring now to FIGS. 3 and 9, orifice 78 is attached to a gas supply line 74 that passes through outer sealed casing 18 and forehearth wall 25. Gas supply line 74 includes a gas cock 91, a gas pressure regulator 93, and a main gas valve 94 that is wired in series with an air proving switch, an operating control, a temperature limiting switch, and a fluid flow proving switch for maximum control and safe operation of heater 10. Gas line 74 comprises whatever elbows or other joints are necessary to enable orifice 78 to be positioned in the open top of venturi portion 80 of burner tube 72. Orifice 78 is held in proper position in venturi portion 80 by a plurality of brackets 96 that are attached to orifice 78 and to a rim 97 that encircles the open top of burner tube 72. Orifice 78 comprises a closed cylindrical body 98 which has a threaded opening at its top for attachment to gas line 74. Body 98 has a plurality of orifice apertures 100 situated in a circumferential row near the upward end of body 98. Since body 98 is closed at its downward end, gas which enters body 98 through supply line 74 must exit orifice 78 through apertures 100 thereby causing turbulence in venturi portion 80 and mixing portion 82 of burner tube 72 which promotes the mixture of gas with fresh combustion air from the pressurized sealed forehearth 24. The fresh combustion air enters venturi portion 80 and mixing portion 82 through the open top of burner tube 72 and through a series of venturi openings 102 located in the wall of venturi portion 80 between orifice 78 and support collar 76. Orifice 78, venturi portion 80, and mixing portion 82 thus provide an evenly mixed mixture of air and gas mixture that enters burner portion 84 of burner assembly 14. Support collar 76 also includes a plurality of observation ports 104 that are each covered with a heat resistant glass slide 99 for visually monitoring the burner flame and general operation of burner assembly 14. As shown in FIG. 1, a first removable panel 109 of outer sealed casing 18 provides access int first forehearth 27 and a second removable panel 111 of outer sealed casing 18 provides access to second forehearth 29, burner assembly 14, and heat exchanger unit 12. To assist the visual monitoring of the burner flame a glass panel 107 is provided in second removable panel 111. A pilot or hot surface igniter 105 located near the outer surface of burner portion 84, shown in FIG. 9, provides the ignition necessary to begin combustion. Due to the configuration of heater 10, the fresh combustion air in first zone 58 is preheated prior to mixing with the fuel gas in second zone 60. This preheating, which results in higher combustion efficiency, is accomplished by passing the fresh combustion air in forehearth 24 in heat exchange relationship with the hot flue gases in fourth zone 64. The pressure of the air/gas mixture inside burner tube 72 is precisely metered by a combination of air intake means 26 and the pressure of gas supply line 74 to be approximately 0.2 inches of water column ("inches WC"). This pressure works in combination with the size of first perforations 88 in inner perforated tube 86 to prevent the flame from burning on the outer surface of burner portion 84 of burner tube 72. Accordingly, the temperature of inner and outer perforated tubes 86 and 92 during combustion will not exceed the temperature of the premixed air/gas mixture plus some radiation (i.e. a maximum of approximately 180 degrees Fahrenheit). This control of the temperature of the burner's perforated portion greatly enhances overall burner life and has been found to provide safe operation of heater 10 under abnormal conditions such as a partially blocked flue outlet or a downdraft condition. As shown in FIG. 4, the burner assembly 14 of FIG. 3 also comprises a cone 114 (shown in phantom) situated inside of burner tube 72 to ensure that an air/gas mixture of approximately 0.2 inches WC will be uniformly distributed all around and along the length of burner portion 84. Cone 114 thus compensates for the pressure drop that naturally occurs along the length of a perforated burner tube. Cone 114 sits on the end cap of burner tube 72 and has a plurality of spacer pins 116 near its upward end to maintain concentricity with respect to burner tube 72. The embodiment of burner assembly 14 that is shown in FIG. 3 will, due to the air/gas mixture and velocity (described below) and burner perforation size, provide a given input of BTU's per square inch of air/gas mixture input. With regard to burner assembly 14 for various models or input ratings of heater 10, the perforated material of burner portion 84, the diameter of burner tube 72, and input (which is BTU per square inch of air/gas mixture) is kept the same. In order to accommodate different input BTU levels for different heater 10 models, the length of burner portion 84 is generally all that is changed. For example, a heater 10 model which has an input of approximately 250,000 BTU per hour will have a burner portion 84, a mixing portion 82, and a venturi portion 80 all approximately 6 inches long. Cone 114 of the 250,000 BTU model is approximately 15 inches high with bottom and top diameters of approximately 31/4 inches and 13/4 inches, respectively. For a heater 10 model with approximately 500,000 BTU per hour input, the only difference in burner assembly 14 is that burner portion 84 is approximately 12 inches long and cone 114 is approximately 21 inches high. FIG. 5 shows a burner unit 120 which is a second embodiment of the burner assembly 14 of heater 10. Burner unit 120 is utilized for models of heater 10 having inputs of approximately 750,000 BTU per hour to approximately 1,000,000 BTU per hour. The features of burner unit 120 that differ from the burner assembly 14 shown in FIG. 3 (other than overall length) are the venturi portion, the orifice, and the distribution cone. Burner unit 120 has a venturi 122 that is generally cone-shaped in order to scoop more combustion air while eliminating venturi openings 102. Venturi 122 has an open top that is approximately 6 inches in diameter. Situated inside the open top of venturi 122 is a gas orifice 124 that comprises an orifice body 126 which is closed at its bottom and has a threaded orifice opening (not shown) on its top to which gas supply line 74 is attached. Orifice body in the preferred embodiment is approximately 1 inch high and has a diameter of approximately 3 inches. A plurality of orifice holes 130 are provided in a circumferential row near the downward end of orifice body 126. Orifice holes 130 like orifice apertures 100, differ in size and number depending on the particular type of input and gas fuel used. For example, in an embodiment of gas orifice 124 utilized in a 750,000 BTU/hour heater 10 that operates on natural gas, an orifice hole 130 is provided approximately every 30 degrees around orifice body 126 for a total of 12 orifice holes 130, each having a size corresponding approximately to a number 19 American drill size (which is approximately 0.166 inches in diameter). Like orifice 78, gas orifice 124 is supported in proper position within the open top of venturi 122 by a plurality of brackets 96 and a rim 97. Burner unit 120 also has a distribution cone 132 inside its burner tube as shown in phantom in FIG. 6. The bottom diameter of distribution cone 132 is substantially equivalent to that of cone 114, however distribution cone 132 tapers to a point at its upper end. For a 750,000 BTU per hour heater 10, distribution cone 132 has a length of approximately 24 inches and for a 1,000,000 BTU per hour heater 10, distribution cone 132 has a length of approximately 341/2 inches. Distribution cone 132, like cone 114, is provided near its upper end with a plurality of spacer pins 116 to maintain concentricity of distribution cone 132 with respect to burner tube 72. It has been discovered that the optimum gap in combustion zone 62 between outer perforated tube 92 and heat exchanger tubes 28 is approximately 31/2 inches. This gap has been found to be advantageous in preventing condensation of the flue products on tubes 28 given the above performance and characteristics of burner assembly 14. If the gap is substantially less than 31/2 inches, fins 30 may burn due to excess heat from the burner and if the gap is substantially greater than 31/2 inches, condensation may occur on tubes 28 because the temperature of the combustion byproducts at tubes 28 will be less than the dew point. In the preferred embodiment of heater 10, when water is flowing through tubes 28 at the design velocity of approximately eight feet per second, the temperature of the flue gases after passing around tubes 28 is approximately 300 degrees Fahrenheit which is above the dew point and therefore condensation on heat exchanger tubes 28 and/or fins 30 is substantially eliminated. The reduction of condensation on the exchanger tubes is desirable as it helps prevent corrosion of the tubes and enhances the useful life of heat exchanger unit 12. However, since the inside walls of inner sealed casing 16 are cooled by the fresh combustion air circulating in the forehearth 24, the flue gases upon coming into contact with the cooler inside walls, will condense thereon. A small step 110 is provided between lower header 34 of heat exchanger unit 12 and the floor of sealed casings 16 and 18 to position heat exchanger unit 12 higher within inner sealed casing 18. In this manner the condensation from any moisture in the combustion byproducts which forms on the inside walls of inner sealed casing 16 is allowed to collect underneath heat exchanger unit 12 while the flue gases are exited through flue outlet 66. A drain 128, shown in FIG. 9, is provided near the bottom of inner sealed casing 16 to remove the condensate when necessary. First zone 58 between inner and outer sealed casings 16 and 18 is configured to supply adequate combustion air for various models of heater 10 which range in input from approximately 250,000 to 1,000,000 BTU per hour. A volume of of approximately 3.2 square feet for first zone 58 has been found to be adequate for the various heater 10 models. However, in order to supply the appropriate amount of combustion air for each BTU input level of heater 10, first zone 58 is pressurized by air intake means 26 in differing amounts. For example, first zone 58 for a 250,000 ; BTU heaters 10 is pressurized at approximately 0.6 inches WC. For heater 10 models with BTU per hour output levels of 500,000 BTU, 750,000 BTU and 1,000,000 BTU, first zone 58 is pressurized at approximately 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 inches WC, respectively. These pressures in conjunction with the size of first perforations 88 and the net open area of burner portion 84 result in a minimum air/gas mixture velocity (after passing through the burner perforations) of 9.7 feet per second. This velocity (in conjunction with the parameters discussed above) enables combustion to take place without any flame touching the burner and thus prevents the burner from cracking due to excess temperature. This velocity also prevents the flame from flashing back into the burner and burning at the orifice because it is substantially greater than the velocity of the flame which is approximately one foot per second. In the preferred embodiment of heater 10, heat exchanger unit 12 is comprised of twenty copper finned heat exchanger tubes 28. Tubes 28 are approximately one inch in diameter and integrally carry approximately seven fins 30 per lineal inch of tube. Fins 30 are aprpoximately one and seven eighths inches in diameter. Preferred burner assemblies 14 have a burner tube 72 with a diameter of approximately three and one half inches. Tubes 28 are situated in upper and lower headers 32 and 34 such that the fluid to be heated travels through a different bank of five tubes 28 a total of four times. For maximum heat exchange efficiency, slots 70 between baffles 68 measure approximately one half inch and baffles 68 extend the full length of the copper finned tubes 28. A liquid pump 42 capable of providing 75 gallons per minute of flow is used to provide the fluid velocity of eight feet per second through tubes 28 and prevent scaling that may result from hard water or the like. As shown in FIG. 1, the front of inner sealed casing is provided with an inner front panel 117. The front of outer sealed casing 18 is provided with a control panel 112 and an outer front panel 118. Control panel 112 includes at least one capillary tube 113 that is connected to upper header 32 to sense the water temperature. Control panel 112 also includes a thermostat as well as the other controls referred to above to operate heater 10 in a safe and efficient manner. An example of such a control is a flow switch that proves fluid circulation through heat exchanger unit 12 prior to burner combustion. Completing outer sealed casing 18 is a corner panel 134 that provides access for additional controls if necessary. Thus, there is described and shown in the above description, background, and drawings an improved water heater/boiler assembly which fully and effectively accomplishes the objectives thereof. However, it will be apparent that variations and modifications of the disclosed embodiment may be made without departing from the principles of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.	There is disclosed a gas-fired water heater/boiler apparatus with a unique burner assembly that provides high levels of BTU/hour input making it suitable for commercial installations. The gas burner includes a pair of superimposed tubes, each having evenly distributed perforations of a different uniform size, that are rolled flush together and provide a thick walled burner with greatly increased strength and resistance to premature failure while furnishing an optimum flame pattern. The gas burner projects into the interior of a vertical, cylindrical array of finned heat exhanger tubes through which the fluid to be heated is circulated. The water heater/boiler apparatus is compact and thermally insulated by a pressurized forehearth and may be installed on combustible floors or in closets with zero clearance.	5
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] Reference is made to commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/784,585, filed Feb. 23, 2004 by Michael Long et al, entitled “Device and Method for Vaporizing Temperature Sensitive Materials”, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/945,940, filed Sep. 21, 2004 by Michael Long et al, entitled “Delivering Organic Powder to a Vaporization Zone”, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/945,941, filed Sep. 21, 2004 by Michael Long et al, entitled “Delivering Organic Power to a Vaporization Zone”, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/050,924, filed Feb. 4, 2005 by Michael Long et al, entitled “Controllably Feeding Organic Material in Making OLEDS”, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______ filed concurrently herewith, by Michael Long et al, entitled Metering Material To Promote Rapid Vaporization” the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates to making devices by vaporizing material and more particularly to controllably feeding material to a heated surface. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] An organic light emitting diode (OLED) device includes a substrate, an anode, a hole-transporting layer made of an organic compound, an organic luminescent layer with suitable dopants, an organic electron-transporting layer, and a cathode. OLED devices are attractive because of their low driving voltage, high luminance, wide-angle viewing and capability for full-color flat emission displays. Tang et al. described this multilayer OLED device in their U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,769,292 and 4,885,211. [0004] Physical vapor deposition in a vacuum environment is the principal means of depositing thin organic material films as used in small molecule OLED devices. Such methods are well known, for example Barr in U.S. Pat. No. 2,447,789 and Tanabe et al. in EP 0 982 411. The organic materials used in the manufacture of OLED devices are often subject to degradation when maintained at or near the desired rate dependant vaporization temperature for extended periods of time. Exposure of sensitive organic materials to higher temperatures can cause changes in the structure of the molecules and associated changes in material properties. [0005] To overcome the thermal sensitivity of these materials, only small quantities of organic materials have been loaded in sources and they are heated as little as possible. In this manner, the material is consumed before it has reached the temperature exposure threshold to cause significant degradation. The limitations with this practice are that the available vaporization rate is very low due to the limitation on heater temperature, and the operation time of the source is very short due to the small quantity of material present in the source. In the prior art, it has been necessary to vent the deposition chamber, disassemble and clean the vapor source, refill the source, reestablish vacuum in the deposition chamber and degas the just-introduced organic material over several hours before resuming operation. The low deposition rate and the frequent and time consuming process associated with recharging a source has placed substantial limitations on the throughput of OLED manufacturing facilities. [0006] A secondary consequence of heating the entire organic material charge to roughly the same temperature is that it is impractical to mix additional organic materials, such as dopants, with a host material unless the vaporization behavior and vapor pressure of the dopant is very close to that of the host material. This is generally not the case and as a result, prior art devices frequently require the use of separate sources to co-deposit host and dopant materials. [0007] A consequence of using single component sources is that many sources are required in order to produce films containing a host and multiple dopants. These sources are arrayed one next to the other with the outer sources angled toward the center to approximate a co-deposition condition. In practice, the number of linear sources used to co-deposit different materials has been limited to three. This restriction has imposed a substantial limitation on the architecture of OLED devices, increases the necessary size and cost of the vacuum deposition chamber and decreases the reliability of the system. [0008] Additionally, the use of separate sources creates a gradient effect in the deposited film where the material in the source closest to the advancing substrate is over represented in the initial film immediately adjacent the substrate while the material in the last source is over represented in the final film surface. This gradient co-deposition is unavoidable in prior art sources where a single material is vaporized from each of multiple sources. The gradient in the deposited film is especially evident when the contribution of either of the end sources is more than a few percent of the central source, such as when a co-host is used. [0009] A further limitation of prior art sources is that the geometry of the interior of the vapor manifold changes as the organic material charge is consumed. This change requires that the heater temperature change to maintain a constant vaporization rate and it is observed that the overall plume shape of the vapor exiting the orifices can change as a function of the organic material thickness and distribution in the source, particularly when the conductance to vapor flow in the source with a full charge of material is low enough to sustain pressure gradients from non-uniform vaporization within the source. In this case, as the material charge is consumed, the conductance increases and the pressure distribution and hence overall plume shape improve. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0010] It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an effective way to vaporize powders. [0011] This object is achieved in a method for metering powdered or granular material onto or in close proximity to a heated surface to vaporize such material, comprising: [0012] (a) providing a rotatable auger for receiving powdered or granular material and as the rotatable auger rotates, such rotating rotatable auger translates such powdered or granular material along a feed path to a feeding location; [0013] (b) providing at least one opening at the feeding location such that the pressure produced by the rotating rotatable auger at the feeding location causes the powdered or granular material to be forced through the opening onto the heated surface in a controllable manner, and [0014] (c) agitating or fluidizing the powdered or granular material in proximity to the feeding location in cooperation with the rotatable auger so as to facilitate the flow of powdered or granular material through the opening(s) to the heated surface where the powdered or granular material is vaporized. [0015] An advantage of this invention is that it provides controlled delivery of powdered or granular material with reduced expenditures of power. Feed uniformity is substantially improved. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0016] FIG. 1 is a sectional view of one embodiment of the invention; [0017] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a closed-loop control for the invention; [0018] FIG. 3A and 3B show detail cross-sectional perspectives of an alternative embodiment of the invention; [0019] FIG. 4 is a detail cross-section perspective of another alternative embodiment of the invention; and [0020] FIG. 5 is a detail cross-sectional perspective of still another alternative embodiment of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0021] Turning now to FIG. 1 , an apparatus 5 for metering powdered or granular material 10 such as organic material into a heated surface 40 is shown. The apparatus 5 is includes a container 15 which holds material 10 . Material 10 can have one or more components and can be powdered or granular. A rotatable auger 20 is disposed in an auger enclosure 22 which in turn is disposed in a material receiving relationship with the container 15 . The auger enclosure 22 has openings 24 for receiving material 10 from the container 5 . The rotatable auger 20 moves material 10 along a feed path 25 to a feeding location 30 . Rotation of the rotatable auger 20 causes the material 10 to be subject to pressure at the feeding location 30 . This pressure forces the material 10 through one or more openings 35 formed in a member 36 . Member, 36 can be attached to the rotatable auger 20 so that the member 36 rotates with the rotatable auger 20 , and carries material 10 into contact with a heated surface 40 where the material 10 is flash evaporated. The rotation of member 36 provides agitation or fluidization of material 10 in the proximity to the openings 35 , reducing-the tendency of the material 10 to compact into an agglomerated solid inside the auger enclosure 22 or heat sink 42 that would restrict material flow. The proximity of the feeding location 30 to the heated surface 40 can cause the feeding location to be heated by radiation and the auger enclosure 22 by conduction from the feeding location 30 . It can be desirable to coat the feeding location 30 and the openings 35 in member 36 with a thermally insulating layer such as anodization or a thin layer of glass or mica. Additionally, the feeding location 30 can be made of a material of high thermal conductivity and provided with a thermally conductive path to a heat sink 42 . The heat sink 42 can be a passive device that depends on radiation or convection to a fluid, or it can be an active cooling device such as a Peltier effect chiller. Insulating the feeding location 30 can reduce condensation of vaporized material in the feeding location 30 , especially around the openings 35 . Providing a conductive path to heat sink 42 , reduces thermal exposure of material 10 , and thereby improves material lifetime within the auger enclosure 22 . [0022] The apparatus 5 can operate in a closed-loop control mode, in which case a sensor 50 is utilized to measure the vaporization rate of the material 10 as it is evaporated at the heated surface 40 . The sensor 50 can also be used in measuring the material vaporization rate on a substrate either directly or indirectly. For example, a laser can be directed through the plume of evaporated material to directly measure the local concentration of vaporized material. Alternatively, crystal rate monitors indirectly measure the vaporization rate by measuring the rate of deposition of the vaporized material on the crystal surface. These two approaches represent only two of the many well-known methods for sensing the vaporization rate. [0023] Turning now to FIG. 2 , the apparatus 5 can be operated under closed-loop control which is represented by block diagram. In a close-loop control system, the sensor 50 provides data to a controller 55 , which in turn determines the rate of revolution of a motor 45 . The closed loop control can take many forms. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the controller 55 is a programmable digital logic device, such as a microcontroller, that reads the input of the sensor 50 , which can be either analog input or direct digital input. The controller 55 is operated by an algorithm that utilizes the sensor input as well as internal or externally derived information about the motor 45 rotational speed and the temperature of the heated surface 40 to determine a new commanded speed for the rotatable auger 20 and a new commanded temperature for the heated surface 40 . There are many known classes of algorithm, such as proportional integral differential control, proportional control, differential control, that can be adapted for use suited to control the apparatus 5 . The control strategy can employ feedback as well as feedforward. Alternatively, the control circuit can be implemented as an analog control device, which can implement many of the same classes of algorithm as the digital device. [0024] FIGS. 3A and 3B show different perspectives of the detail of an alternative embodiment. The portion of the embodiment not shown are essentially the same as those of FIG. 1 . This embodiment differs in how the material 10 at the end of the rotatable auger 20 is fluidized or agitated. A clockwork spring 60 is attached to the rotatable auger 20 so that it rotates with the rotatable auger 20 , agitating or fluidized material 10 in the vicinity of the member 36 containing the openings 35 . The member 36 may be rigidly affixed to the auger enclosure 22 or may instead be constrained to rotate with the rotatable auger 20 . By maintaining an agitated or fluidized region of material 10 in the immediate proximity of the member 36 , the tendency of the material 10 to compact into an agglomerated solid inside the auger enclosure 22 is reduced. [0025] FIG. 4 shows a detail view of yet another embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, the rotatable auger 20 terminates in a spreader 65 which rotates with the rotatable auger 20 . The spreader 65 is a cone-shaped member that spreads the material 10 away from the shaft of the rotatable auger 20 towards the opening 35 . The single opening 35 is in the form of an annulus and is formed between the spreader 65 on the inside and heat sink 42 . Heat sink 42 , is rigidly attached to the auger enclosure 22 . The rotation of the spreader 65 within the heat sink 42 , sets up a shear in the material, causing agitation and reducing the tendency of the material 10 to compact into an agglomerated solid inside the auger enclosure 22 or the heat sink 42 . [0026] FIG. 5 shows a detail of another embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, the openings are provided by a fine screen 75 . A vibratory actuator 70 imparts vibrational energy to the screen 75 agitating or fluidizing the material 10 in the feeding location 30 . The direction of the vibration may be co-axial to the rotatable auger 20 , perpendicular to the axis of the rotatable auger 20 , or both co-axial or perpendicular. Fluidized material 10 is forced through the lo screen 75 by the rotation of the rotatable auger 20 . Material 10 passing through the screen 75 then encounters the heated surface 40 which is spaced a short distance from the screen 75 . This distance is typically on the order of 50-100 microns, but could be larger or smaller depending on particle size of the material being fed, the size of the openings in the screen 75 , and other factors. It is understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that although the invention is motivated by the need to reduce the time organic materials spend at elevated temperature and is described in the context of vaporization of organic materials, the invention is suitable for vaporization of any powdered or granular material. [0027] The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention. PARTS LIST [0000] 5 Apparatus 10 Organic material 15 Container 20 Rotatable auger 22 Auger enclosure 24 Auger enclosure opening 30 Feeding location 35 Opening 36 Member 40 Heated surface 42 Heat sink 45 Motor 50 Sensor 55 Controller 60 Clockwork spring 65 Spreader 70 Vibratory actuator 75 Screen	A method for metering powdered or granular material onto a heated surface to vaporize such material. The method comprises providing a rotatable auger d for receiving powdered or granular material and as the rotatable auger rotates, such rotatable auger translates such powdered or granular material along a feed path to a feeding location. The method also providing at least one opening at the feeding location such that the pressure produced by the rotating rotatable auger at the feeding location causes the powdered or granular material to be forced through the opening onto the heated surface in a controllable manner. The material is agitated or fluidized proximate to the feeding location.	2
This application is a Divisional Application of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/616,740 filed Sep. 14, 2012, which is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/688,164 filed Apr. 7, 2010, which is a U.S. National stage entry of PCT/JP2009/070719 filed Dec. 4, 2009, which claims priority from JP 2008-310739 filed Dec. 5, 2008. TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to quinolone compounds and pharmaceutical compositions. BACKGROUND ART Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disease that generally develops after middle age. Initial symptoms include unilateral resting tremor, akinesia and rigidity. The tremors, akinesia, and rigidity are called the three major signs of Parkinson's disease, and each of them is caused by the selective death of dopaminergic neurons projected from the substantia nigra to the striatum. The etiology of the disease is still unknown; however, accumulated evidence suggests that an impaired energy-generating system accompanied by abnormal mitochondrial function of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons triggers the neurodegenerative disorder of the disease. The mitochondrial dysfunction has been assumed to subsequently cause oxidative stress and failure of calcium homeostasis, thereby resulting in neurodegeneration (Non-Patent Document 1). Treatments of Parkinson's disease are roughly classified into medical management (medication) and surgical management (stereotaxic operation). Of these, medication is an established therapy and regarded as a basic treatment. In the medication, a symptomatic therapeutic agent is used to compensate for the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal function denatured by Parkinson's disease. L-dopa exhibits the most remarkable therapeutic effects. It is said that no agent exceeds the effectiveness of L-dopa. Currently, L-dopa is used together with a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor to prevent the metabolism thereof in the periphery, and the desired clinical effects have been obtained. However, L-dopa treatment has drawbacks in that, after several years of usage, there is a recurrence of movement disorders such as dyskinesia, and the sustainability and stability of the drug's effects are lost, resulting in fluctuations within each day. Moreover, side effects including digestive problems such as nausea and vomiting brought on by excessive release of dopamine, circulatory organ problems such as orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia and arrhythmia, and neurological manifestations such as hallucination, delusion and distraction have been a cause for concern. Thus, in order to decrease the L-dopa preparation dosage and thereby reduce the side effects, multidrug therapies, in which dopamine receptor agonists, dopamine metabolism enzyme inhibitors, dopamine releasers, central anticholinergic agents and the like are used in combination, are employed. While such therapeutic advances remarkably improve prognoses, there is still no fundamental cure for Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Medication must be taken for the rest of the patient's life, and the aforementioned drawbacks, i.e., decreased efficacy during long-term administration, side effects, and uncontrollable disease progression, can result from L-dopa monotherapy. In addition, it is difficult to expect dramatic effects, even with the employment of multidrug therapies. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects various cognitive functions, primarily causing impairment of memory. Pathologically, Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the degeneration of synapses or neurons in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, and the accumulation of two types of abnormal fibrils, i.e., senile plaques and changes in neurofibrils. Although the disease etiology is not completely understood, amyloid β protein (Aβ), which is derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by various mechanisms, is known to play an important role. Currently, cholinesterase inhibitors (tacrine, Aricept, rivastigmine, and galantamine) are used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease for ameliorating symptoms, because acetylcholinergic nervous system in the brain is involved in cognitive function, and marked deficits in the acetylcholinergic system are observed in Alzheimer's disease. N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonists (memantine) are also in practical use because hyperexcitability of the mechanism of glutamate neurotransmission is associated with neural degeneration or impairment. Neither monotherapy nor combination therapy using these drugs, however, has produced sufficient therapeutic effects, nor are they capable of halting the progression of the disease. Furthermore, gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and diarrhea are observed as side effects of cholinesterase. With respect to ischemic neurodegenerative disorders induced by cerebral infarctions, such as atherothrombotic cerebral infarction, lacunar infarction, cardiogenic cerebral embolism, etc., the usage of very early thrombolytic therapy using tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is rapidly increasing. This therapy, however, has many problems including a window as short as within three hours after the onset of disease, hemorrhagic complications, etc. In Japan, a free radical scavenger, edaravone, is used for a brain protection therapy. Although edaravone can be used concomitantly with tPA, sufficient clinical results have not been obtained. Accordingly, there exists a strong need for a pharmaceutical agent having a novel mechanism of action, or a neuroprotectant for preventing neural degeneration or impairment from its etiologies such as abnormal mitochondrial function, etc. CITATION LIST Non Patent Literature NPL 1: Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 991: 111-119 (2003) SUMMARY OF INVENTION Technical Problem An object of the present invention is to provide a novel compound that inhibits the chronic progression of Parkinson's disease or protects dopamine neurons from the disease itself, thereby suppressing the progression of neurological dysfunction, so as to prolong the period of time until L-dopa is administered while also improving neuronal function. Another object of the invention is to provide an agent that is useful in treating diseases that induce cell death, and more specifically, to provide an agent having efficacy for treating Alzheimer's disease, or improving dysfunction or neurologic deficits induced by cerebral apoplexy. Solution to Problem The present inventors conducted extensive research to accomplish the aforementioned object. Consequently, they succeeded in producing a compound represented by Formula (1) shown below, which protects and improves mitochondrial function, and/or protects neurons and repairs neuronal function. The present invention has been accomplished based on the above findings. The invention provides a quinolone compound, a process for producing the same, and a pharmaceutical composition as set forth in the following Items 1 to 23. Item 1. A quinolone compound represented by Formula (1): or a salt thereof, wherein R 1 represents: (1) hydrogen, (2) lower alkyl, (3) halogen-substituted lower alkyl, (4) lower alkenyl, (5) lower alkanoyl, (6) halogen-substituted lower alkanoyl, (7) hydroxy lower alkyl, (8) protected hydroxy lower alkyl, (9) hydroxy lower alkanoyl, (10) protected hydroxy lower alkanoyl, (11) lower alkylthio lower alkyl, (12) amino lower alkylthio lower alkyl optionally having one or more lower alkyl groups, (13) hydroxy lower alkylthio lower alkyl, (14) carboxy lower alkylthio lower alkyl, (15) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkylthio lower alkyl, (16) amino lower alkylthiocarbonyl lower alkyl optionally having one or more lower alkyl groups, (17) hydroxy lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl, (18) carboxy lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl, (19) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl, (20) lower alkanoyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl, (21) piperazinyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl optionally having one or more lower alkyl groups on the piperazine ring, (22) piperazinylcarbonyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl optionally having one or more lower alkyl groups on the piperazine ring, (23) lower alkanoyl lower alkyl, (24) carboxy lower alkyl, (25) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkyl, (26) piperazinyl lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkyl optionally having one or more lower alkyl groups on the piperazine ring, (27) morpholinyl lower alkyl, (28) oxazepanyl lower alkyl, (29) amino lower alkyl optionally having one or more lower alkyl groups, (30) piperazyl lower alkyl optionally having, on the piperazine ring, one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkoxy lower alkyl, and pyridyl, (31) piperidyl lower alkyl optionally having one or more morpholinyl groups, (32) azetidyl lower alkyl optionally having one or more hydroxy groups on the azetidine ring, (33) isoindolinyl lower alkyl optionally having one or more oxo groups, (34) amino lower alkanoyloxy lower alkyl optionally having one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and lower alkoxycarbonyl, (35) carbamoyl lower alkyl optionally having one or more substituents selected from lower alkyl; morpholinyl lower alkyl; piperidyl optionally having one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and lower alkoxycarbonyl; and piperazinyl lower alkyl optionally having one or more lower alkyl groups, (36) phosphono lower alkyl optionally having one or more hydroxy-protecting groups, (37) phosphono lower alkanoyloxy lower alkyl optionally having one or more hydroxy-protecting groups, (38) benzoyloxy lower alkyl optionally having, on the benzene ring, one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, protected hydroxy, and phosphono optionally having one or more hydroxyl-protecting groups, (39) tetrahydropyranyl optionally having one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, hydroxy lower alkyl and carboxyl, or (40) lower alkanoylamino lower alkyl optionally having, on the lower alkanoyl group, one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen; hydroxy; amino; lower alkoxycarbonylamino; piperazinyl optionally having one or more lower alkoxy lower alkyl groups; imidazolyl; and morpholinylpiperidyl; R 2 represents: (1) hydrogen, (2) lower alkyl, (3) lower alkanoyl, (4) hydroxy lower alkyl, (5) carboxy, (6) lower alkoxycarbonyl, (7) carbamoyl optionally having one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl; halogen-substituted lower alkyl; hydroxy lower alkyl; piperazinyl lower alkyl optionally having one or more lower alkyl groups; and morpholinyl lower alkyl, (8) carbamoyl lower alkyl optionally having one or more lower alkyl groups, (9) morpholinyl lower alkyl, (10) piperazinyl lower alkyl optionally having one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and pyridyl optionally having one or more lower alkyl groups, (11) diazepanyl lower alkyl, (12) amino lower alkyl optionally having one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, halogen-substituted lower alkyl, hydroxy lower alkyl, and morpholinyl lower alkyl, (13) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkyl, or (14) carboxy lower alkyl; R 3 represents phenyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrazolyl, or pyrimidinyl, wherein: the aromatic or heterocyclic ring represented by R 3 may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of the following substituents (1) to (14): (1) lower alkyl, (2) lower alkoxy, (3) lower alkanoyl, (4) halogen, (5) hydroxy, (6) hydroxy lower alkyl, (7) hydroxy lower alkoxy, (8) protected hydroxy lower alkoxy, (9) carboxy lower alkoxy, (10) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkoxy, (11) pyrrolidinylcarbonyl, (12) carbamoyl lower alkoxy optionally having one or more lower alkyl groups, (13) carbamoyl optionally having one or more morpholinyl lower alkyl groups, and (14) morpholinylpiperidylcarbonyl; R 4 represents halogen, lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy; R 5 represents hydrogen or halogen; R 4 and R 5 may be linked to form a group represented by any of the following formulae: or a group represented by the following formula: the group optionally having one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and oxo groups; R 6 represents hydrogen or lower alkoxy; R 7 represents any of the following groups (1) to (11): (1) hydrogen, (2) lower alkoxy, (3) hydroxy lower alkoxy, (4) protected hydroxy lower alkoxy, (5) lower alkoxy lower alkoxy, (6) carbamoyl lower alkoxy optionally having one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and morpholinyl lower alkyl, (7) amino optionally having one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and cyclo C 3 -C 8 alkyl, (8) cyclo C 3 -C 8 alkyloxy, (9) carboxy lower alkoxy, (10) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkoxy, and (11) pyrrolidinyl; and R 6 and R 7 may be linked to form a group represented by any of the following formulae: Item 2. A quinolone compound of General Formula (1) or a salt thereof according to Item 1, wherein: R 4 and R 5 may be linked to form a group represented by any of the following formulae: or a group represented by the following formula: the group optionally having one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl or oxo groups. Item 3. A quinolone compound of General Formula (1) or a salt thereof according to Item 2, wherein: R 1 represents: (1) hydrogen, (2) lower alkyl, (3) halogen-substituted lower alkyl, (4) lower alkenyl, (5) lower alkanoyl, (6) halogen-substituted lower alkanoyl, (7) hydroxy lower alkyl, (8) phenyl lower alkoxy lower alkyl, (9) hydroxy lower alkanoyl, (10) phenyl lower alkoxy lower alkanoyl, (11) lower alkylthio lower alkyl, (12) amino lower alkylthio lower alkyl optionally having, on the amino group, two lower alkyl groups, (13) hydroxy lower alkylthio lower alkyl, (14) carboxy lower alkylthio lower alkyl, (15) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkylthio lower alkyl, (16) amino lower alkylthiocarbonyl lower alkyl optionally having, on the amino group, two lower alkyl groups, (17) hydroxy lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl, (18) carboxy lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl, (19) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl, (20) lower alkanoyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl, (21) piperazinyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group on the piperazine ring, (22) piperazinylcarbonyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group on the piperazine ring, (23) lower alkanoyl lower alkyl, (24) carboxy lower alkyl, (25) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkyl, (26) piperazinyl lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group on the piperazine ring, (27) morpholinyl lower alkyl, (28) oxazepanyl lower alkyl, (29) amino lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group on the amino group, (30) piperazyl lower alkyl optionally having, on the piperazine ring, one substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkoxy lower alkyl, and pyridyl, (31) piperidyl lower alkyl optionally having one morpholinyl group on the piperidine ring, (32) azetidyl lower alkyl optionally having one hydroxy group on the azetidine ring, (33) isoindolinyl lower alkyl optionally having two oxo groups on the isoindoline ring, (34) amino lower alkanoyloxy lower alkyl optionally having, on the amino group, one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and lower alkoxycarbonyl, (35) carbamoyl lower alkyl optionally having, on the carbamoyl group, one substituent selected from lower alkyl; morpholinyl lower alkyl; piperidyl optionally having one substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and lower alkoxycarbonyl; and piperazinyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group, (36) phosphono lower alkyl optionally having one or two lower alkyl groups on the phosphono group, (37) phosphono lower alkanoyloxy lower alkyl optionally having one or two lower alkyl groups on the phosphono group, (38) benzoyloxy lower alkyl optionally having, on the benzene ring, one substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, benzyloxy, and phosphono optionally having one or two lower alkyl groups, (39) tetrahydropyranyl optionally having three hydroxy groups and one hydroxy lower alkyl group, or (40) lower alkanoylamino lower alkyl optionally having, on the lower alkanoyl group, one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen; hydroxy; amino; lower alkoxycarbonylamino; piperazinyl optionally having one lower alkoxy lower alkyl group; imidazolyl; and morpholinylpiperidyl; R 2 represents: (1) hydrogen, (2) lower alkyl, (3) lower alkanoyl, (4) hydroxy lower alkyl, (5) carboxy, (6) lower alkoxycarbonyl, (7) carbamoyl optionally having one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl; halogen-substituted lower alkyl; hydroxy lower alkyl; piperazinyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group on the piperazine ring; and morpholinyl lower alkyl, (8) carbamoyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group on the carbamoyl group, (9) morpholinyl lower alkyl, (10) piperazinyl lower alkyl optionally having, on the piperazine ring, one substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and pyridyl optionally having one lower alkyl group, (11) diazepanyl lower alkyl, or (12) amino lower alkyl optionally having, on the amino group, one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, halogen-substituted lower alkyl, hydroxy lower alkyl, and morpholinyl lower alkyl; R 3 represents phenyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrazolyl, or pyrimidinyl, wherein: the aromatic or heterocyclic ring represented by R 3 may be substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of the following substituents (1) to (14): (1) lower alkyl, (2) lower alkoxy, (3) lower alkanoyl, (4) halogen, (5) hydroxy, (6) hydroxy lower alkyl, (7) hydroxy lower alkoxy, (8) tetrahydropyranyloxy lower alkoxy, (9) carboxy lower alkoxy, (10) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkoxy, (11) pyrrolidinylcarbonyl, (12) carbamoyl lower alkoxy optionally having one lower alkyl group on the carbamoyl group, (13) carbamoyl optionally having one morpholinyl lower alkyl group, and (14) morpholinylpiperidylcarbonyl; R 6 represents hydrogen or lower alkoxy; and R 7 represents any of the following groups (1) to (11): (1) hydrogen, (2) lower alkoxy, (3) hydroxy lower alkoxy, (4) benzyloxy lower alkoxy, (5) lower alkoxy lower alkoxy, (6) carbamoyl lower alkoxy optionally having, on the carbamoyl group, one substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and morpholinyl lower alkyl, (7) amino optionally having two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and cyclo C 3 -C 8 alkyl, (8) cyclo C 3 -C 8 alkyloxy, (9) carboxy lower alkoxy, (10) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkoxy, and (11) pyrrolidinyl. Item 4. A quinolone compound of General Formula (1) or a salt thereof according to Item 3, wherein R 1 represents: (1) hydrogen, (2) lower alkyl, (3) halogen-substituted lower alkyl, (24) carboxy lower alkyl, (25) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkyl, (27) morpholinyl lower alkyl, (28) oxazepanyl lower alkyl, (30) piperazyl lower alkyl optionally having, on the piperazine ring, one lower alkoxy lower alkyl, (31) piperidyl lower alkyl, (35) carbamoyl lower alkyl optionally having one morpholinyl lower alkyl, or (36) phosphono lower alkyl optionally having one or two lower alkyl groups; R 2 represents: (1) hydrogen, or (2) lower alkyl, R 3 represents phenyl, thienyl, or furyl, wherein: the aromatic or heterocyclic ring represented by R 3 may be substituted with one lower alkoxy group, R 6 represents hydrogen; and R 7 represents lower alkoxy. Item 5. A quinolone compound of General Formula (1) or a salt thereof according to Item 1, wherein R 6 and R 7 may be linked to form a group represented by any of the following formulae: Item 6. A quinolone compound of General Formula (1) or a salt thereof according to Item 5, wherein R 1 represents: (1) hydrogen, (2) lower alkyl, or (36) phosphono lower alkyl optionally having one or two lower alkyl groups; R 2 represents hydrogen, R 3 represents phenyl wherein the aromatic or heterocyclic ring represented by R 3 may be substituted with one lower alkoxy group; R 4 represents lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy; and R 5 represents hydrogen. Item 7. A quinolone compound of General Formula (1) or a salt thereof according to Item 1, wherein R 1 represents: (3) halogen-substituted lower alkyl, (4) lower alkenyl, (5) lower alkanoyl, (6) halogen-substituted lower alkanoyl, (7) hydroxy lower alkyl, (8) phenyl lower alkoxy lower alkyl, (9) hydroxy lower alkanoyl, (10) phenyl lower alkoxy lower alkanoyl, (11) lower alkylthio lower alkyl, (12) amino lower alkylthio lower alkyl optionally having one or two lower alkyl groups, (13) hydroxy lower alkylthio lower alkyl, (14) carboxy lower alkylthio lower alkyl, (15) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkylthio lower alkyl, (16) amino lower alkylthiocarbonyl lower alkyl optionally having one or two lower alkyl groups, (17) hydroxy lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl, (18) carboxy lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl, (19) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl, (20) lower alkanoyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl, (21) piperazinyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group on the piperazine ring, (22) piperazinylcarbonyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group on the piperazine ring, (23) lower alkanoyl lower alkyl, (24) carboxy lower alkyl, (25) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkyl, (26) piperazinyl lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group on the piperazine ring, (27) morpholinyl lower alkyl, (28) oxazepanyl lower alkyl, (29) amino lower alkyl optionally having one or two lower alkyl groups, (30) piperazyl lower alkyl optionally having, on the piperazine ring, one substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkoxy lower alkyl, and pyridyl, (31) piperidyl lower alkyl optionally having one morpholinyl group, (32) azetidyl lower alkyl optionally having one hydroxy group on the azetidine ring, (33) isoindolinyl lower alkyl optionally having one or two oxo groups, (34) amino lower alkanoyloxy lower alkyl optionally having one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and lower alkoxycarbonyl, (35) carbamoyl lower alkyl optionally having one or two substituents selected from lower alkyl; morpholinyl lower alkyl; piperidyl optionally having one substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and lower alkoxycarbonyl; and piperazinyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group, (36) phosphono lower alkyl optionally having one or two lower alkyl groups on the phosphono group, (37) phosphono lower alkanoyloxy lower alkyl optionally having one or two lower alkyl groups on the phosphono group, (38) benzoyloxy lower alkyl optionally having, on the benzene ring, one substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, benzyloxy, and phosphono optionally having one or two lower alkyl groups, (39) tetrahydropyranyl optionally having one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, hydroxy lower alkyl and carboxyl, or (40) lower alkanoylamino lower alkyl optionally having, on the lower alkanoyl group, one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen; hydroxy; amino; lower alkoxycarbonylamino; piperazinyl optionally having one lower alkoxy lower alkyl group; imidazolyl; and morpholinylpiperidyl; R 2 represents: (1) hydrogen, (2) lower alkyl, (3) lower alkanoyl, (4) hydroxy lower alkyl, (5) carboxy, (6) lower alkoxycarbonyl, (7) carbamoyl optionally having one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl; halogen-substituted lower alkyl; hydroxy lower alkyl; piperazinyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group on the piperazine ring; and morpholinyl lower alkyl, (8) carbamoyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group on the carbamoyl group, (9) morpholinyl lower alkyl, (10) piperazinyl lower alkyl optionally having, on the piperazine ring, one substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and pyridyl optionally having one lower alkyl group, (11) diazepanyl lower alkyl, or (12) amino lower alkyl optionally having, on the amino group, one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, halogen-substituted lower alkyl, hydroxy lower alkyl, and morpholinyl lower alkyl; R 3 represents phenyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrazolyl, or pyrimidinyl, wherein: the aromatic or heterocyclic ring represented by R 3 may be substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of the following substituents (1) to (14): (1) lower alkyl, (2) lower alkoxy, (3) lower alkanoyl, (4) halogen, (5) hydroxy, (6) hydroxy lower alkyl, (7) hydroxy lower alkoxy, (8) tetrahydropyranyloxy lower alkoxy, (9) carboxy lower alkoxy, (10) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkoxy, (11) pyrrolidinylcarbonyl, (12) carbamoyl lower alkoxy optionally having one or two lower alkyl groups, (13) carbamoyl optionally having one morpholinyl lower alkyl group, and (14) morpholinylpiperidylcarbonyl; R 4 represents halogen, lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy; R 5 represents hydrogen or halogen; R 6 represents hydrogen or lower alkoxy; and R 7 represents any of the following groups (1) to (11): (1) hydrogen, (2) lower alkoxy, (3) hydroxy lower alkoxy, (4) benzyloxy lower alkoxy, (5) lower alkoxy lower alkoxy, (6) carbamoyl lower alkoxy optionally having one substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and morpholinyl lower alkyl, (7) amino optionally having one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and cyclo C 3 -C 8 alkyl, (8) cyclo C 3 -C 8 alkyloxy, (9) carboxy lower alkoxy, (10) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkoxy, and (11) pyrrolidinyl. Item 8. A quinolone compound of General Formula (1) or a salt thereof according to Item 7, wherein R 1 represents: (3) halogen-substituted lower alkyl, (4) lower alkenyl, (5) lower alkanoyl, (6) halogen-substituted lower alkanoyl, (8) benzyloxy lower alkyl, (10) benzyloxy lower alkanoyl, (11) lower alkylthio lower alkyl, (12) amino lower alkylthio lower alkyl optionally having one or two lower alkyl groups, (13) hydroxy lower alkylthio lower alkyl, (14) carboxy lower alkylthio lower alkyl, (15) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkylthio lower alkyl, (16) amino lower alkylthiocarbonyl lower alkyl optionally having one or two lower alkyl groups, (17) hydroxy lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl, (18) carboxy lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl, (19) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl, (20) lower alkanoyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl, (21) piperazinyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group on the piperazine ring, (22) piperazinylcarbonyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group on the piperazine ring, (24) carboxy lower alkyl, (25) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkyl, (26) piperazinyl lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group on the piperazine ring, (27) morpholinyl lower alkyl, (29) amino lower alkyl optionally having one or two lower alkyl groups, (30) piperazyl lower alkyl optionally having, on the piperazine ring, one substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkoxy lower alkyl, and pyridyl, (31) piperidyl lower alkyl optionally having one morpholinyl group, (32) azetidyl lower alkyl optionally having one hydroxy group on the azetidine ring, (33) isoindolinyl lower alkyl optionally having one or two oxo groups, (34) amino lower alkanoyloxy lower alkyl optionally having one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and lower alkoxycarbonyl, (35) carbamoyl lower alkyl optionally having one or two substituents selected from lower alkyl; morpholinyl lower alkyl; piperidyl optionally having one substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and lower alkoxycarbonyl; and piperazinyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group, (36) phosphono lower alkyl optionally having one or two lower alkyl groups on the phosphono group, (37) phosphono lower alkanoyloxy lower alkyl optionally having one or two lower alkyl groups on the phosphono group, (38) benzoyloxy lower alkyl optionally having, on the benzene ring, one substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, benzyloxy, and phosphonooxy optionally having one or two lower alkyl groups, (39) tetrahydropyranyl optionally having one or four substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, hydroxy lower alkyl and carboxyl, or (40) lower alkanoylamino lower alkyl optionally having, on the lower alkanoyl group, one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen; hydroxy; amino; lower alkoxycarbonylamino; piperazinyl optionally having one lower alkoxy lower alkyl group; imidazolyl; and morpholinylpiperidyl; R 2 represents hydrogen; R 3 represents phenyl, pyrazolyl, or pyrimidinyl, wherein: the aromatic or heterocyclic ring represented by R 3 may be substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of the following substituents (1), (2), (4), (5), (7), (8), (10), (11), and (12): (1) lower alkyl, (2) lower alkoxy, (4) halogen, (5) hydroxy, (7) hydroxy lower alkoxy, (8) tetrahydropyranyloxy lower alkoxy, (10) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkoxy, (11) pyrrolidinylcarbonyl, and (12) carbamoyl lower alkoxy; R 4 represents halogen; R 5 represents hydrogen or halogen; R 6 represents hydrogen; and R 7 represents any of the following groups (2), (7), (8) and (11): (2) lower alkoxy, (7) amino optionally having one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and cyclo C 3 -C 8 alkyl, (8) cyclo C 3 -C 8 alkyloxy, and (11) pyrrolidinyl. Item 9. A quinolone compound of General Formula (1) or a salt thereof according to Item 1, wherein R 1 represents: (1) hydrogen, or (2) lower alkyl; R 2 represents: (3) lower alkanoyl, (4) hydroxy lower alkyl, (5) carboxy, (6) lower alkoxycarbonyl, (7) carbamoyl optionally having one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl; halogen-substituted lower alkyl; hydroxy lower alkyl; piperazinyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group; and morpholinyl lower alkyl, (8) carbamoyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group, (9) morpholinyl lower alkyl, (10) piperazinyl lower alkyl optionally having one substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and pyridyl optionally having one lower alkyl group, (11) diazepanyl lower alkyl, (12) amino lower alkyl optionally having one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, halogen-substituted lower alkyl, hydroxy lower alkyl, and morpholinyl lower alkyl, (13) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkyl, or (14) carboxy lower alkyl; R 3 represents phenyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrazolyl, or pyrimidinyl, wherein: the aromatic or heterocyclic ring represented by R 3 may be substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of the following substituents (1) to (14): (1) lower alkyl, (2) lower alkoxy, (3) lower alkanoyl, (4) halogen, (5) hydroxy, (6) hydroxy lower alkyl, (7) hydroxy lower alkoxy, (8) protected hydroxy lower alkoxy, (9) carboxy lower alkoxy, (10) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkoxy, (11) pyrrolidinylcarbonyl, (12) carbamoyl lower alkoxy optionally having one lower alkyl group, (13) carbamoyl optionally having one morpholinyl lower alkyl group, and (14) morpholinylpiperidylcarbonyl; R 4 represents halogen, lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy; R 5 represents hydrogen or halogen; R 6 represents hydrogen or lower alkoxy; and R 7 represents any of the following groups (1) to (11): (1) hydrogen, (2) lower alkoxy, (3) hydroxy lower alkoxy, (4) benzyloxy lower alkoxy, (5) lower alkoxy lower alkoxy, (6) carbamoyl lower alkoxy optionally having one substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and morpholinyl lower alkyl, (7) amino optionally having one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and cyclo C 3 -C 8 alkyl, (8) cyclo C 3 -C 8 alkyloxy, (9) carboxy lower alkoxy, (10) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkoxy, and (11) pyrrolidinyl. Item 10. A quinolone compound of General Formula (1) or a salt thereof according to Item 9, wherein R 1 represents hydrogen; R 2 represents: (3) lower alkanoyl, (4) hydroxy lower alkyl, (5) carboxy, (6) lower alkoxycarbonyl, (7) carbamoyl optionally having one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl; halogen-substituted lower alkyl; hydroxy lower alkyl; piperazinyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group; and morpholinyl lower alkyl, (8) carbamoyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group, (9) morpholinyl lower alkyl, (10) piperazinyl lower alkyl optionally having one substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and pyridyl optionally having one lower alkyl group, (11) diazepanyl lower alkyl, (12) amino lower alkyl optionally having one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, halogen-substituted lower alkyl, hydroxy lower alkyl, and morpholinyl lower alkyl, or (14) carboxy lower alkyl; R 3 represents phenyl, wherein: the phenyl represented by R 3 is substituted with one lower alkoxy group, R 4 represents halogen; R 5 represents hydrogen; R 6 represents hydrogen; and R 7 represents lower alkoxy. Item 11. A quinolone compound of General Formula (1) or a salt thereof according to Item 1, wherein R 1 represents: (1) hydrogen, or (2) lower alkyl; R 2 represents hydrogen; R 3 represents phenyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrazolyl, or pyrimidinyl, wherein: the aromatic or heterocyclic ring represented by R 3 may be substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of the following substituents (7), (8), (9), (10), (12), (13) and (14): (7) hydroxy lower alkoxy, (8) benzyloxy lower alkoxy, (9) carboxy lower alkoxy, (10) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkoxy, (12) carbamoyl lower alkoxy optionally having one lower alkyl group, (13) carbamoyl optionally having one morpholinyl lower alkyl group, and (14) morpholinylpiperidylcarbonyl; R 4 represents halogen, lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy; R 5 represents hydrogen or halogen; R 6 represents hydrogen or lower alkoxy; and R 7 represents any of the following groups (1) to (11): (1) hydrogen, (2) lower alkoxy, (3) hydroxy lower alkoxy, (4) benzyloxy lower alkoxy, (5) lower alkoxy lower alkoxy, (6) carbamoyl lower alkoxy optionally having one substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and morpholinyl lower alkyl, (7) amino optionally having one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and cyclo C 3 -C 8 alkyl, (8) cyclo C 3 -C 8 alkyloxy, (9) carboxy lower alkoxy, (10) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkoxy, and (11) pyrrolidinyl. Item 12. A quinolone compound of General Formula (1) or a salt thereof according to Item 11, wherein R 1 represents hydrogen; R 3 represents phenyl, wherein: the phenyl represented by R 3 may be substituted with one substituent selected from the group consisting of the following substituents (7) to (14): (7) hydroxy lower alkoxy, (8) benzyloxy lower alkoxy, (9) carboxy lower alkoxy, (10) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkoxy, (11) pyrrolidinylcarbonyl, (12) carbamoyl lower alkoxy optionally having one lower alkyl group, (13) carbamoyl optionally having one morpholinyl lower alkyl group, and (14) morpholinylpiperidylcarbonyl; R 4 represents halogen; R 5 represents hydrogen; R 6 represents hydrogen; and R 7 represents any of the following groups (2) and (11): (2) lower alkoxy; and (11) pyrrolidinyl. Item 13. A quinolone compound of General Formula (1) or a salt thereof according to Item 1, wherein R 1 represents: (1) hydrogen or (2) lower alkyl; R 2 represents hydrogen; R 3 represents phenyl, wherein: the phenyl represented by R 3 is substituted with one lower alkoxy, R 4 represents halogen, lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy; R 5 represents hydrogen or halogen; R 6 represents hydrogen or lower alkoxy; and R 7 represents any of the following groups (4), (6), (9) and (10): (4) benzyloxy lower alkoxy, (6) carbamoyl lower alkoxy optionally having one substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and morpholinyl lower alkyl, (9) carboxy lower alkoxy, and (10) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkoxy. Item 14. A quinolone compound of General Formula (1) or a salt thereof according to Item 13, wherein R 1 represents hydrogen; R 3 represents phenyl, wherein: the phenyl represented by R 3 may be substituted with one lower alkoxy, R 4 represents halogen; R 5 represents hydrogen; R 6 represents hydrogen; and R 7 represents any of the following groups (4), (6), (9), (10) and (11): (4) benzyloxy lower alkoxy, (6) carbamoyl lower alkoxy optionally having one substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and morpholinyl lower alkyl, (9) carboxy lower alkoxy, (10) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkoxy, and (11) pyrrolidinyl. Item 15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a quinolone compound of General Formula (1) of any one of Items 1 to 14 or a salt thereof as an active ingredient; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Item 16. A prophylactic and/or therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases, diseases induced by neurological dysfunction, or diseases induced by deterioration of mitochondrial function, the agent comprising as an active ingredient a quinolone compound of General Formula (1) of any one of Items 1 to 14 or a salt thereof. Item 17. A prophylactic and/or therapeutic agent according to Item 16, wherein the neurodegenerative disease is selected from the group consisting of Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's syndrome, juvenile parkinsonism, striatonigral degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, pure akinesia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, prion disease, corticobasal degeneration, diffuse Lewy body disease, Huntington's disease, chorea-acanthocytosis, benign hereditary chorea, paroxysmal choreoathetosis, essential tremor, essential myoclonus, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, Rett's syndrome, degenerative ballism, dystonia musculorum deformance, athetosis, spasmodic torticollis, Meige syndrome, cerebral palsy, Wilson's disease, Segawa's disease, Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome, neuroaxonal dystrophy, pallidal atrophy, spino-cerebellar degeneration, cerebral cortical atrophy, Holmes-type cerebellar atrophy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, hereditary olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Joseph disease, dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, Friedreich's Ataxia, Roussy-Levy syndrome, May-White syndrome, congenital cerebellar ataxia, hereditary episodic ataxia, ataxia telangiectasia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, progressive bulbar palsy, spinal progressive muscular atrophy, spinobulbar muscular atrophy, Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, Kugelberg-Welander disease, hereditary spastic paraparesis, syringomyelia, syringobulbia, Arnold-Chiari malformation, Stiffman syndrome, Klippel-Feil syndrome, Fazio-Londe syndrome, lower myelopathy, Dandy-Walker syndrome, spina bifida, Sjogren-Larsson syndrome, radiation myelopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and cerebral apoplexy selected from the group consisting of cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage and/or associated dysfunction or neurologic deficits. Item 18. A prophylactic and/or therapeutic agent according to Item 16, wherein the disease induced by neurological dysfunction is selected from the group consisting of spinal cord injury, chemotherapy-induced neuropathy, diabetic neuropathy, radiation damage, and a demyelinating disease selected from the group consisting of multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, transverse myelitis, progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Item 19. A prophylactic and/or therapeutic agent according to Item 16, wherein the disease induced by deterioration of mitochondrial function is selected from the group consisting of Pearson's syndrome, diabetes, deafness, malignant migraine, Leber's disease, MELAS, MERRF, MERRF/MELAS overlap syndrome, NARP, pure myopathy, mitochondrial cardiomyopathy, myopathy, dementia, gastrointestinal ataxia, acquired sideroblastic anemia, aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss, complex III deficiency due to inherited variants of cytochrome b, multiple symmetrical lipomatosis, ataxia, myoclonus, retinopathy, MNGIE, ANTl disease, Twinkle disease, POLG disease, recurrent myoglobinuria, SANDO, ARCO, complex I deficiency, complex II deficiency, optic nerve atrophy, fatal infantile complex IV deficiency, mitochondrial DNA deficiency, mitochondrial DNA deficiency syndrome, Leigh's encephalomyelopathy, chronic-progressive-external-ophthalmoplegia syndrome (CPEO), Kearns-Sayre syndrome, encephalopathy, lactacidemia, myoglobinuria, drug-induced mitochondrial diseases, schizophrenia, major depression disorder, bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, mixed episode, dysthymic disorders, atypical depression, seasonal affective disorders, postpartum depression, minor depression, recurrent brief depressive disorder, intractable depression/chronic depression, double depression, and acute renal failure. Item 20. A prophylactic and/or therapeutic agent comprising as an active ingredient the compound of any one of Items 1 to 14 or a salt thereof, the prophylactic and/or therapeutic agent being used for treating or preventing ischemic heart diseases and/or associated dysfunction, cardiac failure, myocardosis, aortic dissection, immunodeficiency, autoimmune diseases, pancreatic insufficiency, diabetes, atheroembolic renal disease, polycytic kidney, medullary cystic disease, renal cortical necrosis, malignant nephrosclerosis, renal failure, hepatic encephalopathy, liver failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary embolism, bronchiectasis, silicosis, black lung, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, muscular dystrophy, clostridial muscle necrosis, and femoral condyle necrosis. Item 21. Use of a quinolone compound of General Formula (1) of any one of Item 1 to 20 or a salt thereof as a drug. Item 22. A method for treating or preventing neurodegenerative diseases, diseases induced by neurological dysfunction, or diseases induced by deterioration of mitochondrial function, comprising administering a quinolone compound of General Formula (1) of Item 1 or a salt thereof to a human or an animal. Item 23. A process for producing a quinolone compound represented by Formula (1b): wherein R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are as defined in Item 1, and R 1 ′ is a group represented by R 1 as defined in Item 1 other than hydrogen, or a salt thereof; the process comprising reacting a compound represented by the formula: R 1 ′—X 2 wherein X 2 represents a group that undergoes the same substitution reaction as that of a halogen or a halogen atom, with a compound represented by the formula: wherein R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are as defined in Item 1. A further embodiment of the quinolone compound represented by Formula (1) is as follows: Formula (1): wherein R 1 represents: (1) hydrogen, (2) lower alkyl, (3) halogen-substituted lower alkyl, (4) lower alkenyl, (5) lower alkanoyl, (6) halogen-substituted lower alkanoyl, (7) hydroxy lower alkyl, (8) phenyl lower alkoxy lower alkyl, (9) hydroxy lower alkanoyl, (10) phenyl lower alkoxy lower alkanoyl, (11) lower alkylthio lower alkyl, (12) amino lower alkylthio lower alkyl optionally having, on the amino group, one or two, and preferably two, lower alkyl groups; (13) hydroxy lower alkylthio lower alkyl, (14) carboxy lower alkylthio lower alkyl, (15) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkylthio lower alkyl, (16) amino lower alkylthiocarbonyl lower alkyl optionally having, on the amino group, one or two, and preferably two, lower alkyl groups, (17) hydroxy lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl, (18) carboxy lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl, (19) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl, (20) lower alkanoyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl, (21) piperazinyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group on the piperazine ring, (22) piperazinylcarbonyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group on the piperazine ring, (23) lower alkanoyl lower alkyl, (24) carboxy lower alkyl, (25) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkyl, (26) piperazinyl lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group on the piperazine ring, (27) morpholinyl lower alkyl, (28) oxazepanyl lower alkyl, (29) amino lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group on the amino group, (30) piperazyl lower alkyl optionally having, on the piperazine ring, one substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, lower alkoxy lower alkyl, and pyridyl, (31) piperidyl lower alkyl optionally having one morpholinyl group on the piperidine ring, (32) azetidyl lower alkyl optionally having one hydroxy group on the azetidine ring, (33) isoindolinyl lower alkyl optionally having two oxo groups on the isoindoline ring, (34) amino lower alkanoyloxy lower alkyl optionally having, on the amino group, one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and lower alkoxycarbonyl, (35) carbamoyl lower alkyl optionally having, on the carbamoyl group, one or two substituents selected from lower alkyl; morpholinyl lower alkyl; piperidyl optionally having one substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and lower alkoxycarbonyl; and piperazinyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group, (36) phosphono lower alkyl optionally having one or two lower alkyl groups on the phosphono group, (37) phosphono lower alkanoyloxy lower alkyl optionally having one or two lower alkyl groups on the phosphono group, (38) benzoyloxy lower alkyl optionally having, on the benzene ring, one substituent selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, protected hydroxy, and phosphono optionally having one or two lower alkyl groups, (39) tetrahydropyranyl optionally having one to four, and preferably four, substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, hydroxy lower alkyl and carboxyl; and, more preferably, tetrahydropyranyl having three hydroxy groups and one hydroxy lower alkyl group, or (40) lower alkanoylamino lower alkyl optionally having, on the lower alkanoyl group, one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen; hydroxy; amino; lower alkoxycarbonylamino; piperazinyl optionally having one lower alkoxy lower alkyl group; imidazolyl; and morpholinylpiperidyl; R 2 represents: (1) hydrogen, (2) lower alkyl, (3) lower alkanoyl, (4) hydroxy lower alkyl, (5) carboxy; (6) lower alkoxycarbonyl, (7) carbamoyl optionally having one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl; halogen-substituted lower alkyl; hydroxy lower alkyl; piperazinyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group on the piperazine ring; and morpholinyl lower alkyl, (8) carbamoyl lower alkyl optionally having one lower alkyl group on the carbamoyl group, (9) morpholinyl lower alkyl, (10) piperazinyl lower alkyl optionally having, on the piperazine ring, one substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and pyridyl optionally having one lower alkyl group, (11) diazepanyl lower alkyl, or (12) amino lower alkyl optionally having, on the amino group, one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, halogen-substituted lower alkyl, hydroxy lower alkyl, and morpholinyl lower alkyl; R 3 represents phenyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrazolyl, or pyrimidinyl, wherein: the aromatic or heterocyclic ring represented by R 3 may be substituted with one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of the following substituents (1) to (14): (1) lower alkyl, (2) lower alkoxy, (3) lower alkanoyl, (4) halogen, (5) hydroxy, (6) hydroxy lower alkyl, (7) hydroxy lower alkoxy, (8) protected hydroxy lower alkoxy, (9) carboxy lower alkoxy, (10) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkoxy, (11) pyrrolidinylcarbonyl, (12) carbamoyl lower alkoxy optionally having one lower alkyl group on the carbamoyl group, (13) carbamoyl optionally having one morpholinyl lower alkyl group, and (14) morpholinylpiperidylcarbonyl; R 4 represents halogen, lower alkyl, or lower alkoxy; R 5 represents hydrogen or halogen; R 4 and R 5 may be linked to form a group represented by any of the following formulae: or a group represented by the following formula: the group optionally having one or two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl or oxo; R 6 represents hydrogen or lower alkoxy; R 7 represents any of the following groups (1) to (11): (1) hydrogen, (2) lower alkoxy, (3) hydroxy lower alkoxy, (4) protected hydroxy lower alkoxy, (5) lower alkoxy lower alkoxy, (6) carbamoyl lower alkoxy optionally having, on the carbamoyl group, one substituent selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and morpholinyl lower alkyl, (7) amino optionally having two substituents selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl and cyclo C 3 -C 8 alkyl, (8) cyclo C 3 -C 8 alkyloxy, (9) carboxy lower alkoxy, (10) lower alkoxycarbonyl lower alkoxy, and (11) pyrrolidinyl; and R 6 and R 7 may be linked to form a group represented by any of the following formulae: Preferred embodiments of various definitions used herein and included in the scope of the invention are described next. The term “lower” refers to a group having 1 to 6 carbons (preferably 1 to 4 carbons) unless otherwise specified. Examples of lower alkyl groups include straight or branched C 1-6 (preferably C 1-4 ) alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, n-pentyl, 1-ethylpropyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, isohexyl, 3-methylpentyl, etc. Examples of lower alkenyl groups include straight or branched C 2-6 alkenyl groups with 1-3 double bonds, including both trans and cis forms. Examples thereof include vinyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-methyl-1-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 2-methyl-2-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-butenyl, 1-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-pentenyl, 1-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, 1,3-butadienyl, 1,3-pentadienyl, 2-penten-4-yl, 2-hexenyl, 1-hexenyl, 5-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 4-hexenyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-propenyl, 2-ethyl-1-propenyl, 1,3,5-hexatrienyl, 1,3-hexadienyl, 1,4-hexadienyl, etc. Examples of C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, etc. The C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl moieties of the C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyloxy groups are as described above. Examples of C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl group(s) described above. Examples of lower alkoxy groups include straight or branched C 1-6 (preferably C 1-4 ) alkoxy groups such as methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, tert-butoxy, sec-butoxy, n-pentyloxy, isopentyloxy, neopentyloxy, n-hexyloxy, isohexyloxy, 3-methylpentyloxy, etc. Examples of lower alkoxy lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) lower alkoxy group(s) described above. Examples of halogen atoms include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Examples of halogen-substituted lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to seven halogen atom(s), preferably one to three halogen atom(s). Examples thereof include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, bromomethyl, dibromomethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2-bromoethyl, 2-chloroethyl, 3-bromopropyl, 3-chloropropyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl, heptafluoropropyl, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl, heptafluoroisopropyl, 3-chloropropyl, 2-chloropropyl, 3-bromopropyl, 4,4,4-trifluorobutyl, 4,4,4,3,3-pentafluorobutyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 4-bromobutyl, 2-chlorobutyl, 5,5,5-trifluoropentyl, 5-chloropentyl, 6,6,6-trifluorohexyl, 6-chlorohexyl, perfluorohexyl, etc. Examples of halogen-substituted lower alkoxy groups include the lower alkoxy groups having one to seven halogen atom(s), preferably one to three halogen atom(s). Examples thereof include fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, chloromethoxy, dichloromethoxy, trichloromethoxy, bromomethoxy, dibromomethoxy, dichlorofluoromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, pentafluoroethoxy, 2-chloroethoxy, 3,3,3-trifluoropropoxy, heptafluoropropoxy, heptafluoroisopropoxy, 3-chloropropoxy, 2-chloropropoxy, 3-bromopropoxy, 4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy, 4,4,4,3,3-pentafluorobutoxy, 4-chlorobutoxy, 4-bromobutoxy, 2-chlorobutoxy, 5,5,5-trifluoropentoxy, 5-chloropentoxy, 6,6,6-trifluorohexyloxy, 6-chlorohexyloxy, etc. Examples of lower alkylthio groups include alkylthio groups wherein the alkyl moiety is the lower alkyl group mentioned above. Examples of lower alkanoyl groups include straight or branched C 1-6 (preferably C 1-4 ) alkanoyl groups such as formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, isobutyryl, pentanoyl, tert-butylcarbonyl, hexanoyl, etc. Examples of halogen-substituted lower alkanoyl groups include the lower alkanoyl groups having one to seven halogen atom(s), preferably one to three halogen atom(s). Examples thereof include fluoroacetyl, difluoroacetyl, trifluoroacetyl, chloroacetyl, dichloroacetyl, bromoacetyl, dibromoacetyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoropropionyl, pentafluoropropionyl, 3-chlorobutanoyl, 3,3,3-trichlorobutanoyl, 4-chlorobutanoyl, etc. Examples of protected hydroxy groups include the lower alkyl groups described above, the lower alkanoyl groups described above, phenyl (lower) alkyl groups (such as benzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, trityl, etc.), tetrahydropyranyl groups, etc. Examples of hydroxy lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) hydroxy group(s). Examples of protected hydroxy lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) protected hydroxy group(s) described above. Examples of amino lower alkanoyl groups include the lower alkanoyl groups having one to three (preferably one) amino group(s). Examples of hydroxy lower alkanoyl groups include the lower alkanoyl groups having one to three (preferably one) hydroxy group(s). Examples of protected hydroxy lower alkanoyl groups include the lower alkanoyl groups having one to three (preferably one) protected hydroxy group(s) described above. Examples of phosphono lower alkanoyl groups include the lower alkanoyl groups having one to three (preferably one) protected phosphono group(s). The phosphono lower alkanoyl moieties of the phosphono lower alkanoyloxy groups are as described above. Examples of phosphono lower alkanoyloxy lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) phosphono lower alkanoyloxy group(s) described above. Examples of amino lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) amino group(s). Examples of carboxy lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) carboxy group(s). Examples of carbamoyl lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) carbamoyl group(s). Examples of lower alkanoyl lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) lower alkanoyl group(s). Examples of lower alkoxy lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) lower alkoxy group(s). Examples of phosphono lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) phosphono group(s). Examples of lower alkylthio lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) lower alkylthio group(s) described above. The lower alkanoyl moieties of the lower alkanoyl amino groups are as described above. Examples of lower alkanoyl amino lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) lower alkanoyl amino group(s) described above. The amino lower alkyl moieties of the amino lower alkylthio groups are as described above. Examples of amino lower alkylthio lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) amino lower alkylthio group(s) described above. The hydroxy lower alkyl moieties of the hydroxy lower alkylthio groups are as described above. Examples of hydroxy lower alkylthio lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) hydroxy lower alkylthio group(s) described above. The carboxy lower alkyl moieties of the carboxy lower alkylthio groups are as described above. Examples of carboxy lower alkylthio lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) carboxy lower alkylthio group(s) described above. The lower alkoxy moieties of the lower alkoxy carbonyl groups are as described above. The lower alkoxy carbonyl moieties of the lower alkoxy carbonyl amino groups are as described above. Examples of lower alkoxy carbonyl lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) lower alkoxy carbonyl group(s) described above. The lower alkoxy carbonyl lower alkyl moieties of the lower alkoxy carbonyl lower alkylthio groups are as described above. Examples of lower alkoxy carbonyl lower alkylthio lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) lower alkoxy carbonyl lower alkylthio group(s) described above. The lower alkyl moieties of the lower alkylthio carbonyl groups are as described above. The amino lower alkanoyl moieties of the amino lower alkanoyloxy groups are as described above. Examples of amino lower alkanoyloxy lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) amino lower alkanoyloxy group(s). Examples of amino lower alkylthio carbonyl groups include the lower alkylthio carbonyl groups having one to three (preferably one) amino group(s). Examples of amino lower alkylthio carbonyl lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) amino lower alkylthio carbonyl group(s) described above. Examples of benzoyloxy lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) benzoyloxy group(s). The hydroxy lower alkyl moieties of the hydroxy lower alkylsulfonyl groups are as described above. Examples of hydroxy lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) hydroxy lower alkylsulfonyl group(s) described above. The carboxy lower alkyl moieties of the carboxy lower alkylsulfonyl groups are as described above. Examples of carboxy lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) carboxy lower alkylsulfonyl group(s) described above. The lower alkoxy carbonyl lower alkyl moieties of the lower alkoxy carbonyl lower alkylsulfonyl groups are as described above. Examples of lower alkoxy carbonyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) lower alkoxy carbonyl lower alkylsulfonyl group(s) described above. The lower alkanoyl lower alkyl moieties of the lower alkanoyl lower alkylsulfonyl groups are as described above. Examples of lower alkanoyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) lower alkanoyl lower alkylsulfonyl group(s) described above. Examples of hydroxy lower alkoxy groups include the lower alkoxy groups having one to three (preferably one) hydroxy group(s). Examples of protected hydroxy lower alkoxy groups include the lower alkoxy groups having one to three (preferably one) protected hydroxy group(s) described above. Examples of carboxy lower alkoxy groups include the lower alkoxy groups having one to three (preferably one) carboxy group(s). Examples of lower alkoxy carbonyl lower alkoxy groups include the lower alkoxy groups having one to three (preferably one) lower alkoxy carbonyl groups described above. Examples of carbamoyl lower alkoxy groups include the lower alkoxy groups having one to three (preferably one) carbamoyl group(s). Examples of lower alkoxy lower alkoxy groups include the lower alkoxy groups having one to three (preferably one) lower alkoxy group(s) described above. Examples of piperazinyl lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) piperazinyl group(s). Examples of piperazinyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) piperazinyl lower alkylsulfonyl group(s) wherein the piperazinyl lower alkyl moieties are as described above. Examples of piperazinyl carbonyl lower alkylsulfonyl groups include the lower alkylsulfonyl groups having one to three (preferably one) piperazinyl carbonyl group(s). Examples of piperazinyl carbonyl lower alkylsulfonyl lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) piperazinyl carbonyl lower alkylsulfonyl group(s) described above. Examples of piperazinyl lower alkoxy carbonyl groups include the lower alkoxy carbonyl groups having one to three (preferably one) piperazinyl group(s). Examples of piperazinyl lower alkoxy carbonyl lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) piperazinyl lower alkoxy carbonyl group(s). Examples of morpholinyl lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) morpholinyl group(s). Examples of oxazepanyl lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) oxazepanyl group(s). Examples of piperidyl lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) piperidyl group(s). Examples of azetidyl lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) azetidyl group(s). Examples of isoindolyl lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) isoindolyl group(s). Examples of diazepanyl lower alkyl groups include the lower alkyl groups having one to three (preferably one) diazepanyl group(s). The process of producing the compound of the invention is described below in detail. The quinolone compound represented by General Formula (1) (hereinafter also referred to as Compound (1)) can be produced by various methods; for example, by a method according to the following Reaction Scheme 1 or 2. wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are as defined above, and X 1 represents a halogen atom. Examples of halogen atoms represented by X 1 include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Preferable leaving groups in the reaction include halogens. Among these, iodine is particularly preferable. Compound (1) can be produced by the reaction of the compound represented by General Formula (2) with the compound represented by General Formula (3) in an inert solvent or without using any solvents, in the presence or absence of a basic compound, in the presence of a palladium catalyst. Examples of inert solvents include water; ethers such as dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene; lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol; ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; and polar solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hexamethylphosphoric triamide, and acetonitrile. These inert solvents can be used singly or in combinations of two or more. Palladium compounds used in the reaction are not particularly limited, but include, for example, tetravalent palladium catalysts such as sodium hexachloropalladiumate(IV) tetrahydrate and potassium hexachloropalladiumate(IV); divalent palladium catalysts such as palladium(II) chloride, palladium(II) bromide, palladium(II) acetate, palladium(II) acetylacetonato, dichlorobis(benzonitrile)palladium(II), dichlorobis(acetonitrile)palladium(II), dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II), dichlorotetraamminepalladium(II), dichloro(cycloocta-1,5-diene)palladium(II), palladium(II) trifluoroacetate, and 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene dichloropalladium(II)-dichloromethane complex; zerovalent palladium catalysts such as tris(dibenzylideneacetone)2 palladium(0), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)2 palladium(0) chloroform complex, and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0), etc. These palladium compounds are used singly or in combinations of two or more. In the reaction, the amount of the palladium catalyst is not particularly limited, but is typically in the range from 0.000001 to 20 moles in terms of palladium relative to 1 mol of the compound of General Formula (2). The amount of the palladium catalyst is preferably in the range from 0.0001 to 5 moles in terms of palladium relative to 1 mol of the compound of General Formula (2). This reaction advantageously proceeds in the presence of a suitable ligand. Examples of ligands of the palladium catalyst include 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl(BINAP), tri-o-tolylphosphine, bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene, triphenylphosphine, tri-t-butylphosphine, and 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)xanthene (XANTPHOS). These ligands are used singly or in combinations of two or more. The proportion of the palladium catalyst and ligand is not particularly limited. The amount of the ligand is about 0.1 to about 100 moles, preferably about 0.5 to about 15 moles, per mole of the palladium catalyst. Various known inorganic and organic bases can be used as basic compounds. Inorganic bases include, for example, alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide; alkali metal carbonates such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, and lithium carbonate; alkali metal hydrogencarbonates such as lithium hydrogencarbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, and potassium hydrogencarbonate; alkali metals such as sodium and potassium; phosphates such as sodium phosphate and potassium phosphate; amides such as sodium amide; and alkali metal hydrides such as sodium hydride and potassium hydride. Organic bases include, for example, alkali metal lower alkoxides such as sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium t-butoxide, potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide, and potassium t-butoxide, and amines such as triethylamine, tripropylamine, pyridine, quinoline, piperidine, imidazole, N-ethyldiisopropylamine, dimethylaminopyridine, trimethylamine, dimethylaniline, N-methylmorpholine, 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN), 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), etc. Such basic compounds can be used singly or in combinations of two or more. More preferable basic compounds used in the reaction include alkali metal carbonates such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, and lithium carbonate. A basic compound is usually used in an amount of 0.5 to 10 moles, preferably 0.5 to 6 moles, per mole of the compound of General Formula (2). In the above Reaction Scheme 1, the compound of General Formula (3) is usually used in an amount of at least about 1 mole, preferably about 1 to about 5 moles, per mole of the compound of General Formula (2). The reaction can be conducted under normal pressure, under inert gas atmospheres including nitrogen, argon, etc., or under increased pressure. The reaction proceeds usually at room temperature to 200° C., and preferably at room temperature to 150° C., and is usually completed in about 1 to about 30 hours. The reaction is also achieved by heating at 100 to 200° C. for 5 minutes to 1 hour using a microwave reactor. The compound represented by General Formula (3), which is used as a starting material in Reaction Scheme 1 is an easily available known compound. The compound represented by General Formula (2) includes a novel compound, and the compound is produced in accordance with Reaction Scheme 6 shown below. wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are as defined above, and R 8 represents a lower alkoxy group. The lower alkoxy group represented by R 8 in General Formula (5) has the same definition as described above. The compound represented by General Formulae (4) is reacted with the compound represented by General Formula (5) in an inert solvent or without using any solvents, in the presence or absence of an acid catalyst, thereby giving an intermediate compound represented by General Formula (6). Then, the resulting compound is cyclized to produce the compound represented by General Formula (1). Examples of inert solvents include water; ethers such as dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene; lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol; and polar solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hexamethylphosphoric triamide, and acetonitrile. These inert solvents can be used singly or in combinations of two or more. Various kinds of known acid catalysts can be used, including toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, xylene sulfonic acid, sulfuric acid, glacial acetic acid, boron trifluoride, acidic ion exchangers, etc. These acid catalysts can be used singly or in combinations of two or more. Among such acids, acidic ion exchangers are preferably used. Examples of acidic ion exchangers include polymeric cation exchangers available from the market such as Lewatit S100, Zeo-karb 225, Dowex 50, Amberlite IR120, or Amberlyst 15 and like styrene sulfonic acid polymers; Lewatit PN, Zeo-karb 215 or 315, and like polysulfonic acid condensates; Lewatit CNO, Duolite CS100, and like m-phenolic carboxylic acid resins; or Permutit C, Zeo-karb 226 or Amberlite IRC 50, and like polyacrylates. Of these, Amberlyst 15 is particularly preferred. An acid catalyst is usually used in an amount of 0.0001 to 100 moles, preferably 0.5 to 6 moles, per mole of the compound of General Formula (4). In Reaction Scheme 2, the compound of General Formula (5) is usually used in an amount of at least about 1 mole, preferably about 1 to about 5 moles, per mole of the compound of General Formula (4). The reaction can be conducted under normal pressure, under inert gas atmospheres including nitrogen, argon, etc., or under increased pressure. The reaction proceeds usually at room temperature to 200° C., and preferably at room temperature to 150° C. During the reaction, azeotropic removal of water is conducted until the reaction water generation is completed. The reaction is usually finished in about 1 to about 30 hours. The process of producing the compound of General Formula (1) via a cyclization reaction of the intermediate compound represented by General Formula (6) can be carried out by heating the compound in a solvent such as diphenyl ether, or by heating the compound in the absence of a solvent. The reaction is conducted at 150 to 300° C. for 5 minutes to 2 hours. The compound represented by General Formula (4), used as a starting material in Reaction Scheme 2 described above is a known compound or can be produced easily using a known compound. The compound represented by General Formula (5) includes a novel compound, and the compound is manufactured in accordance with, for example, the methods shown in Reaction Scheme 4 and Reaction Scheme 5 described below. wherein R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are as defined above, and R 1 ′ is a group represented by R 1 other than hydrogen, and X 2 represents a group that undergoes the same substitution reaction as that of a halogen or a halogen atom. Halogens represented by X 2 in General Formula (7) include the halogen atom described above. Groups that undergo the same substitution reaction as that of the halogen atoms represented by X 2 include lower alkane sulfonyloxy groups, aryl sulfonyloxy groups, aralkyl sulfonyloxy groups, etc. Examples of lower alkane sulfonyloxy groups include straight or branched C 1-6 alkane sulfonyloxy groups, such as methane sulfonyloxy, ethane sulfonyloxy, n-propane sulfonyloxy, isopropane sulfonyloxy, n-butane sulfonyloxy, tert-butane sulfonyloxy, n-pentane sulfonyloxy, and n-hexane sulfonyloxy. Examples of aryl sulfonyloxy groups include naphthyl sulfonyloxy and phenyl sulfonyloxy optionally substituted on a phenyl ring with one to three substituent(s) selected from the group consisting of straight or branched C 1-6 alkyl groups, straight or branched C 1-6 alkoxy groups, nitro groups, and halogen atoms as a substituent(s). Examples of phenyl sulfonyloxy groups optionally substituted with the above substituent(s) include phenyl sulfonyloxy, 4-methylphenyl sulfonyloxy, 2-methylphenyl sulfonyloxy, 4-nitrophenyl sulfonyloxy, 4-methoxyphenyl sulfonyloxy, 2-nitrophenyl sulfonyloxy, 3-chlorophenyl sulfonyloxy, etc. Examples of naphthyl sulfonyloxy groups include α-naphthyl sulfonyloxy, β-naphthyl sulfonyloxy, etc. Examples of aralkyl sulfonyloxy groups include phenyl-substituted straight or branched C 1-6 alkane sulfonyloxy groups that may have, on the phenyl ring, one to three substituent(s) selected from the group consisting of straight or branched C 1-6 alkyl groups, straight or branched C 1-6 alkoxy groups, a nitro group and halogen atoms as a substituent(s); and naphtyl-substituted straight or branched C 1-6 alkane sulfonyloxy groups. Examples of alkane sulfonyloxy groups substituted with the above-mentioned phenyl group(s) include benzyl sulfonyloxy, 2-phenylethyl sulfonyloxy, 4-phenylbutyl sulfonyloxy, 4-methylbenzyl sulfonyloxy, 2-methylbenzyl sulfonyloxy, 4-nitrobenzyl sulfonyloxy, 4-methoxybenzyl sulfonyloxy, 3-chlorobenzyl sulfonyloxy, etc. Examples of alkane sulfonyloxy groups substituted with the above-mentioned naphthyl group(s) include α-naphthylmethyl sulfonyloxy, β-naphthylmethyl sulfonyloxy, etc. The compound represented by General Formula (1b) can be produced by the reaction of the compound represented by General Formula (1a) with the compound represented by General Formula (7) in an inert solvent or without using any solvents, in the presence or absence of a basic compound. Examples of inert solvents include water; ethers such as dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene; lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol; ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; and polar solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hexamethylphosphoric triamide, and acetonitrile. These inert solvents can be used singly or in combinations of two or more. As a basic compound, various known inorganic bases and organic bases can be used. Inorganic bases include, for example, alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide; alkali metal carbonates such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, and lithium carbonate; alkali metal hydrogen carbonates such as lithium hydrogen carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, and potassium hydrogen carbonate; alkali metals such as sodium and potassium; amides such as sodium amide; and alkali metal hydrides such as sodium hydride and potassium hydride. Organic bases include, for example, alkali metal lower alkoxides such as sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium t-butoxide, potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide, and potassium t-butoxide; and amines such as triethylamine, tripropylamine, pyridine, quinoline, piperidine, imidazole, N-ethyl diisopropylamine, dimethylaminopyridine, trimethylamine, dimethylaniline, N-methylmorpholine, 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN), 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), etc. Such basic compounds can be used singly or in combinations of two or more. More preferable basic compounds used in the reaction include inorganic bases such as sodium hydride and potassium hydride. A basic compound is usually used in an amount of 0.5 to 10 moles, preferably 0.5 to 6 moles, per mole of the compound of General Formula (1a). In Reaction Scheme 1, the compound of General Formula (7) is usually used in an amount of at least about 1 mole, preferably 1 to about 5 moles, per mole of the compound of General Formula (1a). The reaction can be conducted under normal pressure, under inert gas atmospheres including nitrogen, argon, etc., or under increased pressure. The reaction proceeds usually at 0° C. to 200° C., and preferably at room temperature to 150° C., and is usually completed in about 1 to about 30 hours. The compound represented by General Formula (7), which is used as a starting material in Reaction Scheme 3 is an easily available known compound. Compound (5) and Compound (2), which are the starting materials of the compound of the invention, include novel compounds, and can be produced by various methods; for example, by methods according to the following Reaction Schemes 4 to 6. wherein R 2 , R 3 , and R 8 are as defined above, and R 9 represents a lower alkoxy group. The lower alkoxy group represented by R 9 in General Formula (9) has the same definition as described above. The compound represented by General Formula (5) can be produced by the reaction of the compound represented by General Formula (8) with the compound represented by General Formula (9) in an inert solvent or without using any solvents, in the presence or absence of a basic compound. Examples of inert solvents include water; ethers such as dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene; lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol; ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; and polar solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hexamethylphosphoric triamide, and acetonitrile. These inert solvents can be used singly or in combinations of two or more. As a basic compound, various known inorganic bases and organic bases can be used. Inorganic bases include, for example, alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide; alkali metal carbonates such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, and lithium carbonate; alkali metal hydrogencarbonates such as lithium hydrogencarbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, and potassium hydrogencarbonate; alkali metals such as sodium and potassium; amides such as sodium amide; and alkali metal hydrides such as sodium hydride and potassium hydride. Organic bases include, for example, alkali metal lower alkoxides such as sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium t-butoxide, potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide, and potassium t-butoxide; and amines such as triethylamine, tripropylamine, pyridine, quinoline, piperidine, imidazole, N-ethyldiisopropylamine, dimethylaminopyridine, trimethylamine, dimethylaniline, N-methylmorpholine, 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN), 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), etc. These basic compounds are used singly or in combinations of two or more. More preferable examples of basic compounds used in the reaction include inorganic bases such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, etc. A basic compound is usually used in an amount of about 1 to about 10 moles, preferably about 1 to about 6 moles, per mole of the compound of General Formula (8). In Reaction Scheme 4, the compound of General Formula (9) is usually used in an amount of at least about 1 mole, preferably about 1 to about 5 moles, per mole of the compound of General Formula (8). The reaction can be conducted under normal pressure, under inert gas atmospheres including nitrogen, argon, etc., or under increased pressure. The reaction proceeds usually at room temperature to 200° C., and preferably at room temperature to 150° C., and is usually completed in about 1 to about 30 hours. The compounds represented by General Formulae (8) and (9), which are used as starting materials in Reaction Scheme 4, are easily available known compounds. wherein R 2 , R 3 , and R 8 are as defined above, and X 3 represents a halogen atom. The halogen atom represented by X 3 in General Formula (9′) has the same definition as described above. The compound represented by General Formula (5) can be produced by the reaction of the compound represented by General Formula (8′) with the compound represented by General Formula (9′) in an inert solvent or without using any solvents, in the presence of a basic compound such as cesium carbonate and a copper catalyst such as copper iodide. Preferable examples of inert solvents include polar solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hexamethylphosphoric triamide, and acetonitrile. These inert solvents can be used singly or in combinations of two or more. The reaction may be conducted in the presence of amino acids such as L-proline. The reaction can be conducted under normal pressure, under inert gas atmospheres including nitrogen, argon, etc., or under increased pressure. The reaction proceeds usually at room temperature to 200° C., and preferably at room temperature to 150° C., and is usually completed in about 1 to about 30 hours. The compounds represented by General Formulae (8′) and (9′) used as starting materials in Reaction Scheme 5 described above are known compounds, or can be produced easily using known compounds. wherein R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are as defined above, and X 1a , represents a halogen atom. R 10 represents a lower alkyl group. The lower alkyl group represented by R 10 and a halogen atom represented by X 1a have the same definitions as described above. The compound represented by General Formula (12) can be produced by the condensation reaction of the compounds represented by General Formulae (4), (10), and (11) in an inert solvent or without using any solvents. Examples of inert solvents include water; ethers such as dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether; halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, and carbon tetrachloride; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene; lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol; and polar solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hexamethylphosphoric triamide, and acetonitrile. The compound represented by General Formula (11) can be used as a solvent in place of the solvents mentioned above. These inert solvents can be used singly or in combinations of two or more. In Reaction Scheme 6, the compound of General Formula (10) is usually used in an amount of at least 1 mole, preferably about 1 to about 5 moles, per mole of the compound of General Formula (4). The compound represented by General Formula (11) is used in an amount exceeding that of the compound of General Formula (10). The reaction can be conducted under normal pressure, under inert gas atmospheres including nitrogen, argon, etc., or under increased pressure. The reaction proceeds usually at room temperature to 200° C., and preferably at room temperature to 150° C., and is usually completed in about 1 to about 30 hours. The compound represented by General Formula (13) can be produced by the cyclization reaction of the compound represented by General Formula (12) in an inert solvent or without using any solvents. Examples of inert solvents include ethers such as diphenyl ether. The reaction can be conducted under normal pressure, under inert gas atmospheres including nitrogen, argon, etc., or under increased pressure. The reaction proceeds usually at room temperature to 300° C., and preferably at 150 to 300° C., and is usually completed in about 1 to about 30 hours. The compound represented by General Formula (2a) can be produced by the reaction of the compound represented by General Formula (13) with the compound represented by General Formula (14) in an inert solvent or without using any solvents, in the presence or absence of a basic compound. Examples of inert solvents include water; ethers such as dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethyleneglycol dimethyl ether, and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene; lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol; ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; polar solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hexamethylphosphoric triamide, and acetonitrile. These inert solvents can be used singly or in combinations of two or more. As a basic compound, various known inorganic bases and organic bases can be used. Inorganic bases include, for example, alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide; alkali metal carbonates such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, and lithium carbonate; alkali metal hydrogencarbonates such as lithium hydrogencarbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, and potassium hydrogencarbonate; alkali metals such as sodium and potassium; amides such as sodium amide; and alkali metal hydrides such as sodium hydride and potassium hydride. Organic bases include, for example, alkali metal alkoxides such as sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium t-butoxide, potassium methoxide, potassium ethoxide, and potassium t-butoxide; and amines such as triethylamine, tripropylamine, pyridine, quinoline, piperidine, imidazole, N-ethyldiisopropylamine, dimethylaminopyridine, trimethylamine, dimethylaniline, N-methylmorpholine, 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN), 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), etc. Such basic compounds can be used singly or in combinations of two or more. More preferable basic compounds used in the reaction include alkali metal carbonates such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, and lithium carbonate, etc. A basic compound is usually used in an amount of 0.5 to 10 moles, preferably 0.5 to 6 moles, per mole of the compound of General Formula (13). In Reaction Scheme 6, the compound of General Formula (14) is usually used in an amount of at least 0.5 moles, preferably about 0.5 to about 5 moles, per mole of the compound of General Formula (13). The reaction can be conducted under normal pressure, under inert gas atmospheres including nitrogen, argon, etc., or under increased pressure. The reaction proceeds usually at room temperature to 200° C., and preferably at room temperature to 150° C., and is usually completed in about 1 to about 30 hours. The compounds represented by General Formulae (10), (11) and (14), which are used as starting materials in Reaction Scheme 6, are easily available known compounds. wherein R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are as defined above; R 1 a represents a phosphono lower alkyl group having one or more hydroxy-protecting groups, a phosphono lower alkanoyloxy lower alkyl group having one or more hydroxy-protecting groups, or a benzoyloxy lower alkyl group having one or more phosphono groups substituted with one or more hydroxy-protecting groups on the benzene ring; and Rib represents a phosphono lower alkyl group, a phosphono lower alkanoyloxy lower alkyl group, or a benzoyloxy lower alkyl group having one ore more phosphono groups on the benzene ring. Compound (1d) can be produced by the deprotection of the hydroxy-protecting group from Compound (1c) in an inert solvent or without using any solvents. Examples of inert solvents include water; ethers such as dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether; halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane, and carbon tetrachloride; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene; lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol; and polar solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), hexamethylphosphoric triamide, and acetonitrile. The compound represented by General Formula (1c) may also be used as a solvent instead of the above solvents. These inert solvents can be used singly or in combinations of two or more. This reaction is carried out by a conventional method such as hydrolysis or reduction. Hydrolysis is carried out preferably in the presence of bases or acids including a Lewis acid. Suitable examples of bases include inorganic bases such as alkali metal hydroxides (e.g., sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide), alkali earth metal hydroxides (e.g., magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide), alkali metal carbonates (e.g., sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate), alkali earth metal carbonates (e.g., magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate), alkali metal hydrogencarbonates (e.g., sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium hydrogencarbonate); and organic bases such as trialkyl amines (e.g., trimethylamine, triethylamine), picoline, 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-en, and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undeca-7-en. Examples of suitable acids include organic acids (e.g., formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, trichloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid) and inorganic acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid). Deprotection using Lewis acids such as trihaloacetic acids (e.g., trichloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid) is carried out preferably in the presence of a cation scavenger (e.g., anisole, phenol). In the reaction, a liquid base or acid can also be used as a solvent. The reaction temperature is not limited, and the reaction is usually carried out under cooling or warming. Reduction methods applicable to the elimination reaction include chemical reduction and catalytic reduction. Suitable reducing agents for use in chemical reduction are a combination of a metal (e.g., tin, zinc, iron) or metallic compound (e.g., chromium chloride, chromium acetate) and an organic or inorganic acid (e.g. formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid). Suitable catalysts for use in catalytic reduction are conventional ones such as platinum catalysts (e.g. platinum plate, spongy platinum, platinum black, colloidal platinum, platinum oxide, platinum wire), palladium catalysts (e.g. spongy palladium, palladium black, palladium oxide, palladium-carbon, colloidal palladium, palladium-barium sulfate, palladium-barium carbonate), nickel catalysts (e.g. reduced nickel, nickel oxide, Raney nickel), cobalt catalysts (e.g. reduced cobalt, Raney cobalt), iron catalysts (e.g. reduced iron, Raney iron), copper catalysts (e.g. reduced copper, Raney copper, Ullman copper), and the like. The reaction is usually carried out in a conventional solvent which does not adversely influence the reaction, such as water; an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, trifluoroethanol, or ethyleneglycol; an ether such as acetone, diethylether, dioxane, or tetrahydrofuran; a halogenated hydrocarbon such as chloroform, methylene chloride, or ethylene chloride; an ester such as methyl acetate or ethyl acetate; acetonitrile; N,N-dimethylformamide; pyridine; any other organic solvent; or a mixture of these solvents. The reaction usually proceeds at room temperature to 200° C., and preferably at room temperature to 150° C., and is usually completed in about 1 to about 30 hours. Further, the conditions for the deprotection reaction of the hydroxy-protecting group are not limited to the reaction conditions described above. For example, reactions described by T. W. Green and P. G. M. Wuts (Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4th edition) and John Wiley & Sons (New York, 1991, P.309) can also be applied to the reaction process. The raw material compounds used in each of the reaction schemes described above may include suitable salts, and the objective compounds obtained via each of the reactions may form suitable salts. These preferable salts include the following preferable salts of Compound (1). Suitable salts of Compound (1) are pharmacologically allowable salts including, for example, salts of inorganic bases such as metal salts including alkali metal salts (e.g., sodium salts, potassium salts, etc.) and alkaline earth metal salts (e.g., calcium salts, magnesium salts, etc.), ammonium salts, alkali metal carbonates (e.g., lithium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, cesium carbonate, etc.), alkali metal hydrogencarbonates (e.g., lithium hydrogencarbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium hydrogencarbonate, etc.), and alkali metal hydroxides (e.g., lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, etc.); salts of organic bases such as tri(lower)alkylamine (e.g., trimethylamine, triethylamine, N-ethyldiisopropylamine, etc.), pyridine, quinoline, piperidine, imidazole, picoline, dimethylaminopyridine, dimethylaniline, N-(lower)alkyl-morpholine (e.g., N-methylmorpholine, etc.), 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN), 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), and trishydroxymethyl amino methane; inorganic acid salts such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate; and organic acid salts such as formate, acetate, propionate, oxalate, malonate, succinate, fumarate, maleate, lactate, malate, citrate, tartrate, carbonate, picrate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and glutamate. In addition, compounds in a form in which a solvate (for example, hydrate, ethanolate, etc.) was added to the starting materials and the objective compound shown in each of the reaction schemes are also included in each of the general formulae. Hydrate can be mentioned as a preferable solvate. Each of the objective compounds obtained according to the above reaction schemes can be isolated and purified from the reaction mixture by, for example, cooling the reaction mixture first, performing an isolation procedure such as filtration, concentration, extraction, etc., to separate a crude reaction product, and then subjecting the crude reaction product to a usual purification procedure such as column chromatography, recrystallization, etc. The compound represented by General Formula (1) according to the present invention naturally includes geometrical isomers, stereoisomers, optical isomers, and like isomers. The following points should be noted regarding the compound of General Formula (1) shown above. Specifically, when R 1 of General Formula (1) represents a hydrogen atom, the compound includes a tautomer of the quinolone ring. That is, in the quinolone compound of General Formula (1), when R 1 represents a hydrogen atom (1′), wherein R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are as defined above, the compound of the tautomer can be represented by Formula (1″), wherein R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are as defined above. That is, both of the compounds represented by Formulae (1′) and (1″) are in the tautomeric equilibrium state represented by the following balance formula. wherein R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 7 are as defined above. Such tautomerism between a 4-quinolone compound and a 4-hydroxyquinoline compound is technically known, and it is obvious for a person skilled in the art that both of the above-described tautomers are balanced and mutually exchangeable. Therefore, the compound represented by General Formula (1) of the present invention naturally includes the tautomers as mentioned above. In the specification, the constitutional formula of a 4-quinolone compound is suitably used as a constitutional formula of the objective or starting material including compounds of such tautomers. The present invention also includes isotopically labeled compounds that are identical to the compounds represented by Formula (1), except that one or more atoms are replaced by one or more atoms having specific atomic mass or mass numbers. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into the compounds of the present invention include hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, fluorine, and chlorine, such as 2H, 3 H, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 O, 17 O, 18 F, and 36 Cl. Certain isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention, which include the above-described isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms, for example, those into which radioisotopes such as 3 H and 14 C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assay. Tritiated (i.e., 3 H), and carbon-14 (i.e., 14 C) isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e., 2 H) can afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, an increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements. The isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention can generally be prepared by substituting a readily available, isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent according to the method disclosed in the schemes above and/or in the Examples below. The compound of General Formula (1) and the salt thereof are used in the form of general pharmaceutical preparations. The preparations are obtained using typically employed diluents or excipients such as fillers, extenders, binders, wetting agents, disintegrators, surfactants, lubricants, etc. The form of such pharmaceutical preparations can be selected according to the purpose of the therapy. Typical examples include tablets, pills, powders, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, granules, capsules, suppositories, injections (solutions, suspensions, etc.), and the like. To form tablets, any of various carriers conventionally known in this field can be used. Examples thereof include lactose, white sugar, sodium chloride, glucose, urea, starch, calcium carbonate, kaolin, crystalline cellulose, silicic acid, and other excipients; water, ethanol, propanol, simple syrup, glucose solutions, starch solutions, gelatin solutions, carboxymethylcellulose, shellac, methylcellulose, potassium phosphate, polyvinylpyrrolidone and other binders; dry starch, sodium alginate, agar powder, laminarin powder, sodium hydrogen carbonate, calcium carbonate, fatty acid esters of polyoxyethylene sorbitan, sodium lauryl sulfate, stearic acid monoglycerides, starch, lactose and other disintegrators; white sugar, stearin, cacao butter, hydrogenated oils and other disintegration inhibitors; quaternary ammonium bases, sodium lauryl sulfate and other absorption promoters; glycerol, starch and other wetting agents; starch, lactose, kaolin, bentonite, colloidal silicic acid and other adsorbents; purified talc, stearates, boric acid powder, polyethylene glycol and other lubricants; etc. Further, such tablets may be coated with typical coating materials as required, to prepare, for example, sugar-coated tablets, gelatin-coated tablets, enteric-coated tablets, film-coated tablets, double- or multi-layered tablets, etc. To form pills, any of various carriers conventionally known in this field can be used. Examples thereof include glucose, lactose, starch, cacao butter, hydrogenated vegetable oils, kaolin, talc and other excipients; gum arabic powder, tragacanth powder, gelatin, ethanol and other binders; laminarin, agar and other disintegrators; etc. To form suppositories, any of various carriers conventionally known in this field can be used. Examples thereof include polyethylene glycol, cacao butter, higher alcohols, esters of higher alcohols, gelatin, semi synthetic glycerides, etc. Capsules can be prepared by mixing the active principal compound with the above-mentioned carriers to enclose the former in a hard gelatin capsule, soft gelatin capsule or the like. To form an injection, a solution, emulsion or suspension is sterilized and preferably made isotonic to blood. Any of the diluents widely used for such forms in this field can be employed to form the injection. Examples of such diluents include water, ethyl alcohol, macrogol, propylene glycol, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohol, polyoxylated isostearyl alcohol, fatty acid esters of polyoxyethylene sorbitan, etc. In this case, the pharmaceutical preparation may contain sodium chloride, glucose or glycerol in an amount sufficient to prepare an isotonic solution, and may contain typical solubilizers, buffers, analgesic agents, etc. Further, if necessary, the pharmaceutical preparation may contain coloring agents, preservatives, flavors, sweetening agents, etc., and/or other medicines. The amount of the compound represented by the General Formula (1) and the salt thereof included in the pharmaceutical preparation of the present invention is not limited, and can be suitably selected from a wide range. The proportion is generally about 0.1 to about 70 wt. %, preferably about 0.1 to about 30 wt. % of the pharmaceutical preparation. The route of administration of the pharmaceutical preparation of the present invention is not particularly limited, and the preparation is administered by a route suitable to the form of the preparation, patient's age, sex and other conditions, and severity of the disease. For example, tablets, pills, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, granules and capsules are administered orally. Injections are intravenously administered singly or as mixed with typical injection transfusions such as glucose solutions, amino acid solutions or the like, or singly administered intramuscularly, intracutaneously, subcutaneously or intraperitoneally, as required. Suppositories are administered intrarectally. The dosage of the pharmaceutical preparation of the invention is suitably selected according to the method of use, patient's age, sex and other conditions, and severity of the disease. The amount of active principal compound is usually about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg body weight/day. Further, it is desirable that the pharmaceutical preparation in each unit of the administration form contains the active principal compound in an amount of about 1 to about 200 mg. The use of the compound of the present invention in combination with L-dopa preparations, dopamine receptor agonists, dopamine metabolism enzyme inhibitors, dopamine release-rate-promoting preparations, central anticholinergic agents, and the like can achieve effects such as dosage reduction, improvement of side effects, increased therapeutic efficacy, etc., which were not attained by known therapies. Advantageous Effect of Invention The compounds of the invention protect and improve mitochondrial function, and/or protect neurons and repair neuronal function, and hence are effective in the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases, diseases induced by neurological dysfunction, and diseases induced by deterioration of mitochondrial function. Examples of neurodegenerative diseases include Parkinson's disease, Parkinson's syndrome, juvenile parkinsonism, striatonigral degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, pure akinesia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, prion disease, corticobasal degeneration, diffuse Lewy body disease, Huntington's disease, chorea-acanthocytosis, benign hereditary chorea, paroxysmal choreoathetosis, essential tremor, essential myoclonus, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, Rett's syndrome, degenerative ballism, dystonia musculorum deformance, athetosis, spasmodic torticollis, Meige syndrome, cerebral palsy, Wilson's disease, Segawa's disease, Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome, neuroaxonal dystrophy, pallidal atrophy, spino-cerebellar degeneration, cerebral cortical atrophy, Holmes-type cerebellar atrophy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, hereditary olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Joseph disease, dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, Friedreich's Ataxia, Roussy-Levy syndrome, May-White syndrome, congenital cerebellar ataxia, hereditary episodic ataxia, ataxia telangiectasia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, progressive bulbar palsy, spinal progressive muscular atrophy, spinobulbar muscular atrophy, Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, Kugelberg-Welander disease, hereditary spastic paraparesis, syringomyelia, syringobulbia, Arnold-Chiari malformation, Stiffman syndrome, Klippel-Feil syndrome, Fazio-Londe syndrome, lower myelopathy, Dandy-Walker syndrome, spina bifida, Sjogren-Larsson syndrome, radiation myelopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and cerebral apoplexy (e.g., cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage) and/or dysfunction or neurologic deficits associated with cerebral apoplexy. Examples of diseases induced by neurological dysfunction include spinal cord injury, chemotherapy-induced neuropathy, diabetic neuropathy, radiation damage, and demyelinating diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, transverse myelitis, progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and Guillain-Barre syndrome). Examples of diseases induced by deterioration of mitochondrial function include Pearson's syndrome, diabetes, deafness, malignant migraine, Leber's disease, MELAS, MERRF, MERRF/MELAS overlap syndrome, NARP, pure myopathy, mitochondrial cardiomyopathy, myopathy, dementia, gastrointestinal ataxia, acquired sideroblastic anemia, aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss, complex III deficiency due to inherited variants of cytochrome b, multiple symmetrical lipomatosis, ataxia, myoclonus, retinopathy, MNGIE, ANT1 disease, Twinkle disease, POLG disease, recurrent myoglobinuria, SANDO, ARCO, complex I deficiency, complex II deficiency, optic nerve atrophy, fatal infantile complex IV deficiency, mitochondrial DNA deficiency, mitochondrial DNA deficiency syndrome, Leigh's encephalomyelopathy, chronic-progressive-external-ophthalmoplegia syndrome (CPEO), Kearns-Sayre syndrome, encephalopathy, lactacidemia, myoglobinuria, drug-induced mitochondrial diseases, schizophrenia, major depression disorder, bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, mixed episode, dysthymic disorders, atypical depression, seasonal affective disorders, postpartum depression, minor depression, recurrent brief depressive disorder, intractable depression/chronic depression, double depression and acute renal failure. Furthermore, the compound of the invention is effective in the prevention or treatment of diseases such as ischemic heart diseases (e.g., myocardial infarction and/or associated dysfunction, arrhythmia, angina pectoris, occlusion after PTCA, etc.) and/or associated dysfunction, cardiac failure, myocardosis, aortic dissection, immunodeficiency, autoimmune diseases, pancreatic insufficiency, diabetes, atheroembolic renal disease, polycytic kidney disease, medullary cystic disease, renal cortical necrosis, malignant nephrosclerosis, renal failure, hepatic encephalopathy, liver failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary embolism, bronchiectasis, silicosis, black lung, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, muscular dystrophy, clostridial muscle necrosis, and femoral condyle necrosis. The compound of the invention can achieve effects heretofore unattained by known therapies, such as reduced dose, reduced side effects, and potentiated therapeutic effects, when it is administered in combination with L-dopa preparations, dopamine receptor agonists, dopamine metabolism enzyme inhibitors, dopamine release-rate-promoting preparations, central anticholinergic agents, cholinesterase inhibitors, N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonists, or other agents used in thrombolytic therapy, cerebral edema therapy, brain protection therapy, antithrombotic therapy, and blood plasma dilution therapy. Some of Compounds (1) of the invention or salts thereof exhibit remarkably high solubility in, for example, water. Particularly Compound (1d) or a salt thereof exhibits remarkably high solubility in, for example, water. DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, the present invention is described in more detail with reference to Reference Examples, Examples and Pharmacological Test Examples. Reference Example 1 Production of N-(3-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)acetamide An acetone solution (60 ml) of 3-amino-2-naphthol (5.0 g, 31.4 mmol) was added to an aqueous solution (20 ml) of sodium carbonate (4.77 g, 34.5 mmol). The mixture was cooled in an ice-water bath, and then acetyl chloride (2.27 ml, 32.0 mmol) was added to the mixture dropwise over 5 minutes. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 4 hours and then allowed to stand at room temperature overnight. 2N Hydrochloric acid was added to the reaction mixture to adjust its pH to 3. The generated insoluble matter was separated, washed with water, and then dried, giving a white powder of N-(3-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)acetamide (4.9 g, yield: 78%). Reference Example 2 Production of N-(3-propoxynaphthalen-2-yl)acetamide N-(3-Hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)acetamide (4.87 g, 24.2 mmol) was suspended in acetonitrile (50 ml). A 1-iodopropane (4.52 g, 26.6 mmol) acetonitrile solution (40 ml) and potassium carbonate (4.35 g, 31.5 mmol) were added thereto, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 3 hours while heating under reflux. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. Water was added to the residue, followed by extraction using dichloromethane. The thus-obtained organic layer was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, and the residue was then purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:ethyl acetate=20:1). The purified product was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a white powder of N-(3-propoxynaphthalen-2-yl)acetamide (5.64 g, yield: 96%). Reference Example 3 Production of 3-propoxynaphthalen-2-ylamine N-(3-Propoxynaphthalen-2-yl)acetamide (2.5 g, 10.2 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (10 ml). Concentrated hydrochloric acid (5.2 ml) was added thereto, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 4 hours while heating under reflux. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and a 5N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (12.5 ml) was added thereto to adjust its pH to 11, followed by extraction using dichloromethane. The thus-obtained organic layer was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, and the residue was then purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane). The purified product was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a white powder of 3-propoxynaphthalen-2-ylamine (2.05 g, yield: 100%). Reference Example 4 Production of 2,2-dimethyl-5-[(3-propoxynaphthalen-2-ylamino)methylene][1,3]dioxane-4,6-dione Meldrum's acid (2.59 g, 17.9 mmol) was added to methyl orthoformate (16 ml), and the mixture was stirred for 2 hours while heating under reflux. 3-Propoxynaphthalen-2-ylamine (2.5 g, 12.4 mmol) was added thereto, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 4 hours while heating under reflux. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure to recrystallize the residue from methanol, giving a pale brown powder of 2,2-dimethyl-5-[(3-propoxynaphthalen-2-ylamino) methylene][1,3]dioxane-4,6-dione (4.19 g, yield: 95%). Reference Example 5 Production of 5-propoxy-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one 2,2-Dimethyl-5-[(3-propoxynaphthalen-2-ylamino) methylene][1,3]dioxane-4,6-dione (4.19 g, 11.7 mmol) was added to diphenyl ether (15 ml), and the mixture was heated with a mantle heater and then maintained under reflux for 2 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=70:1→9:1). The purified product was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a dark brown powder of 5-propoxy-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one (3.15 g, yield: 61%). Reference Example 6 Production of 2-iodo-5-propoxy-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one 5-Propoxy-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one (2.66 g, 10.5 mmol) was suspended in DMF (20 ml). Potassium carbonate (1.63 g, 11.8 mmol) and iodine (2.95 g, 11.6 mmol) were added to the suspension, followed by stirring at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into an aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution (9.14 g, 100 ml), followed by stirring for 5 minutes. Ethyl acetate was added to the reaction mixture and stirred. Subsequently, insoluble matter was collected by filtration, and the filtrate was then separated. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution, and then concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was added to the collected insoluble matter, followed by purification using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=50:1→20:1). The purified product was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a pale brown powder of 2-iodo-5-propoxy-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one (3.48 g, yield: 87%). Reference Example 7 Production of 1-(3-propoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)ethanone oxime 1-(3-Propoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)ethanone (8.88 g, 38.2 mmol) was dissolved in a mixed solvent of chloroform (20 ml) and methanol (80 ml). Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (4.05 g, 58.2 mmol) and pyridine (9.46 ml, 117 mmol) were added to the solution and stirred for 16 hours while heating under reflux. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and then concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. 2N hydrochloric acid (30 ml) and water were added to the residue, followed by extraction using dichloromethane. The thus-obtained organic layer was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, and the residue was then purified using silica gel column chromatography (n-hexane:ethyl acetate=5:1). The purified product was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a pale yellow powder of 1-(3-propoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)ethanone oxime (8.87 g, yield: 94%). Reference Example 8 Production of N-(3-propoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)acetamide Indium chloride (1.19 g, 5.39 mmol) was added to an acetonitrile solution (150 ml) of 1-(3-propoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)ethanone oxime (8.87 g, 35.8 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 3 hours while heating under reflux. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and then concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. Water was added to the residue, followed by extraction using dichloromethane. The thus-obtained organic layer was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, and the residue was then purified using silica gel column chromatography (n-hexane:ethyl acetate=3:1). The purified product was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a white powder of N-(3-propoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)acetamide (8.65 g, yield: 98%). Reference Example 9 Production of 3-propoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylamine 3-Propoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ylamine was produced in the same manner as in Reference Example 3 Reference Example 10 Production of 5-bromo-6-propoxyindan 5-Bromo-6-propoxyindan was produced in the same manner as in Reference Example 2 Reference Example 11 Production of 6-propoxy-indan-5-ylamine To a 5-bromo-6-propoxyindan (8.24 g, 32.2 mmol) toluene solution (80 ml) were added a benzophenone imine (6.40 g, 35.3 mmol) toluene solution (40 ml), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (742 mg, 0.8 mmol), 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)xanthene (XANTPHOS, 936 mg, 1.6 mmol), and cesium carbonate (15.72 g, 48.3 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at 100° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere for 47 hours, and then cooled to room temperature. Water and saturated ammonium chloride solution were added to the reaction mixture, followed by extraction using ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The generated residue was dissolved in diethyl ether (130 ml). Concentrated hydrochloric acid (25 ml) was added to the solution, followed by stirring for 2 hours. A 5N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (72 ml) was added to the reaction mixture to adjust its pH to 11, followed by concentration under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane and washed with an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution. The thus-obtained organic layer was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, and the generated residue was then purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:ethyl acetate=90:1). The purified product was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a pale brown oily substance of 6-propoxy-indan-5-ylamine (1.02 g, yield: 17%). Reference Example 12 Production of 1-(7-propoxychroman-6-yl)ethanone 1-(7-Hydroxychroman-6-yl)ethanone (3.0 g, 15.6 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (20 ml). Sodium hydride (60% oil base, 686 mg, 1.1 equivalent weight) was added thereto while ice cooling, and then stirred for 10 minutes. 1-Iodopropane (2.92 g, 1.1 equivalent weight) was added to the mixture and then stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. Water was added to the reaction mixture, followed by extraction using ethyl acetate. The thus-obtained organic layer was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, and the residue was then purified using silica gel column chromatography (n-hexane:ethyl acetate=1:0→0:1). The purified product was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a white powder of 1-(7-propoxychroman-6-yl)ethanone (4.2 g, yield: quantitative). Reference Example 13 Production of 1-(7-propoxychroman-6-yl)ethanone oxime 1-(7-Propoxychroman-6-yl)ethanone oxime was produced in the same manner as in Reference Example 7. Reference Example 14 Production of N-(7-propoxychroman-6-yl)acetamide N-(7-propoxychroman-6-yl)acetamide was produced in the same manner as in Reference Example 8. Reference Example 15 Production of 7-propoxychroman-6-ylamine 7-Propoxychroman-6-ylamine was produced in the same manner as in Reference Example 3. Reference Example 16 Production of 1-(6-propoxychroman-7-yl)ethanone oxime 1-(6-Propoxychroman-7-yl)ethanone oxime was produced in the same manner as in Reference Example 7. Reference Example 17 Production of N-(6-propoxychroman-7-yl)acetamide N-(6-Propoxychroman-7-yl)acetamide was produced in the same manner as in Reference Example 8. Reference Example 18 Production of 6-propoxychroman-7-ylamine 6-Propoxychroman-7-ylamine was produced in the same manner as in Reference Example 3 Reference Example 19 Production of 1-(5-propoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-6-yl)ethanone 1-(5-Propoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-6-yl)ethanone was produced in the same manner as in Reference Example 12. Reference Example 20 Production of 1-(5-propoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-6-yl)ethanone oxime 1-(5-Propoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-6-yl)ethanone oxime was produced in the same manner as in Reference Example 7. Reference Example 21 Production of N-(5-propoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-6-yl)acetamide N-(5-Propoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-6-yl)acetamide was produced in the same manner as in Reference Example 8. Reference Example 22 Production of 5-propoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-6-ylamine 5-Propoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-6-ylamine was produced in the same manner as in Reference Example 3. Reference Example 23 Production of benzhydrylidene(5-methylbenzofuran-7-yl)amine To a 7-bromo-5-methylbenzofuran (9.71 g, 46 mmol) toluene solution (100 ml) were added a benzophenone imine (10.25 g, 56 mmol) toluene solution (55 ml), tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium (1.1 g, 1 mmol), 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (BINAP, 2.1 g, 3.45 mmol), and sodium t-butoxide (3.1 g, 31 mmol). The resulting mixture was then stirred for 4 hours while heating under reflux in a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and water and saturated ammonium chloride solution were added thereto, followed by extraction using ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (n-hexane:ethyl acetate=10:1). The solvent was removed under a reduced pressure, giving a yellow oily substance of benzhydrylidene(5-methylbenzofuran-7-yl)amine (17.9 g, yield: 81%). Reference Example 24 Production of 5-methylbenzofuran-7-ylamine Benzhydrylidene(5-methylbenzofuran-7-yl)amine (17.9 g, 0.57 mmol) was dissolved in THF (150 ml). 5N Hydrochloric acid (50 ml) was added thereto, followed by stirring at room temperature for 2 hours. A 5N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (40 ml) was added to the reaction mixture, followed by extraction using ethyl acetate. The extract was sequentially washed with an aqueous saturated sodium hydrogen solution and an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (n-hexane:ethyl acetate=50:1→10:1). The purified product was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a dark brown oily substance of 5-methylbenzofuran-7-ylamine (2.5 g, yield: 30%). Reference Example 25 Production of 5-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-ylamine 5-Methylbenzofuran-7-ylamine (1.3 g, 8.8 mmol) and 10% palladium carbon (500 mg) were added to ethanol (50 ml), followed by conduction of catalytic reduction at room temperature under ordinary pressure. The catalyst was removed by celite filtration, and the obtained filtrate was condensed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a white powder of 5-methyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-ylamine (1.15 g, yield: 87%). Example 1 Production of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-propoxy-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one To a benzene solution (50 ml) containing 3-propoxynaphthalen-2-ylamine (2.05 g, 10.18 mmol) and ethyl α-(hydroxymethylene)-4-methoxyphenylacetate (2.29 g, 10.3 mmol) was added 350 mg of Amberlyst 15 (Sigma-Aldrich). The resulting mixture was heated under reflux for 21 hours using a Dean-Stark trap. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature, filtered to remove resin, and then the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. Diphenyl ether (2.2 ml) was added to the residue, and the mixture was then heated with a mantle heater and stirred for 1.5 hours under reflux. The resulting reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and then directly purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=100:1→60:1). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure to recrystallize the residue from ethyl acetate-n-hexane, giving a pale yellow powder of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-propoxy-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one (1.55 g, yield: 42%). Melting point: 172-174° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.08 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.87-1.95 (2H, m), 3.77 (3H, s), 4.22 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 6.97 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.47-7.52 (3H, m), 7.64 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.83-7.87 (1H, m), 7.92 (1H, s), 10.24-10.28 (1H, m), 11.60 (1H, brs). Example 2 Production of 2-furan-3-yl-5-propoxy-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one 3-Iodo-5-propoxy-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one (1.06 g, 2.79 mmol) was suspended in dimethoxyethane (20 ml). Furan-3-boron acid (354 mg, 3.16 mmol), [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium (II)-dichloromethane complex (PdCl 2 (DPPF).CH 2 Cl 2 , 123 mg, 0.11 mmol) and a 2N aqueous sodium carbonate solution (4.0 ml) were sequentially added to the suspension. The mixture was stirred at 90 to 100° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere for hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, water was added thereto, and the resulting mixture was subjected to extraction using dichloromethane. The thus-obtained organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:ethyl acetate=80:1). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure, the residue was washed with ethyl acetate and then dried, giving a pale brown powder of 2-furan-3-yl-5-propoxy-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one (430 mg, yield: 48%). Melting point: 252-254° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.10 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.87-1.98 (2H, m), 4.27 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 7.03 (1H, s), 7.48-7.55 (2H, m), 7.57 (1H, s), 7.72 (1H, s), 7.84-7.89 (1H, m), 8.22 (1H, s), 8.71 (1H, s), 10.24-10.30 (1H, m), 11.80 (1H, brs). Example 3 Production of 2-furan-3-yl-4-methyl-5-propoxy-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one To a DMF solution (5 ml) of 2-furan-3-yl-5-propoxy-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one (300 mg, 0.94 mmol) was added sodium hydride (60% oil base, 61 mg, 1.4 mmol), and then the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes. Methyl iodide (181 mg, 1.27 mmol) was added thereto and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 62 hours. Water and ethyl acetate were added to the reaction mixture and the resulting mixture was subjected to separation. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:ethyl acetate=90:1→80:1). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure to recrystallize the residue from ethyl acetate-n-hexane, giving a pale gray powder of 2-furan-3-yl-4-methyl-5-propoxy-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one (130 mg, yield: 42%). Melting point: 165-167° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.05 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.83-1.92 (2H, m), 4.12 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 4.21 (3H, s), 7.07 (1H, s), 7.45-7.51 (2H, m), 7.54 (1H, s), 7.70 (1H, s), 7.79-7.83 (1H, m), 8.36 (1H, s), 8.69 (1H, s), 10.34-10.38 (1H, m). Example 4 Production of 5-propoxy-2-thiophen-2-yl-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting material. Pale brown powder (ethanol) Melting point: 298-300° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.10 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.87-2.01 (2H, m), 4.27 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 7.12 (1H, dd, J=3.9 Hz, 5.1 Hz), 7.47 (1H, d, J=4.7 Hz), 7.52-7.57 (2H, m), 7.59 (1H, s), 7.66 (1H, d, J=3.7 Hz), 7.87-7.91 (1H, m), 8.50 (1H, s), 10.20-10.27 (1H, m), 11.95 (1H, brs). Example 5 Production of 4-methyl-5-propoxy-2-thiophen-2-yl-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 using appropriate starting material. Pale yellow powder (ethyl acetate) Melting point: 193-195° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.05 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.84-1.92 (2H, m), 4.12 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 4.23 (3H, s), 7.09-7.13 (1H, m), 7.46-7.55 (4H, m), 7.66 (1H, d, J=3.7 Hz), 7.80-7.84 (1H, m), 8.63 (1H, s), 10.32-10.36 (1H, m). Example 6 Production of 5-propoxy-2-thiophen-3-yl-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting material. Pale brown powder 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.10 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.90-1.98 (2H, m), 4.27 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 7.49-7.58 (4H, m), 7.63-7.66 (1H, m), 7.85-8.00 (1H, m), 8.24 (1H, s), 8.34-8.36 (1H, m), 10.23-10.29 (1H, m), 11.71 (1H, brs). Example 7 Production of 4-methyl-5-propoxy-2-thiophen-3-yl-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 using appropriate starting material. White powder 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.05 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.84-1.92 (2H, m), 4.12 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 4.19 (3H, s), 7.44-7.57 (4H, m), 7.70 (1H, d, J=5.1 Hz), 7.80-7.84 (1H, m), 8.38-8.40 (2H, brs), 10.30-10.34 (1H, m). Example 8 Production of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-5-propoxy-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one To a benzene solution (38 ml) containing 3-propoxynaphthalen-2-ylamine (600 mg, 2.98 mmol) and ethyl α-acetyl-4-methoxyphenylacetate (1.41 g, 5.96 mmol) was added 85 mg of Amberlyst 15 (Sigma-Aldrich). The resulting mixture was heated under reflux for 20 hours using a Dean-Stark trap. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, filtered to remove resin, and then the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. Diphenyl ether (2.8 ml) was added to the residue, and the mixture was then heated with a mantle heater and stirred for 70 minutes under reflux. The resulting reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and then directly purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=80:1→70:1). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure, giving an oily substance (800 mg, yield: 72%). Ethyl acetate and n-hexane were added to the thus-obtained oily substance to crystallize and then recrystallized from ethyl acetate, giving a pale yellow powder of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-5-propoxy-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one (290 mg). Melting point: 204-206° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.05 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.90-1.98 (2H, m), 2.31 (3H, s), 3.77 (3H, s), 4.27 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 6.95 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.17 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.39-7.50 (2H, m), 7.56 (1H, s), 7.84 (1H, dd, J=2.2 Hz, 6.5 Hz), 10.09-10.13 (1H, m), 10.79 (1H, brs). Example 9 Production of 3-methyl-5-propoxy-2-thiophen-3-yl-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 8 using appropriate starting material. Pale gray powder (ethyl acetate) Melting point: 186-188° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.04 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.88-1.97 (2H, m), 2.40 (3H, s), 4.26 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 7.14 (1H, d, J=4.9 Hz), 7.41-7.54 (5H, m), 7.83 (1H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 10.07-10.11 (1H, m), 10.84 (1H, brs). Example 10 Production of 5-propoxy-8-thiophen-2-yl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-9-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting materials. Yellow powder 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.04 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.77-1.88 (2H, m), 1.97-2.08 (2H, m), 2.86 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 3.45 (2H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 4.10 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 7.05 (1H, t, J=3.8 Hz), 7.13 (1H, s), 7.36 (1H, d, J=5.1 Hz), 7.53 (1H, d, J=3.6 Hz), 8.31 (1H, s), 11.39 (1H, brs). Example 11 Production of 6-methyl-5-propoxy-8-thiophen-2-yl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[α]naphthalen-9-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 using appropriate starting materials. Orange color powder 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.01 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.77-1.85 (2H, m), 1.97-2.03 (2H, m), 2.84 (2H, t, J=7.6 Hz), 3.49 (2H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 4.00 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 4.13 (3H, s), 7.05 (1H, t, J=3.8 Hz), 7.18 (1H, s), 7.35 (1H, d, J=4.7 Hz), 7.54 (1H, d, J=3.3 Hz), 8.48 (1H, s). Example 12 Production of 5-propoxy-8-thiophen-3-yl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-9-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting materials. Pale brown powder 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.03 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.76-1.87 (2H, m), 1.95-2.07 (2H, m), 2.85 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 3.30-3.55 (2H, m), 4.09 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 7.11 (1H, s), 7.48-7.56 (2H, m), 8.11 (1H, d, J=6.2 Hz), 8.21-8.23 (1H, m), 11.18 (1H, d, J=5.8 Hz). Example 13 Production of 6-methyl-5-propoxy-8-thiophen-3-yl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-9-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 using appropriate starting materials. Pale yellow powder 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.01 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.76-1.85 (2H, m), 1.95-2.01 (2H, m), 2.83 (2H, t, J=7.6 Hz), 3.49 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 3.99 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.09 (3H, s), 7.15 (1H, s), 7.48-7.52 (1H, m), 7.63-7.65 (1H, m), 8.26-8.28 (2H, m). Example 14 Production of 8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-propoxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-9-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting materials. Pale brown powder (ethyl acetate) Melting point: 206-208° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.02 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.78-1.86 (2H, m), 1.96-2.02 (2H, m), 2.83 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 3.40 (2H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.07 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 6.91 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.09 (1H, s), 7.55 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.78 (1H, d, J=5.9 Hz), 11.06 (1H, d, J=5.8 Hz). Example 15 Production of 8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-methyl-5-propoxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-9-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 8 using appropriate starting material. Pale yellow powder (ethyl acetate) Melting point: 223-225° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.99 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.79-1.87 (2H, m), 1.93-1.99 (2H, m), 2.21 (3H, s), 2.82 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 3.31 (2H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.10 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 6.90 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.08 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.10 (1H, s), 10.30 (1H, brs). Example 16 Production of 7-methyl-5-propoxy-8-thiophen-3-yl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-9-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 8 using appropriate starting materials. Pale brown powder (ethyl acetate) Melting point: 260-262° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.99 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.79-1.87 (2H, m), 1.90-1.99 (2H, m), 2.31 (3H, s), 2.82 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 3.32 (2H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 4.09 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 7.04-7.10 (2H, m), 7.31-7.32 (1H, m), 7.44-7.47 (1H, m), 10.35 (1H, brs). Example 17 Production of 6-(3-chloropropyl)-8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-propoxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-9-one To a DMF solution (6 ml) of 8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-propoxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-9-one (1.26 g, 3.60 mmol) was added sodium hydride (60% oil base, 189 mg, 4.33 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. To the resulting mixture was added 1-bromo-3-chloropropane (1.70 g, 10.8 mmol), followed by stirring at room temperature for 16 hours. Water and ethyl acetate were added to the reaction mixture and the resulting reaction mixture was then subjected to separation. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution twice. After being dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:ethyl acetate=20:1→12:1). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure, giving a yellow oily substance of 6-(3-chloropropyl)-8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-propoxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-9-one (365 mg, yield: 92%). 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.07-1.13 (3H, m), 1.90-2.24 (6H, m), 2.91 (2H, t, J=7.6 Hz), 3.45 (2H, t, J=5.7 Hz), 3.67 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 3.83 (3H, s), 4.04 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.71 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 6.92-7.04 (3H, m), 7.58-7.62 (3H, m). Example 18 Production of 8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(3-morpholin-4-ylpropyl)-5-propoxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-9-one A mixture containing 6-(3-chloropropyl)-8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-propoxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-9-one (700 mg, 1.64 mmol), morpholine (165 mg, 1.90 mmol), potassium carbonate (341 mg, 2.47 mmol), sodium iodide (295 mg, 1.97 mmol) and dimethyl formamide (3 ml) was stirred at 60° C. for 7 hours. Water and ethyl acetate were added to the reaction mixture, followed by separation. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution twice and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=70:1→50:1). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure to recrystallize the residue from ethyl acetate-n-hexane, giving a white powder of 8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(3-morpholin-4-ylpropyl)-5-propoxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-9-one (295 mg, yield: 38%). Melting point: 135-137° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.01 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.75-1.85 (4H, m), 1.96 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 2.04-2.15 (6H, m), 2.83 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 3.38-3.41 (6H, m), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.02 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.55 (2H, t, J=6.2 Hz), 6.90 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.18 (1H, s), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.93 (1H, s). Example 19 Production of 8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl)-5-propoxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-9-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 18 using appropriate starting material. Pale yellow powder (ethyl acetate-n-hexane) Melting point: 99-101° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.01 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.20-1.50 (6H, m), 1.74-1.86 (4H, m), 1.96 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 2.02-2.20 (6H, m), 2.83 (2H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 3.30-3.40 (2H, m), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.02 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 4.53 (2H, t, J=5.8 Hz), 6.90 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.18 (1H, s), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.91 (1H, s). Example 20 Production of 6-(3-chloropropyl)-5-propoxy-8-thiophen-3-yl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-9-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 17 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.07-1.13 (3H, m), 1.88-2.25 (6H, m), 2.91 (2H, t, J=7.6 Hz), 3.45 (2H, t, J=5.8 Hz), 3.69 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 4.01-4.04 (2H, m), 4.74 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 7.05 (1H, s), 7.32-7.35 (1H, m), 7.43-7.47 (1H, m), 7.83 (1H, s), 8.08-8.10 (1H, m). Example 21 Production of 6-(3-morpholin-4-ylpropyl)-5-propoxy-8-thiophen-3-yl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-9-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 18 using appropriate starting materials. Pale yellow powder (ethyl acetate) Melting point: 163-165° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.01 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.76-1.86 (4H, m), 1.98 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 2.03-2.20 (6H, m), 2.84 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 3.41-3.52 (6H, m), 4.02 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.60 (2H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 7.18 (1H, s), 7.49-7.52 (1H, m), 7.62-7.64 (1H, m), 8.25-8.27 (1H, m), 8.30 (1H, s). Example 22 Production of 6-(3-[1,4]oxazepan-4-ylpropyl)-5-propoxy-8-thiophen-3-yl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-9-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 18 using appropriate starting materials. Pale brown powder (ethyl acetate) Melting point: 146-148° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.01 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.60-1.64 (2H, m), 1.74-1.86 (4H, m), 1.98 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 2.19 (2H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 2.40-2.45 (4H, m), 2.84 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 3.51-3.59 (6H, m), 4.03 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 4.60 (2H, t, J=6.0 Hz), 7.19 (1H, s), 7.48-7.51 (1H, m), 7.61 (1H, d, J=4.9 Hz), 8.23 (1H, d, J=1.8 Hz), 8.27 (1H, s). Example 23 Production of di-tert-butyl 8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-9-oxo-5-propoxy-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-6-ylmethyl phosphate To a DMF solution (10 ml) of 8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-propoxy-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-9-one (400 mg, 1.15 mmol) and sodium iodide (343 mg, 2.29 mmol) was added sodium hydride (60% oil base, 74.9 mg, 1.72 mmol), and the mixture was then stirred for 10 minutes at room temperature. To the resulting mixture was added a DMF solution (20 ml) of di-tert-butyl chloromethyl phosphate (888 mg, 3.43 mmol), and the mixture was then stirred at 40° C. for 4 hours. The reaction mixture was ice-cooled, ice water was added thereto, and then the reaction mixture was subjected to extraction using ethyl acetate. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution twice, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using medium pressure liquid chromatography (NH silica gel, n-hexane:ethyl acetate=100:0→0:100). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure, giving a white powder of di-tert-butyl 8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-9-oxo-5-propoxy-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-6-ylmethyl phosphate (263 mg, yield: 40%). 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.08-1.14 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.35 (18H, s), 1.88-2.16 (4H, m), 2.88-2.95 (2H, t, J=7.7 Hz), 3.60-3.66 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 3.82 (3H, s), 4.05-4.10 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 6.30-6.35 (2H, d, J=12.4 Hz), 6.90-6.97 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.09 (1H, s), 7.57-7.63 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.76 (1H, s). Example 24 Production of [8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-9-oxo-5-propoxy-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-6-ylmethyl]monophosphate A dichloromethane solution (4 ml) of di-tert-butyl 8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-9-oxo-5-propoxy-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-6-ylmethyl ester (263 mg, 0.46 mmol) was ice-cooled, trifluoroacetic acid (1.2 ml) and dichloromethane (4 ml) were added thereto under a nitrogen atmosphere and the resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 hour. This mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was subjected to vacuum drying, giving a pale yellow powder of [8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-9-oxo-5-propoxy-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-6-ylmethyl]monophosphate (147 mg, yield: 56%). 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.01-1.04 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.78-1.86 (2H, m), 1.96-2.02 (2H, m), 2.83 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 3.40 (2H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.07 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 6.25-6.30 (2H, d, J=10.42 Hz), 6.92-6.95 (2H, m), 7.13 (1H, s), 7.59-7.63 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.76-7.79 (1H, d, J=5.9 Hz). Example 25 Production of [8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-9-oxo-5-propoxy-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-6-ylmethyl]monophosphate disodium salt [8-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-9-oxo-5-propoxy-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-6-ylmethyl]monophosphate (147 mg, 0.32 mmol) was suspended in isopropyl alcohol (20 ml), and 1N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (0.64 ml, 0.64 mmol) was then added thereto under a nitrogen atmosphere at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 0° C. The generated insoluble matter was separated and washed with acetone and dried, giving a white powder of [8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-9-oxo-5-propoxy-1,2,3,9-tetrahydro-6-aza-cyclopenta[a]naphthalen-6-ylmethyl]monophosphate disodium salt (42 mg, yield: 26%) 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) δ ppm: 0.91-0.98 (3H, t, J=7.8 Hz), 1.74-1.83 (2H, m), 1.92-1.98 (2H, m), 2.75-2.81 (2H, t, J=7.6 Hz), 3.30-3.36 (2H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 3.90-3.95 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 5.94-5.99 (2H, d, J=9.5 Hz), 6.89-6.93 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.15 (1H, s), 7.87-7.94 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.58 (1H, s). Example 26 Production of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-propoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting material. Pale yellow powder (ethyl acetate) Melting point: 186-187° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.02 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.60-1.70 (4H, m), 1.78-1.86 (2H, m), 2.70-2.80 (2H, m), 3.30-3.40 (2H, m), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.05 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 6.85 (1H, s), 6.90 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.50 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.72 (1H, d, J=5.1 Hz), 10.95 (1H, d, J=4.7 Hz). Example 27 Production of 5-propoxy-2-thiophen-3-yl-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting material. Pale brown powder (ethyl acetate) Melting point: 213-215° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.02 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.60-1.70 (4H, m), 1.75-1.86 (2H, m), 2.70-2.80 (2H, m), 3.30-3.40 (2H, m), 4.05 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 6.85 (1H, s), 7.46-7.52 (2H, m), 8.06 (1H, s), 8.14-8.15 (1H, m), 11.10 (1H, brs). Example 28 Production of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-5-propoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-4H-benzo[f]quinolin-1-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 8 using appropriate starting material. Pale yellow powder (ethyl acetate) Melting point: 199-201° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.98 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.60-1.70 (4H, m), 1.78-1.87 (2H, m), 2.17 (3H, s), 2.70-2.80 (2H, m), 3.20-3.30 (2H, m), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.07 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 6.84 (1H, s), 6.88 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.06 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 10.17 (1H, brs). Example 29 Production of 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-10-propoxy-1,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5-oxa-1-aza-phenanthren-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 222-223° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.00-1.06 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 1.74-1.95 (4H, m), 2.72-2.75 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.00-4.10 (4H, m), 6.87-6.93 (3H, m), 7.46-7.52 (2H, d, J=9.0 Hz), 7.65 (1H, s), 10.70-10.90 (1H, brs). Example 30 Production of 1-{3-[4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl}-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-10-propoxy-1,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5-oxa-1-aza-phenanthren-4-one dihydrochloride The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 18 using appropriate starting materials. Melting point: 145-147° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.01-1.06 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.85-2.02 (4H, m), 2.12-2.33 (2H, m), 2.84-2.89 (2H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 3.02-3.20 (2H, m), 3.28-3.80 (15H, m), 4.08-4.13 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 4.28-4.31 (2H, t, J=4.6 Hz), 4.75-4.95 (2H, m), 7.00-7.03 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.30 (1H, s), 7.63-7.66 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 8.48 (1H, s). Example 31 Production of ethyl [3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-10-propoxy-7,8-dihydro-4H,6H-5-oxa-1-aza-phenanthren-1-yl]acetate Sodium hydride (60% oil base, 80 mg, 2.0 mmol) was added to a DMF solution (10 ml) of 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-10-propoxy-1,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5-oxa-1-aza-phenanthren-4-one (600 mg, 1.64 mmol), the resulting mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes. Ethyl bromoacetate (330 mg, 2.0 mmol) was added thereto and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. Water and ethyl acetate were added to the reaction mixture, followed by separation. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using medium pressure liquid chromatography (NH silica gel, n-hexane:ethyl acetate=100:0→0:100). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure, giving a colorless oily substance ethyl [3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-10-propoxy-7,8-dihydro-4H,6H-5-oxa-1-aza-phenanthren-1-yl]acetate (700 mg, yield: 95%). 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.00-1.10 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 1.25-1.28 (3H, t, J=6.0), 1.75-1.90 (2H, m), 2.02-2.43 (2H, m), 2.80-2.90 (2H, m), 3.85 (3H, s), 3.86-3.88 (2H, m), 4.10-4.13 (4H, m), 5.10 (2H, s), 6.75 (1H, s), 6.85-6.90 (2H, d, J=9.0), 7.24 (1H, s), 7.60-7.75 (2H, d, J=9.0). Example 32 Production of [3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-10-propoxy-7,8-dihydro-4H,6H-5-oxa-1-aza-phenanthren-1-yl]acetic acid A 5N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (10 ml) was added to an ethanol solution (30 ml) of ethyl [3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-10-propoxy-7,8-dihydro-4H,6H-5-oxa-1-aza-phenanthren-1-yl]acetate (700 mg, 1.55 mmol) and heated for 2 hours under reflux. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. While ice-cooling the concentrate, water and concentrated hydrochloric acid were added to the residue to make it acidic. Subsequently, the formed insoluble matter was separated and dried, giving a yellow powder of [3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-10-propoxy-7,8-dihydro-4H,6H-5-oxa-1-aza-phenanthren-1-yl]acetic acid (580 mg, yield: 88%) 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.94-1.00 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 1.74-1.82 (2H, m), 1.94-1.98 (2H, m), 2.78-2.83 (2H, t, J=6.2 Hz), 3.77 (3H, s), 3.92-3.98 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.21-4.25 (2H, t, J=4.8 Hz), 5.35 (2H, s), 6.96-7.00 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.16 (1H, s), 7.56-7.59 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.29 (1H, s). Example 33 Production of 2-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-10-propoxy-7,8-dihydro-4H,6H-5-oxa-1-aza-phenanthren-1-yl]-N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)acetamide 4-(2-Aminoethyl)morpholine (217 mg, 1.7 mmol) was added to a DMF solution (10 ml) of [3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-10-propoxy-7,8-dihydro-4H,6H-5-oxa-1-aza-phenanthren-1-yl]acetic acid (580 mg, 1.39 mmol), 2-(7-aza-1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl uronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU, 790 mg, 2.1 mmol) and triethylamine (5 ml). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature and then concentrated under reduced pressure. Water and ethyl acetate were added to the residue, followed by separation. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with water and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=10:1). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was recrystallized from ethyl acetate, giving a pale brown powder of 2-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-10-propoxy-7,8-dihydro-4H,6H-5-oxa-1-aza-phenanthren-1-yl]-N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)acetamide (115 mg, yield: 16%). Melting point: 201-203° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.94-1.00 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 1.71-1.77 (2H, m), 1.91-1.93 (2H, m), 2.29-2.34 (4H, m), 2.72-2.75 (2H, t, J=6.2 Hz), 3.15-3.19 (2H, m), 3.25-3.30 (2H, m), 3.33-3.54 (4H, m), 3.76 (3H, s), 3.85-3.90 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.07-4.11 (2H, m), 5.06 (2H, s), 6.90-6.93 (3H, m), 7.54-7.58 (2H, m), 7.72 (1H, s), 7.80-7.82 (1H, m). Example 34 Production of di-tert-butyl 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-10-propoxy-7,8-dihydro-4H,6H-5-oxa-1-aza-phenanthren-1-ylmethyl phosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 23 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.06-1.12 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.36 (18H, s), 1.88-1.96 (2H, m), 2.01-2.10 (2H, m), 3.82 (3H, s), 3.98-4.03 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.28-4.32 (2H, t, J=5.1 Hz), 6.25-6.31 (2H, d, J=12.2 Hz), 6.85-6.93 (3H, m), 7.60-7.66 (3H, m). Example 35 Production of [3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-10-propoxy-7,8-dihydro-4H,6H-5-oxa-1-aza-phenanthren-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 24 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.99-1.04 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.74-1.95 (4H, m), 2.72-2.75 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.00-4.10 (4H, m), 6.20-6.24 (2H, d, J=10.3 Hz), 6.92-7.10 (3H, m), 7.53-7.57 (2H, m), 7.86 (1H, s). Example 36 Production of [3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-10-propoxy-7,8-dihydro-4H,6H-5-oxa-1-aza-phenanthren-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate disodium salt The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 25 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) δ ppm: 0.91-0.97 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.72-1.86 (2H, m), 1.90-1.94 (2H, m), 2.70-2.75 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 3.74 (3H, s), 3.91-3.97 (3H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 4.11-4.15 (3H, t, J=4.8 Hz), 5.94-5.98 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 6.89-6.93 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.03 (1H, s), 7.37-7.41 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.97 (1H, s). Example 37 Production of 9-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-propoxy-2,3-dihydro-1H,7H-pyrano[3,2-f]quinolin-10-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 171-173° C. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.03-1.10 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 1.84-2.02 (4H, m), 3.52-3.58 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 3.81 (3H, s), 4.02-4.07 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.16-4.19 (2H, t, J=5.1 Hz), 6.58 (1H, s), 6.91-6.95 (2H, d, J=9.0 Hz), 7.51-7.55 (2H, d, J=9.0 Hz), 7.61-7.64 (1H, d, J=6.2 Hz), 8.86-8.88 (1H, d, J=5.45 Hz). Example 38 Production of ethyl [9-(4-methoxyphenyl)-10-oxo-6-propoxy-1,2,3,10-tetrahydropyrano[3,2-f]quinolin-7-yl]acetate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 31 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.01-1.07 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 1.23-1.29 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 1.79-1.85 (2H, m), 1.95-1.98 (2H, m), 3.49-3.54 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 3.83 (3H, s), 3.91-3.96 (2H, t, 6.8 Hz), 4.11-4.27 (6H, m), 5.05 (2H, s), 6.62 (1H, s), 6.92-6.95 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.29 (1H, s), 7.54-7.57 (2H, d, J-8.8 Hz). Example 39 Production of [9-(4-methoxyphenyl)-10-oxo-6-propoxy-1,2,3,10-tetrahydropyrano[3,2-f]quinolin-7-yl]acetic acid The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 32 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.94-1.00 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 1.72-1.86 (4H, m), 3.11-3.33 (2H, m), 3.76 (3H, s), 3.90-3.95 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.08-4.11 (2H, m), 5.17 (2H, s), 6.70 (1H, s), 6.90-6.95 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.53-7.60 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.54 (1H, s), 12.6-12.9 (1H, brs). Example 40 Production of 2-[9-(4-methoxyphenyl)-10-oxo-6-propoxy-1,2,3,10-tetrahydropyrano[3,2-f]quinolin-7-yl]-N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)acetamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 33 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 206-208° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.93-0.98 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.66-1.90 (4H, m), 3.00-3.20 (4H, m), 3.50-3.62 (2H, m), 3.76 (3H, s), 3.90-3.96 (4H, m), 4.04-4.12 (2H, m), 5.07 (2H, s), 6.70 (1H, s), 6.91-6.95 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.56-7.59 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.77 (1H, s), 8.10-8.25 (1H, m). Example 41 Production of 2-[9-(4-methoxyphenyl)-10-oxo-6-propoxy-1,2,3,10-tetrahydropyrano[3,2-f]quinolin-7-yl]-N-(3-morpholin-4-ylpropyl)acetamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 33 using appropriate starting materials. Melting point: 185-187° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.94-1.00 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.66-1.96 (6H, m), 2.90-3.21 (6H, m), 3.25-3.43 (4H, m), 3.56-3.66 (2H, t, J=11.9 Hz), 3.77 (3H, s), 3.85-4.04 (4H, m), 4.05-4.18 (2H, m), 5.09 (2H, s), 6.71 (1H, s), 6.92-6.96 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.57-7.61 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.79 (1H, s), 8.09-8.14 (1H, t, J=5.5 Hz). Example 42 Production of 7-{3-[4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl}-9-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-propoxy-2,3-dihydro-1H,7H-pyrano[3,2-f]quinolin-10-one dihydrochloride The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 18 using appropriate starting materials. Melting point: 180-182° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.00-1.05 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.83-1.91 (4H, m), 2.00-2.20 (2H, m), 3.00-4.50 (20H, m), 4.50-4.70 (2H, m), 6.77 (1H, s), 6.90-6.95 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.60-7.65 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.94 (1H, s). Example 43 Production of di-tert-butyl 9-(4-methoxyphenyl)-10-oxo-6-propoxy-1,2,3,10-tetrahydropyrano[3,2-f]quinolin-7-ylmethyl phosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 23 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.07-1.13 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.35 (18H,$), 1.89-1.98 (4H, m), 3.46-3.51 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 3.82 (3H, s), 4.01-4.06 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.16-4.21 (2H, t, J=5.0 Hz), 6.25-6.30 (2H, d, J=12.3 Hz), 6.70 (1H, s), 6.91-6.95 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.55-7.59 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.68 (1H, s). Example 44 Production of [9-(4-methoxyphenyl)-10-oxo-6-propoxy-1,2,3,10-tetrahydropyrano[3,2-f]quinolin-7-ylmethyl]monophosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 24 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.03-1.10 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 1.84-2.02 (4H, m), 3.52-3.58 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 3.81 (3H, s), 4.02-4.07 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.16-4.19 (2H, t, J=5.1 Hz), 6.15-6.19 (2H, d, J=10.8 Hz), 6.80 (1H, s), 6.94-6.96 (2H, d, J=9.0 Hz), 7.52-7.56 (2H, d, J=9.0 Hz), 7.69-7.72 (1H, d, J=6.2 Hz). Example 45 Production of [9-(4-methoxyphenyl)-10-oxo-6-propoxy-1,2,3,10-tetrahydropyrano[3,2-f]quinolin-7-ylmethyl]monophosphate disodium salt The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 25 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) δ ppm: 0.94-0.99 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.81-1.88 (2H, m), 3.21-3.23 (2H, m), 3.78 (3H, s), 3.99-4.05 (2H, m), 4.13-4.15 (2H, m), 6.04-6.14 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 6.78 (1H, s), 6.96-6.99 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.39-7.45 (2H, m), 8.08 (1H, s). Example 46 Production of 8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-propoxy-3,6-dihydro-2H-flo[2,3-f]quinolin-9-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting material. Pale brown powder (ethyl acetate) Melting point: 218-220° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.00 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.75-1.83 (2H, m), 3.13 (2H, t, J=8.8 Hz), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.02 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.54 (2H, t, J=8.9 Hz), 6.91 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.15 (1H, s), 7.51 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.75 (1H, d, J=5.9 Hz), 10.99 (1H, d, J=5.9 Hz). Example 47 Production of 5-propoxy-8-thiophen-3-yl-3,6-dihydro-2H-flo[2,3-f]quinolin-9-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting materials. Pale brown powder (ethanol) Melting point: 275-277° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.00 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.72-1.84 (2H, m), 3.14 (2H, t, J=8.9 Hz), 4.02 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.55 (2H, t, J=8.9 Hz), 7.15 (1H, s), 7.47-7.54 (2H, m), 8.08 (1H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 8.16-8.17 (1H, m), 11.10 (1H, d, J=6.1 Hz). Example 48 Production of 8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-methyl-5-propoxy-3,6-dihydro-2H-flo[2,3-f]quinolin-9-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 8 using appropriate starting material. Pale brown powder (ethyl acetate-n-hexane) Melting point: 216-218° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.97 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.76-1.84 (2H, m), 2.18 (3H, s), 3.11 (2H, t, J=8.9 Hz), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.04 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 4.50 (2H, t, J=8.9 Hz), 6.90 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.06 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.15 (1H, s), 10.19 (1H, brs). Example 49 Production of ethyl [8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-9-oxo-5-propoxy-2,3-dihydro-9H-flo[2,3-f]quinolin-6-yl]acetate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 31 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.04 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.26 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 1.78-1.86 (2H, m), 3.19 (2H, t, J=8.8 Hz), 3.82 (3H, s), 3.91 (2H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 4.22 (2H, q, J=7.2 Hz), 4.75 (2H, t, J=8.9 Hz), 5.05 (2H, s), 6.90 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.01 (1H, s), 7.31 (1H, s), 7.63 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz). Example 50 Production of [8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-9-oxo-5-propoxy-2,3-dihydro-9H-flo[2,3-f]quinolin-6-yl]acetic acid The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 32 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.04 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.26 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 1.78-1.86 (2H, m), 3.19 (2H, t, J=8.8 Hz), 3.82 (3H, s), 3.91 (2H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 4.22 (2H, q, J=7.2 Hz), 4.75 (2H, t, J=8.9 Hz), 5.05 (2H, s), 6.90 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.01 (1H, s), 7.31 (1H, s), 7.63 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz). Example 51 Production of 2-[8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-9-oxo-5-propoxy-2,3-dihydro-9H-flo[2,3-f]quinolin-6-yl]-N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)acetamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 33 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.92 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.67-1.76 (2H, m), 2.28-2.33 (6H, m), 3.08-3.17 (4H, m), 3.47-3.51 (4H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 3.86 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.53 (2H, t, J=8.9 Hz), 5.06 (2H, s), 6.90 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.19 (1H, s), 7.54 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.74 (1H, s), 7.83 (1H, t, J=5.4 Hz). Example 52 Production of 8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-5-propoxy-3,6-dihydro-2H-flo[2,3-f]quinolin-9-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 18 using appropriate starting materials. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.99 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.74-1.82 (2H, m), 2.30-2.33 (4H, m), 2.54 (2H, t, J=5.5 Hz), 3.14 (2H, t, J=8.8 Hz), 3.42-3.45 (4H, m), 3.74 (3H, s), 3.97 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.50-4.61 (4H, m), 6.92 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.25 (1H, s), 7.56 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.81 (1H, s). Example 53 Production of di-tert-butyl 8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-9-oxo-5-propoxy-2,3-dihydro-9H-flo[2,3-f]quinolin-6-ylmethyl phosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 23 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.06-1.12 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.36 (18H, s), 1.85-1.97 (2H, m), 3.19-3.26 (2H, t, J=9.0 Hz), 3.82 (3H, s), 4.00-4.05 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.73-4.80 (2H, t, J=9.0 Hz), 6.28-6.34 (2H, d, J=12.6 Hz), 6.88-6.94 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.11 (1H, s), 7.63-7.70 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.74 (1H, s). Example 54 Production of [8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-9-oxo-5-propoxy-2,3-dihydro-9H-flo[2,3-f]quinolin-6-ylmethyl]monophosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 24 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.00-1.05 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.79-1.90 (2H, m), 3.15-3.22 (2H, m), 4.00-4.06 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.53-4.62 (2H, m), 6.21-6.25 (2H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 6.92-6.97 (2H, m), 7.36 (1H, s), 7.56-7.59 (2H, m), 7.90 (1H, s). Example 55 Production of [8-(4-methoxyphenyl)-9-oxo-5-propoxy-2,3-dihydro-9H-flo[2,3-f]quinolin-6-ylmethyl]monophosphate disodium salt The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 25 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) δ ppm: 0.92-0.97 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.76-1.84 (2H, m), 3.12-3.19 (2H, t, J=8.9 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 3.93-3.99 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 4.56-4.59 (2H, m), 5.95-5.99 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 6.90-6.94 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.27 (1H, s), 7.39-7.43 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.01 (1H, s). Example 56 Production of 7-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-9H-flo[3,2-h]quinolin-6-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting material. White powder (ethyl acetate) 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 2.84 (3H, s), 3.76 (3H, s), 6.89-7.02 (3H, m), 7.22 (1H, s), 7.52-7.58 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.77 (1H, s), 8.21 (1H, s), 12.06 (1H, brs). Example 57 Production of 7-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-2,3-dihydro-9H-flo[3,2-h]quinolin-6-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting material. White powder 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 2.73 (3H, s), 3.26-3.33 (2H, t, J=8.8 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.69-4.76 (2H, t, J=8.8 Hz), 6.87-6.93 (3H, m), 7.50-7.53 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.64 (1H, s), 11.30 (1H, brs). Example 58 Production of di-tert-butyl 7-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-3,6-dihydro-2H-flo[3,2-h]quinolin-9-ylmethyl phosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 23 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.39 (18H, s), 2.86 (3H, s), 3.26-3.33 (2H, t, J=8.8 Hz), 3.83 (3H, s), 4.66-4.73 (2H, t, J=8.9 Hz), 6.21-6.26 (2H, d, J=11.3 Hz), 6.92-6.99 (3H, m), 7.52-7.56 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.66 (1H, s). Example 59 Production of [7-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-3,6-dihydro-2H-flo[3,2-h]quinolin-9-ylmethyl]monophosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 24 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 2.75 (3H, s), 3.26-3.33 (2H, t, J=8.8 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.69-4.76 (2H, t, J=8.8 Hz), 6.15-6.19 (2H, d, J=10.8 Hz), 6.90-6.97 (3H, m), 7.52-7.58 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.64 (1H, s). Example 60 Production of [7-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-6-oxo-3,6-dihydro-2H-flo[3,2-h]quinolin-9-ylmethyl]monophosphate disodium salt The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 25 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) δ ppm: 2.57 (3H, s), 3.06-3.13 (2H, t, J=8.8 Hz), 3.72 (3H, s), 4.50-4.58 (2H, m), 5.84-5.88 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 6.84-6.87 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 6.93 (1H, s), 7.27-7.31 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.75 (1H, s). Example 61 Production of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-propoxy-4,7,9,10-tetrahydro-[4,7]phenanthroline-1,8-dione The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting material. Yellow powder (ethyl acetate-methanol) Melting point: 132-133° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.03-1.10 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.80-2.00 (2H, m), 2.33-2.39 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 3.70-3.80 (5H, m), 4.04-4.09 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 6.85 (1H, s), 6.91-6.95 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.53-7.56 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.72-7.75 (1H, d, J=6.4 Hz), 9.94 (1H, s), 11.02-11.25 (1H, m). Example 62 Production of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-methyl-5-propoxy-4,7,9,10-tetrahydro-[4,7]phenanthroline-1,8-dione The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting material. Yellow powder Melting point: 89-91° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.03-1.10 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.82-2.00 (2H, m), 2.37-2.43 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 3.32 (3H, s), 3.65-3.95 (5H, m), 4.17-4.22 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 6.90-6.95 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.05 (1H, s), 7.50-7.55 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.76 (1H, s), 11.14 (1H, brs). Example 63 Production of 5-methoxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-[1,10]phenanthrolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting material. Yellow powder (ethanol) Melting point: 118-120° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 3.75 (3H, s), 3.89 (3H, s), 6.93 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.00 (1H, s), 7.57 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.63-7.68 (1H, m), 7.91 (1H, s), 8.26 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 8.78 (1H, d, J=4.2 Hz), 12.23 (1H, brs). Example 64 Production of 5-methoxy-3-thiophen-3-yl-1H-[1,10]phenanthrolin-4-one hydrochloride The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting materials. Pale brown powder (ethanol) Melting point: 143-145° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 3.98 (3H, s), 7.17 (1H, s), 7.59 (1H, s), 7.60 (1H, s), 7.70-7.75 (1H, m), 8.20 (1H, brs), 8.33 (1H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 8.50 (1H, s), 8.81-8.83 (1H, m). Example 65 Production of 5-methoxy-3-thiophen-2-yl-1H-[1,10]phenanthrolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting materials. Pale brown powder (ethanol) Melting point: 265-267° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 3.94 (3H, s), 7.07-7.10 (2H, m), 7.44 (1H, d, J=6.0 Hz), 7.60 (1H, d, J=3.7 Hz), 7.61-7.71 (1H, m), 8.29 (1H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 8.47 (1H, s), 8.80-8.83 (1H, m), 12.60 (1H, brs). Example 66 Production of 5-methoxy-1-methyl-3-thiophen-2-yl-1H-[1,10]phenanthrolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 using appropriate starting material. Brown powder (ethyl acetate-n-hexane) Melting point: 216-218° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 3.90 (3H, s), 4.54 (3H, s), 7.08-7.13 (2H, m), 7.44 (1H, d, J=5.1 Hz), 7.56-7.61 (1H, m), 7.65 (1H, d, J=3.7 Hz), 8.24 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 8.64 (1H, s), 8.75-8.77 (1H, m). Example 67 Production of 9-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-propoxy-7H-[3,7]phenanthrolin-10-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 250-251° C. 1H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.14-1.19 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.98-2.07 (2H, m), 3.87 (3H, s), 4.26-4.32 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 6.98-7.02 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.30 (1H, s), 7.61-7.64 (2H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 8.64-8.66 (1H, d, J=6.0 Hz), 9.10 (1H, s), 9.38-9.40 (1H, d, J=4.8 Hz), 9.97-9.99 (1H, d, J=5.9 Hz). Example 68 Production of [9-(4-methoxyphenyl)-10-oxo-6-propoxy-10H-[3,7]phenanthrolin-7-yl]acetic acid The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 32 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.14-1.19 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.98-2.07 (2H, m), 3.87 (3H, s), 4.26-4.32 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 5.47 (2H, s), 6.98-7.02 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.30 (1H, s), 7.61-7.64 (2H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 8.64-8.66 (1H, d, J=6.0 Hz), 9.10 (1H, s), 9.38-9.40 (1H, d, J=4.8 Hz). Example 69 Production of 2-[9-(4-methoxyphenyl)-10-oxo-6-propoxy-10H-[3,7]phenanthrolin-7-yl]-N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)acetamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 33 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 189-192° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.00-1.06 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.82-1.91 (2H, m), 2.82-3.12 (8H, m), 3.60-3.80 (4H, m), 3.81 (3H, s), 4.14-4.20 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 5.32 (2H, s), 7.00-7.03 (2H, d, J=7.8 Hz), 7.69-7.72 (2H, d, J=7.8 Hz), 7.78 (1H, s), 8.11 (1H, s), 8.20-8.30 (1H, m), 8.51-8.53 (1H, d, J=6.1 Hz) 9.19 (1H, s), 9.99-10.0 (1H, d, J=6.1 Hz). Example 70 Production of ethyl [5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]acetate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 31 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.96-1.02 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.18-1.24 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 1.69-1.80 (2H, m), 3.78 (3H, s), 3.94-4.00 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.12-4.21 (2H, q, J=7.1 Hz), 5.32 (2H, s), 6.94-7.04 (3H, m), 7.21-7.26 (1H, m), 7.58-7.62 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 8.02 (1H, s). Example 71 Production of [5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]acetic acid The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 32 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.97-1.03 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.72-1.87 (2H, m), 3.82 (3H, s), 3.95-4.00 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 5.24 (2H, s), 6.94-7.03 (3H, m), 7.20-7.26 (1H, m), 7.59-7.62 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 8.02 (1H, s), 12.5-13.3 (1H, br). Example 72 Production of N-butyl-2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]acetamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 33 using appropriate starting materials. White powder 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.81-0.87 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 0.91-0.98 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.19-1.45 (4H, m), 1.70-1.80 (2H, m), 3.02-3.09 (2H, q, 6.3 Hz), 3.76 (3H, s), 3.90-3.95 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 5.13 (2H, s), 6.90-6.98 (3H, m), 7.15-7.20 (1H, m), 7.56-7.60 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.90 (1H, s), 7.97-8.01 (1H, t, J=5.5 Hz). Example 73 Production of 2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]-N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)acetamide To a DMF solution (2 ml) of [5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]acetic acid (800 mg, 2.07 mmol) were sequentially added a DMF solution (1 ml) of 4-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine (273 mg), triethylamine (506 mg, 5.0 mmol), diethylphosphorocyanidate (DEPC, 405 mg, 2.48 mmol) and DMF (1 ml) while ice-cooling, followed by stirring at room temperature for 23 hours. Water was added to the reaction mixture and then subjected to extraction using ethyl acetate. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution twice, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=30:1→15:1). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was recrystallized from ethyl acetate, giving a white powder of 2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]-N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)acetamide (789 mg, yield: 77%). Melting point: 139-141° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.95 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.71-1.80 (2H, m), 2.30-2.34 (6H, m), 3.18 (2H, q, J=6.5 Hz), 3.49-3.53 (4H, m), 3.76 (3H, s), 3.93 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 5.14 (2H, s), 6.92-6.99 (3H, m), 7.18 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.58 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.90-7.95 (2H, m). Example 74 Production of 2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]-N-methyl-N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)acetamide Sodium hydride (60% oil base, 61 mg, 1.4 mmol) was added to a DMF solution (2 ml) of 2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]-N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)acetamide (580 mg, 1.16 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes. Methyl iodide (230 mg, 1.62 mmol) was added thereto, and the thus-obtained mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 hours. Water and ethyl acetate were added to the reaction mixture, followed by separation. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=30:1→15:1). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was recrystallized from ethyl acetate, giving a white powder of 2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]-N-methyl-N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)acetamide (440 mg, yield: 74%). Melting point: 218-220° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.94 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.64-1.72 (2H, m), 2.33-2.38 (4H, m), 2.43-2.50 (2H, m), 2.85 (1H, s), 2.99 (2H, s), 3.37 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 3.44-3.48 (4H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 3.89 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 5.43 (2H, s), 6.89-6.97 (3H, m), 7.12-7.17 (1H, m), 7.53-7.57 (2H, m), 7.83 (1H, s). Example 75 Production of 2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]-N-(3-morpholin-4-ylpropyl)acetamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 73 using appropriate starting material. White powder (ethyl acetate-n-hexane) Melting point: 117-119° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.95 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.52-1.57 (2H, m), 1.71-1.79 (2H, m), 2.21-2.29 (6H, m), 3.09 (2H, q, J=5.8 Hz), 3.49-3.54 (4H, m), 3.76 (3H, s), 3.93 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 5.12 (2H, s), 6.92-6.99 (3H, m), 7.18 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.58 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.90 (1H, s), 8.00 (1H, t, J=5.4 Hz). Example 76 Production of 2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]-N-methyl-N-(3-morpholin-4-ylpropyl)acetamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 74 using appropriate starting material. White powder (ethyl acetate-n-hexane) Melting point: 166-168° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.92-0.98 (3H, m), 1.65-1.71 (4H, m), 2.21-2.36 (6H, m), 2.82 (1H, s), 2.98 (2H, s), 3.20-3.30 (2H, m), 3.48-3.58 (4H, m), 3.76 (3H, s), 3.90 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 5.43-5.45 (2H, m), 6.90-6.98 (3H, m), 7.13-7.18 (1H, m), 7.54-7.59 (2H, m), 7.86 (1H, s). Example 77 Production of 2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]-N-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)acetamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 73 using appropriate starting material. Pale yellow powder (ethyl acetate-n-hexane) Melting point: 201-203° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.95 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.40-1.49 (2H, m), 1.67-1.84 (4H, m), 1.91-2.00 (2H, m), 2.14 (3H, s), 2.69-2.73 (2H, m), 3.55-3.75 (1H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 3.93 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 5.14 (2H, s), 6.90-6.98 (3H, m), 7.16 (1H, dd, J=4.4 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.58 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.90 (1H, s), 8.03 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz). Example 78 Production of tert-butyl 4-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]acetylamino}piperidine-1-carboxylate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 73 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.03 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.31-1.38 (2H, m), 1.41 (9H, s), 1.80-1.86 (4H, m), 2.70-3.00 (2H, m), 3.79 (3H, s), 3.88-4.13 (5H, m), 4.94 (2H, s), 6.55 (1H, brs), 6.77-6.92 (4H, m), 7.31 (1H, s), 7.46 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz). Example 79 Production of 2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]-N-piperidin-4-ylacetamide A 4N hydrochloric acid ethyl acetate solution (25 ml) was added to an ethanol solution (12 ml) of tert-butyl 4-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]acetylamino}piperidine-1-carboxylate (820 mg, 1.44 mmol), followed by stirring at room temperature for 28 hours. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. After adding an aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution to the residue to adjust the pH to 8, the residue was washed with ethyl acetate. A 2N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was added to the water layer to adjust its pH to 11, followed by extraction using dichloromethane. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was recrystallized from ethanol-ethyl acetate, giving a white powder of 2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]-N-piperidin-4-ylacetamide (185 mg, yield: 27%). Melting point: 226-228° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.94 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.22-1.33 (2H, m), 1.62-1.81 (4H, m), 2.36-2.45 (2H, m), 2.84-2.89 (2H, m), 3.55-3.75 (2H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 3.92 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 5.13 (2H, s), 6.90-6.98 (3H, m), 7.16 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.56 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.88 (1H, s), 8.01 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz). Example 80 Production of ethyl 4-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]butyrate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 31 using appropriate starting materials. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.00-1.06 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.06-1.12 (3H, t, J=7.13), 1.80-2.02 (4H, m), 2.24-2.30 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 3.77 (3H, s), 3.92-4.00 (2H, q, J=7.1 Hz), 4.03-4.09 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.54-4.60 (2H, t, J=6.87 Hz), 6.93-7.04 (3H, m), 7.24-7.29 (1H, m), 7.60-7.63 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.97 (1H, s). Example 81 Production of 4-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]butyric acid The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 32 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.00-1.06 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.78-2.00 (4H, m), 2.16-2.22 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 3.78 (3H, s), 4.04-4.09 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.54-4.60 (2H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 6.93-7.04 (3H, m), 7.24-7.30 (1H, m), 7.60-7.64 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.97 (1H, s), 11.80-12.20 (1H, br). Example 82 Production of N-butyl-4-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]butylamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 33 using appropriate starting materials. Yellow amorphous 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.78-0.84 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 0.99-1.05 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.10-1.42 (4H, m), 1.75-2.01 (6H, m), 2.92-2.97 (2H, m), 3.77 (3H, s), 4.03-4.08 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.53-4.58 (2H, t, J=6.2 Hz), 6.92-7.03 (3H, m), 7.23-7.28 (1H, m), 7.60-7.63 (2H, t, J=8.6 Hz), 7.70-7.75 (1H, m), 7.93 (1H, s). Example 83 Production of 1-(3-bromopropyl)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 17 using appropriate starting materials. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.05-1.12 (3H, m), 1.85-1.96 (2H, m), 2.30-2.35 (2H, m), 3.33 (2H, t, J=6.1 Hz), 3.83 (3H, s), 3.96-4.05 (2H, m), 4.69 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 6.85-7.03 (4H, m), 7.59-7.64 (3H, m). Example 84 Production of 1-(3-chloropropyl)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 17 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.05-1.13 (3H, m), 1.87-1.96 (2H, m), 2.22-2.27 (2H, m), 3.49 (2H, t, J=5.8 Hz), 3.83 (3H, s), 3.96-4.05 (2H, m), 4.70 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 6.86-7.02 (4H, m), 7.59-7.64 (3H, m). Example 85 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(3-morpholin-4-ylpropyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 18 using appropriate starting material. White powder (ethyl acetate-n-hexane) Melting point: 130-132° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.99 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.73-1.87 (4H, m), 2.07-2.20 (6H, m), 3.36-3.39 (4H, m), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.01 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.56 (2H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 6.90-7.00 (3H, m), 7.21 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.57 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.98 (1H, s). Example 86 Production of 1-(3-diethylaminopropyl)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 18 using appropriate starting materials. White powder (diethyl ether) Melting point: 80-82° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.81 (6H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 1.01 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.75-1.87 (4H, m), 2.22-2.38 (6H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.03 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.54 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 6.91-7.01 (3H, m), 7.23 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.59 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.96 (1H, s). Example 87 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 18 using appropriate starting materials. White powder (ethyl acetate-n-hexane) Melting point: 152-154° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.01 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.78-1.86 (4H, m), 1.96 (3H, s), 2.04-2.14 (10H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.02 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.55 (2H, t, J=6.2 Hz), 6.90-7.01 (3H, m), 7.23 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.58 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.97 (1H, s). Example 88 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 18 using appropriate starting materials. White powder (ethyl acetate-n-hexane) Melting point: 132-134° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.99 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.20-1.40 (6H, m), 1.73-1.84 (4H, m), 2.02-2.10 (6H, m), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.00 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 4.53 (2H, t, J=6.2 Hz), 6.89-7.00 (3H, m), 7.20 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.57 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.95 (1H, s). Example 89 Production of 1-[3-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 18 using appropriate starting materials. Pale yellow powder (ethyl acetate-n-hexane) Melting point: 147-149° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.80-1.00 (6H, m), 1.70-1.80 (4H, m), 2.00-2.20 (12H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.00-4.06 (2H, m), 4.54-4.59 (2H, m), 6.90-7.00 (3H, m), 7.20-7.26 (1H, m), 7.55-7.60 (2H, m), 7.98 (1H, s). Example 90 Production of 5-fluoro-1-[3-(3-hydroxy-azetidin-1-yl)propyl]-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one hydrochloride The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 18 using appropriate starting materials. Pale yellow powder (ethyl acetate) Melting point: 183-185° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.00 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.79-1.94 (4H, m), 3.08-3.14 (2H, m), 3.68-3.83 (5H, m), 4.05 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.19-4.43 (3H, m), 4.54-4.60 (2H, m), 6.23 (1H, brs), 6.92-7.04 (3H, m), 7.27 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.61 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 8.00 (1H, s), 10.30 (1H, brs). Example 91 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1-[3-(4-pyridin-2-ylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 18 using appropriate starting materials. White powder (ethyl acetate-n-hexane) Melting point: 123-125° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.01 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.79-1.89 (4H, m), 2.14-2.27 (6H, m), 3.20-3.30 (4H, m), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.03 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.60 (2H, t, J=6.0 Hz), 6.58 (1H, dd, J=5.0 Hz, 6.9 Hz), 6.69 (1H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 6.90-7.02 (3H, m), 7.23 (1H, dd, J=4.4 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.40-7.50 (1H, m), 7.58-7.61 (2H, m), 8.02-8.06 (2H, m). Example 92 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-[3-(4-morpholin-4-ylpiperidin-1-yl)propyl]-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 18 using appropriate starting materials. Pale brown powder (ethyl acetate) Melting point: 168-170° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.01 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.12-1.20 (2H, m), 1.50-1.55 (2H, m), 1.68-1.86 (6H, m), 1.90-2.11 (3H, m), 2.30-2.33 (4H, m), 2.62-2.67 (2H, m), 3.48-3.51 (4H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.03 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.56 (2H, t, J=5.9 Hz), 6.90-7.01 (3H, m), 7.23 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.99 (1H, s). Example 93 Production of 5-fluoro-1-{3-[4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl}-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one dihydrochloride The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 18 using appropriate starting materials. Pale beige color powder (ethyl acetate) Melting point: 184-186° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.01 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.81-1.89 (2H, m), 2.00-2.25 (2H, m), 2.80-2.97 (2H, m), 3.25 (3H, s), 3.20-3.40 (4H, m), 3.60-3.65 (8H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.06 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.60 (2H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 6.91-7.04 (3H, m), 7.26 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.61 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.03 (1H, s). Example 94 Production of 2-{3-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]propyl}isoindole-1,3-dione Sodium hydride (60% oil base, 800 mg, 18.3 mmol) was added to a DMF solution (25 ml) of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one (5.0 g, 15.2 mmol). The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. N-Bromopropyl phthalimide (4.48 g, 16.7 mmol) was added to the mixture and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes and at 50° C. for 5 hours. The reaction mixture was ice-cooled and water (20 ml) and ethyl acetate were added thereto, followed by stirring for 2 hours. The generated insoluble matter was separated, washed with water, and then dried, giving a pale yellow powder of 2-{3-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1yl]propyl}isoindole-1,3-dione (4.63 g, yield: 59%). 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.94 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.74-1.83 (2H, m), 2.03 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 3.62 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 3.76 (3H, s), 4.01 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.61 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 6.91-7.02 (3H, m), 7.25 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.58 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.78-7.86 (4H, m), 8.06 (1H, s). Example 95 Production of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one Hydrazine hydrate (0.62 ml, 12.8 mmol) was added to an ethanol solution (60 ml) of 2-{3-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]propyl}isoindole-1,3-dione (2.0 g, 3.88 mmol) and heated under reflux for 4 hours. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, a 5N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was added to the thus-obtained residue, and then the resulting mixture was subjected to extraction using dichloromethane. The thus-obtained organic layer was sequentially washed with water and an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure, giving a yellow oily 1-(3-aminopropyl)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one (1.4 g, yield: 94%). 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.09 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.23 (2H, brs), 1.84-1.95 (4H, m), 2.69 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 3.82 (3H, s), 4.01 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.61 (2H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 6.83-7.02 (4H, m), 7.59-7.65 (3H, m). Example 96 Production of 2-chloro-N-{3-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]propyl}acetamide A dichloromethane solution (6 ml) of 1-(3-aminopropyl)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one (645 mg, 1.67 mmol) was ice-cooled. Triethylamine (253 mg, 2.5 mmol) and chloroacetyl chloride (207 mg, 1.83 mmol) were added to the solution and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Water was added to the reaction mixture, followed by extraction using dichloromethane. The thus-obtained organic layer was condensed, and the residue was then purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:ethyl acetate=4:1→2:1). The purified product was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a white powder of 2-chloro-N-{3-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]propyl}acetamide (372 mg, yield: 48%). 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.10 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.86-2.09 (4H, m), 3.33 (2H, q, J=6.9 Hz), 3.83 (3H, s), 4.01 (2H, s), 4.04 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 4.56 (2H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 6.66 (1H, brs), 6.86-6.96 (3H, m), 7.03 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.52 (1H, s), 7.61 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz). Example 97 Production of N-{3-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]propyl}-2-[4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]acetamide hydrochloride 2-Chloro-N-{3-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]propyl}acetamide (370 mg, 0.8 mmol) was suspended in acetonitrile (12 ml). 1-(2-Methoxyethyl)piperazine (138 mg, 0.96 mmol), triethylamine (162 mg, 1.6 mmol) and acetonitrile (2 ml) were added to the suspension, and stirred at 70 to 80° C. for 6 hours. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was subjected to extraction using ethyl acetate. The extract was then sequentially washed with water, an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution, and an aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The washed product was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=30:1→10:1). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was then dissolved in ethyl acetate (5 ml). A 4N hydrogen chloride ethyl acetate solution (0.19 ml) was added thereto and stirred, and then the mixture was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a pale yellow amorphous solid of N-{3-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]propyl}-2-[4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]acetamide hydrochloride (200 mg). 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.00 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.78-1.89 (4H, m), 2.50-3.00 (4H, m), 2.96-3.20 (8H, m), 3.25 (3H, s), 3.62-3.66 (4H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 3.98-4.04 (2H, m), 4.56 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 6.91-7.02 (3H, m), 7.24 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.1 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.00 (1H, s), 8.07 (1H, brs). Example 98 Production of 1-(4-bromobutyl)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 17 using appropriate starting materials. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.06-1.13 (3H, m), 1.70-2.00 (6H, m), 3.39 (2H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 3.83 (3H, s), 4.03 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.53 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 6.86-7.03 (4H, m), 7.49 (1H, s), 7.57-7.63 (2H, m). Example 99 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(4-morpholin-4-ylbutyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 18 using appropriate starting material. White powder (ethyl acetate-n-hexane) Melting point: 118-120° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.98 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.27-1.35 (2H, m), 1.62-1.82 (4H, m), 2.13-2.19 (6H, m), 3.44-3.47 (4H, m), 3.73 (3H, s), 3.98 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.49 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 6.89-6.99 (3H, m), 7.19 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.57 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.95 (1H, s). Example 100 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-[4-(4-methyl piperazin-1-yl)butyl]-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 18 using appropriate starting materials. Pale yellow amorphous 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.99 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.27-1.32 (2H, m), 1.62-1.65 (2H, m), 1.79 (2H, q, J=6.9 Hz), 2.07 (3H, s), 2.11-2.21 (10H, m), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.00 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.49 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 6.90-7.00 (3H, m), 7.21 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.58 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.96 (1H, s). Example 101 Production of 2-{4-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]butyl}isoindole-1,3-dione The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 94 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.96 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.50-1.80 (6H, m), 3.57 (2H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 3.76 (3H, s), 3.97 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.49 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 6.88-6.95 (3H, m), 7.18 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.1 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.80-7.90 (4H, m), 8.01 (1H, s). Example 102 Production of 1-(4-aminobutyl)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 95 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.10 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.36-1.60 (4H, m), 1.75-1.95 (4H, m), 2.69 (2H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 3.82 (3H, s), 4.01 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.50 (2H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 6.83-7.02 (4H, m), 7.50 (1H, s), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz). Example 103 Production of 2-{6-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]hexyl}isoindole-1,3-dione The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 94 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.08 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.20-1.77 (8H, m), 1.83-1.94 (2H, m), 3.65 (2H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 3.82 (3H, s), 4.01 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.46 (2H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 6.83-7.04 (4H, m), 7.49 (1H, s), 7.61 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.68-7.83 (4H, m). Example 104 Production of 1-(6-aminohexyl)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 95 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.10 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.30-1.80 (10H, m), 1.87-1.95 (2H, m), 2.65 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 3.83 (3H, s), 4.01 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.47 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 6.88-7.03 (4H, m), 7.50 (1H, s), 7.62 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz). Example 105 Production of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 17 using appropriate starting materials. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.07-1.13 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.81-2.01 (2H, m), 3.83 (3H, s), 3.84-3.89 (2H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 4.00-4.05 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.74-4.79 (2H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 6.89-7.04 (4H, m), 7.54 (1H, s), 7.59-7.62 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz). Example 106 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one Potassium carbonate (2.1 g, 15.2 mmol) and 4-(2-chloroethyl)morpholine hydrochloride (1.36 g, 7.31 mmol) were added to an N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) solution (5 ml) of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one (1.0 g, 3.05 mmol) and then stirred at 50 to 60° C. for 45 hours. Water and ethyl acetate were added to the reaction mixture, followed by separation. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution twice, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=50:1→30:1). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was recrystallized from ethyl acetate, giving a white powder of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one (1.01 g, yield: 75%). Melting point: 206-208° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.02 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.78-1.87 (2H, m), 2.33-2.36 (4H, m), 2.59 (2H, t, J=5.6 Hz), 3.43-3.47 (4H, m), 3.77 (3H, s), 4.05 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.66 (2H, t, J=5.7 Hz), 6.94-7.02 (3H, m), 7.25 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.95 (1H, s). Example 107 Production of 2-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethyl}isoindole-1,3-dione The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 94 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.11 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.85-2.01 (2H, m), 3.76 (3H, s), 4.03-4.12 (4H, m), 4.84 (2H, t, J=5.6 Hz), 6.84-6.89 (3H, m), 6.92-7.00 (1H, m), 7.56 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.68-7.79 (5H, m). Example 108 Production of 1-(2-aminoethyl)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 95 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.10 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.36 (2H, brs), 1.84-1.95 (2H, m), 3.10 (2H, t, J=6.0 Hz), 3.82 (3H, s), 4.01 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.54 (2H, t, J=6.1 Hz), 6.84-7.02 (4H, m), 7.60-7.64 (3H, m). Example 109 Production of tert-butyl ((S)-1-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethylcarbamoyl}-2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate A DMF solution (0.5 ml) of N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-L-serine (174 mg, 0.85 mmol), triethylamine (198 mg, 1.96 mmol), diethyl phosphorocyanidate (DEPC, 176 mg, 0.97 mmol) and DMF (0.5 ml) were sequentially added to a DMF solution (1 ml) of 1-(2-aminoethyl)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one (300 mg, 0.81 mmol) while ice-cooling, and stirred at room temperature for 20 hours. Water was added to the reaction mixture and then subjected to extraction using ethyl acetate. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution twice. The washed product was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=40:1→30:1). The purified product was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a white amorphous solid of tert-butyl ((S)-1-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethylcarbamoyl}-2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate (338 mg, yield: 75%). 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.09 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.38 (9H, s), 1.87-1.95 (2H, m), 3.08 (1H, brs), 3.45-3.60 (3H, m), 3.69-3.79 (1H, m), 3.76 (3H, s), 3.99 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 4.34 (1H, brs), 4.64 (2H, brs), 5.87 (1H, d, J=7.9 Hz), 6.56 (1H, dd, J=8.9 Hz, 11.7 Hz), 6.73 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 6.91 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.36 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.46 (1H, s), 8.26 (1H, brs). Example 110 Production of tert-butyl ((S)-5-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-5-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethylcarbamoyl}pentyl)carbamate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 109 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 0.90-1.05 (4H, m), 1.12 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.37 (9H, s), 1.41 (9H, s), 1.48-1.60 (2H, m), 1.87-1.99 (2H, m), 2.80-2.90 (2H, m), 3.40-3.50 (1H, m), 3.80 (3H, s), 3.91-4.24 (5H, m), 4.53 (1H, brs), 5.27-5.33 (1H, m), 5.75-5.78 (1H, m), 6.43-6.52 (1H, m), 6.84-6.90 (3H, m), 7.39-7.48 (3H, m), 8.09 (1H, brs). Example 111 Production of tert-butyl [(S)-1-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethylcarbamoyl}-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethyl]carbamate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 109 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.10 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.39 (9H, s), 1.85-2.01 (2H, m), 2.72-2.90 (2H, m), 3.50-3.60 (1H, m), 3.76 (3H, s), 3.77-3.86 (1H, m), 4.02 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.30-4.43 (2H, m), 4.82-4.88 (1H, m), 5.82 (1H, brs), 6.57 (1H, s), 6.72-6.84 (3H, m), 6.94-6.99 (1H, m), 7.08 (1H, s), 7.37-7.45 (3H, m), 8.05 (1H, brs). Example 112 Production of 2-chloro-N-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethyl}acetamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 96 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.12 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.90-1.98 (2H, m), 3.64-3.70 (2H, m), 3.83 (3H, s), 3.98 (2H, s), 4.03 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.72-4.76 (2H, m), 6.51 (1H, dd, J=9.0 Hz, 11.7 Hz), 6.78 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 6.89 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.25-7.32 (3H, m), 8.54 (1H, brs). Example 113 Production of N-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-(4-morpholin-4-ylpiperidin-1-yl)acetamide dihydrochloride The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 97 using appropriate starting materials. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.00 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.75-1.96 (7H, m), 2.50-2.80 (2H, m), 2.85-3.25 (10H, m), 3.76 (3H, s), 3.80-3.95 (4H, m), 4.04 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.69 (2H, brs), 6.93-7.02 (3H, m), 7.25 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.1 Hz), 7.64 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.87 (1H, s), 8.69 (1H, brs). Example 114 Production of N-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethyl}-2-[4-(2-methoxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]acetamide dihydrochloride The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 97 using appropriate starting materials. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.98 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.76-1.85 (2H, m), 2.95-3.05 (4H, m), 3.25 (3H, s), 3.10-3.30 (2H, m), 3.39-3.64 (10H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.02 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.68 (2H, brs), 6.91-7.01 (3H, m), 7.23 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.1 Hz), 7.59 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.86 (1H, s), 8.57 (1H, t, J=5.4 Hz). Example 115 Production of (S)-2-amino-N-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethyl}-3-hydroxypropionamide hydrochloride A 4N hydrogen chloride ethyl acetate solution (5 ml) was added to an ethanol solution (5 ml) of tert-butyl ((S)-1-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethylcarbamoyl}-2-hydroxyethyl)carbamate (330 mg, 0.6 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 14 hours. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. Water was added to the residue, which was then washed with ethyl acetate. A 2N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (6 ml) was added to the water layer to adjust its pH to 11, followed by extraction with dichloromethane. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=20:1→15:1). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure, the residue was dissolved in ethanol (3 ml) and ethyl acetate (3 ml), and a 4N hydrogen chloride ethylacetate solution (0.1 ml) was then added thereto. The mixture was stirred and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, and recrystallized from ethyl acetate, giving a white powder of (S)-2-amino-N-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethyl}-3-hydroxypropionamide hydrochloride (145 mg, yield: 50%). 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.00 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.76-1.88 (2H, m), 3.23-3.50 (5H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.05 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.53-4.73 (2H, m), 5.40-5.42 (1H, m), 6.91-7.03 (3H, m), 7.26 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.58 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.80 (1H, s), 8.00 (2H, brs), 8.58 (1H, t, J=5.2 Hz). Example 116 Production of (S)-2,6-diaminohexanoic {2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethyl}amide dihydrochloride The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 115 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.99 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.00-1.50 (6H, m), 1.77-1.86 (2H, m), 2.57 (2H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 3.32-3.44 (3H, m), 3.50-3.70 (4H, m), 3.74 (3H, s), 4.00-4.05 (2H, m), 4.53-4.82 (2H, m), 6.91-7.03 (3H, m), 7.24 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.1 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.86 (1H, s), 8.61 (1H, brs). Example 117 Production of (S)-2-amino-N-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethyl}-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propionamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 115 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.00 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.78-1.86 (2H, m), 2.26 (1H, dd, J=9.3 Hz, 14.5 Hz), 2.65 (1H, dd, J=3.8 Hz, 14.5 Hz), 3.26 (1H, dd, J=3.8 Hz, 9.3 Hz), 3.30-3.55 (4H, m), 3.73 (3H, s), 3.98-4.05 (2H, m), 4.64 (2H, brs), 6.61 (1H, s), 6.87-7.01 (3H, m), 7.22 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.48 (1H, s), 7.57 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.79 (1H, s), 8.13 (1H, brs). Example 118 Production of 1-but-3-enyl-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 using appropriate starting materials. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.09-1.15 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.82-2.03 (2H, m), 2.38-2.64 (2H, m), 3.85 (3H, s), 4.02-4.07 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.55-4.61 (2H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 4.96-5.15 (2H, m), 5.60-5.89 (1H, m), 6.79-7.08 (4H, m), 7.49 (1H, s), 7.61-7.64 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz). Example 119 Production of 3-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]propionaldehyde A dioxane (30 ml)-water (10 ml) solution of 1-but-3-enyl-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one (1.2 g, 3.15 mmol) was prepared. A 2.6-Lutidine (0.674 g, 6.29 mmol), 4% osmic acid solution (1 ml) and sodium periodate (2.69 g, 12.6 mmol) were added to the solution, and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Water was added to the reaction mixture, then the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane, washed with water, and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The dried product was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was then purified using silica gel column chromatography (n-hexane:ethyl acetate=100:0→0:100). The purified product was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a pale yellow powder of 3-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]propionaldehyde (1.0 g, yield: 83%). 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.05-1.10 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.75-1.94 (2H, m), 3.04-3.92 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 3.83 (3H, s), 3.99-4.04 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 4.76-4.81 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 6.82-7.06 (4H, m), 7.49-7.68 (3H, m), 9.81 (1H, s). Example 120 Production of 3-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]propionic acid 3-[5-Fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]propionaldehyde (1.0 g, 2.61 mmol) was dissolved in water (10 ml), tert-butyl alcohol (20 ml) and dichloromethane (20 ml). Sodium chlorite (3.2 g, 35.4 mmol), 2-methyl-2-butene (19.86 gm, 283 mmol) and sodium-dihydrogenphosphate dihydrate (2 g, 2.61 mmol) were added to the resulting solution, and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Water was added to the reaction mixture, the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane, and then washed with water and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The dried product was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:ethyl acetate=50:50→0:100). The purified product was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a pale yellow powder of 3-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]propionic acid (710 mg, yield: 68%). 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.96-1.02 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.62-1.91 (2H, m), 2.75-2.80 (2H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 3.76 (3H, s), 4.01-4.07 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.69-4.75 (2H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 6.90-7.03 (3H, m), 7.22-7.29 (1H, m), 7.59-7.63 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.03 (1H, s). Example 121 Production of 3-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]-N-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]propionamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 33 using appropriate starting materials. Melting point: 191-192° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.99-1.05 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.25-1.50 (2H, m), 1.75-1.90 (2H, m), 2.20-2.45 (2H, m), 2.50-3.00 (15H, m), 3.78 (3H, s), 3.98-4.05 (2H, m), 4.75-5.00 (2H, m), 6.94-7.05 (3H, m), 7.26-7.40 (1H, m), 7.58-7.62 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.88-7.92 (2H, m). Example 122 Production of 2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl 3-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]propionate dihydrochloride 1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-4-methylpiperazine (199 mg, 1.38 mmol), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (310 mg, 1.50 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (168 mg, 1.38 mmol) were added to a DMF solution (10 ml) of 3-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]propionic acid (500 mg, 1.25 mmol) and stirred overnight at room temperature. Water was added to the reaction mixture, the mixture was extracted with dichloromethane and washed with water and then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The dried product was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (ethyl acetate→dichloromethane:methanol=10:1). The residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate and a 4N hydrogen chloride ethylacetate solution was added thereto and stirred. The mixture was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a pale yellow powder of 2-(4-methyl piperazin-1-yl)ethyl 3-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]propionate dihydrochloride (110 mg, yield: 17%). Melting point: 150-152° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.99-1.05 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.69-1.88 (2H, m), 2.78 (3H, s), 2.87-3.04 (2H, m), 3.10-3.60 (10H, m), 3.77 (3H, s), 4.01-4.11 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 4.27-4.44 (2H, m), 4.67-4.94 (2H, m), 6.76-7.09 (3H, m), 7.16-7.33 (1H, m), 7.58-7.63 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.07 (1H, s). Example 123 Production of S-(2-dimethylaminoethyl) 3-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]thiopropionate hydrochloride The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 122 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 50-52° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.97-1.03 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.65-1.88 (2H, m), 2.68 (3H, s), 2.70 (3H, s), 2.93-3.10 (2H, m), 3.11-3.29 (4H, m), 3.76 (3H, s), 4.04-4.09 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.68-4.94 (2H, m), 6.90-7.06 (3H, m), 7.26-7.31 (1H, m), 7.61-7.64 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 8.00 (1H, s), 10.41-10.92 (1H, br). Example 124 Production of 1-(2-bromoethyl)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 17 using appropriate starting materials. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.09-1.15 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.82-2.03 (2H, m), 3.67-3.72 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 3.84 (3H, s), 4.01-4.07 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 4.79-4.85 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 6.88-7.06 (4H, m), 7.53 (1H, s), 7.58-7.63 (2H, m). Example 125 Production of methyl 3-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethylsulfanyl}propionate 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one (3.5 g, 8.98 mmol), methyl 3-mercaptopropionate (1.19 g, 9.88 mmol), and sodium iodide (1.48 g, 9.88 mmol) were added to DMF (30 ml) and stirred at 80° C. for 5 hours. Water and ethyl acetate were added to the reaction mixture, followed by separation. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with water, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane). The purified product was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a pale yellow powder of methyl 3-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethylsulfanyl}propionate (3.2 g, yield: 75%). 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.99-1.05 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 2.65-2.80 (2H, m), 2.54-2.60 (2H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 2.70-2.76 (2H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 2.88-2.93 (2H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 3.56 (3H, s), 3.78 (3H, s), 4.03-4.09 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.68-4.74 (2H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 6.85-7.08 (3H, m), 7.25-7.30 (1H, m), 7.52-7.67 (2H, m), 8.06 (1H, s). Example 126 Production of 3-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethylsulfanyl}propionic acid Lithium hydroxide mono-hydrate (31 mg, 0.74 mmol) and water (5 ml) were added to an acetonitrile solution (10 ml) of methyl 3-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethylsulfanyl}propionate (175 mg, 0.37 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was washed with ethyl acetate, and then 2N hydrochloric acid was added to the water layer to make the mixture acidic. The generated insoluble matter was separated, washed with water and then dried, giving a white powder of 3-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethylsulfanyl}propionic acid (140 mg, yield: 82%). 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.96-1.02 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.70-1.90 (2H, m), 2.42-2.47 (2H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 2.64-2.70 (2H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 2.85-2.90 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 3.74 (3H, s), 3.99-4.04 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.65-4.70 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 6.91-7.02 (3H, m), 7.20-7.26 (1H, m), 7.55-7.60 (2H, m), 8.01 (1H, s), 11.35-12.84 (1H, br). Example 127 Production of 3-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethanesulfonyl}propionic acid 3-{2-[5-Fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethylsulfanyl}propionic acid (2.26 g, 4.92 mmol) was dissolved in a mixed solvent of dichloromethane (100 ml) and methanol (20 ml), m-chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA, purity: 70%, 2.55 g, 10.33 mmol) was added thereto, and the mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The resulting reaction mixture was ice-cooled. An aqueous saturated sodium hydrogen sulfite solution (50 ml) was added to the reaction mixture, followed by extraction with dichloromethane. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with water and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=100:→100:10). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure and subjected to recrystallization from ethyl acetate-n-hexane, giving a pale yellow powder of 3-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethanesulfonyl}propionic acid (2.2 g, yield: 91%). 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.97-1.03 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.73-1.96 (2H, m), 2.64-2.70 (2H, t, J=7.7 Hz), 3.37-3.43 (2H, t, J=7.7 Hz), 3.66-3.72 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 3.77 (3H, s), 4.05-4.11 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 4.94-4.99 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 6.93-7.06 (3H, m), 7.27-7.30 (1H, m), 7.59-7.63 (2H, m), 8.02 (1H, s). Example 128 Production of methyl 3-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethanesulfonyl}propionate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 127 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.07-1.13 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.84-2.03 (2H, m), 2.84-2.89 (2H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 3.27-3.33 (2H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 3.51-3.57 (2H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 3.70 (3H, s), 3.83 (3H, s), 4.05-4.09 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 4.95-5.00 (2H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 6.86-6.94 (3H, m), 7.01-7.08 (1H, m), 7.58-7.64 (2H, m), 7.66 (1H, s). Example 129 Production of 5-fluoro-1-[2-(3-hydroxypropylsulfanyl)ethyl]-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 125 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.07-1.13 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.60-1.75 (2H, m), 1.84-2.03 (2H, m), 2.40-2.60 (2H, m), 2.84-2.89 (2H, m), 3.60-3.75 (2H, m), 3.70 (3H, s), 4.05-4.09 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 4.62-4.80 (2H, m), 6.86-6.94 (3H, m), 7.01-7.08 (1H, m), 7.58-7.64 (2H, m), 7.66 (1H, s). Example 130 Production of 5-fluoro-1-[2-(3-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonyl)ethyl]-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 127 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.97-1.03 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.66-1.94 (4H, m), 3.38-3.53 (2H, m), 3.56-3.71 (2H, m), 3.77 (3H, s), 4.03-4.14 (4H, m), 4.67-4.70 (1H, t, J=5.1 Hz), 4.93-4.99 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 6.93-7.06 (3H, m), 7.26-7.33 (1H, m), 7.59-7.62 (2H, m), 8.01 (1H, s). Example 131 Production of 3-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethanesulfonyl}propionaldehyde O-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX, 1.9 g, 6.78 mmol) was added to a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution (3 ml) of 5-fluoro-1-[2-(3-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonyl)ethyl]-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one (2.7 g, 5.65 mmol) and stirred overnight at room temperature. Water and ethyl acetate were added to the reaction mixture. Subsequently, insoluble matter was filtered off, and the filtrate was then separated. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with water and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (n-hexane:ethyl acetate=2:1→0:1). The purified material was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a white powder of 3-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethanesulfonyl}propionaldehyde (1.8 g, yield: 67%). 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.97-1.03 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.82-2.03 (2H, m), 2.80-3.01 (2H, m), 3.45-3.50 (2H, m), 3.60-3.70 (2H, m), 3.78 (3H, s), 4.03-4.09 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 4.90-5.10 (2H, m), 6.93-7.06 (3H, m), 7.26-7.33 (1H, m), 7.59-7.62 (2H, m), 8.01 (1H, s), 9.67 (1H, s). Example 132 Production of 1-[2-(2-dimethylaminoethylsulfanyl)ethyl]-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one hydrochloride The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 125 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 93-95° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.99-1.05 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.69-1.94 (2H, m), 2.69 (3H, s), 2.71 (3H, s), 2.85-3.04 (4H, m), 3.11-3.28 (2H, m), 3.76 (3H, s), 4.03-4.08 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 4.64-4.87 (2H, m), 6.73-7.09 (3H, m), 7.12-7.34 (1H, m), 7.63-7.67 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.14 (1H, s), 10.62-11.04 (1H, br). Example 133 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-{2-[3-(4-methyl piperazin-1-yl)-3-oxo-propane-1-sulfonyl]ethyl}-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 33 using appropriate starting materials. Melting point: 85-88° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.97-1.03 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.78-1.96 (2H, m), 2.25 (3H, s), 2.29-2.45 (4H, m), 2.75-2.80 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 3.30-3.50 (6H, m), 3.65-3.70 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.05-4.11 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.95-5.00 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 6.91-7.06 (3H, m), 7.27-7.32 (1H, m), 7.60-7.64 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.03 (1H, s). Example 134 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-{2-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propane-1-sulfonyl]ethyl}-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one dihydrochloride N-methylpiperazine (0.455 mg, 4.54 mmol) was added to a methanol solution (20 ml) of 3-{2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]ethanesulfonyl}propionaldehyde (1.8 g, 3.79 mmol) while ice-cooling, and then the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Sodium cyanoborohydride (0.238 g, 3.79 mmol) and acetic acid (2 ml) were added to the resulting mixture and stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. Water was added to the reaction mixture, then the mixture was subjected to extraction using ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with an aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=100:0→10:1). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure, and a 4N hydrogen chloride ethylacetate solution was added to an ethyl acetate solution of the residue. The thus-generated insoluble matter was separated, giving a yellow powder of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-{2-[3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propane-1-sulfonyl]ethyl}-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one dihydrochloride (360 mg, yield: 15%). Melting point: 72-74° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.98-1.04 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.78-1.96 (2H, m), 2.12-2.34 (2H, m), 2.80 (3H, s), 3.00-3.75 (14H, m), 3.77 (3H, s), 4.06-4.12 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.98-5.03 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 6.94-7.07 (3H, m), 7.28-7.33 (1H, m), 7.61-7.64 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.05 (1H, s). Example 135 Production of 8-(2-benzyloxyethoxy)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 3.77 (3H, s), 3.87-3.90 (2H, t, J=4.3 Hz), 4.35-4.38 (2H, t, J=4.3 Hz), 4.58 (2H, s), 6.80-7.00 (3H, m), 7.10-7.32 (6H, m), 7.54-7.57 (2H, m), 7.79-7.82 (1H, d, J=6.2 Hz), 11.49 (1H, d, J=5.2 Hz). Example 136 Production of 5-fluoro-8-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-quinolin-4-one 20% palladium hydroxide/carbon (5.0 g) was added to an ethanol solution (50 ml) of 8-(2-benzyloxyethoxy)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-quinolin-4-one (6.3 g, 15.0 mmol), followed by hydrogen substitution. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. After completion of the reaction, the catalyst was removed and the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=100:0→20:1). The purified material was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a pale yellow powder of 5-fluoro-8-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-quinolin-4-one (5.2 g, yield: 99%). 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 3.77 (3H, s), 3.79-3.83 (2H, t, J=4.7 Hz), 4.12-4.16 (2H, t, J=4.7 Hz), 6.84-6.96 (3H, m), 7.12-7.17 (1H, m), 7.53-7.57 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.85 (1H, s). Example 137 Production of [5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinolin-8-yloxy]acetic acid The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 120 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 3.80 (3H, s), 4.92 (2H, s), 6.85-6.92 (3H, m), 7.11-7.16 (1H, m), 7.53-7.57 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.80-7.82 (1H, d, J=6.2 Hz), 11.46-11.49 (1H, d, J=6.0 Hz), 13.10-13.30 (1H, br). Example 138 Production of N-butyl-2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinolin-8-yloxy]acetamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 33 using appropriate starting materials. Pale brown powder 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.84-0.90 (7.2 Hz), 1.10-1.60 (4H, m), 3.15-3.23 (2H, q, J=6.5 Hz), 3.76 (3H, s), 4.66 (2H, s), 6.87-6.96 (3H, m), 7.11-7.16 (1H, m), 7.55-7.59 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 8.31-8.35 (1H, t, 5.8 Hz), 11.68 (1H, brs). Example 139 Production of 2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinolin-8-yloxy]-N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)acetamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 33 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 180-182° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 2.40-2.50 (2H, m), 3.10-3.14 (2H, m), 4.45 (2H, s), 3.28-3.54 (4H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 3.80-4.21 (4H, m), 6.84-6.95 (3H, m), 7.10-7.15 (1H, m), 7.51-7.54 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.20-8.50 (1H, m). Example 140 Production of ethyl 4-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinolin-8-yloxy]butyrate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.22-1.27 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 2.16-2.26 (2H, m), 2.54-2.59 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 3.81 (3H, s), 4.10-4.20 (4H, m), 6.75-6.94 (4H, m), 7.55-7.72 (2H, m), 7.72-7.75 (1H, d, J=6.1 Hz), 9.49-9.51 (1H, d, J=5.2 Hz). Example 141 Production of 4-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinolin-8-yloxy]butyric acid The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 32 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.89-2.01 (2H, m), 2.42-2.45 (2H, m), 3.69 (3H, s), 4.05-4.10 (2H, t, J=6.1 Hz), 6.76-6.89 (3H, m), 7.02-7.07 (1H, m), 7.45-7.49 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.71-7.73 (1H, d, J=5.4 Hz), 11.21-11.23 (1H, d, J=4.9 Hz), 11.6-12.5 (1H, br). Example 142 Production of N-butyl-4-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinolin-8-yloxy]butylamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 33 using appropriate starting materials. White amorphous 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.79-0.86 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 1.15-1.40 (4H, m), 2.00-2.10 (2H, m), 2.29-2.35 (2H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 2.99-3.10 (2H, m), 3.76 (3H, s), 4.10-4.15 (2H, t, J=6.2 Hz), 6.84-6.95 (3H, m), 7.10-7.16 (1H, m), 7.52-7.56 (2H, t, J=8.6 Hz), 7.70-7.85 (2H, m), 11.27 (1H, brs). Example 143 Production of 4-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-quinolin-8-yloxy]-N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)butylamide hydrochloride The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 33 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 180-182° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 2.02-2.07 (2H, m), 2.40-2.43 (2H, m), 2.94-3.26 (6H, m), 3.28-3.54 (4H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 3.80-4.21 (4H, m), 6.84-6.95 (3H, m), 7.10-7.15 (1H, m), 7.51-7.54 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.20-8.50 (1H, m), 10.60-11.10 (1H, br). Example 144 Production of 3-[4-(2-benzyloxyethoxy)phenyl]-5-fluoro-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting materials. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.03-1.09 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.80-1.91 (2H, m), 3.81-3.85 (2H, m), 4.03-4.08 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.63 (2H, s), 6.79-6.93 (4H, m), 7.30-7.37 (5H, m), 7.53-7.57 (2H, m), 7.69-7.72 (1H, d, J=6.1 Hz), 9.05-9.08 (1H, d, J=5.7 Hz). Example 145 Production of 5-fluoro-3-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 136 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.06-1.09 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.81-1.90 (2H, m), 3.70-3.75 (2H, m), 3.99-4.03 (2H, m), 4.09-4.14 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 4.80-4.93 (1H, m), 6.86-6.97 (3H, m), 7.13-7.18 (1H, m), 7.53-7.57 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.79-7.87 (1H, m), 11.0-11.5 (1H, m). Example 146 Production of ethyl [5-fluoro-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]acetate Ethyl [5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]acetate (4.0 g, 9.6 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (20 ml). A 1M-boron tribromide dichloromethane solution (35 ml, 35 mmol) was added dropwise to the dissolution at −10° C. After stirring at the same temperature for 2 hours, water was added to the reaction mixture, followed by extraction with dichloromethane. The thus-obtained organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=50:1→15:1). The purified product was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a yellow powder of ethyl [5-fluoro-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]acetate (2.7 g, yield: 57%). 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.97 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.19 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 1.69-1.77 (2H, m), 3.95 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.14 (2H, q, J=7.1 Hz), 5.29 (2H, s), 6.76 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 6.97 (1H, dd, J=9.0 Hz, 11.7 Hz), 7.21 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.45 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.95 (1H, s), 9.41 (1H, s). Example 147 Production of [5-fluoro-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]acetic acid The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 32 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.98 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.73-1.82 (2H, m), 3.95 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 5.21 (2H, s), 6.76 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 6.96 (1H, dd, J=9.0 Hz, 11.6 Hz), 7.20 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.45 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.95 (1H, s), 9.40 (1H, s), 12.50 (1H, brs). Example 148 Production of 2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]-N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)acetamide 4-(2-Aminoethyl)morpholine (184 mg, 1.41 mmol), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (WSC, 295 mg, 1.54 mmol) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT, 215 mg, 1.41 mmol) were added to a DMF solution (7 ml) of [5-fluoro-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]acetic acid (500 mg, 1.34 mmol) and then the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 23 hours. Water and triethylamine were added to the reaction mixture to make the reaction mixture basic, followed by extraction using ethyl acetate. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=30:1→10:1). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was recrystallized from ethyl acetate, giving a white powder of 2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]-N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)acetamide (157 mg, yield: 24%). 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.94 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.70-1.78 (2H, m), 2.29-2.33 (6H, m), 3.17 (2H, q, J=6.3 Hz), 3.44-3.52 (4H, m), 3.92 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 5.12 (2H, s), 6.75 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 6.94 (1H, dd, J=8.9 Hz, 11.6 Hz), 7.16 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.44 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.83 (1H, s), 7.91 (1H, t, J=5.4 Hz), 9.50 (1H, s). Example 149 Production of ethyl (4-{5-fluoro-1-[(2-morpholin-4-ylethylcarbamoyl)methyl]-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinolin-3-yl}phenoxy)acetate Potassium carbonate (129 mg, 0.93 mmol) and ethyl bromoacetate (114 mg, 0.68 mmol) were added to a DMF solution (4 ml) of 2-[5-fluoro-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl]-N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)acetamide (300 mg, 0.62 mmol), followed by stirring at room temperature for 87 hours. Water and ethyl acetate were added to the reaction mixture and the reaction mixture was then subjected to separation. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=50:1→20:1). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure, giving a pale yellow oily substance of ethyl [(4-{5-fluoro-1-[(2-morpholin-4-ylethylcarbamoyl)methyl]-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinolin-3-yl}phenoxy)acetate (306 mg, yield: 87%). 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.02 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.30 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 1.79-1.88 (2H, m), 2.30-2.43 (6H, m), 3.35 (2H, q, J=6.0 Hz), 3.48-3.52 (4H, m), 3.91 (2H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 4.26 (2H, q, J=7.1 Hz), 4.59 (2H, s), 5.00 (2H, s), 6.76-6.96 (5H, m), 7.37 (1H, s), 7.51 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz). Example 150 Production of 2-(4-{5-fluoro-1-[(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethylcarbamoyl)methyl]-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinolin-3-yl}phenoxy)acetamide Ethyl (4-{5-fluoro-1-[(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethylcarbamoyl) methyl]-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinolin-3-yl}phenoxy)acetate (300 mg) was added to a 7N ammonia-methanol solution (15 ml) and then stirred at 70° C. for 43 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=50:1→9:1→ethyl acetate:methanol=10:1). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was recrystallized from ethyl acetate-n-hexane, giving a pale yellow powder of 2-(4-{5-fluoro-1-[(2-morpholin-4-yl-ethylcarbamoyl)methyl]-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinolin-3-yl}phenoxy)acetamide (100 mg, yield: 35%) 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.95 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.72-1.81 (2H, m), 2.32-2.34 (6H, m), 3.18 (2H, q, J=6.5 Hz), 3.50-3.54 (4H, m), 3.94 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 4.43 (2H, s), 5.14 (2H, s), 6.92-7.00 (3H, m), 7.19 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.39 (1H, s), 7.53 (1H, s), 7.59 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.91-7.93 (2H, brs). Example 151 Production of ethyl (5-fluoro-4-oxo-8-propoxy-3-{4-[2-(tetrahydropyran-2-yloxy)ethoxy]phenyl}-4H-quinolin-1-yl)acetate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 149 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.05 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.27 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 1.53-1.74 (6H, m), 1.80-1.88 (2H, m), 3.50-3.60 (1H, m), 3.83-3.91 (2H, m), 3.95 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 4.03-4.08 (1H, m), 4.16-4.28 (4H, m), 4.72 (1H, brs), 5.10 (2H, s), 6.84-7.00 (4H, m), 7.35 (1H, s), 7.58 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz). Example 152 Production of ethyl {5-fluoro-3-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl}acetate 2N hydrochloric acid (6.3 ml) was added to an ethanol solution (20 ml) of ethyl (5-fluoro-4-oxo-8-propoxy-3-{4-[2-(tetrahydropyran-2-yloxy)ethoxy]phenyl}-4H-quinolin-1-yl)acetate (840 mg, 1.59 mmol) and stirred at 50° C. for 2 hours. The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature and then concentrated under reduced pressure. Ethyl acetate and water were added to the residue, followed by separation. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=30:1→15:1). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure, giving a pale yellow oily substance of ethyl {5-fluoro-3-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl}acetate (627 mg, yield: 89%). 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.05 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.27 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 1.79-1.88 (3H, m), 3.92-3.98 (4H, m), 4.08-4.12 (2H, m), 4.24 (2H, q, J=7.1 Hz), 5.10 (2H, s), 6.84-7.00 (4H, m), 7.35 (1H, s), 7.58 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz). Example 153 Production of {5-fluoro-3-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl}acetic acid The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 32 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.98 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.71-1.85 (2H, m), 3.72 (2H, m), 3.93-4.02 (4H, m), 4.87 (1H, brs), 5.22 (2H, s), 6.93-7.02 (3H, m), 7.22 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.57 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.00 (1H, s), 12.50 (1H, brs). Example 154 Production of 2-{5-fluoro-3-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl]-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-yl}-N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)acetamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 148 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.95 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.72-1.79 (2H, m), 2.30-2.40 (6H, m), 3.18 (2H, q, J=5.9 Hz), 3.50-3.53 (4H, m), 3.69-3.74 (2H, m), 3.91-4.00 (4H, m), 4.91 (1H, t, J=5.4 Hz), 5.14 (2H, s), 6.92-6.98 (3H, m), 7.18 (1H, dd, J=4.4 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.57 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.90-7.93 (2H, brs). Example 155 Production of ethyl 4-[4-(5-fluoro-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydro-quinolin-3-yl)phenoxy]butyrate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting materials. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.07-1.13 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.25-1.31 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 1.87-1.98 (2H, m), 2.10-2.17 (2H, m), 2.51-2.57 (2H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 4.00-4.21 (6H, m), 6.83-6.93 (4H, m), 7.55-7.59 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz), 7.72-7.75 (1H, d, J=6.1 Hz), 8.93 (1H, brs). Example 156 Production of 4-[4-(5-fluoro-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)phenoxy]butyric acid The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 32 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.93-1.00 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.69-1.91 (4H, m), 2.28-2.34 (2H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 3.89-3.94 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 4.00-4.05 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 6.67-6.87 (3H, m), 7.03-7.08 (1H, m), 7.43-7.47 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.71-7.73 (1H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 11.18-11.20 (1H, d, J=6.0 Hz), 11.5-12.2 (1H, br). Example 157 Production of N-butyl-4-[4-(5-fluoro-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)phenoxy]butylamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 33 using appropriate starting materials. White amorphous 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.81-0.87 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.01-1.08 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.20-1.40 (4H, m), 1.80-1.95 (4H, m), 2.19-2.25 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 3.00-3.40 (2H, m), 3.93-3.99 (2H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 4.07-4.13 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 6.84-6.93 (3H, m), 7.11-7.16 (1H, m), 7.51-7.54 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.82 (2H, m), 11.24 (1H, brs). Example 158 Production of [4-(5-fluoro-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)phenoxy]acetic acid The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 using appropriate starting materials. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.03-1.09 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.78-1.92 (2H, m), 4.09-4.14 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 4.70 (2H, s), 6.86-6.97 (3H, m), 7.13-7.18 (1H, m), 7.51-7.56 (2H, m), 7.80-7.83 (1H, d, J=6.3 Hz), 11.27-11.29 (1H, d, J=6.0 Hz), 12.99 (1H, brs). Example 159 Production of N-butyl-2-[4-(5-fluoro-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)phenoxy]acetamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 33 using appropriate starting materials. White powder 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.83-0.88 (3H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 1.02-1.08 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.23-1.50 (4H, m), 1.80-1.88 (2H, m), 3.08-3.16 (2H, m), 4.08-4.13 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 4.47 (2H, s), 6.85-6.97 (3H, m), 7.12-7.17 (1H, m), 7.53-7.56 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.80 (1H, s), 8.03-8.08 (1H, t, J=5.5 Hz), 11.24 (1H, brs). Example 160 Production of 4-(5-fluoro-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)benzaldehyde The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 using appropriate starting materials. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.11 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.86-2.00 (2H, m), 4.12 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 6.85-6.98 (2H, m), 7.84-7.93 (5H, m), 8.90 (1H, brs), 10.02 (1H, s). Example 161 Production of 5-fluoro-3-[4-(4-morpholin-4-ylpiperidine-1-carbonyl)phenyl]-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 106 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.01 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.74-1.86 (2H, m), 2.32-2.35 (4H, m), 2.59 (2H, t, J=5.4 Hz), 3.51-3.54 (4H, m), 4.04 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.50 (2H, d, J=4.5 Hz), 4.66 (2H, d, J=5.4 Hz), 5.22 (1H, brs), 6.99 (1H, dd, J=8.9 Hz, 11.6 Hz), 7.22-7.33 (3H, m), 7.61 (2H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.97 (1H, s). Example 162 Production of 4-(5-fluoro-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)-N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)benzamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 73 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.02 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.75-1.89 (2H, m), 2.38-2.50 (6H, m), 3.38 (2H, q, J=6.3 Hz), 3.53-3.61 (4H, m), 4.08 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 6.92 (1H, dd, J=8.7 Hz, 12.0 Hz), 7.15 (1H, dd, J=3.9 Hz, 8.8 Hz), 7.71 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.89 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.94 (1H, s), 8.41 (1H, t, J=5.5 Hz), 11.46 (1H, brs). Example 163 Production of 5-fluoro-3-[4-(4-morpholin-4-yl-piperidine-1-carbonyl)phenyl]-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 73 using appropriate starting materials. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.02 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.30-1.38 (2H, m), 1.75-1.89 (4H, m), 2.34-2.49 (4H, m), 2.79-3.02 (2H, m), 3.61-3.69 (6H, m), 4.08 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 4.42 (1H, brs), 6.92 (1H, dd, J=8.8 Hz, 12.0 Hz), 7.15 (1H, dd, J=3.9 Hz, 8.8 Hz), 7.37 (2H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.67 (2H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.92 (1H, s), 11.45 (1H, brs). Example 164 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinoline-2-carbaldehyde The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 using appropriate starting materials. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.10-1.16 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.86-2.00 (2H, m), 3.86 (3H, s), 4.02-4.07 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 6.72-6.91 (1H, m), 6.92-7.05 (3H, m), 7.31-7.43 (2H, m), 9.25 (1H, brs), 9.77 (1H, s). Example 165 Production of methyl 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinoline-2-carboxylic acid The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 using appropriate starting materials. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.10-1.16 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.85-2.05 (2H, m), 3.70 (3H, s), 3.85 (3H, s), 4.10-4.15 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 6.75-6.99 (4H, m), 7.12-7.22 (2H, m), 9.36 (1H, brs). Example 166 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinoline-2-carboxylic acid The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 32 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.00-1.06 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.69-1.92 (2H, m), 3.76 (3H, s), 4.10-4.15 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 6.88-6.97 (3H, m), 7.12-7.23 (3H, m), 10.78 (1H, brs), 13.00-15.00 (1H, br). Example 167 Production of 2-hydroxyethyl 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinoline-2-carboamide Ethanolamine (10 ml) was added to methyl 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinoline-2-carboxylic acid (3.2 g, 7.78 mmol) and stirred at 100° C. for 3 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=100:0→20:1). The purified material was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a pale yellow amorphous solid of 2-hydroxyethyl 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinoline-2-carboamide (3.0 g, yield: 93%). 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.99-1.05 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.69-1.95 (2H, m), 2.92-3.17 (4H, m), 3.76 (3H, s), 4.08-4.13 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.32-4.57 (1H, m), 6.86-6.93 (3H, m), 7.15-7.21 (3H, m), 8.13-8.33 (1H, m), 11.09 (1H, brs). Example 168 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinoline-2-carboxy-(2-chloroethyl)amide Triphenyl phosphine (2.47 g, 9.8 mmol) and carbon tetrachloride (1.4 g, 9.1 mmol) were added to a THF solution (30 ml) of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-2-carboxy-(2-hydroxyethyl)amide (3.0 g, 7.24 mmol) and heated under reflux for 2 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, and water was then added thereto, followed by extraction with dichloromethane. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=100:0→20:1). The purified material was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a white powder of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinoline-2-carboxy-(2-chloroethyl)amide (1.8 g, yield: 58%). 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.99-1.04 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.75-1.89 (2H, m), 3.20-3.30 (4H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.08-4.13 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 6.86-6.95 (3H, m), 7.16-7.21 (3H, m), 8.64-8.69 (1H, t, J=5.4 Hz), 11.14 (1H, s). Example 169 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinoline-2-carboxy-(2-hydroxyethyl)methyl amide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 167 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 100-1.10 (3H, m), 1.83-1.95 (2H, m), 3.42-3.54 (5H, m), 3.60-3.65 (2H, m), 3.80 (1.2H, s), 3.82 (1.8H, s), 3.99-4.00 (0.8H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.06-4.12 (1.2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 6.75-6.96 (4H, m), 7.32-7.45 (2H, m), 8.89 (0.6H, brs), 9.31 (0.4H, brs). Example 170 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinoline-2-carboxy-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl]amide N-methylpiperazine (276 mg, 2.76 mmol), sodium iodide (440 mg, 2.9 mmol) and potassium carbonate (572 mg, 4.14 mmol) were added to a DMF solution (8 ml) of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinoline-2-carboxy-(2-chloroethyl)amide (600 mg, 1.38 mmol) and stirred overnight at 80° C. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, and water was then added thereto, followed by extraction using chloroform. The thus-obtained organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was then purified using medium pressure liquid chromatography (NH silica gel, dichloromethane:methanol=100:0→10:1). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure, giving a white powder of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydro-quinoline-2-carboxy-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl]amide (100 mg, yield: 14%). Melting point: 106-107° C. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.10-1.16 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.90-1.99 (2H, m), 2.21-2.80 (13H, m), 3.28-3.35 (2H, m), 3.85 (3H, s), 4.08-4.14 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 6.25-6.50 (1H, brs), 6.79-7.05 (4H, m), 7.28-7.32 (2H, m), 9.77-10.1 (1H, br). Example 171 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinoline-2-carboxy-[2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl]amide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 170 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 111-112° C. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.10-1.16 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.88-2.00 (2H, m), 2.17-2.25 (6H, m), 3.29-3.35 (2H, m), 3.54-3.58 (4H, m), 3.84 (3H, s), 4.08-4.14 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 6.35-6.50 (1H, m), 6.79-7.05 (4H, m), 7.28-7.34 (2H, m), 9.96 (1H, s). Example 172 Production of 5-fluoro-2-{[(2-hydroxyethyl)methylamino]methyl}-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 134 using appropriate starting materials. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.07-1.13 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.83-1.92 (2H, m), 2.32 (3H, s), 2.61-2.65 (2H, t, J=5.5 Hz), 3.75-3.80 (2H, m), 3.82 (3H, s), 4.04-4.12 (3H, m), 6.72-6.94 (4H, m), 7.13-7.17 (2H, m), 10.03 (1H, brs). Example 173 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-2-(4-pyridin-2-yl-piperazin-1-ylmethyl)-1H-quinolin-4-one 1-(2-Pyridyl)piperazine (551 mg, 3.38 mmol) was added to a 1,2-dichloromethane solution (20 ml) of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinoline-2-carbaldehyde (800 mg, 2.25 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (670 mg, 3.16 mmol) was added to the resulting mixture and stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. Dichloromethane was added to the resulting reaction mixture, washed with water, and then the mixture was dried over sodium sulfate. Thereafter, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was then purified using NH silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:ethyl acetate=1:1). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was recrystallized from ethyl acetate-n-hexane, giving a white powder of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-2-(4-pyridin-2-yl-piperazin-1-ylmethyl)-1H-quinolin-4-one (400 mg, yield: 35%). Melting point: 211-212° C. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.06-1.13 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.84-1.93 (2H, m), 2.63-2.67 (4H, m), 3.50-3.65 (6H, m), 3.89 (3H, s), 4.06-4.11 (2H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 6.93-6.68 (2H, m), 6.76-6.98 (4H, m), 7.16-7.20 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.45-7.56 (1H, m), 8.18-8.21 (1H, m), 10.0-10.2 (1H, brs). Example 174 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-2-(4-pyridin-4-yl-piperazin-1-ylmethyl)-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 173 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 210-211° C. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.05-1.11 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.81-1.95 (2H, m), 2.66-2.70 (4H, m), 3.38-3.42 (4H, m), 3.56 (2H, s), 3.83 (3H, s), 4.06-4.11 (2H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 6.66-6.69 (2H, d, J=5.3 Hz), 6.76-6.97 (4H, m), 7.15-7.19 (2H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 8.28-8.30 (2H, d, J=5.3 Hz), 9.90-10.2 (1H, brs). Example 175 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl]-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 173 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 205-206° C. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.06-1.12 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.85-1.93 (2H, m), 2.39 (3H, s), 2.62-2.64 (4H, m), 3.53 (2H, s), 3.55-3.70 (4H, m), 3.83 (3H, s), 4.05-4.10 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 6.41-6.44 (1H, d, J=8.4 Hz), 6.50-6.53 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 6.75-6.96 (4H, m), 7.16-7.20 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.37-7.41 (1H, m), 10.2 (1H, s). Example 176 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl]-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 173 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 205-207° C. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.05-1.11 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.81-1.95 (2H, m), 2.46 (3H, s), 2.60-2.70 (4H, m), 3.30-3.40 (4H, m), 3.54 (2H, s), 3.82 (3H, s), 4.05-4.10 (2H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 6.45-6.55 (2H, m), 6.74-6.95 (4H, m), 7.13-7.17 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 8.17-8.19 (1H, d, J=5.9 Hz), 10.04 (1H, s). Example 177 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-methyl-[1,4]diazepam-1-ylmethyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 173 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 243-244° C. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.13-1.20 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.50-1.70 (2H, m), 2.30-2.60 (3H, m), 2.70-2.90 (6H, m), 3.40-3.77 (4H, m), 3.83 (3H, s), 4.11-4.16 (2H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 6.76-6.96 (4H, m), 7.08-7.12 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 9.60 (1H, s). Example 178 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-[(2-morpholin-4-ylethylamino)methyl]-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 173 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 135-137° C. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.11-1.17 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.87-2.15 (3H, m), 2.39-2.42 (4H, m), 2.46-2.51 (2H, t, J=5.7 Hz), 2.64-2.68 (2H, t, J=5.7 Hz), 3.65-3.68 (4H, t, J=4.6 Hz), 3.74 (2H, s), 3.83 (3H, s), 4.07-4.12 (2H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 6.74-6.96 (4H, m), 7.16-7.20 (2H, m), 10.35 (1H, s). Example 179 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-{[methyl-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)amino]methyl}-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 173 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 127-128° C. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.10-1.17 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.86-2.00 (2H, m), 2.30-2.42 (7H, m), 2.46-2.52 (2H, m), 2.58-2.64 (2H, m), 3.52 (2H, s), 3.52-3.63 (4H, t, J=4.6 Hz), 3.83 (3H, s), 4.08-4.13 (2H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 6.75-6.96 (4H, m), 7.13-7.18 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 10.11 (1H, s). Example 180 Production of 2-{[(2-chloroethyl)methylamino]methyl}-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 168 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 100-1.10 (3H, m), 1.83-1.95 (2H, m), 2.26 (3H, s), 2.64 (2H, m), 3.03 (2H, s), 3.48 2H, m), 3.82 (3H, s), 4.08-4.13 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 6.75-6.96 (4H, m), 7.32-7.45 (2H, m), 8.89 (0.6H, brs), 9.31 (0.4H, brs). Example 181 Production of 5-fluoro-2-hydroxymethyl-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one A dichloromethane solution (30 ml) of methyl 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinoline-2-carboxylate (5.0 g, 13 mmol) was cooled to −78° C., and hydrogenated diisobutylaluminium (DIBAL-H, 1M toluene solution, 30 ml) was added thereto dropwise under a nitrogen atmosphere. After completion of the addition, the mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was heated to room temperature, and 5N sodium hydroxide was added thereto, followed by extraction with dichloromethane. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with water, dried over sodium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=10:1). The purified material was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a yellow amorphous solid of 5-fluoro-2-hydroxymethyl-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one (4.8 g, yield: 85%). 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.04-1.10 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.83-1.92 (2H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.02-4.07 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.39 (2H, s), 4.67 (1H, brs), 6.71-6.83 (4H, m), 6.95-6.98 (2H, m), 9.82 (1H, s). Example 182 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-morpholin-4-ylmethyl-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 173 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 175-176° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.09-1.14 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.78-1.94 (2H, m), 2.32-2.47 (4H, m), 3.47 (2H, s), 3.55-3.68 (4H, m), 3.77 (3H, s), 4.12-4.16 (2H, t, J=6.2 Hz), 6.79-7.00 (3H, m), 7.06-7.14 (2H, m), 7.15-7.25 (1H, m), 10.21 (1H, brs). Example 183 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 173 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 204-205° C. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.18-1.24 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.86-2.08 (2H, m), 2.31 (3H, s), 2.36-2.79 (8H, m), 3.49 (2H, s), 3.84 (3H, s), 4.08-4.13 (2H, t, J=6.2 Hz), 6.68-7.00 (4H, m), 7.11-7.22 (2H, m), 10.21 (1H, brs). Example 184 Production of 4-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]butyric acid The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 32 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 154-156° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.99 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.65-1.71 (2H, m), 1.79-1.87 (2H, m), 2.09 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 2.57 (2H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 3.76 (3H, s), 4.13 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 6.81-6.94 (3H, m), 7.06 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.14 (1H, dd, J=4.0 Hz, 8.8 Hz), 10.40 (1H, brs). Example 185 Production of N-butyl-4-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]butylamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 33 using appropriate starting materials. Pale yellow powder (diethyl ether) Melting point: 134-136° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.82 (3H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 1.00 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.19-1.30 (4H, m), 1.64-1.70 (2H, m), 1.84 (2H, q, J=6.9 Hz), 1.98-2.03 (2H, m), 2.48-2.56 (2H, m), 2.94-2.99 (2H, m), 3.75 (3H, s), 4.10 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 6.81-6.93 (3H, m), 7.05-7.15 (3H, m), 7.82 (1H, t, J=5.0 Hz), 10.97 (1H, brs). Example 186 Production of 5-fluoro-8-propoxy-3-pyrimidin-5-yl-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 using appropriate starting materials. Melting point: >250° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.06 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.75-2.00 (2H, m), 4.14 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 6.99 (1H, dd, J=8.8, 12.0 Hz), 7.23 (1H, dd, J=3.9, 8.8 Hz), 8.12 (1H, s), 9.08 (2H, s), 9.10 (1H, s), 11.68 (1H, s). Example 187 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 using appropriate starting materials. Melting point: 223-225° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.06 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.75-1.95 (2H, m), 3.87 (3H, s), 4.11 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 6.90 (1H, dd, J=8.7, 12.0 Hz), 7.13 (1H, dd, J=3.9, 8.7 Hz), 7.95 (1H, s), 8.08 (1H, d, J=5.4 Hz), 8.37 (1H, s), 11.36 (1H, d, J=5.4 Hz). Example 188 Production of di-tert-butyl 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl phosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 23 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.11 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.36 (18H, s), 1.85-2.05 (2H, m), 3.83 (3H, s), 4.07 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 6.32 (2H, d, J=13.0 Hz), 6.90-7.00 (3H, m), 7.07 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 9.0 Hz), 7.63 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.79 (1H, s). Example 189 Production of di-tert-butyl 3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-fluoro-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl phosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 23 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.11 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.37 (18H, s), 1.85-2.05 (2H, m), 4.08 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 6.30 (2H, d, J=12.6 Hz), 6.99 (1H, dd, J=9.0, 10.7 Hz), 7.13 (1H, dd, J=4.4, 9.0 Hz), 7.27 (1H, dd, J=2.1, 8.3 Hz), 7.37 (1H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 7.47 (1H, d, J=2.1 Hz), 7.75 (1H, s). Example 190 Production of di-tert-butyl 3-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-8-ethoxy-5-fluoro-4-oxo-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl phosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 23 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.37 (18H, s), 1.54 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 3.76 (3H, s), 3.83 (3H, s), 4.18 (2H, q, J=7.0 Hz), 6.28 (2H, d, J=11.9 Hz), 6.50-6.60 (2H, m), 6.93 (1H, dd, J=9.0, 10.9 Hz), 7.07 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 9.0 Hz), 7.34 (1H, d, J=9.0 Hz), 7.72 (1H, s). Example 191 Production of di-tert-butyl 3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-5-fluoro-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl phosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 23 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.11 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 1.36 (18H, s), 1.42 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 1.85-2.05 (2H, m), 4.00-4.15 (4H, m), 6.32 (2H, d, J=13.0 Hz), 6.80-7.00 (3H, m), 7.08 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 9.0 Hz), 7.61 (2H, t, J=8.9 Hz), 7.78 (1H, s). Example 192 Production of di-tert-butyl 8-(cyclohexylmethylamino)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl phosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 23 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.02-1.90 (28H, m), 2.50-2.75 (1H, m), 2.78 (3H, s), 3.84 (3H, s), 5.97 (1H, dd, J=9.4, 10.7 Hz), 6.80-7.05 (3H, m), 7.42 (1H, dd, J=5.1, 8.8 Hz), 7.51 (1H, dd, J=9.4, 12.1 Hz), 7.64 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.71 (1H, s). Example 193 Production of di-tert-butyl 5-fluoro-3-(2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl phosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 23 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.11 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 1.36 (18H, s), 1.85-2.05 (2H, m), 3.82 (3H, s), 4.07 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 6.30 (2H, d, J=12.6 Hz), 6.60-6.80 (2H, m), 6.96 (1H, dd, J=9.0, 10.8 Hz), 7.10 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 9.0 Hz), 7.51 (1H, t, J=8.4 Hz), 7.79 (1H, s). Example 194 Production of di-tert-butyl 8-cyclopropylmethoxy-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl phosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 23 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 0.35-0.50 (2H, m), 0.60-0.75 (2H, m), 1.25-1.45 (19H, m), 3.83 (3H, s), 3.95 (2H, d, J=7.1 Hz), 6.40 (2H, d, J=13.1 Hz), 6.85-7.00 (3H, m), 7.04 (1H, dd, J=4.6, 9.0 Hz), 7.63 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.79 (1H, s). Example 195 Production of di-tert-butyl 8-ethoxy-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl phosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 23 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.36 (18H, s), 1.55 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 3.83 (3H, s), 4.19 (2H, q, J=7.0 Hz), 6.33 (2H, d, J=12.8 Hz), 6.90-7.00 (3H, m), 7.08 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 9.0 Hz), 7.63 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.77 (1H, s). Example 196 Production of di-tert-butyl 8-cyclobutylmethoxy-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl phosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 23 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.36 (18H, s), 1.85-2.10 (4H, m), 2.15-2.30 (2H, m), 2.85-3.00 (1H, m), 3.83 (3H, s), 4.07 (2H, d, J=7.0 Hz), 6.30 (2H, d, J=13.2 Hz), 6.90-7.00 (3H, m), 7.07 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 9.0 Hz), 7.63 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.79 (1H, s). Example 197 Production of di-tert-butyl 5,6-difluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl phosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 23 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.12 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.36 (18H, s), 1.90-2.05 (2H, m), 3.83 (3H, s), 4.06 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 6.28 (2H, d, J=13.2 Hz), 6.94 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.02 (1H, dd, J=6.8, 11.6 Hz), 7.62 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.78 (1H, s). Example 198 Production of di-tert-butyl 5-fluoro-3-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl phosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 23 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.11 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 1.37 (18H, s), 1.85-2.00 (2H, m), 3.93 (3H, s), 4.06 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 6.34 (2H, d, J=13.1 Hz), 6.94 (1H, dd, J=9.0, 11.1 Hz), 7.06 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 9.0 Hz), 7.81 (1H, s), 8.01 (1H, s), 8.38 (1H, s). Example 199 Production of di-tert-butyl 5-fluoro-4-oxo-8-propoxy-3-pyrimidin-5-yl-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl phosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 23 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.13 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 1.36 (18H, s), 1.90-2.10 (2H, m), 4.10 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 6.36 (2H, d, J=13.8 Hz), 7.01 (1H, dd, J=9.0, 10.9 Hz), 7.16 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 9.0 Hz), 7.96 (1H, s), 9.08 (2H, s), 9.15 (1H, s). Example 200 Production of [5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 24 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.02 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.75-1.90 (2H, m), 3.77 (3H, s), 4.07 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 6.26 (2H, d, J=11.2 Hz), 6.96 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.06 (1H, dd, J=9.1, 11.6 Hz), 7.33 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 9.1 Hz), 7.58 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 8.00 (1H, s). Example 201 Production of [3-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-5-fluoro-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 24 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.04 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.80-1.95 (2H, m), 4.10 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 6.24 (2H, d, J=11.2 Hz), 7.13 (1H, dd, J=9.0, 11.4 Hz), 7.40 (1H, dd, J=4.6, 9.0 Hz), 7.42 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.52 (1H, dd, J=2.1, 8.2 Hz), 7.69 (1H, d, J=2.1 Hz), 7.97 (1H, s). Example 202 Production of [3-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-8-ethoxy-5-fluoro-4-oxo-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 24 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.45 (3H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 3.69 (3H, s), 3.80 (3H, s), 4.19 (2H, q, J=6.9 Hz), 6.20 (2H, d, J=9.7 Hz), 6.56 (1H, dd, J=2.4, 8.2 Hz), 6.61 (1H, d, J=2.4 Hz), 7.07 (1H, dd, J=9.0, 11.5 Hz), 7.16 (1H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 7.35 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 9.0 Hz), 7.80 (1H, s). Example 203 Production of [3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-5-fluoro-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 24 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.05 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.35 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 1.75-1.95 (2H, m), 4.00-4.15 (4H, m), 6.28 (2H, d, J=11.2 Hz), 6.96 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.08 (1H, dd, J=9.0, 11.6 Hz), 7.35 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 9.0 Hz), 7.59 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.03 (1H, s). Example 204 Production of [5-fluoro-3-(2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 24 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.04 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.75-1.95 (2H, m), 3.81 (3H, s), 4.09 (2H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 6.24 (2H, d, J=10.9 Hz), 6.75-7.00 (2H, m), 7.11 (1H, dd, J=9.0, 11.4 Hz), 7.24-7.50 (2H, m), 7.95 (1H, s). Example 205 Production of [8-cyclopropylmethoxy-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 24 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.35-0.45 (2H, m), 0.55-0.70 (2H, m), 1.30-1.45 (1H, m), 3.79 (3H, s), 3.99 (2H, d, J=7.2 Hz), 6.36 (2H, d, J=11.2 Hz), 6.98 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.07 (1H, dd, J=9.0, 11.6 Hz), 7.33 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 9.0 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 8.03 (1H, s). Example 206 Production of [8-ethoxy-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 24 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.45 (3H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 3.79 (3H, s), 4.19 (2H, q, J=6.9 Hz), 6.28 (2H, d, J=10.8 Hz), 6.98 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.08 (1H, dd, J=9.0, 11.6 Hz), 7.36 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 9.0 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 8.03 (1H, s). Example 207 Production of [8-cyclobutylmethoxy-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 24 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.60-2.20 (6H, m), 2.70-2.95 (1H, m), 3.79 (3H, s), 4.11 (2H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 6.25 (2H, d, J=11.5 Hz), 6.97 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.08 (1H, dd, J=9.0, 11.5 Hz), 7.35 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 9.Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 8.02 (1H, s). Example 208 Production of [5,6-difluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 24 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.04 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.705-2.00 (2H, m), 3.78 (3H, s), 4.12 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 6.25 (2H, d, J=11.5 Hz), 6.98 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.50-7.70 (3H, m), 8.07 (1H, s). Example 209 Production of [8-(cyclohexylmethylamino)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 24 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.75-2.00 (10H, m), 3.79 (3H, s), 3.83 (3H, s), 3.90-4.60 (1H, m), 5.85 (1H, d, J=9.5 Hz), 6.48 (1H, d, J=9.5 Hz), 7.00 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.33 (1H, dd, J=8.6, 11.6 Hz), 7.52 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 8.16 (1H, dd, J=3.2, 8.6 Hz), 8.22 (1H, s). Example 210 Production of [5-fluoro-3-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 24 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.04 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.75-1.95 (2H, m), 3.80-4.15 (5H, m), 6.29 (2H, d, J=10.5 Hz), 7.07 (1H, dd, J=9.0, 11.6 Hz), 7.32 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 9.0 Hz), 7.87 (1H, s), 8.31 (1H, s), 8.32 (1H, s). Example 211 Production of (5-fluoro-4-oxo-8-propoxy-3-pyrimidin-5-yl-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl)monophosphate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 24 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.05 (3H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 1.75-1.95 (2H, m), 4.11 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 6.32 (2H, d, J=12.0 Hz), 7.17 (1H, dd, J=9.1, 11.4 Hz), 7.43 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 9.1 Hz), 8.39 (1H, s), 9.10 (2H, s), 9.13 (1H, s). Example 212 Production of [5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate disodium salt The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 25 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 204-206° C. 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) δ ppm: 0.97 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.75-1.85 (2H, m), 3.76 (3H, s), 4.00 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 6.04 (2H, d, J=9.1 Hz), 6.90-7.05 (3H, m), 7.18 (1H, dd, J=4.6, 9.1 Hz), 7.42 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 8.14 (1H, s). Example 213 Production of [3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-fluoro-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate disodium salt Melting point: 208-210° C. The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 25 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) δ ppm: 0.96 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 1.75-1.95 (2H, m), 4.07 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 6.08 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.05 (1H, dd, J=9.1, 12.2 Hz), 7.30 (1H, dd, J=4.7, 9.1 Hz), 7.32-7.40 (2H, m), 7.50-7.55 (1H, m), 8.21 (1H, s). Example 214 Production of [3-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-8-ethoxy-5-fluoro-4-oxo-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate disodium salt The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 25 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 205-207° C. 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) δ ppm: 1.40 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 3.66 (3H, s), 3.77 (3H, s), 4.16 (2H, q, J=7.0 Hz), 6.03 (2H, d, J=8.2 Hz), 6.55-6.65 (2H, m), 7.02 (1H, dd, J=9.0, 12.3 Hz), 7.17 (1H, d, J=9.0 Hz), 7.28 (1H, dd, J=4.7, 9.0 Hz), 8.09 (1H, s). Example 215 Production of [5-fluoro-3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate disodium salt The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 25 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 200-202° C. 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) δ ppm: 0.93 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 1.27 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 1.70-1.90 (2H, m), 3.95-4.10 (4H, m), 6.03 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 6.90-7.05 (3H, m), 7.20 (1H, dd, J=4.6, 9.1 Hz), 7.40 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 8.15 (1H, s). Example 216 Production of [5-fluoro-3-(2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate disodium salt The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 25 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 208-210° C. 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) δ ppm: 0.57 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.70-1.85 (2H, m), 3.69 (3H, s), 3.96 (2H, d, J=6.7 Hz), 5.98 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 6.65-6.75 (2H, m), 6.95 (1H, dd, J=8.4, 12.2 Hz), 7.15-7.30 (2H, m), 8.12 (1H, s). Example 217 Production of [8-cyclopropylmethoxy-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate disodium salt The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 25 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 202-204° C. 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) δ ppm: 0.20-0.35 (2H, m), 0.40-0.60 (2H, m), 1.20-1.45 (1H, m), 3.73 (3H, s), 3.90 (2H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 6.09 (2H, d, J=9.2 Hz), 6.80-7.05 (3H, m), 7.21 (1H, dd, J=4.7, 9.0 Hz), 7.40 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.15 (1H, s). Example 218 Production of [8-ethoxy-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate disodium salt The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 25 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 206-208° C. 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) δ ppm: 1.38 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 3.73 (3H, s), 4.10 (2H, q, J=7.0 Hz), 6.01 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz), 6.90-7.05 (3H, m), 7.19 (1H, dd, J=4.6, 8.9 Hz), 7.40 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.13 (1H, s). Example 219 Production of [8-cyclobutylmethoxy-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate disodium salt The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 25 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 205-207° C. 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) δ ppm: 1.63-2.10 (6H, m), 2.75-3.00 (1H, m), 3.72 (3H, s), 4.00 (2H, d, J=7.2 Hz), 5.99 (2H, d, J=9.8 Hz), 6.90-7.05 (3H, m), 7.17 (1H, dd, J=4.7, 9.1 Hz), 7.40 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 8.14 (1H, s). Example 220 Production of [5,6-difluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate disodium salt The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 25 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 205-206° C. 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) δ ppm: 0.94 (3H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 1.70-1.95 (2H, m), 3.73 (3H, s), 4.01 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 6.02 (2H, d, J=9.1 Hz), 6.90-7.50 (5H, m), 8.16 (1H, s). Example 221 Production of [8-(cyclohexylmethylamino)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate disodium salt The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 25 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 196-198° C. 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) δ ppm: 0.60-1.75 (10H, m), 2.40-2.60 (1H, m), 2.66 (3H, s), 3.73 (3H, s), 5.80 (1H, dd, J=7.7, 7.8 Hz), 6.80-7.05 (4H, m), 7.35-7.55 (3H, m), 8.18 (1H, s). Example 222 Production of [5-fluoro-3-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate disodium salt The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 25 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 212-214° C. 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) δ ppm: 0.94 (3H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 1.70-1.90 (2H, m), 3.79 (3H, s), 3.93 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 5.99 (2H, d, J=9.1 Hz), 6.92 (1H, dd, J=9.0, 12.3 Hz), 7.08 (1H, dd, J=4.7, 9.0 Hz), 7.86 (1H, s), 8.02 (1H, s), 8.30 (1H, s). Example 223 Production of (5-fluoro-4-oxo-8-propoxy-3-pyrimidin-5-yl-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl) monophosphate disodium salt The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 25 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 205-207° C. 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) δ ppm: 0.96 (3H, d, J=7.4 Hz), 1.70-1.95 (2H, m), 4.06 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 6.10 (2H, d, J=9.6 Hz), 7.05 (1H, dd, J=8.9, 12.1 Hz), 7.29 (1H, dd, J=4.4, 8.9 Hz), 8.41 (1H, s), 8.94 (2H, s), 8.96 (1H, s). Example 224 Production of ethyl 4-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-pyrrolidin-1-yl-4H-quinolin-1-yl]butyrate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 31 using appropriate starting materials. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.23-1.29 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 1.70-1.78 (2H, m), 1.91-2.15 (6H, m), 2.52-2.87 (2H, m), 3.14-3.44 (2H, m), 4.00-4.08 (2H, q, J=6.1 Hz), 4.59-4.64 (2H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 6.87-7.03 (3H, m), 7.14-7.37 (1H, m), 7.51 (1H, s), 7.55-7.73 (2H, m). Example 225 Production of 4-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-pyrrolidin-1-yl-4H-quinolin-1-yl]butyric acid The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 32 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.63-1.81 (2H, m), 1.87-2.14 (6H, m), 2.57-2.81 (2H, m), 3.14-3.39 (2H, m), 3.81 (3H, s), 4.61-4.66 (2H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 6.84-7.01 (3H, m), 7.25-7.30 (1H, m), 7.52-7.63 (3H, m). Example 226 Production of N-butyl-4-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-pyrrolidin-1-yl-4H-quinolin-1-yl]butylamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 33 using appropriate starting materials. Brown amorphous 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 0.82-0.88 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 1.21-1.31 (4H, m), 1.74-1.77 (2H, m), 1.89-2.10 (2H, m), 2.60-2.80 (2H, m), 3.04-3.12 (2H, m), 3.20-3.45 (2H, m), 3.82 (3H, s), 4.58-4.63 (2H, m), 5.20-5.30 (1H, m), 6.88-6.94 (2H, m), 7.23-7.28 (1H, m), 7.52 (1H, s), 7.61-7.67 (2H, m). Example 227 Production of 4-[4-(5-fluoro-4-oxo-8-pyrrolidin-1-yl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)phenoxy]butyric acid The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 32 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.80-2.00 (6H, m), 2.33-2.39 (2H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 3.00-3.05 (4H, m), 3.96-4.01 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 6.84-6.93 (3H, m), 7.32-7.37 (1H, m), 7.50-7.53 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.79 (1H, s), 10.95 (1H, s), 11.80-12.20 (1H, brs). Example 228 Production of N-butyl-4-[4-(5-fluoro-4-oxo-8-pyrrolidin-1-yl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)phenoxy]butylamide The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 33 using appropriate starting materials. Pale yellow powder 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.81-0.87 (3H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 1.19-1.40 (4H, m), 1.85-1.95 (6H, m), 2.19-2.25 (2H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 2.97-3.10 (6H, m), 3.93-3.98 (2H, t, J=6.3 Hz), 6.85-6.93 (3H, m), 7.34-7.39 (1H, m), 7.51-7.54 (2H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 7.75-7.83 (2H, m), 10.97 (1H, brs). Example 229 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl (tert-butoxycarbonylmethylamino)acetate Sodium iodide (1.4 g, 0.9 mmol) and sodium hydride (60% oil base, 220 mg, 5.5 mmol) were added to a DMF solution (15 ml) of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one (1.0 g, 3.0 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. Chloromethyl (tert-butoxycarbonylmethylamino)acetate (2.52 g, 10.6 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture while ice-cooling, and then the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. An aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution was added to the reaction mixture and then the mixture was subjected to extraction using ethyl acetate. The thus-obtained organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (n-hexane:ethyl acetate=2:1). The purified material was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a pale yellow amorphous solid of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl (tert-butoxycarbonyl methylamino) acetate (290 mg, yield: 18%). 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 100-1.15 (3H, m), 1.29-1.44 (9H, s), 1.85-2.00 (2H, m), 2.88-2.90 (3H, s), 3.84 (3H, s), 3.90-4.15 (4H, m), 6.46-6.51 (2H, s), 6.90-7.15 (4H, m), 7.59 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.74-7.79 (1H, s). Example 230 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl methylaminoacetate hydrochloride A 4N hydrogen chloride ethylacetate solution (1 ml) was added to an ethyl acetate solution (2 ml) of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl (tert-butoxycarbonylmethylamino)acetate (100 mg, 0.19 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The deposited insoluble matter was collected by filtration, washed with acetone, and then dried, giving a white powder of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl methylaminoacetate hydrochloride (78. 3 mg, yield: 88%). 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.03 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.80-1.90 (2H, m), 2.45-2.60 (3H, m), 3.79 (3H, s), 4.07 (2H, s), 4.10 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 6.61 (2H, s), 6.99 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.11 (1H, dd, J=9.1, 11.5 Hz), 7.39 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 9.1 Hz), 7.60 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 8.17 (1H, s), 9.14 (2H, br). Example 231 Production of 5-fluoro-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-8-propoxy-3-[4-(pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl)phenyl]-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 106 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.00 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.77-1.88 (6H, m), 2.31-2.34 (4H, m), 2.58 (2H, t, J=5.4 Hz), 3.37-3.44 (8H, m), 4.04 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.67 (2H, d, J=5.4 Hz), 7.01 (1H, dd, J=9.0 Hz, 11.6 Hz), 7.27 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.0 Hz), 7.52 (2H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 7.72 (2H, d, J=8.3 Hz), 8.05 (1H, s). Example 232 Production of 1-chloromethyl-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one A 4N hydrogen chloride ethylacetate solution (2 ml) was added to an ethyl acetate solution (3 ml) of di-tert-butyl 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl phosphate (300 mg, 0.55 mmol) while ice-cooling and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The deposited insoluble matter was collected by filtration and dried, giving a white powder of 1-chloromethyl-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one (18 mg, yield: 92%). 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.13 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 1.70-2.10 (2H, m), 3.84 (3H, s), 4.11 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 6.40 (2H, s), 6.90-7.05 (3H, m), 7.12 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 9.0 Hz), 7.51 (1H, s), 8.59 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz). Example 233 Production of 1-(2-benzyloxyacetyl)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one Benzyloxyacetyl chloride (1.9 ml, 3 equivalent weight) was added to a dichloromethane solution (50 ml) of 4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-quinolin (1.5 g, 3.4 mmol) while ice-cooling and the mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. An aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution was added to the reaction mixture, followed by extraction using ethyl acetate. The thus-obtained organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (n-hexane:ethyl acetate=2:1). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure, giving a colorless oily substance of 1-(2-benzyloxyacetyl)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one (250 mg, yield: 15%). 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.00 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.70-1.90 (2H, m), 3.84 (3H, s), 3.95 (2H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 4.38 (2H, s), 4.52 (2H, s), 6.94 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 6.95-7.40 (7H, m), 7.57 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.92 (1H, s). Example 234 Production of 1-acetyl-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 233 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.05 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 1.80-2.00 (2H, m), 2.41 (3H, s), 3.83 (3H, s), 4.02 (2H, t, J=5.7 Hz), 6.95 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.00-7.15 (2H, m), 7.59 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 8.02 (1H, s). Example 235 Production of 1-(2-bromoacetyl)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 233 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 0.95-1.15 (3H, m), 1.70-2.05 (2H, m), 3.80-4.20 (7H, m), 6.50-8.00 (7H, m). Example 236 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl 4-benzyloxybenzoate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 229 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.06 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.80-2.00 (2H, m), 3.84 (3H, s), 4.08 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 5.11 (2H, s), 6.62 (2H, s), 6.90-7.15 (6H, m), 7.30-7.45 (5H, m), 7.62 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.84 (1H, s), 7.94 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz). Example 237 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate 10% palladium/carbon (260 mg) was added to a THF (30 ml) and ethanol (15 ml) solution of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl 4-benzyloxybenzoate (2.6 g, 4.6 mmol). The mixture was subjected to hydrogen substitution and stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. After completion of the reaction, the catalyst was removed by conducting filtration using Celite, and the mixture was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a pale yellow powder of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (2.22 g, yield: quantitative). 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.06 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.80-2.00 (2H, m), 3.81 (3H, s), 4.08 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 6.63 (2H, s), 6.42 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 6.90-7.00 (3H, m), 7.10 (1H, dd, J=4.4, 9.0 Hz), 7.22 (1H, br), 7.58 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.83 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.88 (1H, s). Example 238 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl 4-(di-tert-butoxyphosphono)benzoate 5-Fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (2.2 g, 4.6 mmol) was suspended in acetone (50 ml). Tetrasol (420 mg) and di-tert-butyl diisopropyl phosphoramidite (1.9 ml) were added thereto and the resulting suspension was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was ice-cooled, and an aqueous 30% hydrogen peroxide solution (2.9 ml) was added thereto, followed by stirring at the same temperature for 2 hours. An aqueous sodium thiosulphate solution and an aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution were added to the reaction mixture. The resulting mixture was stirred and then concentrated under reduced pressure. Water was added to the residue, followed by extraction using ethyl acetate. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution, dried over sodium sulfate, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (n-hexane:ethyl acetate=100:1→2:1). The purified material was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure, giving a white amorphous solid of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl 4-(di-tert-butoxyphosphono) benzoate (2.51 g, yield: 81%). 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.06 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.50 (18H, s), 1.80-2.00 (2H, m), 3.84 (3H, s), 4.08 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 6.63 (2H, s), 6.90-7.00 (3H, m), 7.10 (1H, dd, J=4.4, 9.0 Hz), 7.26 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.62 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.83 (1H, s), 7.97 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz). Example 239 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl 4-phosphonoxybenzoate Trifluoro-acetic acid (2 ml) was added to a dichloromethane solution (10 ml) of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl 4-(di-tert-butoxyphosphono)benzoate (500 mg) while ice-cooling, and then the mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 1 hour. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure at a bath temperature of not higher than 30° C. The residue was recrystallized from ethyl acetate-n-hexane, giving a pale yellow powder of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl 4-phosphonoxybenzoate (406.7 mg, yield: 98%). 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 0.93 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.60-1.85 (2H, m), 3.79 (3H, s), 4.06 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 6.64 (2H, s), 6.98 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.09 (1H, dd, J=9.1, 11.5 Hz), 7.27 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.37 (1H, dd, J=4.4, 9.1 Hz), 7.62 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.92 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 8.38 (1H, s). Example 240 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl 4-phosphonoxybenzoate disodium salt 5-Fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl 4-phosphonoxybenzoate (397 mg) was suspended in isopropyl alcohol (10 ml) while ice-cooling. A 1N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution (1.5 ml) was added thereto and the suspension was stirred at the same temperature for 1 hour. The deposited insoluble matter was collected by filtration and recrystallized from acetone-water, giving a white powder of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl 4-phosphonoxybenzoate disodium salt (338.6 mg). Melting point: 205-207° C. 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) δ ppm: 0.81 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.50-2.00 (2H, m), 3.60 (3H, s), 3.89 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 6.30 (2H, s), 6.68 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 6.92 (1H, dd, J=9.1, 12.1 Hz), 7.05-7.20 (5H, m), 7.75 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.79 (1H, s). Example 241 Production of 1-benzyloxymethyl-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 229 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.06 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 1.75-2.00 (2H, m), 3.84 (3H, s), 4.00 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.44 (2H, s), 5.92 (2H, s), 6.90-7.40 (9H, m), 7.59 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.76 (1H, s). Example 242 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1-((2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyltetrahydro-pyran-2-yl)-1H-quinolin-4-one 1-Bromo-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl (17.0 g, 41.3 mmol), benzyltri-n-butylammonium bromide (1.3 g, 4.16 mmol), potassium carbonate (14.37 g, 104 mmol) and water (0.45 ml) were sequentially added in this order to a chloroform solution (90 ml) of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one (6.75 g, 20.6 mmol). Chloroform (27 ml) was added to the resulting reaction mixture and the mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 39 hours. 2N hydrochloric acid (80 ml) was added to the thus-obtained mixture while ice-cooling, followed by extraction with dichloromethan. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:ethyl acetate=30:1→4:1). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in ethanol (100 ml), and an aqueous solution (8.16 ml) of potassium hydroxide (5.44 g) was added thereto, followed by stirring at room temperature for 3 hours. The resulting reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. 2N hydrochloric acid (20.4 ml) was added to the residue, and extraction was conducted using ethyl acetate. The thus-obtained organic layer was washed with an aqueous saturated sodium chloride solution and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography (dichloromethane:methanol=50:1→20:1→ethyl acetate:methanol=30:1). The purified product was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was then recrystallized from ethyl acetate, giving a white powder of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1-((2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyltetrahydropyran-2-yl)-1H-quinolin-4-one (0.38 g) 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.03 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.79-1.88 (2H, m), 3.24-3.41 (3H, m), 3.54-3.70 (3H, m), 3.76 (3H, s), 3.96-4.11 (2H, m), 4.69 (1H, t, J=5.5 Hz), 5.14-5.16 (2H, m), 5.33 (1H, d, J=5.4 Hz), 6.51 (1H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 6.94-7.05 (3H, m), 7.29 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.1 Hz), 7.54 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.99 (1H, s). Example 243 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1-((2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl tetrahydropyran-2-yl)-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 242 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.03 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.81-1.89 (2H, m), 3.30-3.40 (1H, m), 3.57-3.58 (3H, m), 3.71-3.75 (2H, m), 3.77 (3H, s), 3.96-4.12 (2H, m), 4.67-4.76 (2H, m), 4.91 (1H, d, J=5.7 Hz), 5.17 (1H, d, J=5.4 Hz), 6.43 (1H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 6.96-7.05 (3H, m), 7.28 (1H, dd, J=4.5 Hz, 9.1 Hz), 7.52 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.05 (1H, s). Example 244 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl (di-tert-butylphosphono) acetate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 23 using appropriate starting materials. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.09 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.44 (18H, s), 1.80-2.00 (2H, m), 3.84 (3H, s), 4.06 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 4.53 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 6.51 (2H, s), 6.90-7.00 (3H, m), 7.08 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 9.0 Hz), 7.59 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.73 (1H, s). Example 245 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl phosphonoxyacetate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 239 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.00 (3H, d, J=7.4 Hz), 1.65-1.90 (2H, m), 3.79 (3H, s), 4.07 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.45 (2H, d, J=9.0 Hz), 6.49 (2H, s), 6.98 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.09 (1H, dd, J=9.1, 11.5 Hz), 7.36 (1H, dd, J=4.4, 9.1 Hz), 7.59 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 8.16 (1H, s). Example 246 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl phosphonoxyacetate disodium salt The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 25 using appropriate starting material. Melting point: 160-162° C. 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) δ ppm: 0.84 (3H, d, J=7.4 Hz), 1.55-1.70 (2H, m), 3.61 (3H, s), 3.86 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.25 (2H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 6.26 (2H, s), 6.73 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 6.88 (1H, dd, J=9.2, 12.1 Hz), 7.08 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 9.2 Hz), 7.18 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.78 (1H, s). Example 247 Production of 5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl (S)-2,6-bis-tert-butoxycarbonylaminohexanate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 229 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.10 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.20-1.75 (24H, m), 1.80-2.00 (2H, m), 2.85-3.10 (2H, m), 3.84 (3H, s), 4.07 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 4.15-4.30 (1H, m), 4.45-4.65 (1H, m), 5.00-5.25 (1H, m), 6.48 (2H, s), 6.90-7.05 (3H, m), 7.10 (1H, dd, J=4.5, 9.0 Hz), 7.59 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.74 (1H, s). Example 248 Production of 1-(1-ethylsulfanylethyl)-5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-propoxy-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 229 using appropriate starting materials. 1 H-NMR (CDCl 3 ) δ ppm: 1.08 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.12 (3H, t, J=7.3 Hz), 1.79 (3H, d, J=6.7 Hz), 1.90-2.00 (2H, m), 2.30 (1H, q, J=7.3 Hz), 2.33 (1H, q, J=7.3 Hz), 3.85 (3H, s), 4.00 (1H, td, J=6.7, 8.9 Hz), 4.12 (1H, td, J=6.7, 8.9 Hz), 6.80-7.10 (5H, m), 7.66 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.29 (1H, s). Example 249 Production of 5-fluoro-7-methoxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 using appropriate starting material. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 3.76 (3H, s), 3.83 (3H, s), 6.65 (1H, d, J=13.6 Hz), 6.76 (1H, s), 6.92 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.54 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.90 (1H, d, J=5.8 Hz), 11.75 (1H, brs). Example 250 Production of 1-ethyl-5-fluoro-7-methoxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-quinolin-4-one The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 using appropriate starting materials. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.33 (3H, t, J=6.9 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 3.89 (3H, s), 4.27 (2H, q, J=7.0 Hz), 6.74 (1H, d, J=13.7 Hz), 6.82 (1H, s), 6.92 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.55 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 8.04 (1H, s). Example 251 Production of ethyl 4-[5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]butyrate The above compound was prepared in the same manner as in Example 2 using appropriate starting materials. White powder (ethyl acetate) Melting point: 177-179° C. 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ) δ ppm: 1.00 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.06 (3H, t, J=7.1 Hz), 1.67-1.88 (4H, m), 2.16 (2H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 2.58 (2H, t, J=7.0 Hz), 3.76 (3H, s), 3.90 (2H, q, J=7.1 Hz), 4.14 (2H, t, J=6.6 Hz), 6.81-6.94 (3H, m), 7.06 (2H, d, J=8.6 Hz), 7.15 (1H, dd, J=4.0 Hz, 8.8 Hz), 10.40 (1H, brs). Example 252 Production of [5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate dipotassium salt [5-Fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate (800 mg, 1.83 mmol) was suspended in isopropyl alcohol (30 ml). A 1N-potassium hydroxide aqueous solution (3.66 ml, 3.66 mmol) was added thereto at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 hours. The generated insoluble matter was collected by filtration, recrystallized from acetone-water and then dried, giving a white powder of [5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate dipotassium salt (445 mg, yield: 47%) Melting point: 184-186° C. 1 H-NMR (D 2 O) δ ppm: 0.97 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.79-1.88 (2H, m), 3.76 (3H, s), 4.01 (2H, t, J=6.7 Hz), 6.05 (2H, d, J=9.1 Hz), 6.93-7.01 (3H, m), 7.19 (1H, dd, J=4.6, 9.1 Hz), 7.43 (2H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 8.16 (1H, s). Example 253 Production of [5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate calcium salt [5-Fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate disodium salt (800 mg, 1.66 mmol) was dissolved in water (4 ml). A calcium chloride (202 mg, 1.82 mmol) aqueous solution (1 ml) was added thereto at room temperature. The deposited solid was collected by filtration, washed with water and acetone, and then dried, giving a white powder of [5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate calcium salt (690 mg, yield: 87%). Melting point: 255-258° C. (Decomposed) 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 , 80° C.) δ ppm: 0.79-0.89 (3H, m), 1.68-1.76 (2H, m), 3.62 (3H, s), 3.91-4.01 (2H, m), 6.09-6.16 (2H, m), 6.74-6.90 (3H, m), 7.09-7.15 (1H, m), 7.40-7.70 (2H, m), 8.32 (1H, s). Example 254 Production of [5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate magnesium salt [5-Fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate disodium salt (1.0 g, 2.07 mmol) was suspended in methanol (10 ml). A methanol solution (4.3 ml) of magnesium chloride (198 mg, 2.08 mmol) was added thereto at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes. The solid deposited after condensation was collected by filtration, washed with water and acetone, and then dried, giving a white powder of [5-fluoro-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-8-propoxy-4H-quinolin-1-ylmethyl]monophosphate magnesium salt (845 mg, yield: 88%). Melting point: 265-269° C. (Decomposed) 1 H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 , 80° C.) δ ppm: 0.99 (3H, t, J=7.4 Hz), 1.76-1.86 (2H, m), 3.64 (3H, s), 4.05 (2H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 6.09 (2H, d, J=10.4 Hz), 6.80-6.98 (3H, m), 7.24 (1H, dd, J=4.6, 8.6 Hz), 7.58 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 8.00 (1H, s). Pharmacological Test Example 1 Evaluation of the Improvement of Mitochondrial Dysfunction Using Human Neuroblastoma Cell Lines SH-SY5Y Treated with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP + ) In human neuroblastoma cell lines SH-SY5Y in which mitochondrial activity was injured by MPP + treatment (Bollimuntha S. et al., J Biol Chem, 280, 2132-2140 (2005) and Shang T. et al., J Biol Chem, 280, 34644-34653 (2005)), the improvement of mitochondrial dysfunction was evaluated on the basis of measurement values for mitochondrial oxidation reduction activity using Alamar Blue fluorescent dye after the compound addition (Nakai M. et al, Exp Neurol, 179, 103-110 (2003)). The human neuroblastoma cell lines SH-SY5Y were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (DMEM containing 50 units/ml penicillin and 50 μg/ml streptomycin as antibiotics) at 37° C. in the presence of 5% carbon dioxide. Cells were scattered on a poly-D-lysine-coated 96-well black plate at a concentration of 3−6×10 4 cells/cm 2 (medium amount: 100 μl/well), and cultured in the above medium for two days. Further, the medium was changed to DMEM containing a 1% N2 supplement (N2-DMEM) or to a medium (100 μl/well) in which 1.5 mM MPP + was dissolved. The cells were cultured therein for 39 to 48 hours, and then subjected to a mitochondrial oxidation reduction activity measurement system. A sample compound that had been previously dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was diluted with N2-DMEM, and added in a volume of 10 μl/well 24 hours before the activity measurement (final compound concentration: 0.01 to 1 μg/ml). After removal of the medium by suction, a balanced salt solution containing 10% Alamar Blue (154 mM sodium chloride, 5.6 mM potassium chloride, 2.3 mM calcium chloride, 1.0 mM magnesium chloride, 3.6 mM sodium bicarbonate, 5 mM glucose, 5 mM HEPES, pH 7.2) was added in a volume of 100 μl/well, and reacted in an incubator at 37° C. for 1 hour. The fluorescent intensity was detected using a fluorescence detector (a product of Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., excitation wavelength 530 nm, measurement wavelength 580 nm) to thereby measure the mitochondrial oxidation reduction activity. The fluorescent intensity of the well of the cells cultured in a medium containing MPP + and in each of the sample compounds was relatively evaluated based on the 100% fluorescent intensity of the well of the cells cultured in a medium containing DMSO alone (final concentration: 0.1%). When the MPP + -induced cell groups exhibited higher florescent intensity than the cell groups cultured in DMSO alone, the test compound was judged to have improved the activity of the mitochondrial dysfunction. TABLE 1 Evaluation of the improvement of mitochondrial dysfunction using human neuroblastoma cell lines SH-SY5Y treated with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP + ) Test Compound Fluorescence Intensity (%) Concentration 0 0.01 0.03 0.1 0.3 1 (μg/ml) Compound of 51 66 71 78 80 75 Example 7 Compound of 48 80 74 83 82 68 Example 12 Compound of 46 69 67 86 90 89 Example 36 Compound of 46 60 81 92 93 80 Example 48 Compound of 59 64 65 68 74 65 Example 57 Compound of 48 78 64 68 67 65 Example 69 Compound of 45 53 58 57 60 55 Example 139 Compound of 41 59 55 67 71 66 Example 161 Compound of 43 61 61 63 60 63 Example 163 Compound of 49 61 61 65 67 68 Example 171 Compound of 36 46 62 63 70 72 Example 212 Compound of 46 59 64 66 62 73 Example 222 Pharmacological Test 2 Evaluation of Dopaminergic Neuronal Protective Activity Using C57BL/6 Mouse Treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro pyridine (MPTP) Using a mouse having MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurons (Chan P. et al., J Neurochem, 57, 348-351 (1991)), the dopamine neuroprotective activity was evaluated based on dopamine contents and protein levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine transporter (DAT) (i.e., dopaminergic neuronal marker proteins) in the brain corpus striatum region after the compound administration (Mori A. et al., Neurosci Res, 51, 265-274 (2005)). A male C57BL/6 mouse (provided by Japan Charles River Inc., 10 to 12 weeks) was used as a test animal. MPTP was dissolved in a physiological salt solution so that the concentration became 4 mg/ml, and then administered to the mouse subcutaneously in a volume of 10 ml/kg. The test compound was suspended in a 5% gum arabic/physiological salt solution (w/v) so that a compound having a concentration of 1 mg/ml could be obtained. Each of the test compounds or solvents thereof was orally administered to the mouse after 30 minutes, 24 hours, and 48 hours of the MPTP administration. The mouse was decapitated after 72 hours of the MPTP administration, the brain was removed, and each side of the striatum was dissected. The left striatum was used as a sample to detect the protein levels by Western blot analysis. Each tissue was homogenized in a HEPES buffer sucrose solution (0.32 M sucrose, 4 μg/ml pepstatin, 5 μg/ml aprotinin, 20 μg/ml trypsin inhibitor, 4 μg/ml leupeptin, 0.2 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, 2 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2 mM ethylene glycol bis(β aminoethyl ether) tetraacetic acid, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.2), and assayed for protein using a bicinchoninic acid kit for protein assay (provided by Pierce Corporation). Each homogenized sample, having an equal amount of protein that had been dissolved in a Laemmli sample buffer solution, was subjected to electrophoresis through sodium dodecyl sulfurate polyacrylamide gels. The protein separated by electrophoresis was electrically transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride membranes. The membranes were reacted with specific primary antibodies for TH, DAT, and housekeeping proteins, i.e., the αl subunit of Na + /K + -ATPase and actin (Na + /K + -ATPase, a product of UpState Biotechnology Inc.; others are products of Chemi-Con Corporation). Subsequently, a horseradish peroxidase-labeled secondary antibody (a product of Amersham K.K.) for each primary antibody was fixed, and the chemiluminescence associated with enzyme activity of peroxidase was detected using X-ray film. The density of the protein band on the film was analyzed using a densitometer (a product of Bio-rad Laboratories Inc.) to obtain the TH value relative to Na + /K + -ATPase and the DAT value relative to actin. The right striatum, the tissue weight of which was measured immediately after dissection, was used as an analysis sample for determining the dopamine content. Each tissue was homogenized in a 0.1 N perchloric acid solution containing isoproterenol as an internal standard substance of the measurement, using an ultrasonic homogenizer while being cooled with ice. The supernatant obtained from 20,000 g of homogenate that had been centrifuged at 4° C. for 15 minutes was subjected to a high performance liquid chromatography with a reversed phase column (a product of Eicom Corporation). A mobile phase 15% methanol 0.1 M citric acid/0.1 M sodium acetate buffer solution (containing 190 mg/L 1-sodium octane sulfonate, 5 mg/L EDTA, pH 3.5) was flowed at a rate of 0.5 ml/min, and the dopamine peak of each sample was detected using an electrochemical detector (applied voltage +750 mV vs. Ag/AgCl, a product of Eicom Corporation). With reference to the identified dopamine peak, the dopamine content per tissue weight was calculated in each sample using analysis software (a product of Gilson Inc.). In both analyses, the value of the sample derived from the MPTP-induced mice in which only the test compound or the solvent was administered was expressed relative to the value of the sample derived from the mice without MPTP treatment (100%). Values were analyzed statistically using a nonclinical statistical analysis system. Values of significance probability<0.05 were defined as statistically significant. In the MPTP-induced mice, when the test drug group showed an increase in protein level compared to the solvent group, and a significant difference was observed between these groups in the t-assay, the test drug was judged to have dopamine neuroprotective activity. Pharmacological Test Example 3 Evaluation of the Neuroprotective Action in Rat Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion-Reperfusion Model The neuroprotective action of an experimental compound was evaluated in a middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion-reperfusion rat model of stroke [Koizumi J. et al., Jpn J Stroke, 8, 1-8 (1986)] using the cerebral infarct volume as an index [Kitagawa H. et al., Neurol Res, 24, 317-323 (2002)]. Male Wistar rats (12-16 weeks old, Japan SLC, Inc.) were used as the experimental animals. Each rat was kept at 37° C. under isoflurane anesthetization, and immobilized in the supine position while breathing voluntarily. Each rat was subjected to a median incision in the cervical region, and the right common carotid artery (CCA), the right external carotid artery (ECA) and the right internal carotid artery (ICA) were exposed without damaging the vagus nerve. Subsequently, the right CCA and the right ECA were ligated, the right ICA was controlled with a suture at its origin and a small incision was made in the right CCA. The occlusion of the right MCA at its origin was produced by insertion of a silicon coated No. 4-0 nylon filament having 0.30-0.35 mm in diameter and about 17 mm in length into the ICA. The right ICA was ligated together with the filament, the skin was temporarily sutured, and the rats were returned to their cages. After 1.5 hours of occlusion, the cervical wound was reopened under isoflurane anesthesia, and the filament was slightly withdrawn to allow reperfusion. The cervical wound was closed, and the rats were returned to their cages. The experimental compounds were dissolved in a Tris buffer solution or a physiological saline solution to produce a concentration of 1.5 to 15 mg/ml, and the prepared solutions or vehicle were intravenously administered in the quantity of 2 ml/kg immediately after the vascular occlusion and reperfusion. Twenty-four hours after reperfusion, the rat whole brains were removed and the forebrain coronal sections were prepared in 2-mm thick from the boundary of the cerebrum and cerebellum. The slices were incubated in a 1% 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) solution at 37° C. for 30 minutes and fixed by immersion in 10% neutralized formalin. The images of the slices were scanned, and the area of the TTC achromatic region on the surface was measured using image-analysis software (Win ROOF Ver. 5.6, Mitani Corporation). The measured area value was multiplied by the thickness of 2 mm to determine the volume of each slice, and the sum of the thus-obtained volumes was defined as the total cerebral infarct volume. The statistical difference in cerebral infarct volume between the vehicle administered group (control group) and the compound administered group was analyzed by a t-test (two-tailed) using a non-clinical statistical analysis system. A probability less than 0.05 was defined as a statistically significant difference. When a statistically significant decrease in the cerebral infarct volume was observed in the compound administered group compared to the control group, it was determined that the experimental compound had a neuroprotective effect.	The present invention provides a quinolone compound that inhibits the chronic progression of Parkinson's disease or protects dopamine neurons from disease etiology, thereby suppressing the progression of neurological dysfunction, so as to prolong the period of time until L-dopa is administered while also improving neuronal function; the quinolone compound of the invention is represented by Formula (1): wherein: R 1 represents hydrogen or the like; R 2 represents hydrogen or the like; R 3 represents substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or the like; R 4 represents halogen or the like; R 5 represents hydrogen or the like; R 6 represents hydrogen or the like; and R 7 represents hydrogen or the like.	2
The present invention relates generally to the creation and display of a new and dynamic art form and more particularly to an art form in which dissimilar designs and patterns are inscribed on one or more transparencies or on a transparency and one non-transparent base which patterns are then superposed one to the other and at least one of the patterns is rotated relative to the other to create an interesting and unusual constantly changing dynamic image and provide a unique visual effect. BACKGROUND OF THIS INVENTION The creation and display of new images and art forms has been the goal of artists since the beginning of man. Even early cave dwellers drew, painted, carved or sculpted images of animals and other representations of their environment, sometimes on the walls of their caves. Some of the images generated by these artists even incorporated the nodes occurring on the rocks or the veins and cracks disposed therein into their sketches and drawings. Early man also used sticks, stones, berries and like portions of their surroundings to give form and color to their drawings. At each age through history, artists saw the possibilities of new discoveries and tools for the advancement of artistic expression, and through such advancement, the concomitant advancement of the human spirit or soul. Other art forms involve the congruous or incongruous arrangement of similar or dissimilar objects and things in a familiar or unfamiliar setting to produce an attention-getting and hopefully pleasing visual effect. Of course art, like beauty is in the eye of the beholder. One recent example of such a mixture of objects to create an interesting visual effect is Picasso's "Bull's Head" (1943) which comprises a bronze cast of various bicycle parts in which the seat is used to suggest the animal's face and the handle bar suggests the animal's horns. With the advent of the computer, ever new challenges have arisen from the ability to quickly create mathematical representations which heretofore could only be manually plotted after hours of meticulous labor. One such phenomenon is the so-called "moire pattern". As is well known, the "Moire pattern" is an interference phenomena caused by the interaction of multiple images. Moire pattern generation has been discussed for a long time, e.g., Scientific American, May 1963 which described the use of such patterns in a variety of applications from measuring instruments to patterned fabric. In one prior patent (U.S. Pat. No. 3,589,045) Rakowsky teaches the use of identical images spatially separated from each other while visually aligned so that the pattern created thereby will vary depending on the angle from which it is viewed. More recently, Head (U.S. Patent No. 4,885,193) created a new art form which provides a plurality of optical images and illusions by the novel coaction of at least two diverse line and curve patterns disposed in spaced generally parallel relationship to each other. However, in our modern high-tech society, there is a growing fascination with abstract and mathematical graphics and a need for an art form which depicts action in the terms of the scientific age. It is believed that the present invention fulfills that need by providing dynamic, constantly changing images and illusions implemented by a motor driven device operatively associated with at least one of a spaced plurality of patterned transparencies or a transparency and a separate non-transparent image so that the relationship between the moving pattern and another moving or static transparency or non-transparent pattern creates a dynamic, constantly changing visual illusion to the observer. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a new art form which includes the utilization of a plurality of mathematically defined patterns, disposed in dual or multiple layers, with or without spatial separation between adjacent layers as in Head, supra, and which further involves at least one rotating pattern relative to either other moving or stationary patterns and coacts therewith to create a dynamic composite image. The composite image produced may be easily changed by pattern substitution, color application, or lighting modification. The dynamic images of the present invention are created by mounting one or more transparent patterns in spaced juxtaposition with and rotating each pattern relative to a dissimilar opaque or transparent pattern or etching which is spatially separated therefrom. The patterns coact to produce interference lines of differing intensities which in turn creates a composite visual image which will constantly change as the transparency is rotated about an axis extending generally perpendicular between the transparency and the base pattern. The family of curves which are now available by computer generation will, when one is displayed in dynamic juxtaposition with another in accordance herewith, create a myriad of interesting and visually pleasing optical effects. The creation and positioning of one geometric pattern relative to another and rotating one pattern relative to the other at a substantially uniform rate, as will appear, forms the basis for the present invention. The display formed by assembling various patterns in accordance herewith, as in a clock, for example, provide a unique, fascinating, and highly attractive object which contains high levels of both charm and utility. Furthermore, other interesting visual effects may be obtained by the use of various colors, either in the background and/or in the lines forming the image, and through the use of appropriate interior or exterior lighting in association with the finished art work. A further and unexpected advantage of the present invention is realized when it is utilized in connection with psychological counseling where the moving pattern created hereby has been found by several mental health professionals to have a profound effect in inducing an "alpha mode" condition in patients who are seeking help in dealing with past and present stress in their lives. Accordingly, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide a novel and unique dynamic art form which produces a special "conversation piece" without incurring either the expense or the expertise of a professional artist. Another object is to provide a novel and unique art form that mental health professionals find extremely beneficial in enhancing their ability to place patients into the alpha mode that is so vital in many of their treatments. A further object of the present invention is to provide a novel and unique, dynamic art form which utilizes the movement of one or more geometric patterns relative to a static pattern to complement and enhance a given decor and create a special spot of interest. Still a further object of the present invention is to provide a dynamic art form which can be readily incorporated into a clock to utilize the inherent hand movement of the clock to rotate overlaying patterns relative to a static pattern imposed on the face thereof thereby creating special visual effects. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a novel and unique dynamic art form and method of practicing the same which results in an eye-catching and attractive decorative and useful wall decoration. These and still further objects as shall hereinafter appear are readily fulfilled by the present invention in a remarkably unexpected manner as will be readily discerned from the following detailed description of an exemplary embodiment thereof, especially when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like parts bear like numerals throughout the several views. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the Drawings: FIG. 1 is an isometric view of one embodiment of the present invention in association with a clock; FIGS. 2A and 2B are front elevation views of images created when the same multiple patterns of the present invention are viewed at two different frozen moments in time; FIGS. 3A-D illustrate some of the variety of geometric patterns which can be employed in the practice of the present invention; FIG. 4 is a side elevation, partially in cross section, of a power assembly for rotating one or more images in relation to a stationary image in accordance with the present invention; and FIG. 5 is an isometric schematic view of an alternative embodiment of the present invention in which the dynamic image is created on a stationary image disposed on a vertical wall. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The present invention provides a new dynamic art form which is especially useful but not limited to its incorporation into a time keeping device, identified by general reference 10 in the drawings. This new art form is especially appealing because of its ability to provide the viewer an almost infinite variety of different, dynamic images, depending on the viewer's movement and duration of inspection; the disparity of the line or curve patterns employed; the almost endless choice of primary or secondary patterns which can be used; and the virtually infinite variety of spatial and angular relationships which can be established between adjacent patterns. In one practice of the present invention as shown in FIG. 1, a first pattern 11 and a second pattern 12 are selected from the myriad of available patterns, for instance, the patterns shown in FIGS. 3B and 3C. One of the patterns, for instance pattern 11, is drawn, projected or printed upon an opaque sheet 13 of suitable material while pattern 12 is drawn or printed upon a transparency 14. As shown in FIG. 1, sheet 13 is mounted to a suitable support surface 15 such as the face of time keeping device 10 (usually referred to as a "clock"). In a preferred practice pattern 11, will be applied to opaque sheet 13 while pattern 12 is disposed upon transparency 14, either manually or by use of a computer printer which is programmed to convert mathematical equations into visual representations thereof. One pattern, for instance pattern 11 is drawn, printed or otherwise deposited on opaque sheet 13 while pattern 12 is drawn, or otherwise deposited on a transparent sheet 14. Opaque sheet 13 is then mounted to a support surface 15 such as the face of clock 10 while transparency 14 is mounted in operative association with one of the hands of the clock as will hereinafter be described in detail. Transparent sheet 14, usually called "transparencies" may be formed of MYLAR® or like plastic sheeting characterized by both its transparency and its dimensional stability. The color of the ink for the several patterns is optional to the artist and a wide variety of colors are available in the so-called India ink formulations or in jet printers. It should also be noted that each pattern can be inscribed in the same or a different color ink, attention being given to the ultimate effect desired and the prevalent decorator colors employed in the area in which it will be displayed. Either complementary or contrasting colors are appropriate for use herewith. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 4, once opaque sheet 13 and one or more transparencies 14 of comparable size have been prepared, they are assembled to create an artistic time keeping device 10 embodying the present invention in the following fashion. Device 10 is created by mounting opaque sheet 13 upon which, a suitable pattern such, for example, a pattern shown in FIGS. 3A-3D has been mounted or otherwise defined in the rear of a shadow box frame 16. A conventional rotating motor 18, which may be either electric (AC or DC) or spring driven, is mounted to the rear of shadow box frame 16 as shown in FIG. 4. Motor 18 includes a central drive shaft 19 which extends outwardly therefrom through and in perpendicular relationship to surface 15. Shaft 19 is adapted to support transparent sheet 14 upon which a second suitable pattern 12, such for example, as another of the patterns shown in FIGS. 3A-3D has been imprinted. To create the special art form image 17 as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B and which exemplifies the present invention, backing sheet 13 is mounted on support surface 15 and transparent sheet 14, in this embodiment is mounted on rotatable shaft 19 in spaced (circa 5 mm) generally parallel relationship to backing sheet 13. A solid line (not shown) may be imprinted upon sheet 14 as a radius extending from shaft 19 to the outer perimeter thereof and can be set to rotate therewith at any desired rate, for example, the rate of one revolution per minute thereby simulating a second hand of a clock. In preferred use, sheets 13, 14 will be disposed behind a pane 21 of transparent rigid scratch resistant material such as glass which encloses box frame 16 and encases the device 10 and keeps it dust free. By faithfully following the foregoing procedure, an artistic clock display 10 as shown in FIG. 1, is created wherein the described interrelationship between patterns 11 and 12 creates a dynamic moving image 17 as illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B. In another embodiment of the present invention, twelve hours of non-precisely-repeating artistic visual patterns can be produced by utilizing an additional transparency 22 having another pattern 23 imprinted thereupon in the manner described and mounting transparency 22 in spaced (circa 5 mm) generally parallel relationship to transparency 14. A solid line similar to the optional radius line on sheet 14 is then imposed on transparency 22 which in coaction with motor 18 is adjusted to rotate at a preselected rate for example, the rate of one revolution per minute. When desired, motor 18 may be adjusted to rotate transparency 22 at the rate of one revolution per hour and to rotate transparency 14 at the rate of one revolution per twelve hours using a conventional multi-drive motor. It is of course understood that each combination of patterns chosen for display within device 10 will produce its own special image having its own unique visual effect. Ultimately, these images will cyclically repeat depending upon the rotation rates selected. In still another practice of the present invention in which the dynamic image is created upon a wall as shown in FIG. 5, the embodiment comprises a conventional film projector 25, arranged to project light through pattern 26 imprinted upon a transparency 27 mounted at the front of projector 25 and rotatable relative thereto. A second distinct pattern 29, mounted or otherwise displayed upon a wall 31 and positioned to interact with projected image of rotating pattern 26. Transparency 27 is arranged to rotate at a preselected rate such as one revolution per minute while pattern 29 remains stationery and a dynamically changing composite image 32 is generated. This arrangement has been found especially useful by psychiatric practitioners who wish to import an alpha mode in distressed patients. The visual effect, when studied by a person focused upon the pattern in a serene environment, has been reported to be extremely successful in inducing the "alpha mode" in patients seeking help in dealing with past and present stress in their lives. In another variation, device 10 may be back lighted using conventional low intensity circuitry which will enable device 10 to be observed even when mounted in a dark room although conventional ambient and front lighting is equally attractive. Also, if desired, the images and transparencies can be created to respond to so called "black light" and provide still another effect. Among the various patterns which have been created pursuant hereto and found to produce highly satisfactory results are the ellipses which, if concentric, as shown in FIG. 3, are prepared according to the equation: x=a cos N y=b sin N wherein: a and b are constants for a given ellipse; N varies from 0→2π in small steps equal to: ΔN≈0.01 to provide a generally smooth curve. In a preferred practice, a and b will be incremented in small steps Δa and/or Δb such the space between consecutive ellipses will always be within a factor of 1-5 times the width of the line generating the ellipses. For non-concentric ellipses, also shown in FIG. 3, the equation is: x=01+a cos N y=b sin N which is the same as for the concentric ellipses except that the center of each successive ellipse is moved by a small increment ΔO 1 , along the x-axis, in either the positive or negative X-direction. Another form of non-concentric ellipses, also shown in FIG. 3 is obtained using the equations: x=a cos N and y=02+b sin N wherein: a and b are constant for a given ellipse and N varies from 0 to 2π with a ΔN≈0.01 as before except that here the center is moved by a small increment, ΔO 2 , along the y-axis, in either the positive or negative y-direction. Still another form of non-concentric ellipse is obtained using the equations: x.sub.1 =01+a cos N and y.sub.1 =02+b sin N wherein: a and b are constant for a given ellipse and N varies from 0 to 2π with a ΔN≈0.01 as before except that the center of each successive ellipse is moved in the combined directions given by ΔO 1 ΔO 2 . Other patterns found to provide interesting and attractive results when used with the present invention include concentric ellipses having the major axes oriented at a constant angel G relative to the x-axis so that ##EQU1## which can be further varied by rotating the axes of each successive ellipse through an incremental angle AG as shown in FIG. 6. Another useful figure in the practice of the present invention is the hyperbola (not shown) which is derived by the formulae: ##EQU2## Successive hyperbolae are generated by incrementing a and b in small steps Δa and Δb, where Δa can be less than, equal to, or greater than Δb. L is a constant. Similarly the origin can be translated and/or the axes can be rotated as described above. Sine waves (not shown), oriented in the x-direction, are produced by the equation: y=c sin [-2π(x+a)/(4a/3)] Cosine waves (not shown), oriented in the y-direction, are created by the equation: x=c cos [π(y-b)/b] As will further appear, the present invention is especially useful for, but not limited to the production of artistic time keeping devices with which white or colored internal or external lighting can be used to vary the principal visual effect obtained therefrom. It will be further noted that the several pattern lines may be formed in a variety of preselected colors and the background can be likewise created in various colors which are either complementary to or contrasting with each other. From the foregoing, it is readily apparent that a new art form and method of producing the same has been herein described and illustrated which fulfills all of the aforestated objectives in a remarkably unexpected fashion. It is of course understood that such modifications, alterations and adaptations as may readily occur to the artisan confronted with this disclosure are intended within the spirit of the present invention which is limited only by the scope of the claims appended hereto.	A new art form providing a plurality of optical images and illusions by the novel coaction of at least two diverse line and curve patterns disposed in spaced generally parallel relationship to each other, at least one of said patterns being rotatable at a rate different from that of the other pattern. The differential rates of rotation generate a dynamic composite image which is ultimately cyclically repetitive. The art form is especially useful in creating time pieces and mood altering displays for psychological counseling.	1
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention related to a fuel injection system. BACKGROUND INFORMATION European Patent Application No. 0 139 122 describes a fuel injection system that is able to be mounted on the cylinder head of an internal combustion engine. This fuel injection system comprises a plurality of intake lines that open into an elastic connecting tube element, which isolates structure-borne noise and is configured, in turn, with a flange on its cylinder-head side, a fixed connection to the cylinder head being realized with the flange. The elastic connecting tube element, which is preferably made of an elastomeric plastic, thus, partially accommodates the intake lines and, in addition, has a sleeve-shaped mount for a fuel injector (injection valve). The mount and connecting tube element form one piece which surrounds the fuel injector in its installed position over nearly its entire extent. The fuel injection system, thus, has a multipart design, the complete fuel injector being installed in the mount, which thus forms a holding means for it. In this context, the mount is so configured that the outer contour of the fuel injector is essentially closely fitted. Unexamined European Patent Application 0 501 612, the fuel injection system having multipart intake manifolds with flanges at their ends for interconnecting them. The intake manifolds are manufactured either from aluminum or plastic and, in addition to their actual flow passages, have seating areas for fuel injectors. These seating areas each essentially surround a fuel injector with a radial clearance, since, e.g., the fuel is supplied via the seating areas to fuel injectors configured as "side-feed" injectors. The fuel injectors are first introduced in their fully assembled state into these seating areas. It is necessary for the fuel injector to be sealed off in the seating areas by at least two sealing rings. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a fuel injection system whose components are integrated to an extreme degree. This creates a simplified design over the prior art and thereby obtains a significant cost advantage. By fully integrating the injection valves on an intake manifold or intake distributor made of plastic, both electrical, as well as hydraulic interfaces of the fuel injection system are reduced or even entirely eliminated. In addition, the advantageous elimination of connecting means and sealing means implies further savings in parts and thus in materials. The multiplicity of advantages obtained through full integration are listed, for example, as follows: Elimination of the actual plastic extrusion coating around the fuel injector. Elimination of a component for supply fuel (e.g., fuel distributor). Elimination of several connecting means (e.g., lock rings, screws and others). Elimination of various sealing means,(e.g., O-rings). Elimination of several installation steps because of the one-part configuration. It is especially advantageous to integrate the electrical lines (e.g.,) used for the common electrical contacting of the fuel injectors, into the fuel distributor (e.g., used for supplying fuel to the fuel injectors). Only one central connector is then needed for the external electrical connection of the fuel injection system. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows a partial section through a fuel injection system according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 shows a fuel injection system, configured for installation on the cylinder head of an internal combustion engine, with fuel injectors having individual connectors according to an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 shows a fuel injection system, configured for installation on the cylinder head of an internal combustion engine, having a central connector according to an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIG. 1 shows a partial section through a fuel injection system according to an embodiment of the present invention which comprises, inter alia, at least one fuel injector 1, the fuel injection system being used, in particular, as part of a fuel injection system of mixture-compressing internal combustion engines having externally supplied ignition. In FIG. 1, only one fuel injector 1 is shown in section, in conjunction with an intake manifold 3 that is configured as a single induction pipe 1 and leads to a combustion chamber (not shown) of the internal combustion engine. As a rule, however, the fuel injection system will be used in conjunction with an MPI (multipoint injection), where, for example, each combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine is assigned its own fuel injector 1. Thus, in an internal combustion engine having four combustion chambers (4-cylinder engine), for example, four intake manifolds 3 extend in the direction of the combustion chambers, each fuel injector 1 opening into an intake manifold 3. By way of intake manifold 3 having, for example, a circular cross-section, intake air or recirculated exhaust gas is made available to the internal combustion engine in the direction indicated by an arrow; the air quantity being controlled by means of a throttle element (not shown) upstream from the opening of fuel injector 1 into intake manifold 3. Well suited for service in the fuel injection system of the invention are, for example, "top-feed" fuel injectors where the fuel is supplied by way of the end facing away from the intake manifold. A full description of the exemplary and simplified representation of fuel injector 1 will not be given here, since such a fuel injector is already well known from Unexamined German Application No. 43 25 842, which is hereby incorporated by reference, there being certain differences--of course, in the matter of plastic extrusion coating because of the design of the fuel injection system according to the invention. Other constructions of already known fuel injectors may also be used in the fuel injection system. the Fuel injector 1 is actuated in the known manner e.g., electromagnetically. For that reason, fuel injector 1 has an electromagnetic circuit comprising, inter alia, a solenoid coil 5, a core 6 used both as a fuel intake fitting and an inner pole, and comprising an armature 7. Downstream from solenoid coil 5 extends a valve-seat carrier 8, which forms part of the housing of fuel injector 1. Arranged in tubular valve-seat carrier 8 is a valve needle 9, which at its upstream end is fixedly connected to armature 7 and, at its downstream end, is fixedly connected to a valve-closure member 10. The electromagnetic circuit is used to axially move valve needle 9 and, thus, to open the injector against the resistance of a return spring 11 and to close it. Imperviously mounted in the end of valve-seat carrier 8 facing away from core 6 is a valve-seat member 12, which has a fixed valve seat, with which valve-closure member 10 cooperates, in turn. The fuel to be spray-discharged is metered, e.g., through a pot-shaped spray-orifice plate 14-which is fixedly connected to valve-seat member 12 and has at least one, e.g., four spray orifices formed by erosive machining or punching. Disposed at the immediate downstream end of valve-seat carrier 8 is, for example, a protective cap 15. Solenoid coil 5 is surrounded by at least one conductive element 16, configured as a clip and used as a ferromagnetic element, which at least partially surrounds solenoid coil 5 in the circumferential direction, abuts with its two ends on core 6 or on valve-seat carrier 8, and is securely joined thereto. Provision is made in a flow-through bore 18 of core 6, e.g., for a fuel filter 19 for filtering out fuel components that could cause blockage, and for an adjustment sleeve 20 for adjusting the resilience of return spring 11. The fuel injector 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention, is not, as previously known, surrounded by an injection-molded plastic housing to form a component that can be installed in a mount of a fuel injection system, but rather is directly integrated into the fuel injection system as described according to the present invention. Except for a small downstream region 24 of fuel injector 1, fuel injector 1 is completely surrounded by plastic sheathing, the plastic sheathing 25 being formed in one piece with intake manifolds 3 so as to form a compact fuel injection system and, thus, is also produced in a single plastic injection-molding process. The plastic sheathing 25 may also include, for example, an integral injection molded electrical connector 26 for each fuel injector 1. In addition, a fuel distributor 28 is also provided directly within the fuel injection system, the fuel distributor also being directly co-formed by plastic sheathing 25 of fuel injector 1. In this context, during the injection molding process, the injection-molding die includes an injection-molding core located immediately above the inflow-side end of fuel injector 1 and transversely to longitudinal valve axes 29 of fuel injectors 1. Following removal of said core, a fuel supply channel 30 is formed for fuel injectors 1 within plastic sheathing 25. The fuel supply channel 30 that is open toward each flow-through bore 18 has, for example, a circular cross-section, the plastic forming the wall of fuel supply channel 30 being provided with a substantially constant wall thickness. The wall thickness of plastic sheathing 25 may vary along the axial extent of fuel injector 1 to accommodate installation requirements. Fuel injectors 1 are adjusted prior to being extrusion-coated. In this context, the insertion depth of valve-seat member 12 within the valve-seat carrier 8 determines the magnitude of the lift of valve needle 9. When solenoid coil 5 is not energized, one end position of valve needle 9 is determined by the position of valve-closure member 10 on the seat of valve seat member 12; when solenoid coil 5 is excited, the other end position of valve needle 9 is determined by the fitting (e.g., seating ) of armature 7 on core 6. The spring tension of valve needle 9 that is braced against return spring 11 is, as already mentioned, set by adjustment sleeve 20. Solenoid coil 5 is sealed from fuel supply channel 30 by means, for example, of a plurality of ribs 32 concentrically disposed around the periphery of core 6 near fuel distributor 28, the rings 32 forming a "labyrinth seal". Alternatively, an ordinary sealing ring installed on the periphery of core 6 could be co-extruded. To economize on plastic, downstream area 24 of fuel injector 1 is configured as an exposed (open) area i.e., valve-seat carrier 8 is not enclosed by any plastic there. Rather, the area 24 protrudes into a side-opening 33 of intake manifold 3, which has, for example, a circular cross-section. In this context, fuel injector 1 is, for example, so aligned that the fuel to be spray-discharged impinges essentially directly at an inlet valve (not shown) in the cylinder head of the internal combustion engine. It is also conceivable to design fuel injector 1 in a lengthened configuration and, by this means, allow it to project fully through side opening 33, the injection end of fuel injector 1 extending up to inside intake manifold 3, as indicated by the dotted lines. FIGS. 2 and 3 show schematic exemplary embodiments of the fuel injection system according to the present invention as a compact component for installation on the cylinder head of an internal combustion engine. Intake manifolds 3 terminate at a mounting flange 37 which, for example, has a plurality of openings 38 into which means for mounting the fuel injection system to the cylinder head may be inserted. The individual fuel injectors 1 are, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, contacted separately from one another, i.e., each fuel injector 1 has its own plug connector 26 which may have the form represented in FIG. 1. Intake manifolds 3 run as induction runners separately, at least in the described fuel injection system, and together form an induction pipe assembly. Fuel distributor 28 extends with its inner fuel supply channel 30 along all fuel injectors 1, rendering possible a simultaneous supplying of fuel to all fuel injectors 1. At its one end, fuel distributor 28 has a connecting means 40. In this context, connecting means 40 is designed, for example, in the form of a connection pipe fitting to which a fuel supply hose (not shown) can be attached, or it can form a "quick-connector", which enables bayonet-type quick connections to be achieved. FIG. 3 shows an exemplary embodiment of the fuel injection system according to the present invention where the electrical contacting of individual fuel injectors 1 is carried out by way of a contact bar 41 that interconnects all fuel injectors 1. Contact bar 41, which is provided directly at the time of injection molding of the fuel injection system, and thus is completely extrusion-coated with plastic, has at its one end a central connector 42 which, e.g., has a five-pin design given four fuel injectors 1 to be contacted. With every fuel injector 1, the number of electrical lines 43 provided in contact bar 41 decreases by one up to that fuel injector 1 which is the most remote from central connector 42 and to which two electrical lines 43 still lead. Contact bar 41 and fuel distributor 28 are not shown to scale in FIG. 3 and do not need to run separately next to one another or above and below one another. It is, rather, advantageous to integrate electrical lines 43 directly in or on fuel distributor 28 so that there will only be one plastic connecting piece running transversely to fuel injectors 1.	A fuel injection system includes a substantial integration of various components, the fuel injection system including at least one fuel injector and at least one intake manifold, as well as a fuel supply channel, which are all surrounded by a plastic sheathing. The full integration of the fuel injectors into an induction pipe component made of plastic leads to the reduction or elimination of both electrical and hydraulic interfaces. Thus, only a compact component remains that is very simple to attach to a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine. Means for electrically contacting the fuel injectors (1), such as connector sockets, are also fully integrated in the plastic sheathing. This fuel injection system is especially suited for use in mixture-compressing internal combustion engines having externally supplied ignition.	5
This application is a divisional of copending application Ser. No. 946,259, filed on Dec. 24, 1986, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,739,832. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to the treatment of a subterranean formation where a retarded acid is used in combination with high impulse fracturing to improve the effectiveness of said fracturing and the acid reaction. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION It is a common practice to acidize subterranean formations in order to increase the permeability thereof. For example, in the petroleum industry it is conventional to inject an acidizing fluid into a well in order to increase the permeability of a surrounding hydrocarbon-bearing formation and thus facilitate the flow of hydrocarbon fluids into the well from the formation or the injection of fluids, such as gas or water, from the well into the formation. Such acidizing techniques may be carried out as "matrix acidizing" procedures or as "acid-fracturing" procedures. In acid fracturing the acidizing fluid is disposed within the well opposite the formation to be fractured. Thereafter, sufficient pressure is applied to the acidizing fluid to cause the formation to break down with the resultant production of one or more fractures therein. An increase in permeability thus is effected by the fractures formed as well as by the chemical reaction of the acid within the formation. In matrix acidizing, the acidizing fluid is passed into the formation from the well at a pressure below the breakdown pressure of the formation. In this case, increase in permeability is effected primarily by the chemical reaction of the acid within the formation with little or no permeability increase being due to mechanical disruptions within the formation as in fracturing. In yet another technique involving acidizing, the formation is fractured. Thereafter, an acidizing fluid is injected into the formation at fracturing pressures to extend the created fracture. The acid functions to dissolve formation materials forming the walls of the fracture, thus increasing the width and permeability thereof. In most cases, acidizing procedures are carried out in calcareous formations such as dolomites, limestones, dolomitic sandstones, etc. One difficulty encountered in the acidizing of such a formation is presented by the rapid reaction rate of the acidizing fluid with those portions of the formation with which it first comes into contact. This is particularly serious in matrix acidizing procedures. As the acidizing fluid is forced from the well into the formation, the acid reacts rapidly with the calcareous material immediately adjacent the well. Thus, the acid becomes spent before it penetrates into the formation a significant distance from the well. For example, in matrix acidizing of a limestone formation it is common to achieve maximum penetration with a live acid to a depth of only a few inches to a foot from the face of the wellbore. This, of course, severely limits the increase in productivity or injectivity of the well. In order to increase the penetration depth it has heretofore been proposed to add a reaction inhibitor to the acidizing fluid. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,233,672 issued to N. F. Carpenter there is disclosed an acidizing process in which inhibitors such as alkyl-substituted carboximides and alkyl-substituted sulfoxides are added to the acidizing solution. Another technique for increasing the penetration depth of an acidizing solution is that disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 3,076,762 issued to W. R. Dill, wherein solid, liquid, or gaseous carbon dioxide is introduced into the formation in conjunction with the acidizing solution. The carbon dioxide acts as a coolant thus retarding the reaction rate of the acid with the formation carbonates. Also, the carbon dioxide is said to become solubilized in the acidizing solution, thus resulting in the production of carbonic acid which changes the equilibrium point of the acid-carbonate reaction to accomplish a retarding effect. An additional procedure disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,850,098 issued to Moll et al. involves the removal of contaminates from a water well and the adjacent formation through the injection of gaseous hydrogen chloride. Still another technique for acidizing a calcareous formation is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,354,957 issued to Every et al. In this process liquid anhydrous hydrogen chloride is forced from a well into the adjacent formations. The liquid hydrogen chloride vaporizes within the formation and the resulting gas dissolves in the formation water to form hydrochloric acid which then attacks the formation. Therefore, what is needed is a method whereby a formation can be acidized and simultaneously fractured wherein the acid in its reactive state can penetrate deeply into a formation thereby increasing its permeability. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a method for increasing the permeability of a formation where high impulse fracturing device is used in combination with an inhibited acid. In the practice of this invention, an inhibited acid is directed into a wellbore contained in the formation which acid is in an amount sufficient to substantially submerge a desired formation interval of the formation. A two-stage high impulse device is then submerged in said acid within said wellbore. Thereafter, a first stage of said high impulse fracturing device is ignited causing said retarded acid to become activated by heat generated from said device. Next, the second stage of said impulse device is ignited, thereby inducing vertical radial fractures in said formation and simultaneously forcing said activated acid into said fractures which increases the permeability of said formation. It is therefore an object of this invention to create multiple simultaneous radial fractures in a formation while acidizing said formation. It is another object of this invention to enhance the reactivity of an acid with the formation by contacting said acid with a greater area of the formation when multiple simultaneous radial fractures are created. It is yet another object of this invention to increase the permeability of a formation and stimulate said formation to produce increased volumes of hydrocarbonaceous fluids. It is still yet another object of this invention to increase the permeability of a calcareous formation containing hydrocarbonaceous fluids for production therefrom while minimizing damage to the wellbore. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In the practice of this invention, an inhibited acid is directed into a wellbore located in a formation, preferably a hydrocarbonaceous fluid containing one. The method of this invention is particularly suited for calcareous formations containing carbonates therein. The solution of acid employed may be any of the aqueous solutions of acid commonly employed for acidizing subterranean calcareous formations. For example, the solution of acid may be an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid. Commonly, the aqueous solutions of hydrochloric acid employed for acidizing subterranean calcareous formations contain between 5 and 28 percent by weight of hydrogen chloride. An aqueous solution of acetic acid may be also employed. Additionally, an aqueous solution of formic acid may be employed. As is known, when the acid solution becomes spent as the result of reacting with the material of the formation, the solubility of calcium sulfate, i.e., anhydrite or gypsum, dissolved in the acid decreases. Thus, any calcium sulfate dissolved from the formation or derived from the water employed in preparing the solution of acid can precipitate with a consequent decrease in the permeability of the formation. Accordingly, it is preferred that the solution of acid that is employed contain an agent to inhibit the precipitation of calcium sulfate. Thus, where hydrogen chloride is employed, the solution thereof may contain up to 40 percent by weight of calcium chloride. Additionally, the solution of acid may also contain any of the commonly employed inhibitors for prevention of corrosion of metal equipment such as casing, liner, or tubing in the well. The amount of solution of acid to be employed will vary according to the radial distance from the well to which the formation is to be acidized and, as stated, this distance may vary up to 15 feet but will not, in most cases, exceed about 10 feet from the well. The amount of solution of acid to be employed will also vary according to the extent to which the material of the formation is to be dissolved. Preferably, the amount of acid should be one hydrocarbon pore volume of the portion of the formation to be acidized. However, lesser amounts may be employed. Generally, the amount employed will be that ordinarily employed in conventional, commercial acidizing operations. Also, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,233,672 issued to Carpenter, inhibitors such as alkyl-substituted carboximides and alkyl-substituted sulfoxides can be added to the acidizing solution. This patent is hereby incorporated by reference. After the inhibited acid has been placed into the wellbore to the desired formation interval sought to be treated, a two-stage high energy impulse device containing propellants therein is located within the wellbore. The first stage contains a propellant suitable for generating sufficient heat to decompose the inhibitors contained in said acid solution. Propellant contained in the second stage is sufficient to create simultaneous multiple radial fractures and force the now reactive acid into the created fractures within the formation. Said propellant can belong to the modified nitrocellulose or the modified or unmodified nitroamine propellant class. Another suitable propellant is a composite propellant which contains ammonium perchlorate in a rubberized binder. Other suitable propellants are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,590,997 which issued to Stowe on May 27, 1986. This paten is hereby incorporated by reference. Having previously placed said propellant device into the wellbore, the first stage of the high energy impulse device is ignited. This causes heat and pressure to be generated which is sufficient only to break down inhibitors contained in the acid solution and commence etching the formation via perforations contained in the wellbore. Thereafter, the second stage of the high energy impulse device is ignited. Ignition of the propellant contained in the second stage generates heat and pressure sufficient to create simultaneous multiple radial fractures within the formation. Upon the creation of these fractures, the reactive acid is forced into said fractures. Once the acid has entered the formation via said fractures, the acid reacts with the formation thereby increasing the permeability within said formation. This increase in permeability allows for increased volumes of hydrocarbonaceous fluids to be produced from a formation containing same. In another embodiment of this invention, a sheath into which the propellant is placed can be composed of a metal reactive with an inhibited acid, such as aluminum or magnesium. The reactive metal will initiate a heat generating exothermic reaction. The sheath should be composed of said reactive metal in a thickness so as to generate sufficient heat to destroy or break down the inhibitors contained in the inhibited acid. The time required for a generation of heat needed to break down said inhibitors can be determined by laboratory measurements for example. These measurements of course would take into consideration the metal and acid utilized, the volume of acid within the wellbore, as well as the thickness of metal needed to maintain the integrity of the propellant contained in the high impulse device. If needed, said device in said sheath, along with additional metal can be suspended into the wellbore, either above or below said device. When the time for generating sufficient heat to break down the inhibitors has elapsed, the propellant sufficient for fracturing the formation is ignited. This ignition, as before, causes heat and pressure to be generated sufficient to form simultaneous multiple radial fractures which emanate from the wellbore into the formation while simultaneously forcing acid into the created fractures. When carrying out this embodiment, a first propellant stage is unnecessary. Although the present invention has been described with preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that modifications and variations may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention, as those skilled in the art will readily understand. Such modifications and variations are considered to be within the purview and scope of the appended claims.	A process for improving the effectiveness of control pulse fracturing in a carbonate formation wherein a high energy impulse device having a metallic sheath reactive with a retarded acid is utilized in combination with a retarded acid. Upon placement of such device within a wellbore, the metallic sheath reacts with the retarded acid and generates heat which activates said acid. Afterwards, the high energy impulse device is ignited which fractures the formation and forces the activated acid into the created fractures thereby enhancing acid contact with said formation.	4
FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates generally to image generation, and specifically to efficient generation of an image from a mesh. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] In many fields it is important to be able to manipulate images in a timely manner. The manipulation becomes more computer intensive as the resolution, size and numbers of colors in the image increases. In time critical fields, such as during a surgical procedure, the manipulation may be required to be in substantially real-time, leading to further demands on computer resources used to present the image. In some cases, in order to maintain real-time behavior, the quality of the image may be reduced, for example by reducing the resolution of the image or by reducing the number of colors in the image. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0003] An embodiment of the present invention provides a method for three-dimensional (3D) rendering, including: [0004] receiving a group of 3D triangles defining a triangular mesh of a surface, each 3D triangle in the group having three 3D vertices with respective 3D coordinates; [0005] transforming each 3D triangle into a corresponding two-dimensional (2D) triangle having three 2D vertices corresponding respectively to the 3D vertices, each 2D vertex having respective 2D pixel coordinates and a triplet of pixel attributes corresponding to the 3D coordinates of a corresponding 3D vertex; [0006] passing each 2D triangle to a graphics processor, which treats the triplet of pixel attributes of each 2D vertex as interpolatable values; [0007] in the graphics processor, computing respective triplets of interpolated pixel attributes for pixels within each 2D triangle by interpolation between the pixel attributes of the 2D vertices of the 2D triangle; and [0008] rendering a 3D image of the surface by converting the interpolated pixel attributes computed by the graphics processor into voxel coordinates in the 3D image. [0009] The method typically includes, after passing a given 2D triangle to the graphics processor, filling the given 2D triangle with the pixels within the given 2D triangle. [0010] In a disclosed embodiment the interpolated pixel attributes include a weighted interpolation of the triplet of pixel attributes of each 2D vertex. Typically the weighted interpolation includes applying a weight to the triplet of pixel attributes of a given 2D vertex that is inversely proportional to a distance of a given pixel to the given 2D vertex. [0011] In a further disclosed embodiment converting the interpolated pixel attributes into voxel coordinates consists of enclosing the triangular mesh in a rectangular parallelepiped of voxels, and selecting voxels containing or touching the interpolated pixel attributes as voxels of the surface. [0012] In a yet further disclosed embodiment the surface is included in a chamber of a heart. [0013] In an alternative embodiment each 2D triangle cons one common 2D triangle. [0014] In a further alternative embodiment each 2D triangle is configured to fill a virtual screen. [0015] There is further provided, according to an embodiment of the present invention, apparatus for three-dimensional (3D) rendering, including: [0016] a processing unit configured to: [0017] receive a group of 3D triangles defining a triangular mesh of a surface, each 3D triangle in the group having three 3D vertices with respective 3D coordinates, and [0018] transform each 3D triangle into a corresponding two-dimensional (2D) triangle having three 2D vertices corresponding respectively to the 3D vertices, each 2D vertex having respective 2D pixel coordinates and a triplet of pixel attributes corresponding to the 3D coordinates of a corresponding 3D vertex; and [0019] a graphics processor configured to: [0020] receive each 2D triangle and to treat the triplet of pixel attributes of each 2D vertex as interpolatable values, [0021] compute respective triplets of interpolated pixel attributes for pixels within each 2D triangle by interpolation between the pixel attributes of the 2D vertices of the 2D triangle, and [0022] wherein the processing unit is configured to render a 3D image of the surface by converting the interpolated pixel attributes computed by the graphics processor into voxel coordinates in the 3D image. [0023] The present disclosure will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the embodiments thereof, taken together with the drawings, in which: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0024] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a voxelization apparatus, according to an embodiment of the present invention; [0025] FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of points that are registered by a sensor as it contacts a surface, according to an embodiment of the present invention; [0026] FIG. 3 is a flowchart of steps performed by a processing unit to produce an image, according to an embodiment of the present invention; and [0027] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating one of the steps of the flowchart, according to an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS [0028] OVERVIEW [0029] Manipulation of surface images, such as rotating, translating, magnifying, and/or de-magnifying the images is typically computer intensive. Furthermore, as the resolution of images and number of colors in the images increase, the computing power needed to perform the manipulations in a timely manner also needs to increase. Rather than provide such increased computing power, prior art systems may reduce the resolution of the image, reduce the number of colors, and/or increase the time taken for manipulating the image. [0030] Embodiments of the present invention take a different tack, by providing the increased computing power needed for quick manipulations of images having a high resolution. The increased computer power is provided in the form of a dedicated graphics processor. As is known in the art, a graphics processor has a highly parallel structure, which makes it more effective than general purpose processing units for processing large blocks of data. [0031] In embodiments of the present invention a general purpose processing unit receives a group of three-dimensional (3D) triangles that define a mesh of a surface, each of the triangles having three 3D vertices with respective 3D coordinates. The processing unit transforms each 3D triangle into a corresponding two-dimensional (2D) triangle having three 2D vertices corresponding to the 3D vertices. Typically, although the 3D triangles are different, the 2D triangles may be one common 2D triangle, having one set of 2D vertices. Each 2D vertex has 2D pixel coordinates, and in addition each vertex is assigned a triplet of pixel attributes that are the 3D coordinates of a corresponding 3D vertex. [0032] The processing unit passes each 2D triangle to a dedicated graphics processor which treats the triplet of pixel attributes of each 2D vertex as interpolatable values, i.e., values between which the graphics processor may perform interpolation. In some usages of a graphics processor, the interpolatable values input to the processor are color values. The graphics processor is configured to fill each 2D triangle with pixels within the triangle. Furthermore, by treating the triplet of pixel attributes of each 2D vertex as interpolatable values, the graphics processor computes respective triplets of interpolated pixel attributes for each of the filled pixels. The interpolation is typically a weighted mean of the 2D vertex triplets, the weighting being configured to be inversely proportional to the distance of a given filled pixel from the 2D vertices. [0033] The processing unit may receive the triplets of interpolated pixel attributes from the graphics processor, and use the triplets as 3D points within the corresponding 3D triangle. The processing unit typically initially encloses the mesh in a set of voxels, and after performing the process described above, selects voxels that enclose or touch the 3D points. The processing unit then uses voxel coordinates of the selected voxels to render a 3D image of the surface associated with the mesh on a screen. [0034] By using a dedicated graphics processor which is configured to treat a triplet of pixel attributes as interpolatable values, embodiments of the present invention use the highly parallel nature of the graphics processor to efficiently manipulate high resolution images in real time. System Description [0035] In the following description, like elements in the drawings are identified by like numerals, and the like elements are differentiated as necessary by appending a letter to the identifying numeral. [0036] FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a voxelization apparatus 20 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. As is described hereinbelow, apparatus 20 is configured to determine voxels comprised in a three-dimensional (3D) surface 22 . By way example, the apparatus is assumed to be used in an invasive medical procedure, and surface 22 upon which the procedure is performed is assumed to comprise the surface of a chamber 24 of a heart 26 of a human patient 28 . The procedure is assumed to be performed by a medical professional 30 . Also by way of example, the procedure is assumed to comprise ablation of surface 24 . However, it will be understood that embodiments of the present invention are not just applicable to this specific procedure on a particular surface, and may include substantially any procedure on any surface. [0037] Apparatus 20 is controlled by a system processing unit (PU) 46 , which is located in an operating console 48 of the apparatus. PU 46 is in communication with a graphics processor (GP) 50 and with a tracking module 52 , the functions of which are described below. PU 46 is typically also in communication with other modules used for the procedure, such as an ablation module and an irrigation module, but for simplicity such modules are not shown in FIG. 1 . Console 48 comprises controls 54 which are used by professional 30 to communicate with the processing unit. [0038] Typically, prior to performing the procedure, surface 22 is mapped, and the mapping is assumed to be performed by professional 30 . In order to perform the mapping a probe 60 may be configured to have a location sensor 62 at its distal end, the location sensor being in communication with PU 46 so that signals from the sensor enable the processing unit to determine the location of the sensor. Sensor 62 may use any method for determining its location known in the art. For example, sensor 62 may comprise one or more coils, and PU 46 may use a magnetic tracking method, wherein magnetic transmitters 64 external to patient 28 generate signals in the coils. The processing unit may use a tracking module, such as tracking module 52 , to convert the signals to location coordinates in a three-dimensional (3D) frame of reference 66 defined by the magnetic transmitters. In FIG. 1 the 3D frame of reference is illustrated by a set of orthogonal xyz axes. The Carto® system produced by Biosense Webster, of Diamond Bar, Calif., uses such a tracking method. [0039] To perform the mapping the professional may insert probe 60 into a lumen of the patient, so that the distal end of the probe enters chamber 24 of the heart of the patient, and so that sensor 62 contacts surface 22 of the chamber at multiple points. From the mapping PU 46 may generate an image 70 of surface 22 , which the processing unit typically presents to professional 30 on a screen 74 . During the procedure professional 30 is able to manipulate image 70 , for example by rotating, changing the magnification, changing the direction of view, and/or showing only a portion of the image, using controls 54 . The production of image 70 is described below. [0040] The software for PU 46 , GP 50 , and module 52 may be downloaded in electronic form, over a network, for example. Alternatively or additionally, the software may be provided on non-transitory tangible media, such as optical, magnetic, or electronic storage media. [0041] FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of points 100 that are registered by sensor 62 as it contacts surface 22 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. Typically during the mapping referred to above, PU 46 initially stores 3D coordinates of points 100 as measured in the 3D frame of reference defined by transmitters 64 . The processing unit then connects 3D coordinates of points 100 , herein also termed 3D vertices 100 , by line segments 102 , using any method known in the art such as the ball-pivoting algorithm, to produce a set of connected 3D triangles 104 A, 104 B, 104 C, . . . , generically termed triangles 104 . 3D triangles 104 form a triangular mesh 106 of the surface. As described below with reference to the flowchart of FIG. 3 , PU 46 uses GP 50 to render mesh 106 into image 70 . [0042] FIG. 3 is a flowchart of steps performed by PU 46 to produce image 70 , and FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating one of the steps of the flowchart, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In an initial step 150 , the processing unit generates a 3D triangular mesh, herein assumed to comprise mesh 106 , of surface 22 , generally as described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 . The generation of the mesh comprises determining 3D coordinates, as ordered triplets, of 3D vertices 100 of the mesh, then determining equations of line segments 102 connecting the vertices to form 3D triangles 104 , in frame of reference 66 . [0043] In an enclosure step 151 , the 3D mesh is enclosed in a 3D volume composed of voxels. Typically, although not necessarily, edges of the enclosing volume are selected to be parallel to the xyz axes of frame of reference 66 . The number and size of the voxels may be selected by professional 30 . The voxels are typically cubic and are typically equal in size. Typical 3D volumes may comprise 128×128×128 or 512×512×512 voxels, but embodiments of the present invention are not limited to these specific values, and other convenient voxel configurations for the 3D volume may be selected by professional 30 . In a triangle selection step 152 , the processing unit selects a 3D triangle, herein assumed to be triangle 104 A, and registers the 3D coordinates of the 3D vertices of the triangle, assumed to be triplets (x A1 , y A1 , z A1 ), (x A2 , y A2 , z A2 ), (x A3 , y A3 , z A3 ). [0044] In a conversion step 154 , in preparation for inputting data to GP 50 , the selected 3D triangle is converted to a 2D triangle. Each of the 3D coordinates of the 3D vertices of the selected triangle is placed in a one-one correspondence with respective 2D coordinates of two-dimensional (2D) vertices. Each of the 2D vertices has 2D pixel coordinates and a triplet of pixel attributes of the corresponding 3D vertex. [0045] FIG. 4 and Table I below illustrate the correspondence formed in step 154 . [0000] TABLE I 3D Triangle 2D Triangle 3D Vertices 2D Vertices and Pixel Triplet (x A1 , y A1 , z A1 ) ((x s1 , y s1 ), [x A1 , y A1 , z A1 ]) (x A2 , y A2 , z A2 ) ((x s2 , y s2 ), [x A2 , y A2 , z A2 ]) (x A3 , y A3 , z A3 ) ((x s3 , y s3 ), [x A3 , y A3 , z A3 ]) [0046] FIG. 4 illustrates 3D triangle 104 A, with its three 3D vertices, drawn in frame of reference 66 . A 2D triangle 180 , corresponding to 3D triangle 104 A, has been drawn on a 2D screen 182 which has a 2D frame of reference 184 . Triangle 180 , screen 182 , and frame of reference 184 have been drawn in broken lines, to indicate that the correspondence generated in step 154 does not involve any actual placement of points on a screen, and that screen 182 is a virtual screen. Thus, 2D triangle 182 is drawn in broken lines since there is no actual drawing of triangle 182 . [0047] As is described further below, step 154 is repeated for different 3D triangles selected in step 152 . However, while the 3D triangles may be different, the 2D triangle into which they are converted may be the same, so that in this case there is one common 2D triangle for all the 3D triangles. In some embodiments the 2D vertices of the common 2D triangle are selected so that the 2D triangle fills screen 182 . In this case, and assuming that screen 182 in frame of reference 184 has corners (1, 1), (1, −1), (−1, −1), and (−1, 1) Table II applies for the correspondence. [0000] TABLE II 3D Triangle 2D Triangle 3D Vertices 2D Vertices and Pixel Triplet (x A1 , y A1 , z A1 ) ((0.0, 1.0), [x A1 , y A1 , z A1 ]) (x A2 , y A2 , z A2 ) ((−1.0, −1.0), [x A2 , y A2 , z A2 ]) (x A3 , y A3 , z A3 ) ((1.0, −1.0), [x A3 , y A3 , z A3 ]) [0048] In a GP input and filling step 156 , PU 46 passes the 2D vertices and associated pixel triplets of the 2D triangle to GP 50 . GP 50 is configured, on receipt of the three 2D vertices, to fill triangle 182 with 2D pixels, each 2D pixel having respective 2D screen coordinates (x p , y p ), p=1, 2, 3, . . . . [0049] In addition, the GP is configured to treat the attributes of each pixel triplet associated with the 2D vertices as interpolatable values. As for its treatment of interpolatable values, for each interpolated 2D pixel (x p , y p ) the GP calculates a value of a pixel triplet [x wp , y wp , z wp ] associated with the pixel as the weighted average of the three pixel triplets of the 2D vertices of triangle 182 , the weighting being determined according to the closeness of the interpolated pixel to the vertices. [0050] An expression for [x wp , y wp , z wp ] is given by equation (1): [0000] [ x wp , y wp , z wp ] ≡ [ w 1  x A   1 + w 2  x A   2 + w 3  x A   3 , w 1  y A   1 + w 2  y A   2 + w 3  y A   3 , w 1  z A   1 + w 2  z A   2 + w 3  z A   3 ] ( 1 ) [0051] where w 1 , w 2 , w 3 are normalized weighting factors that are inversely proportional to distances d 1 , d 2 , d 3 from 2D pixel (x p , y p ) to 2D vertices (x s1 , y s1 ), (x s2 , y s2 ), (x s3 , y s3 ). [0052] For example, if d 1 =d 2 =d 3 , then [0000] w 1 = w 2 = w 3 = 1 3 . [0000] As a second example, if d 1 =d 2 =2d 3 , then [0000] w 1 = w 2 = 1 4   and   w 3 = 1 2 . [0053] In step 156 the processing unit determines the values of a respective triplet [x wp , y wp , z wp ], according to equation (1), for each of the 2D pixels (x p , y p ) that fill 2D triangle 182 . [0054] In an association step 158 , the values of each triplet [x wp , y wp , z wp ], of the filled pixels in step 156 , are associated with triangle 104 A, forming a set {S} of triplets for the triangle, and the processing unit stores the set of triplets. It will be apparent from equation (1) that each triplet of set {S} is equivalent to a 3D point within triangle 104 A. [0055] In a decision step 160 , the processing unit checks if a set of triplets, i.e., a set of 3D points within a given 3D triangle 104 , has been stored for all 3D triangles in mesh 106 . If a 3D triangle 104 exists without such a set, then the flowchart returns to step 152 . If respective sets of 3D points have been stored for all triangles 104 in mesh 106 , then the flowchart continues to a voxelization step 162 . [0056] In voxelization step 162 for each voxel of the 3D volume formed in step 151 PU 46 checks if at least one of the triplets stored in step 158 is contained in, or touches, the voxel. Such a voxel is “marked,” or selected, as being assumed to be a voxel comprised in surface 22 . All other voxels in the 3D volume, i.e., those not enclosing or touching a triplet stored in step 158 , are assumed to be not comprised in surface 22 . [0057] PU 46 uses the voxel coordinates of the selected voxels to render image 70 of surface 22 on screen 74 . It will be appreciated that the embodiments described above are cited by way of example, and that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described hereinabove, as well as variations and modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not disclosed in the prior art.	A method for 3D rendering, including receiving a group of 3D triangles defining a mesh of a surface, each 3D triangle in the group having 3D vertices with respective 3D coordinates, and transforming each 3D triangle into a 2D triangle having 2D vertices corresponding respectively to the 3D vertices, each 2D vertex having respective 2D pixel coordinates and a triplet of pixel attributes corresponding to the 3D coordinates of a corresponding 3D vertex. Each 2D triangle is passed to a graphics processor, which treats the triplet of pixel attributes of each 2D vertex as interpolatable values. The graphics processor computes respective triplets of interpolated pixel attributes for pixels within each 2D triangle by interpolation between the pixel attributes of the 2D vertices, and a 3D image of the surface is rendered by converting the interpolated pixel attributes computed by the graphics processor into voxel coordinates in the 3D image.	6
FIELD OF INVENTION This invention relates to a tubular protective device or sheath for protection against the transfer of infectious matter during sexual intercourse. More particularly, the invention relates to a thin walled tubular protective device having a closed end and an open end wherein the device has a integral bead at its open end. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Condoms are devices that are used for both contraception and protection during sexual intercourse against the transfer of infectious matter such as bacterial and viral microbes that cause venereal diseases. The continued increase in the incidences of HIV/AIDS has caused various health organizations to encourage people to increase the use of condoms during sexual intercourse in or to prevent the further spread of the disease. Condoms comprise a thin tubular casing that is typically manufactured from natural rubber latex and that has an open end and a closed end. Traditional condoms are drawn over the penis before coitus. The casing of the condom has an inner diameter that is selected so that the condom fits tightly on the penis. At the open end of a condom an elastic, flexible ring or rolled portion of latex is usually provided. This ring portion is generally the same diameter as the tubular casing of the condom. This elastic ring portion serves primarily to secure the condom on the penis and to prevent leakage of semen for the interior of the condom. These elastic ring portions of a condom do not radially extend the open end of the condom. Indeed, the rings do not supply enough rigidity to alter the shape of the condom. It is generally accepted that HIV/AIDS can only be transferred through contact with the carrier's bodily fluid. During sexual intercourse such a transfer of HIV/AIDS occurs when skin lesions of the carrier contact the mucous membrane or skin of the carrier's partner or through transfer of the carriers semen. Such a transfer of HIV/AIDS may occur at the base of the penis and at the vulva. There is a risk that lesions in these areas can be caused to bleed during sexual intercourse. When using a standard condom, these areas are unprotected or unshielded by the condom, and consequently a condom does not offer full protection against the transfer of infectious matter such as HIV/AIDS. Numerous attempts have been made to design a condom or condom-like device that provides effective contraception and/or more protection against the transfer of infectious matter than the standard condom. A sampling of these attempts are described below. An article, “Outline For Successful Prophylactic Program” (Waterbury, Conn.: The Hemingway Press, 1934), the Gee Bee Company, 7-16, discloses a prophylactic device entitled, “The Gee Bee.” This device is a loose fitting tubular prophylactic having a grooved outer ring. The grooved outer ring does not form a collar-shaped, outwardly extending portion at the open of the prophylactic. This invention does not disclose any description of a “female” embodiment having a means for retaining the closed end of the device in the vagina. German Patent Number 210,413 to Hollmann discloses a condom-like device having an outer ring. The outer ring of this invention radially extends the opening of the condom. This invention has no means for retaining the closed end of the device in the vagina. U.S. Pat. No. 899,251 to Graham discloses an animal breeder's bag. The bag is a condom-like device for livestock that can be used to collect semen. The bag contains a fixed inner band that is positioned at about the middle of the device. This position for the attachment of the band provides for a tube and a bag-like extension. The purpose of the band and cross strips is to collect semen in a pocket. A rubber frame can be made in various shapes, but is not disclosed as forming a collar-shaped, outwardly extending portion at the opening off the prophylactic. The band of this device is designed and positioned on the device in order to provide a semen collection bag. The band does not have a structure that is located at the closed end of the device to provide a retaining means such as is required for a “female condom”. U.S. Pat. No. 4,004,591 to Freimark discloses a birth control device. This birth control device is a female condom made of a strong rubber, plastic, or other similar material. This condom has a rigid, ring-like rim that is bent or scalloped. This rim can be a wire. The rim is not adapted to radially extend the open end of this device because this device is a hard molded material and not flexible. The cross-sectional dimensions of this condom are disclosed as being sufficiently large to easily accommodate the average width of the penis with some additional clearance space. The primary function of this device is to prevent unwanted pregnancy. This device is useful in preventing the spread of venereal disease. This device provides no means at the vulva to prevent an exchange between partners of secreted fluids that can contain infectious agents. Additionally, this birth control device is intended for use by females, but includes no means to secure or maintain the device in the vagina. U.S. Pat. No. 4,630,602 to Strickman et al. discloses a disposable contraceptive cervical barrier. The cervical barrier of this invention is similar to standard diaphragms in size and design. This cervical barrier contains various “cavities for cells” that can hold spermicidal lubricants. These spermicidal lubricants can also be placed in numerous grooves within the body of the cervical barrier. Urethane polymers are used to make the device. The cervical barrier of this invention, unlike a condom, has no tubular side walls to prevent the exchange of secretion between partners that can contain a venereal disease. Retained sheaths or “female condoms” have been sold for some time. One type of such a device is disclosed in the Hessel et al. patents, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,735,621, 4,976,273, 5,094,250, 5,490,519, and 5,623,946. In the principle embodiment discussed in these patents, the urethane ring at the open end of the tubular member is a separate unit from the urethane sheath itself. The sheath is then attached to the ring through for example a welding step. The Hessel patents also discuss that the ring can be formed by rolling the polymer material that forms the walls of the tubular structure from the open end, so as to form a ring of material. This ring of material can then be kept from unrolling by heating or using an adhesive. The Hessel patents while they mention use of natural rubber latex, never address the problems associated with such a construction. Specifically, while rolling a ring is theoretically possible it presents many challenges. Typical polymer materials used in the construction of contraceptive barriers (i.e., natural rubber latex or polyurethane) will rip upon rolling or are too sticking to be effectively rolled. Often when a material is rolled into a bead of sufficient size, air or moisture is captured in the bead and upon drying the air expands and moisture boils resulting in a rupture in the bead. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to a contraceptive barrier with an integral bead and methods for its manufacture. By “integral bead” it is meant that the bead or ring at the open end of the device is constructed from the same sheet that makes up the barrier wall without any additional pieces. The device of the present invention is a contraceptive device that is inserted within the vagina and retained there during coitus. The device includes a barrier wall that forms a pouch. The pouch is generally tubular shaped with an open end and a closed end. The open end has a diameter greater than the pouch creating a trumpet shape or a flange at the open end. The diameter of the pouch is of a sufficient size to allow free movement of a penis during coitus. Around the outer edge of the open end is a bead that provides rigidity to the open end. The bead is an integral bead. The bead is formed by rolling the barrier wall of the pouch upon itself, until a bead of sufficient thickness to provide the needed rigidity is obtained. An adhesive material may be used to maintain the bead in the rolled position and keep it from unrolling. The device may also include a retaining member for keeping the device within the vagina during coitus. This retaining member is generally located at the closed end of the tubular pouch. It could take on many forms including a retaining ring or sponge. In the present invention the pouch is manufactured using a dipping process. Specifically, the present invention is preferably composed of a synthetic nitrile latex material. A former, of the appropriate shape, is dipped into a suspension of the synthetic nitrile latex to form a sheath. The sheath is then cured to allow cross linking to occur in the synthetic nitrile latex and make it sufficiently durable. Synthetic nitrile latex has the advantage of being relatively inexpensive, easy to work with and not subject to the allergic reactions often found with natural rubber latex. In addition, synthetic nitrile latex is significantly stronger than natural rubber latex and provides a better barrier against the transmission of disease. In addition, synthetic nitrile latex has a higher modulus of elasticity than prior used natural rubber latex in condoms. This means the product will form a loose fitting liner in the vagina that will stay in place during intercourse. A natural rubber latex device, being more elastic and lower modulus material, is more likely to be dislodged. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating a portion of the process used to manufacture the structure of the present invention. FIG. 3 is another exemplary embodiment of the present invention with a modified retention ring. FIG. 4 is yet another exemplary embodiment of the present invention with a further modified retention ring. FIG. 5 is still another exemplary embodiment of the present invention with a modified retention ring. FIG. 6 is again another exemplary embodiment of the present invention with a modified retention member at the closed end of the sheath. FIG. 7 is another exemplary embodiment of the present invention with a further modified retention member at the closed end of the sheath. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The invention relates to an improved tubular protective device, such as a female condom like device or vaginal shield, and an improved method for manufacturing it. Exemplary embodiments of various structures of the present invention are shown in FIGS. 1 and 3 - 7 . These devices have been shown to provide protection against the transfer of infectious matter, including HIV/AIDS and venereal diseases. The protection is enhanced because the tubular protection device has at its open end an outwardly extending collar that is supported by a rigid bead or ring like structure. The bead is desirably adapted to maintain the collar of the device in a radially extended or stretched condition. As a result, the bead has to be of sufficient size and rigidity to extend the collar. The collar is preferably of a dimension that covers the vulva completely and is relatively immovable during coitus. The tubular protective device preferably has a sufficiently large inner diameter to allow movement of a penis with respect to the walls of the tubular device. The walls of the tubular device are held in a relatively immoveable state or condition within and against the vaginal wall by a retaining mechanism. In one exemplary embodiment, the retaining mechanism is a ring like member that is either removable or integrally connected to the closed end of the tubular protective device. The flexible, thin wall tube of the invention is desirably cylindrical in shape having an open end and a closed end. The tube is preferably made of a synthetic polymer material. Particularly preferred are synthetic latex materials and in particular synthetic nitrile latex. The wall thickness of the tubular protective device can vary. Typically, thinner wall thicknesses for the device allow more sensitivity during coitus. However, the wall thickness must be sufficient to provide the necessary strength and prevent rupture. Moreover, it is preferred that the wall thickness be uniform throughout the device, some variation in the wall thickness is however acceptable. Preferably, the wall thickness for the device is between 50 and 70 microns. The internal or inner diameter of the tubular protective device in its unstretched state is desirably of a sufficiently large dimension to permit movement of a penis with respect to the protective device during sexual intercourse. A tubular protective device having a large inner diameter functions as a liner for the vaginal wall or as a “vaginal pouch”. In this situation, the device is relatively stationary to the vaginal wall and the glans is in direct contact with the surface against which it is moving. This structural arrangement, wherein the inner diameter of the tubular protective device is larger than a penis, provides greater sensitivity for both partners. Standards within the industry for condoms, typically, do not define the inner diameter of a condom, but define the acceptable width of the condom when it is laid flat on a surface. A condom having a width of about 47 millimeters to about 51 millimeter is considered, within the industry, to be form fitting. Contoured or loose fitting condoms have a width of about 50 millimeters to about 54 millimeters. For this invention an acceptable width is at least about 50 millimeters in an unstretched state along the entire length of the tube. A desirable range for the width of the tubular protective device of this invention is between about 55 millimeters and about 85 millimeters. The collar-shaped, outwardly extending portion of the tubular protective device has a mechanism for radially stretching or extending the collar, such as a bead or ring-like member. Furthermore, the bead serves to prevent the open end of the tubular protective device from being pushed into the vagina during sexual intercourse. As mentioned above, this mechanism for extending the collar or ring-like member, in the most desirable embodiments of the invention, is integral to the open end of the tubular protective device and is formed from the walls of the device. Such a structure is formed by rolling the walls of the device, from the open end of the tube so as to form a ring of material. Steps should be taken to maintain the structure of this ring and prevent it from unrolling. The diameter of the ring formed by the integral bead is desirably large enough to prevent the exchange of secretions between partners during sexual intercourse. In other words, the diameter of the ring formed by the integral bead is desirably large enough such that the vulva and the base of the penis are covered by the extended collar. The preferred embodiments of the invention have a first diameter for the tube of the device and a second diameter for the ring formed by the integral bead, wherein the second diameter is larger than the first diameter. Acceptable diameters for the ring formed by the integral bead of the device are at least about 50 millimeters and desirably between about 60 and about 75 millimeters. Preferably, the collar is conically shaped and when a tubular protective device having an inner diameter of approximately 50 millimeters is used, the collar, supported by the integral bead, preferably, has an inner diameter of approximately 70 millimeters. The integral bead must be of sufficient size and rigidity to support the collar. As a result, the integral bead of the present invention must be significantly larger than the ring formed on a standard condom. In prior art device, a wire or plastic ring was used to provide this rigidity. The present invention eliminates the need for such a substructure. An embodiment of the manufacturing process for forming the product of the present invention is set forth in FIG. 2 . In this exemplary process, the tubular device is manufactured by first dipping a preheated (70° C.) former (preferably ceramic) into a coagulant, such as calcium nitrate (CaNO 3 ). Then the former, coated with the coagulant, is dried. The dried former is then dipped into a heated aqueous suspension of synthetic latex polymer material. The coagulant allows the synthetic latex to better form on the former. The synthetic latex is then dried in an oven until substantially dry. In an exemplary embodiment, the material is then leached in water. After the leaching process it is allowed to air dry. The synthetic latex is then cured. After the synthetic latex is cured, the open end of the tubular device is rolled upon itself to form the integral bead. The bead is rolled to a substantial size in order to provide the rigidity. The integral bead is at least about 3-3.5 millimeter in cross section diameter. In general, this entails rolling about 130 to 190 millimeters of the tubular device upon itself. In one exemplary embodiment, at the last roll of the bead an adhesive is applied to the outer wall of the tubular device and rolled up into the bead. This adhesive keeps bead from unrolling. While any appropriate adhesive material could be used, in a particular embodiment the adhesive is the same synthetic latex that is used to form the tubular device. If the synthetic latex is used as the adhesive, it is advantageous to then further cure the device for a second time. In another exemplary embodiment the use of an adhesive may be avoided. In this embodiment the first cure of the synthetic latex is done at a temperature and for a time that allows only a partial cure, such that synthetic polymer retains the ability to bond with itself. The bead is then formed by rolling the open end of the tubular device upon itself. The device is then cured for a second time, completing the curing process, resulting in cross-linking within the bead and preventing it from unrolling. Insertion into the vagina of the tubular protective device of the invention can be done by either the man or the woman. The device can be inserted in the traditional manner wherein the male partner places the device over the penis before coitus. The female partner can insert the device by hand or by means of an insertion probe or applicator. The tubular protective device has structure that prevents the unintentional removal or from slipping out of the device from the vagina once insertion into the female partner has occurred. Prevention of unintentional removal is accomplished by a mechanism for retaining the device in the vagina. The mechanism for retaining can be fashioned in a variety of structures, but is desirably a circular elastic member such as an elastic ring. This member or ring can be placed internal or external to the wall at or essentially at the closed end of the tubular protective device. After being placed correctly in the vicinity of the uterus, the circular elastic member or elastic ring is maintained within the vagina in the same manner as a diaphragm. The mechanism for retaining the tubular device in a vagina can comprise one of many structures that are fixed or removable. Ring-like members can provide suitable mechanisms for retaining as discussed above. Ring-like members are made more suitable for use as retaining mechanisms when at least one segment of the ring is removed. Such embodiments, having a ring with an open segment, permit the ring-like member to be pinched or partially collapsed for easy insertion into the vagina. An open or collapsible retaining mechanism can be desirable in embodiments wherein the mechanisms for retaining is other than a ring-like member. Such embodiments can be in the form of ribs that are longitudinally molded into or extruded onto the closed end of the device as well as cap-like retaining mechanisms. Circular sponges located at the closed can also be effective retaining mechanism. Regardless of the structure adopted for the retaining mechanism, the retaining mechanisms must be structured such that it does not weaken the wall of the tubular protective device nor interfere with coitus, In one exemplary embodiment, the retaining mechanism is a ring made of an elastic material that softens when heated to body temperature such as a polyurethane material. The ring is placed, unattached, at the closed end of the tubular device. The ring is of a size to hold the wall of the tubular device against the wall of the vaginal cavity. The internal diameter of the ring is of sufficient size so as not to interfere with coitus. The fact that the ring softens at body temperature facilitates the removal of the device. Insertion of the tubular protective device into the vagina can be facilitated by enclosing the closed end of the device in a sheathing which is axially movable relative to the tubular protective device. During the insertion of the tubular protective device into the vagina, the sheathing is moved backwards and, thus, opens for insertion of the closed end of the tubular protective device. Such a sheathing is not typically present if a means for retaining the device in the vagina, such as an elastic ring, is present. A lubricant is, desirably, applied to the tubular protective device prior to or in connection with the insertion of the tubular protective device. The lubricant is applied at least to the inner side of the device in order to reduce friction during contact with the penis. If desired, a lubricant can also be applied to the exterior side of the device. Application of a lubricant to the exterior side of the tubular protective device can facilitate the insertion of the device into the vagina. Selection of a desirable lubricant can vary greatly. The selection of a lubricant depends, in part, upon the compatibility of the lubricant with the polymer synthetic latex used to manufacture the device. Desirable lubricants can include ointments, creams, or water-based mucilages or mucilage-like substances such as cellulose-based lubricants. The invention is described in more detail with reference to the figures that show desirable embodiments of the tubular protective devices according to the invention. FIG. 1 is a tubular protective device according to the preferred embodiment of this invention. The tubular protective device 1 has an open end 2 . The open end 2 has an integral bead 3 . A closed end 4 of the tubular protective device has an retaining ring 5 . In this embodiment the retaining ring 5 is placed unattached in the closed end 4 in a plane transverse to the integral bead 3 . The integral bead 3 is constructed entirely from rolling of tubular wall upon itself. FIG. 3 is an alternative embodiment of a tubular protective device 10 according to this invention. A ring-like member 11 is a fixed to the closed end of the tubular protective device 10 . The ring-like member 11 has an open segment 12 for collapsing the ring-like member in order to facilitate insertion of the closed end of the tubular protective device. FIG. 4 is an alternative embodiment of a tubular protective device 15 according to this invention. This embodiment has two “opposing” crescent-shaped, ring-like members 16 A and 16 B. Ring-like members 16 A and 16 B can be compressed, but provide uniform radial extension of the closed end of the tubular protective device 15 . The uniform radial extension is desirable in order to ensure that the closed end is properly seated in the vagina in the same manner that a diaphragm is worn. Additionally, the ring-like members 16 A and 16 B provide a “ribbed effect” for the tubular protective device 15 . It is important to know that the terminal portion of the present ring-like members 16 A and 16 B are softly roundly so as to prevent uneven stress on the wall of the tubular protective device 15 or interference with coitus. FIG. 5 is an alternative embodiment of a tubular protective device 20 according to this invention. The closed end of this embodiment of the invention has longitudinal segments 21 positioned at the closed end to provide a means for retaining the tubular protective device 20 . Desirably, these longitudinal segments 21 are molded or extruded to have a slight curvature along the longitudinal axis of the tubular protective device 20 . This curvature enables the longitudinal segments 21 to radially extend the closed end of the tubular protective device 20 . The spaces 22 in between the longitudinal segments 21 enable the closed end to be compressed for insertion into a vagina. FIG. 6 is an alternative embodiment of a tubular protective device 25 according to this invention. The closed end of this device has a star-shaped retaining means 26 . The star-shaped retaining means 26 has a plurality of longitudinal extensions 27 which radially extend the closed end of the tubular protective device 25 . FIG. 7 is an alternative embodiment of a tubular protective device 30 according to this invention. This embodiment has a cap-like portion 31 at the closed end of the tubular protective device 25 . Cap-like portion 31 has an open segment 32 which can be compressed together for easy insertion of the closed end of the tubular protective device 30 . The cap-like portion 31 provides an effective retaining means, but its thickness can interfere with coitus during use of the tubular protective device 30 . The cap-like portion 31 can, optionally, have a plurality of open portions 32 . Manufacture of the tubular protective device, consistent with the process set forth in FIG. 2 , is further described by the following example: Example 1 Initially a synthetic latex compound is compounded in a conventional manner. The compounding step consists of mixing latex concentrate with stabilizer and a chemical dispersion agent in order to create a homogeneous substance appropriate for manufacturing the invention. A ceramic former in the desired shape is cleaned and pre-heated at 70° C. for at least thirty minutes. The pre-heated former is dipped in to a coagulant (such as CaNO 3 ) with about zero dwell time such that the surface of the former is coated with the coagulant. Care should be taken to ensure that the layer of coagulant is uniform over the surface of the former. The coagulant coated former is then dried in an oven for about one to two minutes at 120° C. to 130° C. Once dry, the former is dipped in a suspension of synthetic latex (zero dwell time) at 26° C.-30° C. The synthetic latex coated former is then removed and dried in an oven at 90° C. for about three minutes. This drying process may result in a partial cure of the synthetic latex on the former. The latex coated former is then leached in water two to three minutes at a temperature of 65° C. This leaching removes residual soluble material from the product. The leaching solution may include a biocide suspension in the water to further eliminate any potential germs. After leaching the synthetic latex coated former is allowed to dry at ambient temperature. The integral bead is then formed by rolling the open end of the synthetic latex upon itself while on the former. The former may be adopted with an annular groove to receive the bead when formed. A strip of wet synthetic latex may be applied to outside of sheath at the bottom of the integral bead. The integral bead is then rolled to encompass the wet synthetic latex. The device is subjected to a second cure for about 15 minutes at 95° C. to 120° C. This second cure creates cross linking bonds in the synthetic latex and both secures the bead an toughens the material. After the second cure the device is removed from the former. A polyurethane ring may be place is the closed end of the device. The product is then leak tested, lubricated and readied for packaging. CONCLUSION The present invention represents an improvement in both the structure and the methods for manufacturing female condoms. The present invention provide a device that less expensive to manufacture while maintaining a high quality product. The invention overcomes the issues experience in the prior art that resulted in inefficient and ineffective manufacture of female condoms.	A female condom and an improved method for manufacturing a female condom is disclosed. The invention provides a device that is effective in both acting as a contraceptive and inhibiting the transmission of disease during coitus. The invention employs synthetic latex in an efficient and cost effect manufacturing method that results in an improved product.	8
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention concerns a device for the refining of glasses or glass ceramics. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Such devices have become known in the configuration of the so-called “skull pot”. They comprise a pot walling. This is generally cylindrical. It is constructed of a crown of vertical metal pipes. Slots remain between adjacent pipes. The bottom of the pot can also be constructed of metal pipes. However, it can also consist of refractory material. The ends are connected to vertical pipes for the introduction of cooling agent or for the discharge of cooling agent. Heating is conducted by means of an induction coil, which surrounds the pot walling and by means of which high-frequency energy can be input into the contents of the pot. Such a skull pot has been made known from DE 3,316,546 C1. A skull pot operates as follows: The pot is filled with a fresh glass batch or refuse glass or a mixture thereof. The glass or the melt must first be preheated in order to obtain a certain minimum conductivity. Preheating is primarily conducted by means of burner heating. If the temperature for HF energy input has been reached, then further energy input can be supplied by means of irradiation by high-frequency energy. During the operation, in addition to the high-frequency energy heating, the melt is also heated by means of burners, which operate from the top onto the melt, or by means of hot off-gases. This additional heating is particularly necessary in the case of the use of a skull pot for refining. That is, if the surface layer is cold and correspondingly highly viscous, then bubbles will be prevented from exiting the melt or a foaming will occur. Usually, the skull pot is arranged in a standing position. It is generally operated discontinuously. JP 57-95,834[1982] describes a device with a quartz channel, which is arranged horizontally. A high-frequency oscillating circuit, which contains a cylindrical coil is assigned to the quartz channel. The cylindrical coil wraps around the quartz channel. The quartz channel is actually cooled. However, it does not have a high long-term stability and a high breaking strength. In addition, a special heating of the melt surface is not possible. In fact, a certain cooling occurs, which can lead to the formation of a tough skin in the surface region. If such a channel is to be used as a refining device, then bubbles can no longer rise up unhindered and be discharged from the melt. The channel therefore cannot be used for refining. If the channel is used for melting, and the melt contains readily volatile components, then there is a risk of condensation at the cooled superstructure of the channel. The condensate can thus drip into the melt in an uncontrolled manner. This can lead to glass defects in the form of nodes, blisters or streaks. If corrosion of the coil material occurs, then this leads to discoloration of the glass, depending on the material of the coil. This is not acceptable, particularly in the case of optical glasses. Further, there are very many optical glasses, which have a high proportion of fluorine, phosphate or other highly aggressive components. These can also attack the material of the coil. The corrosion can be strong enough that discharge of cooling water occurs, so that the operational safety of the plant is no longer assured. Normally, the refining of glasses for optical applications is performed in so-called horizontal refining channels, which are lined with noble metal. Heat is input by direct or indirect heating of the vessel wall. In this way, the maximum temperature is at the glass melt-vessel material interface. A high corrosion and an increase in spectral extinction associated therewith are unavoidable. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The object of the invention is to create a device, in which the advantages of the technique of inductive heating are utilized, which is reliable in operation, which is also suitable for the refining of melts, and which leads to glasses of a perfect quality. This object is resolved by the features of claim 1 . According to the invention, not only is use made of the high-frequency technique, but also the skull technique is used. A channel is used, which has a structure similar to that of a skull pot. According to the invention, power is input by means of high frequency directly into the glass melt. In addition, the vessel wall and the glass melt are so greatly cooled in the vicinity of the vessel wall, that the corrosive attack of the glass melt is suppressed to an extreme extent. A possible devitrification in the vicinity of the vessel wall supports the corrosion-protecting effect of cooling, since it reduces convection based on the additional increased viscosity and thus reduces the material exchange between the melt and the wall. Due to the intense cooling at the vessel wall and the high-temperature gradient associated therewith, a strong current produced by natural convection is obtained inside the thus-created horizontal refining channel, whereby the swelling point is found approximately in the center of the channel in the vicinity of the surface of the glass bath. A considerably improved intermixing of the glass melt is associated therewith, which leads to an essentially improved refining effect (removal of bubbles) and to an improved homogenization of the glass melt. In all cases, the horizontal refining channels are comprised of ceramic or metal pipes, which are greatly cooled at the edge. The energy necessary for heating is input directly into the melt material by means of high-frequency radiation in the frequency region between 100 kHz and 10 MHZ. The invention, however, introduces the following additional advantage, which the inventors have recognized: If the water-cooled metal pipes of a skull device run in the direction of the glass flux, then flashovers between the glass melt and the metal pipes of the skull channel can occur at high melt temperatures, if the solidified cold glass insulation layer is very thin. This can lead to arcing between the skull channel and the melt, which can have as a consequence a disruption of the skull frame. It is presumed that the arc formation is produced by high-frequency voltages induced in the skull pipe. In one embodiment according to the invention, the water-cooled metal skull pipes run perpendicular to the direction of glass flow, thus not in the direction of glass flow. In this way, the formation of arcs between the skull pipes and the melt is extensively avoided. In another embodiment of the invention, the tendency toward flashover, i.e.: the tendency to form arcs, is fully prevented in that the ends of the U-shaped piece of the skull pipe are joined with each other in a conductive manner for purposes of forming a short-circuit bridge. Another important advantage of the invention is the swelling point that occurs in the channel. The glass is forced to flow upward by the HF energy input and the temperature increase in the center that is associated therewith forces the flow upward. In this way, the refining bubbles successfully reach the melt surface. In classical tubs, such an upward flow is forced primarily by one wall in the refining region, so that the glass flow is directed upward. This wall can be omitted in the case of the HF-heated channel. Here, there is a “natural flow”, which provides for this effect. Simulation calculations have shown in fact that the flow swelling point in the skull channel is basically more effective for refining than the classically utilized wall. In addition to the improved refining, it is also advantageous, of course, that abrasion of a wall cannot occur. The invention introduces the following additional advantages: It is excellently suitable for continuous operation. It can thus operate very economically. Another advantage consists of the following: Due to the configuration and arrangement of the induction coils in the lying-down position, the channel is open at the top. The level of the melt is exposed. The surface of the melt is thus freely accessible for the installation of an additional heating device, for example, a gas burner or an electrical heating device. This top heating is of particular advantage for the case when the channel is utilized as a refining aggregate. High surface temperatures can be obtained accordingly, so that the bursting of bubbles is assured in the region of the surface. The heating from above is also helpful if high-frequency energy failure occurs. In this way, at least the glass transport can be assured. Also, the melt temperature can be maintained at such a value that a recoupling is possible when high-frequency heating is again started up. Further, there is no danger of condensation of products of evaporation on the water-cooled coil pipes, since these are not found above the level of the melt. Additionally, a complex superstructure is provided in the case of the skull channel according to the invention, which includes ceramic plates that cover the channel. The ceramic plates can be heated on the top side by means of burners. The plates then radiate heat onto the glass surface by their lower side, so that the glass is indirectly heated. This has the advantage that strong and turbulent atmospheric interferences do not occur directly below* the level of the glass melt in the case of glasses containing components that have a high tendency toward evaporation (B 2 O 3 , P 2 O 5 , F, S, Se, Te or the like). Such interference would entrain the easily volatile components, which would lead to a modification of the glass composition. A premature blockage of filter devices is also avoided in this way. *sic; above?—Trans. note. Another advantage of the skull channel according to the invention lies in the fact that when additional heating is produced by means of burners, with or without ceramic cover, a reducing atmosphere can be established. This is necessary for the production of thermal insulation glasses or glasses with high UV transmissivity, in which it happens that the Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ ratio is shifted as extensively as possible to the reduced form. Fe 2+ , which absorbs in the IR, thus heat radiation (thermal insulation glass), whereas Fe 3+ , which absorbs in the UV, must be avoided as extensively as possible in the case of glasses with high UV transmissivity. Since these glasses are often phosphate or fluorophosphate glasses, the use of a ceramic cover plate is important. A similar argument applies to the production of initial glasses, in which it happens that the chalcogenides necessary for coloring are present at least partially in reduced form (S 2− , Se 2− , Te 2− ). Here, it is also of advantage to minimize evaporation, in this case of color components, by the use of ceramic cover plates. Reducing conditions may also be established with the use of electrical heating from above by means of corresponding reducing gases or gas mixtures (forming gas, H 2 , CO/CO 2 and others), but the use of an adjusted burner to produce a reducing atmosphere (incomplete gas combustion, i.e., a smaller quantity of air/oxygen) is generally more cost-favorable. The described channel systems may be joined by flanges to conventionally heated platinum or stone channels. When connected to a stone channel, the cooling of the stone channel-skull transition region is important. In operation, usually a good contacting of the water-cooled channel with the stone material is sufficient. During the heat-up phase, the freedom of motion of the stone channel must be assured relative to the HF channel, since the stone channel extends during tempering, whereas the water-cooled HF channel retains its geometry. The procedure of moving the stone channel up to the HF channel only after tempering and attaching it in the hot state has proven optimal. When an HF channel is contacted with an electrically heated platinum channel, it must be assured that either there is no electrical contact between the metal components of the HF channel or, however, there is a very good electrical contact. The latter case conceals the danger that HF interference signals might be decoupled by means of the platinum system, but is preferred to the poor contact, which is accompanied by spark formation at places with increased resistance. A complete electrical separation between skull channel and platinum channel can be achieved by ceramic intermediate pieces, which must assure a distance of at least 5 mm between metal components. Greater distances offer more security relative to electric breakdown strength, but are more difficult to seal, particularly in the case of aggressive melts. A quartz ceramic has proven most suitable as insulation material. If the channel has a length of more than 1200 mm, then it must be heated with several flat coils, whereby the flat coils are ideally provided with energy by different HF generators, in order to be able to adjust the temperature in the individual channel regions, independently of one another. The distance x between adjacent flat coils should be greater than or at least equal to the height of the coil winding d, and thus the HF fields cannot mutually influence one another. An unheated or only very weakly heated region lies in the transition region between two flat coils, since the two flat coils cannot be randomly guided next to one another. The melt cools down in this zone. An up-and-down heating of a glass melt is undesired for glass quality, and particularly also due to the danger of thermal reboil. In order to assure a flat temperature profile or a monotonically rising or monotonically failing temperature profile over the entire channel length, an additional heating device must be installed in the transition region between two coils. In the channel type described here, either an additional electrical heating device (e.g., sic rods or kanthal needles) or a gas firing can be utilized. In the case of gas firing, the use of flat coils and guiding the coil just below the channel has proven advantageous. It has always been described above for the channel according to the invention in which the metal pipes lie in planes, that these pipes run essentially perpendicularly and thus also perpendicular to the direction of flow. In this case, the windings of the HF coils run in planes which are essentially horizontal planes. However, it is also possible according to the invention to arrange the metal pipes in planes which are inclined to vertical planes, or even run horizontally, but to arrange the windings of the coil in perpendicular planes, or in planes that are inclined to vertical planes. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will be explained in more detail on the basis of the drawing. Here, the following is represented individually: FIG. 1 is a top view onto an induction coil for a device according to the invention. FIG. 2 is a 3-D view of an induction coil, which is slightly curved in one plane. FIG. 3 is a 3-D view of two coils, which are each slightly curved in one plane. FIG. 4 shows a cage-type skull channel. FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a skull channel with several flat coils connected in series. FIG. 6 shows a skull channel in a section perpendicular to the direction of glass flow with induction coil and burner belonging to it. FIG. 7 shows a similar subject to that of FIG. 6 , but with an additional electrical heating device. FIG. 8 shows, very schematized, a skull channel according to the invention according to a second form of embodiment in a vertical section. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Coil 1 shown in FIG. 1 has endless-screw-shaped running windings 1 . 1 , 1 . 2 , 1 . 3 . In the present case, the windings lie in a horizontal plane, precisely in the direction of glass flow 2 . The inside diameter of the inner winding in the direction of glass flow 2 is relatively large. It can amount to a multiple of the inside diameter perpendicular to the direction of glass flow 2 . The coil 1 shown in FIG. 2 is also shaped like an endless screw and has windings 1 . 1 , 1 . 2 , 1 . 3 . It is understood that a much larger number of windings is also possible. This coil is slightly curved in a plane. The winding segments running in the direction of glass flow 2 lie on both sides of the channel, which is not shown 1 D here. The windings are subdivided in the coil shown in FIG. 3 . Winding segments are again recognized, which run in a straight line parallel to the direction of glass flow. The curved winding segments lie at the beginning and the end of the channel. One-half of the windings run below and one-half of the windings run above the channel, which is not shown. In this way, the following is achieved: those high-frequency stresses, which are induced in skull pipes and which are produced by curved coil segments, are extensively neutralized by the countercurrent circuit of the curved winding segments. FIG. 4 shows the skull channel 3 . It has a multiple number of U-shaped skull pipes 3 . 1 - 3 . 7 . The skull pipes lie in planes parallel to one another. Instead of a pure U-shape, deviations from this are also conceivable, for example, an approximate V shape. The skull pipes are, as in the case of skull pots, water-cooled metal pipes. Conductors 4 are provided at the free ends of the U-shaped elements, and these shunt the free ends of the U elements. These shunt lines 4 are also cooled by air or water. In the present case, the U-shaped elements run in planes, which lie perpendicular to the direction of glass flow 2 . However, it would also be conceivable to arrange the U-shaped elements in planes inclined to this direction. FIG. 4 makes it clear that the space enclosed by shunt conductors 4 is open toward the top. The melt is thus accessible from the top, except for the shunt zones at the channel inlet and at the channel outlet. Thus, there are no water-cooled components above the melt and there is also no danger of condensation of evaporation products with the disadvantages described above. Also, gas burners or other additional heating devices can be arranged above the melt. Heat from above is advantageous for the case when the channel is utilized as a refining aggregate. This additional heating may be necessary in order to bring the surface region of the melt to particularly high temperatures, and thus the bursting of bubbles and the discharge of gas from the melt is assured. FIG. 5 shows a relatively long skull channel 3 . Several flat coils 1 , 10 , 100 , are assigned to this channel 3 . Also, additional heating devices 5 . 1 , 5 . 2 are provided. The additional heating devices each time lie in the transition region between two flat coils. FIG. 6 shows a device according to the invention in a section perpendicular to the direction of glass flow. As is shown in FIG. 4 , melt 8 flows through skull channel 3 . Thus the melt flow moves extraordinarily slowly. The skull channel is surrounded by an induction coil 1 . This may have the configuration of the coils shown in FIGS. 1-3 . The upper furnace space is formed of a structure 6 of refractory material. An additional burner heating unit 5 . 3 is provided therein. The latter can transfer heat directly onto the melt surface. However, the transfer may also be made indirectly. As shown here, a ceramic plate 7 can be provided, which is heated by the burner additional heating unit and then heat is introduced, distributed uniformly on the melt surface. In the form of the embodiment according to FIG. 7 , instead of a ceramic plate 7 , an additional electrical heating unit 5 . 4 is provided, which heats the melt surface. The coil has a central opening that is as large as possible The coil runs to the right and left of the channel parallel to the glass flow and at the end of the channel, below the channel, onto the opposite-lying side of the channel. Ideally, one-half of the windings run below the channel and the other half of the windings run above the channel on the opposite-lying side. It is achieved in this way that the HF voltages induced by these coil pieces in the skull U-shaped pipes are extensively neutralized by the countercurrent circuit. In the region of the coil feedback on the opposite-lying channel side, the skull channel is shunted at the upper end from one side of the channel to the other. The shunt is cooled by air or water. The skull channel preferably comprises a number of U-shaped segments, which have a circuit shunt at the upper end. In projection from the top, the coil is a helical, wound, rectangularly crushed flat coil, whose narrow sides are guided around above and/or below the channel. If the coil pieces are guided along above the channel, then ceramic insulation, e.g., in the form of a quartz bridge can be introduced between the melt and the coil. The construction has the advantage, when compared with cylinder-shaped channels with cylindrical coils, that no water-cooled components are present in the upper region of the melt, with the exception of the shunt zones at the inlet and oulet of the channel, so that the melt is hotter here and there is no danger of condensation of evaporation products. Also, the region above the melt is freely accessible for the installation of a gas or electric upper heating unit. This upper heating unit is advantageous for the case when the channel is used as a refining aggregate, since higher surface temperatures can be obtained therewith, and thus the bursting of bubbles can be assured. Upper heating is also helpful in the case of the failure of high-frequency energy, since in this case at least the glass transport can be assured and recoupling of high-frequency heating is facilitated after the failure. In addition, the described structure is advantageous for introducing a complex superstructure, comprised of ceramic plates, which cover the channel, in which the gas flows. These ceramic plates are heated by burners on the upper side and in turn radiate the glass surface by their underside, so that the glass is indirectly heated. This has the advantage that in glasses containing components tending strongly toward evaporation, such as, for example, B 2 O 3 , P 2 O 5 , F, S, Se, Te and others, there is no occurrence of strong and turbulent atmospheric flows directly above the glass melt, which entrain the easily volatile components and thus lead to a modification of the glass composition. Also, a premature blockage of filter devices caused by this is avoided. Another advantage of the selected structure is that a reducing atmosphere can be established with an additional heating by means of burners, either with or without ceramic cover plates. This is necessary for the production of thermal insulation glasses or glasses with high UV transmissivity, in which it happens that the Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ ratio is shifted as extensively as possible to the reduced form. Fe 2+ , which absorbs in the IR, is thus used for heat radiation (thermal insulation glass), whereas Fe 3+ , which absorbs in the UV, thus must be avoided as extensively as possible in the case of glasses with high UV transmissivity. Since the glasses are often phosphate or fluorophosphate glasses, the use of a ceramic cover plate can be important. A similar argument applies to the production of initial glasses, in which it happens that the chalcogenides necessary for coloring are present at least partially in reduced form (S 2− , Se 2− , Te 2− ). Here, it is also of advantage to minimize evaporation, in this case of color components, by the use of ceramic cover plates. In the form of embodiment according to FIG. 8 , the skull channel 30 is formed by a multiple number of pipes, which run horizontally (see pipes 30 . 1 to 30 . 6 ). The pipes are arranged in a circle form, so that they form a collar. Pipes 30 . 1 to 30 . 6 are surrounded by a multiple number of windings of a coil 10 . The windings are thus arranged around a virtual axis, which runs horizontally. It would also be possible to arrange the skull pipes 30 . 1 to 30 . 6 in a more or less inclined manner to the horizontal. Likewise, it would be possible to incline the virtual winding axis of coil 10 to the horizontal. It would also be conceivable to arrange the windings of coil 10 in an upper region, i.e.: above the glass melt, which is not shown here, in such a way that a free space would be created for inserting an infrared heating device that is also not shown here. The shunting of metal pipes 30 . 1 to 30 . 6 in the form of embodiment according to FIG. 8 can be particularly advantageous. The inventors have particularly observed the following: Each time depending on its position, the shunt leads to a displacement of the HF field in one or the other direction. If the shunt is found at the end of channel 30 , then a displacement of the HF field occurs in the upstream direction, that is, to the channel inlet. This indicates that a particularly strong heating up of the melt will occur there. In contrast, if the shunt is found at the beginning of the channel, then the HF field is displaced in the downstream direction. This leads to a particularly intense heating up of the melt in the outlet region of the channel. One or the other configurations can be advantageous. Advantageously, the device according to the invention is utilized for the refining of optical glasses. The present invention having been thus described with particular reference to the preferred forms thereof, it will be obvious that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.	This invention relates to a device for melting or refining glass or glass ceramics. According to the invention, such a device is provided with the following characteristics: a channel which is arranged in an essentially horizontal manner and which is provided with an inlet and an outlet for the glass melt; and an HF coil for coupling HF energy into the melt is allocated to the channel. The channel is made of a plurality of metal pipes in a similar way to a skull pot. Said pipes can be connected to a cooling medium.	2
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to down pressure controls for grain drill furrow openers. 2. Prior Art In the prior art, most grain drills had down pressure for the furrow openers controlled by a compression spring that was mounted on a telescoping rod and which would exert a down pressure increasing directly proportional to the spring movement. The depth of the openers generally was controlled proportional to the amount of down pressure on the individual furrow openers. One of the problems in the down pressure controls was that in hard ground, for example where minimum tillage practices are being followed, by the time the springs had been compressed enough to exert a sufficient down pressure on the furrow openers, the springs were almost bottomed out, and then if the furrow openers struck a rock or other obstruction something would have to give and usually would break. Further, even if the depth control springs had some range of movement, the normal up and down movement of the furrow openers was sufficient to cause high spring load changes, which would overload and damage the individual parts. General examples of down pressure controls utilizing spring force for keeping the furrow openers in the ground are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,155,443; 3,005,426; 3,228,363 and 2,738,969. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a spring loaded down pressure control for furrow openers of a grain drill or the like which provides a substantially uniform down pressure across a normal range of movement of the furrow openers, even in hard ground, but when a furrow opener moves excessively because of striking an obstruction or the like, the spring control will permit such movement without excessively loading the spring. The spring load does remain effective to return the opener to working position when normal conditions are again encountered by the furrow opener. The maximum depth of each furrow opener is controlled by a separate, depth control press wheel. In the form of the invention shown, a hydraulic cylinder operates a rock shaft which loads a spring for each furrow opener. The spring acts through a lever that is pivotally attached at one end to the furrow opener. The pivoting lever has a roller at its opposite end that moves along a track to exert a downward force on the furrow opener. The roller end of the lever has to roll as the lever moves against the spring force in order to permit the furrow opener to raise. When the furrow opener pivots through a normal range of operation the force from the spring increases as the furrow opener moves upwardly. The roller track includes a release portion along which the roller may move when the furrow opener moves a preselected amount upwardly. The release portion is made so that upward movement of the furrow opener does not increase the spring load substantially. The furrow opener is permitted to release or in other words to move a substantial distance without over-stressing the spring once the opener has moved beyond the range of normal upward working movement. The spring does increase load on the furrow opener during normal movement upwardly so that upward movement of the furrow opener because of ground hardness variations is resisted, but obstructions can be cleared without overload on the spring. The amount of down pressure is controlled as shown through the use of a hydraulic cylinder that can be stopped at the desired position to regulate high downward loads. If soft ground spots are encountered in the ground once the furrow opener drops a certain amount, the spring load will start to drop off rather substantially as well to make sure that excessive down movement is not permitted. The device is reliable in operation, and will easily operate in a wide variety of ground conditions. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a part schematic side elevational view of a typical grain drill embodying the down pressure control for the furrow openers made according to the present invention; FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of a furrow opener showing the action of the furrow opener hold down device when the furrow opener goes over an obstruction; and FIG. 3 is a fragmentary top plan view of the hold down device with parts in section and parts broken away. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT A grain drill illustrated generally at 10 includes a main frame 11, which is supported at its rear portions by suitable wheels 12 (there would be at least two wheels spaced along the transverse width of the grain drill) and at the forward end the frame 11 is supported by a caster wheel assembly 13. The caster wheels are dual wheels which are mounted onto a support 14, that is pivotally mounted about a vertical axis in a housing 15 at the forward end of the frame 11. The frame 11 supports a drill box 16 which has compartments for fertilizer and seed, and which fertilizer and seed are metered in a conventional manner through grain tubes 17 and fertilizer tubes 18 that lead down to furrow opener assemblies, each illustrated generally at 20. Each furrow opener assembly (there are a plurality of them positioned side by side) comprises a fore and aft extending subframe 21 that is pivotally mounted as at 22 to suitable ears 23 that are spaced apart and mounted on a cross support 24. The cross support 24 extends transversely across the entire width of the drill, and cross support 24 is supported with respect to the upper or overhead frame 11 on suitable upright supports 25. The upright supports 25 are fixed on the frame 11 in transverse position (there are two or more supports 25 transversely across the width of the machine) and support the cross support 24 in a suitable manner. The subframes 21, as shown, each include a pair of spaced straps 21A and 21B that are fastened to a pair of ears 23. Each subframe 21 extends rearwardly and supports a housing 26. The housings 26 in turn each have a pair of disc openers 27 rotatably mounted thereto on a suitable axis 28, and can be mounted in any desired manner. The disc openers are commonly used, are made so that they are closer together adjacent their forward sides, and as they roll, as the grain drill is moved along the ground in a forward direction, the discs will open a furrow in the ground 30, and seed and fertilizer from tubes 17 and 18 will be dropped into the open furrow in the ground 30. A depth control-press wheel assembly 32 is mounted at the rear of each subframe 21. The depth control-press wheel assembly 32 includes a press wheel 33 that is rotatably mounted on supports 34 that in turn are attached to a top frame 35. The frame 35 is pivotally mounted to the frame 21 about a pivot axis 36, and may pivot up and down relative to the frame 21 between a stopped position in downward direction which prevents the wheel 33 from dropping downwardly too far (as shown in FIG. 2), and a stopped position in upward direction which is regulated by adjusting suitable spacers or washers 37 on rod or pipe 40 that slides relative to an inverted U shaped member 31. The member 31 is used to guide the pipe 40, and the washers or spacers 37 slip over the pipe. A cross pin 37A keeps the pipe from sliding through the member 31 beyond a desired position as the press wheel 33 tends to pivot upwardly. The washers 37 will abut against the rear edge of inverted member 31 to control the upward pivotal movement about the pivot 36 by the frame 35. The rod or pipe 40 is suitably pivotally mounted as at 41 to the rear portions of the frame 35, and by regulating the number of washers 37, and also by changing the position of the pin 37A on the pipe 40, the stopped position of the press wheel 33 relative to the furrow opener can be adjusted. This will in turn control the depth of the furrow openers 27 as the drill is moved along. Downward spring force is exerted on the furrow opener to insure that the furrow opener enters the ground. The depth control mechanism is shown in detail in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 749,051, filed Dec. 9, 1975 entitled Press Wheel Depth Control For Grain Drill Furrow Openers. The downward pressure or force on the furrow openers is controlled through the use of a double acting hydraulic cylinder indicated generally at 42 mounted between a support 43 on the frame, and an arm 44 that controls the pivoting of a cross tube 45. The cross tube is rotatably mounted on the frame in the normal manner. The retraction of the rod, which in turn retracts the rod end 46A of the cylinder rod will be stopped in the desired position through the use of spacers 46 mounted on the rod to prevent the rod end 46A from moving back toward the cylinder body more than a desired amount. The cross tube 45 has levers or actuating arms 47 thereon. The arm 47 shown in turn has an adjustable link 48 pivotally connected at one end thereof as shown in 48A, and the other end of the link 48 is pivotally connected as at 48B to a control arm 49. The control arm 49 in turn is mounted to drive a spring control tube 50. The tube 50 is rotatably mounted in suitable sleeves 50A relative to the cross member 24. The sleeves 50A may be welded at the desired spacings along cross member 24. The arm 47 has a flexible chain 55 (or a cable) connected thereto, and this chain 55 passes over a suitable guide 56 that is mounted on the frame 11, and in turn is attached as at 57 to a pivot control member 58 mounted on a cross tube 59 underneath the grain and fertilizer box 16. This cross tube 59 is rotatably mounted in sleeves or bushings attached to suitable supports 59A attached to the frame 11. The cross tube has a plurality of arms 60 attached thereto, one for each furrow opener assembly. Each of the arms 60 is used for lifting the respective furrow opener assembly and subframe 21 out of the ground by using a chain 61 connected between the outer end of the respective arm 60 and connected as at 61A to the member 31 of each subframe 21. It can be seen that when the rod end 46A of the cylinder 42 is extended, the arm 44 will rotate counterclockwise, also pivoting the tube 45 counterclockwise. This will cause the arm 47 to rotate counterclockwise pushing downwardly on the link 48 and pivoting the cross tube 50 through arm 49. The tube 50 has a separate pair of down pressure spring control arms 63, 63 fixed to the tube 50 in alignment with each of the furrow opener assemblies. The arms 63 are welded to tube 50 and rotate with the tube. Each pair of arms 63 pivotally mounts a cross block 64 that has ears or studs 64A that are rotatably mounted in slots in the arms 63. For each furrow opener assembly a compression spring 65 is mounted over a telescoping rod 66, and as can be seen one end of the rod 66 passes through an opening in the associated block 64. The other end of the rod 66 has a bifurcated or fork type connecting member 67 that is pivotally mounted as at 68 to a lever arm 69. The lever arm 69 in turn has one end pivotally mounted as at 70 between a pair of ears 71, which ears are mounted on the associated furrow opener frame 21. The lever 69 is a spring control lever, and as can be seen the opposite end of the lever has a roller 72 mounted thereon. A roller track 75 is mounted onto suitable supports 76 which in turn are supported with respect to the frame 11. The roller track is a formed member that extends across the width of the drill, and provides a running surface for the rollers 72 for each one of the levers 69. It should be noted that there is a separate lever 69, spring 65, and a pair of ears 63 for controlling the spring for each of the furrow opener assemblies used in the grain drill assembly. The roller track 75 has a center section 77, that is generally horizontal. The track section 77 thus defines a surface that is generally perpendicular to the vertical direction (the direction of depth control) and is parallel to the axis of pivot 22, about which the surframe 21 moves. The track section 77 is of short fore and aft length, that is, it is short in direction perpendicular to the axis 22, and this horizontal section 77 joins a upwardly inclined or obliquely positioned track section 78 at the forward edge. Track section 78, presents a track surface for the roller 72 that is upwardly oblique to the vertical direction, which is the direction in which the down pressure is to be controlled. At the rear of the track section 77, there is downwardly oblique third track section 79 which provides a stop limit for downward movement, and also a limit to rearward movement of the roller 72 and the arm or lever 69. Extension of the rod end 46A of the cylinder 42, which provides a lifting action for the furrow opener assemblies, also releases the pressure on the springs 65. Clockwise movement of the arms 49 because of compression loading of the link 48 will cause the tube 50 to rotate clockwise, and also then the arms 63 to rotate clockwise. This will move the blocks 64 away from the levers 69, and the levers will be permitted to pivot about pivot 70 so that the rollers 72 move forwardly toward the track section 78. At the same time, the arm 47 will pull on chain 55, which in turn will pull through its connection 57 and 58 and tend to rotate the tube 59 causing the arm 60 to rotate in counterclockwise direction, lifting the chains 61, and lifting the frames 21 about pivots 22. Thus the springs are released, and the frame is lifted to raise the unit out of the ground by the same cylinder. For working, however, the rod of the cylinder assembly 42 is retracted until stop 46 stops movement. This causes the tube 50 to move to the position shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The arm 47 pulls on link 48, which in turn causes lever 49 to rotate in counterclockwise direction and the arms 63 also rotate in counterclockwise direction. The arms 63 will then load the springs 65 through blocks 64. The rods 66 will slide through blocks 64 causing the springs 65 to be compressed. The springs 65 bear against the collars 65A and in turn urge the bifurcated ends 67 through the pivot connections 68 to pivot the levers 69 counterclockwise about their pivots 71. This will force the rollers 72 under the roller guide track, and specifically under the track section 77 as shown in FIG. 1. The chain link 55 will be loosened as will the chain 61, and thus there is no lifting force on the frames 21. The respective frames 21 will tend to pivot downwardly under the force of the lever 69 riding under the track portion 77. It can be seen that the more the lever 69 tends to pivot in counterclockwise direction toward a position normal to the plane defined by pivot axes 22 and 70, the greater the downward force acting on the respective frame 21. It can be seen that as the frame 21, and the furrow openers 27 tend to pivot upwardly about pivots 22, the roller 72 must roll forwardly along the track portion 77. That is, the angle of the lever longitudinal axis moves farther from the perpendicular position with respect to the plane defined by pivots 20 and 22. This will cause the spring 65 to be compressed. With the lever arrangement shown, a small amount of movement of the link 66 compressing the spring 65 results when the furrow openers move up a substantial amount. Thus, in a normal range of movement, the furrow openers can be forced down with a variable amount of downward force determined by the setting of hydraulic cylinder 42 acting on springs 65, and the depth of the furrow openers will be controlled by the setting of the depth control press wheel 33. The position of the wheel 33 relative to the furrow opener to which it is pivotally connected about pivot 36 may be changed by changing the number of washers 37, or changing the location of the pin which loads the washers on the rod 40. The lever 69 can be changed in position, and lengthened or shortened if desired for a wider range of operation, but in most normal situations, the range of movement of the roller 72 along the track portion 77 will be adequate to provide a desired range of depth for the furrow openers. Even under high compressive forces in the spring 65, the lever 69, roller 72 and the track assembly operate to provide a safety release to permit extended upward movement of the furrow openers without excessively loading the spring 65. It can be seen that when the furrow openers pivot upwardly about pivots 22 a sufficient amount, for example with the lower edge of the opener about at ground level, the roller 72 will have moved forwardly, and will pass the junction line between track sections 77 and 78. It can be seen at this stage the roller 72 will move upwardly along the track section 78 without any significant additional compression of the associated spring 65. In fact, the track operates similar to a release. However, the spring 65 will continue to urge the lever rearwardly and thus urge the roller 72 to roll down track section 78 toward track section 77 so that when the obstruction has been cleared by the furrow opener, that furrow opener will be returned to its working position. The amount of force on all of the springs 65 in a drill assembly can be controlled by changing the length of the spacer 46 on the hydraulic cylinder so that the amount of rotation of control tube 50 is controllable. The depth of each furrow opener is controlled as previously explained by adjusting the stopped position of the press wheel 33. The furrow openers can move through a normal range of movement below the ground surface as the roller 72 rolls along the track section 77. Note that a stop is also provided as indicated at 35A to prevent the press wheel from dropping downwardly when the furrow openers roll over an obstruction as shown in FIG. 2. The downward force is controlled by a spring operating through a control lever arrangement that provides adequate down pressure on the furrow openers but yet the furrow openers are permitted to lift without overstressing the springs when they encounter an obstruction. The roller track operates with at least two sections, one of which provides increasing spring pressure for normal movement of the furrow openers, and another of which, when ready by the roller of the control lever provides substantially no further increase of spring force during further upward movement of the furrow openers. The spring pressure may actually decrease as the roller moves along the second section. The weight of the subframe 21, and the press wheel and frame 35 will urge the furrow opener toward the ground and will tend to reset the roller onto the first track section. The mounting for the subframe is shown as a pivotal mounting for ease of manufacture, but the subframe could be guided in any desired manner for upward and downward movement. The lever 69 comprises a linkage that cooperates with its guides, including the pivot of the lever, the track and track follower roller 72 to load the furrow opener downwardly under force from the spring 65 and also to provide the release function by providing two different rates of loading by the spring on the furrow opener for each increment of upward movement of the furrow opener. That is, in working range each upward inch of movement of the furrow opener loads the spring 65 more than each upward inch of movement of the furrow opener when the opener has moved up to where the roller 72 is on track section 78.	A down pressure control for use with furrow openers in grain drills which provides a spring load for maintaining down pressure on the furrow opener during normal operating conditions and which can be at relatively high rate to permit minimum tillage, or work in hard ground, but yet will release upon excessive movement of the furrow opener to prevent overstressing the hold down springs. The down pressure control is used in combination with an individual depth control for each of the furrow openers to insure that each furrow opener is individually controlled as to down pressure and depth.	0
[0001] This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/874,628 to be issued on Jul. 11, 2006 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,073,691 which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/491,353, filed Jul. 31, 2003. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] 1. Field of the Invention [0003] The invention relates to hand-held material-dispensing devices such as caulking guns and, more particularly, to a specific type of construction for caulking guns. [0004] 2. Description of the Related Art [0005] Hand-held material dispensing devices are well known in the art and generally rely on the action of a piston to push fluid out of a receptacle toward the application area. The movement of the piston is induced by the advancement of a piston rod in the direction of the receptacle, with the piston rod being advanced in the direction of travel by the operator's squeezing of a trigger in engagement therewith. [0006] One such fluid dispenser is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,461,407 to Finnegan. The Finnegan patent incorporates an automatic pressure release mechanism such as is typical in many caulking guns of the prior art. [0007] In U.S. Pat. No. 4,081,112, issued to Chang, there is disclosed a caulking gun having a forward-biasing spring to urge the trigger back to the cocked position after an application cycle. U.S. Pat. No. 4,033,484, issued to Ornsteen, discloses a hot melt adhesive gun which operates in the conventional manner of the prior art. [0008] U.S. Pat. No. 3,069,053, issued to Nilsson and U.S. Pat. No. 3,189,226, issued to Sherbondy, each show a caulking gun with an alternative piston rod-trigger engagement arrangement. In these references, the trigger urges the piston rod toward the fluid receptacle by means by a ratchet mechanism. [0009] The above-cited patents are merely examples of the plethora of caulking guns in the prior art. As is clear from these examples, that a standard caulking gun provides an arrangement for receiving and retaining a tube of caulking material. The caulk tube has a pointed nozzle at the forward end for dispensing the caulking material as it is pushed from the other end by a driven back plate. A long pusher rod in the body of the caulking gun serves to drive the caulk tube back plate to extrude the caulking material. A trigger mechanism at the back end of the caulking gun serves to advance the pusher rod when activated by a user. A pusher plate is mounted on the forward end of the pusher rod to distribute the forces from the rod to the back plate at the end of the caulking tube. [0010] U.S. Pat. No. 5,887,765, issued to Broesamle, discloses a caulking gun that enables the pressure on the back plate to be eased when an operator is no longer engaging the trigger. Thus, a non-dripping capability is achieved using a mechanism that permits the pusher rod to slide backwards slightly thus stopping further extrusion of the caulking material. However, some types of caulking material for proper application require a continued pressure against the back plate even when the trigger is not being pulled, i.e., the ratchet type of mechanism. [0011] Model CG-00122 caulking gun, manufactured by Great American Manufacturing, Inc. of Sun Valley, Calif. 91352, features a ratchet-type caulking gun wherein a user can select either dripless or non-drip operation. The selector switch changes the angle by which a spring biased plate engages one of the plurality of notches that are provided along the piston rod. This achieves the alternative methods of operation. The barrel cage does not rotate but is riveted to the hand grip housing. [0012] Model SI 300, manufactured by Dripless, Inc. of Santa Rosa, Calif. 95403, is no drip, drip selectable caulking gun. In this model, a dog is provided on the rear of the hand grip housing. This dog is biased by a compression spring that also is exposed on the rear of the hand grip housing so that the mechanism is potentially vulnerable to damage due to being struck or by due to dirt accumulation. [0013] There is not found in the prior art, a caulking gun that can function as either a dripless unit as taught by Broesamle or a drip-type of device as discussed above by merely activating a lever switch on the handle of the caulking gun that selects either a dripless or a standard method of operation and features a rotatable barrel that can be easily removed so that the caulking gun can be more conveniently packed within a tool box. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0014] Particular arrangements in accordance with the present invention comprise a caulking gun for the dispensing of caulking material commonly used in construction work and the repair and remodeling of residential and other types of buildings. The caulking material is conventionally provided in cylinders or tubes having a hollow tip from which the caulking material is extruded by the action of a piston or back plate which is advanced from the rear of the tube toward the tip. Because of the length and weight of the caulk tube, it is not uncommon to provide a support member (a “barrel”) extending forward of the handle underneath the caulk tube. Caulking guns are designed to hold such a caulk tube in a receiver housing, often barrel-shaped in the form of a half cylinder, within which there is installed a longitudinally movable rod with a piston member at the forward end of the rod for pushing the caulking material out of the caulk tube. [0015] The caulking gun further includes a pistol grip handle secured to the handle housing, a trigger pivotably mounted to the housing so as to cooperate with the handle and a drive mechanism for coupling the trigger to the rod to drive it forward when the trigger is squeezed. There is also a mechanism for uncoupling the trigger from the rod when the trigger is released. Through repeated operation of the trigger, the rod and piston member may be advanced in the direction of the caulk tube tip, thereby providing the means for dispensing the contents of the caulk tube through the forward nozzle. [0016] A precision cutter for cutting the tip of a caulk tube is also provided that is activated when the trigger is squeezed. The cutter is accessed by inserting the tip through an opening in the handle to the desired length and angle and then squeezing the trigger so that the tip is cleanly and easily cut with a blade that is inside the handle and attached to the trigger. [0017] The caulking gun handle also includes a lever operated cam switch that enables the apparatus to function so that the rod is not uncoupled from the trigger when the trigger is released. [0018] Caulking guns of the prior art typically are fabricated so that the elongated barrel is an integral part of the gun; i.e., the barrel and trigger housing or handle are fabricated together in a single unit. This makes for a rather cumbersome tool, difficult to fit into a toolbox with other tools and prone to be bent or distorted from contact with other tools in the toolbox. [0019] The invention features a caulking gun that is provided with a thumb activatable cam lever that engages or disengages a dog mechanism so that a dripless condition or a standard operation condition can be selected. Further, an extra long clean out rod is provided on the handle top. The grip is ergonomically shaped having an integral soft overmolded cushion to prevent operator fatigue. The invention also features a detachable barrel which can be readily removed from the handle at the end of the job and stowed in a toolbox or other carrying device. The barrel can also be easily and quickly reassembled when needed for use. [0020] In brief, particular arrangements of the present invention include two main parts which can be easily secured together or taken apart. When assembled, the connection between the long barrel portion and the handgrip portion is firmly and rigidly established. Yet the structural configuration of the connection joint is such that the two components can be easily and quickly separated from each other, and just as easily and quickly joined together again. To that end, each of the two components is provided with a flat planar surface at the end facing the other component. Thus, the forward end of the handgrip portion comprises a round flat base. Projecting from the forward face of this base is a round flat disk joined to the base by a portion of reduced diameter relative to the flat disk. The disk and the base are spatially separated by the reduced diameter portion. This configuration establishes a circumferential slot which defines a circumferential lip around the disk. [0021] The rearward end of the caulking gun barrel is shaped in a configuration which mates with the forward end of the handgrip portion. To this end, the rearward portion of the barrel is shaped with a circumferential, inwardly projecting lip extending approximately 180 .degree. about the center opening in a U-shaped configuration. This U-shaped lip engages the outwardly projecting lip of the handgrip portion by receiving the flat round disk in an interlocking configuration until the two components are fully engaged. The lip on the barrel slides over the lip on the handgrip portion and is locked in place with the insertion of the push rod. This makes for easy assembly without requiring additional hardware and allows the barrel to be rotated relative to the handgrip portion. The friction feel of the rotation is accomplished by using different material hardness for the handgrip portion and the barrel. For example, in one preferred embodiment, the lip and flat attachment member of the handgrip portion is fabricated of fiber reinforced nylon, whereas the lip and adjacent surface of the barrel portion is made of polypropylene or polyethylene. Assembly of the gun is completed by placing a pusher plate on the forward end of the push rod end securing it in place with a nut threaded onto the end of the push rod. The caulking gun may then be operated in a conventional manner, with repetitive squeezes of the trigger mechanism ratcheting the push rod forward to cause material to be extruded from the caulk tube. This construction advantageously permits the barrel and caulk tube to be rotated as desired, relative to the handgrip portion, for better placement of the nozzle when extruding caulking material. [0022] The handgrip portion itself is formed with a number of features which constitute improvements over prior art caulking guns. A thumb operable lever is positioned on the top side of the handle so that a drip/no drip position can be easily selected. Positioned entirely within the handle top portion at the rear is a compression spring loaded silicon washer which enables the no drip operation. In the middle section of the handle interior is a cam actuator which is operates a thumb releasable dog switch which serves to provide the drip/no drip conditions. A leaf spring is used to urge the dog against the cam actuator. By using the leaf spring, the mechanism is able to be fitted into a smaller compartment that would be experienced if a compression type of spring had been utilized. The top of the handgrip portion is provided with a narrow, pivoted rod for piercing the nozzle of a caulk tube. The rod is adapted to be moved to a position in line with the adjacent handgrip portion. A retainer element projecting from the handgrip portion is provided to stow the rod. Rearward of that is an L-shaped projecting guard member which receives the rod when stowed and protects the user's hand from being pierced by the rod. [0023] The handgrip itself is coated, at least in part, with a cushioning layer to ease the stress on the user's hand from repetitive squeezing of the trigger of the handgrip. This cushioning layer may be of any resilient material, such as foam or sponge rubber, foam polyurethane, or the like. Near the top of this cushioning layer is a molded projection of generally U-shape which extends around the back of the handgrip. This helps the handgrip to seat in the user's hand by stopping the hand as it is moved upward along the handgrip to a working position. [0024] The trigger member is shaped with three finger-receiving portions extending downwardly from the upper end of the trigger. The first two are shaped to fit the first and second fingers of the average user; the third one which is near the tip of the trigger is shaped to accommodate two fingers, the third and fourth fingers on the hand of the user. This provides a substantially more comfortable handgrip, better accommodated to the user's hand. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0025] A better understanding of the present invention may be realized from a consideration of the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: [0026] FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective review, taken from the left rear quarter, of one particular arrangement of a caulking gun in accordance with the present invention; [0027] FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the caulking gun of FIG. 1 showing only the takedown barrel feature; [0028] FIG. 3 is a schematic top view of the caulking gun of FIG. 1 ; [0029] FIG. 4A is a side sectional view of the caulking gun of FIG. 1 , taken along the line 4 - 4 of FIG. 3 ; [0030] FIG. 4B is an enlarged view of the section identified in FIG. 4A ; [0031] FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the handgrip portion of the caulking gun of FIG. 1 showing the rod 40 in position for use; [0032] FIG. 6 is a side elevational view of the handgrip portion of FIG. 5 , taken from the right-hand side thereof; [0033] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the barrel portion of the caulking gun of FIG. 1 , disassembled from the handgrip portion; and [0034] FIG. 8 is a schematic elevational view of the barrel portion of FIG. 7 , taken from the left-hand side thereof. [0035] FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the drip switch dog. [0036] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the leaf spring. [0037] FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the cam lever assembly. [0038] FIG. 12 is a top view of the precision cutter. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT [0039] As shown in the drawings and with particular reference to FIG. 1 , a preferred embodiment 10 is shown comprising a barrel-shaped tube housing 12 and a handgrip portion or trigger housing 14 . The barrel-shaped tube housing 12 is cut away along the side walls 22 to provide easy access for inserting a caulk tube into the tube housing. The elements 22 are reinforcing ribs which are mounted lengthwise along the outside of the tube housing 12 to add stiffness and support for the tube housing, particularly for the edge portions of the half-cylinder. Another pair of reinforcing ribs below the elements designated 22 provide reinforcement for the tube housing at the location of the lower central cutout shown in FIG. 7 . [0040] Also shown in FIG. 7 (as well as in FIG. 2 ) are a pair of triangular sections 27 which are placed at the forward end of the tube housing 12 to provide reinforcement for the forward wall 25 where it attaches to the tube housing. [0041] Passing through these two housings is a piston rod 16 . Although the piston rod 16 is shown as installed in the trigger housing 14 , it can be withdrawn out the rearward end of the housing 14 for complete removal. With the piston rod removed, the two portions can be easily disassembled. When the caulk gun is completely assembled, the piston rod 16 passes through central holes 20 A and 20 B in the barrel-shaped tube portion and the handgrip portion, respectively. Also shown in FIG. 2 , push plate 24 and a retaining nut 26 for mounting on the threaded forward end 28 of the piston rod 16 . [0042] Positioned within the seamless box design trigger housing 14 in middle section 66 is the drip/no drip selection mechanism 60 which is described in detail below. Lever arm 90 (shown in FIG. 11 ) enables mechanism 60 to be moved to drip position 62 or to no drip position 64 as indicated by the indicia provided on trigger housing 14 . Thumb release portion 68 which extends downwardly from trigger housing 14 enables an operator to easily release rod 16 so that it can be withdrawn rearward. [0043] FIGS. 2, 5 and 6 are views of the handgrip portion 14 with the dripless/no drip mechanism 60 removed for clarity. Both show the round flat base surface 30 and the attached lip 32 displaced by a circumferential slot 34 . Also shown is a trigger 36 pivotably mounted in the handgrip housing 14 and forming, with the downwardly extending portion 38 , a handgrip for the housing 14 . A thin rod 40 is shown extending vertically from the mounting member 42 . The rod 40 is provided for puncturing the nozzle of a caulk tube or for cleaning the opening in the caulk tube once it has been punctured. Rod 40 is stowed by rotation about the pivot member 42 to a retainer member 41 extending along the side of the housing 14 . [0044] Near the rearward end of the housing 14 is an L-shaped projection 43 into which the end of the rod 40 fits when it is stowed into the retainer member 41 . The projection 43 is a guard which protects a user's hand from being jabbed by the end of the rod 40 as the caulking gun is used. [0045] Also shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 is a cushioning layer 37 along the back of the downwardly extending portion 38 . This layer 37 is affixed to portion 38 as, for example, by fusing in the molding process and it has an outwardly projecting U-shaped stop portion 39 . Both the layer 37 and projection 39 are molded together, and extend around the back and along both sides of the portion 38 . The projecting U-shaped member 39 helps to locate the caulk gun in the hand of a user, since the gripping portion of the hand rides directly up to the U-shaped projection 39 . [0046] Along the length of the trigger 36 are a series of finger grooves 35 A and 35 B. These are shaped to fit the user's fingers; the two upper grooves 35 A are shaped to receive the first and second fingers of the user's hand. The lowest indentation 35 B is longer in order that it will accommodate the third and fourth fingers of the user's hand. This configuration provides for a very comfortable, natural gripping tool which, by virtue of its shape, enables the user to hold the handgrip portion in his hand, with less likelihood that the handgrip will slip from its natural position. [0047] FIGS. 7 and 8 are views of the barrel. A U-shaped opening 23 in the forward wall 25 of the barrel 12 is provided to permit the nozzle of the caulk tube to extend forward from the barrel. The rearward end of the barrel 12 is formed with a planar face 50 which has an inner cavity 52 having radially inwardly projecting edges 54 formed in an inverted U-shape defining an inner lip suitable for engaging the outwardly extending lip 32 of the handgrip portion 14 . The edges 54 form a circular groove extending halfway around the central opening 20 A. [0048] FIG. 8 is an enlarged view of the barrel portion 12 as depicted in FIG. 4 . The edges 54 of the cavity 52 are displaced from the inner termination of the cavity 52 by a semi-circular slot separating the edges 54 from the forward surface 56 and form an inwardly directed lip positioned to engage the lip 32 . [0049] The barrel 12 is shaped to form a central trough 21 to hold a caulk tube. The barrel 12 is open above the trough 21 to permit the ready insertion of the caulk tube. When in place, the caulk tube projects into the recess 55 at the rear of the barrel 12 . [0050] The barrel 12 of the present invention constitutes a significant improvement over the prior art by the formation of two mating parts of the gun which are capable of ready assembly or disassembly when setting up for use or for storage in a toolbox. The connecting members between the two parts of the caulking gun have a particular configuration which establishes a strong, rigid connection as needed for the support of the caulk tube when in use. [0051] Barrel 12 can be configured as sized to hold standard caulking tubes or the larger one quart size by merely adjusting the dimensions of the barrel cage 12 accordingly. [0052] Referring now to FIGS. 4A, 4B , 9 , 10 , 11 , the dripless/no drip mechanism 60 of invention 10 is shown. The dripless mechanism functions similarly to that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,887,765, incorporated herein by reference. Drive dog 74 which is biased by compression spring 76 causes rod 16 to advance when the trigger 36 is pulled, thus causing caulk (not shown) to be extruded. Silicon washer grip 72 provides a forward biasing for rod 16 . This mechanism, by action of gripping force of grip 72 and resilient force of spring 78 biases rod 16 in the forward direction, preventing rod 16 from moving back more than is required to relieve the pressure in the caulk tube when trigger 36 is released. The friction grip can be overcome by pulling rod 16 rearward so that a new tube of caulking material can be inserted. [0053] The no drip mechanism has three major components: cam lever actuator 61 , drip switch dog 70 and leaf spring 80 . When cam lever actuator 61 is turned toward no drip position 64 , invention 10 operates as explained above. However, when cam lever actuator 61 is moved toward drip position 62 , the “drip feature” is provided. Leaf spring 80 is urged against drip switch dog 70 . Rod 16 passes through opening 92 which has sharp edges. Preferably dog 70 has a bright zinc coat finish. When in the no drip position, cam 74 causes dog 70 to be substantially perpendicular to rod 16 so that rod 16 can pass through hole 92 unobstructed. When in the drip position, cam 74 is as shown in FIG. 4B such that the edge of opening 92 engages rod 16 and prevents rod 16 from moving backward thus keeping in the caulk tube even when trigger 36 is released. To release cam 74 , an operator merely pushes on thumb release 68 of dog 70 . Dog 70 is fitted into slots 71 and biased with leaf spring 80 via rivets through openings 84 in dog 70 and openings 82 in leaf spring 80 . As shown, the entire drip/no drip mechanism 60 is housed within middle section 66 . The use of leaf spring 80 rather than a compression spring such as spring 78 and 76 reduces the amount of space required to house this structure. [0054] As shown in FIG. 12 , precision cutter 102 is provided to cut off the tip 100 of a caulking tube (not shown). Cutter 102 is attached to trigger assembly 36 so that pulling the trigger causes cutter 102 to slide forward, thus cutting off the tip 100 that has been inserted through opening 99 in the trigger housing 14 . [0055] While certain representative embodiments of the invention have been described herein for the purposes of illustration, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modification therein may be made without departure from the spirit and scope of the invention.	A caulking gun for dispensing caulking material from a standard caulk tube. The gun is fabricated in three basic parts; a trigger assembly, a trigger housing and a barrel cage for holding the tube. The facing portions of the barrel cage and trigger housing is provided with a mating configuration which enables the gun to be easily assembled for use and easily disassembled for storage in a toolbox. A novel drip/no drip feature is provided wherein a cam actuator conveniently positioned on the trigger housing enables an operator to select between no drip operation or drip type operation when caulking material and application requirements warrant such. A thumb release mechanism is provided on the rear of the trigger housing so the operator can release the driving rod for insertion of another tube of caulk when the unit has been placed in the drip position.	1
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to planetary gearing systems and more particularly to structures for positioning and retaining a planet gear carrier therein. Planetary gearing systems are used in a variety of mechanisms in which rotary drive is to be transmitted while realizing a speed reduction or speed increase accompanied by a torque increase or reduction. The drive arrangements between a fluid motor and a wheel of a vehicle is one example of mechanism in which planetary gearing systems are often used. While planetary gearing systems may take a variety of specific forms, all have in common a planet gear carrier supported for rotation about a primary axis and carrying one or more planet gears which may orbit about the primary axis while also being rotatable about a secondary orbiting axis which is parallel to the primary axis. Depending on the type of planetary gearing system, the planet gears may engage one or both of a sun gear and a ring gear which are both disposed coaxially with respect to the primary axis. In instances where sizable torque loads must be transmitted through a planetary gearing system, it is a common practice to include more than one planet gear on the carrier. The presence of the additional planet gears does not change the basic functions of the system insofar as speed reductions or speed increases are concerned but do serve to avoid the severe concentration of stress at a limited number of gear teeth, bearings and the like which may occur in a planetary gearing system having a single planet gear. If the planetary gear carrier is journaled to some other component of the mechanism through conventional bearing means or the like so that it has little if any opportunity to shift radially and axially, then this objective of equally distributing stresses between the several planet gears is imperfectly realized at least at times. This would not be true in theory if the components of the system were manufactured with absolutely exact predetermined dimensions and were located in the planetary gearing system at absolutely exact predetermined positions, but this kind of absolute precision does not usually exist as a practical matter. The gears, bearings, axles and other elements of the system will, as a practical matter, vary somewhat from their theoretical proportions, dimensions and orientations and in any real system the rotational axes, orientations and configurations of such elements will vary slightly from what the designer originally specified. Because of these factors, at any given moment in a planetary system having a positionally fixed carrier most of the structural stress may be concentrated on a particular one of the plurality of planet gears and on a single particular small segment of the associated sun gear and ring gear while the other planet gears are carrying less than their theoretical share of the load. This concentration of stress may shift from one planet gear to another in the course of a single revolution of the carrier depending on the nature of the departure of the proportions and position of the various parts from the theoretical ideal. To counteract the adverse unequal distribution of stress loads discussed above, it is a known practice to employ what is termed a floating planet carrier. In such systems the planet gear carrier is not journaled by ordinary bearing means so that it is not rigidly constrained against radial and axial movements. Instead, the planet gears and thus the carrier are essentially supported and positioned by the associated sun gear and ring gear with which the planet gears are engaged. With this arrangement, an incipient unequal distribution of stress loads between the several planet gears tends to be self-correcting. Such a stress concentration inherently acts to shift the planet gears and associated carrier slightly in the radial direction or to tilt the planet gear and carrier assembly relative to the rotational axis to a small degree in such a manner as to tend to maintain an equal distribution of load between the several planet gears. Where the planet gears and carrier are capable of floating as described above, it is usually necessary to provide means for establishing maximum limits to the positional shifting of the floating components. Where the planet gears engage both a sun gear and a ring gear, movement of the carrier in the radial direction may be inherently limited. However, there may not be any inherent constraint against excessive axial movement of the carrier and planet gears and therefore some kind of retaining or motion-limiting means must be provided. The structures heretofore utilized for such purposes have been effective to establish the desired limits of movement but have been so constituted as to create unnecessary friction with consequent acceleration of wear, unnecessary dissipation of power and unnecessary heating of components of the system. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention provides a planetary gearing system having a floating planet gear carrier capable of a limited amount of radial and axial movement to accommodate to slight irregularities of shape and position of the other components and includes carrier retention means for defining the limits of such movement with the retention means being arranged to minimize friction and consequently to reduce wear, power dissipation and heat generation. An annular inside edge of the carrier extends loosely into an annular groove defined by the retention means with the carrier edge being of less extent in the axial direction than the groove and being of slightly greater diameter than the innermost part of the groove to provide for a predetermined amount of axial and radial movement of the carrier and planet gears relative to the retention means. In one form of the invention, a series of thrust pins may be mounted in each wall of the groove on each side of the carrier edge to define the limits of axial motion and to provide replaceable wear surfaces. In another form of the invention the thrust pins may extend slightly from opposite sides of the carrier edge itself. In still another form of the invention annular thrust rings may be disposed in the groove at each side of the carrier edge for similar purposes. The location of the retention means at a relatively small-diameter portion of the carrier reduces friction and contributes to the beneficial effects discussed above as the innermost parts of the carrier revolve at a smaller angular velocity than the more outward portions of the carrier. Accordingly it is an object of this invention to establish predetermined limits for nonrotary movements of the planet gear carrier of a planetary gearing system while minimizing friction, wear, power dissipation and heat generation. It is a further object of the invention to provide simple economical and readily replaceable thrust bearing means for limiting axial movement of the carrier of a planetary gearing system. The invention, together with further objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following description of preferred embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the accompanying drawings: FIG. 1 is a view of a wheel hub and rim for a motor grader vehicle with portions cut away to illustrate the final drive mechanism contained within the wheel including a planetary gearing system, FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of the portion of FIG. 1 encircled by dashed line II thereon better illlustrating certain aspects of the planet gear carrier retention means, FIG. 3 is a view corresponding essentially to FIG. 2 but illustrating a modification of the planet gear carrier retention means, FIG. 4 is a section view taken along line IV--IV of FIG. 3 further illustrating characteristics of the modification of the retention means, and FIG. 5 is still another view corresponding essentially to FIG. 2 but illustrating still another modification of the planet gear carrier retention means. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring initially to FIG. 1 of the drawing, the invention was designed for usage in a hydrostatically driven final drive mechanism 11 situated within a wheel 12 of a motor grader vehicle and will therefore be described in that context, it being apparent that the invention may also be adapted to other rotary drive transmitting apparatus of various kinds which also employ a planetary gearing system 13. In this particular example of the invention, an annular wheel rim 14 is adapted to receive a tire and encircles an annular housing 16 to which it is attached through lugs 17 and bolts 18. Lugs 17 also connect the wheel rim and housing to a rotatable hub 15 which may be journaled on the axle structure of the associated vehicle. Disposed within rim 14 and housing 16 in alignment with the rotary axis 23 of the wheel is a wheel drive hydraulic motor 19 which may also be secured to axle structure of the vehicle of which the wheel is a component in a manner known to the art. To provide a speed reduction and torque amplification, the planetary gearing system 13 includes a sun gear 21 loosely spline-coupled to the output shaft 22 of the hydraulic motor 19 so that it may be rotated by the motor. The motor output shaft 22 and sun gear 21 are disposed for rotation about the primary rotary axis 23 which is the rotational axis of the wheel rim 12 and housing 16 as well. The planetary gearing system 13 further includes an annular planet carrier 24 situated within housing 16 and also disposed for rotation about the primary axis 23 in a manner which will hereinafter be described in greater detail. Carrier 24 carries three planet gears 26 in this particular system of which only one of the planet gears is visible in FIG. 1 but which are disposed at equiangular intervals around the carrier, with reference to the primary rotational axis 23, in the manner known to the art. Carrier 24 has a flat annular plate portion 27 and one of three angled bracket arm portions 28 extends from the plate portion around each planet gear 26. To journal the planet gear 26 on the carrier 24, a bore 29 extends through both the carrier plate portion 27 and bracket arm portion 28 to receive an axle pin 31 upon which the planet gear 26 is journaled preferably through a bearing 32. At each planet gear, the axle pin 31 defines a secondary rotational axis 33 about which that planet gear may revolve and which itself orbits around the primary axis 23 when the carrier 24 revolves with respect to the primary axis. Axle pin 31 may have an axial passage 34 closed at each end by plugs 36. Lubricant is maintained within the housing 16 and a lubricant intake opening 37 is provided in the axle pin 31 at one end while a lubricant outlet or passage 38 at a more central region of the axle pin transmits lubricant to the bearing 32. Intake opening 37 may be arranged to face into the direction of orbital motion of the axle pin to effect a forced flow of lubricant to the bearing 32. Axle pin 31 is retained against axial displacement and also against angular shifting within carrier bore 29 by a retainer element 39 which is releasably secured to the carrier and which has edges entering a slot 41 in the side wall of each axle pin. These provisions for supporting, retaining and lubricating the planet gears 26 on the carrier 24 are described more fully and claimed in my copending application Ser. No. 743,383 entitled PLANET GEAR POSITIONING AND RETAINING MECHANISM, filed concurrently with this application. The planet gears 26 in this particular system are of the compound form having a first large-diameter set of teeth 42 and a second coaxial but smaller-diameter set of teeth 43. The first teeth 42 engage sun gear 21 and also engage a reaction member or first ring gear 44 which is disposed in coaxial relationship to the primary rotary axis 23 and which encircles all of the planet gears 26. To establish an operational mode in which drive is transmitted from motor 19 to wheel rim 12, the first ring gear 44 is held rotationally fixed by being locked to a rotationally stationary member 46 of the vehicle axle structure by actuation of a fluid pressure-operated clutch 47. Clutch 47 may be selectively disengaged to enable rotation of the first ring gear 44 which has the effect of decoupling the wheel rim 12 from the drive motor 19 to establish a free-wheeling mode of operation. To transfer drive to the housing 16 and wheel rim 12 when clutch 47 is engaged, a second ring gear 48 is secured within the housing and encircles the planet gears to engage the smaller-diameter set of teeth 43 of each planet gear. When motor 19 turns sun gear 21, the engagement of the planet gears 26 with the rotationally fixed first ring gear 44 constrains the planet gears to rotate about their own axes 33 and also to orbit about the sun gear 21. This orbiting motion of the planet gears causes the carrier 24 to rotate about the primary axis 23 at a rate similar to that of the orbiting speed of the planet gears which speed is substantially less than the angular velocity of the sun gear 21. The second ring gear 48, which engages the smaller-diameter set of teeth 43 of the planet gears, is thereby caused to revolve about the primary axis 23 at a still smaller angular rate. This rotation of the second ring gear 48 turns the housing 16 and rim 14. Thus the wheel 12 is driven through the planetary gearing system 13 by the motor 19 but with a substantial speed reduction and a corresponding torque amplification. The motor 19 is of the reversable form to provide for both forward and reverse travel of the associated vehicle. The planet gears 26 and associated carrier 24 are of the floating form inasmuch as the carrier is not supported through bearings or other means that create a precisely fixed rotational axis for the carrier. The carrier is able to move in a radial direction, that is within a plane normal to the primary rotational axis 23, and is also able to move in the axial direction, that is in a direction parallel to the primary rotational axis 23. Slight movement of the carrier and planet gear assembly in the radial direction or slight tilting movements which are a combination of radial and axial movement may occur in response to forces acting on the planet gears through the associated sun gear and ring gears as necessary to relieve any unequal distribution of load between the three planet gears as a result of manufacturing irregularities in the configuration of the parts or in the placement and alignment of parts. While this characteristic of floating or exhibiting play is highly desirable for the reason noted above, the required amount of movement for load-equalizing purposes is small and means must be provided to establish predetermined limits for such movements of the carrier and planet gears. Axial movement in particular must be limited as otherwise interlocking sets of gear teeth of the planet gears, sun gear and ring gears might disengage or partially disengage to the point where torque loads would be concentrated on an undesirably small portion of the teeth creating the possibility of breakage. While radial movement of the carrier and planet gears is inherently limited due to the fact that each planet gear engages the sun gear 21 at one side and the ring gears 44 and 48 at the other side, it may in some cases also be advantageous to provide a more precisely controlled maximum limit of radial movement. Accordingly, carrier retention means 49 establish predetermined limits for nonrotary movement of the carrier 24 and planet gears 26. A first example of such retention means 49 may best be understood by referring to FIG. 2. Housing 16 has a central opening 51 defined by an annular sleeve portion 52 of the housing which extends inwardly a distance towards the sun gear 21 in coaxial relationship with the sun gear. A removable center member 53 closes and seals the opening 51 of the housing. A flat annular surface 54 at the inner wall of housing 16 adjacent sleeve portion 52 defines one side wall of an annular groove 56 and the adjacent surface 57 of the sleeve portion defines the base of the groove. The other sidewall 58 of the groove 56 is defined by a flat annular member 59 secured in coaxial relationship against the inner end of sleeve portion 52 by bolts 61. The plate portion 27 of carrier 24 has an annular radially innermost edge 62 which extends into groove 56 for rotation therein. The inner diameter of edge 62 of the carrier is made sufficiently greater than the outer diameter of sleeve portion 52 of the housing to provide a clearance sufficient to enable radial movement of the carrier by the predetermined desired maximum amount. The thickness of edge 62 of the carrier in the axial direction is less than that of the width of the groove 56 and is fixed to enable axial movements of the carrier only up to the predetermined desired limit. As there is a high probability of wearing at the retention means 49, particularly at the surfaces which define the limits of permissible axial movement of the carrier, it is highly advantageous to provide low-cost replaceable elements such as thrust pins 63 in groove 56 to define the actual axial motion limiting surfaces at each side of carrier edge 62. In the example shown in FIG. 2, a first plurality of the thrust pins 63 are mounted in passages 64 in sidewall 54 of the groove at angular intervals around the groove and another group of such thrust pins are similarly mounted in the opposite sidewall 58. Each such thrust pin 63 may have a shank portion 66 press-fitted into the associated bore 64 and a diametrically enlarged head portion 67 abutted against the one of the groove sidewalls 54 or 58 at which the particular pin is disposed. The end surfaces of the head portions 67 effectively define the limits of permitted axial movement of the carrier 24 and thus the above-described limits of axial movement of the carrier are established by making the carrier edge 62 of appropriately less width in the axial direction than the spacing betweeen the heads 67 of the thrust pins 63 at opposite sides of the carrier. In addition to enabling replacement of the bearing surfaces within groove 56 when wear occurs, the use of thrust pins 63 or other similar thrust bearing means enables such surfaces to be formed of a material selected specifically with regard to such characteristics as a low coefficient of friction, wear resistance and the like whereas selection of the material of the other structural members which define the groove 56, such as housing sleeve 52, may be more circumscribed in that consideration of such matters as providing high structural strength is also necessary. A basic benefit of the above-described retention means 49 arises from the fact that the stationary surfaces which the moving carrier 24 may contact are situated at a radially inward region of the carrier structure and preferably at the radially innermost edge as in this example. Such undesirable effects as friction, power dissipation, wearing and heat generation are in part a function of the relative velocity of contacting moving parts. As such areas of moving contact in this construction are located radially inward from the orbital path of the planet gears, the relative velocities between contacting parts are minimized with consequent reduction of the above-described adverse effects. Modifications of the above-described planet gear carrier retention means 49 are readily possible. Referring now to FIGS. 3 and 4 in conjunction it may be seen that the thrust pins 63' may be mounted in transverse bores 64' in edge 62' of the carrier rather than being mounted in the sidewalls 54' and 58' of the groove 56 as in the previous example. Under this arrangement, the thrust pins 63' are supported on the carrier itself and turn with the carrier. As the shank portions 66' of the pins may extend most of the way through the bores 64' in the carrier edge, the providing of such pins at both sides of the carrier may be arranged for by alternating the pins 63'A which extend from one side of the carrier with the pins 63'B which extend from the other side of the carrier at successive ones of the bores 64' along the carrier edge 62'. Similarly, thrust bearing means other than the button-like thrust pins described above with reference to FIGS. 2 to 4 may also be employed. Referring now to FIG. 5, a construction may be utilized which is identical to that described with reference to FIG. 2 except insofar as the thrust pins are replaced with a pair of flat annular thrust rings 68 disposed within the groove 56 with each being on an opposite side of the carrier edge 62. Thus one such ring 68 may be disposed against groove sidewall 54 while the other such ring is disposed against the opposite groove sidewall 58. The thickness of the rings 68 in the axial direction is again selected to establish the predetermined desired limits of axial movement of the carrier edge 62. Thus while the invention has been described with respect to certain specific embodiments, it will be apparent that many modifications are possible and it is not intended to limit the invention except as defined in the following claims.	A planetary gear system within a vehicle wheel has a sun gear at the wheel axis driven by a fluid motor and further includes a ring gear secured to the wheel rim. Planet gears, engaging both the sun gear and ring gear, are mounted on a carrier which is revolvable as the planet gears orbit around the sun gear while transmitting drive from the motor to the wheel with a speed reduction and a corresponding torque amplification. The carrier is not tightly restrained in either the radial or axial direction enabling positional self-adjustment to relieve stress concentrations at gear teeth. Limits for the axial and radial play of the floating carrier are fixed by positioner means defining an annular groove into which the radially innermost edge of the carrier is loosely received, thrust bearing means such as thrust pins or annular thrust rings being situated within the groove at each side of the carrier edge. Situating the positioner means at the minimum diameter portion of the carrier minimizes friction, wear, power dissipation and heating as that portion of the carrier turns at a smaller velocity than the more outward portions of the carrier.	1
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a passivation process and structure with self-alignment with the location of a mask. More particularly, the present invention relates to a self-aligning process for a passivation layer chemically deposited in the vapor phase on the location of a diffusion mask. During the manufacture of a planar-type device, it is necessary during certain steps to carry out diffusions in a semiconductor wafer through selected openings provided in a mask formed on the semiconductor wafer, this mask being for example formed from a thermal or pyrolytic oxide layer. The diffusion penetrates into the semiconductor wafer and extends transversely under the masking layer. This masking layer may be maintained during further manufacturing steps to serve as passivation for the surface flush portion of the junction. Nevertheless, in some cases, the leak current in the vicinity of the flush portion of the junction may be too high with such a passivation layer. It is then preferable to replace the masking layer with a layer or an assembly of layers of other passivation materials deposited chemically in the vapor phase. There will be more particularly considered here the case where it is desired to use as passivation agent polycrystalline silicon doped with oxygen, called hereafter sipox, but the invention also applies to the case of other chemical deposits in the vapor phase, for example silicon nitride or silica, doped or not. To better illustrate the disadvantages of the process of the prior art, there will first of all be described hereafter in detail with reference to FIGS. 1a to 1g a process of the prior art for replacing an oxide mask with a sipox layer. We consider initially a semiconductor structure comprising a type n layer 1 covered on its lower face with a type n + layer 2 and in the upper face of which is diffused a p + type layer 3. This localized layer 3 is obtained by diffusion through a masking layer 4, formed for example by an oxide. The diffusion process selected is such that there is produced, above diffused zone 3, a thin oxide layer 5. In the following FIG. 1b there is illustrated the depositing of a photosensitive resin layer 6 above the thinner part 5 of the oxide layer, i.e. above the openings in the masking layer 4. FIG. 1c illustrates the condition of the structure after etching of the silica layer 4 and removal of the photosensitive resin layer 6. In a further step, illustrated in FIG. 1d, a first layerof polycrystalline silicon doped with oxygen (sipos) 7 is deposited on both faces of the device, followed by a second silicon nitride layer 8. In the step of FIG. 1e, a resin layer 9 is deposited on the upper face of the wafer and opened in a region corresponding substantially to the openings of the first mask 4. After chemical etching, the structure shown in FIG. 1f is obtained. In the following step, illustrated in FIG. 1g, the visible part of silica layer 5 is removed by chemical etching. It will be noted that there remain lateral portions 5' and 5" of this oxide layer 5 enclosed under the passivation structure comprising the sipos layer 7 and the silicon nitride layer 8. Thus, in the process of the prior art, it will be noted that two maskings are provided: the first for forming the localized resin layer 6, of FIG. 1b, the second for forming the localized opening in the resin layer 9. It is because of these two maskings that a certain tolerance must be provided in the dimensions of the masks so as to be certain that the layer of sipos finally obtained will sufficiently cover type p + zone 3. An aim of the present invention is to provide a new process for depositing a passivation structure whose basic layer is deposited chemically in the vapor phase, this layer being self-aligned with an initial masking layer through the openings of which localized diffusion has been formed in a semiconductor wafer. Another aim of the present invention is to provide such a process which is simple to use industrially. Another aim of the present invention is to provide such a process which lends itself particularly simply to deposition of a metallization layer in the opening provided in the passivation structure. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION These aims as well as others are attained in accordance with the present invention by providing a process for obtaining a localized passivation structure comprising a basic layer deposited chemically in the vapor phase, this layer being self-aligned with a masking layer used during the process for manufacturing a silicon-based semiconductor component, comprising the following steps: (a) cleaning the surface of the semiconductor in the openings of the mask; (b) depositing a metal layer able to form a silicide or eutectic having a melting point at a temperature less than a predetermined temperature T with the silicon; (c) reheating to combine the metal layer and the visible surface of the semiconductor; (d) removing by selective etching the masking layer and the excess metal in the windows of the mask; (e) depositing chemically in the vapor phase a layer of sipos, nitride or silica doped or not, and possibly a layer of another passivation agent; (f) subjecting the wafer to mechanical cleaning, for example by brushing with a fluid under high pressure or ultrasonic agitation to eliminate the part of the sipos, silicon nitride or silica layer which has been deposited in the windows of the mask and which is powdery in nature. DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES These objects, features and advantages as well as others of the process of the present invention will be explained in more detail in the following description of particular embodiments made with reference to the accompanying figures in which: FIGS. 1a to 1g serve as a support for the description of a process of the prior art such as set forth above; and FIGS. 2a to 2f serve as a support for the account of a process in accordance with the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT FIG. 2a shows a structure substantially similar to that of FIG. 1a in which similar layers are designated by similar references. It will nevertheless be noted that in this FIG. 2a the oxide layer 5 of FIG. 1a does not exist. That may result either from having chosen a diffusion process in which such an oxide layer is not formed or else by removing this layer by chemical cleaning after the diffusion step. It will be noted that this cleaning step does not involve a masking step for the difference in thickness between the oxide layers 4 and 5 can be used. In any case, the visible part of layer 3 is carefully cleaned to provide a silicon surface capable of receiving adhering metallizations. In the following step illustrated in FIG. 2b there is deposited, on the upper face of the wafer, a metal layer 20. This layer may be deposited either uniformly by evaporation as is shown, or else deposited electrolytically solely in the window provided in oxide layer 4. The metal deposited 20 may be selected from one or other of two categories. The first category is formed of metals such as gold and aluminium forming a eutectic which is in the liquid state at a temperature less than the temperatures currently used in a reactor for depositing polycrystalline silicon doped with oxygen. The second category is formed from metals such as nickel, molybdenum and platinum which are capable of reacting with the silicon to form a silicide. Then thermal treatment is carried out to obtain, as shown in FIG. 2c, a layer 21 formed from the reaction product between the silicon of layer 3 and the metal of layer 20, this compound being able to be a eutectic or a silicide. In the following step, as shown in FIG. 2d, the excess metal above layer 21 is removed and possibly layer 20 above the silica mask 4 if there has been uniform deposition of a metal layer during the step of FIG. 2b. After that, as shown in FIG. 2e, the silica mask 4 is removed by chemical etching. FIG. 2f shows the structure of the present invention after the wafer has been placed in a reactor for depositing a first layer 22 of sipox followed by a second layer 23 of silicon nitride. Layer 24 above layer 31 proves to be a powdery deposit of very low adhesion which can then be easily removed by mechanical action, for example by blasting with a pressurized water jet or by ultrasonic agitation. Thus a passivation structure 22, 23 is obtained directly aligned with the initial silica mask 4 without any additional masking step. Accordingly, it is pointless providing overdimensioning of each individual component and so the dimension of each component may be reduced, i.e. more components can be manufactured on the same wafer, which is an aim generally sought both for discrete components and for integrated-circuit elements. There will be set forth hereafter the reasons why the applicant considers at present that the deposit above the silicide or the eutectic is powdery in nature and not very adhesive. Nevertheless, this theoretical account does not form a limitation of the present invention whose results have been ascertained experimentally by the applicant. In the case where a silicide is formed, i.e. for example in the case where the crystal of layer 20 is nickel, this silicide is etched by means of hydrochloric acid when hot which exists in the reactor for depositioning the layer of polycrystalline silicon doped with oxygen, this deposit being effected at a temperature of 830° C. for example. In fact, the sipox deposit is effected in the presence of SiCl 2 which decomposes to provide particularly Si and Cl. There is then formed a volatile metal chloride (ClNi). This metal chloride prevents the gaseous compounds required for the formation of polycrystalline silicon and nitride layers from reacting and nucleating at the surface of silicide layer 21. In the case where a metal is selected such as gold or aluminium, which have respectively eutectic temperatures with the silicon of 370° C. and 577° C. and, when sipox is deposited at a temperature greater than 680° C., this eutectic is in the liquid state and this is what explains the lack of adhesion of the subsequent sipox layer. It will be noted that the present invention may be implemented in numerous ways. In particular, the second layer 23 of the passivation structure has been described as being a silicon nitride layer. Other layers have been used, for example pure silica or silica doped with phosphorus. Once the structure shown in FIG. 2f has been obtained and after the powdery layer 24 has been removed, for numerous practical applications efforts are made to provide a contact from type p + layer 3. In the case of the present invention, owing to the presence of layer 21, this metal contact may be provided particularly easily. In this case, the advantages of the present invention are particularly evident. In fact, because of the self-alignment of the passivation structure 22, 23 with the initial mask, the lateral limits of layer 21 serving as a support for the metallization are as close as possible to the surface flush portions of p + type layer 3. Thus is limited, during operation of the semiconductor device obtained, the resistance formed by the part of the p + layer situated between the frontier of the metallization support layer 21 and the junction zones. In the cases where it is desired to effect another operation than metallization of the surface of layer 3, it is possible to selectively remove layer 21 by selective etching. In the case where this layer 21 is formed by a silicide, it may be removed with plasma or else by means of hot hydrochloric acid at 830° C. In the case where it is a question of a eutectic, the removal may be effected by means of aqua regia or any other selective etching solution. Although the accompanying figures show a diode, it is clear that the present invention will find numerous other applications in the field of production of discrete or integrated semiconductor components.	A passivation process and structure with self-alignment with the location of a mask wherein oxygen-doped poly-crystalline silicon is deposited on a semiconductor surface, a part of which is occupied by a silicide or by a silicon-metal eutectic. The sipox deposit is adhesive to the semiconducting parts and not to said part. The invention applies to the miniaturization of semiconductor components and integrated circuits.	8
BACKGROUND Certain parts of the world routinely deal with snow and ice covering the roadways. Within these regions plowing/sanding trucks are typically utilized to clear roadways and deposit sand (or other abrasive materials) which helps to provide additional traction for drivers. In certain situations, it is necessary to use these plowing/sanding trucks for additional purposes. One particularly troublesome current situation is where the truck must be capable of plowing and sanding operations, but must also tow a trailer of some type. This is troublesome since the trailer often interferes with the equipment needed to carry out sanding operations. The removal of snow and ice from roadways is itself often a challenging task. The failure to effectively remove snow and ice creates very hazardous driving conditions, which can ultimately result in accidents and fatalities. Even when a majority of the snow has been removed, any remaining snow or ice creates a hazard. Snowplows are typically equipped with sanding equipment to further minimize this hazard. Consequently, these snowplows have the ability to simultaneously remove snow, and to apply sand, salt or a sand/salt combination to the roadway. Sand alone will help to provide traction, while the application of salt or a salt mixture will promote melting of ice and snow. Salting and sanding mechanisms have existed for years and typically include a spreader mechanism for distributing sand (and/or salt). Typical spreaders involve a rotational disk which is spun in a desired directed of rotation. Sand or sand salt mixture is then delivered to this spinning disk, which will cast the mixture over a desired area. These delivery mechanisms are typically attached to the rear portion of the sanding truck and will cause the granular material to be spread behind the plowing truck as it progresses along the roadway. Alternatively, a slide chute may be used, which allows sand or other material to simply slide down a sloped surface and be distributed onto the roadway. As can be imagined, the sanding mechanisms are typically somewhat sizable due to the physical demands and functions carried out. In addition, these mechanisms take up considerable amount of space and typically interfere with the other truck features. Most specifically, these sanding mechanisms typically interfere with hitches and other towing implements. Consequently, the truck itself becomes one dimensional and cannot be used for other functions. In an effort to more efficiently clear snow and debris from roadways, some plow trucks are also being equipped with towable auxiliary blades. These auxiliary blades can be swung outwardly extending beyond the typical path of the truck itself. In one example, the truck can be driven along a first lane of a highway, while the towable plow blade can extend into a adjacent lane. Similarly, the towable plow may extend onto an adjacent shoulder portion of a highway. In this particular configuration, a single truck can be utilized to clear multiple lanes or multiple portions of the highway itself. By making one path or trip down the highway, multiple lanes are cleared, thus eliminating the need for multiple passes by one truck, or the use of multiple trucks. Naturally, this increases efficiency and reduces cost. To allow for these towable auxiliary plow blades to be used, a necessary amount of clearance is required. Due to this need for appropriate clearance, sanding mechanisms have not typically been used along with these towable blades. Sanding mechanism require the use of material transfer structures, which are most conveniently located at the rear of the truck. Consequently, these sanding mechanisms typically overlap or cover the hitch mechanisms that exist. There is thus a need for alternative sand handling structures which also allow for towing mechanisms to be used. SUMMARY To provide a sanding truck with the ability to plow, sand, and tow accessories (including towing a supplemental tow plow) a uniquely configured sander body is provided. This particular accessory is uniquely configured to be easily attached, while also providing the truck with the ability to distribute sand and avoiding any interference with the towing capabilities of the vehicle. The sander body is attachable to the truck tailgate, in a manner that allows the tailgate/sander body unit to swing or rotate in a well understood manner. Further, the sander body provides a material movement mechanism, allowing sand or a granular mixture to be easily moved towards a delivery location. In addition, the sander body itself is uniquely configured to allow easy cleanout and access to the body interior in an efficient manner. Lastly, the sander body is designed so that it also does not occupying space needed at the rear of the truck to accommodate towing operations. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Certain features of the disclosed devices will be further apparent from the consideration of the following drawings in conjunction with the specification, in which: FIG. 1 is a first side view of the sander body apparatus; FIG. 2 is a second side view of the sander body attachment, showing removable rear wall in an open position; FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the sander body; and FIG. 4 is the rear view of a sanding truck, illustrating the sander body attachment coupled thereto. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In order to allow a typical dump truck to be used for multiple purposes and specifically to simultaneously accommodate plowing, sanding and towing, the mechanisms shown in the figures and discussed below carefully manage the space and dimensions behind a typical dump truck. More specifically, a sander body is configured and oriented to be easily attached to typical dump trucks in a manner which allows sanding material to be easily handled and distributed to appropriate locations, while also staying clear of towing structures. Referring now to the figures, a sander body attachment 10 includes a main body portion 20 and a pair of attachment sidewalls 30 and 40 . The attachment sidewalls 30 and 40 are configured to substantially surround and attach to the tailgate portion 110 of a dump truck 100 . (Dump Truck 100 is illustrated in dashed lines in FIG. 4 to show sander body attachment 10 in context.) Once attached, the main body portion 20 will be positioned between the tailgate 110 (which is now extended a slight distance away from the truck box) and a lower floor surface of the truck box itself. In this position, sanding material such as sand or sand/salt mixtures can be easily transferred from the truck box to an open upper portion 50 of the main body portion 20 . An auger 60 within main body portion 20 can then transfer sanding material to a delivery location 22 . Naturally, alternative mechanisms can be used to transfer or move material to delivery location 22 , such as conveyors or movable paddles. Most importantly, the positioning and handling methodology for sander body attachment 10 takes up very little space at the rear of the dump truck 100 , thus allowing towing hitches and towing mechanisms 120 to be easily accessible. Based on this configuration, the truck 100 can thus be utilized for both sanding operations, and towing functions. As mentioned, main body portion 20 is designed to contain an auger 60 . To further accommodate efficient operation, a pair of auger guards 62 and 64 , exist to shield the portion of the auger 60 that is directly over the delivery location 22 . The pair of auger guards 62 and 64 will prevent sand or a sand/salt mixture from falling directly out of an opening which exists at delivery location 22 . In addition, the pair of auger guards 62 and 64 help to avoid excess pressure on the auger, and generally promote more efficient operation. It will be understood that auger 60 can be driven by many different drive sources (not shown in the figures), such as an electric motor, hydraulic motor, or some other drive system. In the embodiment illustrated, this drive source could be attached to sidewall 30 at a mounting location 68 . As mentioned above, the sander body 10 is positioned between the tailgate 110 and the box of the dump truck itself. Structures on the sander body 10 allow it to be releasably coupled to the truck box/tailgate 110 , in a manner which also allows tailgate 110 to continue operating in a typical manner. Stated differently, this attachment methodology allows the entire structure to be swung outwardly away from the truck box, when the truck box needs to be cleaned and/or emptied. As best illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 , first sidewall 30 includes a hole or aperture 34 along an outer portion thereof, while second sidewall 40 also includes a similar aperture 44 . Each of these features are specifically designed to cooperate with structures on a tailgate 110 when sander body attachment 10 is attached thereto. As is well known, tailgate 110 will attach to the truck at a pair of hinge points 112 (See, FIG. 4 ). Hinge points 112 are commonly configured as pins or rods, allow tailgate 110 to easily swing or rotate upwardly/outwardly when the box of the dump truck is raised. Tailgate 110 also includes a pair of holes or apertures along a sidewall thereof (not shown). These sidewall holes are added to the tailgate to accommodate attachment of sander body 10 . First aperture 34 and second aperture 44 within the sidewalls ( 30 and 40 ) are specifically positioned to be aligned with the tailgate apertures. In this manner, a first pin 114 and a second pin 116 can be positioned within both apertures, to secure sander body attachment 10 to tailgate 110 . As recognized by those familiar with sanding trucks, the tailgate 110 will typically include a locking mechanism to keep the tailgate in a closed position until it is desired to dump material from the box. This locking mechanism generally includes pins attached to tailgate 110 , and a coupling mechanism attached to adjacent walls of the dump truck. In order to hold the tailgate in place, the coupling mechanism will capture these pins, thus securely holding the tailgate 110 in position. In order to accommodate similar functions, sander body attachment 10 also includes a pair of pins 36 and 46 positioned at a lower portion of first sidewall 30 and second sidewall 40 , respectively. These pins are positioned to cooperate with the dump truck coupling mechanism in exactly the same way similar pins (which are attached to tailgate 110 ) are captured. In this manner, the same swinging/dumping operation can be achieved for the dump truck itself, even when sander body attachment 10 is mounted thereon. To further couple the sander body attachment 10 to tailgate 110 , first sidewall 30 includes another aperture or slot 34 which is specifically designed to surround the locking pins which currently exist on tailgate 110 . As best illustrated in FIGS. 1 & 2 , the tailgate pin can be inserted into aperture 34 and the closure of a removable rear wall 90 will capture or hold the tailgate pin in place. As mentioned above, aperture 34 is specifically designed to capture the tailgate pin. Again, this is made possible due to the design of the removable rear wall 90 . As shown in FIGS. 1-3 , sidewall 30 includes a receiving hook 38 , which forms receiving slot 39 . Removable rear wall 90 includes a pair of cooperating extensions 91 and 92 at upper and outer edges thereof. As will be appreciated, extensions 91 and 92 can be easily dropped into receiving slots 39 and 49 to rotatably hold removable rear wall 90 . As further illustrated, removable rear wall 90 is rotatable about the axis formed by extensions 91 and 92 . In FIGS. 1 and 3 , removable rear wall 90 is rotated to a closed or captured position, thus creating an enclosed chamber for sander body 10 . Removable rear wall 90 can also be rotated to an open position, as best illustrated in FIG. 2 . Removable rear wall 90 also includes a first connection structure 94 and a second connection structure 96 . As further discussed below, first connection structure 94 and second connection structure 96 are specifically configured to cooperate with a first locking handle 104 and a second locking handle 106 . By having a removable rear wall 90 which is rotatable in the manner described above, operators can easily open the chamber formed within sander body 10 at any point in time, to perform maintenance, cleaning, or dislodge any obstructions that may exist. The rotatable or hinged connection of removable rear wall 90 , along with its overall design, will help to naturally open this component. The orientation illustrated in FIG. 2 shows the natural hanging orientation of removable rear wall 90 , when unlatched and with the truck box is in its down position. Obviously, tilting the truck box up will cause removable rear wall 90 to swing out further. As will be appreciated, having the removable rear wall 90 hang in this open orientation will more easily accommodate opening by the operator, since lifting or forcing is not necessarily required. As best illustrated in FIG. 3 , first locking handle 104 and second locking handle 106 are attached on opposite ends of a rotatable bar 102 . This rotatable bar 102 , coupled with first locking handle 104 and second locking handle 106 allows for a removable rear wall 90 to be captured and held in a closed position when desired. To further accommodate this feature, a holding tab 108 is also attached to rotatable bar 102 . As will be clearly appreciated by those skilled in the art, first locking arm 104 and second locking arm 106 are rotatable between an open position (shown in FIG. 2 ) and a locking position, shown in FIGS. 1 and 3 . When in the locking position, first locking handle 104 is received within first connection structure 94 . A locking pin 114 can then be inserted to capture first locking handle in its locked position. A similar relationship is achieved with second locking handle 106 , second connection structure 96 , and a second locking pin 116 . When in this locked position, holding tab 108 also provides additional holding forces to keep rotatable rear wall 90 in a closed position. Referring now to FIG. 4 , the alignment and orientation of multiple components is better illustrated. Most significantly, main body 20 of sander body attachment 10 is shown, being coupled with tailgate 110 as discussed above. Delivery location 22 , in this particular embodiment, is shown at a left hand side of the truck 100 . It is noted that delivery locations could be positioned on the left side, right side or both, using the sander body attachment 10 . By simply configuring appropriate opening, along with an appropriately configured auger these changes are easily accommodated. Positioned below delivery location 22 is a deliver mechanism 80 . This particular embodiment, delivery mechanism 80 is configured as a slide chute 80 , which is specifically designed to allow sand, or whatever material is being distributed, to slide down a sloped surface and be dropped upon the desired locations of the roadway. Naturally, several other distribution mechanisms could be utilized. Most significantly, FIG. 4 illustrates how hitch mechanism 120 , positioned at a central location, is a significant distance away from delivery mechanism 80 . In this manner, the towing functions of the dump truck itself can continue to be utilized, even when sanding operations are contemplated. Further, sander body attachment 10 is held a meaningful distance above the hitch mechanism 120 , to further avoid interference. Due to this spacing and orientation, sander body attachment 10 will not interfere with the towing capabilities of the dump truck, even when the truck box is tilted to an extended operational height. In fact, the sander body attachment 10 is specifically designed to avoid interference even when the truck box is elevated to its normal working height, or any height expected to be used when trailers or accessories are attached. Again, this capability is achieved by having sander body attachment 10 be configured and sized to avoid interference and to efficiently use space behind the dump truck. As generally discussed above, this accommodates additional functionality, including the specific use of towed plow implements. Reference may be made throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “embodiments,” “an aspect,” or “aspects” meaning that a particular described feature, structure, or characteristic may be included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, usage of such phrases may refer to more than just one embodiment or aspect. In addition, the described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments or aspects. Furthermore, reference to a single item may mean a single item or a plurality of items, just as reference to a plurality of items may mean a single item. Moreover, use of the term “and” when incorporated into a list is intended to imply that all the elements of the list, a single item of the list, or any combination of items in the list has been contemplated. The various embodiments described above are provided by way of illustration only and should not be construed to limit the claims attached hereto. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize, after reading this disclosure, that various modifications and changes may be made without following the example embodiments and applications illustrated and described herein, and without departing from the true spirit and scope of the following claims.	In order to allow a truck with the ability to distribute sand to a roadway, while also having the ability to tow accessories, a uniquely configured sander body is provided. The sander body is uniquely adapted for attachment to the truck tailgate, and specifically sized so that it does not interfere with the towing mechanisms of the truck. Further, sander body is also uniquely configured to have a sand distribution chamber, with a removable rear wall, thus allowing easy access for cleaning and maintenance purposes.	4
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to the biological treatment of wastewater, and more particularly to an improved form of rotating biological contactor. Rotating biological contactors (RBC) generally comprise a cylindrical framework with a labyrinthine interior media designed to provide extensive air/water contact surfaces. The cylinder rotates about a horizontal axis in a secondary wastewater treatment tank. RBCs provide surfaces for the growth of a biomass which has the ability to adsorb, absorb, coagulate and oxidize undesirable organic constituents of the wastewater and to change them into unobjectionable forms of matter. The contactors are typically rotated partially submerged in a wastewater treatment tank so that the surfaces are alternately exposed to the wastewater and to oxygen in the ambient air. Organisms in the biomass remove dissolved oxygen and organic materials from the film of wastewater. Unused dissolved oxygen in the wastewater film is mixed with the contents of the mixed liquor in the tank. It has been common to drive the contactors by use of a motor, usually electric, connected through a reduction gearing to the horizontal shaft upon which the contactor rotates. The amount of force required to rotate the RBC is critical, for the biomass has a tendency to accumulate on the myriad surfaces of the contactor media to such an extent that a significant supplemental load is placed on the contactor structure, shaft and bearings, thus impeding the rotation of the device and exerting the major structural load on the RBC apparatus. This process of biomass loading is accentuated as the diameter of the contactor increases. It is now common practice to install RBCs having diameters on the order of twelve feet. Increased diameter RBCs are capable of substantially reducing manufacturing and installation costs, provided the structural loads do not become excessive. One way of reducing biomass loading is through the use of supplemental aeration which provides additional control of the thickness and the type of biomass which grows on the RBC surface. Supplemental aeration may serve a dual purpose, for U.S. Pat. No. 3,886,074 to Prosser teaches the use of air capture devices mounted on the media to capture some of the supplemental air and cause the RBC to rotate. This apparatus eliminates the need for a direct electrical or mechanical drive system to be applied to rotate each RBC as is conventional practice. One disadvantage of the use of air capture devices when applied to conventional submergence RBCs (those having 40-50% submergence), is the need for excessive amounts of air to maintain rotation once the biomass grows in an uneven fashion, thus causing substantial structural imbalance. For the purposes of this application, "percent submergence" refers to the amount of submerged media surface area. Further, it takes substantial energy to rotate a loaded RBC when immersed only 40-50% in the wastewater due to the significant amount of wastewater which is drawn into the air, plus the additional drag imposed by the air capture devices mounted to the media periphery as they reenter the wastewater. The air capture devices disclosed by Prosser are purposely designed to trap air in order to rotate the RBC unit. A disadvantage of this construction is that as a specific point on the RBC unit rotates through the air and begins to descend into the water, the design of the air capture device creates a drag on the rotational velocity of the RBC. A still further consideration of RBC construction is that RBCs are often used to increase the efficiency of existing primary or secondary (activated) sludge sewage treatment plants. This is accomplished by installing conventional RBCs, typically 11-12 feet in diameter, in the existing clarifier and/or aeration tanks. Since these tanks may normally be 10-20 feet in liquid depth, conventional RBCs at normal 40% submergence require substantial modification to the existing tanks. Usually a new tank bottom is required at a higher elevation located only 5-7 feet below the top of the tank and just below the RBC media. This method, while currently a cost effective method to upgrade plant capacity and performance, has the disadvantage that the entire tank volume cannot be used effectively and requires substantial construction costs to provide the new false bottom. U.S. Pat. No. 3,704,783 to Antonie discloses the use of a combination of partially and totally submerged RBCs to aerate a secondary treatment tank. The Antonie system includes partially submerged RBCs which provide a supply of aerated water to the totally submerged RBCs. Subsequent practice has shown that this method of adding dissolved oxygen to the wastewater is not sufficient to permit submerged media surfaces to function aerobically. A further means to reduce flow velocity and induce mixing and turbulence within the submerged media is necessary to maintain aerobic conditions. Thus, there is a need for an RBC apparatus which provides for the deep submergence of larger diameter RBC units into both new and upgraded secondary treatment tanks so that a substantial amount of the contained water is treated by the RBC, the attached RBC biomass receives sufficient oxygen and a minimal amount of energy is required to aerate and rotate the RBC. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a large diameter, deep submergence RBC apparatus. It is another object of the present invention to provide a deep submergence RBC apparatus which can be installed in existing tankage without extensive modifications. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a large diameter, deep submergence RBC apparatus which does not require elaborate drive means. It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a large diameter, deep submergence RBC apparatus which provides for adequate aeration, mixing and thickness control for an attached, constantly submerged biomass, and a means of providing control of rotational velocity. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A deep submergence rotating biological contactor apparatus is provided in which the totally submerged biota are provided with adequate aeration through a uniquely positioned aeration device. The same pressurized gas which supplies oxygen and maintains generally aerobic conditions within the submerged media also provides means of adjustment to the rotational velocity of the RBC unit. More specifically, the RBC of the present invention may be submerged on the order of from 70-100%. The substantial decrease in required rotational energy obtained through increased submergence allows the RBC unit to be easily driven by a motor or by the flow of pressurized oxygen containing gas emanating from perforated gas conduits located in the tank beneath the RBC unit. Efficient aeration is provided by at least one gas conduit positioned so that rising gas bubbles have sufficient time and vertical movement to penetrate the innermost regions of the constantly submerged portion of the media. Gas conduits may be provided on either side of the longitudinal axis of the RBC unit in a counteracting arrangement to adjust the rotational velocity while providing enough supplemental oxygen and mixing to ensure the aerobic conditions and control the thickness of biomass attached to the submerged media. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention and its many attendant objects and advantages will become better understood by reference to the following drawings, wherein, FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of an aeration tank incorporating the invention; FIG. 2a is sectional view of an existing wastewater treatment tank showing the conventional installation of an RBC using a false bottom; FIG. 2b is a sectional view of an existing wastewater treatment tank wherein the present invention has been installed; FIG. 3 is a side view in partial section of a wastewater treatment tank embodying the present invention and having various means to ensure adequate aeration of all areas of the tank; FIG. 4 is an enlarged front view in elevation and in partial section of a portion of the contactor of FIG. 1 with areas broken away for purposes of illustration; FIG. 5 is a view in vertical section through the contactor and taken in the plane of the line A--A of FIG. 1; FIG. 6 is a view in perspective of a pair of identical hub segments shown joined together end to end; FIG. 7 is a view in perspective of a hub segment showing the side opposite to that illustrated in FIG. 6; and FIG. 8 is a side view in partial section of an alternate embodiment of the invention disclosed in FIG. 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference characters designate identical or corresponding parts, FIG. 1 shows a rotating biological contactor (RBC) 10 comprised of a labyrinthine media 11 and mounted deeply submerged in the wastewater held in a treatment tank 12 having a bottom 13, an inlet 14 and an outlet 16. In the preferred embodiment, approximately 70-100% of the RBC is submerged. The RBC media 11 is supported on a central shaft 18 which is polygonal in cross-section and which rotates in bearings (not shown) supported in or near the side wall of the treatment tank 12. Although FIG. 1 depicts only one RBC unit in a tank 12, in practice one tank will often contain a plurality of RBCs employed in a series arrangement (see FIG. 3). At least one rotational gas conduit 30 extends along the width of the tank 12 beneath the bottom of the tank 13 and the contactor assembly 10. The preferred configuration of conduit 30 is essentially a cylindrical tube which is provided with a series of orifices 32 spatially arranged along its underside to prevent clogging. Other conventional diffuser configurations are acceptable. The conduit 30 is mounted in tank 12 offset from a vertical plane through the center line 83 of RBC 10. The optimum position of gas conduit 30 is discussed in further detail below. The rotational gas conduit 30 is connected to gas line 29a which leads from a source of air or other oxygen containing gas under pressure such as a pressure blower 34 driven by a motor (not shown). In operation, wastewater enters tank 12 through inlet 14. Wastewater is then drawn by the rotation of RBC 10 into media 11, which is rotated by pressurized air emanating from gas conduit 30. Biota within the media absorbs and digests impurities from the wastewater. Treated water will then flow over a weir 26 and out of an outlet pipe 16 disposed at the opposite end of tank 12. It has been found experimentally that as the RBC media 11 is immersed deeper in the wastewater (greater than 50% submergence), the energy required to rotate the media is reduced dramatically. This is not obvious since it might be expected that required rotational energy would increase due to increased media exposed to the frictional drag forces encountered when rotating through wastewater. As an example of this unexpected finding, studies have shown that at 80% submergence the energy required to rotate at 1.0 RPM is 60% of the requirement at 40% submergence. When fully submerged, rotational energy may be as low as 40% of that required at 40% submergence. Thus, when an RBC is submerged in the wastewater or fluid media from 60-100% of its surface area, it is possible to reduce or eliminate the specific air capture devices as taught by Prosser and still cause the RBC media to rotate at any acceptable velocity by discharging low pressure air beneath the media via conduit 30. In this case, because of the reduced energy required for rotation, it has been found that the natural effect of buoyancy and fluid friction caused by rising air bubbles is sufficient to force the media to rotate at a reasonable velocity. As the RBC media is immersed beyond about 60% in the wastewater, a portion of the media surface area is rotated through the air and a substantial portion of the media is constantly submerged in the wastewater. For example, for a 16 foot diameter media operated at 80% submergence, approximately 60% of the media is exposed to the air during the course of one RBC revolution. Thus, 40% of the active media is at all times submerged. Obviously, at 100% submergence, none of the media is exposed directly to atmospheric air. Deep submergence of the RBC media makes it necessary to use supplemental aeration to provide adequate mixing, biofilm flushing and to furnish the necessary supply of oxygen to the fully submerged biomass in order to maintain fully aerobic operating conditions. Consequently, the present invention employs supplemental aeration to both support the aerobic biological treatment process and at the same time cause the media to rotate when the RBC is submerged at least 60%. While the system can be made to work even when 100% submerged, the more ideal condition is in the range from 60-95% submergence, where a significant portion of the media still rotates through atmospheric air. As an example, at 90% submergence, over 45% of the media still rotates through the air. At this level of submergence, since exposure to the air provides essentially free oxygen to the approximate 40% of the biomass which is exposed, only 60% of the biomass requires oxygen from the supplemental air discharged beneath the media. This suggests that there is an optimum operating condition at some point between 60% and 100% media submergence which results in a minimum energy requirement to operate the process. In other words, as submergence increases, at some point the reduction in required rotational energy will be offset by increased aeration requirements. This optimum condition will vary somewhat with the particular application. A further advantage of the deeper submergence RBC is due to the reduction in structural load imposed on the RBC apparatus. As an example, at approximately 80% submergence, an 18 foot diameter RBC will carry only 50% of the structural load caused by biomass and media in the air as carried by a 12 foot diameter unit operating at the normal 40% submergence level. At the same time, the 18 foot diameter unit is able to carry nearly 80% more effective surface area to treat wastewater than the 12 foot diameter unit using essentially the same media configuration and media spacing. This results in a significant reduction in the cost of manufacture of the RBC apparatus per unit of surface area and further permits the use of current media and media support structure without the attendant need to add additional structural elements to the apparatus. Thus, it is seen that the combined use of increased or total submergence, larger diameters and supplemental aeration of RBC media can be combined to substantially decrease installation and operating costs. Referring now to FIGS. 2a and 2b, an additional advantage of the deep submergence RBC of the present invention is shown. When existing secondary treatment tanks are converted to conventional submergence RBC tanks, a false floor 90 must be constructed to ensure that all the water to be treated has a chance to come in contact with the RBC. This floor 90 is constructed by filling the existing tank with a bed of gravel 92, which is then covered by a layer of concrete 94. If the false floor is not provided, water near the tank bottom 13 is not aerated and remains stagnant. Anaerobic conditions may easily develop, producing unwanted septic odors and reducing overall performance of the process. The construction of this false bottom 90 significantly increases the cost of upgrading facilities to meet more stringent water quality standards. In contrast, FIG. 2b shows how the deep submergence RBC of the present invention may be mounted in a conventional tank with a minimum amount of reconstruction since a false floor 90 is not required. At the same time, the deeply submerged RBC of the present invention is able to use substantially the entire capacity of the tank, greatly increasing the treatment capacity of the plant. For comparison purposes, RBC media 11 in FIG. 2a is shown having air capture devices 27 while the corresponding media in FIG. 2b is shown without air capture devices. Referring now to FIG. 3, as RBC diameter increases and RBC units are installed in the usual manner with multiple units arrayed in a series fashion in a long tank, the clearance 80 between the media surface and portions of tank bottom 13 becomes substantial. Since the tank bottom 13 is normally flat and not contoured in any way, it is likely that suspended solids in the mixed liquor could settle and accumulate in these relatively stagnant areas. This is seldom a problem with conventional sized RBCs since there is still enough turbulence induced in shallower tanks to keep solids in suspension. Should an accumulation of settled solids occur in these areas, this will have an adverse effect on the overall biological performance of the system. Water in these uncirculated areas may become anaerobic and ultimately septic. There are two practical means by which the wastewater in these zones can be maintained in a sufficient state of turbulence to prevent solids from settling. One method of alleviating this problem is the insertion of a supplemental conduit 82 extending the width of the tank and discharging a small amount of air in the form of coarse bubbles through slots 86. This conduit 82 would extend the width of the tank and would be mounted approximately midway between the center lines 83 of each RBC unit and between the first and last RBC unit and the wall of tank 12. Air from this supplemental gas conduit will be sufficient to maintain the necessary turbulence to prevent the settling of solids. Supplemental conduit 82 may be connected to gas conduit 29. In lieu of aeration, a rising fillet 84 may be installed or formed at the tank bottom to induce sufficient turbulence and to bring the surface closer to the RBC media. With the addition of fillet 84, turbulence induced by the rotating RBC effectively prevents the accumulation of solids. FIGS. 4, 5, 6 and 7 depict the construction of the RBC media 11 used in the preferred embodiment. This description is offered principally for purposes of explanation, since any one of a number of RBC media configurations may be used. A thin wall contactor media 11 is built from a series of formed 38 and flat 40 sector sheets which in the preferred embodiment each occupy a sector of about 30° to 45° of the total circumference of RBC 10. Referring to FIG. 4, the formed sector sheets 38 have a central radial wall portion 51 which is of increasing width in the direction of the perimeter of the formed sheet 38. The formed sector sheets 38 have a series of corrugations formed on either side of the central flat portion 41 and the correct corrugation define alternating peaks 42 and valleys 44 connected by sloping side wall 46. The corrugations are oriented tangentially to circles drawn at the axis of the RBC. The corrugations extend both above and below the plane of the central flat portion and terminate at the radial edges 48 of formed section 38. The arc described by each formed sector 38 is less than 30° so that radial edges 48 of identical side by side sectors 38, 38', and 38" are spaced apart as shown in FIG. 4. The central flat portion 41, and the spaces between the adjacent form sectors, such as sectors 38, 38', and 38" both define radial passages 39 for the entry of wastewater into the corrugations. The formed sector sheets 38 are alternated with flat sector sheets 40 which span a sector on the order of 30° and which complete the radial passages at the edges of the formed sectors 38 and at the flat central portions 41. Both the formed sectors 38 and the flat sectors 40 are preferably formed from a thermal plastic resin such as polyethelene. The sectors are formed from thin sheet material having a thickness in the range of 0.02 to 0.03 inches. The formed sectors 38 are given their configuration by vacuum forming. In the preferred embodiment, the sectors are joined to each other by welding using heated needles or pins which melt the material and fuse together adjacent layers of the flat and formed sectors. As shown in FIG. 5, the formed sectors 38 are preferably arranged back to back with respect to the flat sectors 40. The plurality of welds 52 join together the sectors 38 and 40 at their points of contact. The sectors 38 and 40 are similarily joined by welds 54 to the mounting portions 56 of hub segments 58. Referring now to FIGS. 6 and 7, in the preferred embodiment there are a series of eight identical hub segments 58, one for each of the apexes or corners of the polygonal shaft 18, which in the preferred embodiment is octagonal, although hex-shaped or square shafts are also acceptable. Each of the hub segments 58 includes a flat medial wall 60 which extends outwardly from an inner flange 62 in a plane normal to the axis of the shaft 18. The inner flange 62 is formed with an angle which corresponds to the excluded angle of the octagon shaped shaft 18 so that the flange has an inner profile complimentary to one corner of shaft 18. The inner flange 62 projects laterally from the sides of the medial wall 60. The left and right edges 64 and 66, respectively, of the segments extend generally along lines perpendicular to the inner flange 62 at positions which correspond to the mid points of the side of shaft 18. Adjacent hub segments 58 are joined along edges 64 and 66 by a plurality of mounting lugs 65 and corresponding mounting apertures 67. The lugs 65 extend from a raised rectangular platform 63--which is shaped to be nestled into the rectangular recess 71 on the backside of the first joint portion 59 of an adjacent hub segment. In that position, the lugs 65 are received within the apertures 67. Hub segments 58 are thereby joined into a ring about the shaft 18, with the lugs 65 of each segment being received in the apertures 67 of the adjacent segment. A circular cylindrical boss 68 is formed in each hub segment 58 at the apex of the inner flange 62. The boss 68 has a short counterbore 70 formed at one end and a mating flange 72 of reduced diameter extending outwardly of the other end of the boss 68. The flange 72 of the boss 68 of one segment 58 is received within the counterbore 70 of the adjacent hub segment. In this manner, the hub segments of adjacent hub rings will register with each other. Again to review the operation of the present invention, an oxygen containing gas, preferably air, is pressurized and fed through rotational gas conduit 30. As the air enters the wastewater in tank 12, it forms bubbles which migrate upward toward RBC media 11. Since rotational conduit 30 is positioned off the vertical center 83 of media 11, the upwardly migrating bubbles exert a rotational force and momentum on media 11 due to buoyant forces, frictional and momentum, interacting between the rising air/water mixture and the media. The deeply submerged state of the RBC greatly reduces the required rotational energy, for it has been found that as submergence increases, the required torque for rotation decreases exponentially. Once the upwardly migrating gas bubbles are intercepted by the rotating radial passageways 39, they are dispersed throughout the network of passageways formed by the media 11 where the attached biomass is able to extract and absorb the available oxygen. It is critical for proper oxidation of organic materials in the wastewater that there be sufficient oxygen available and that the biofilm be maintained sufficiently thin so that the oxygen can diffuse throughout its depth. Penetration of the air/water mixture, at reasonable velocity through the inner, fully submerged regions of the media is necessary to accomplish this. Penetration of the air is partly determined by the amount of air emitted by the rotational gas conduit 30 and the resulting rotational velocity of the media. Too great a velocity will prevent air from reaching the center portions of media 11. In conventional air driven, partially submerged RBCs, if the rotational velocity of the RBC is too great, the operator merely has to decrease the flow of air through conduit 30. However, in the case of the present deeply submerged RBC, a significant reduction in the flow of air in this manner could drastically affect the supply of oxygen, mixing and biofilm control in the inner regions of the media which depend on this supplemental air supply. Furthermore, previous practice in the use of pressurized aeration of conventionally submerged media has resulted in the optimum location of the rotational gas conduit 30 between bottom center 83 and a one to two foot displacement from center in the direction of the media rotation. This has generally been the preferred location for purposes of maximum aeration effectiveness in the conventionally submerged media and the best location to discharge air into air capture devices to cause rotation of the media. In the deep submergence configuration, due to the reduced energy required for rotation, the discharge of air only in this region may cause the RBC unit to rotate at too high a velocity. If the media rotates at too high a velocity, then the extent to which air can rise into and be effective in the constantly submerged media is severely limited. This is especially the case as the diameter of the media is increased to diameters of 16 feet and greater. It has been found that a unique combination of air supply headers can best resolve this problem. By discharging a supply of supplemental air from an aeration conduit 74 located beneath the media on the down-rotation side 100 of the RBC center line 83, discharged air can be used both to retard the rate of rotation while at the same time entering the media sooner in the rotation cycle. This earlier media entrance time will allow air to penetrate further into the inner region of the media than can air provided by conduit 30. FIG. 3 depicts the flow of air bubbles 99 from conduit 74 through the central portion of RBC 10. In the preferred embodiment, aeration conduit 74 is mounted on the opposite side of the center line 83 from rotational gas conduit 30. Aeration conduit 74 is connected to a gas line 29b running to blower 34. Air flow to conduit 74 is controlled by a separate control valve means 76; however, a separate gas line to aeration conduit 74 from blower 34 would not detract from the spirit of the present invention. The underside of aeration conduit 74 is fitted with a plurality of spatially arranged orifices 32 in the same manner as rotational gas conduit 30, although other conventional diffuser configurations may be used. The principal difference between the respective conduits 30 and 74 is that aeration conduit 74 is located on the down rotation side 100 of the RBC center line 83, while the rotational conduit 30 is located from bottom center to some displacement on the upward rotational side 102 of the RBC center line 83. This arrangement is based on the finding that RBC rotational velocity is more efficiently enhanced by locating the rotational conduit on the upward rotational side 102. Depending on the relative amounts of gas supplied to the respective conduits, a satisfactory braking effect on RBC 10 may be obtained by positioning aeration conduit 74 in any location on the down rotation side 100, up to and including the above-identified vertical center line. Since the relative amounts of air supplied to conduits 30 and 74 is a factor in determining RBC rotational velocity and aeration, valve means 76 is used to more accurately control the counteracting effect of conduits 30 and 74 on the rotational velocity and ultimately the distribution of gas within RBC media 11. Additional valve means 78 may be provided for the control of air to conduit 30. Valve means 76 and 78 may be adjusted to speed up, slow, or even reverse the rotational velocity of RBC media 11. Recent studies have shown that reversing the direction of RBC rotation is an effective method of controlling biomass buildup. In some applications, air driven RBCs may be undesirable or impracticable. Referring now to FIG. 8, which illustrates a deeply submerged motor driven RBC 10, the drive system comprises a motor 112 connected to RBC 10 by means of a drive chain 114 and a sprocket 116 mounted to shaft 18. Should a motor drive be substituted for air drive, conduit 30 could be eliminated as long as braking conduit 74 is positioned to allow early and sufficient penetration of air bubbles into the central region of RBC 10. Thus, the present invention discloses a rotating biological contactor apparatus which is designed for economical, deeply submerged operation on the order from 70-100%. Installation may be inexpensively accomplished in new tankage or to upgrade existing tankage. A dual directional supplemental air drive system provides the principal source of oxygen for attached constantly submerged biota and also is able to control the rotational velocity and direction of the RBC unit to maximize air distribution and effectiveness of the media. While a particular embodiment of the deep submergence RBC has been shown and described, it will be obvious to persons skilled in the art that changes and modifications might be made without departing from the invention in its broader aspects.	A wastewater treatment apparatus is disclosed in which a rotating biological contactor rotatably mounted on a horizontal shaft is deeply submerged in a wastewater tank, so that a substantial portion of attached biomass does not come into contact with the ambient air. A plurality of gas conduits are disposed in the tank beneath the rotating contactor and are positioned to provide rotational energy to the contactor, to serve as the principal source of oxygen for the submerged biomass and to regulate the rotational velocity of the biological contactor so that the oxygen containing air bubbles are caused to rise into the central region of media rather than being swept along and confined to the outer radius of the media as it rotates.	2
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation of International Patent Application No. PCT/EP02/01765, filed Feb. 20, 2002, designating the United States of America, and published in German as WO 02/66432, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Priority is claimed based on Federal Republic of Germany Patent Application No. DE 101 08 307.6, filed Feb. 21, 2001. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to substituted propane-1,3-diamine derivatives, processes for their preparation, medicaments and pharmaceutical compositions comprising them and their use for the preparation of medicaments for treatment and/or prophylaxis of pain, urinary incontinence, itching, tinnitus aurium and/or diarrhoea. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Treatment of chronic and non-chronic states of pain is of great importance in medicine. There is a world-wide need for pain therapies which have a good action for target-orientated treatment of chronic and non-chronic states of pain appropriate for the patient, by which is to be understood successful and satisfactory pain treatment for the patient. Conventional opioids, such as morphine, have a good action in the treatment of severe to very severe pain. However, their use is limited by the known side effects, such as e.g. respiratory depression, vomiting, sedation, constipation and development of tolerance. Furthermore, they are less active on neuropathic or incidental pain, from which tumour patients suffer in particular. SUMMARY OF INVENTION The object of the present invention was therefore to provide compounds which have an analgesic action and are suitable for pain treatment—in particular also for treatment of chronic and neuropathic pain. These substances should moreover as far as possible have none of the side effects which conventionally occur when opioids with a μ-receptor affinity, such as morphine, are used, such as e.g. nausea, vomiting, dependency, respiratory depression or constipation. This object is achieved by the compounds of the general structure (I), which have an analgesic action. The compounds according to the invention are substituted 1,3-propane-diamine derivatives of the general structure (I) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts wherein R 1 denotes C 1-12 -alkyl, C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-C 3-8 -cycloalkyl or aryl, R 2 denotes C 1-12 -alkyl, C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, aryl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl, heterocyclyl or —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-heterocyclyl, wherein R 1 and R 2 are not at the same time aryl or aryl and heterocyclyl, or R 1 and R 2 together form —(CH 2 ) m —, where m=2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, wherein the —(CH 2 ) m — ring is unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by C 1-6 -alkyl, aryl, O—C 1-6 -alkyl and/or O—(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl or benzo-fused; R 3 denotes H, C 1-12 -alkyl, C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, aryl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl, heterocyclyl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-heterocyclyl or C(═O)—R 7 , R 4 denotes H, C 1-12 -alkyl, C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, aryl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl, heterocyclyl or —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-heterocyclyl, or R 3 and R 4 together form —(CH 2 ) n —, where n=3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, or —(CH 2 ) 2 —X—(CH 2 ) 2 —, where X=O, S or NR 8 , wherein —(CH 2 ) n — or —(CH 2 ) 2 —X—(CH 2 ) 2 — is unsubstituted or substituted by C 1-6 -alkyl; R 5 and R 6 independently of one another denote C 1-12 -alkyl, C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, aryl or (C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl, or together form —(CH 2 ) o —, where o=3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, or —(CH 2 ) 2 —Y—(CH 2 ) 2 —, where Y=O, S or NR 9 , wherein —(CH 2 ) o — or —(CH 2 ) 2 —Y—(CH 2 ) 2 — is unsubstituted or substituted by C 1-6 -alkyl; A denotes aryl, heteroaryl, C(═O)OR 10 or 2-propyl; wherein R 7 denotes C 1-6 -alkyl, C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, aryl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl, heterocyclyl or —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-heterocyclyl; R 8 and R 9 independently of one another denote H, C 1-6 -alkyl, C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, aryl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl or heterocyclyl; R 10 denotes C 1-6 -alkyl, C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, aryl or —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl. The compounds of the general structure (I) can be present as a racemate, or in the form of one or more of their diastereomers or one or more of their enantiomers. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS The following compounds of the general structure (I) are already known in the prior art (Synlett (1997), 177-178), without their use in a medicament or for the preparation of a medicament for treatment and/or prophylaxis of pain, urinary incontinence, itching, tinnitus aurium and/or diarrhoea being described: N,N-dimethyl-[phenyl-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-cyclohexyl)-methyl]-amine, N,N-dimethyl-[(2-morpholin-4-yl-cyclohexyl)-phenyl-methyl]-amine, 4-[phenyl-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-cyclohexyl)-methyl]-pyrrolidine, 4-[phenyl-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-cyclohexyl)-methyl]-morpholine, 1-[phenyl-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-cyclohexyl)-methyl]-piperidine, 1-[2-methyl-1-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-cyclohexyl)-propyl]-piperidine, N,N-dimethyl-(2-methyl-1,3-diphenyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-yl-propyl)-amine, N,N-dimethyl-(2-methyl-1,3-diphenyl-3-(N,N-diethylamino)-propyl)-amine, 4-(1,3-diphenyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-yl-propyl)-morpholine, N,N-dimethyl-(2-methyl-1-phenyl-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-pentyl)-amine, benzyl-[2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexyl]-amine and (2-methyl-1,3-diphenyl-3-piperidin-1-yl-propyl)-propyl-amine. The present invention therefore also provides these compounds inasmuch as processes according to the invention for their preparation, medicaments comprising them and their use for the preparation of medicaments for treatment and/or prophylaxis of pain, urinary incontinence, itching, tinnitus aurium and/or diarrhoea are concerned. In the context of this invention, the terms “alkyl”, “C 1-12 -alkyl” and “C 1-6 -alkyl” comprise acyclic saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon radicals, which can be branched or straight-chain and unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by identical or different substituents, having (as in the case of C 1-12 -alkyl) 1 to 12 (i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12) or (as in the case of C 1-6 -alkyl) 1 to 6 (i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6) C atoms, i.e. C 1-12 -alkanyls or C 1-6 -alkanyls, C 2-12 -alkenyls or C 2-6 -alkenyls and C 2-12 -alkynyls or C 2-6 -alkynyls. “Alkenyls” here have at least one C—C double bond and “alkynyls” at least one C—C triple bond. Alkyl is advantageously chosen from the group which comprises methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, iso-pentyl, neo-pentyl, n-hexyl, 2-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-dodecyl; ethenyl (vinyl), ethynyl, propenyl (—CH 2 CH═CH 2 , —CH═CH—CH 3 , —C(═CH 2 )—CH 3 ), propynyl (—CH 2 —C≡CH, —C≡C—CH 3 ), butenyl, butynyl, pentenyl, pentynyl, hexenyl, hexynyl, octenyl and octynyl. In the context of this invention, “C 3-8 -cycloalkyl” (or “cycloalkyl”) denotes a cyclic saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon radical having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 C atoms, where the radical can be unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by identical or different substituents and optionally benzo-fused. By way of example, cycloalkyl represents cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptanyl. For the purposes of the present invention, the term “aryl” is to be understood as a radical which is chosen from the group comprising phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl and biphenyl and is unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by identical or different substituents. Preferred substituents are C 1-6 -alkyl, F, Cl, Br, I, CF 3 , OR 11 , OCF 3 , SR 12 , SO 2 CH 3 , SO 2 CF 3 , phenyl CN, CO 2 R 13 and NO 2 , wherein R 11 , R 12 and R 13 independently of one another denote H, C 1-6 -alkyl, C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, phenyl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, benzyl or phenethyl. Aryl is preferably a phenyl, 1-naphthyl or 2-naphthyl which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by identical or different substituents, in particular an unsubstituted or monosubstituted phenyl. The term “heterocyclyl” represents a monocyclic or polycyclic organic radical in which at least one ring contains 1 heteroatom or 2, 3, 4 or 5 identical or different heteroatoms which is/are chosen from the group containing N, O and S, where the radical is saturated or unsaturated and is unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by identical or different substituents. Examples of heterocyclyl radicals in the context of this invention are monocyclic five-, six- or seven-membered organic radicals with 1 heteroatom or 2, 3, 4 or 5 identical or different heteroatoms, which is/are nitrogen, oxygen and/or sulfur, and benzo-fused analogues thereof. A sub-group of heterocyclyl radicals is formed by the “heteroaryl” radicals, which are those heterocyclyls in which the ring, at least one of which is present, which contains the heteroatom/s is heteroaromatic. Each heteroaryl radical can be present as a radical which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by identical or different substituents. Examples of heterocyclyl radicals in the context of the present invention are pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl and, in particular, morpholinyl. Examples of heteroaryl radicals are pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl and, in particular, pyridinyl, and benzo-fused analogues thereof. All these radicals can in each case be present as radicals which are unsubstituted or substituted. For the purposes of the present invention, the terms “(C 1-6 -alkyl)-C 3-8 -cycloalkyl”, “(C 1-6 -alkyl)-heterocyclyl” and “(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl” mean that the cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or aryl radical is bonded via a C 1-6 -alkyl group to the compound substituted by it. In connection with “alkyl”, “alkanyl”, “alkenyl”, “alkynyl” and “cycloalkyl”, the term “substituted” in the context of this invention is understood as meaning replacement of a hydrogen atom by, for example, F, Cl, Br, I, —CN, NH 2 , NH-alkyl, NH-aryl, NH-alkyl-aryl, NH-heterocyclyl, NH-alkyl-OH, N(alkyl) 2 , N(alkyl-aryl) 2 , N(heterocyclyl) 2 , N(alkyl-OH) 2 , NO, NO 2 , SH, S-alkyl, S-aryl, S-alkyl-aryl, S-heterocyclyl, S-alkyl-OH, S-alkyl-SH, OH, O-alkyl, O-aryl, O-alkyl-aryl, O-heterocyclyl, O-alkyl-OH, CHO, C(═O)C 1-6 -alkyl, C(═S)C 1-6 -alkyl, C(═O)aryl, C(═S)aryl, C(═O)C 1-6 -alkyl-aryl, C(═S)C 1-6 -alkyl-aryl, C(═O)-heterocyclyl, C(═S)-heterocyclyl, CO 2 H, CO 2 -alkyl, CO 2 -alkyl-aryl, C(═O)NH 2 , C(═O)NH-alkyl, C(═O)NHaryl, C(═O)NH-heterocyclyl, C(═O)N(alkyl) 2 , C(═O)N(alkyl-aryl) 2 , C(═O)N(heterocyclyl) 2 , SO-alkyl, SO 2 -alkyl, SO 2 -alkyl-aryl, SO 2 NH 2 , SO 3 H, SO 3 -alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heterocyclyl, where polysubstituted radicals are to be understood as meaning those radicals which are polysubstituted, e.g. di- or trisubstituted, either on different or on the same atoms, for example, trisubstituted on the same C atom, such as in the case of CF 3 or —CH 2 CF 3 , or at different points, such as in the case of —CH(OH)—CH═CCl—CH 2 Cl. Polysubstitution can be by identical or different substituents. CF 3 is particularly preferred as substituted alkyl for the purposes of the present invention. In the context of this invention, in respect of “aryl”, “heterocyclyl” and “heteroaryl”, “monosubstituted” or “polysubstituted” is understood as meaning one or more, e.g. two, three or four, replacements of one or more hydrogen atoms of the ring system by a suitable substituent. Where the meaning of these suitable substituents is not defined elsewhere in the description or in the claims in connection with “aryl”, “heterocyclyl” or “heteroaryl”, suitable substituents are F, Cl, Br, I, CN, NH 2 , NH-alkyl, NH-aryl, NH-alkyl-aryl, NH-heterocyclyl, NH-alkyl-OH, N(alkyl) 2 , N(alkyl-aryl) 2 , N(heterocyclyl) 2 , N(alkyl-OH) 2 , NO, NO 2 , SH, S-alkyl, S-cycloalkyl, S-aryl, S-alkyl-aryl, S-heterocyclyl, S-alkyl-OH, S-alkyl-SH, OH, O-alkyl, O-cycloalkyl, O-aryl, O-alkyl-aryl, O-heterocyclyl, O-alkyl-OH, CHO, C(═O)C 1-6 -alkyl, C(═S)C 1-6 -alkyl, C(═O)aryl, C(═S)aryl, C(═O)—C 1-6 -alkyl-aryl, C(═S)C 1-6 -alkyl-aryl, C(═O)-heterocyclyl, C(═S)-heterocyclyl, CO 2 H, CO 2 -alkyl, CO 2 -alkyl-aryl, C(═O)NH 2 , C(═O)NH-alkyl, C(═O)NHaryl, C(═O)NH-heterocyclyl, C(═O)N(alkyl) 2 , C(═O)N(alkyl-aryl) 2 , C(═O)N(heterocyclyl) 2 , S(O)-alkyl, S(O)-aryl, SO 2 -alkyl, SO 2 -aryl, SO 2 NH 2 , SO 3 H, CF 3 , ═O, ═S; alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl and/or heterocyclyl; on one or optionally various atoms (where a substituent can optionally be substituted in its turn). Polysubstitution here is by identical or different substituents. Particularly preferred substituents for aryl and heterocyclyl are C 1-6 -alkyl, F, Cl, Br, I, CF 3 , OR 11 , OCF 3 , SR 12 , SO 2 CH 3 , SO 2 CF 3 , phenyl, CN, CO 2 R 13 and/or NO 2 , wherein R 11 , R 12 and R 13 independently of one another denote H, C 1-6 -alkyl, C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, phenyl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, benzyl or phenethyl. For the purposes of the present invention, “benzo-fused” means that a benzene ring is fused on to another ring. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts in the context of this invention are those salts of compounds according to the general structure (I) according to the invention which are physiologically tolerated in pharmaceutical use—in particular when used on mammals and/or humans. Such pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be formed, for example, with inorganic or organic acids. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds according to the invention are preferably formed with hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, carbonic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, glutamic acid or aspartic acid. The salts formed are, inter alia, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates, carbonates, bicarbonates, formates, acetates, oxalates, succinates, tartrates, fumarates, citrates and glutamates. Solvates are also preferred, and in particular the hydrates of the compounds according to the invention, which can be obtained e.g. by crystallization from aqueous solution. Preferred compounds of the general formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are those wherein R 1 denotes C 1-6 -alkyl or aryl, R 2 denotes C 1-6 -alkyl, aryl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl or heteroaryl, wherein R 1 and R 2 are not at the same time aryl or aryl and heteroaryl, or R 1 and R 2 together form —(CH 2 ) m —, where m=3, 4 or 5; R 3 denotes H, C 1-6 -alkyl, aryl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl, heteroaryl or C(═O)—R 7, R 4 denotes H, C 1-6 -alkyl, aryl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl or heteroaryl, or R 3 and R 4 together form —(CH 2 ) n —, where n=4, 5 or 6, or —(CH 2 ) 2 —X—(CH 2 ) 2 —, where X=O or NR 8 ; R 5 and R 6 independently of one another denote C 1-6 -alkyl, aryl or (C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl or together form —(CH 2 ) o —, where o=4, 5 or 6, or —(CH 2 ) 2 —Y—(CH 2 ) 2 —, where Y=O or NR 9 ; A denotes aryl, heteroaryl, C(═O)OR 10 or 2-propyl; wherein R 7 denotes C 1-6 -alkyl, aryl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl, heteroaryl or —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-heteroaryl; R 8 and R 9 independently of one another denote H, C 1-6 -alkyl, aryl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl or heteroaryl; R 10 denotes C 1-6 -alkyl, aryl or —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl; aryl is a radical which is chosen from the group which comprises R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 , R 18 , R 19 , R 20 , R 21 , R 22 , R 23 , R 24 and R 25 independently of one another denote H, C 1-6 -alkyl, F, Cl, Br, I, CF 3 , OR 11 , OCF 3 , SR 12 , SO 2 CH 3 , SO 2 CF 3 , phenyl, CN, CO 2 R 13 or NO 2 ; and R 11 , R 12 and R 13 independently of one another denote H, C 1-6 -alkyl, phenyl, benzyl or phenethyl. Among these, particularly preferred compounds are those in which R 1 denotes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl or phenyl, R 2 denotes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl or pyridinyl, wherein R 1 and R 2 are not at the same time phenyl or phenyl and pyridinyl, or R 1 and R 2 together form —(CH 2 ) m —, where m=3 or 4; R 3 denotes H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, —CH 2 -aryl 1 or C(═O)—R 7 , R 4 denotes H, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl or —CH 2 -aryl 3 , or R 3 and R 4 together form —(CH 2 ) n —, where n=4 or 5, or —(CH 2 ) 2 —X—(CH 2 ) 2 —, where X=O or NR 8 ; R 5 and R 6 independently of one another denote methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propyl or —CH 2 -phenyl, or together form —(CH 2 ) o —, where o=4 or 5, or —(CH 2 ) 2 —Y—(CH 2 ) 2 —, where Y=O or NR 9 ; A denotes aryl 4 , pyridinyl which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted or polysubstituted by identical or different substituents, C(═O)OR 10 or 2-propyl; wherein R 7 denotes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl or aryl 2 ; R 8 and R 9 independently of one another denote H, methyl or phenyl; R 10 denotes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 2-propyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl or benzyl; and aryl 1 , aryl 2 , aryl 3 and aryl 4 independently of one another denote wherein 2, 3, 4 or 5 of the radicals R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 and R 18 represent H and the other radicals of R 14 , R 15 , R 16 , R 17 and R 18 independently of one another denote C 1-6 -alkyl, F, Cl, Br, I, CF 3 , OR 11 , OCF 3 , SR 12 , SO 2 CH 3 , SO 2 CF 3 , phenyl, CN, CO 2 R 13 or NO 2 ; and R 11 , R 12 and R 13 independently of one another denote H, C 1-6 -alkyl, phenyl, benzyl or phenethyl. Very particularly preferred compounds of the general structure (I) according to the invention are those in which R 1 denotes methyl or ethyl, R 2 denotes methyl, ethyl or phenyl, or R 1 and R 2 together form —(CH 2 ) 4 —; R 3 denotes H, n-propyl, —CH 2 -phenyl or C(═O)—R 7 ; R 4 denotes H; R 5 and R 6 each denote methyl or together form —(CH 2 ) 2 —O—(CH 2 ) 2 —; A denotes phenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 2-nitrophenyl or pyridin-3-yl; and R 7 denotes methyl, phenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 2-chlorophenyl or 2-methylphenyl. The compounds of the general structure (I) according to the invention always have at least three centres of asymmetry which are identified with * in the formula below: The compounds of the general structure (I) according to the invention can thus be present as a racemate, in the form of one or more of their diastereomers, i.e. in the diastereomerically pure form or as a mixture of two or more diastereomers, or in the form of one or more of their enantiomers, i.e. in the enantiomerically pure form or as a non-racemic mixture of enantiomers, and in particular both as the substance or as pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these compounds. The mixtures can be present in any desired mixing ratio of the stereoisomers. It is preferable here that the compounds of the general formula (I) according to the invention, or one of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, are present as diastereomers of the formula (syn,anti-I) and optionally in the enantiomerically pure form. The designation “syn,anti” chosen for identification of the relative configuration (relative stereochemistry) is to be understood as meaning that the two adjacent substituents NR 3 R 4 and R 1 in the conformation drawn above point into the same spatial half (=“syn”), while the two adjacent substituents R 1 and NR 5 R 6 in the conformation drawn point into opposite spatial halves (=“anti”) (S. Masamune et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1982) 104, 5521-5523). Compounds of the general structure (I) or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts which are present as diastereomers of the formula (anti,anti-I) and optionally in the enantiomerically pure form are also preferred. The designation “anti,anti” chosen for identification of the relative stereochemistry is to be understood as meaning that the two adjacent substituents NR 3 R 4 and R 1 in the conformation drawn point into opposite spatial halves (=“anti”) just as the two adjacent substituents R 1 and NR 5 R 6 do. Compounds of the general structure (I) or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts which are present as diastereomers of the formula (anti,syn-I) and optionally in the enantiomerically pure form are furthermore preferred. The designation “anti,syn” chosen for identification of the relative stereochemistry is to be understood as meaning that the two adjacent substituents NR 3 R 4 and R 1 in the conformation drawn point into opposite spatial halves (=“anti”), while the two adjacent substituents R 1 and NR 5 R 6 in the conformation drawn point into the same spatial half (=“syn”). Compounds of the general structure (I) or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts which are furthermore preferred are those which are present as diastereomers of the formula (syn,syn-I) and optionally in the enantiomerically pure form. The designation “syn,syn” chosen for identification of the relative stereochemistry is to be understood as meaning that the two adjacent substituents NR 3 R 4 and R 1 in the conformation drawn point into the same spatial half (=“syn”) just as the two adjacent substituents R 1 and NR 5 R 6 do. Compounds by way of example and advantageous compounds of the present invention are chosen from the group which comprises (syn,syn)-N-[2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3-ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]-benzamide or its hydrochloride (syn,syn)-2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3-ylmethyl)cyclohexylamine or its hydrochloride (syn,syn)-N-[2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3-ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]-2-fluorobenzamide or its hydrochloride (syn,syn)-2-chloro-N-[2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3-ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]-benzamide or its hydrochloride (anti,anti)-N-[2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3-ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]-benzamide or its hydrochloride (anti,anti)-2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3-ylmethyl)cyclohexylamine or its hydrochloride (anti,anti)-N-[2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3-ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]-2-fluorobenzamide or its hydrochloride (anti,anti)-2-chloro-N-[2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3-ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]benzamide or its hydrochloride (anti,anti)-N-[2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3-ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]-2-methylbenzamide or its hydrochloride (syn,syn)-N-[2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3-ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]-2-methylbenzamide or its hydrochloride (syn,syn)-N-[2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3-ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]acetamide or its hydrochloride (anti,anti)-N-[2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3-ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]acetamide or its hydrochloride (syn,syn)-N-[2-(dimethylaminophenylmethyl)cyclohexyl]-2-fluorobenzamide or its hydrochloride (syn,syn)-2-(dimethylaminophenylmethyl)cyclohexylamine or its hydrochloride (syn,syn)-N-[2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexyl]-acetamide or its hydrochloride (syn,syn)-N-[2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexyl]-benzamide or its hydrochloride (syn,syn)-2-chloro-N-[2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexyl]-benzamide or its hydrochloride (syn,syn)-N-[2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexyl]-2-methyl-benzamide or its hydrochloride (anti,anti)-N-[2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexyl]-acetamide or its hydrochloride (anti,anti)-2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexylamine or its hydrochloride (anti,anti)-N-[2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexyl]-benzamide or its hydrochloride (anti,anti)-N-[2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexyl]-2-methyl-benzamide or its hydrochloride (syn,syn)-2-chloro-N-{2-[(2-chloro-phenyl)-dimethylamino-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-benzamide or its hydrochloride (syn,syn)-2-[(2-chloro-phenyl)-dimethylamino-methyl]-cyclohexylamine or its hydrochloride (anti,anti)-2-chloro-N-{2-[(2-chloro-phenyl)-dimethylamino-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-benzamide or its hydrochloride (anti,anti)-2-[(2-chloro-phenyl)-dimethylamino-methyl]-cyclohexylamine or its hydrochloride (syn,syn)-N-{2-[(2-chloro-phenyl)-dimethylamino-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-2-fluoro-benzamide or its hydrochloride (anti,anti)-N-{2-[dimethylamino-(2-nitro-phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-benzamide or its hydrochloride (anti,anti)-2-[dimethylamino-(2-nitro-phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexylamine or its hydrochloride (anti,anti)-N-{2-[dimethylamino-(2-nitro-phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-2-fluoro-benzamide or its hydrochloride (anti,anti)-2-chloro-N-{2-[dimethylamino-(2-nitro-phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-benzamide or its hydrochloride (anti,anti)-N-{2-[dimethylamino-(2-nitro-phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-2-methyl-benzamide or its hydrochloride (syn,syn)-N-{2-[dimethylamino-(2-nitro-phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-acetamide or its hydrochloride (syn,syn)-N-2-[dimethylamino-(2-nitro-phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexylamine or its hydrochloride (anti,anti)-N-{2-[(2-chloro-phenyl)-dimethylamino-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-acetamide or its hydrochloride (syn,anti)-2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexylamine (syn,anti)-N-[2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexyl]-benzamide (anti,anti)-N-{2-[dimethylamino-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-benzamide (anti,anti)-N-{2-[dimethylamino-(2-nitro-phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-benzamide (anti,anti)-N-{2-[(2-chloro-phenyl)-dimethylamino-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-benzamide (anti,anti)-N-{2-[dimethylamino-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-acetamide (anti,anti)-2-[dimethylamino-(2-methoxy-phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexylamine (anti,anti)-N-{2-[(2-chloro-phenyl)-dimethylamino-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-acetamide (anti,anti)-N-{2-[dimethylamino-(2-nitro-phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-acetamide (anti,anti)-2-[dimethylamino-(2-nitro-phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexylamine (syn,syn)-2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexylamine (syn,syn)-2-[(2-chloro-phenyl)-dimethylamino-methyl]-cyclohexylamine (anti,anti)-2-chloro-N-(3-dimethylamino-1-ethyl-2-methyl-3-phenyl-propyl)-benzamide (anti,anti)-3-dimethylamino-1-ethyl-2-methyl-3-phenyl-propylamine (syn,anti)-2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexyl-N-(n-propyl)amine (syn,anti)-2-(morpholin-4-yl-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexyl-N-(n-propyl)-amine (syn,anti)-2,N,N-trimethyl-1,3-diphenyl-N′-propyl-propane-1,3-diamine (syn,anti)-2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexyl-N-benzylamine (syn,anti)-2-(morpholin-4-yl-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexyl-N-benzylamine (syn,anti)-2,N,N-trimethyl-1,3-diphenyl-N′-benzyl-propane-1,3-diamine (syn,anti)-2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexylamine (syn,anti)-2-(morpholin-4-yl-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexylamine (syn,anti)-2,N,N-trimethyl-1,3-diphenyl-propane-1,3-diamine (syn,anti)-2-[(2-chlorophenyl)-dimethylamino-methyl]-cyclohexylamine (anti,anti)-2-[(2-chlorophenyl)-dimethylamino-methyl]-cyclohexylamine (syn,syn)-2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexylamine (anti,anti)-2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexylamine (syn,syn)-2-[(2-chlorophenyl)-dimethylamino-methyl]-cyclohexylamine (syn,syn)-2-(dimethylamino-pyridin-3-yl-methyl)-cyclohexylamine (anti,anti)-2-(dimethylamino-pyridin-3-yl-methyl)-cyclohexylamine (syn,syn)-2-(dimethylamino-(2-methoxyphenyl)-methyl)-cyclohexylamine (anti,anti)-2-(dimethylamino-(2-methoxyphenyl)-methyl)-cyclohexylamine (syn,syn)-2-(dimethylamino-(2-nitrophenyl)-methyl)-cyclohexylamine (anti,anti)-2-(dimethylamino-(2-nitrophenyl)-methyl)-cyclohexylamine. The present invention also provides processes for the preparation of the compounds of the general structure (I). Thus, compounds of the general structure (I) in which R 3 represents H, C 1-12 -alkyl, C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, aryl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl, heterocyclyl or —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-heterocyclyl and R 4 represents hydrogen can be obtained by reduction of the corresponding imine of the general formula (II) Suitable reducing agents are, for example, complex hydrides, such as e.g. ZnCNBH 3 , which can be formed in situ by reaction of sodium cyanoborohydride with anhydrous zinc(II) chloride in an anhydrous organic solvent, diisobutylaluminium hydride (=DIBAH, DIBAL), L-Selectride (i.e. lithium tri-sec-butylborohydride) and LiBH 4 , NaBH 4 , NaBH 3 CN and NaBH(OC(═O)CH 3 ) 3 . The reduction is carried out here at temperatures from −70° C. to +65° C., preferably 0° C. to 40° C., over a period of 0.5 h to 24 h. This imine reduction process in general gives the diamine (I) as a mixture of various conceivable stereoisomers (diastereomer mixture). Alternatively, the reduction can also be carried out with hydrogen (under an H 2 partial pressure of 1 to 50 bar) in the presence of a suitable transition metal catalyst, e.g. Ni, Pd, Pt or PtO 2 , preferably in situ. Surprisingly, it has been found that the imine reduction process described above can also be adapted to diastereoselective synthesis of (anti,anti-I) or (syn,syn-I) (where R 3 and R 4 =H): If an imine (II) with the relative configuration anti is reacted with a suitable reducing agent, in particular zinc cyanoborohydride, LiBH 4 , NaBH 4 , NaBH 3 CN or NaBH(OC(═O)CH 3 ) 3 , in an alcoholic solvent, the diamine (I) with the relative configuration anti,anti is obtained with a high stereoselectivity. The reduction is preferably carried out in methanol with slow warming from 0° C. to room temperature over 8 to 24 h, in particular 10 to 14 h. On the other hand, if the imine (anti-II) is reacted with a suitable reducing agent in an ethereal solvent, the diamine (I) with the relative configuration syn,syn is obtained virtually exclusively: This reduction is preferably carried out with L-Selectride or diisobutylaluminium hydride (DIBAH), in particular in THF and with warming from 0° C. to room temperature over 8 to 24 h, in particular 10 to 14 h. To obtain the diastereomers of the diamine (I) with the relative configuration syn,anti or anti,syn, the diastereomer product mixture of the imine reduction process which has not been carried out stereoselectively can be subjected, for example, to a fractional crystallization, also of its salts, or a chromatographic separation. The imines of the formula (II) employed in the non-stereoselective imine reduction process according to the invention are readily accessible from the corresponding Mannich bases of the general structure (III) wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 5 , R 6 and A are as defined for formula (I) and (II), by reaction with ammonia or an equivalent reagent (if R 3 in formula (II) denotes H) or with a primary amine R 3 NH 2 (if R 3 in (II) denotes not H but C 1-12 -alkyl, C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, aryl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl, heterocyclyl or —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-heterocyclyl. In the case where R 3 =H, it is preferable to react the Mannich base (III) with ammonium acetate in an ethereal or alcoholic solvent to give the imine (II), which in its turn is reduced, preferably in situ, to the compound (I) according to the invention. The reaction of (III) with ammonium acetate can thus be carried out in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF) at temperatures of 0° C. to 80° C., preferably at 20 to 25° C., and with a reaction time of 0.5 h to 12 h, preferably 30 min to 120 min, in particular 60 min, in particular if the subsequent reduction is carried out in THF. Alternatively, the reaction of (III) with ammonium acetate can also be carried out in anhydrous methanol at temperatures of 0° C. to 80° C., preferably at 20 to 25° C., and with a reaction time of 0.5 h to 12 h, preferably 30 min to 120 min, in particular 60 min, in particular if the subsequent reduction is carried out in methanol. The anti-configured imines (anti-II) are accessible analogously starting from the corresponding anti-configured Mannich bases (anti-III) by reacting these with the primary amine R 3 NH 2 or with ammonia or an equivalent reagent, such as e.g. ammonium acetate, under the conditions described above for the formation of (II). The preparation of the Mannich bases (III) is known per se from the literature and is described in detail e.g. in the patent applications EP 1 043 307 A2 and EP 1 043 306 A2, which are herewith incorporated into the disclosure of the present invention. The 1,4-addition of secondary amines HNR 5 R 6 on to enones of the general structure (XI)—which in their turn are obtained by aldol condensation of ketones of the formula (IX) with aldehydes of the general formula (X)—thus leads to the desired Mannich bases (II) (U.S. Pat. No. 4,017,637), which as a rule are obtained as a mixture of the stereoisomers. The meaning of the radicals R 1 , R 2 , R 5 , R 6 and A corresponds to the meaning for the formulae (I) and (II). The Mannich bases (III) obtained in this way can be used as a mixture of stereoisomers or can be separated into their diastereomers employing processes well-known in the prior art, such as e.g. crystallization or chromatography, and reacted as such. Alternatively, Mannich bases with preferably the anti-configuration can be prepared diastereoselectively by reaction of enamines of the general structure (XII), wherein the radicals R e.g. denote alkyl or together form —(CH 2 ) 4 — or —(CH 2 ) 5 —, with iminium salts of the general structure (VIII), in which Z—is a suitable counter-ion, such as e.g. Cl—, Br—, I— or AlCl 4 (EP 1 043 307 A2 and EP 1 043 306 A2). The enamines are prepared by processes known from the literature from ketones of the general structure (IX) and secondary amines, e.g. dimethylamine, pyrrolidine, piperidine or morpholine (Acta Chem. Scand. B 38 (1984) 49-53). The iminium salts (VIII) are prepared by processes known from the literature, e.g. by reaction of aminals of the general structure (XIII) with acid chlorides, e.g. acetyl chloride or thionyl chloride (Houben-Weyl—Methoden der Organischen Chemie, E21b (1995) 1925-1929) or by reaction of aldehydes of the formula (X) with secondary amines in the presence of sodium iodide, trimethylsilyl iodide and triethylamine (Synlett (1997) 974-976). The iminium salts (VIII) do not have to be isolated here, but can also be produced in situ and reacted with the enamines of the formula (XII), preferably to give the anti-Mannich bases (anti-III) (Angew. Chem. 106 (1994) 2531-2533). It is also possible to react ketones of the general structure (IX) directly with iminium salts (VIII) to give Mannich bases (III). In this case also, the Mannich bases (anti-III) with the anti-configuration are preferably formed. From the anti-configured Mannich bases (anti-III), the corresponding syn-configured isomers (syn-III) can also be obtained, if necessary, by dissolving the Mannich base (anti-III) in a suitable solvent, e.g. an alcohol, such as methanol or ethanol, or water, adding a sufficiently strong acid, e.g. aqueous hydrochloric acid, dilute sulfuric acid or conc. acetic acid, and stirring the mixture for about 8 to 24 h; for the desired epimerization, it is essential here that the dissolved Mannich base (III) does not precipitate out or crystallize out of the solution, but remains in solution. After removal of the solvent, the anti-Mannich base (anti-III) and the syn-Mannich base (syn-III) are obtained as a diastereomer mixture, usually in a ratio of 1:1, which can be separated by conventional methods (crystallization, chromatography). Another process according to the invention for the preparation of the compounds of the general structure (I) according to the invention in which R 3 and R 4 each denote H starts from an amino-alcohol of the general structure (IV), which is converted in a process step (a) into the corresponding mesylate or tosylate of the formula (V), wherein L denotes mesyl (CH 3 SO 2 —) or tosyl (4-CH 3 -phenyl-SO 2 —), for example by reaction of (IV) with mesyl chloride (CH 3 SO 2 Cl) or tosyl chloride (p-toluensulfonic acid chloride, 4-CH 3 -phenyl-SO 2 Cl) in the presence of a base (e.g. triethylamine); the mesylate or tosylate (V) is then reacted in a process step (b), for example, with sodium azide to give the azide (VI), which is converted in a process step (c), with reduction, into the diamine of the formula (I) according to the invention. The reduction is carried out here by processes known from the literature, e.g. with sodium borohydride in the presence of catalytic amounts of cobalt(II) bromide (D. M. Tschaen et al., J. Org. Chem. (1995) 60, 4324-4330) or with lithium aluminium hydride in diethyl ether. This process can also be applied such that a compound of the formula (I) according to the invention is preferably obtained in a particular relative configuration. If an amino-alcohol of the general structure (anti,anti-IV)—an amino-alcohol (I) with the relative configuration (anti,anti)—is used as the starting substance, process step (a′) preferably proceeds with the relative stereochemistry being retained to give the compound (anti,anti-V), while the subsequent azide formation (b′) proceeds with inversion of the configuration of the stereo-centre on the O-L carbon atom and thus results in the azide (syn,anti-VI). Subsequent reduction of (syn,anti-VI) results in the diamine (syn,anti-I) The diamine (anti,anti-I) is correspondingly also accessible stereoselectively if the process according to the invention starts with an amino-alcohol of the general structure (syn,anti-IV) and leads via the mesylate or tosylate of the general structure (syn,anti-V) to the azide of the general structure (anti,anti-VI), which is finally reduced to the diamine (anti,anti-I). The amino-alcohols of the formula (IV) employed in this process are obtained in accordance with EP 0 143 306 A2 starting from the corresponding Mannich bases (III) by reduction with a reducing agent, such as e.g. sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, lithium aluminium hydride, diisobutylaluminium hydride or a complex analogue of these compounds, at −70 to +110° C. in suitable solvents, e.g. diethyl ether, THF, methanol or ethanol. For example, if a Mannich base with the anti-configuration (anti-III) is used as the starting substance, the corresponding (anti,anti-IV) amino-alcohol is obtained by reduction with NaBH 4 in ethanol at room temperature over a reaction time of 8 to 16 h. On the other hand, if DIBAH or L-Selectride in THF is used for reduction of the Mannich base (anti-III), the (syn,anti-IV)-amino alcohol is obtained in a high diastereomer purity. On reduction of a Mannich base (III) which is not present in a diastereomerically pure or concentrated form, a mixture of the various stereoisomers of the amino-alcohol (IV) is usually obtained, which—if necessary—can be separated into the diastereomers and optionally also the enantiomers by known methods (crystallization, chromatography). Alternatively to the tosyl/mesyl-azide process, the amino-alcohol (IV) can also be converted into the corresponding diamine (I) by means of the Mitsunobu reaction by reaction first with azodicarboxylic acid dimethyl or diethyl ester, triphenylphosphane and a phthalimide and then with hydrazine (O. Mitsunobu, Synthesis (1981) 1-28). Since this reaction proceeds with inversion of the stereochemistry on the O carbon atom, with its aid the diamine (syn,anti-I) can be obtained stereoselectively from the alcohol (anti,anti-IV), while the diamine (anti,anti-I) can be obtained stereoselectively from (syn,anti-IV). In another process according to the invention, compounds of the general structure (I) where R 3 =H, C 1-12 -alkyl, C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, aryl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl, heterocyclyl or —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-heterocyclyl and R 4 =H—and in particular preferably the diastereomers (syn,anti-I) (with the relative configuration syn,anti)—are obtained, the process being characterized by the following process steps: (aa) Reaction of an imine of the general structure (VII) wherein R 1 and R 2 are as defined for formula (I) and R 3 denotes H, C 1-12 -alkyl, C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, aryl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl, heterocyclyl or —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-heterocyclyl, with an iminium salt of the general structure (VIII) wherein R 5 , R 6 , A and Z—are as defined above; and (bb) subsequent reduction of the intermediate product/s formed in process step (aa). The reduction is preferably carried out with a complex hydride or with molecular hydrogen (H 2 partial pressure of 1 to 50 bar) in the presence of a transition metal catalyst (Ni, Pd, Pt, PtO 2 ). Suitable complex hydrides are e.g. sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, lithium aluminium hydride, diisobutylaluminium hydride or a complex analogue of these compounds, which can be employed at −70 to +110° C. in suitable solvents, e.g. diethyl ether, THF, methanol or ethanol, optionally as a mixture with methylene chloride. The imines (VII) are obtainable starting from the corresponding ketones (IX) by reaction with ammonia or ammonium acetate (R 3 =H) or primary amines R 3 NH 2 (R 3 ≠H) by processes known from the literature (J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, 3rd ed., (1985), p. 796-798). If an imine (VII) for which R 3 denotes —(CH 2 )-phenyl, wherein phenyl can be substituted by C 1-6 -alkyl, is used in this (imine+iminium salt) process, the imine (VII) is thus an N-benzyl-substituted imine (wherein the benzyl radical can be alkyl-substituted), this benzyl radical in the product (I) according to the invention where R 3 =benzyl (optionally alkyl-substituted) can be removed by reaction with hydrogen (H 2 ) in the presence of a transition metal (e.g. palladium, platinum or nickel) and the diamine (I) where R 3 =R 4 =H can thus be obtained. This process step (cc) is preferably carried out with 10% palladium on carbon as the transition metal, preferably in methanol. Syn,anti-configured diamines of the general structure (I) are thus also accessible diastereoselectively with this process according to the invention. Compounds of the general structure (I) where R 3 =H and R 4 =H, C 1-12 -alkyl, C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, aryl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl, heterocyclyl or —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-heterocyclyl can be converted—regardless of whether they are present as a racemate or in the form of one or more diastereomers or one or more enantiomers—by reaction with an acylating reagent into the corresponding compounds of the general structure (I) where R 3 =C(═O)—R 7 , wherein R 7 is as defined above. The acylating agent is preferably an acid chloride of the general formula R 7 —C(═O)—Cl, wherein R 7 denotes C 1-6 -alkyl, aryl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl, heterocyclyl or —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-heterocyclyl. In a manner known from the literature, the compounds of the general structure (I) where R 3 =H and R 4 =H, C 1-12 -alkyl, C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, aryl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl, heterocyclyl or —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-heterocyclyl can also be alkylated or subjected to a reductive amination with aldehydes or ketones (see e.g. J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore, 3rd ed., (1985), 798-800), so that the corresponding compounds (I) in which R 3 and/or R 4 denote/s C 1-12 -alkyl, C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, aryl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-C 3-8 -cycloalkyl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl, heterocyclyl or —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-heterocyclyl are readily accessible. Diamines of the general structure (I) where R 3 (or R 4 )=H can then likewise be subjected to an acylation (so that R 3 or R 4 respectively denotes —C(═O)—R 7 ), preferably with an acid chloride Cl—C(═O)—R 7 as defined above. The compounds of the general formula (I) according to the invention in which the radicals R 3 and R 4 denote C 1-12 -alkyl, —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-aryl, heterocyclyl or —(C 1-6 -alkyl)-heterocyclyl or together form —(CH 2 ) n —, where n=3, 4, 5, 6 or 7, or —(CH 2 ) 2 —X—(CH 2 ) 2 —, where X=O, S or NR 8 , wherein —(CH 2 ) n — or —(CH 2 ) 2 —X—(CH 2 ) 2 — is unsubstituted or substituted by C 1-6 -alkyl, are also accessible, for example, by reaction of the corresponding enamine (XII) with a corresponding iminium salt (VIII) and subsequent reduction with, for example, NaBH 4 in methanol (Synlett (1997) 177-178). The syn,anti diastereomers of the compound (I) are preferably formed here. The starting compounds, reagents and solvents employed in the processes used for the preparation of the diamines of the general structure (I) according to the invention are, unless stated otherwise in the description, commercially obtainable (from Acros, Geel; Avocado, Port of Heysham; Aldrich, Deisenhofen; Fluka, Seelze; Lancaster, Mülheim; Maybridge, Tintagel; Merck, Darmstadt; Sigma, Deisenhofen; TCI, Japan) or can be prepared by processes generally known in the prior art. The compounds of the general structure (I) according to the invention can be isolated either as the substance or as a salt. The compound of the general structure (I) according to the invention is usually obtained after the reaction has been carried out in accordance with the process according to the invention described above and subsequent conventional working up. The compound of the general structure (I) obtained in this way or formed in situ without isolation can then be converted, for example, by reaction with an inorganic or organic acid, preferably with hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, carbonic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, mandelic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, glutamic acid or aspartic acid, into the corresponding salt. The salts formed are, inter alia, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, phosphates, carbonates, bicarbonates, formates, acetates, oxalates, succinates, tartrates, fumarates, citrates and glutamates. The particularly preferred hydrochloride formation can also be brought about by adding, advantageously in the presence of water, trimethylsilyl chloride (TMSCl) to the base, which is dissolved in a suitable organic solvent, such as e.g. butan-2-one (methyl ethyl ketone). If the compounds of the general structure (I) are obtained in the preparation process according to the invention as racemates or as mixtures of their various enantiomers and/or diastereomers, these mixtures can be separated by processes well-known in the prior art. Suitable methods are, inter alia, chromatographic separation processes, in particular liquid chromatography processes under normal or increased pressure, preferably MPLC and HPLC processes, and processes of fractional crystallization. In these, in particular, individual enantiomers can be separated from one another e.g. by means of HPLC on a chiral phase or by means of crystallization of diastereomeric salts formed with chiral acids, for example (+)-tartaric acid, (−)-tartaric acid or (+)-10-camphorsulfonic acid. The present invention also provides a medicament comprising at least one compound of the general structure (I) as defined above or one of its pharmaceutical salts, in particular the hydrochloride salt. The medicament according to the invention preferably comprises, in a pharmaceutical composition, at least one of the compounds mentioned above by way of example as the substance or as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and optionally further active compounds and auxiliary substances. The diamine (I) according to the invention can be present here as a racemate or in the form of one or more diastereomers or one or more enantiomers. Since the compounds of the general structure (I) according to the invention have surprisingly proved to have an analgesic action, the medicaments according to the invention comprising them are preferably employed in the prophylaxis and/or the treatment of states of pain, such as e.g. acute pain, chronic pain or neuropathic pain, in particular severe to very severe pain. It has also been found that the medicaments according to the invention can be employed for treatment and/or prophylaxis of diarrhoea, urinary incontinence, itching and/or tinnitus aurium. The present invention also provides the use of a diamine of the formula (I) or of one of its pharmaceutically acceptable salts for the preparation of a medicament for prophylaxis and/or treatment of pain, diarrhoea, urinary incontinence, itching and/or tinnitus aurium. The medicaments, medical preparations and pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention can be present and administered as liquid, semi-solid or solid medicament forms and in the form of e.g. injection solutions, drops, juices, syrups, sprays, suspensions, granules, tablets, pellets, transdermal therapeutic systems, capsules, patches, suppositories, ointments, creams, lotions, gels, emulsions or aerosols, and in addition to at least one compound of the general structure (I) according to the invention, comprise, depending on the galenical form and depending on the administration route, pharmaceutical auxiliary substances, such as e.g. carrier materials, fillers, solvents, diluents, surface-active substances, dyestuffs, preservatives, disintegrating agents, slip agents, lubricants, aromas and/or binders. These auxiliary substances can be, for example: water, ethanol, 2-propanol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, dextrose, molasses, starch, modified starch, gelatine, sorbitol, inositol, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, cellulose acetate, shellac, cetyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, paraffins, waxes, naturally occurring and synthetic gums, acacia gum, alginates, dextran, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, zinc stearate, glyceryl stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, edible oils, sesame oil, coconut oil, groundnut oil, soya bean oil, lecithin, sodium lactate, polyoxyethylene and -propylene fatty acid esters, sorbitan fatty acid esters, sorbic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, tannic acid, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium oxide, titanium dioxide, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, calcium sulfate, potash, calcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, potassium bromide, potassium iodide, talc, kaolin, pectin, crospovidone, agar and bentonite. The choice of auxiliary substances and the amounts thereof to be employed depends on whether the medicament/medical preparation is to be administered orally, subcutaneously, parenterally, intravenously, vaginally, pulmonally, intraperitoneally, transdermally, intramuscularly, nasally, bucally, rectally or locally, for example on infections on the skin, the mucous membranes and the eyes. Formulations in the form of tablets, coated tablets, capsules, granules, drops, juices and syrups, inter alia, are suitable for oral administration, and solutions, suspensions, easily reconstitutable powders for inhalation and sprays are suitable for parenteral, topical and inhalatory administration. Compounds of the general structure (I) according to the invention in a depot in dissolved form or in a patch, optionally with the addition of agents which promote penetration through the skin, are suitable formulations for percutaneous administration. Formulation forms which can be used rectally, transmucosally, parenterally, orally or percutaneously can release the compounds of the general structure (I) according to the invention in a delayed manner. The medicaments and pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention are prepared with the aid of agents, devices, methods and processes which are well-known in the prior art of pharmaceutical formulation, such as are described, for example, in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences”, ed. A. R. Gennaro, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa. (1985), in particular in part 8, chapter 76 to 93. Thus e.g. for a solid formulation, such as a tablet, the active compound of the medicament, i.e. a compound of the general structure (I) or one of its pharmaceutically acceptable salts, can be granulated with a pharmaceutical carrier, e.g. conventional tablet constituents, such as maize starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate or pharmaceutically acceptable gums, and pharmaceutical diluents, such as e.g. water, in order to form a solid composition which comprises a compound according to the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in homogeneous distribution. Homogeneous distribution is understood here as meaning that the active compound is distributed uniformly over the entire composition, so this can readily be divided into unit dose forms which have the same action, such as tablets, pills or capsules. The solid composition is then divided into unit dose forms. The tablets or pills of the medicament according to the invention or of the compositions according to the invention can also be coated or compounded in another manner in order to provide a dose form with delayed release. Suitable coating compositions are, inter alia, polymeric acids and mixtures of polymeric acids with materials such as e.g. shellac, cetyl alcohol and/or cellulose acetate. The amount of active compound to be administered to the patient varies and depends on the weight, the age and the case history of the patient, and on the mode of administration, the indication and the severity of the disease. 0.005 to 500 mg/kg, in particular 0.05 to 5 mg/kg, preferably 2 to 250 mg/kg of body weight of at least one compound of the general structure (I) according to the invention are usually administered. The present invention is explained further in the following by examples, without limiting it thereto. EXAMPLES Introduction The chemicals and solvents employed were purchased from Acros, Geel; Avocado, Port of Heysham; Aldrich, Deisenhofen; Fluka, Seelze; Lancaster, Mülheim; Maybridge, Tintagel; Merck, Darmstadt; Sigma, Deisenhofen and TCI, Japan or synthesized by conventional processes known in the prior art. Anhydrous THF was freshly distilled over potassium under an argon atmosphere. Thin layer chromatography analyses were carried out with HPTLC pre-coated plates, silica gel 60 F 254 from E. Merck, Darmstadt. Silica gel 60 (0.040-0.063 mm) from E. Merck, Darmstadt, or Al 2 O 3 , neutral, from Macherey-Nagel, Düren was employed as the stationary phase for the column chromatography and MPLC. The yields of the compounds prepared are not optimized. All the temperatures stated are uncorrected. The mixing ratios of the mobile phases for chromatography analyses are always stated in volume/volume (V/V). ESI mass spectra were recorded with an LCQ Classic Mass Spectrometer from Finnigan, and the 1 H- and 13 C-NMR spectra were recorded with a 300-(75-)MHz-Avance-DPX-300-NMR apparatus, a 600-(150-)MHz-Avance-DRX-600 NMR apparatus or a Bruker-ARX-200 NMR apparatus from Bruker, tetramethylsilane being used as the internal standard. IR spectra were recorded with a Nicolet 510 P FT IR spectrometer. GC/MS data were obtained with a Finnigan MAT Magnum System 240 apparatus. Elemental analyses, where carried out, were carried out with a Perkin Elmer Elemental Analyser and gave adequate elemental analyses results: C±0.34, H±0.28, N±0.19. General Working Instructions 1 (GWI 1; Imine+Iminium Salt Process) The reactions were carried out under an argon atmosphere. A solution of the imine (VII) (2.5 mmol) in anhydrous CH 2 Cl 2 (2.5 ml) was cooled to −80° C. The iminium salt (VIII) (2.5 mmol) was then added in one portion, while stirring. The mixture was stirred and the temperature was allowed to rise to −30° C. over 2-3 h. The reaction mixture was kept at this temperature in a deep-freeze for 15 h. NaBH 4 (40 mmol) in MeOH (10 ml) was then added and the temperature was allowed to rise to room temperature. After the mixture had been stirred for 5 hours at ambient temperature, HCl (5 ml, 6 N) was added and the mixture was washed a few times with Et 2 O. The aqueous layer was then rendered alkaline by addition of NH 3 (25% NH 3 :H 2 O=1:1) and the diamine (I) according to the invention was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3×50 ml). The combined organic phases were dried over Na 2 SO 4 . The solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator and the residue was purified by means of column chromatography on Al 2 O 3 (CH 2 Cl 2 )/MeOH). The fraction eluted last was the diamine (I). General Working Instructions 2 (GWI 2; Debenzylation of the Diamine (I) where R 3 =—CH 2 -phenyl) A solution of the benzylated diamine (I) in anhydrous MeOH (10 ml) was stirred at room temperature in the presence of 10% Pd/C (20 mg), and H 2 was passed into the mixture until the debenzylation was complete (TLC control). After removal of the catalyst by means of filtration over Celite, the filtrate was evaporated to give the debenzylated diamine (I). The residue was purified by means of column chromatography on Al 2 O 3 (CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH=95:5). General Working Instructions 3 (GWI 3; Azide Method) Preparation of the Mannich Bases (III) Dimethylamine hydrochloride (2.5 mmol), NEt 3 (5 mmol) and Me 3 SiCl (5.5 mmol) were added to a solution of anhydrous NaI (dried at 140° C. in vacuo) in dry MeCN (5.5 mmol; c≈1 mol/l). After the mixture had been stirred for 30 min at ambient temperature, the aldehyde A-CHO (2.5 mmol) was added and stirring was continued for a further 30 min. 1-(Pyrrolidino)-1-cyclohexene (2.5 mmol) was then added as the enamine and the mixture was stirred for a further 60 min. Thereafter, the mixture was acidified with aq. HCl (5 ml, 37% HCl:H 2 O=1:1), stirred for 10 min and washed with Et 2 O (3×50 ml). Dilute NH 3 (25 ml, 25% NH 3 :H 2 O=1:4) were then added with vigorous stirring, and the Mannich base (III) was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 or Et 2 O (3×50 ml). The combined organic phases were dried over Na 2 SO 4 . Finally, the solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator without heating. Preparation of the Amino-alcohols (IV) The Mannich base (III) (1 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (10 ml), NaBH 4 (2.5 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 5 h at room temperature. Aq. HCl (37% HCl:H 2 O=1:1, 10 ml) was then added and the mixture was washed a few times with Et 2 O (50 ml). The aqueous layer was rendered alkaline by addition of NH 3 (25% NH 3 :H 2 O=1:1). The product was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3×50 ml) and the organic phase was dried over Na 2 SO 4 . The solvent was removed in vacuo, to give a yellow oil. The product (IV) was used without further purification. Mesylation of the Amino-alcohol (IV) Mesyl chloride (2.4 mmol) and NEt 3 (3 mmol) were added to a solution of the amino-alcohol (IV) (2 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (5 ml). After 1 h the reaction was complete (TLC control). The mixture was diluted with CH 2 Cl 2 (10 ml) and washed twice with aq. Na 2 CO 3 solution and once with salt solution. The organic phase was dried with Na 2 SO 4 to give the mesylate (V) as a yellow oil, which was employed in the following reactions without further purification. Formation of the Azide (VI) A solution of NaN 3 (20 mmol) and the mesylate (V) (2 mmol) in DMSO (40 ml) was heated at 50° C. for 3 h. The TLC showed complete consumption of the starting material. The reaction was quenched with salt solution and the mixture was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (50 ml). The organic phase was washed three times with saturated Na 2 CO 3 solution and once with salt solution. After drying over Na 2 SO 4 , the azide (VI) was obtained as a brown oil. The crude product (VI) was employed in the following reaction without further purification. Reduction of the Azide (VI) to the Diamine (I) A solution of the azide (VI) (1 mmol) in Et 2 O was added slowly to a suspension of LiAlH 4 (1.5 mmol) in Et 2 O. After 4 h the reaction was quenched very slowly with water and HCl (37% HCl:H 2 O=1:1). After being rendered alkaline, the product was extracted with Et 2 O (3×50 ml) and washed with water (50 ml). The organic phase was dried with Na 2 SO 4 and chromatographed over Al 2 O 3 (CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH=95:5) to give the diamine (I) as a yellowish oil. General Working Instructions 4 (GWI 4; Aminoimine (II) Reduction Process) Variant (A) A solution of ammonium acetate (12.1 mmol) and the Mannich base (III) (1.8 mmol) in THF were stirred for 1 h at room temperature. A solution of L-Selectride in THF (3.6 mmol) was added at 0° C., the temperature was allowed to rise to room temperature and stirring was continued overnight. HCl (5 ml, 6 N) was added and the mixture was washed a few times with Et 2 O. The aqueous phase was then rendered alkaline with NH 3 (25% NH 3 :H 2 O=1:1) and the diamine (I) was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3×50 ml). The combined organic phases were dried over Na 2 SO 4 . The solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator and the residue was purified by means of column chromatography over Al 2 O 3 (CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH). The fraction eluted last was the diamine (I). Variant B A solution of ammonium acetate (12.1 mmol) and the Mannich base (III) (1.8 mmol) in THF was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. A solution of DIBAH in n-hexane (3.6 mmol) was added at 0° C. The temperature was allowed to rise to room temperature and stirring was continued overnight. HCl (5 ml, 6 N) was added and the mixture was washed a few times with Et 2 O. The aq. phase was then rendered alkaline by addition of NH 3 (25% NH 3 :H 2 O=1:1) and the diamine (I) was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3×50 ml). The combined organic phases were dried over Na 2 SO 4 . The solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator and the residue was purified by means of column chromatography over Al 2 O 3 (CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH). The fraction eluted last was the diamine (I). Variant C NaCNBH 3 (2.1 mmol) was added to a suspension of ZnCl 2 in MeOH at 0° C. After the mixture had been stirred for 1 h at this temperature, the Mannich base (III) (1.8 mmol) and ammonium acetate (12.1 mmol) were added in one portion. The mixture was stirred and the temperature was allowed to rise to room temperature. Stirring was continued overnight. HCl (5 ml, 6 N) was added and the mixture was washed a few times with Et 2 O. The aqueous phase was then rendered alkaline by addition of NH 3 (25% NH 3 :H 2 O=1:1) and the diamine (I) was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3×50 ml). The combined organic phases were dried over Na 2 SO 4 . The solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator and the residue was purified by means of column chromatography over Al 2 O 3 (CH 2 Cl 2 /MeOH). The fraction eluted last was the diamine (I). General Working Instructions 5 (GWI 5; Acylation Process) The reaction vessel was thoroughly heated in a drying cabinet. The diamine (I) (where R 3 =R 4 =H) (600 mg) was initially introduced and a solution of 1.3 molar equivalents of triethylamine in methylene chloride (V/V=1:8), which contained a trace of 4-dimethylaminopyridine, was added. 1.3 molar equivalents of the acid chloride R 7 —C(═O)—Cl were then added at −10° C. and the mixture was stirred overnight, while warming to room temperature. After renewed cooling to −10° C., 2 ml 5 N KOH solution were added, the phases were separated and the organic phase was washed again with 4 ml 0.1 N KOH solution. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated at 40° C. in vacuo. The crude product obtained was purified via MPLC (mobile phase n-hexane; gradual addition of diethyl ether up to 100%). The final precipitation of the hydrochloride was carried out by dissolving the crude base in approx. 10 ml 2-butanone per gram of base, subsequent addition of half a molar equivalent of water, followed by 1.1 molar equivalents of chlorotrimethylsilane, and stirring overnight. The hydrochloride which had precipitated out was filtered off and dried in vacuo. General Working Instructions 6 (GWI 6; Hydrochloride Formation) For precipitation of the hydrochloride, the crude base (I) was taken up in approx. 10 ml of 2-butanone per gram of base. 0.5 molar equivalent of water was then added, followed by 1.1 molar equivalents of chlorotrimethylsilane, and the mixture was stirred overnight. The hydrochloride which had precipitated out was filtered off and dried in vacuo. The compounds prepared by way of example in accordance with GWI 1-6 are shown in table 1. The determination of the stereochemistry was carried out by means of 1 H- and 13 C-NMR analyses, in particular by comparison of the chemical shifts of the C atoms C—NR 3 R 4 , C—R 1 and C-A in the 13 C-NMR spectrum of the compounds according to the invention with one another and with the shifts of the corresponding C atoms in the 13 C-NMR spectrum of (anti,anti)-1-hydroxy-2-(pyrrolidin-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexane and (syn,anti)-1-hydroxy-2-(pyrrolidin-phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexane. TABLE 1 Example Preparation no. Compound process (GWI) 1 (syn,syn)-N-[2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3- 4A/B + 5 + 6 ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]benzamide hydro- chloride 1a (syn,syn)-2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3- 4A/B ylmethyl)cyclohexylamine 2 (syn,syn)-N-[2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3- 4A/B + 5 + 6 ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]-2-fluorobenzamide hydrochloride 3 (syn,syn)-2-chloro-N-[2-(dimethylamino- 4A/B + 5 + 6 pyridin-3-ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]-benzamide hydrochloride 4 (syn,syn)-N-[2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3- 4A/B + 5 + 6 ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]-2-methylbenzamide hydrochloride 5 (anti,anti)-N-[2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3- 4C + 5 + 6 ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]-benzamide hydro- chloride 5a (anti,anti)-2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3- 4C ylmethyl)cyclohexylamine 6 (anti,anti)-N-[2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3- 4C + 5 + 6 ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]-2-fluorobenzamide hydrochloride 7 (anti,anti)-2-chloro-N-[2-(dimethylamino- 4C + 5 + 6 pyridin-3-ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]benzamide hydrochloride 8 (anti,anti)-N-[2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3- 4C + 5 + 6 ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]-2-methylbenzamide hydrochloride 9 (syn,syn)-N-[2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3- 4A/B + 5 + 6 ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]acetamide hydro- chloride 10 (anti,anti)-N-[2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3- 4C + 5 + 6 ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]acetamide hydro- chloride 11 (syn,syn)-N-[2-(dimethylaminophenyl- 4A/B + 5 + 6 methyl)-cyclohexyl]-2-fluorobenzamide hydrochloride 11a (syn,syn)-2-(dimethylaminophenylmethyl)- 4A/B cyclohexylamine 12 (syn,syn)-N-[2-(dimethylamino-phenyl- 4A/B + 5 + 6 methyl)-cyclohexyl]-acetamide hydro- chloride 13 (syn,syn)-N-[2-(dimethylamino-phenyl- 4A/B + 5 + 6 methyl)-cyclohexyl]-benzamide hydro- chloride 14 (syn,syn)-2-chloro-N-[2-(dimethylamino- 4A/B + 5 + 6 phenyl-methyl)-cyclohexyl]-benzamide hydrochloride 15 (syn,syn)-N-[2-(dimethylamino-phenyl- 4A/B + 5 + 6 methyl)-cyclohexyl]-2-methyl-benzamide hydrochloride 16 (anti,anti)-N-[2-(dimethylamino-phenyl- 4C + 5 + 6 methyl)-cyclohexyl]-acetamide hydro- chloride 16a (anti,anti)-2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)- 4C cyclohexylamine 17 (anti,anti)-N-[2-(dimethylamino-phenyl- 4C + 5 + 6 methyl)-cyclohexyl]-benzamide hydro- chloride 18 (anti,anti)-N-[2-(dimethylamino-phenyl- 4C + 5 + 6 methyl)-cyclohexyl]-2-methyl-benzamide hydrochloride 19 (syn,syn)-2-chloro-N-{2-[(2-chloro-phenyl)- 4A/B + 5 + 6 dimethylamino-methyl]-cyclohexyl}- benzamide hydrochloride 19a (syn,syn)-2-[(2-chloro-phenyl)-dimethyl- 4A/B aminomethyl]-cyclohexylamine 20 (anti,anti)-2-chloro-N-{2-[(2-chloro-phenyl)- 4C + 5 + 6 dimethylamino-methyl]-cyclohexyl}- benzamide hydrochloride 20a (anti,anti)-2-[(2-chloro-phenyl)-dimethyl- 4C aminomethyl]-cyclohexylamine 21 (syn,syn)-N-{2-[(2-chloro-phenyl)-dimethyl- 4A/B + 5 + 6 aminomethyl]-cyclohexyl}-2-fluoro- benzamide hydrochloride 22 (anti,anti)-N-{2-[dimethylamino-(2-nitro- 4C + 5 + 6 phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-benzamide hydrochloride 22a (anti,anti)-2-[dimethylamino-(2-nitro- 4C phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexylamine 23 (anti,anti)-N-{2-[dimethylamino-(2-nitro- 4C + 5 + 6 phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-2-fluoro- benzamide hydrochloride 24 (anti,anti)-2-chloro-N-{2-[dimethylamino-(2- 4C + 5 + 6 nitro-phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexyl}- benzamide hydrochloride 25 (anti,anti)-N-{2-[dimethylamino-(2-nitro- 4C + 5 + 6 phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-2-methyl- benzamide hydrochloride 26 (syn,syn)-N-{2-[dimethylamino-(2-nitro- 4A/B + 5 + 6 phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-acetamide hydrochloride 26a (syn,syn)-N-2-[dimethylamino-(2-nitro- 4A/B phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexylamine 27 (anti,anti)-N-{2-[(2-chloro-phenyl)-dimethyl- 4C + 5 + 6 amino-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-acetamide hydrochloride 28 (syn,anti)-2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)- 1 + 2 cyclohexylamine 29 (syn,anti)-N-[2-(dimethylamino-phenyl- 1 methyl)-cyclohexyl]-benzamide 30 (anti,anti)-N-{2-[dimethylamino-(2-methoxy- 4C + 5 phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-benzamide 30a (anti,anti)-2-[dimethylamino-(2-methoxy- 4C phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexylamine 31 (anti,anti)-N-{2-[dimethylamino-(2-nitro- 4C + 5 phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-benzamide 33 (anti,anti)-N-{2-[(2-chloro-phenyl)-dimethyl- 4C + 5 amino-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-benzamide 35 (anti,anti)-N-{2-[dimethylamino-(2-methoxy- 4C + 5 phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-acetamide 36 (anti,anti)-N-{2-[(2-chloro-phenyl)-dimethyl- 4C + 5 amino-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-acetamide 37 (anti,anti)-N-{2-[dimethylamino-(2-nitro- 4C + 5 phenyl)-methyl]-cyclohexyl}-acetamide 38 (syn,syn)-2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)- 4A/B cyclohexylamine 40 (anti,anti)-2-chloro-N-(3-dimethylamino-1- 4C + 5 ethyl-2-methyl-3-phenyl-propyl)-benzamide 40a (anti,anti)-3-dimethylamino-1-ethyl-2- 4C methyl-3-phenyl-propylamine 41 (syn,anti)-2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)- 1 cyclohexyl-N-(n-propyl)-amine 42 (syn,anti)-2-(morpholin-4-yl-phenyl-methyl)- 1 cyclohexyl-N-(n-propyl)-amine 43 (syn,anti)-2,N,N-trimethyl-1,3-diphenyl-N′- 1 propyl-propane-1,3-diamine 44 (syn,anti)-2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)- 1 cyclohexyl-N-benzyl-amine 45 (syn,anti)-2-(morpholin-4-yl-phenyl-methyl)- 1 cyclohexyl-N-benzyl-amine 46 (syn,anti)-2,N,N-trimethyl-1,3-diphenyl-N′- 1 benzyl-propane-1,3-diamine 47 (syn,anti)-2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)- 1 + 2; 3 cyclohexylamine 48 (syn,anti)-2-(moprholin-4-yl-phenyl-methyl)- 1 + 2 cyclohexylamine 49 (syn,anti)-2,N,N-trimethyl-1,3-diphenyl- 1 + 2 propane-1,3-diamine 50 (syn,anti)-2-[(2-chlorophenyl)-dimethyl- 3 amino-methyl]-cyclohexylamine 51 (anti,anti)-2-[(2-chlorophenyl)-dimethyl- 4C amino-methyl]-cyclohexylamine 52 (syn,syn)-2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)- 4A/B cyclohexylamine 53 (anti,anti)-2-(dimethylamino-phenyl-methyl)- 4C cyclohexylamine 54 (syn,syn)-2-[(2-chlorophenyl)-dimethyl- 4A/B amino-methyl]-cyclohexylamine 55 (syn,syn)-2-(dimethylamino-pyridin-3-yl- 4A/B methyl)-cyclohexylamine 56 (anti,anti)-2-(dimethylamino-pyridin-3-yl- 4C methyl)-cyclohexylamine 57 (syn,syn)-2-(dimethylamino-(2-methoxy- 4A/B phenyl)-methyl)-cyclohexylamine 58 (anti,anti)-2-(dimethylamino-(2-methoxy- 4C phenyl)-methyl)-cyclohexylamine 59 (syn,syn)-2-(dimethylamino-(2-nitrophenyl)- 4A/B methyl)-cyclohexylamine 60 (anti,anti)-2-(dimethylamino-(2-nitrophenyl)- 4C methyl)-cyclohexylamine Spectroscopic Data The spectroscopic data of some selected compounds given as examples are shown in tables 2 to 5. TABLE 2 1 H NMR 13 C NMR Example (CDCl 3 )/TMS) (CDCl 3 )/TMS) IR no. δ [ppm], J [Hz] δ [ppm] ν [cm −1 ] 44 0.74–0.83 (m, 1 H, ]- 24.41, 25.42, 27.49, 3444, 1635, (CH 2 ) 4 -[), 1.07–1.28 31.68 (t, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[), 1557, 1452, (m, 3 H, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[), 41.42 (d, 1028, 744, 1.57–1.70 (m, 3 H, CHCHCHPh), 42.23 698. ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[), 1.94–2.09 (q, N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 50.75 (m, 1 H, CHCHCH), (t, CH 2 Ph), 60.44 (d, 2.12 (6 H, N(CH 3 ) 2 ), CHCHCHPh), 73.79 2.14–2.20 (m, 1 H, ]- (d, CHPh), 126.50, (CH 2 ) 4 -[), 2.29–2.36 126.52, 127.31, (m, 1 H, CHCHCH), 128.01, 128.17, 3.65 (d, 1 H, J = 12.8, 129.33 (d, CH), PhCH), AB-System 136.36, 141.00 (s, C). ( A = 3.65, B = 3.95, J = 12.8, CH 2 Ph), 7.11–7.40 (m, 10 H, Ar—H). 45 0.62–2.36 (m, 14 H, 25.04, 26.31, 29.49, 3446, 2924, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[, 33.96 (t, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[), 2852, 1627, CHCHCHPh, 48.13 (d, 1451, 1383, CHCHCH—Ph, CHCHCHPh), 51.54, 1251, 1106, ]-CH 2 —N—CH 2 -[), 52.18 (t, 1070, 700. 3.36–3.97 (m, 7 H, ]-CH 2 —N—CH 2 -[, CH 2 Ph, CH 2 Ph), 61.83 ]-CH 2 —O—CH 2 -[, (d, CHCHCHPh), CHPh), 7.11–7.37 (m, 67.32 (t, 10 H, Ar—H). —CH 2 —O—CH 2 —), 67.40 (d, CHPh), 127.25, 128.57, 128.63, 128.71, 128.86 (d, CH), 141.34, 143.13 (s, C). 46 0.53 (d, 3 H, J = 6.8 13.58 (t, CH 3 CH), 3025, 2940, Hz, CHCH 3 ), 2.19 (s, 39.37 (d, CH 3 CH), 2791, 1605, 6 H, N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 42.05 (q, N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 1476, 1444, 2.46–2.65 (m, 1 H, 52.19 (t, CH 2 Ph), 1365, 1073, CHCH 3 ), 3.23 (d, 1 H, 64.80, 73.07 (d, 1028, 754. J = 9.4, PhCH), PhCH), 127.18, AB-System ( A = 127.97, 128.36, 3.57, B = 3.71, 128.70, 128.77, J = 13.1, CH 2 Ph), 128.98, 129.10, 3.93 (d, 1 H, J = 6.3, 129.93 (d, CH), PhCH), 7.13–7.52 136.48, 141.56, (15 H, Ar—H). 142.63 (s, C). TABLE 3 1 H NMR 13 C NMR Example (CDCl 3 )/TMS) (CDCl 3 )/TMS) IR no. δ [ppm], J [Hz] δ [ppm] ν [cm −1 ] 47 0.70–1.89 (m, 9 H, 24.90, 25.13, 30.23, 3339, 2955, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[, 31.83, (t, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[), 2852, 2868, CHCHCHPh), 2.16 (s, 38.17 (q, N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 1557, 1458, 6 H, N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 2.43– 45.13 (d, 1452, 1381. 2.53 (m, 1 H, CHCHCHPh), 57.94 CHCHCHPh), 3.40 (d, (d, CHCHCHPh), 1 H, J = 10.9, CHPh), 76.65 (d, CHPh), 7.09–7.42 (m, 5 H, 127.26, 128.03, Ar—H). 129.83 (d, CH), 137.29 (s, C). 48 0.40–2.60 (m, 13 H, 25.41, 26.11, 27.26, 3440, 2921, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[, 37.45 (t, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[), 2852, 1652, CHCHCHPh, 44.34 (d, CHCHCH), 1456, 1448, ]-CH 2 —N—CH 2 -[), 51.56 (t, 1384, 1113, 3.16–3.98 (m, 5 H, ]-CH 2 —N—CH 2 -[), 1031, 703. ]-CH 2 —O—CH 2 -[, 54.22 (d, CHCHCHPh), 4.19 (d, CHCHCHPh), 67.40 1 H, J = 10.0, CHPh), (t, ]-CH 2 —O—CH 2 [), 7.21–7.56 (m, 5 H, 67.71 (d, CHPh), Ar—H). 126.83, 127.41, 128.15, 128.59, 129.85 (d, CH), 137.56 (s, C). 49 0.48 (d, 3 H, J = 6.8, 13.00 (q, CHCH 3 ), 2950, 2929, CHCH 3 ), 2.15 (s, 6 H, 40.75 (d, CHCH 3 ), 2858, 1729, N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 42.16 (q, N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 1452, 1383, 2.65–2.41 (m, 1 H, 57.84 (d, 1185, 1029. CHCH 3 ), 3.13 (d, 1 H, N(CH 3 ) 2 CH), J = 9.4, N(CH 3 ) 2 CH), 72.94 (d, NH 2 CH), 4.14 (d, 1 H, J = 6.0, 127.09, 127.27, CHNH 2 ), 7.09– 128.03, 128.13, 7.42 (m, 10 H, 128.37, 129.89 Ar—H). (d, CH), 136.54, 145.08 (s, C). 50 0.60–2.06 (m, 9 H, 25.01, 25.69, 30.01, 3430, 2929, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[, 31.65 (t, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[), 1635, 1438, CHCHCHPh), 2.50 (s, 38.34 (q, N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 1062, 750. 6 H, N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 43.47 (d, 3.10–3.19 (m, 2 H, CHCHCHPh), 69.72 CHPh, CHCHCHPh), (d, CHPh), 77.98 (d, 7.08–7.51 (m, 4 H, CHCHCHPh), 127.22, Ar—H). 128.83, 128.95, 129.35 (d, CH), 133.27, 135.66 (s, C). 51 0.60–2.06 (m, 9 H, 25.01, 25.69, 30.01, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[, 31.65 (t, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[), CHCHCHPh), 2.50 38.34 (q, N(CH 3 ) 2 ), (s, 6 H, N(CH 3 2 ), 43.47 (d, 3.10–3.19 (m, 2 H, CHCHCHPh), 69.72 CHPh, CHCHCHPh), (d, CHPh), 77.98 (d, 7.08–7.51 (m, 4 H, CHCHCHPh), 127.22, Ar—H). 128.83, 128.95, 129.35 (d, CH), 133.27, 135.66 (s, C). TABLE 4 1 H NMR 13 C NMR MS Exam- (CDCl 3 )/TMS) (CDCl 3 )/TMS) IR (70 eV) ple no. δ [ppm], J [Hz] δ [ppm] ν [cm −1 ] m/z [%] 52 0.96–2.13 (m, 21.86, 24.22, 3405, 2929, 232 [M + ] 8 H, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[, 27.45, 32.40 37 2857, 2782. (13), 134 CHCHCHPh), (t, -]CH 2 ) 4 -[), 1450, 1384, (100), 118 2.17 (s, 6 H, 37.96 (d, 1068, 975, (5), 91 N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 2.25– CHCHCHPh), 752, 703. (9), 77 2.60 (m, 1 H, 41.25 (q, (3). CHCHCHPh), N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 68.97 3.74–4.06 (m, 2 CHCHCHPh), H, CHCHCHPh, 71.90 (d, CHPh), CHPh), 7.09–7.53 127.85, 128.26, (m, 5 H, Ar—H). 130.24 (d, CH), 136.86 (s, C). 54 0.96–1.88 (m, 21.76, 24.63, 3434, 2929, 267 [M + ] 8 H, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[), 27.70, 32.37 (t, 2859, 2782, (53), 167 2.23 (s, 6 H, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[), 38.50 1643. 1463, (100), 130 N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 2.31– (d, CHCHCHPh), 1062. 1035. (7). 2.56 (m, 1 H, 41.49 (q, 975, 754. CHCHCH), 3.94– N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 62.27 4.03 (m, 1 H, (CHCHCHPh), CHCHCHPh), 72.56 (d, CHPh), 4.90 (d, 1 H, J = 126.42, 128.88, 11.6, CHPh), 130.41, 130.56 7.20–7.48 (m, (d, CH), 132.68, 4 H, Ar—H). 136.42 (s, C). 55 0.89–1.87 (m, 22.10, 23.72, 3417, 2927, 235 8 H, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[), 27.12, 32.33 2857, 1646, [M + + 1], 2.13 (s, 6 H, (t, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[), 1062, 1029, 217 (2), N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 2.42– 38.10 (d, 977. 164 (5), 2.54 (m, 1 H, CHCHCHPh), 135 (100), CHCHCH), 3.71– 41.16 (q, 119 (4), 4.02 (m, 2 H, N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 66.79 92 (2). CHCHCHPh, (CHCHCHPh), CHPh), 7.29–7.49 71.13 (d, CHPh), (m, 2 H, Ar—H), 123.43 (d, CH), 8.41–8.56 (m, 128.90 (s, C), 2 H, Ar—H). 137.13, 149.33, 151.32 (d, CH). 57 0.95–1.94 (m, 21.43, 24.92, 3426, 2927, 263 8 H, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[), 27.97, 32.32 2857, 2784, [M + + 1], 2.15 (s, 6 H, (t, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -]), 1068, 975, (3), 218 N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 2.48– 38.02 (d, 752, 703. (2), 164 2.56 (m, 1 H, CHCHCHPh), (100), 148 CHCHCH), 3.73– 41.42 (q, (12), 121 4.00 (m, 2 H, N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 55.87 (7), 91 CHCHCHPh, (CHCHCHPh), (8). CHPh), 3.83 (s, 3 73.01 (d, CHPh), H, OMe), 6.94– 111.30, 120.11, 7.01 (m, 2 H, 122.38 (s, C), Ar—H), 7.12 (d, 128.64, 129.65 1 H, J = 7.5, 43 (d, CH), Ar—H), 7.28– 158.98 (s, C). 7.33 (m, 1 H, Ar—H). 59 0.81–1.91 (m, 22.70, 23.41, 3417, 2931, 277 [M + ] 8 H, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[, 25.92, 32.55 2859, 1527, (12), 261 CHCHCH), 1.98 (t, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[), 1455, 1068, (3), 179 (s, 6 H, 39.03 (d, 977. (100), 132 N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 2.20– CHCHCHPh), (37), 91 2.46 (m, 2 H, 40.99 (q, (5). CHCHCH), 3.51– N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 60.88 3.69 (m, 1 H, CHCHCHPh), CHCHCHPh), 70.51 (d, CHPh), 4.73 (d, 1 H, J = 124.42 (d, CH), 11.3, CHPh), 127.92 (s, C), 7.29–7.41 (m, 2 128.37, 130.27, H, Ar—H), 7.51– 131.56 (d, CH), 7.59 (m, 1 H, 152.76 (s, C). Ar—H), 7.69 (d, 1 H, J = 8.0). TABLE 5 1 H NMR 13 C NMR MS Exam- (CDCl 3 )/TMS) (CDCl 3 )/TMS) IR (70 eV) ple no. δ [ppm], J [Hz] δ [ppm] ν [cm −1 ] m/z [%] 53 0.53–2.50 (m, 25.03, 26.20, 3421, 2929, 232 [M + ] 9 H, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[, 29.29, 35.37 2857, 2782, (19), 134 CHCHCH), 2.17 (t, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[), 1450, 1384, (100), 91 (s, 6 H, 41.32 (d, 1062, 1043, (9), 77 N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 3.41 – CHCHCHPh), 1033, 975. (3). 3.76 (m, 2 H, 42.75 (q, CHCHCHPh, N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 76.60 CHPh), 7.08–7.44 (CHCHCHPh), (m, 5 H, Ar—H). 78.00 (d, CHPh), 127.79, 128.17 (d, CH), 137.45 (s, C). 56 0.57—2.07 (m, 24.83, 26.03, 3421, 2929, 234 [M + ], 9 H, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[, 29.22, 35.19 2857, 1445, 164 (5), CHCHCH), 2.14 (t, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[), 1384, 1070, 135 (100), (s, 6 H, 41.22 (q, 1043, 977. 91 (5). N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 3.44– N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 42.47 3.63 (m, 2 H, (d, CHCHCHPh), CHCHCHPh, 74.10 CHPh), 7.29–7.56 (CHCHCHPh), (m, 2 H, Ar—H), 77.77 (d, CHPh), 8.35–8.54 (m, 123.37 (d, CH), 2 H, Ar—H). 129.63 (s, C), 136.83, 149.32, 151.24 (d, CH). 58 0.61–2.52 (m, 25.08, 26.22, 3423, 2934, 262 [M + ] 9 H, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[, 28.87, 35.38 2857, 2784, (3), 164 CHCHCH), 2.17 (t, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[), 1068, 975, (100), 148 (s, 6 H, 41.59 (d, 752, 703. (20), 121 N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 3.48– CHCHCHPh), (10), 91 3.69 (m, 1 H, 42.93 (q, (6). CHCHCHPh), N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 55.76 3.83 (s, 3 H, (q, OCH 3 ), 65.42 OCH 3 ), 4.40 (d, (CHCHCHPh), 1 H, J = 11.1, 77.98 (d, CHPh), CHPh), 6.92–7.30 110.70, 120.40 (m, 4 H, Ar—H). (d, CH), 122.75 (s, C), 127.99, 130.82 (d, CH), 159.16 (s, C). 60 0.92–2.49 (m, 24.75, 26.03, 3415, 2936, 277 [M + ] 9 H,]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[), 28.42. 35.11 2864, 1523, (20), 179 CHCHCH), 2.07 (t, ]-(CH 2 ) 4 -[), 1455, 1068, (100), 132 (s, 6 H, 41.40 (q, 977. (37), 91 N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 3.63– N(CH 3 ) 2 ), 43.02 (30). 3.73 (m, 1 H, (d, CHCHCHPh), CHCHCHPh), 67.78 4.42 (d, 1 H, J = (CHCHCHPh), 10.6 Hz, CHPh), 77.54 (d, CHPh), 7.33–7.81 (m, 124.41, 128.54, 4 H, Ar—H). 129.37 (s, C), 130.54, 131.81 (d, CH), 152.45 (s, C). Pharmacological Studies Testing of Analgesia in the Writhing Test in the Mouse The investigation for analgesic activity was carried out in the phenylquinone-induced writhing in the mouse (modified by I. C. Hendershot and J. Forsaith (1959) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 125, 237-240). Male NMRI mice weighing 25 to 30 g were employed for this. Groups of 10 animals per substance dose received 0.3 ml/mouse of a 0.02% aqueous solution of phenylquinone (phenylbenzoquinone, Sigma, Deisenhofen; preparation of the solution with the addition of 5% ethanol and storage in a water bath at 45° C.) administered intraperitoneally 10 minutes after intravenous administration of the test substances. The animals were placed individually in observation cages. The number of pain-induced stretching movements (so-called writhing reactions=straightening of the body with stretching of the hind extremities) was counted by means of a push-button counter 5 to 20 minutes after the administration of phenylquinone. Animals which received only physiological saline solution were also run as a control. All the substances were tested in the standard dosage of 10 mg/kg. The percentage inhibition (% inhibition) of the writhing reaction by a substance was calculated according to the following formula: % ⁢ ⁢ inhibition = 100 - writhing ⁢ ⁢ reactions of ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ the ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ treated ⁢ ⁢ animals writhing ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ reactions of ⁢ ⁢ the ⁢ ⁢ control ⁢ ⁢ animals * 100 All the compounds according to the invention investigated showed a pronounced analgesic action. The results are summarised in the following table 6. TABLE 6 Example % Inhibition of the writhing reaction no. (dosage in mg/kg intravenously) 1 54 (10) 2 67 (10) 3 85 (10) 4 34 (10) 5 49 (10) 6 62 (10) 7 56 (10) 8 40 (10) 9 75 (10) 10 59 (10) Pharmaceutical Formulation of a Medicament According to the Invention 1 g of the hydrochloride of (syn,syn)-2-chloro-N-[2-(dimethylaminopyridin-3-ylmethyl)cyclohexyl]-benzamide was dissolved in 1 l of water for injection purposes at room temperature and the solution was then adjusted to isotonic conditions by addition of sodium chloride. The foregoing description and examples have been set forth merely to illustrate the invention and are not intended to be limiting. Since modifications of the described embodiments incorporating the spirit and substance of the invention may occur to persons skilled in the art, the invention should be construed broadly to include all variations within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereof.	Substituted propane-1,3-diamine derivatives, methods for producing such derivatives, and medicaments and pharmaceutical compositions containing such derivatives useful for the treatment or prophylaxis of pain, urinary incontinence, itching, tinitus aurium, or diarrhea are provided.	2
TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates generally to post-mixed liquid fuel fired burners and more particularly to atomizers for post-mixed liquid fuel fired burners. A post-mixed burner is a burner wherein fuel and oxidant are delivered in separate passages to a point outside the burner, such as a furnace, where the fuel and oxidant mix and combust. A recent significant advancement in the field of post-mixed burners is the burner described and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,541,796 to Anderson which enables the attainment of a marked improvement in burner efficiency with the use of oxygen or oxygen-enriched air as the oxidant. When a post-mixed burner, such as the aforesaid Anderson burner, is employed with a liquid fuel, the liquid fuel must first be atomized before it mixes and combusts with the main oxidant in the combustion zone. Liquid fuel atomizers are known but generally are subject to operational drawbacks. For example, pressure atomizers which require forcing liquid fuel through very small passages at high velocity are complicated to operate because of the requisite high pressure and are subject to blockage due to the very small orifices which must be employed. Mechanical atomizers, which employ a spinning member or ultrasonic vibration to disperse liquid fuel into small droplets, are limited in their applicability due to the presence of moving parts. It is therefore an object of this invention to provide an atomizer for a post-mixed burner, and a process for atomizing liquid fuel in a post-mixed burner, which is simple to use and avoids problems experienced by heretofore known atomizers and atomizing processes. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The above and other objects which will become apparent to one skilled in this art upon a reading of this disclosure are attained by the present invention, one aspect of which is: An atomizer for a post-mixed burner comprising: (A) a liquid fuel passage having a first length of relatively small cross-section, a second length of increasing cross-section having a radially outward taper, and a third length of relatively large cross-section, said third length communicating with a furnace zone; and (B) at least one atomizing fluid passage having an injection end angularly communicating with said fuel passage so as to direct atomizing fluid onto said second length proximate the start of the outward taper. Another aspect of this invention comprises: A process for atomizing liquid fuel in a post-mixed burner comprising: (A) passing liquid fuel through a fuel passage having a first length of relatively small cross-section, a second length of increasing cross-section having a radially outward taper, and a third length of relatively large cross-section; (B) angularly directing atomizing fluid into physical contact with said flowing liquid fuel proximate the start of the outward taper and across said second length to form a thin fuel layer on the fuel passage wall; and (C) passing fuel and atomizing fluid out from said third length into a furnace zone as an atomized spray. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional representation of one preferred embodiment of the atomizer of this invention. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional representation of another preferred embodiment of the atomizer of this invention which is particularly preferred when the atomizing fluid is an oxidant. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The process and apparatus of this invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. Referring now to FIG. 1, fuel passage 1 comprises three lengths. The first length 2 has a relatively small cross-section and communicates with second length 3 which has a radially outward taper and an increasing cross-section and which in turn communicates with third length 4 which has a relatively large cross-section and which communicates with furnace zone 5. The fuel passage 1 is connected to a source of liquid fuel which passes through the fuel passage at any effective rate to produce a firing rate generally within the range of from 0.5 to 3.0 million BTU/hr. Any effective liquid fuel may be employed in the process and with the apparatus of this invention. Among such liquid fuels one can name no. 2 fuel oil, no. 6 fuel oil, and coal-water mixtures. The liquid fuel will generally have a viscosity within the range of from 2.3 to 40.6 centipoise, and preferably within the range of from 15 to 18. More viscous fuels may be preheated to bring their viscosity within the range suitable for use with this invention. When No. 2 fuel oil, i.e., diesel fuel, is employed the flowrate will generally be within the range of from 0.06 to 0.36 gallons per minute. When No. 6 fuel oil is employed the flowrate will generally be within the range of from 0.057 to 0.34 gallons per minute. After exiting the fuel passage, the fuel mixes with and combusts with oxidant in furnace zone 5. The oxidant is supplied to furnace zone 5 at a distance from the point where fuel is supplied to furnace zone 5. Preferably the oxidant is pure oxygen, or oxygen-enriched air comprising at least 25 percent oxygen, and is supplied to furnace zone 5 as a jet at least four oxidant jet diameters distant from the point where the fuel is supplied to the furnace zone. Atomizing fluid is supplied to the fuel passage by means of at least one atomizing fluid passage 6. Atomizing fluid passage 6 communicates with fuel passage 1 at an angle proximate the start of the outward taper of second length 3, and its injection point is so disposed as to direct the atomizing fluid into physical contact with liquid fuel flowing through second length 3. The angle of atomizing fluid passage 6 to the axis of fuel passage 1 is within the range of from 45 to 75 degrees and preferably is about 60 degrees. This atomizing fluid is directed into fuel passage 1 at relatively high velocity, generally within the range of from 1000 to 15/0 feet per second. The high velocity atomizing fluid coming in contact with the liquid fuel causes the fuel to be pushed against the outwardly tapered wall of second section 3, and because of the increasing area of the outwardly tapered wall of second section 3, the liquid fuel is caused to form an increasingly thinner layer as it is pushed against and along the outwardly tapered wall of second section 3. The taper of second section 3 may be within the range of from 35 to 55 degrees and preferably is about 45 degrees with respect to the axis of the fuel passage. As the thin liquid fuel layer is pushed along the fuel passage to the end of third section 4, the thin nature of the fuel film causes the film to be sheared off in very fine droplets as it enters furnace zone 5. Although the number of atomizing fluid passages employed is not critical, it is preferred that from three to seven equidistantly oriented atomizing fluid passages be employed. An odd number of atomizing fluid passages is particularly preferred. Generally each atomizing fluid passage 6 will be circular in cross-section and have a diameter within the range of from 0.03 to 0.05 inch. Preferably the diameter of the atomizing fluid passage will be within the range of from 0.5 to 1.0 times the diameter of the first length of the fuel passage. Any effective atomizing fluid may be used in the practice of this invention. Among such atomizing fluids one can name nitrogen, steam, and oxidants such as air, oxygen-enriched air and pure oxygen. In a preferred embodiment of the process of this invention the atomizing fluid is an oxidant and at least some of this atomizing oxidant combusts with the liquid fuel within the fuel passage. This internal combustion causes the generation of a large volume of hot combustion gases which further enhances the pushing and thinning of the liquid fuel along the wall of the fuel passage and results in higher gas exit velocities resulting in enhanced shearing of the liquid film as it emerges from third section 4 and consequently in a greater degree of atomization of the liquid fuel as it enters furnace zone 5. FIG. 1 also illustrates a preferred embodiment of the atomizer of this invention wherein the outer portion of the atomizer is threaded, thus facilitating insertion and removal of the atomizer into and from a burner head. FIG. 2 illustrates another embodiment of the atomizer of this invention which is useful when the atomizing fluid is an oxidant and combustion of fuel and atomizing oxidant occurs within the fuel passage. The numerals of FIG. 2 are identical to those of FIG. 1 for the common elements. The FIG. 2 embodiment differs from that of FIG. 1 only in that the exit portion of third section 4 is decreased in cross-sectional area, such as by the insertion of ring element 7, proximate the point of communication with furnace zone 5. By use of the embodiment of FIG. 2, the converging nature of fuel passage 1 causes the gas exit velocity to suddenly increase and thus enhance the shearing of the fuel film as it is injected into furnace zone 5. This further contributes to the atomization of the liquid fuel. Now by the use of the process and apparatus of this invention, one can easily and efficiently atomize liquid fuel in a post-mixed burner, while avoiding many heretofore experienced problems such as mechanical breakdown of moving parts, or plugging of very small liquid fuel orifices. Although the process and apparatus of this invention have been described in detail with reference to certain specific embodiments, it is understood that there are other embodiments of this invention within the spirit and scope of the claims.	An atomizer and atomizing process of a post-mixed liquid fuel fired burner comprising angular direction of atomizing fluid into liquid fuel as it passes along a fuel passage length of increasing surface area causing the formation of a fuel film on the fuel passage surface area with the increasing thinning of the fuel film as it passes across the increasing surface area, resulting in a shearing action at the fuel passage end and the formation of an atomized spray.	5
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to work machines, and, more particularly, to energy load control systems for multiple engine driven harvesters. 2. Description of the Related Art A work machine, such as an agricultural machine in the form of a harvester, typically includes a prime mover in the form of an internal combustion (IC) engine. The IC engine may either be in the form of an compression ignition engine such as a diesel engine, or a spark ignition engine, such as a gasoline engine. For most heavy work machines, the prime mover is in the form of a diesel engine having better lugging, pull down, and torque characteristics for work operations than the gasoline engine. An IC engine in a harvester provides input power to a transmission, which in turn is coupled with drive axles through a differential gear system. The transmission, rear end differential, and rear axles are sometimes referred to as the power train of the work machine. It is known to provide multiple engines on a harvester with electrical generators and various electrical motors. IC engines and electric motors are used to drive hybrid vehicles, and it is known to use regeneration techniques such that the generator/electric motor generates electrical power when the vehicle is executing a braking maneuver. Dual engines or even an engine having a dual crankshaft system is used to power vehicles having a transmission coupled thereto for transferring the driving torque of at least one of the engine or crankshafts to the motor/generator of the vehicle. The dual engine system utilizes both engines when additional load levels are required, such as during acceleration, climbing a hill, or pulling a heavy load. It is also known to utilize an electric motor to assist in providing the torque when additional increased loads are applied to the IC engine. When running an agricultural machine on one engine, it is easy for the operator to overload the engine by trying to do too much with the power available. Overloading an engine can increase wear on the engine and the loads, such as a threshing system, if it is under driven. Further, overloading an engine can result in premature failure of the engine and even stalling of an engine particularly at a critical time when the power is most needed. What is needed in the art is a control system that will manage a harvester power requirements while operating on one engine. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention in one form is directed to a multiengine agricultural harvester including a plurality of power absorbing loads, a first engine, a second engine, and a controller. The first engine is configured to supply power to a portion of a plurality of power absorbing loads. The first engine is not capable of powering all of the plurality of power absorbing loads. The second engine is uncoupled from the plurality of power absorbing loads. The controller is configured to select less than all of the power absorbing loads to be driven dependent upon a sensed load on the first engine. The invention in another form is directed to a method of controlling a multiengine harvester including the steps of operating the harvester in a first mode, operating the harvester in a second mode, and selecting less than all of the power absorbing loads to be driven. In the first mode, the harvester is operated using a first engine and a second engine to drive the plurality of power absorbing loads. In the second mode, the harvester is operated with the second engine being uncoupled from all of the power absorbing loads. In the selecting step, less than all of the power absorbing loads are selected to be driven dependent upon the sensed load on the first engine while operating in the second mode. The first engine being incapable of driving all of the power absorbing loads. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The above-mentioned and other features and advantages of this invention, and the manner of attaining them, will become more apparent and the invention will be better understood by reference to the following description of an embodiment of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is a side view of a harvester utilizing an embodiment of the energy control system of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a schematical block diagram representing the multiple engine load control system of FIG. 1 ; and FIG. 3 is a schematical block diagram of an embodiment of a load control method used in the multiple engine energy control system of FIGS. 1 and 2 . Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views. The exemplifications set out herein illustrate one embodiment of the invention and such exemplifications are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to FIG. 1 , there is shown an agricultural vehicle 10 , also more particularly illustrated as a harvester 10 , which includes a chassis 12 , cabin/controls 14 , wheels 16 and a power system 18 that include an engine 20 and an engine 22 . Harvester 10 has a variety of mechanical and electrical systems therein including a crop gathering header that directs crop material to a threshing section. The threshing section separates the grain from other crop material and directs the grain to a sieve area for further separation of the grain from the lightweight crop material. The grain is then conveyed to a storage area for later conveyance to a grain transport vehicle. Chassis 12 provides structural integrity and support for harvester 10 and is used to support mechanical and electrical systems therein. Controls 14 allow an operator the ability to direct the functions of harvester 10 . Wheels 16 support chassis 12 and allow a propulsion system to move harvester 10 as directed by the operator using controls 14 . Now, additionally referring to FIG. 2 , power system 18 includes engines 20 and 22 that are connected to a gear box 24 , which in turn drives mechanical loads 28 and generator 26 . Generator 26 in turn supplies electrical power to electrical loads 30 . For ease of illustration, engine 20 and engine 22 are shown being connected to a gearbox 24 , the connection of which being severable in a fashion in which engine 20 or engine 22 may be uncoupled from gearbox 24 . Although gearbox 24 is illustrated, it is to be understood that this may include a transmission, clutch, and other mechanical linking devices. Further, although illustrated as one gearbox driven by engines 20 and 22 , separate mechanical structures may also be utilized with the gearboxes driving separate generators and mechanical loads with perhaps a mechanical linkage between gearboxes. It is also contemplated that engines 20 and 22 may each drive separate generators in lieu of gear box 24 , with the coupling, and uncoupling being carried out using electrical components. An engine load sensor/control 32 , a gearbox sensor/control 34 , a generator sensor/control 36 , an electrical load sensor/control 38 , and an engine sensor/control 40 are each interconnected to a controller 42 . Controller 42 is interconnected to the sensor/controls to provide interactive control so that elements of the various electrical loads 30 and mechanical loads 28 can be effectively driven if either engine 20 or 22 is uncoupled and/or shut off. Controller 42 has been illustrated as a stand alone controller for the sake of clarity, and for the explanation of the present invention; however, it is also to be understood that the functions of controller 42 can be undertaken by a controller utilized for other functions in harvester 10 . Although the interlinking between controller 42 and other elements are shown as a single line, these lines are intended to convey the understanding that information, control commands, and/or power may be routed therebetween by instructions issued by controller 42 . Battery 44 can also be thought of an additional electrical load when it is being charged and a source of power when it is being discharged. Engines 20 and 22 are internal combustion engines that are connected to gearbox 24 . Gearbox 24 mechanically drives generator 26 as well as mechanical loads 28 . The description of mechanical loads 28 is not to infer that there is not a mechanical linkage between generator 26 and gearbox 24 , but rather signifies that there is an additional mechanical load that is assigned to be driven by power system 18 . For example, mechanical loads 28 may include a grain separation mechanism within harvester 10 as well as propulsion and hydraulic systems for harvester 10 . The loads can be individually coupled and the power requirements measured by way of sensor/control 34 . Also, various electrical loads 30 can be selectively engaged or disengaged by control/sensor 38 . Now, additionally referring to FIG. 3 , there is illustrated a method 100 in which, power system 18 can operate in a first mode with both engines 20 and 22 operating, wherein method 100 , by way of decision box 102 , simply returns to the starting point. In mode 2 , engine 22 is uncoupled so that it no longer drives gearbox 24 or provides any power that can be used to drive electrical loads 30 or mechanical loads 28 . In mode 2 , engine 20 is operating, providing power to gearbox 24 , although engine 20 is incapable of driving all possible mechanical loads 28 and electrical loads 30 of harvester 10 . At step 104 the load on engine 20 is determined and is based on the sensed engine load. Controller 42 operatively selects mechanical loads 28 and electrical loads 30 at step 106 so that engine 20 is not overloaded. At step 108 , method 100 evaluates operator commands issued with controls 14 wherein the operator of harvester 10 is engaging different aspects of harvester 10 to perform the desired function. The evaluation of operator commands and operations being undertaken by harvester 10 can be handled by controller 42 in different manners. In one embodiment of the present invention, the evaluation undertaken at step 108 can result in a decision of controller 42 , at step 110 , to start engine 22 . Once this decision is made then method 100 returns to step 102 and will remain there in mode 1 , until the loads reduce to a level where engine 20 can supply all of the needs of harvester 10 , then mode 2 is selected. In another embodiment of the present invention, the commands that are evaluated are compared to a priority of operations. For example, if the operator issues a command of a low priority, then the evaluation is such that the engine capability and the engine load, measured at step 104 , are used to determine if the additional lower priority load can be accommodated. If the commanded load can be accommodated, then it is engaged by controller 42 . If the command issued by the operator is such that it would cause an overload on engine 20 then controller 42 will not execute the command issued by the operator. Further, if the command issued by the operator is a higher priority than engaged load of a lower priority, then lower priority loads may be disengaged and the load commanded to be engaged by the operator is then engaged by controller 42 . If the engine power in the primary engine is insufficient, when the operator initiates a “Primary” power use, which is determined by an order of importance of key harvester functions. Secondary power users, which are power users that are not critical to harvester functions, are downgraded to receive a lower amount of power, or completely turned off, until controller 42 brings the second engine on line to supply adequate power for all uses. The present invention is configured to always have power available for critical harvester functions. For example, if the operator desires to engage the threshing mechanism, controller 42 may disregard that command since the threshing system would require more horsepower than the capability of engine 20 alone and still have sufficient power to move and function other aspects of harvester 10 . If the operator issues a command to extend the grain auger and to begin auguring the grain as harvester 10 is moving along, controller 42 may disengage the air conditioning system or other low priority function so that grain contained in the hopper may be off loaded. It is also contemplated that commands issued by the operator at step 108 may be partially complied with by controller 42 which may select time periods for different portions of loads 28 and 30 to be engaged for specific periods of time and then different loads are engaged other periods of time. For example, the load on engine 20 is such that charging a battery 44 and operating an air conditioning system for the cabin may be alternated so that battery 44 may be charged for a predetermined time, such as one minute, then the air conditioning system can be driven in the cabin for a two minute period followed by running of a blower fan in the cabin for three minutes. Combinations of the foregoing are also contemplated. For example a priority system can be utilized while engine 22 is started and is brought up to speed, then all the commanded loads are engaged. In this manner the transition to multi-engine power is undertaken with the stalling of one engine being avoided. It is also contemplated that controller 42 can select which engine is shut down and uncoupled based on engine parameters such as capability as well as measured performance. Visual displays of these operations are presented to the operator so that the operator is given operational information to among other things reduce impatience of the operator if commands are denied or delayed until the second engine comes online. Loads that are driven, in the form of loads 28 and 30 , may include such things as propulsion of harvester 10 , harvesting function loads, such as the threshing section or the separating section. Any harvester parameter indicative of a load can be monitored, at step 104 , by controller 42 interacting with the various controls and sensors. Such load indicators can include the fuel delivery rate to engine 20 , the engine torque being supplied by engine 20 , pressure of the hydrostatic system of harvester 10 , the electrical current drain of a particular electrical load 30 which may be used to drive a hydraulic system or other systems in harvester 10 or even an attitude of harvester 10 indicating an anticipated load or lack thereof as harvester 10 is moved along the ground. The present invention advantageously allows the operator to drive and operate harvester 10 while harvester 10 automatically adjusts power being supplied by engine 20 so as to keep engine 20 from stalling. This improves overall performance as the operator can, for example, travel to a destination during a road transport faster, while still saving a great deal of fuel that would have been consumed by running both engines 20 and 22 . This more optimal use of engines 20 and 22 allow the environmental aspects of the engines to work at higher efficiency since engine 20 's load is being managed so that it is not being over driven and engine 22 is shut off so that it no longer contributes to an environmental processing load. While this invention has been described with respect to at least one embodiment, the present invention can be further modified within the spirit and scope of this disclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention using its general principles. Further, this application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which this invention pertains and which fall within the limits of the appended claims.	A method of controlling a multiengine harvester including the steps of operating the harvester in a first mode, operating the harvester in a second mode, and selecting less than all of the power absorbing loads to be driven. In the first mode, the harvester is operated using a first engine and a second engine to drive the plurality of power absorbing loads. In the second mode, the harvester is operated with the second engine being uncoupled from all of the power absorbing loads. In the selecting step, less than all of the power absorbing loads are selected to be driven dependent upon the sensed load on the first engine while operating in the second mode. The first engine is incapable of driving all of the power absorbing loads.	0
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/704,744 that was filed Nov. 12, 2003, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety; which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/662,364 that was filed Sep. 16, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,245,947, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. BACKGROUND [0002] The present invention relates to wireless communications. More particularly, the present invention relates to techniques for controlling selection of a coordinating device in a wireless ad hoc network. [0003] Short range wireless systems typically involve devices that have a communications range of one hundred meters or less. To provide communications over long distances, these short range systems often interface with other networks. For example, short range networks may interface with cellular networks, wireline telecommunications networks, and the Internet. [0004] Wireless piconets, also referred to as personal area networks (PANs) typically operate in unlicensed portions of the radio spectrum, usually either in the 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band or the 5 GHz Unlicensed-National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) band. Examples of wireless piconet technology include the Bluetooth standard and the IEEE 802.15.3 standard. [0005] Bluetooth defines a short-range radio network, originally intended as a cable replacement. It can be used to create ad hoc networks of up to eight devices, where one device is referred to as a master device. The other devices are referred to as slave devices. The slave devices can communicate with the master device and with each other via the master device. The Bluetooth Special Interest Group, Specification Of The Bluetooth System, Volumes 1 and 2, Core and Profiles: Version 1.1, Feb. 22, 2001, describes the principles of Bluetooth device operation and communication protocols. Bluetooth devices operate in the 2.4 GHz radio band reserved for general use by Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) applications. These devices are designed to find other Bluetooth devices within their communications range and to discover what services they offer. [0006] IEEE 802.15.3 defines a framework for devices to communicate at high data rates (e.g., 55 Mbps) at short ranges across ad hoc networks. Currently, an IEEE 802.15.3 piconet may support a large number of devices, such as 250. These devices share frequency channels by employing time division multiple access (TDMA) transmission and Carrier Sensing Multiple Access (CSMA) techniques. IEEE 802.15.3 piconets include a device known as a piconet controller or coordinator (PNC) and one or more other devices (referred to as DEVs). [0007] The PNC is a device that controls piconet resources. In particular, the PNC performs functions, such as 1 Apr. 7, 2005 controlling the basic timing for the piconet, and regulating the admission of devices into the piconet. In addition, the PNC manages quality of service (QoS) and security aspects of the piconet. To perform these functions, the PNC typically cannot enter an “idle” or “sleep” mode. Thus, the PNC consumes more power than the other devices in the piconet. Therefore, it is desirable to assign the PNC role to devices having a good battery condition, or even a fixed power supply. [0008] Multiple devices may join and leave the piconet during its existence. Likewise, different devices may assume the PNC role at various times. The process in which the PNC role is transferred between a first device and a second device is referred to herein as PNC handover. IEEE 802.15.3 provides for PNC handover through the use of a PNC handover command, which is issued for various reasons. [0009] However, these reasons do not currently include the status of a battery, but only information on the availability of a fixed power supply. In an ad hoc network, none of the devices may have a fixed power supply. The knowledge of battery levels in such a network could be used for balancing power consumption. The inability to determine the battery level in such a network may also cause a device with low battery power (that otherwise appears as a good PNC candidate) to be unable to reject the PNC role because of its low battery power, and run out of power after the PNC role is transferred to it. Accordingly, techniques are needed for taking available power source capacity of devices into consideration during PNC handover processes. [0010] In addition to the short-range networking techniques described above, ultra wideband (UWB) techniques have become an attractive solution for short-range wireless communications because they allow for devices to exchange information at relatively high data rates. Current FCC regulations permit UWB transmissions for communications purposes in the frequency band between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz. However, for such transmissions, the spectral density has to be under −41.3 dBm/MHz and the utilized bandwidth has to be higher than 500 MHz. [0011] There are many UWB transmission techniques that can fulfill these requirements. A common and practical UWB technique is called impulse radio (IR). In IR, data is transmitted by employing short baseband pulses that are separated in time by gaps. Thus, IR does not use a carrier signal. These gaps make IR much more immune to multipath propagation problems than conventional continuous wave radios. RF gating is a particular type of IR in which the impulse is a gated RF pulse. This gated pulse is a sine wave masked in the time domain with a certain pulse shape. [0012] IR transmission facilitates a relatively simple transmitter design, which basically requires a pulse generator and an antenna. This design does not necessarily require a power amplifier, because transmission power requirements are low. In addition, this design does not generally require modulation components such as voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs) and mixers, because the impulses are baseband signals. [0013] In general, IR receiver designs are more complex than their corresponding transmitter designs. However, these designs are much simpler than conventional receiver designs because they typically do not employ intermediate frequency (IF) signals or filters. However, to fulfill spectral requirements, IR impulses have to be very short in duration (e.g., a couple of nanoseconds). This requirement places stringent timing demands on receiver timing accuracy. The fulfillment of these demands can also provide IR receivers with accurate time resolution and positioning capabilities. SUMMARY [0014] In an exemplary embodiment, a method of coordinating devices in a wireless network is provided. First capability data associated with a first type of power source and a first state of the power source of a first device is received at a second device. Second capability data is transmitted to the first device from the second device. The second capability data is associated with a second type of power source and a second state of the power source of the second device. The first capability data is compared with the second capability data at the second device. If the comparison indicates the first capability data is less desirable than the second capability data, the second capability data is transmitted again to the first device from the second device. If the comparison indicates the first capability data is more desirable than the second capability data, the first capability data is received again from the first device at the second device. [0015] In another exemplary embodiment, a memory is provided that includes computer-readable instructions that, upon execution by a processor, cause a computing device to implement the operations of the method of coordinating devices in a wireless network. [0016] In another exemplary embodiment, a device is provided that includes, but is not limited to, an antenna configured to send and receive data in a wireless network, a processor, and a memory including computer-readable instructions that, upon execution by the processor, cause the device to implement the operations of the method of coordinating devices in a wireless network. [0017] Other principal features and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon review of the following drawings, the detailed description, and the appended claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0018] In the drawings, like reference numbers generally indicate identical, functionally similar, and/or structurally similar elements. The drawing in which an element first appears is indicated by the leftmost digit(s) in the reference number. The present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: [0019] FIG. 1 is a diagram of an exemplary operational network environment; [0020] FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary communications device. architecture; [0021] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary communications device implementation; [0022] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary device architecture in accordance with an embodiment. [0023] FIG. 5 is an exemplary IEEE 802.15.3 High Rate (HR) frame format in accordance with an embodiment; [0024] FIG. 6 is an exemplary IEEE 802.15.3 High Rate (HR) capability field format in accordance with an embodiment; [0025] FIG. 7 is an exemplary IEEE 802.15.3 High Rate (HR) priority list in accordance with an embodiment; [0026] FIG. 8 is an exemplary IEEE 802.15.3 High Rate (HR) priority list with power source status indication (PSSI) support in accordance with an embodiment; and [0027] FIGS. 9 and 10 are flowcharts of exemplary coordinator selection processes. [0028] FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a technique in which a device transmits energy information; [0029] FIG. 12 is a flowchart of a technique In which PNC handover commands are used to convey energy information; [0030] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an exchange of information between two network devices; [0031] FIG. 14 is a diagram of an operational environment including a handover information database; and [0032] FIG. 15 is a flowchart of an operational sequence of a device. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0033] I. Operational Environment [0034] Before describing the invention in detail, it is helpful to describe an environment in which the invention may be used. Accordingly, FIG. 1 is a diagram of an operational environment 100 that includes a parent piconet US 2005/0075084 Al 106 and a child piconet 110 . In embodiments, piconets 106 and 110 may operate according to various standards, such as IEEE 802.15.3 and Bluetooth. [0035] Piconet 106 includes a coordinator device 102 and a plurality of devices 104 . Coordinator device 102 controls the resources of piconet 106 . For example, coordinator 102 controls the basic timing of piconet 106 and regulates the admission of devices into piconet 106 . In addition, coordinator 102 may manage various quality of service (QoS) and security aspects of the piconet. In embodiments employing IEEE 802.15.3, coordinator device 102 may be a piconet coordinator (PNC), while devices 104 are referred to as DEVs. In embodiments employing Bluetooth, coordinator device 102 may be a master device. [0036] The devices of piconet 106 exchange information through the transmission of wireless signals. These signals may be, for example, carrier-based or ultra wideband (UWB) signals. Various multiple access techniques may be employed so that the devices of piconet 106 may share allocated portions of a wireless communications media (e.g., a frequency range In the RF communications spectrum). Exemplary multiple access techniques include time division multiple access (TDMA), time division duplex (TDD), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), and code division multiple access (CDMA). [0037] For instance, in embodiments involving IEEE 802.15.3, the devices of piconet 106 communicate according o a TDMA frame structure that includes a beacon period, a contention access period, and a channel time allocation period (CTAP) (also referred to as a contention free period). Embodiments employing Bluetooth employ a TDD frame format. This TDD format includes alternating slots in which master and slave devices communicate according to a polling scheme. [0038] Child piconet 110 may operate with a portion of bandwidth allocated from parent piconet 106 , such as a TDMA time slot of the parent piconet 106 . As shown in FIG. 1 , child piconet 110 includes a coordinator device 108 , which performs functions similar to the functions performed by coordinator device 102 . [0039] FIG. 1 illustrates a configuration of piconets 106 and 110 at a given point in time. However, the characteristics of these networks may change over time. For instance, during operation, the membership of piconet 106 may change through the departure and arrival of different devices. In addition, the coordinator role may be transferred from device 102 to another device in piconet 106 according to a coordinator handover operation. Such coordinator handovers may be performed in accordance with power-based techniques of the present invention. [0040] For example, in one aspect of the method and system herein, the devices exchange device parameters. This information may be exchanged during initial formation of the wireless network or after establishment thereof. The device parameters may include a power source status indicator of a device indicating the available power source capacity for the device. The initial coordinator or subsequent coordinators to which control is handed off may be determined according to the power source status indicator of one or more devices in the wireless network. [0041] II. Wireless Communications Device [0042] FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing a wireless communications device architecture, which may be used for devices 102 , 104 and 108 . Although this architecture is described in the context of Bluetooth and UWB communications, it may be employed with other wireless communications technologies. [0043] The device architecture of FIG. 2 includes a host 202 , which is coupled to a Bluetooth segment 210 , and a UWB segment 220 . Host 202 is responsible for functions involving user applications and higher protocol layers, while Bluetooth segment 210 and UWB segment 220 are responsible for lower layer protocols. More particularly, Bluetooth segment 210 is responsible for Bluetooth specific communications with other devices, and UWB segment 220 is responsible for UWB specific communications with other devices. [0044] As shown in FIG. 2 , Bluetooth segment 210 includes a host controller interface (HCl) 212 , a Bluetooth module 214 with a link manager and a link controller, a Bluetooth transceiver 216 , and an antenna 218 . [0045] The link manager performs functions related to Bluetooth link set-up, security and control. These functions involve discovering corresponding link managers at remote devices and communicating with them according to a link manager protocol (LMP). To perform these functions, LMP defines a set of messages, which are also referred to as protocol data units (PDUs). The Link manager exchanges these PDUs with link managers at remote devices. [0046] The link manager exchanges information with host 202 across HCl 212 . This information may include commands received from host 202 , and information transmitted to host 202 . HCl 212 defines a set of messages, which provide for this exchange of information. [0047] The link controller operates as an intermediary between the link manager and Bluetooth transceiver 216 . The link controller also performs baseband processing for Bluetooth transmission, such as error correction encoding and decoding. In addition, the link controller exchanges data between corresponding link controllers at remote devices according to physical layer protocols. Examples of such physical layer protocols include retransmission protocols such as the automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol. [0048] FIG. 2 shows that Bluetooth transceiver 216 is coupled to an antenna 218 . Transceiver 216 includes electronics that allow the device of FIG. 2 (in conjunction with antenna 218 ) to exchange wireless Bluetooth signals with devices, such as a remote device 104 . Such electronics include modulators and demodulators, amplifiers, and filters. [0049] When the device of FIG. 2 engages in UWB communications, it employs the services of UWB segment 220 . As shown in FIG. 2 , UWB segment 220 includes an interface 222 , a UWB module 224 , a UWB transceiver 226 , and an antenna 228 . Interface 222 provides for communications between host 202 and UWB module 224 . [0050] UWB module 224 provides for the exchange of information across UWB links according to one or more protocol layers. For example, UWB module may provide session management functionality to manage various UWB sessions. In addition, UWB module 224 may perform base US 2005/0075084 Al band processing, such as error correction encoding and decoding. In addition, UWB module 224 performs various link level protocols with remote devices according to physical layer protocols. Examples of such protocols include retransmission protocols such as the automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocol. [0051] In an aspect of the method and system herein, UWB module 224 may implement the IEEE 802.15.3 Righ Rate (RR) framework to perform communications in an ad hoc wireless communications network environment. Amore detailed discussion of an exemplary implementation employing the IEEE 802.15.3 framework is provided below with reference to FIGS. 4 through 8 . [0052] UWB transceiver 226 is coupled to antenna 228 . UWB transceiver 226 includes electronics, which allow the device of FIG. 2 (in conjunction with antenna 228 ) to exchange wireless UWB signals with devices, such as remote devices 104 and 108 . For the transmission of UWB signals, such electronics may include a pulse generator. For the reception of UWB signals, such electronics may include timing circuitry and filters. [0053] The architecture of FIG. 2 may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. One such implementation is shown in FIG. 3 . This implementation includes a processor 310 , a memory 320 , and an interface 340 such as an interface to other devices or a user. In addition, the implementation of FIG. 3 includes transceivers 350 and antennas 352 . Transceivers 350 may include a Bluetooth transceiver (e.g., 216 ) and UWB transceiver (e.g., 226 ) such as described above with reference to FIG. 2 or other suitable types of transceivers which support ad hoc wireless networking. [0054] As shown in FIG. 3 , processor 310 is coupled to transceivers 350 . Processor 310 controls device operation. Processor 310 may be implemented with one or more microprocessors that are each capable of executing software instructions stored in memory 320 . [0055] Memory 320 includes random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), and/or flash memory, and stores information in the form of data and software components (also referred to herein as modules). These software components include instructions that can be executed by processor 310 . Various types of software components may be stored in memory 320 . For instance, memory 320 may store software components that control the operations of transceivers 350 . Also, memory 320 may store software components that provide for the functionality of host 202 , interface 212 , BT module 214 (e.g., link manager, link controller, etc.), interface 22 , UWB Module (e.g., Media Access Control (MAC), PRY, etc.). [0056] In addition, memory 320 may store software components that control the exchange of information through interface 340 . As shown in FIG. 3 , user interface 340 is also coupled to processor 310 . Interface 340 facilitates the exchange of information with a user or other device or component. FIG. 3 shows that interface 340 includes an input portion 342 and an output portion 344 . Input portion 342 may include one or more devices that allow a user or other devices to input information. Examples of such devices include keypads, touch screens and microphones, and data communications interfaces such as serial port, parallel port, 1394 interface, USB interface, and so forth. Output portion 344 allows a user or other device to receive information from the wireless communications device. Thus, output portion 344 may include various devices, such as a display, and one or more audio speakers, and data communications interfaces such as serial port, parallel port, 1394 interface, USB interface, and so forth. Exemplary displays include liquid crystal displays (LCDs), and video displays. [0057] The elements shown in FIG. 3 may be coupled according to various techniques. One such technique involves coupling transceivers 350 , processor 310 , memory 320 , and interface 340 through one or more bus interfaces. [0058] In addition, each of these components is coupled to a power source facility 330 which includes a power manager 332 , fixed power source interface 334 such as an AC/DC interface for connecting to a fixed power supply, and a battery 336 such as a removable and rechargeable battery pack. Power manager 332 or the like may be employed to manage power usage in the wireless communications device. Such management may include detection and maintenance of information on power source availability or power source status for the device, and selective control of power source for device functions and components. Power manager 332 may be configured as part of the device's operating system or a separate module or so forth, as desired. [0059] III. Exemplary IEEE 802.15.3 Piconet Implementation [0060] FIG. 4 is a diagram of an exemplary device architecture 400 . This architecture allows devices to employ various wireless communications frameworks (such as IEEE 802.15.3) according to embodiments of the present invention. Device architecture 400 provides for communications with other devices according to a multi-layered protocol stack. As shown in FIG. 4 , this protocol stack includes a physical layer 410 , a data link layer 420 , and a convergence layer 430 . The elements of FIG. 4 may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. [0061] Physical layer 410 includes a physical (PRY) sublayer 412 . PRY sub-layer 412 is responsible for transmitting and receiving signals with a wireless medium. These signals may be RF signals (carrier-based and/or UWB) as well as optical signals. In addition, PRY sub-layer 412 receives data for transmission from data link layer 420 and sends it to data link layer 420 as symbols (e.g., bit streams) corresponding to wireless signals received from the wireless medium. [0062] Data link layer 420 includes a media access control (MAC) sub-layer 422 . MAC sub-layer 422 performs functions Involving formatting of data for transmission, synchronization of transmissions, flow control, and error detection/correction. As shown in FIG. 4 , MAC sub-layer 422 communicates with PRY sublayer 412 via a PRY service access point (SAP) interface. [0063] A convergence layer 430 includes one or more convergence sub-layers 432 . Sub-layers 432 provide for higher layer functions, such as applications. Such applications include (but are not limited to) audio, video, high speed data access, voice (e.g., telephony), IP, USB, 1394 and so forth. [0064] FIG. 4 shows that MAC sub-layer exchanges information with a MAC layer management entity (MLME) 424 and PHY sub-layer 412 exchanges information with a PHY layer management entity (PLME) 414 . [0065] MLME 424 and PLME 414 provide for basic signaling functions to be performed between piconet devices so that connections may be set-up, managed, and released. In addition, these signaling functions may exchange information that facilitate the coordinator handover techniques of the present invention. Such information includes various device status information, as well as commands or messages for directing a coordinator handover according to the techniques of the present invention. [0066] As shown in FIG. 4 , MLME 424 and PLME 414 are coupled to a device management entity (DME) 440 by corresponding service access point (SAP) interfaces. DME 440 directs various fuctions of MLME 424 and PLME 414 involving, for example, resource allocation decisions. [0067] FIG. 5 is a diagram of an exemplary IEEE 802.15.3 TDMA frame format. This frame format includes a repeating pattern of superframes. This frame format may be employed in networks employing the techniques of the present invention. [0068] As shown in FIG. 5 , each superframe includes a beacon period, a contention access period, and a contention free period. The beacon period is used to convey control information from the coordinator to the entire piconet. Examples of such control information involve, for example, synchronization, transmit power level constraints, and the allocation of time slots to devices in the piconet. The contention access period is used for devices to transmit information to the piconet coordinator. Such information includes authentication requests and channel time requests. Transmissions during the contention access period may employ a protocol, such as slotted Aloha, which has been proposed for the enhanced 802.15.3 MAC for UWB. The channel time allocation period (CTAP) (contention free period) includes management channel time allocation (MCTA) slots and channel time allocation (CTA) slots, which are used for isochronous streams and asynchronous data connections. [0069] FIG. 6 is an exemplary capability field format 600 identifying various capability attributes or characteristics of a device for implementing the IEEE 802.15.3 framework. Format 600 may include a PNC Capable field identifying whether the device is capable of being a coordinator; a Supported Data Rates field identifying the data rates supportable by a device; an Asynchronous Data Support field identifying whether the device supports asynchronous data communications; and a Neighbor PNC field identifying the neighboring PNC such as by its piconet address (PNID) or other identifier. Format 600 may further include Power Save Mode field (PSAVE) identifying whether the device supports power saving modes; a Power Source (PSRC) field identifying the type of Power Source (e.g., Fixed or Battery) employed by the device; a Security (SEC) field identifying whether the device supports security features such as encryption; and PNC Designated Mode (Des Mode) identifying the device's desirability to operate in PNC designated mode. [0070] In accordance with an aspect of the method and system herein, format 600 may further include a Power Source Status Indicator (PSSI) for indicating available power source or power source status of the device. The power source statuses may include, for example, a fixed power supply, a full or almost full battery, half battery and nearly depleted battery. These may be reflected in the following priority: 1—Fixed Power Supply Condition 2—Full Battery Condition (and/or Almost Full Battery Condition) 3—Half Battery Condition 4—Empty Battery Condition (and/or Almost Empty Battery Condition). [0075] The above is simply an example of power source conditions and status information. Other conditions, either even more specific (e.g., percentage level, etc.) or general (e.g., Good Power Source Condition and Bad Power Source Condition), may be maintained and transmitted to other devices to facilitate determination of an initial or subsequent coordinator(s) of the wireless network. It may, however, be desirable to reduce the categories of conditions and employ general or broad categor(ies) of condition definitions since devices may have different power capacities and power consumption is difficult to forecast exactly. [0076] Another way of introducing the condition of power source is to enhance the PSRC bit with one or more bits. For instance, modifying the PRSC to have two more bits allows for enable the determination of power source condition, such as with the PSSI as described above, and would eliminate the need for a separate field(s) such as the PSSI. An example of the represented conditions using two bits may be as follows: 1(11)—Fixed Power Supply Condition 2(10)—Full Battery Condition (and/or Almost Full Battery Condition) 3(01)—Half Battery Condition 4(00)—Empty Battery Condition (and/or Almost Empty Battery Condition). [0081] The power source capacity level could be determined in PHY/MAC layer or set by higher layers depending on implementation. [0082] Format 600 may also include one or more Reserved fields for maintaining and identifying other device capabilities to facilitate network communications. [0083] FIG. 6 is simply one example of a capability field format. The various field orders, field types and field lengths (e.g., bites)) may be configured to facilitate communications and the method and system herein. For example, the capability field format may include more or less field types and the field lengths may be increased and decreased. Although the power source status indicator may be maintained, as part of device capability information, such information may be maintained or provided in other formats or with other information to implement the method and system herein. The coordinator may request, maintain and update the capability information of all devices. [0084] FIG. 7 is an exemplary IEEE 802.15.3 priority list which may be employed in the determination of a coordinator according to various device attributes or characteristics. As shown in FIG. 7 , various device characteristics have been prioritized to assist when comparing devices to determine or select which device should be the coordinator. [0085] In this example, eight device attributes may be examined in the following priority order (from highest to lowest): (1) PNC Designated Mode (Des Mode), (2) Security (SEC), (3) Power Source (PSRC), (4) Power Save Modes (PSAVE), (5) Maximum Number of Available Guaranteed Time Slots (GTS), (6) Transmitter Power Level, (7) Maximum PHY Rate and (8) Device Address (e.g., Piconet Address). [0086] PNC Des Mode identifies whether the device's current designated mode is PNC. APNC Des Mode bit equal to one (which reflects a desire to be a PNC) is preferred. [0087] SEC identifies whether the device supports security features, such as encryption. A SEC bit equal to one (which acknowledges support for security) is preferred. [0088] PSRC identifies the type of power source such as a fixed or battery power source. A PRSC bit equal to one (which identifies a fixed power source) is preferred. [0089] PSAVE identifies whether the device supports power saving modes. A PSAVE bit equal to one (which acknowledges support for power saving modes) is preferred. [0090] The transmitter power level, Maximum PHY Rate and Device address are self explanatory. Higher values for these attributes are preferred. [0091] The priority list or the like may be employed by a PNC or DEVs to determine the desirability of a device as a candidate for coordinator. The coordinator selection processes may take place during formation of a piconet to ascertain which device should take on the role of coordinator, or may take place after formation of a piconet when the PNC desires to handover its role as a coordinator, or when another DEV challenges the PNC for the coordinator role, or upon other events or factors. [0092] FIG. 8 is an exemplary IEEE 802.15.3 priority list with power source status indicator (PSSI) support. The priority list of FIG. 8 is substantially the same as FIG. 7 discussed above, except for the addition of a power source status indicator (PSSI) device attribute with a priority level of four. The PSSI identifies available power or power source status of a device. The preferred PSSI is one reflecting higher power capacity such as fixed power supply source or full battery condition, as discussed above with reference to FIG. 6 . [0093] It may be desirable to have the PSSI at a relatively high priority level on the priority list, particularly from the prospective of battery operated devices. In this way, an approach is provided to address the possibility of handing over or giving the coordinator role to a device with low battery. Although FIG. 8 shows PSSI attribute with a priority level of four, the PSSI or the like may be assigned a higher or lower priority level on the priority list depending on various factors such as the application environment (e.g., game playing, transferring files, etc.), etc. [0094] Although the above discusses an example of a priority list implementation, other approaches and formats may be employed to determine or select a coordinator according to power source status of at least one of the devices of the wireless network. Instead of a priority list, coordinator selection may be based on a weighted average of the attributes of a device as compared to other devices or a threshold, and so forth. Each priority level may also have one or more corresponding device parameters (e.g., priority level “x” is associated with PSSI below two and PSAVE equal one, etc.). [0095] Although FIGS. 4 through 8 discuss a UWB implementation using the IEEE 802.15.3 framework, other frameworks such as Bluetooth or a carrier-based implementation using the IEEE 802.15.3 framework may be employed in the method and system herein. [0096] IV. Device Interactions [0097] FIG. 9 is a flowchart of an exemplary coordinator selection process 900 which may take place during the formation of a wireless network, such as shown in FIG. 1 , including a plurality of devices (e.g., 102 and 104 ) with one device being designated as the coordinator (e.g., 102 ). The network may be a Bluetooth piconet, or a UWB piconet implementing the IEEE 802.15.3 framework. [0098] At step 902 , wireless communication devices (DEVs) begin negotiations to form a wireless network, such as an ad hoc wireless network. This may be initiated by one device discovering the presence of another device. The devices exchange messages to set up communications therebetween. These messages may include device parameters, such as the device attributes discussed above with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8 . [0099] At steps 904 and 906 , a coordinator selection procedure may be initiated and device parameters are evaluated for at least one of the devices, respectively. The device parameters include at least a power source status indicator indicating available power or power source status of a device. At step 908 , a device is determined or selected as a suitable candidate for coordinator based on at least the power source status indicator of at least one of the devices. [0100] The steps 906 and 908 may be performed, for example, employing priority lists described above with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8 . These priorities of device parameters may be stored, retrieved or accessed, as desired. One or more or all of the devices may be assigned a priority depending on the device(s)' parameters, such as a device's parameter(s) matching an appropriate priority category on the priority list. A coordinator candidate device may then be selected from the one or more devices having the highest assigned priority. [0101] In one example, the evaluation and determination steps may involve the devices transmitting or broadcasting their parameters or priorities. The devices compare their own parameters or priority versus the parameters or priority of the other devices. As comparisons are made, those devices with less desirable parameters or priority stop transmitting or broadcasting. The remaining transmitting or broadcasting device is determined to be a suitable coordinator candidate or winner. [0102] At step 910 , wireless network operations are established with the determined device as the coordinator, and communications may then proceed between the devices. The coordinator may act as a conduit to route communications between devices and/or facilitate establishment of peer-to-peer communications directly between devices. [0103] FIG. 10 is a flowchart of an exemplary coordinator selection process 1000 which may take place after formation of a wireless network, such as shown in FIG. 1 , including a plurality of devices (e.g., 102 and 104 ) with one device being designated as the coordinator (e.g., 102 ). The network may be a Bluetooth piconet, or a UWB piconet implementing the IEEE 802.15.3 framework. [0104] At step 1002 , the coordinator initiates a coordinator selection procedure. This procedure may be initiated based on various events or factors, which may include the following: (1) A new device seeks entry or is added to the wireless network (e.g., such as a new device with improved power source status); (2) A device or the coordinator seeks to leave or leaves the wireless network (e.g., the available power of the coordinator is less than a predetermined threshold or the coordinator is moving out of range); (3) The device parameters of one or more of the devices in the wireless network changes (e.g., a device becomes coupled to a fixed power supply); (4) A triggering event occurs at the coordinator (e.g., user defined thresholds, such as power thresholds or other factors or circumstances, are met); (5) Another device challenges the coordinator for the coordinator position; and (6) User of the coordinator device initiates the procedure. [0111] The above are simply a few examples of events or factors which may cause the initiation of the coordinator selection procedure. Other events and factors may also initiate the procedure, as desired. [0112] At step 1004 , the coordinator evaluates the device parameters for at least one of the devices. The device parameters include at least a power source status indicator indicating available power or power source status of a device. At step 1006 , the coordinator determines or selects a device as a suitable candidate for the coordinator position based on at least the power source status indicator of at least one of the devices. [0113] The steps 1004 and 1006 may be performed, for example, employing the priority lists described above with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8 . These priorities of device parameters may be stored, retrieved or accessed, as desired. One or more or all of the devices may be assigned a priority depending on the device(s)' parameters, such as a device's parameter(s) matching an appropriate priority category on the priority list. A coordinator candidate device may then be selected from the one or more devices having the highest assigned priority. [0114] At step 1008 , the coordinator hands over the coordinator position to the determined device or candidate. This may involve exchanging messages between the two devices. For example, the coordinator may direct the candidate to coordinate wireless communications between the devices, with a request to hand over coordinator position from the coordinator and the candidate may respond by accepting such a request. The coordinator may also send to the candidate information of the devices in the wireless network and/or other information necessary to implement the coordinator duties. Other devices are also informed of the change in responsibilities. [0115] Thereafter, the coordinator relinquishes its duties as the coordinator, and the candidate obtains control as the new coordinator. [0116] V. Residual Energy Encoding [0117] As described above, the present invention includes techniques in which an available energy condition may be encoded, for example, as a PSSI indicator. As an example, four conditions are described above: fixed power supply, full battery, half battery, and empty (or almost empty) battery. [0118] Table 1 provides an exemplary encoding scheme of such conditions. According to this scheme, a class value is assigned to each of these conditions. In the rightmost column, Table 1 shows interpretation information for each of these class values. This interpretation information shows how devices of these classes may be considered as PNC candidates during PNC handover procedures. [0000] TABLE 1 Residual energy level coding. Class Status Interpretation 3 fixed power supply PNC role always possible 2 battery almost full PNC role now possible 1 battery half PNC role not desirable 0 battery almost empty PNC role not possible [0119] According to the classes and interpretations of Table 1, a device announces that it can always perform the coordinator (e.g., PNC) role when it is connected to a fixed power supply; that it can currently perform the coordinator role when the residual energy almost full; that it still may perform the coordinator role when its residual energy is at half battery (but it is preferable to avoid such a role); and that the coordinator role cannot be covered when the residual energy is at battery almost empty. [0120] The association of the classes in Table 1 with actual energy reference values may be performed by a device according to a mapping, such as the one provided below in Table 2. [0000] TABLE 2 Mapping of actual energy level values to level classes. Class Status Residual Energy 3 fixed power supply — 2 battery almost full >66% 1 battery half <66%, and 33% 0 battery almost empty <33% [0121] The actual values in Table 2 are provided as an example. Other mappings are within the scope of the present invention. For Instance, class 2 could be mapped to >61%, class 1 could be mapped to 21%-60%, and class 0 could be mapped to 0%-20% (“battery empty”). A lower top percentage associated with class 0 would delay a situation in which no device desires to assume the coordinator role. In further embodiments, reference values may be changed according to factors such as the specific capacity of a device's battery and/or the expected energy consumption of the device. [0122] Moreover, a greater number of class values may be used. In embodiments, this may be implemented through the allocation of a greater number of bits to communicate class values. By increasing the number of class values, a greater degree of energy level uniformity among devices in a network may be achieved. [0123] VI. Notification of Residual Energy [0124] According to the present invention, a device (DEV) may transmit its residual energy level (encoded, for example, in the manner of Tables 1 and 2) to other devices in the network. Such transmissions may occur, for example, when the device's residual energy level changes classes, either downwards or upwards. FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a technique in which a device transmits energy information. This technique may be performed in various network environments, such as the environment of FIG. 1 . Accordingly, in IEEE 802.15.3 environments, this device may be a DEY. In Bluetooth environments, this device may be a slave device. [0125] As shown in FIG. 11 , in a step 1102 , the device detects a change in its residual energy status. This change may be a change of the device's energy condition in either an upward direction (i.e., more residual energy) or a downward direction (i.e., less residual energy). However, in embodiments of the present invention, this change may include a downward change in the device's energy condition and not an upward change. Such energy conditions may be in the form of energy classes, as described above with reference to Table 1. Next, in step 1104 , the device transmits its residual energy level to its coordinator (e.g., its PNC). [0126] Various techniques may be employed by devices to communicate residual energy information. In implementations involving IEEE 802.15.3 piconets, PNC and DEV capabilities provided by the current standard may be employed. For example, residual energy information may be communicated using capabilities information elements (IEs) currently provided by IEEE 802.15.3. For example, the PNC Des-mode and PSRC bits currently provided by IEEE 802.15.3 may be employed to convey residual energy information. [0127] According to the current IEEE 802.15.3 standard, the PSRC bit is set to one if the DEV is receiving power from an alternating current source. Otherwise, the PSRC bit is set to zero. The PNC Des-Mode bit is set to one when the device desires to be the PNC. Otherwise, the PNC DesMode bit is set to zero. [0128] According to embodiments of the present invention, an exemplary modification to the usage of the PSRC and PNC Des-Mode bits is provided below in Table 3. In this modification, classes 1 and 2 are merged into a single class, thus providing a reduced resolution. These classes may be associated with interpretations, as shown in Table 1. In this case, the merged class is interpreted as class 2 in Table 1. [0000] TABLE 3 Energy levels coded using existing bits in PNC and DEV Capabilities. Class Status PSRC PNC-DES 3 fixed power supply 1 1 2 battery almost full 0 1 1 battery half 0 1 0 battery almost empty 0 0 [0129] Currently, IEEE 802.15.3 provides for exchange of PNC and DEV capabilities when devices associate. For moments throughout device association periods, the present invention provides further techniques for exchanging residual energy information between devices. This advantageously allows for changes in battery energy levels to be communicated. [0130] One such technique involves PNC information requests. IEEE 802.15.3 currently provides for PNC information requests, which are transmitted by a PNC. PNC information requests may be sent to a specific DEV (setting DEVID) or to all DEVs (setting BcstID). PNC information requests may be transmitted in response to requests or unsolicited. According to the present invention, PNCs may transmit residual energy level information (e.g., the class codes of Table 1) in PNC information requests. These PNC information requests may be unsolicited. [0131] A further technique involves PNC probe requests. IEEE 802.15.3 provides for PNC probe requests, which may be sent to a specific DEY. Moreover, PNC probe requests may also be sent from DEV to DEY. According to the present invention, PNC probe requests may be used to transmit residual energy level information (e.g., the class codes of Table 1). [0132] An additional technique for exchanging residual energy information (e.g., the class codes of Table 1) involves PNC handover commands. In embodiments of the present invention, such residual energy information may be included by enhanced devices in response to a PNC handover command. [0133] IEEE 802.15.3 currently provides for a PNC to transmit a PNC handover command to an elected DEY. As a response to this command, the elected DEV may refuse by responding with a result code. The present invention provides for residual energy-based PNC handover operations to be performed in networks having both devices that operate according to the current IEEE 802.15.3 standard, and devices that provide for enhanced energy-based processing capabilities, as described herein. Alternatively, these energy-based operations may be performed in networks having only devices that provide for enhanced energy-based processing capabilities. An example of such an operation is shown in FIG. 12 . [0134] FIG. 12 is a flowchart of a technique in which PNC handover commands are used to convey energy information. This technique may be performed in various network environments, such as the environment of FIG. 1 . As shown in FIG. 12 , this technique includes a step 1201 . In this step, one or more triggering events occur. These triggering event(s) may include the energy condition of the current network coordinator changing downward. For example, the PNC's energy class, as described above with reference to Table 1, may change to a class denoting a lower residual energy level. Such a triggering event allows for fair battery consumption among devices in the network. [0135] In embodiments of the present invention, such triggering events may based on various events or factors, which may include the following: (1) A new device seeks entry or is added to the wireless network (e.g., such as a new device with improved power source status); (2) A device or the coordinator seeks to leave or leaves the wireless network (e.g., the available power of the coordinator is less than a predetermined threshold or the coordinator is moving out of range); (3) The device parameters of one or more of the devices in the wireless network changes (e.g., a device becomes coupled to a fixed power supply); (4) A triggering event occurs at the coordinator (e.g., user defined thresholds, such as power thresholds or other factors or circumstances, are met); (5) Another device challenges the coordinator for the coordinator position; and (6) User of the coordinator device initiates the procedure. [0142] A step 1202 follows step 1201 . In this step, initial PNC handover commands (referred to herein as pseudo PNC handover commands) are issued to all DEVs that are eligible to take on the PNC role. These pseudo PNC handover commands are transmitted one after the other, for example, in order of the priority table defined by IEEE 802.15.3. [0143] In a step 1204 , DEVs which do not possess enhanced energy-based processing capabilities respond according to the current version of IEEE 802.15.3. [0144] In a step 1206 , all DEVs operated by a fixed power supply (e.g., AC power) respond according to the current standard. That is, these DEVs may respond to the pseudo handover command by accepting the role of PNC. [0145] In a step 1208 , all battery operated DEVs having enhanced energy-based processing capabilities refuse the pseudo PNC handover command. This comprises sending an enhanced response to the PNC. The enhanced response includes a special result code, in which the residual energy status information (e.g., a class code of Table 1) is embedded. These “enhanced” responses are chosen so that no erroneous behavior is induced in “plain standard” DEVs. [0146] In a step 1209 , the PNC determines whether the PNC role has been accepted. If there has been no acceptance, then all DEVs in the network have refused the pseudo PNC handover command. When there has been no acceptance of the PNC role, operation proceeds to a step 1210 . In this step, the “enhanced responses” are collected and ranked by the current PNC, which has enhanced energy-based processing capabilities. [0147] In a step 1212 an elected PNC is determined. This determination is based on the ranking performed in step 1210 . Accordingly, this ranking and determination may employ a priority list, such as the priority lists of FIGS. 7 and 8 . In the case of FIG. 8 , the power source status indicator (PSSI) information is provided by the responses received in step 1208 . [0148] In a step 1214 , in which the current PNC issues a PNC handover command (referred to herein as a true PNC handover command to the elected DEV, which has enhanced energy-based processing capabilities. [0149] In a step 1216 , after receiving the true PNC handover command, the elected DEV accepts the PNC role. A step 1218 follows step 1216 . In this step, the PNC relinquishes control of the network to the elected coordinator. [0150] In order for pseudo and true PNC handover commands to be distinguished, the present invention provides a time duration referred to herein as the minimum PNC handover cycle (MinPNCHOCycle) time. This time duration may be established at the PNC and DEVs during device association. Accordingly, a PNC does not issue a pseudo PNC handover command procedure before MinPNCHOCycle is elapsed after the previous pseudo PNC handover command. Accordingly, a true PNC handover command follows a pseudo PNC handover command within a duration less than MinPNCHOCycle. This feature prevents a DEV from mistaking a pseudo PNC handover command for a true PNC handover command. [0151] FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an exchange of information between a PNC 1310 and a DEV 1312 , according to the approach of FIG. 12 . This exchange is shown to occur in a chronological sequence according to a time axis 1301 . This exchange of FIG. 13 may be performed in various network environments, such as the environment of FIG. 1 . [0152] As shown in FIG. 13 , PNC 1310 transmits a pseudo PNC handover command 1302 , which is received by DEV 1312 . Next, DEV 1312 sends a refusal 1304 to PNC 1310 . This refusal includes energy level information, such as a residual energy class code from Table 1. [0153] Next, PNC 1310 transmits a true PNC handover command 1306 . DEV 1312 receives this command and transmits an acceptance 1308 to PNC 1310 . At this point, DEV 1312 may assume the role of PNC. [0154] The techniques described above with reference to FIGS. 11-13 may be employed in various communications frameworks. These environments include UWB and/or carrier-based implementations of the IEEE 802.15.3 framework, a Bluetooth framework, as well as other communications frameworks. [0155] VII. Database [0156] According to the techniques described herein, a device may transmit its residual energy level information (encoded, for example, in the manner of Tables 1 and 2) to other devices in the network. For instances, devices may transmit such information to the network coordinator (e.g., PNC or master). Based on this information (as well as other information), coordinator handover operations may be performed. As described above, such handover operations may employ a priority list to determine a future coordinator. [0157] Accordingly, a network may maintain a database that stores information, such as residual energy level information for each network device and a priority list that drives coordinator handover decisions. In addition, other information, such as device information specified by the priority list may be stored by the database. [0158] This database may be dynamically maintained. For instance, as device related information changes (for example, as residual energy level information changes), the database contents are updated to reflect these changes. Such changes may be made in response to updated information transmitted by network devices, for example, as described above with reference to FIG. 11 . [0159] In embodiments, the database is maintained only at the coordinator. However, in further embodiments, the database is maintained as a “common knowledge” by all of the devices in the network. This may be implemented as a distributed database maintained by each device, or a server device. When the database is maintained only at the coordinator, the coordinator passes (e.g., transfers) the information to the new coordinator upon completion of a coordinator handover. [0160] FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating the environment of FIG. 1 in which coordinator 102 includes a handover information database 1402 . Database 1402 includes information described above, such as such as residual energy level information, a priority list, and device information specified by the priority list. [0161] Accordingly, such database implementations may be employed in the techniques described herein with reference to FIGS. 9-12 , and 15 . [0162] Upon selection of a new coordinator device, database 1402 (or its contents) is transferred to the newly selected coordinator device. As an example, FIG. 14 illustrates a transfer operation 1404 in which database 1402 is passed to a particular device 104 . [0163] Accordingly, a coordinator may perform various steps, which are shown in FIG. 15 . In a step 1502 , the coordinator may maintain a handover information database that stores at least residual energy status information (e.g., class codes) for each device in the network. This database may also store other device parameters, as well as a priority list. In a step 1504 , the coordinator may receive updated residual energy status information from the devices in the network. Based on this received information, the database is dynamically updated in step 1506 . [0164] Moreover, in a step 1508 , the coordinator may select one of the remote devices as a best candidate for coordinating future communications in the network. This selection may be based on at least the residual energy status information stored in the database. In embodiments, this selection may include the techniques described above with reference to FIG. 12 . Upon selection, the coordinator may transfer the database to the selected device in a step 1510 . [0165] VIII. Conclusion [0166] While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not in limitation. For instance, although examples have been described involving Bluetooth and UWB and WPAN technologies, other short-range and longer range communications technologies and wireless networks, such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), are within the scope of the present invention. [0167] Accordingly, it will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art that various changes in form and detail can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.	A method of coordinating devices in a wireless network is provided. First capability data associated with a first type of power source and a first state of the power source of a first device is received at a second device. Second capability data is transmitted to the first device from the second device. The second capability data is associated with a second type of power source and a second state of the power source of the second device. The first capability data is compared with the second capability data at the second device. If the comparison indicates the first capability data is less desirable than the second capability data, the second capability data is transmitted again to the first device from the second device. If the comparison indicates the first capability data is more desirable than the second capability data, the first capability data is received again from the first device at the second device.	8
FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] This invention relates to a device for the removal of structural liners from a conduit, such as a water or sewage conduits or gas or chemical pipes. The device can also be used to generally remove difficult in-pipe obstacles. BACKGROUND [0002] Conduits for fluids, such as water or sewage conduits, or gas or chemical pipe, deteriorate over time. For example, many of the water mains throughout North America are made from unlined cast-iron pipe, the preferred material for water distribution systems up to the mid-1970's and beyond. Over time such pipes will deteriorate, often due to corrosion, becoming pitted and forming tubercules. This corroded material, in combination with mineral deposits, is known as encrustation and tuberculation. [0003] Such deterioration results in leakage of the fluids, such as water or sewage, into the surrounding environment. For example, in 2013, Toronto experienced approximately 1700 water main breaks. These cause drops water pressure drops, and the leaking fluids can weaken the surrounding ground and can interfere with other underground systems, such as communication systems or other water or fluid bearing conduits. Such conduits need to be rehabilitated. [0004] One approach to rehabilitation is to replace the deteriorated conduit. However, this can be a very costly and labour-intensive exercise; for example, if the conduit is a buried water pipe, replacement involves setting up a work area and digging up the pipe, known as “open-cut replacement”. [0005] A different approach to rehabilitation is to re-line the walls of the conduit, which can be performed without digging up or accessing the exterior of the conduit itself. In the water conduit rehabilitation sector, this is known as “trenchless technology”. In doing so, a “structural liner” is formed; put simply, a new pipe or conduit (or inner surface) is formed inside the old conduit. As a first step, it is usual for the conduit to be cleaned to remove debris, which can includes encrustation and tuberculation in the case of water conduits, but more generally can also include dust, grease and sludge. [0006] The inside of the conduit is then lined. Two approaches are cured-in-place pipe and a cement-mortar lining. [0007] Cement-mortar lining, also known as a spray-on liner, involves a cement mortar that is sprayed onto the inside of the conduit, sealing any leakages and so extending the useful life of the conduit. The spray is applied when the conduit is not in service, and is relatively dry. [0008] Another solution is to deploy a cured-in-place structural liner within the conduit. For example, Canadian patent no. 2,361,960 of Mercier describes the use of a cured-in-place structural liner. The liner consists of two concentric tubular jackets (an outer and an inner jacket) made of a flexible material that are impregnated with an adhesive resin. Bonded to the inner surface of the inner jacket is a film that is impermeable to liquid to flow through the conduit. The liner is inserted into one end of a dry conduit and then pulled into place. A shaping step then occurs, where the liner is made to conform to the inner wall of the conduit. The liner is then cured in place by flowing heated water through the conduit. This causes the liner to become a rigid structure, bonded to the inner surface of the conduit. [0009] In one example, such an approach results in a conduit lined with a polyurethane and fabric liner, typically 1/16 to ¼ of an inch thick, which is sealed in place with epoxy. [0010] However, if the structural liner (whether a cured-in-place structural liner or a cement-mortar liner or another structural liner) is defective or improperly installed, it may need to be removed soon after installation. If the liner is misapplied or poorly applied (for example due to equipment failure, poor epoxy quality due to mix ratio and temperature), it may deform over time and may need to be removed in the medium term. Furthermore, in the long run structural liners themselves will deteriorate and need to be replaced. This will involve removing the installed liner. [0011] There do exist devices or systems designed to clean conduits prior to liner installation. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,525,111 of Von Arx shows a device for treating the inner surface of a cylindrical duct, including rotating sets of arms. The arms may be equipped with bristles, scrapers, abrasives or paint applicators. The arms are rotated through use of a turbine when the device is towed through a fluid, or can be rotated by an electric or air motor. This device has at least two sets of rotating arms that rotate in opposite directions to reduce the impact of internal discontinuities in the pipe (such as rivet heads) on the desired treatment. U.S. Pat. No. 8,407,844 of Boe discloses a “pig” or device that moves through a pipe, powered by the flow of fluid in the pipe via a turbine, which may be used for cleaning. The tools in this device (for example, brushes or scrapers) may be powered by the turbine or by a power source such as a battery. U.S. Pat. No. 6,368,418 of Rowe discloses a device driven by water pressure in the conduit to move the device and rotate a disk with a serrated edge. U.S. Pat. No. 4,573,231 of Stockstein et al. also discloses a device driven by the water pressure in a conduit and driving a set of cutting wheels using a collar and impact shaft system. In another approach, U.S. Pat. No. 8,011,052 of Kapustin discloses a cleaning device that is designed to be towed by a pig towing device. [0012] These approaches are designed to remove encrustation, tuberculation, or debris in the conduit. However, the removal of structural liners, including cured-in-place pipe and cement-mortar linings, presents a different problem than the scraping of deposits in the preparation for a lining. [0013] Compared to encrustation, tuberculation, or debris, structural liners are generally harder, smoother, more strongly attached to the walls of the conduit, and broadly attached to the inner surface of the conduit. Although there may be deposits encountered in a conduit during cleaning that are hard, or smooth, or bonded to the inner walls of the conduit, such deposits are limited. In contrast, liners extend for the entire length and circumference of the conduit. [0014] Generally, the prior art approaches to conduit cleaning provide cleaners with limited cutting and grinding power, often driven by turbines, or electric or air motors. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,368,418 of Rowe states that the device may need to be passed through a pipe several times for adequate cleaning of the pipe when removing deposits. Generally, these are either pushed through the conduit by differences in fluid pressure or are towed. Also, in practice rehabilitation of conduits using structural liners are performed using a dry pipe, while the devices listed above are often designed to work in a fluid environment. [0015] In light of this, it would be advantageous to have a device for removing structural liners (whether cured-in-place liners or cement-mortar liners) from a dry conduit. SUMMARY [0016] The inventive device addresses the issue of the removal of structural liners from conduits by providing a device with greater cutting and grinding power, sized close to the diameter of the original conduit (or more generally, to the desired geometry of the conduit after completion of the removal of the liner) so as to be akin to milling the conduit, and a structure that can control the cutting and grinding apparatus in the axial centre of the pipe, given the torque and vibrations necessarily caused by sufficiently powerful cutting and grinding activity. [0017] Conduits will often have service connections tied into the conduit. These service connections will often protrude into the conduit itself; in other words, they will protrude beyond the inner surface of the conduit. Since structural liners (whether cured-in-place or cement-mortar liners) cover the inner surface of the conduit, removal of the liner once it has hardened as a practical matter may require removal of the portion of the service connection protruding into the conduit. The portions of the service connections protruding into the conduits are often made of brass or copper. Generally, the prior art approaches to conduit cleaning provide cleaners with limited cutting and grinding power, often driven by turbines, and are not designed to remove such difficult in-pipe obstacles from conduits such as brass or copper protrusions into the conduit. Also, the structural liner itself may be deformed, possibly presenting difficulties in the shape of the deformity that are different from encrustation and tuberculation. The present device is capable of removing such difficult in-pipe obstacles. [0018] Although the device is designed for the removal of liners, necessarily including the removal of intruding service connections or deformed liners, it can also be used for the removal of other difficult in-pipe obstacles that may be encountered. Furthermore, in the past, pipes were often connected using lead. Government regulations now require these connections to be ground down to minimize contamination of lead into the water conveyed through the pipe. The present device also can be used to grind down such lead connections between pipes. [0019] In addition to removing the previous liner, the inventive device also controls the geometry of the conduit after the completion of the liner removal process. Generally, the inside diameter of the conduit after liner removal will be consistent through the length of the conduit within the designed tolerances, and ready for future treatment. The devices in the prior art discussed previously are not designed to deliver the desired geometry, consistency and smoothness after their cleaning actions, and would not deliver the desired geometry, consistency and smoothness if one attempted to use them to remove a hardened structural liner. [0020] In accordance with the present invention, there is provided an an apparatus for removing a liner from a generally cylindrical conduit, comprising, a front support axially displaceable inside a conduit provided with a first guide means engagable with the inner periphery of said conduit; a shaft extending axially from said front support; a rear support axially displaceable inside a conduit supporting said shaft provided with a second guide means engageable with the inner periphery of said conduit; a set of cutters mounted on said shaft for rotation about the axis of said conduit and mounted between said front support and said rear support; drive means for rotating said set of cutters about said axis and pushing said shaft down the conduit where the drive means provides at least 1000 ft lbs of torque; and at least one third support for the shaft located between said driver and said rear support. [0021] In another aspect of the present invention, the set of cutters consists of at least two cutters of progressively larger diameter. In another aspect of the present invention, the at least two cutters are circular cutters equipped with carbide tips. In another aspect of the present invention, the at least two cutters include cutouts positioned to allow debris to move axially up behind the at least two cutters. In another aspect of the present invention, the at least one third supports are slidable in the axial direction of the conduit. In another aspect of the present invention, the shaft comprises a connected series of push rods. In another aspect of the present invention, the rear support includes at least three spring-loaded rollers oriented radially to the axis of the conduit. In another aspect of the present invention, the spring-loaded rollers include wheels oriented axially down the pipe. [0022] In another aspect of the present invention, the front support comprises at least three collapsible supports oriented radially to the axis of the conduit, said collapsible supports being attached to a sliding ring, said sliding ring being biased by a biasing means to extend said collapsible supports. In another aspect of the present invention, said biasing means is a spring. In another aspect of the present invention, the three collapsible supports have greater radial flexibility than the at least three spring-loaded rollers. [0023] In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method of removing a liner from a conduit, comprising: a) Introducing the apparatus of claims 1 to 11 into a conduit; and b) engaging said motor and driving said shaft into said conduit. In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided the further steps of: c) At a predetermined point, disengaging said motor, interposing a push rod between said shaft and said motor; and d) repeating step b). BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0024] The embodiments of the present invention shall be more clearly understood with reference to the following detail description of the embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: [0025] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a conduit, shown with the inner wall covered with a two-layer liner in accord with the approach of Mercer; [0026] FIG. 2 is a side view of a conduit, showing an intruding service connection and a misapplied cure-in-pipe structural liner. [0027] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of conduit, shown with the inner wall covered with a spray-on concrete liner; [0028] FIG. 4 illustrates an overview of the liner removal system; [0029] FIG. 5 illustrates the driver and the rear slide support; [0030] FIG. 6 is an axial view of the rear slide support; [0031] FIG. 7 is an axial view of the rear rollers support; [0032] FIG. 8 is a side view of the rear rollers support; [0033] FIG. 9 is a front perspective view of the cutters; [0034] FIG. 10 is a rear perspective view of the cutters; [0035] FIG. 11 is an axial view of a cutter wheel; [0036] FIG. 12 is a side view of the front support; [0037] FIG. 13 is an axial view of the front support; and [0038] FIG. 14 is a side view of the front support. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0039] The description which follows and the embodiments described therein are provided by way of illustration of an example, or examples of particular embodiments of the principles and aspects of the present invention. These examples are provided for the purposes of explanation and not of limitation, of those principles of the invention. In the description that follows, like parts are marked throughout the specification and the drawings with the same respective reference numerals. [0040] FIG. 1 shows a conduit or pipe 10 . Conduit 10 has an inside surface 12 . In this example, the conduit 10 has been lined with a cured-in-place structural liner using a method generally described in Canadian patent no. 2,361,960 of Mercer: bonded to the inside surface 12 is an outer jacket 14 and an inner jacket 16 which together constitute a structural liner 18 . The outer jacket 14 may be made from woven polyester of about 2 mm thickness and the inner jacket 16 from woven polyester of about 2-2.5 mm thickness. Outer jacket 14 and inner jacket 16 are impregnated with epoxy, which is then cured to form a hard material. Outer jacket 14 is bonded by the epoxy to inside surface 12 ; inner jacket 16 is bonded by epoxy to outer jacket 14 . The inner liner surface 19 of inner jacket 16 is smooth and hard. Inner liner surface 19 should be impermeable to the fluid that will flow through the conduit, and to the epoxy. Inner liner surface 19 can be made of polyurethane. Generally, the method of Mercer is used to rehabilitate water conduits, and inner liner surface 19 is impermeable to water. [0041] Conduit 10 is connected to a service connection 15 . If service connection 15 intrudes into the pipe, it will form an obstacle to the removal of the structural liner 18 . Deformities in the installed liner 18 will also present difficulties in the removal of the liner. FIG. 2 is a side view of the conduit of FIG. 1 with an intrusion 17 from service connection 15 and a deformation 21 in the structural liner 18 . [0042] Conduits may also be rehabilitated with a cement-mortar liner. FIG. 3 shows a second conduit 11 with an inside surface 13 . Conduit 11 has been lined with a spray-on cement-mortar liner 20 . Liner 20 is one layer of cement mortar. In this case, cement-mortar liner 20 is bonded to inside surface 13 . Liner 20 is hard, difficult to crumble or break and has a smooth inner liner surface 23 . This approach is used in conduits for transporting water, and in such cases the inner liner surface 23 is impermeable to water. More generally, inner liner surface 23 should be impermeable to the fluids to flow in conduit 11 ; in the case of rehabilitating water conduits, inner liner surface 23 is impermeable to water. [0043] Turning to FIG. 4 , the liner removal system generally consists of a driver 30 , rear slide supports 50 , rear rollers support 70 , cutters 90 , and front support 110 . Driver 30 turns a shaft 32 , which turns cutters 90 . [0044] Turning to FIG. 5 , driver 30 is connected to a push rod 34 . Shaft 32 is a series of connected push rods 34 . The push rods 34 may be connected in any way known in the art as long as the connection accommodates rotation in both directions. Driver 30 is a driver that provides sufficient torque and thrust to grind out a structural liner and push the liner removal system down the conduit. A driver 30 that provides 1,000 ft lbs of torque and 17,670 lbs of thrust has been found to work for cured-in-place structural liners. [0045] Turning to FIG. 6 , the rear slide supports are a central tube 52 built around a push rod 34 , and have three fins 54 spaced equally spaced around the central tube. The central tube includes ball bearings that allow the push rods to rotate while rear slide supports 50 do not. The radial length of the fins is set to reflect the diameter of the conduit. The fins 54 are held by a holder bracket 53 and are adjusted radially by holder brackets 53 with a locking pin system. In this embodiment, a rear slide support in inserted every 20 meters. [0046] Rear slide supports 50 guide shaft 32 (and thus push rods 34 ) and keep the shaft 32 in the center of the conduit. Rear slide supports 50 consist of a central tube 52 and three radially spaced fins 54 ; the radially spaced fins are sized to keeps the axis of the shaft 32 aligned with the pipe. Driver 30 turns the shaft 32 and cutters 90 , and also pushes the shaft 32 and the rest of the liner removal system down the conduit. Once the liner removal system has progressed a certain distance down the conduit, the driver is stopped and reset, and a new push rod 34 is added. More rear slide supports 50 and push rods 34 are added as the device moves into the pipe. [0047] The rear rollers support 70 keeps cutters 90 in the centre of the pipe, and compensates for uneven pipe surfaces and diameter variations when going through the pipe. Turning to FIGS. 7 and 8 , Rear rollers support 70 includes spring loaded rollers 72 with wheels 74 . The wheels 74 are oriented down the axis of the pipe (i.e. perpendicular to the rotation of the shaft 32 and cutters 90 ). The spring loaded rollers 72 are adjusted to the diameter of the conduit, and the springs bias the wheels 74 outwards so the wheels contact the inner surface of the conduit. The spring loaded rollers 72 can adjust to uneven surfaces in the newly ground pipe. [0048] The set of cutters 90 may be seen in FIGS. 9 and 10 . These are a set of cutters of increasing diameter from smallest cutter 92 to largest cutter 94 . The largest cutter 94 is sized to achieve the desired largest diameter of grinding. The cutter wheels 96 and cutting tips 98 must be made out of a material suitable to cut and grind the liner being removed. The cutter wheels 96 may be seen in a side view in FIG. 11 . The cutters include cutouts 100 which allow the passage of debris from the grinding to the back of the device and eventually our behind the rear rollers support 70 . The cutouts 100 must be large enough to allow the passage of chunks of liner being removed. The necessary size of cutouts 100 depends upon the nature of the liner being ground. Generally, it is desirable to make the cutouts 100 as large as possible; however, in practice a diameter of 2 inches has been found to be adequate for both spray-on cement-mortar liners and cured-in-place structural liners. Cutter wheels 96 have notches 101 to accept cutting tips 98 . [0049] FIG. 12 shows the front support 110 . Front support 110 includes collapsible supports 112 , with wheels 114 oriented axially down the pipe (i.e. perpendicular to the rotation of shaft 32 and cutters 90 ). The collapsible supports 112 are attached to a sliding ring 111 , which is biased forward (in the direction of the drilling) by spring 116 . The collapsible supports 112 allow the device to handle uneven bumps and other obstacles in the pipe. [0050] The front support 110 uses ball bearings to allow the shaft 32 to rotate independent of the front support 110 . Turning to FIG. 13 , the three collapsible supports 112 are axially spaced around the front support 110 . Turning to FIG. 14 , the collapsible supports 112 consist of a first member 113 (attached to wheel 114 ) and a second member 115 is rotationally connected at 121 . First member 113 is rotationally attached to the front support 110 at 119 , while the second member is rotationally attached to sliding ring 111 at 123 . [0051] Rear rollers support 70 , cutters 90 and front support 110 and shaft 32 and driver 30 work together as a system to grind out a liner. The system is introduced into a conduit from which a liner is to be removed. Front support 110 is the foremost component in the direction of cutting, and is flexible enough to maneuver past irregularities in the liner (as would happen for example with an improperly installed structural liner 18 , or in the case of a service connection protruding into the conduit) while keeping the cutters 90 centered in the conduit. [0052] Driver 30 pushes the liner removal system into the conduit. If there is an irregularity in the liner, the liner will first be cut by one of the smaller cutters 90 , and as the cutter is moved forward it encounters progressively larger cutters until it encounters largest cutter 94 . Since the liner (whether a structural liner 18 or a sprayed on concrete liner) is bonded to the inside surface 12 of the conduit 10 , the diameter of largest cutter 94 needs to be close to the diameter of conduit 10 in order to remove the liner (without damaging the host pipe) and render the pipe suitable for further rehabilitation. In this way, the cutters 90 are performing an action more akin to milling the conduit than merely scraping out debris. [0053] When removing a cured-in-place structural liner in preparation for rehabilitating the conduit by installing a new cured-in-place structural liner, it is important to remove the woven polyester (although a small amount of epoxy is acceptable). Also, one would want the inner surface of the conduit to be as round as possible to avoid voids when installing the new liner. If the conduit narrows or not circular, the liner material may bunch up or fold. While a small fold in the liner is desirable as it ensures that liner is contacting the conduit through the entire circumference of the conduit, too large of a fold is undesirable. Debris will accumulate around a fold, and if the fold is too large it can cause turbulence such a bubbling in the water as if passes through the conduit, which can result in contamination of the water. Also, if the fold is not consistent (i.e. a spiral) then the water starts to turbulate, creating vibration in the conduit itself, which increases the speed of deterioration. Also, if the fold is located above a service, it may be impossible to drill the service out (i.e. drill the structural liner to allow the service access to the conduit). [0054] Rear rollers support 70 encounter a different operating environment than front support 110 , since the liner will have already been cut and ground from the conduit ahead of rear rollers 70 . As a result, the spring loaded rollers 72 should be stiffer than spring 116 , and rear roller support 70 acts to keep the cutters 90 centered in the conduit. [0055] If the conduit is of sufficient length, once the liner removal system has progressed a predetermined distance down the conduit, the driver 30 is stopped and reset, and a push rod 34 is added, typically with a rear slide support 50 . The driver 30 is engaged, disengaged and reset, and more rear slide supports 50 and push rods 34 are added, as the device moves into the conduit. [0056] In one embodiment of the invention, the driver 30 is powered by a diesel or gas motor. In one embodiment of the invention, driver 30 is a McLaughlin Boring System model MCL-10H, which can provide more than 1,000 ft lbs of torque and 17,670 lbs of thrust. Push rods 34 are steel, 2 inches in diameter, about 24 inches long, and have a central channel ½ inch in diameter which allows for more flexibility and handling of the torque. The push rods 34 are connected by a conical thread to create shaft 32 . The fins 54 are 3.5 inches by 14.5 inches by ⅜ inch stainless steel and are held by a holder bracket 53 with a locking pin system covering about 3.0 inches in adjustment. The holder bracket 53 extends radially about 3.5 inches from the central tube 52 , and central tube 52 is approximately 5.75 inches in diameter. The front support 110 is attached to one end of a push rod 34 , and the cutters and rear rollers support are built around this push rod. The wheels 114 are made of aluminum (standard 6061-T6), with a diameter of 2 inches and thickness of ⅞ inches. Spring 116 is a spring-tempered steel jumbo compression spring, 6 inches in length, 3.656 inches outer diameter, 0.375 inches wire diameter, with a maximum load of 550.00 lbs and a rate of 161.00 lbs/inch (stroke 3.37 inches). In this embodiment, when fully collapsed, the Front Support 110 fits within the cutting diameter of the smallest of cutting wheels 92 . The collapsible arms 112 including first member 115 and second member 113 are made of 1 inch thick stainless steel conforming to AISI 1020, the length of the first arm 113 (attached to wheel 114 ) is 7.675 inches (centre to centre) and the length of the second arm 115 is 5.5 inches centre to centre, with the distance from connection 119 to connection 121 being 4.050 inches in length. In this embodiment, the wheels 74 and the wheels 114 are made of aluminum (standard 6061-T6), with a diameter of 2 inches and thickness of ⅞ inches. The wheels 74 are biased outwards by a type 302 stainless steel compression spring 3.00 inches length, 0.500 inches outer diameter and 0.080 inches wire diameter, with a maximum load of 56.91 lbs and a rate of 40.65 lbs/inch (stroke 1.4 inches). As a result, in this embodiment the front support 110 is more flexible than the rear rollers support 70 . [0057] In this embodiment, the cutter wheels 96 are made of steel (standard SAE 1045 mild steel, hardness 28-32 Rc) and have a 0.5 inches thickness. For removing a liner from a 16 inch pipe, the diameter of the largest cutter is 15.25 inches; the cutter wheel has a diameter of 14.75 inches, with a 0.625 inch allowance for inserts, and the insert tips 98 are standard carbide triangle-shaped inserts ¾ inch long. In this embodiment for use with a 16 inch conduit, the diameters of the cutters including inserts is 15.25 inches, 14.75 inches, 12 inches and 10.5 inches; the diameters of the corresponding cutter wheels are 15 inches, 13.5 inches, 12 inches and 10.5 inches. [0058] In another embodiment, the smallest size cutting wheel can have two carbide inserts instead of one to accommodate variations in the in-pipe obstacles. [0059] In another embodiment, the set of cutters 90 are sized so the smaller cutters cut inside of the cutting diameter of the carbide inserts of the next biggest cutting wheel. [0060] In one embodiment, a steel cable is attached to the front support and threaded through the conduit before operation. If one of the push rods breaks, the liner removal system can be removed from the host conduit by pulling the device out using the steel cable, although this may well damage the device. [0061] In the case of very short conduits (i.e. less than 10 m), it may be possible to run the liner removal system without the rear slide supports. [0062] Although the forgoing description and accompanying drawings relate to specific preferred embodiments of the present invention as presently contemplated by the inventor, it will be understood that various changes, modifications and adaptations may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention.	A system for removing structural liners (whether cured-in-place liners or cement-mortar liners) from a dry conduit is disclosed. The system uses a set of cutters of progressively larger diameters, front and rear supports designed for this purpose, and a drive means for driving the system down the conduit where the structural liner is to be removed.	5
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a locking system for window sashes in a window frame, and more particularly, involves an improved locking system which selectively allows either a vertical sliding movement of the window sash within the window frame or a tilting of the window sash relative to the window frame. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Locking devices for window sashes in a window frame are well-known in the art. One such locking device comprises a cam assembly having a rotatable cam element and which is securely fastened to the top of the bottom window sash, and a cam keeper element fastened to the bottom of the top window sash so that when both windows are closed, the rotatable cam element can be operated to move into the cam keeper element for the locking of the window sashes. This locking device is of a simple construction and its operation either locks or unlocks the windows. Further examples of a locking device for a window sash and/or a door are disclosed in Canadian Patent No. 621,503; British Patent Nos. 1,364,444, and 10,118; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,869,274; 4,470,277; and 5,341,752. Canadian Patent No. 621,503 discloses a locking device for a tiltable window sash comprising two rod elements and an operating handle which positions the locking device into a lock position, or into a first tiltable, opening position for the window sash, or into a further tiltable opening position for the window sash. British Patent No. 1,364,444 discloses an operating mechanism for the operation of a pair of locking bolts for a window or door whereby the bolts are moved into and out of a locking position through a handle-actuator-link mechanism which causes reciprocating movement of the links in an inward direction for releasing of the locking bolts. Canadian Patent No. 10,118 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,869,274, 4,470,277, and 5,341,752 show further examples of a handle-actuator-link arrangement for operating a locking device which is used either in a door for a safe or for an automobile. While some of these prior art locking devices may be adequate for their particular design and/or operation of the window sash or the door, there is still a need in the art to provide an improved locking system which provides an optimum degree of security and safety while still allowing the window sashes to be opened and/or tilted for cleaning purposes. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has met the above-described needs. It employs an improved locking system comprising a lock handle assembly which is mounted on a window sash and which operates a lever-link mechanism, which in turn reciprocates two rod elements which extend outwardly from the handle assembly and parallel to the window sash. Each rod element has a tip which extends into a jamb channel in the window frame. A fixed end cap guide is mounted to the window sash to guide the movement of the rod tip into and out of the channel in the frame. Each rod element also has a rotatable cam means with a latch which moves into and out of a cam keeper element which in turn is mounted on a cooperating window sash. For a locking mode, the lock handle assembly may be adjacent to the window sash, the rod elements are in their fully extended position with each tip engaged in the frame, and the latch of each cam means is located within its respective cam keeper element. Rotation of the lock handle assembly to a first position away from the window sash, causes each rod element to be pulled toward the lock handle assembly with its respective rod tip being partially extracted out of the jamb channel in the window frame, and the cam means to be fully rotated to remove its respective latch out of the cam keeper element. This allows vertical movement of the window sash within the window frame and still provides a tracking guide for the window sash in the window since the rod tips are still in the jamb channels of the frame. Further rotation of the lock handle assembly to a second position relative to the window sash causes each rod element to be further pulled toward the lock handle assembly with its respective rod tip fully retracted out of the jamb channel, and the cam means to be further rotated while remaining in an unlocked position. This allows the window sash to be tilted or rotated outwardly for cleaning of the window sash. It is therefore, an object of the present invention to provide an improved locking system for window sashes which performs a two-stage operation which upon a first operation of a lock handle assembly permits only vertical movement of at least one window sash within a window frame and which upon a second operation permits tilting of the window sash. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a locking system for a window sash which involves a lock handle-linkage assembly which upon operation activates cam means for a locking and an unlocking of the system. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a locking system comprising at least two locking devices which are operated simultaneously through operation of a lock handle assembly for a locking and an unlocking position of two members, which can be moved relative to each other. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a window locking system which includes a four-point lock arrangement for securing double hung windows in a closed position. These and other objects of the present invention will be more fully understood from the following description of the invention on reference to the illustrations appended hereto. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS There are shown in the drawings certain exemplary embodiments of the invention as presently preferred. It should be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiments disclosed as examples, and is capable of variation within the scope of the appended claims. FIG. 1 is a front elevational view of a double hung window and sash including a locking system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is top sectional view showing a locking system of the present invention mounted on a window frame in a fully locked position. FIG. 3 is a top sectional view of the system shown in FIG. 2 in an unlocked, sliding position. FIG. 4 is a top sectional view of the system shown in FIG. 2 in a fully unlocked, tilt position. FIG. 5 is a side sectional view taken through section 5--5 of FIG. 2 of the locking system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 6 is another side sectional view taken through section 6--6 of FIG. 2 of the locking system in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. FIG. 7 is a front elevational view of a portion of a lower window sash frame including a lock handle in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to the drawings, wherein like reference numbers represent like elements throughout the several drawings, FIG. 1 shows a locking window assembly 10 including a window frame 12, an upper window sash 20 and a lower window sash 30. The frame 12 and window sashes 20 and 30 may be made from any suitable material such as extruded aluminum, extruded vinyl, fiberglass, wood, composite materials and the like. The window sashes 20 and 30 may include transparent panes made from glass, plastic and the like. The window frame 12 includes jamb channels 14 and 16 which retain the lower window sash 30. The upper window sash 20 is retained in a separate set of jamb channels (not shown). Jamb channel inserts 15 and 17 are secured in the upper portions of the jamb channels 14 and 16. Each insert 15 and 17 provides a retaining ledge under which reciprocating rod tips 40 and 41 are locked when the lower window sash 30 is fully lowered. The inserts 15 and 17 preferably provide elevated surfaces in the upper portions of the jamb channels 14 and 16 which prevent the rod tips 40 and 41 from fully extending into the jamb channels 14 and 16 when the lower sash 30 is raised. A lock handle 32 is mounted on the lower window sash 30 for locking and unlocking the window assembly 10, as more fully described below. While the lock handle 32 shown in the figures is in the form of a lever, other handle configurations such as rotating knobs or sliding bars may be used in accordance with the present invention. The lock handle 32 may optionally be provided with a locking mechanism, such as a key lock (not shown). The lower window sash 30 has pivot pins 18, 19 which are mounted in conventional balance shoes (not shown) which slide in the jamb channels 14, 16 when the lower sash 30 is raised and lowered. The pivot pins 18 and 19 also retain the lower sash 30 in the window frame 12 when the locking assembly is fully unlocked and the lower window sash is tilted inward for cleaning or the like. FIGS. 2-4 are top sectional views of the window locking assembly of the present invention in various locking positions. In FIG. 2, the locking assembly is in the fully locked position which secures the upper sash 20 to the lower sash 30. In this fully locked position, the lower sash 30 is also prevented from sliding within the channels 14 and 16. In FIG. 3, the locking assembly is in the unlocked, sliding position which allows the upper and lower window sashes 20 and 30 to slide with respect to each other, and which permits the lower window sash 30 to slide within the channels 14 and 16. In FIG. 4, the locking assembly is in the fully unlocked, tilt position, which allows the lower window sash 30 to be tilted away from the window frame 12 for purposes of cleaning or the like. In addition, the upper sash 20 may be provided with a conventional tilting mechanism including pivot pins at the lower portion of the sash which pivotally retain the upper sash in the window frame. As shown in each of FIGS. 2-4, the locking assembly in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention includes a lock handle 32 rotatably mounted on the lower window sash frame 31 by means of a pivot member 33 such as a shaft, pin or bolt which is secured to a housing 93. Links 34 and 35 connect the lock handle 32 to reciprocating couplings 36 and 37. Each coupling 36, 37 is connected to a reciprocating rod 38, 39 which extends toward the window frame 12. Each reciprocating rod 38, 39 has a rod tip 40, 41 which may be extended outwardly from the lower window sash frame 31 for engagement with the jamb channel 14, 16. When the lock handle 32 is rotated clockwise into the fully locked position shown in FIG. 2, the links 34 and 35 preferably are offset at a slight angle of about 5 degrees with respect to the reciprocating rods 38 and 39. This provides an over the center locking action which prevents retraction of the rods 38 and 39 if axial pressure is applied to the rod tips 40 and 41. Movement of the reciprocating rods 38 and 39 is guided by bushings 46 and 47, and bent tabs 44 and 45. In the preferred embodiment shown in FIGS. 2-4, the reciprocating rods 38 and 39 are threaded along their lengths, which allows the rod tips 40 and 41 to be adjusted into the appropriate position with respect to the channels 14 and 16. The locking assembly shown in FIGS. 2-4 also includes cam assemblies 50a and 50b which act to secure the upper window sash 20 to the lower window sash 30. Each cam 50a, 50b is rotatably mounted on the lower window sash frame 31 by means of a pivot member 52a, 52b such as a shaft, pin, or bolt which is fastened to a bracket 51a, 51b. Each bracket 51a, 51b is secured to the lower sash frame 31 by fasteners such as screws 53a, 53b. The cams 50a and 50b are received within keeper slots 22 and 24 which are secured to the upper sash frame 21 by fasteners such as screws 26. The cam 50a is rotated about the pivot member 52a by the reciprocating movement of the rod 38. A threaded carrier 54a connected to the threaded reciprocating rod 38 has a screw pin 55a that engages in a slot 56a which extends through the cam 50a. Reciprocating movement of the rod 38 and carrier 54a thus actuates the cam 50a to thereby rotate into a locked or unlocked position. The threaded carrier 54a may be adjusted to the desired axial position on the threaded rod 38 in order to provide optimum engagement between the cam 50a and the keeper 22. The cam 50a includes a latch portion 60a that is receivable within a keeper slot 22 in the upper window sash frame 21. In a similar manner, the cam assembly 50b is actuated by a threaded carrier 54b and screw pin 55b mounted on the threaded reciprocating rod 39. The pin 55b extends through a slot 56b in the cam 50b. Reciprocating movement of the rod 39 causes the cam 50b to rotate about the pivot member 52b to thereby engage or disengage the cam latch 60b within the keeper slot 24 of the upper window sash frame 21. In the fully locked position shown in FIG. 2, the lock handle 32 is rotated about the pivot member 33 to a position almost flush against the lower window sash frame 31. In this position, the reciprocating rods 38 and 39 are fully extended such that the rod tips 40 and 41 extend into the jamb channels 14 and 16 underneath the retainer inserts 15 and 17. The lower window sash 30 is thus locked against relative movement within the window frame 12 through the contact of the end tips 40 and 41 and the undersides of the retainer inserts 15 and 17. When the rod tips 40 and 41 are fully inserted into the jamb channels 14 and 16, each tip contacts the side of its respective jamb channel to produce a camming action between the rod tips and the sides of the jamb channels which draws the upper and lower window sashes 20 and 30 together. In the fully locked position shown in FIG. 2, the upper window sash 20 and lower window sash 30 are also secured against relative movement. This is accomplished by positioning the lock handle 32 against the lower window sash frame 31 as shown to thereby fully extend the reciprocating rods 38 and 39. In the fully extended position, the reciprocating rods 38 and 39 force the cams 50a and 50b to rotate into the positions shown in FIG. 2 in which the cam latches 60a and 60b are inserted into the keeper slots 22 and 24 in the upper window sash frame 21. The fully locked position of the locking assembly shown in FIG. 2 provides improved securement due to the use of multiple locking points. Contrary to conventional lock arrangements, the locking assembly shown in FIG. 2 provides four contact points for securing the window in the locked position. Relative movement between the upper and lower window sashes is prevented by insertion of the two cam latches 60a and 60b into the keeper slots 22 and 24 of the upper window sash frame 21. In addition, sliding movement of the lower window sash 30 relative to the window frame 12 is prevented through the use of two contact points. Reciprocating rod tips 40 and 41 extend from the ends of the lower window sash frame 31 to engage underneath retainer inserts 15 and 17 in the window frame 12. Thus, the four-point locking assembly shown in FIG. 2 provides improved securement in comparison with conventional locking assemblies. FIG. 3 illustrates the locking assembly in the unlocked, sliding position. The lock handle 32 is rotated counterclockwise from the position shown in FIG. 2 to thereby retract the reciprocating rods 38 and 39 a sufficient distance such that the rod tips 40 and 41 are no longer underneath the retainer inserts 15 and 17. In this position, each rod tip 40, 41 is free to slide within its respective channel 14, 16 against the surface of its respective retainer insert 15, 17. However, the rod tips 40 and 41 are still extended a sufficient distance from the lower window sash frame 31 such that they are guided within the jamb channels 14 and 16 as the lower window sash 30 is raised and lowered. In the unlocked, sliding position shown in FIG. 3, the cams 50a and 50b are rotated out of engagement with the keeper slots 22 and 24 by the reciprocating movement of the rods 38 and 39. Thus, in the position shown in FIG. 3, the upper and lower window sashes 20 and 30 are free to slide in relation to each other. FIG. 4 illustrates the locking assembly of the present invention in the fully unlocked, tilt position. The lock handle 32 is raised and rotated counterclockwise from the position shown in FIG. 3 to a position which causes the reciprocating rods 38 and 39 to be fully retracted into the lower window sash frame 31. In this position, the reciprocating rod tips 40 and 41 no longer ride within the jamb channels 14 and 16, thereby allowing the lower window sash 30 to be tilted by rotation about the pivot pins 18 and 19. In the fully unlocked position shown in FIG. 4, the cam latches 60a and 60b remain disengaged from the keeper slots 22 and 24 of the upper window sash frame 21. FIGS. 5 and 6 are side sectional views taken through FIG. 2 showing a window locking assembly in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Upper window panes 70 are mounted in the upper window sash frame 21 by means of a spacer 71 made of steel, aluminum or the like, and seals 72, 73 and 74. Alternatively, the spacer 71 and seal 72 can be provided as a single component such as aluminum reinforced butyl rubber. While double-pane windows are shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, it is to be understood that single-pane windows as well as multiple-pane windows are embodied by the present invention. A glazing lock strip 76 secures the upper window panes 70 to the upper window sash frame 21. As shown in FIG. 6, the keeper 22 is fastened to an aluminum reinforcing member 82 inside the frame 21 by fasteners such as screws 26. A bottom cover 78 is secured to the upper window sash frame 21. The frame 21 includes an upwardly extending lip 79. Weather stripping 80 is mounted in a groove in the upper window sash frame 21. As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the lower window sash 30 includes window panes 85 which are separated by a spacer 86, and which are sealed to the lower window sash frame 31 by a series of seals 87, 88 and 89. The spacer 86 and seal 87 can alternatively be provided as a single component such as aluminum reinforced butyl rubber. A retainer strip 91 secures the lower window panes 85 within the lower window sash frame 31. In FIG. 5, a housing 93 made of metal or the like is fastened to the lower window sash frame 31 by any suitable means such as screws, rivets, welding or the like (not shown) which are preferably anchored in an aluminum reinforcing member 96. The housing 93 contains the pivot member 33, links 34 and 35, and reciprocating couplings 36 and 37 of the window locking assembly of the present invention. A spring 97 surrounds the pivot member 33 and bears against the housing 93 and lock handle 32 in order to force the lock handle 32 downward while permitting limited vertical movement of the lock handle. A cover plate 94 is secured to the frame 31 to thereby conceal the handle and other components of the locking assembly, and to permit access thereto for repair or replacement. The aluminum reinforcing member 96 provides structural support for the lower sash frame 31. As shown in FIG. 6, the cam 50a is pivotally mounted on the bracket 51a which in turn is secured to the lower frame 31 by a screw which is anchored to the aluminum reinforcing member 96. Likewise, the keeper 22 is secured to the aluminum reinforcing member 82 in the upper frame 21 by means of the screws 26. This anchoring of the cam and keeper assemblies to the aluminum reinforcing members provides additional security against forced entry. The lower window sash frame 31 includes a downwardly extending lip 95 which engages the upwardly extending lip 79 of the upper window sash frame 21 in order to guide the upper and lower sashes 20 and 30 into proper alignment when the sashes are closed, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. In addition to providing a weather-tight seal, the extending lips 79 and 95 provide additional securement against unwanted entry by preventing the upper and lower window sashes 20 and 30 from being pulled apart from each other in a horizontal direction as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. FIG. 7 shows a portion of the lower window sash frame 31 with the lock handle 32 in the fully locked position, and with the lock handle 32 in the fully unlocked, tilt position (in phantom). The lock handle 32 rides in a slot S which has a stepped portion toward its right side. This stepped portion permits the lock handle 32 to be moved horizontally from the left, fully locked position (as shown in FIG. 2) to the middle, unlocked sliding position (as shown in FIG. 3), but requires the lock handle 32 to be moved vertically before it can be positioned in the fully unlocked, tilt position (as shown in FIG. 4). As shown in FIG. 5, the spring 97 forces the lock handle 32 downward, while permitting limited vertical movement of the lock handle. In this manner, the lock handle 32 simply moves horizontally from the fully locked position to the unlocked sliding position, but requires additional manipulation in the vertical direction against the force of the spring 97 before the assembly can be set in the tilt position. The locking assembly of the present invention provides several advantages over conventional window locking arrangements. In accordance with the present invention, a single operating handle may be used to achieve multiple locked and unlocked positions. Depending on the position of the handle, the assembly may be placed in a fully locked position, placed in an unlocked, sliding position, or placed in a fully unlocked, tilting position. Furthermore, the locking assembly of the present invention provides a highly secure, multiple-point locking system which greatly reduces the risk of unwanted entry. In the preferred embodiment, the upper and lower window sashes are locked to each other at two separate points, and the sashes are locked within the window frame at two additional points of contact. A highly secure locking mechanism is therefore provided which can be actuated using a single handle. The invention having been disclosed in connection with the foregoing variations and examples, additional variations will now be apparent to persons skilled in the art. The invention is not intended to be limited to the variations specifically mentioned, and accordingly reference should be made to the appended claims rather than the foregoing discussion of preferred examples, to assess the scope of the invention in which exclusive rights are claimed.	A locking system for a window sash comprises a lock handle assembly, reciprocating rod members connected to the lock handle assembly, and rotatable cam assemblies connected to the rod members. Each cam assembly has a cam element which upon reciprocation of its respective rod element moves into and out of a cam keeper which is mounted on an adjacent window sash. Each rod member has a rod tip which moves into and out of a channel provided in the window frame. In a first operation of the lock handle assembly, the rod members are reciprocated inwardly to rotate the cam elements out of their respective cam keeper and to move the rod tips partially out of the frame channels which allows the window sash to be moved vertically within the channels. A further operation of the lock handle assembly moves the rod tips entirely out of the channels to allow the window sash to be tilted.	4
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/757,322, entitled, “STRUCTURALLY ENHANCED PLASTICS WITH FILLER REINFORCEMENTS,” filed Feb. 1, 2013, which is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/572,942, entitled “STRUCTURALLY ENHANCED POLYMER WITH FILLER REINFORCEMENTS,” filed Oct. 2, 2009, which is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/412,357, entitled “STRUCTURALLY ENHANCED PLASTICS WITH FILLER REINFORCEMENTS,” filed Mar. 26, 2009, both of which claim priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/070,876 entitled “STRUCTURALLY ENHANCED POLYMER WITH FILLER REINFORCEMENTS,” filed Mar. 26, 2008, the contents of each which are hereby incorporated by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION A composition for promoting kinetic mixing of additives within a non-linear viscosity zone of a fluid such as a thermoplastic material. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION An extrusion process is one of the most economic methods of manufacturing to produce engineering structural materials. Typically, an extrusion process is used to manufacture lengths of extruded members having a uniform cross-section. The cross-section of the members may be of various simple shapes such as circular, annular, or rectangular. The cross-section of the members may also be very complex, including internal support structures and/or having an irregular periphery. Typically, an extrusion process utilizes thermoplastic polymer compounds that are introduced into a feed hopper, Thermoplastic polymer compounds can be in powder, liquid, cubed, palletized and/or any other extrudable form. The thermoplastic polymer can be virgin, recycled, or a mixture of both. An example of a typical extruder is shown in FIG. 1 . The plastic industry has used fillers to lower resin costs during manufacturing. Typical fillers include calcium carbonate, talc, wood fiber, and a variety of others. In addition to providing a cost savings, adding fillers to plastics reduces the coefficient of thermal expansion, increases mechanical strength, and in some cases lowers the density. Calcium carbonate and talc have no structural strength or fiber orientation to improve structural stability. Talc is bonded together by weak Van der Waal's forces, which allow the material to cleave again and again when pressure is applied to its surface. Even though test results indicate that talc imparts a variety of benefits to polymers, for instance higher stiffness and improved dimensional stability, talc acts like a micro-filler with lubricating properties. Calcium carbonate has similar properties, but has a water absorption problem, which limits its application because of environmental degradation. Talc avoids this problem since it is hydrophobic. Wood fiber adds some dimensional stability because of the fiber characteristics interaction with the plastic but wood fiber also suffers from environmental degradation. All three of these common fillers are economically feasible but are structurally limited. Research efforts have focused on farm waste fibers such as rice hulls, sugar cane fiber, wheat straw and a variety of other fibers to be used as low-cost fillers inside plastics. The use of wood fiber as a filler presents similar difficulties to the above-referenced farm waste fibers. There are three types of commonly used mixing principles: 1. Static mixing: liquids flowing around fixed objects either by force produced flow by pressure through mechanical means or gravity induced flow. 2. Dynamic mixing: liquid induced mixing by mechanical agitation with typical impellers, i.e., impellers and wiping blade and sheer designs as well as dual or single screw agitation designs. 3. Kinetic mixing: liquid is mixed by velocity impacts on a surface or impacts of two or more liquids impinging on each other. All three of the above mixing methods have one thing in common that hinders the optimizing of mixing regardless of the fluid being combined and regardless of whether the materials being mixed are polar, nonpolar, organic or inorganic etc. or if it is a filled material with compressible or non-compressible fillers. All incompressible fluids have a wall effect or a boundary layer effect where the fluid velocity is greatly reduced at the wall or mechanical interface. Static mixing systems use this boundary layer to fold or blend the liquid using this resistive force to promote agitation. Dynamic mixing, regardless of the geometry of mixing blades or turbine, results in dead zones and incomplete mixing because of the boundary layer. Dynamic mixing uses high shear and a screw blade designed to use the boundary layer to promote friction and compression by centrifugal forces to accomplish agitation while maintaining an incomplete mixed boundary layer on mechanical surfaces. Kinetic mixing suffers from boundary layer effects on velocity profiles both on the incoming streams and at the injector tip. However, this system suffers minimal effects of boundary layer except for transport fluid phenomena. A further explanation of the boundary layer follows. Aerodynamic forces depend in a complex way on the viscosity of the fluid. As the fluid moves past the object, the molecules right next to the surface stick to the surface. The molecules just above the surface are slowed down in their collisions with the molecules sticking to the surface. These molecules in turn slow down the flow just above them. The farther one moves away from the surface, the fewer the collisions affected by the object surface. This creates a thin layer of fluid near the surface in which the velocity changes from zero at the surface to the free stream value away from the surface. Engineers call this layer the boundary layer because it occurs on the boundary of the fluid. As an object moves through a fluid, or as a fluid moves past an object, the molecules of the fluid near the object are disturbed and move around the object. Aerodynamic forces are generated between the fluid and the object. The magnitude of these forces depend on the shape of the object, the speed of the object, the mass of the fluid going by the object and on two other important properties of the fluid; the viscosity, or stickiness, and the compressibility, or springiness, of the fluid. To properly model these effects, aerospace engineers use similarity parameters which are ratios of these effects to other forces present in the problem. If two experiments have the same values for the similarity parameters, then the relative importance of the forces are being correctly modeled. FIG. 2A shows the streamwise velocity variation from free stream to the surface. In reality, the effects are three dimensional. From the conservation of mass in three dimensions, a change in velocity in the streamwise direction causes a change in velocity in the other directions as well. There is a small component of velocity perpendicular to the surface which displaces or moves the flow above it. One can define the thickness of the boundary layer to be the amount of this displacement. The displacement thickness depends on the Reynolds number, which is the ratio of inertial (resistant to change or motion) forces to viscous (heavy and gluey) forces and is given by the equation: Reynolds number (Re) equals velocity (V) times density (r) times a characteristic length (l) divided by the viscosity coefficient (mu), i.e., Re=Vrl/mu. As can be seen in FIG. 2A , boundary layers may be either laminar (layered), or turbulent (disordered) depending on the value of the Reynolds number. For lower Reynolds numbers, the boundary layer is laminar and the streamwise velocity changes uniformly as one moves away from the wall, as shown on the left side of FIG. 2A . For higher Reynolds numbers, the boundary layer is turbulent and the streamwise velocity is characterized by unsteady (changing with time) swirling flows inside the boundary layer. The external flow reacts to the edge of the boundary layer just as it would to the physical surface of an object. So the boundary layer gives any object an “effective” shape which is usually slightly different from the physical shape. The boundary layer may lift off or “separate” from the body and create an effective shape much different from the physical shape. This happens because the flow in the boundary has very low energy (relative to the free stream) and is more easily driven by changes in pressure. Flow separation is the reason for airplane wing stall at high angle of attack. The effects of the boundary layer on lift are contained in the lift coefficient and the effects on drag are contained in the drag coefficient. Boundary-Layer Flow That portion of a fluid flow, near a solid surface, is where shear stresses are significant and inviscid-flow assumption may not be used. All solid surfaces interact with a viscous fluid flow because of the no-slip condition, a physical requirement that the fluid and solid have equal velocities at their interface. Thus, a fluid flow is retarded by a fixed solid surface, and a finite, slow-moving boundary layer is formed. A requirement for the boundary layer to be thin is that the Reynolds number of the body be large, 10 3 or more. Under these conditions the flow outside the boundary layer is essentially inviscid and plays the role of a driving mechanism for the layer. Referring now to FIG. 2B , a typical low-speed or laminar boundary layer is shown in the illustration. Such a display of the streamwise flow vector variation near the wall is called a velocity profile. The no-slip condition requires that u(x,0)=0, as shown, where u is the velocity of flow in the boundary layer. The velocity rises monotonically with distance y from the wall, finally merging smoothly with the outer (inviscid) stream velocity U(x). At any point in the boundary layer, the fluid shear stress τ, is proportional to the local velocity gradient, assuming a Newtonian fluid. The value of the shear stress at the wall is most important, since it relates not only to the drag of the body but often also to its heat transfer. At the edge of the boundary layer, τ approaches zero asymptotically. There is no exact spot where τ=0, therefore the thickness δ of a boundary layer is usually defined arbitrarily as the point where u=0.99 U. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This patent focuses on technology breakthroughs in boundary layer mixing, i.e., on the effects of structural mechanical fillers with particle sizes ranging from nano to micron using the static film principal of the boundary layer coupled with the coefficient of friction upon a particle being forced to rotate or tumble in the boundary layer because of fluid velocity differentials thereby promoting kinetic mixing through the use of the structural fillers. As an example, a hard sphere rolling on a soft material travels in a moving depression. The material is compressed in front and rebounds at the rear and where the material is perfectly elastic, the energy stored in compression is returned to the sphere at its rear. Actual materials are not perfectly elastic, however, so energy dissipation occurs, the result being kinetic energy, i.e., rolling. By definition, a fluid is a material continuum that is unable to withstand a static shear stress, unlike an elastic solid, which responds to a shear stress with a recoverable deformation, a fluid responds with an irrecoverable flow. The irrecoverable flow may be used as a driving force for kinetic mechanical mixing in the boundary layer. By using the principle of rolling, kinetic friction and the increased fluid sticking at the surface of the no-slip zone produces adherents while the velocity adjacent to the boundary layer produces an inertial force upon the particle. The inertial force rotates the particle along the surface of mechanical process equipment regardless of mixing mechanics used, i.e., static, dynamic or kinetic. Structural filler particle geometry is based on the fundamental principle of surface roughness, promoting increased adherence to the zero velocity zone in the boundary layer. The boundary layer is where the material has its strongest adhesion force or stickiness present. By using a particle that has a rough and/or sharp particle surface, the adhesion to the non-slip zone is increased, which promotes better surface adhesion than a smooth particle with little to no surface characteristics. The ideal filler particle size will differ between polymers because viscosity differs as well as mixing mechanics produced by sheer forces and surface polishing in mechanical surfaces, which creates a variation in boundary layer thickness. A rough and/or sharp particle surface allows the particle to function as a rolling kinetic mixing blade in the boundary layer. The technology breakthrough embodied in this patent focuses on a hardened particle with sharpened edges rolling along the boundary layer producing micro mixing with agitation over the surface area in which the boundary layer exist. Advantages of this technology include: Cost savings through the replacement of expensive polymers with inexpensive structural material. Cost savings by increasing the ability to incorporate more organic material into plastic. Cost savings by increasing productivity with high levels of organic and/or structural materials. Better disbursement of additives and or fillers through increased mixing on the large mechanical surfaces produced by the boundary mixing. Better mixing of polymers by grinding and cutting effects of the particles rolling along the large surface area as the velocity and compression of the polymers impact the surface during normal mixing operations. Reduction of coefficient of friction on mechanical surfaces caused by boundary layer effects with drag which is replaced by rolling kinetic friction of a hard particle in the boundary layers. Increased production of plastic manufacturing by reduction of the coefficient of friction in the boundary layer for extruded, blown or injection molding processes where the coefficient of friction directly affects the production output. Surface quality improvement on plastics with or without fillers due to the polish affects caused by kinetic mixing in the boundary layer on all mechanical surfaces including dyes, molds and etc. that the materials flow in and around during the finishing process. Promotion of boundary layer removal by kinetic mixing thereby having the property of self-cleaning of the boundary layer. Enhanced heat transfer due to kinetic mixing in the boundary layer which is considered to be a stagnant film where the heat transfer is dominantly conduction but the mixing of the stag film produces forced convection at the heat transfer surface. Solid particles used for kinetic mixing in boundary layer need to have following characteristics: The physical geometry of particles should have a characteristic that allows the particle the ability to roll or tumble along the boundary layer surface. The mixing efficiency of particles increases with surface roughness to interact with zero velocity zone or non-slip polymer surface to promote kinetic friction rather than static friction. Particles should be sufficiently hard so that the fluid is deformed around particle for promoting kinetic mixing through the tumbling or rolling effect of the particle. Particles should be size proportional to the boundary layer of materials being used so that the particles roll or tumble using kinetic rolling friction so that the particles are not drug within the boundary layer, which increases the negative effects of the boundary layer based on increased surface roughness restricting flow or can produce the removal of the particle out of the boundary layer into the bulk fluid. Particles should be able to reconnect in the boundary layer from the bulk fluid during the mixing process based on particle size and surface roughness. Particles can be solid or porous materials, manmade or naturally occurring minerals and or rocks. Physical Geometry of Particles: Spherical particles are not ideal because of the following two phenomena that take place simultaneously. The first phenomenon relates to the surface friction of the particle in the non-slip zone and the second relates to the driving force applied to the particle by fluid velocity, which affects the ability of the particle to induce mixing through a tumbling of an irregular shape where a spherical shape tends to just roll along the boundary line. The driving force is produced by fluid flow on the upper half of the boundary layer. Particle shapes can be spherical, triangular, diamond, square or etc., but semi-flat or flat objects are less desirable because they do not tumble well. Semi-flat or flat objects tumble less well because the cross-sectional surface area has little resistance to fluid friction applied to its thickness. However, since agitation in the form of mixing is desired, awkward forms of tumbling are beneficial since the awkward tumbling creates dynamic random generating mixing zones. These random mixing zones are analogous to having big mixing blades operating with little mixing blades. Some turn fast and some turn slow, but the end result is that they are all mixing. In a more viscous material, which has less inelastic properties, the kinetic mixing by the particles will produce a chopping and grinding effect due to surface roughness and sharp edges of the particles. Typical extruded, as well as injection molding plastics are PP, PE, PB HDPP, HDPE, HDPB, Nylon, ABS and PVC, which are some of the types of plastics used in industry, in which the hardness is proportional to the material properties of the plastic. By adding hard fillers into the plastic, a tougher more durable plastic may be reformulated that is more scratch and/or mar resistant than the inherent physical properties of the plastic. Common fillers are calcium carbonate and talc, each having a Mohs hardness scale rating of between one in two. However, it is desirable to use structural fillers having a hardness of at least 2.5. A variety of environmentally stable materials suitable for use as hard structural fillers have not been commercially evaluated by the plastic manufacturing industry. These fillers are structural, they are hard, light weight and environmentally stable. Some of the reasons why these fillers have not been used commercially is that they are difficult to formulate and handle. Additionally, these materials may not be as economically feasible as previously used fillers. The following lightweight structural fillers are similar in hardness, density and particle sizes in the micron range but have not been widely accepted for use in the plastics industry. Glass or ceramic micro spheres have been commercially available for decades. The spheres have had some success in plastic manufacturing but they have been used mainly in the coatings, adhesives and composite market. Perlite is a naturally occurring silicous rock used mainly in construction products, an insulator for masonry, lightweight concrete and for food additives. Sodium potassium aluminum silicate (volcanic glass) is a micron powder used as a plastic flow modifier to improve the output as well as to produce enhanced mixing properties for additives as a surface tension modifier in the linear viscosity zone. The structural fillers that have been previously mentioned have a Mohs scale hardness of 5.5, which is equal to window glass, sand and a good quality steel knife blade. These structural fillers are not held together by weak forces. Therefore, they keep their rigid shape and do not have lubricating properties associated with cleaving of weak chemical bonds between molecular layers, such as may be seen with talc. Particles having a Mohs scale hardness of 5.5 are as hard as what normally would damage the plastic surface. Therefore, resistance to scratching and/or marring by the sheer hardness of the filler incorporated into the plastic formulation is improved. The structural fillers are preferably lightweight, having a density in the ranges of 0.18 g/cm 3 and higher, whereas talc and calcium carbonate have densities ranging 2.50-2.80 g/cm 3 . Therefore, hard structural fillers can reduce the density of the plastic formula. Micro spheres have recently become of interest for use with extruded plastics because of their improved strength, which allows them to withstand mechanical pressures without being crushed. As the strength of the micro spheres increases, the manufacture cost decreases, which makes micro spheres an ideal structural filler material for plastics. Other filler materials for consideration include expanded Perlite. Expanded Perlite has not been commercially used by the plastic industry in extrusion processes because of its micro bubbles and tubes that are natural properties of the material and can not withstand the extrusion pressures without crushing. The crushing effect of the fillers adds to the inconsistency volume flow, which affects the dimensional stability of the extruded product, which may or may not be acceptable depending on the application. For this reason, Perlite has not reached commercial viability as structural filler in the plastics field. Perlite can be finely milled, which greatly improves the crush strength of the product, thereby allowing the material the ability to withstand mechanical extrusion pressures process, thereby gaining dimensional stability. One reason this material has not been adopted as a filler is that the material in its original form has the ability to crush under pressure. Finely milled Perlite has the same physical properties, just a finer mesh, which will withstand higher pressures. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a diagram of an extruder. FIG. 2A is a graphical explanation of boundary layer concepts. FIG. 2B is a graphical explanation of a low speed or laminar boundary layer. FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect of Sodium potassium aluminum silicate (Rheolite 800 powder) additive on throughput of thermoplastic through an extruder. FIG. 4 is a graph showing the effect of increasing loading using Perlite additive on throughput of thermoplastic through an extruder. FIG. 5 is a graph showing the effect of increasing loading of wood particles while maintaining a 2 wt % Perlite additive loading on throughput of thermoplastic through an extruder. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS During a jet mill process, particles strike each other to form a sharp edge via a conchoidal fracture. Even though some particle size selections will produce different effects with differing polymer selections, it is this edge effect that produces their performance. The edge effect on hard structural particles facilitates the incorporation of fillers, structural fillers, pigments, fibers and a variety of other materials into thermoplastics and polymer material. Materials that will produce sharp edge effects upon jet milling include: pumice, Perlite, volcanic glass, sand, flint, slate and granite in a variety of other mineable materials. There are a variety of man-made materials, such as steel, aluminum, brass, ceramics and recycled and/or new window glass, that can be processed either by jet milling or other related milling processes to produce a sharp edge with small particle sizes. In addition to the listed examples, other materials may also be suitable, provided the materials have sufficient hardness, estimated to be 2.5 on the Mohs hardness scale. It is clear to see by the Mohs hardness scale that there is a variety of materials that are harder than 2.5 that would work as likely candidates to produce sharpened edge effects, thereby working as kinetic mixing particles relating to the boundary layer as well as a structural filler to be incorporated in today's modern plastics, polymers, paints and adhesives. The Mohs scale is presented below. Hardness Mineral Absolute Hardness 1 Talc (Mg 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 ) 1 2 Gypsum (CaSO 4.2 H 2 0) 2 3 Calcite (CaCO 3 ) 9 4 Fluorite (CaF 2 ) 21 5 Apatite (Cas(PO 4 ) 3 (OH-,C1-,F-) 48 6 Orthoclase Feldspar (KA1Si308) 72 7 Quartz (SiO 2 ) 100 8 Topaz (Al 2 SiO 4 (OH-Y-) 2 ) 200 9 Corundum (Al 2 O 3 ) 400 10 Diamond (C) 1500 The Mohs scale is a purely ordinal scale. For example, corundum (9) is twice as hard as topaz (8), but diamond (10) is almost four times as hard as corundum. The table below shows comparison with absolute hardness measured by a sclerometer. On the Mohs scale, a pencil lead has a hardness of 1; a fingernail has hardness 2.5; a copper penny, about 3.5; a knife blade, 5.5; window glass, 5.5; steel file, 6.5.[1] Using these ordinary materials of known hardness can be a simple way to approximate the position of a mineral on the scale. Hardness Substance or Mineral 1 Talc 2 Gypsum 2.5 to 3 Pure gold, silver, aluminum 3 Calcite, copper penny 4 Fluorite 4 to 4.5 Platinum 4 to 5 Iron 5 Apatite 6 Orthoclase 6 Titanium 6.5 Iron pyrite 6 to 7 Glass, vitreous pure silica 7 Quartz 7 to 7.5 Garnet 7 to 8 Hardened steel 8 Topaz 9 Corundum 9 to 9.5 Carborundum 10 Diamond >10 Ultrahard fullerite >10 Aggregated diamond nanorods Mineral processing technologies have been around for centuries and are highly specialized. They have the ability to separate particles by multiple methods as well as shape them into smaller particles. In the case of these highly specialized solids or porous materials to produce the desired three-dimensional blade like characteristics with sharpened edges in an aspect ratio greater than 0.7 the material must be an impact jet milled or jet milled process. Impact jet milling is a process where the process material at high velocity hits a hardened surface to produce a shattering effect of particles. In jet milling, opposing jets cause the process material to impact upon itself to produce a shattering effect, i.e., conchoidal fractures on the material. The efficiency of the kinetic mixing particle due to the resulting with surface sharpness, i.e., bladelike edges (see Appendix 1). A ball mill process tumbles the material in a batch process removing an desired surface characteristic, e.g., sharpness. For use as particles in thermoplastic extrusions, solid minerals or rocks should be refined to particles of 10 to 20 mesh or smaller. This is the typical starting point for feeding material into the impact jet milled or jet milled process. This can be accomplished by a variety of methods that are commonly available and known by the industry to produce desired particle sizes. The preferred mineral or rock should be able to produce conchoidal fracture. This ensures knifelike edge effects with three-dimensional shapes. Refer to Appendix 1 for images of conchoidal fractures. In the case of porous minerals or rocks, the characteristics of the pores being smashed and shattering upon impact during the impact jet or jet milling process creates the three-dimensional knifelike edge shaped particles. Even though rough and uneven surfaces may be sufficient in some mixing applications, in this case, the sharper the particle the better the results. Refer to Appendix 1 for reference particle sizes after jet milling. Man-made materials such as glass, ceramics and metals as well as a variety of other types of materials meeting the minimum hardness of 2.5 by the Mohs scale that produce sharp edges with a three-dimensional shape and an aspect ratio larger than 0.7 can be used. The impact jet or jet milling process typically with these materials produce particles with a mean average of 5-60 μm with a single pass. Man-made materials like glass may be processed into the desired three-dimensional sharp edged particles with an aspect ratio of 0.7 and higher by means of a mechanical roller mill smashing the particles rather than jet milling. This is clearly illustrated in the pictures of Appendices of the raw feed small glass particles before jet milling. Particle Surface Characteristics: The mixing efficiency of a particle is increased when surface dynamic characteristics of the particle are increased. Examples of particle surface dynamic characteristics include characteristics such as colloidal fracture that produce sharp bladelike edges, smooth surfaces, roughness or surface morphology, three-dimensional needlelike shape and thin curved surfaces. Increasing surface dynamic characteristics has a twofold effect. The first effect is that surface characteristics and particle geometry of a particle having increased surface dynamic characteristics enhance surface adhesion to the nonslip zone or the sticky or gluey region, which produces resistance to rolling or tumbling of the particle. The second effect of increasing surface dynamic characteristics is an increased resistance of the ability of the particle to roll and tumble, which results in stronger mechanical interaction with the impacting fluid. In the example of a smooth spherical ball rolling across a surface, interaction adhesion with a nonslip zone is minimal and the effects on the polymer do not produce much dynamic mixing. If the material dynamic surface characteristics are increased, the dynamic mixing is increased thereby increasing cohesion forces in the sticky/gluey region, then increased rotational resistance is promoted, which increases the cutting or chopping effects of the sharp bladelike particles' ability to grind and cut during tumbling or rotation, which produces kinetic boundary layer mixing. Examples of desired characteristics for a particle to interact in the boundary layer to promote kinetic mixing are shown in electron microscope images found in the below referenced appendices. Images showing particles exhibiting fracture: Appendix 1. Ash image is: 7 , 8 and 9 ; and Appendix 3. Expanded Perlite Images: 3 , 4 and 5 , Recycled Glass Images: 6 through 12 . Even though a variety of materials have the ability to fracture during milling processes, the images of Appendix 1 and Appendix 3, mentioned immediately above, show the characteristics of colloidal fractures that produce sharp edges. Images showing particles having sharp bladelike edges: Appendix 1. Ash images: 7 , 8 and 9 ; and Appendix 3. Expanded Perlite Images: 3 , 4 and 5 ; Recycled Glass Images: 6 through 12 . A variety of materials have the ability to fracture. For example, striated or vitreous minerals propagate fracture on striation lines, which limits their ability to produce sharp bladelike characteristics. As an example, minerals such as flint and obsidian do not fracture along striation lines. As a result, historically these minerals have been useful for making objects with sharp edges, e.g., arrowheads, spearheads, knives and even axes. The images of Appendix 1 and Appendix 3, referenced immediately above, show this characteristic of sharp knife blade-like surface characteristics. Images showing particles having smooth edges: Appendix 1. Ash images: 7 , 8 and 9 ; and Appendix 3. Expanded Perlite Images: 3 , 4 and 5 ; Recycled Glass Images: 6 through 12 . Smooth edges on a knife blade lowers the resistance needed to cut as well as lowering resistance to the force needed to be applied to the holding device. This is the same principle that is imparted in sharp smooth edges of particles, which allow kinetic mixing to take place while remaining in the boundary layer tumbling or rolling along the sticky or gluey region. If the surface of a particle is sharp and rough, the resistance due to the surface roughness would be enough to remove the particle from the boundary layer by overcoming the cohesive forces produced by the sticky or gluey region. This is why particles having the ability to produce sharp smooth bladelike characteristics can remain in the boundary layer to promote kinetic mixing, as shown in the images of Appendix 1 and Appendix 3, discussed immediately above, that show this characteristic used for kinetic mixing in the boundary layer. Images showing particles having complex surface geometry: Appendix 1. Ash images: 7 , 8 and 9 ; and Appendix 3. Expanded Perlite Images: 3 , 4 and 5 ; Recycled Glass Images: 6 through 12 . The complex shapes that are illustrated by the images of Appendix 1 and Appendix 3, referenced immediately above, show bladelike characteristics with dynamic curves to promote surface adhesion in the sticky or gluey region. The complex three-dimensional surface area of the particle is sufficient to promote tumbling or rolling. The above referenced images that show the ash and the expanded Perlite clearly shows complex surface geometry characteristics used for kinetic mixing in the boundary layer. Images showing particles having needle-like points and curves: Appendix 1. Ash images: 7 , 8 and 9 ; and Appendix 3. Expanded Perlite Images: 3 , 4 and 5 ; Recycled Glass Images: 6 through 12 . The three-dimensional smooth needle-like tips interact by protruding into the moving fluid region adjacent to the boundary layer to promote tumbling or rolling. The smooth needle-like characteristics create enough fluid force to produce rotation while minimizing the cohesive forces applied by the deformation of the fluid flowing around the particle, thereby overcoming aerodynamic lift forces, which are not sufficient to remove the particle from the sticky or gluey region. The images of Appendix 1 and Appendix 3, referenced immediately above, clearly show the embodiment of three-dimensional needlelike characteristics used for kinetic mixing in the boundary layer. Images showing particles with surface curves: Appendix 1. Ash images: 7 , 8 and 9 ; and Appendix 3. Expanded Perlite Images: 3 , 4 . The Ash images show a thin smooth curved particle similar to an egg shell. The surface area allows good adhesion to the sticky layer while promoting of dynamic lift on this curved thin particle, which promotes rotation thereby producing kinetic mixing in the boundary layer. The expanded Perlite clearly shows thin curves on a dynamic surface producing kinetic mixing in the boundary layer. The images of Appendix 1 and Appendix 3, referenced immediately above, clearly show the embodiment of thin curved surface characteristics on particles used for kinetic mixing in the boundary layer. Reactive particle shaping of porous materials: Appendix 2 Ash unprocessed spheres images: 4 - 6 ; Appendix 1 Ash processed images 7 , 8 and 9 ; Appendix 4 Course processed expanded Perlite images: 1 , 2 ; and Appendix 3 Finely processed expanded Perlite images: 3 , 4 . These previously mentioned materials because of their unique surface characteristics, Mohs scale hardness of 5.5, thin curved walls, smooth bladelike shape, with three-dimensional surface geometry have the ability under high pressure to change their physical particle size while maintaining dynamic surface characteristics previously mentioned for kinetic boundary layer mixing. For example particles to large can be swept off the boundary layer into the main fluid where they can undergo fracturing produced by high pressure and fluid turbulence reducing their particle size. The appropriate particle sizes after fracturing will migrate towards the boundary layer because of fluid dynamics where they will come in contact with the sticky or gluey region to promote kinetic boundary layer mixing. In conjunction with this example particles sizing may also take place in the boundary layer against mechanical surfaces caused by fluid impacting pressures. The thin smooth walls while undergoing fracturing produce sharp knifelike blade characteristics regardless of fracture point and the hardness of the material helps maintain three-dimensional surface characteristics to promote tumbling or rolling in the boundary layer. Particle Hardness and Toughness: Mixing blades and high shear mixing equipment are usually made of hardened steel. Polymers are softer when mechanical agitation is applied during mixing. Since particles added to the polymer are passing through the equipment, the particles need the ability to retain their shape in order to function properly. The chemical interactions between molecules have been tested and organized based on their hardness. A minimal hardness of 2.5 starting with copper on the Mohs scale or harder will be sufficient for a single pass particle to be tough enough for this mixing process. Filler particles should be sized proportional to the boundary layer region. The size is usually defined arbitrarily as the point where u=0.99 U. Therefore, a particle theoretical starting diameter is the height measured perpendicular to the surface where u=0.99 U. There are many factors that add difficulties in calculating the parameters associated with kinetic mixing in the boundary zone, for example: 1. Filler loading, which produces modified boundary layer interaction. 2. Heat transfer through the walls creating viscosity differentials. 3. Shear effects and continually increased compression induced by screw agitation. 4. Chemical reactions where materials are changing physical properties such as viscosities, density and etc. The dynamics of mixing is one of the most complex mechanical chemical interactions in the process industry. Particle size will vary from product to product and optimization may or may not be needed. The chemical industry has produced test methods and tables for homogeneous liquid and the boundary layer relative thicknesses for calculating fluid flow properties useful for mechanical equipment selection and heat transfer properties. The profile assumption may be used as a starting point for the particle size so that the particle will function in the boundary layer to increase mixing. One approach to selecting a suitable particle size is to determine when a particular particle size creates an adverse boundary layer effect by increasing the drag coefficient. In most processes, this may be identified by monitoring an increase in amp motor draws during the mixing cycle. If the amps increase, then the particle size should be modified in order to overcome increased power consumption. Another approach is to see if agitation speed can be increased without motor amp draw increasing, which illustrates friction reduction by kinetic mixing in the boundary layer. For example, FIG. 4 shows the throughput of a thermoplastic through an extruder at a given screw rpm. It can be seen that the additive of Perlite at 8 wt % increases the RPMs from 19 to 45 of screw over the base material of the extruder. Due to equipment limitations, the upper rpm as well as the increased throughput limit was not able to be ascertained. FIG. 3 shows that the additive of sodium potassium aluminum silicate powder (Rheolite 800 powder) to the base material allows the extruder to be run at higher rpm, reaching a maximum at 29, producing increased throughput with the additive working in the linear viscosity zone. FIG. 5 shows that even when wood content is incrementally increase to 74 wt % with 2 wt % Perlite and 24 wt % plastic mixture, in order to find maximum RPM limitation induced by loading effects could not be reached until 74 wt % wood loading was used, which illustrates superior throughput rates as compared to a 49 wt % wood content without Perlite. This clearly shows the improvement of kinetic mixing in boundary layer where the viscosity is nonlinear. Particle Re-Combining to the Boundary Layer: Particles can be selected to re-interact with the boundary layer if they are swept off into the bulk fluid during mixing. All fluid materials flowing through mechanical agitation take the path of least resistance. The velocity profile is affected in agitation by resistive particles to move in a viscous medium. Therefore, particles that produce resistance to fluid flow are usually directed towards the boundary layer so that the fluid can flow more freely. If the particle size is large, it can become bound in fluid suspension because the cohesive forces in the boundary layer are not sufficient enough to resist fluid velocity force being applied to the boundary layer surface, thereby sweeping the particle back into the fluid suspension. Particles with small sizes will recombine naturally in the boundary layer based on cohesion forces caused by surface roughness to promote kinetic mixing even if the particles become temporarily suspended in the bulk fluid flow. To verify whether the material is actually enhancing mixing, we mixed a light weight compressible material with poor flow properties with high-density polypropylene. The reason this is significant is wood fiber and polypropylene have no chemical attraction and they mixed well with at higher percentage fill levels while increasing throughput of the combined materials illustrated in FIG. 5 . A limiting factor associated with extruding wood plastic composites is “edge effects,” which is where the material shows a Christmas tree like effect on the edges. In some cases, this Christmas tree effect is because of improper mixing and resistance of the material which is dragging on the dye exiting the extruder caused by boundary layer effects producing rough edges. It is common in industry to add lubricants in the formulation to overcome this problem. Lubricants allow the material to flow easier over the boundary layer, thereby allowing the throughput to increase by increasing the rpm of the extrusion screws until the edge effects appear, which indicates a maximum throughput of the process material. Test procedures used that same visual appearance as an indicator of the fastest throughput which was controlled by the extruders screw rpm. Experiment #1 Base formula measured by mass percent 3 wt % lubricant: a zinc stearate and an ethylene bissteramide wax 7 wt % Talc: a Nicron 403 from Rio Tinto 41 wt % Thermooplastic: HDPE with a MFI of 0.5 and a density of 0.953 49 wt %: wood filler: a commercially classified 60-mesh eastern white pine purchased from American Wood fibers The materials were dry blended with a 4′ diameter by 1.5′ deep drum blender for 5 minutes prior to feeding. The extruder was a 35 mm conical counter-rotating twin-screw with a 23 L/D. The process temperature was 320° F., which was constant throughout all runs. Two other materials were used and added to the base formula to prove concept these inert hard fillers were: 1. Sodium potassium aluminum silicate (volcanic glass), which is a micron powder used as a plastic flow modifier to improve the output as well as to produce enhanced mixing properties for additives. 800 mesh solid material hardness 5.5 Mohs scale hardness (Rheolite 800 powder); and 2. Expanded Perlite is a naturally occurring silicous rock used mainly in construction products, an insulator for masonry, light weight concrete and for food additives. 500 mesh porous material hardness 5.5 Mohs scale. Experiment #2 Effects of Sodium potassium aluminum silicate (Rheolite 800 powder) on throughput. Baseline material maximum throughput before edge effects appeared rpm 19=13.13 in. Maximum throughput before edge effects using sodium potassium aluminum powder 0.5 wt %, 22 rpm=15.75 in. an overall increase of throughput 19.9% or approximately 20% 1 wt %, 23 rpm=15.75 in. and an overall increase of throughput 20.2% 1 wt %, 27 rpm=18.375 in. and an overall increase of throughput 39.9% 1 wt %, 29 rpm=19.50 in. and an overall increase of throughput 49.6% The graphical results of Experiment #2 may be found in FIG. 3 Experiment #3 Effects of Perlite on throughput Perlite: 8 wt %, rpm 45=21.13 in. an overall increase of throughput 60.9% Perlite: 16 wt %, rpm 45=19.00 in. an overall increase of throughput 44.8% Perlite: 25 wt %, rpm 45=15.25 in. an overall increase of throughput 16.2% Perlite: 33 wt %, rpm 45=13.375 in. an overall increase of throughput 19.0% The graphical results of Experiment #3 may be found in FIG. 4 . The reason the high percentages of Perlite were chosen was to remove the possibility that this material was just a filler. The edge effects of the three-dimensional knife blades particles interacting with the boundary layer even at 33 wt % still showed an improvement of 19% greater than the base material. Throughputs of the material could have been higher but the rpms limitation on the extruder was 45 and the material was being hand fed that is why we believe at 25% the throughput decreased because of difficulties in feeding such a lightweight material for the first time but by the time we got to 33 wt % we had figured it out. Experiment #4 Effects of wood on throughput Baseline material maximum throughput before edge effects appeared rpm 25=17.68 in. Concentration of Perlite was held constant at the starting point of 2 wt % Wood: 52 wt %, rpm 45=27.6 in. an overall increase of throughput 56.1% Wood: 59 wt %, rpm 45=26.25 in. an overall increase of throughput 48.5% Wood: 64 wt %, rpm 45=24.17 in. an overall increase of throughput 36.7% Wood: 69 wt %, rpm 45=24.33 in. an overall increase of throughput 37.6% Wood: 74 wt %, rpm 30=22.25 in. overall increase of throughput 25.8% The graphical results of Experiment #4 may be found in FIG. 5 The reason this test was chosen was because the loading of a lightweight natural organic filler into an organic petroleum based material increased, the edge effects of poor mixing. There was no maximum throughput reached on 52 wt %, 59 wt %, 64 wt % and 69 wt % because the rpm were at a maximum until 74 wt % at which time the rpm had to be decreased to 30 rpms to prevent edge effects. The compressible fibers in the extrusion process act like broom sweeps along the boundary layer. The wood fiber is a compressible filler whose density goes from 0.4 g/cm 3 to 1.2 g/cm 3 after extrusion against the wall which have the ability to encapsulate these hard particles in the boundary layer and remove them permanently. It is the effect of the three-dimensional particle shape that holds them in the boundary layer with blades that allow this material to cut softer material and not imbed in the wood fiber, preventing them from being swept away even when the wood fiber is undergoing compression in extrusion process. There was verification that this material operates in the boundary layer and is self-cleaning. The first day of trial runs we ran the materials in the order shown by the graphs. The second day of the trial run before the wood filler experiment under the same conditions, materials and weather the baseline material had a significant increase of throughput. Day one, baseline material maximum throughput before edge effects appeared: rpm 19=13.13 in. Day two, baseline material maximum throughput before edge effects appeared: rpm 25=17.68 in. with an overall increase of 34.6%. This was caused by the equipment being polished inside with the high concentrations of Perlite from day one proving itself cleaning the boundary layer. It implies that the material's three-dimensional size and shape with sharpened blade like edges provide excellent kinetic rolling capabilities even if the boundary layers thickness changes slightly due to surface cleaning/polishing because of the surface and continuous compression forces in the dynamic mixing of the extrusion process. The boundary layer kinetic mixing particles can be introduced throughout industry in a variety of ways. For example, in the plastics market: The particles can be incorporated into pelletized form from the plastics manufacturer and marketed as a production increasing plastic. The particles can be incorporated into colored pellets by pigment suppliers and marketed as rapid dispersing palletized pigment. The particles can be incorporated as palletized with filler inorganic or organic and marketed as self wetting filler. The particles can be incorporated into dry powders and marketed as self wetting powders such as fire retardants, fungicides and fillers etc. The particles can be incorporated into liquids as a disbursement for liquid pigments, plasticizers, UV stabilizer, blowing agents and lubricants etc. The boundary layer kinetic mixing particles can be utilized by the paint industry: The particles can be incorporated into paint to increase dispersion properties of pigments, plasticizers, fungicides, UV stabilizers, fire retardants, etc. The particles can be incorporated into pigments at custom mixing stations found in paint stores to help dispense less material and produce the same color through better mixing and dispersion property mixing. The particles can be incorporated into dry powders from additives manufacturers to help disperse fire retardants, fillers etc. The particles can be incorporated into spray cans to increase the mixing along the walls promoting boundary layer mixing. The particles can be incorporated into two component mixing materials to promote better surface area mixing or boundary layer and liquid to liquid interface boundary layer mixing urethanes, urea and epoxies etc. The particles can be incorporated into a lubricant package used for cleaning spray equipment through continuous recirculation with chemical cleaners. The boundary layer kinetic mixing particles can be utilized by the lubrication industry. The particles can be incorporated into oils to promote better flow around surfaces by lowering the boundary layer friction zone producing better wetting with no break down of temperature on this additive because it's a solid particle: cars, boats, planes, bicycles internal oil external oil, etc. The particles can be incorporated into oils for whole household cleaning allowing the oil to spread more evenly as a thinner layer less likely to become sticky over time because the layer is thinner. The particles can be incorporated into break fluids, hydraulic fluids of all types producing a better response to fluid motion because the boundary layer moves with kinetic mobility when pressure is applied. The particles can be incorporated into fuel additives promotes better disbursement in the fuel as well as a self-cleaning action due to particles interacting on boundary layers throughout the whole entire flow path of combustion including the exhaust where the particles still have a cleaning effect. The particles can be added as a lubricant and disbursements directly from the refinery. The particles will not only help a car's lubricating effects and cleaning the system but the particles will also increase the lifespan of the gasoline pumps due to residue build up of sludge type material in the boundary layers. The boundary layer kinetic mixing particles can be utilized to increase flow properties. Most liquid material flowing through a pipe, pump system and/or process equipment undergo boundary layer effects based on drag coefficient regardless of the surface geometry which this technology can reduce drag by promoting kinetic boundary layer mixing, with a self-cleaning effect. This will allow pipes and process equipment to perform at optimum levels. The boundary layer kinetic mixing particles can be utilized to increase heat transfer. Because the boundary layer is being kinetically moved it is no longer a stagnant fluid heat transfer zone this increases the heat transfer properties on both sides. Now the stagnant boundary layer has turned into forced convection on both sides not just one, the fluid to fluid and the fluid to surface. The boundary layer kinetic mixing particles can be utilized by the food, pharmaceuticals and agriculture industry. Because the selection of the particles can be approved by food and drug the processing of food through plants into its packaging can be enhanced and process equipment can mix things more thoroughly. Thus, the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objectives and attain the ends and advantages mentioned above as well as those inherent therein. While presently preferred embodiments have been described for purposes of this disclosure, numerous changes and modifications will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Such changes and modifications are encompassed within the spirit of this invention as defined by the claims.	A composition comprising a fluid, and a material dispersed in the fluid, the material made up of particles having a complex three dimensional surface area such as a sharp blade-like surface, the particles having an aspect ratio larger than 0.7 for promoting kinetic boundary layer mixing in a non-linear-viscosity zone. The composition may further include an additive dispersed in the fluid. The fluid may be a thermopolymer material. A method of extruding the fluid includes feeding the fluid into an extruder, feeding additives into the extruder, feeding a material into the extruder, passing the material through a mixing zone in the extruder to disperse the material within the fluid wherein the material migrates to a boundary layer of the fluid to promote kinetic mixing of the additives within the fluid, the kinetic mixing taking place in a non-linear viscosity zone.	2
[0001] The present invention is a process for preparation of carboxylated carbohydrates having available primary hydroxyl groups. It is particularly applicable for preparation of a heat and light stable fibrous carboxylated cellulose suitable for papermaking and related applications. The cellulose product of the invention is one in which fiber strength and degree of polymerization are not significantly sacrificed. The process is particularly environmentally advantageous since no chlorine or hypochlorite compounds are required. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone compounds or substances that yield these compounds on hydrolysis. They frequently occur in nature as long chain polymers of simple sugars. As the term is used in the present invention it is intended to be inclusive of any monomeric, oligomeric, and polymeric carbohydrate compound which has a primary hydroxyl group available for reaction. [0003] Cellulose is a carbohydrate consisting of a long chain of glucose units, all β-linked through the 1′-4 positions. Native plant cellulose molecules may have upwards of 2200 anhydroglucose units. The number of units is normally referred to as degree of polymerization or simply D.P. Some loss of D.P. inevitably occurs during purification. A D.P. approaching 2000 is usually found only in purified cotton linters. Wood derived celluloses rarely exceed a D.P. of about 1700. The structure of cellulose can be represented as follows: [0004] Chemical derivatives of cellulose have been commercially important for almost a century and a half Nitrocellulose plasticized with camphor was the first synthetic plastic and has been in use since 1868. A number of cellulose ether and ester derivatives are presently commercially available and find wide use in. many fields of commerce. Virtually all cellulose derivatives take advantage of the reactivity of the three available hydroxyl groups. Substitution at these groups can vary from very low; e.g. about 0.01 to a maximum 3.0. Among important cellulose derivatives are cellulose acetate, used in fibers and transparent films; nitrocellulose, widely used in lacquers and gun powder; ethyl cellulose, widely used in impact resistant tool handles; methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, water soluble ethers widely used in detergents, as thickeners in foodstuffs, and in papermaking. [0005] Cellulose itself has been modified for various purposes. Cellulose fibers are naturally anionic in nature as are many papermaking additives. A cationic cellulose is described in Harding et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,505,775. This has greater affinity for anionic papermaking additives such as fillers and pigments and is particularly receptive to acid and anionic dyes. Jewell et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,667,637, teach a low degree of substitution (D.S.) carboxyethyl cellulose which, along with a cationic resin, improves the wet to dry tensile and burst ratios when used as a papermaking additive. Westland, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,755,828 describes a method for increasing the strength of articles made from cross linked cellulose fibers having free carboxylic acid groups obtained by covalently coupling a polycarboxylic acid to the fibers. [0006] For some purposes cellulose has been oxidized to make it more anionic; e.g., to improve compatibility with cationic papermaking additives and dyes. Various oxidation treatments have been used. U.S. Pat. No. 3,575,177 to Briskin et al. describes a cellulose oxidized with nitrogen dioxide useful as a tobacco substitute. The oxidized material may then be treated with a borohydride to reduce functional groups, such as aldehydes, causing off flavors. After this reduction the product may be further treated with an oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide for further flavor improvement. Other oxidation treatments use nitrogen dioxide and periodate oxidation coupled with resin treatment of cotton fabrics for improvement in crease recovery as suggested by R. T. Shet and A. M. Yabani, Textile Research Journal November 1981: 740-744. Earlier work by K. V. Datye and G. M. Nabar, Textile Research Journal , July 1963: 500-510, describes oxidation by metaperiodates and dichromic acid followed by treatment with chlorous acid for 72 hours or 0.05 M sodium borohydride for 24 hours. Copper number was greatly reduced by borohydride treatment and less so by chlorous acid. Carboxyl content was slightly reduced by borohydride and significantly increased by chlorous acid. The products were subsequently reacted with formaldehyde. P. Luner et al., Tappi 50(3): 117-120 (1967) oxidized southern pine kraft spring wood and summer wood fibers with potassium dichromate in oxalic acid. Handsheets made with the fibers showed improved wet strength believed due to aldehyde groups. P. Luner et al., in Tappi 50(5): 227-230 (1967) expanded this earlier work and further oxidized some of the pulps with chlorite or reduced them with sodium borohydride. Handsheets from the pulps treated with the reducing agent showed improved sheet properties over those not so treated. R. A. Young, Wood and Fiber , 10(2): 112-119 (1978) describes oxidation primarily by dichromate in oxalic acid to introduce aldehyde groups in sulfite pulps for wet strength improvement in papers. [0007] Brasey et al, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,100,341, describe oxidation of cellulose with nitric acid. They note that the reaction was specific at the C6 position and that secondary oxidation at the C2 and C3 positions was not detected. They further note that the product was “ . . . stable without the need for subsequent reduction steps or the introduction of further reactants [e.g., aldehyde groups] from which the oxidized cellulose has to be purged”. [0008] V. A. Shenai and A. S. Narkhede, Textile Dyer and Printer May 20, 1987: 17-22 describe the accelerated reaction of hypochlorite oxidation of cotton yarns in the presence of physically deposited cobalt sulfide. The authors note that partial oxidation has been studied for the past hundred years in conjunction with efforts to prevent degradation during bleaching. They also discuss in some detail the use of 0.1 M sodium borohydride as a reducing agent following oxidation. The treatment was described as a useful method of characterizing the types of reducing groups as well as acidic groups formed during oxidation. The borohydride treatment noticeably reduced copper number of the oxidized cellulose. Copper number gives an estimate of the reducing groups such as aldehydes present on the cellulose. Borohydride treatment also reduced alkali solubility of the oxidized product but this may have been related to an approximate 40% reduction in carboxyl content of the samples. [0009] R. Andersson et al. in Carbohydrate Research 206: 340-346 (1990) teach oxidation of cellulose with sodium nitrite in orthophosphoric acid and describe nuclear magnetic resonance elucidation of the reaction products. [0010] An article by P. L. Anelli et al. in Journal of Organic Chemistry 54: 2970-2972 (1989) appears to be one of the earlier papers describing oxidation of hydroxyl compounds by oxammonium salts. They employed a system of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinyloxy free radical (TEMPO) with sodium hypochlorite and sodium bromide in a two phase system to oxidize 1,4-butanediol and 1,5-pentanediol. [0011] R. V. Casciani et al, in French Patent 2,674,528 (1992) describe the use of sterically hindered N-oxides for oxidation of polymeric substances, among them alkyl polyglucosides having primary hydroxyl groups. A preferred oxidant was TEMPO although many related nitroxides were suggested. Calcium hypochlorite was present as a secondary oxidant. [0012] N. J. Davis and S. L. Flitsch, Tetrahedron Letters 34(7): 1181-1184 (1993) describe the use and reaction mechanism of (TEMPO) with sodium hypochlorite to achieve selective oxidation of primary hydroxyl groups of monosaccharides. Following the Davis et al. paper this route to carboxylation then began to be very actively explored, particularly in the Netherlands and later in the United States. A. E. J. de Nooy et al., in a short paper in Receuil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 113: 165-166 (1994), report similar results using TEMPO and hypobromite for oxidation of primary alcohol groups in potato starch and inulin. The following year, these same authors in Carbohydrate Research 269: 89-98 (1995) report highly selective oxidation of primary alcohol groups in water soluble glucans using TEMPO and a hypochlorite/bromide oxidant. [0013] European Patent Application 574,666 to Kaufhold et al. describes a group of nitroxyl compounds based on TEMPO substituted at the 4-position. These are useful as oxidation catalysts using a two phase system. Formation of carboxylated cellulose did not appear to be contemplated. [0014] PCT published patent application WO 95/07303 (Besemer et al.) describes a method of oxidizing water soluble carbohydrates having a primary alcohol group, using TEMPO, or a related di-tertiary-alkyl nitroxide, with sodium hypochlorite and sodium bromide. Cellulose is mentioned in passing in the background although the examples are principally limited to starches. The method is said to selectively oxidize the primary alcohol at C-6 to carboxyl. None of the products studied were fibrous in nature. [0015] A year following the above noted Besemer PCT publication, the same authors, in Cellulose Derivatives , T. J. Heinze and W. G. Glasser, eds., Ch. 5, pp 73-82 (1996), describe methods for selective oxidation of cellulose to 2,3-dicarboxy cellulose and 6-carboxy cellulose using various oxidants. Among the oxidants used were a periodate/chlorite/hydrogen peroxide system, oxidation in phosphoric acid with sodium. nitrate/nitrite, and with TEMPO and a hypochlorite/bromide primary oxidant. Results with the TEMPO system were poorly reproduced and equivocal. The statement that “ . . . some of the material remains undissolved” was puzzling. In the case of TEMPO oxidation of cellulose, little or none would have been expected to go into water solution unless the cellulose was either badly degraded and/or the carboxyl substitution was very high. The homogeneous solution of cellulose in phosphoric acid used for the sodium nitrate/sodium nitrite oxidation was later treated with sodium borohydride to remove any carbonyl function present. [0016] De Nooy et al. have published a very extensive review, both of the literature and the chemistry of nitroxyls as oxidizers of primary and secondary alcohols, in Synthesis: Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry (10): 1153-1174 (1996). [0017] Heeres et al., in PCT application WO 96/38484, discuss oxidation of carbohydrate ethers useful as sequestering agents. They use the TEMPO oxidation system described by the authors just noted above to produce relatively highly substituted products, including cellulose. [0018] P.-S. Chang and J. F. Robyt, Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry 15(7): 819-830 (1996), describe oxidation of ten polysaccharides including α-cellulose at 0° C. and 25° C. using TEMPO with sodium hypochlorite and sodium bromide. Ethanol addition was used to quench the oxidation reaction. The resulting oxidized α-cellulose had a water solubility of 9.4%. The authors did not further describe the nature of the α-cellulose. It is presumed to have been a so-called dissolving pulp or cotton linter cellulose. [0019] Heeres et al., in WO 96/36621, describe a method of recovering TEMPO and its related compounds following their use as an oxidation catalyst. An example is given of the oxidation of starch followed by TEMPO recovery using azeotropic distillation. [0020] D. Barzyk et al., in Journal of pulp and paper Science 23(2): J59-J61 (1997) and in Transactions of the 11 th Fundamental Research Symposium , Vol. 2, 893-907 (1997), note that carboxyl groups on cellulose fibers increase swelling and impact flexibility, bonded area and strength. They designed experiments to increase surface carboxylation of fibers. However, they ruled out oxidation to avoid fiber degradation and chose to form carboxymethyl cellulose in an isopropanol/methanol system. [0021] Isogai, A. and Y. Kato, in Cellulose 5: 153-164 (1998) describe treatment of several native, mercerized, and regenerated celluloses with TEMPO to obtain water soluble and insoluble polyglucuronic acids. They note that the water soluble products had almost 100% carboxyl substitution at the C-6 site. They further note that oxidation proceeds heterogeneously at the more accessible regions on solid cellulose. [0022] Isogai, in Cellulose Communications 5(3): 136-141 (1998) describes preparation of water soluble oxidized cellulose products using mercerized or regenerated celluloses as starting materials in a TEMPO oxidation system. Using native celluloses or bleached wood pulp he was unable to obtain a water soluble material since he achieved only low amounts of conversion. He further notes the beneficial properties of the latter materials as papermaking additives. [0023] Kitaoka et al., in a preprint of a short 1998 paper for Sen 'i Gakukai (Society of Studies of Fiber) speak of their work in the surface modification of fibers using a TEMPO mediated oxidation system. They were concerned with the receptivity of alum-based sizing compounds. [0024] PCT application WO 99/23117 (Viikari et al.) teaches oxidation using TEMPO in combination with the enzyme laccase or other enzymes along with air or oxygen as the effective oxidizing agents of cellulose fibers, including kraft pine pulps. [0025] Kitaoka, T., A., A. Isogai, and F. Onabe, in Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal , 14(4): 279-284 (1999), describe the treatment of bleached hardwood kraft pulp using TEMPO oxidation. Increasing amounts of carboxyl content gave some improvement in dry tensile index, Young's modulus and brightness, with decreases in elongation at breaking point and opacity. Other strength properties were unaffected. Retention of PAE-type wet strength resins was somewhat increased. The products described did not have any stabilization treatment after the TEMPO oxidation. [0026] Van der Lugt et al., in WO 99/57158, describe the use of peracids in the presence of TEMPO or another di-tertiary alkyl nitroxyl for oxidation of primary alcohols in carbohydrates. They claim their process to be useful for producing uronic acids and for introducing aldehyde groups which are suitable for crosslinking and derivitization. Among their examples are a series of oxidations of starch at pH ranges from 5-10 using a system including TEMPO, sodium bromide, EDTA, and peracetic acid. Carboxyl substitution was relatively high in all cases, ranging from 26-91% depending on reaction pH. [0027] Besemer et al. in PCT published application WO 00/50388 teach oxidation of various carbohydrate materials in which the primary hydroxyls are converted to aldehyde groups. The system uses TEMPO or related nitroxyl compounds in the presence of a transition metal using oxygen or hydrogen peroxide. [0028] Jaschinski et al. In PCT published application WO 00/50462 teach oxidation of TEMPO oxidized bleached wood pulps to introduce carboxyl and aldehyde groups at the C6 position. The pulp is preferably refined before oxidation. One process variation uses low pH reaction conditions without a halogen compound present. The TEMPO is regenerated by ozone or another oxidizer, preferably in a separate step. In particular, the outer surface of the fibers are said to be modified. The products were found to be useful for papermaking applications. [0029] Jetten et al. in related PCT applications WO 00/50463 and WO 00/50621 teach TEMPO oxidation of cellulose along with an enzyme or complexes of a transition metal. A preferred complexing agent is a polyamine with at least three amino groups separated by two or more carbon atoms. Manganese, iron, cobalt, and copper are preferred transition metals. Although aldehyde substitution at C6 seems to be preferred, the primary products can be further oxidized to carboxyl groups by oxidizers such as chlorites or hydrogen peroxide. [0030] TEMPO catalyzed oxidation of primary alcohols of various organic compounds is reported in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,031,101 to Devine et al. and 6,127,573 to Li et al. The oxidation system is a buffered two phase system employing TEMPO, sodium chlorite, and sodium hypochlorite. The above investigators are joined by others in a corresponding paper to Zhao et al. Journal of Organic Chemistry 64: 2564-2566 (1999). Similarly, Einhorn et al., Journal of Organic Chemistry 61: 7452-7454 (1996) describe TEMPO used with N-chlorosuccinimide in a two phase system for oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes. [0031] I. M. Ganiev et al in Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 14: 38-42 (2001) describe a complex of chlorine dioxide with TEMPO and its conversion into oxammonium salt. Specific applications of the synthesis product were not noted. [0032] Isogai, in Japanese Kokai 2001-4959A, describes treating cellulose fiber using a TEMPO/hypochlorite oxidation system to achieve low levels of surface carboxyl substitution. The treated fiber has good additive retention properties without loss of strength when used in papermaking applications. [0033] Published European Patent Applications 1,077,221; 1,077,285; and 1,077,286 to Cimecloglu et al. respectively describe a polysaccharide paper strength additive, a paper product, and a modified cellulose pulp in which aldehyde substitution has been introduced using a TEMPO/hypochlorite system. [0034] Published PCT application WO 01/29309 to Jewell et al. describes a cellulose fiber carboxylated using TEMPO or its related compounds which is stabilized against color or D.P. degradation by the use of a reducing or additional oxidizing step to eliminate aldehyde or ketone substitution introduced during the primary oxidation. [0035] None of the previous workers have described a stable fibrous carboxylated cellulose or related carbohydrate material that can be made and used in conventional papermill equipment, using environmentally friendly chemicals, with no requirement for hypochlorites. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0036] The present invention is directed to a method for preparation of a carboxylated carbohydrate product using a catalytic amount of a hindered cyclic oxammonium salt as the effective primary oxidant. This may be generated in situ by the use of a corresponding amine, hydroxylamine, or nitroxide. The catalyst is not consumed and may be recycled for reuse. The method does not require an alkali metal or alkaline earth hypohalite compound as a secondary oxidant to regenerate the oxammonium salt. Instead, chlorine dioxide has proved to be very satisfactory for this function. If maximum stability of the product is desired, the initially oxidized product may be treated, preferably with a tertiary oxidant or, alternatively, a reducing agent, to convert any unstable substituent groups into carboxyl or hydroxyl groups. [0037] In the discussion and claims that follow, the terms nitroxide, oxammonium salt, amine, or hydroxylamine of a corresponding hindered heterocyclic amine compound should be considered as full equivalents. The oxammonium salt is the catalytically active form but this is an intermediate compound that is formed from a nitroxide, continuously used to become a hydroxylamine, and then regenerated, presumably back to the nitroxide. The secondary oxidant will convert the amine form to the free radical nitroxide compound. Unless otherwise specified, the term “nitroxide” will normally be used hereafter in accordance with the most common usage in the related literature. [0038] The method is broadly applicable to many carbohydrate compounds having available primary hydroxyl groups, of which only one is cellulose. The terms “cellulose” and “carbohydrate” should thus be considered equivalents when used here-after. [0039] The method is suitable for carboxylation of many carbohydrate products such as simple sugars, relatively low molecular weight oligomers of sugars, starches, chitin, chitosan and many others that have an accessible primary hydroxyl group. Cellulose is preferred carbohydrate material and a chemically purified fibrous cellulose market pulp is a particularly preferred raw material for the process. This may be, but is not limited to, bleached or unbleached sulfite, kraft, or prehydrolyzed kraft hardwood or softwood pulps or mixtures of hardwood and softwood pulps. While included within the broad scope of the invention, so-called high alpha cellulose or chemical pulps; i.e., those with an α-cellulose content greater than about 92%, are not generally preferred as raw materials. [0040] The suitability of lower cost market pulps is a significant advantage of the process. Market pulps are used for many products such as fine papers, diaper fluff, paper towels and tissues, etc. These pulps generally have about 86-88% α-cellulose and 12-14% hemicellulose whereas the high α-cellulose chemical or dissolving pulps have about 92-98% α-cellulose. By stable is meant minimum D.P. loss in alkaline environments, and very low self cross linking and color reversion. The method of the invention is particularly advantageous for treating secondary (or recycled) fibers. Bond strength of the sheeted carboxylated fibers is significantly improved over untreated recycled fiber. [0041] The “cellulose” used with the present invention is preferably a wood based cellulose market pulp below 90% α-cellulose, generally having about 86-88% α-cellulose and a hemicellulose content of about 12%. [0042] The process of the invention will lead to a product having an increase in carboxyl substitution over the starting material of at least about 2 meq/100 g, preferably at least about 5 meq/100 g. Carboxylation occurs predominantly at the hydroxyl group on C-6 of the anhydroglucose units to yield uronic acids. [0043] The cellulose fiber in an aqueous slurry or suspension is first oxidized by addition of a primary oxidizer comprising a cyclic oxammonium salt. This may conveniently be formed in situ from a corresponding amine, hydroxylamine or nitroxyl compound which lacks any α-hydrogen substitution on either of the carbon atoms adjacent the nitroxyl nitrogen atom. Substitution on these carbon atoms is preferably a one or two carbon alkyl group. For sake of convenience in description it will be assumed, unless otherwise noted, that a nitroxide is used as the primary oxidant and that term should be understood to include all of the percursors of the corresponding nitroxide or its oxammonium salt. [0044] Nitroxides having both five and six membered rings have been found to be satisfactory. Both five and six membered rings may have either a methylene group or a heterocyclic atom selected from nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen at the four position in the ring, and both rings may have one or two substituent groups at this location. [0045] A large group of nitroxide compounds have been found to be suitable. 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy free radical (TEMPO) is among the exemplary nitroxides found useful. Another suitable product linked in a mirror image relationship to TEMPO is 2,2,2′2′,6,6,′,6′-octamethyl-4,4′-bipiperidinyl-1,1′-dioxy di-free radical (BI-TEMPO). Similarly, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidinyl-1-oxy free radical; 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-methoxypiperidinyl-1-oxy free radical; and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-benzyloxypiperidinyl-1-oxy free radical; 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-aminopiperidinyl-1-oxy free radical, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-acetylaminopiperidinyl-1-oxy free radical; 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone-1-oxy free radical and ketals of this compound are examples of compounds with substitution at the 4 position of TEMPO that have been found to be very satisfactory oxidants. Among the nitroxides with a second hetero atom in the ring at the four position (relative to the nitrogen atom), 3,3,5,5-tetramethylmorpholine-1-oxy free radical (TEMMO) is useful. [0046] The nitroxides are not limited to those with saturated rings. One compound anticipated to be a very effective oxidant is 3,4-dehydro-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinyl-1-oxy free radical. [0047] Six membered ring compounds with double substitution at the four position have been especially useful because of their relative ease of synthesis and lower cost. Exemplary among these are the 1,2-ethanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1-3-propanediol (1,3-neopentyldiol) and glyceryl cyclic ketals of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone-1-oxy free radical. [0048] Among the five membered ring products, 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidinyl-1-oxy free radical is anticipated to be very effective. [0049] The above named compounds should only be considered as exemplary among the many representatives of the nitroxides suitable for use with the invention and those named are not intended to be limiting in any way. [0050] During the oxidation reaction the nitroxide is consumed and converted to an oxammonium salt then to a hydroxylamine. Evidence indicates that the nitroxide is continuously regenerated by the presence of a secondary oxidant. Chlorine dioxide, or a latent source of chlorine dioxide, is a preferred secondary oxidant. Since the nitroxide is not irreversibly consumed in the oxidation reaction only a catalytic amount of it is required. During the course of the reaction it is the secondary oxidant which will be depleted. [0051] The amount of nitroxide required is in the range of about 0.005% to 1.0% by weight based on carbohydrate present, preferably about 0.02-0.25%. The nitroxide is known to preferentially oxidize the primary hydroxyl which is located on C-6 of the anhydroglucose moiety in the case of cellulose or starches. It can be assumed that a similar oxidation will occur at primary alcohol groups on hemicellulose or other carbohydrates having primary alcohol groups. [0052] The chlorine dioxide secondary oxidant is present in an amount of 0.2-35% by weight of the carbohydrate being oxidized, preferably about 0.5-10% by weight. [0053] As was noted earlier, it is considered to be within the scope of the invention to form nitroxides or their oxammonium salts in situ by oxidation of the corresponding amines or hydroxylamines of any of the nitroxide free radical products. While the free radical form of the selected nitroxide may be used, it is often preferable to begin with the corresponding amine. Among the many possible amino compounds useful as starting materials can be mentioned 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone (triacetone amine) and its 1,2-ethanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol and glyceryl cyclic ketals. [0054] When cellulose is the carbohydrate being treated, the usual procedure is to slurry the cellulose fiber in water with a small amount of sodium bicarbonate or another buffering material for pH control. The pH of the present process is not highly critical and may be within the range of about 4-12, preferably about 6-8. The nitroxide may be added in aqueous solution and chlorine dioxide added separately or premixed with the nitroxide. If the corresponding amine is used, they are preferably first reacted in aqueous solution with chlorine dioxide at somewhat elevated temperature. Additional chlorine dioxide is added to the cellulose slurry and the catalytic solution is then added and allowed to react, preferably at elevated temperature for about 30 seconds to 10 hours at temperatures from about 5°-110° C., preferably about 20°-95° C. [0055] To achieve maximum stability and D.P. retention the oxidized product may be treated with a stabilizing agent to convert any substituent groups, such as aldehydes or ketones, to hydroxyl or carboxyl groups. The stabilizing agent may either be another oxidizing agent or a reducing agent. Unstabilized oxidized cellulose pulps have objectionable color reversion and may self crosslink upon drying, thereby reducing their ability to redisperse and form strong bonds when used in sheeted products. If sufficient. unreacted ClO 2 remains after the initial oxidation, it is only necessary to acidify the initial reaction mixture without even draining or washing the product. Otherwise one of the following oxidation treatments may be used [0056] Alkali metal chlorites are one class of oxidizing agents used as stabilizers, sodium chlorite being preferred because of the cost factor. Other compounds that may serve equally well as oxidizers are permanganates, chromic acid, bromine, silver oxide, and peracids. A combination of chlorine dioxide and hydrogen peroxide is also a suitable oxidizer when used at the pH range designated for sodium chlorite. Oxidation using sodium chlorite may be carried out at a pH in the range of about 0-5, preferably 2-4, at temperatures between about 10°-110° C., preferably about 20°-95° C., for times from about 0.5 minutes to 50 hours, preferably about 10 minutes to 2 hours. One factor that favors oxidants as opposed to reducing agents is that aldehyde groups on the oxidized carbohydrate are converted to additional carboxyl groups, thus resulting in a more highly carboxylated product. These stabilizing oxidizers are referred to as “tertiary oxidizers” to distinguish them from the nitroxide/chlorine dioxide primary/secondary oxidizers. The tertiary oxidizer is used in a molar ratio of about 1.0-15 times the presumed aldehyde content of the oxidized carbohydrate, preferably about 5-10 times. In a more convenient way of measuring the needed tertiary oxidizer, the preferred sodium chlorite usage should fall within about 0.01-20% based on carbohydrate, preferably about 1-9% by weight based on carbohydrate, the chlorite being calculated on a 100% active material basis. [0057] When stabilizing with a ClO 2 and H 2 O 2 mixture, the concentration of ClO 2 present should be in a range of about 0.01-20% by weight of carbohydrate, preferably about 0.3-1.0%, and concentration of H 2 O 2 should fall within the range of about 0.01-10% by weight of carbohydrate, preferably 0.05-1.0%. Time will generally fall within the range of 0.5 minutes to 50 hours, preferably about 10 minutes to 2 hours and temperature within the range of about 10°-110° C., preferably about 30°-95° C. The pH of the system is preferably about 3 but may be in the range of 0-5. [0058] A preferred reducing agent is an alkali metal borohydride. Sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ) is preferred from the standpoint of cost and availability. However, other borohydrides such as LiBH 4 , or alkali metal cyanoborohydrides such as NaBH 3 CN are also suitable. NaBH 4 may be mixed with LiCl to form a very useful reducing agent. When NaBH 4 is used for reduction, it should be present in an amount between about 0.1 and 10.0 g/L. A more preferred amount would be about 0.25-5 g/L and a most preferred amount from about 0.5-2.0 g/L. Based on carbohydrate the amount of reducing agent should be in the range of about 0.1% to 4% by weight, preferably about 1-3%. Reduction may be carried out at room or higher temperature for a time between 10 minutes and 10 hours, preferably about 30 minutes to 2 hours. [0059] After stabilization is completed, the carbohydrate is washed and may be dried if desired. Alternatively, the carboxyl substituents may be converted to other cationic forms beside hydrogen or sodium; e.g., calcium, magnesium, or ammonium. [0060] One particular advantage of the process is that all reactions are carried out in an aqueous medium. A further advantage when the process is used with cellulose fiber is that the carboxylation is primarily located on the fiber surface. This conveys highly advantageous properties for papermaking. The product of the invention will have at least about 20% of the total carboxyl content on the fiber surface. Untreated fiber will typically have no more than a few milliequivalents of total carboxyl substitution and, of this, no more than about 10% will be located on the fiber surface. [0061] Carboxylated cellulose made using the process of the invention is highly advantageous as a papermaking furnish, either by itself or in conjunction with conventional fiber. It may be used in amounts from 0.5-100% of the papermaking furnish. The carboxylated fiber is especially useful in admixture with recycled fiber to add strength. The method can be used to improve properties of either virgin or recycled fiber. The increased number of anionic sites on the fiber should serve to ionically hold significantly larger amounts of cationic papermaking additives than untreated fiber. These additives may be wet strength resins, sizing chemical emulsions, filler and pigment retention aids, charged filler particles, dyes and the like. Carboxylated pulps do not hornify (or irreversibly collapse) as much on drying and are a superior material when recycled. They swell more on rewetting, take less energy to refine, and give higher sheet strength. [0062] It is a primary object of the invention to provide a convenient method whereby carboxyl substitution may be introduced into carbohydrate materials having primary hydroxyl groups. [0063] It is an important object of the invention to provide a method of making a cellulose fiber having enhanced carboxyl content using an aqueous reaction medium. [0064] It is also an object to provide a method for making a carboxylated cellulose fiber that does not employ chlorine or hypohalite compounds. [0065] It is another object to provide a process for making a carboxylated cellulose fiber that can be carried out in equipment and with many chemicals commonly found in pulp or paper mills. [0066] It is a further object to provide a cellulose fiber having an enhanced carboxyl content at the fiber surface. [0067] It is yet an object to provide a carboxylated cellulose fiber that is stable against D.P. loss in alkaline environments. [0068] It is an object to provide a stable cellulose fiber of enhanced carboxyl content with a D.P. of at least 850 measured as a sodium salt or 700 when measured in the free acid form. [0069] It is still an object to provide a cellulose fiber having a high ionic attraction to cationic papermaking additives. [0070] It is an additional object to provide cellulose pulp and paper products containing the carboxyl enhanced fiber. [0071] These and many other objects will become readily apparent upon reading the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the drawings DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0072] Abundant laboratory data indicates that a nitroxide catalyzed cellulose oxidation predominantly occurs at the primary hydroxyl group on C-6 of the anhydroglucose moeity. In contrast to some of the other routes to oxidized cellulose, only very minor reaction has been observed to occur at the secondary hydroxyl groups at the C-2 and C-3 locations. Using TEMPO as an example, the mechanism to formation of a carboxyl group at the C-6 location proceeds through an intermediate aldehyde stage. [0073] The TEMPO is not irreversibly consumed in the reaction but is continuously regenerated. It is converted by the secondary oxidant into the oxammonium (or nitrosonium) ion which is the actual oxidant. During oxidation the oxammonium ion is reduced to the hydroxylamine from which TEMPO is again formed. Thus, it is the secondary oxidant which is actually consumed. TEMPO may be reclaimed or recycled from the aqueous system. The reaction is postulated to be as follows: [0074] As was noted earlier, formation of the oxammonium salt in situ by oxidation of the hydroxylamine or the amine is considered to be within the scope of the invention. [0075] The resulting oxidized cellulose product will have a mixture of carboxyl and aldehyde substitution. Aldehyde substituents on cellulose are known to cause degeneration over time and under certain environmental conditions. In addition, minor quantities of ketone carbonyls may be formed at the C-2 and C-3 positions of the anhydroglucose units and these will also lead to degradation. Marked D.P., fiber strength loss, crosslinking, and yellowing are among the problems encountered. For these reasons, we have found it very desirable to oxidize aldehyde substituents to carboxyl groups, or to reduce aldehyde and ketone groups to hydroxyl groups, to ensure stability of the product. [0076] wherein R 1 -R 4 are one to four carbon alkyl groups but R 1 with R 2 and R 3 with R 4 may together be included in a five or six carbon alicyclic ring structure; X is methylene, oxygen, sulfur, or alkylamino; and R 9 and R 10 are one to five carbon alkyl groups and may together be included in a five or six member ring structure, which, in turn may have one to four lower alkyl or hydroxy alkyl substitutients. Examples include the 1,2-ethanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol, and glyceryl cyclic ketals of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone-1-oxy free radical. These compounds are especially preferred primary oxidants because of their effectiveness, lower cost, ease of synthesis, and suitable water solubility. [0077] in which R 1 -R 4 are one to four carbon alkyl groups but R 1 with R 2 and R 3 with R 4 may together be included in a five or six carbon alicyclic ring structure; and X may be methylene, sulfur, oxygen, —NH, or NR 11 , in which R 11 is a lower alkyl. An example of these five member ring compounds is 2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidinyl-1-oxy free radical. [0078] Where the term “lower alkyl” is used it should be understood to mean an aliphatic straight or branched chain alkyl moiety having from one to four carbon atoms. [0079] In the following examples, unless otherwise specified, the cellulose used was a bleached, never dried northern softwood kraft wet lap market pulp produced in an Alberta mill. EXAMPLE 1 Use of the Glyceryl Ketal of Triacetone Amine to Form the Primary Oxidizing Agent [0080] The glyceryl ketal of triacetone amine (gk-TAA) is 7,7,9,9-tetramethyl-1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-2-methanol. This is a commercially available chemical. However, it may be synthesized by reaction of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidone with glycerine under strongly acidic conditions. [0081] Part 1: 10.3 mg of gk-TAA was reacted with 2 g of a 6.7 g/L solution of ClO 2 at 60° for about 2 minutes. To this was then added an additional 2 g of the ClO 2 solution and the reaction continued for an additional 2 minutes at 60° C. The reaction mixture was added to 30 mL of the ClO 2 solution and 60 mL water. This solution was placed in a sealable polyethylene bag and to it was then added a 45 g wet sample (10 g O.D. basis) of cellulose combined with 1 g NaHCO 3 . The pH at this time was 7.3. The bag with its contents was placed in a 60-70° C. water bath for 31 minutes. The oxidized pulp was drained leaving a wet mass of 34 g. The 98 g of liquor recovered was retained in order to recycle the catalyst. A small portion of the oxidized pulp was retained for analysis. The remainder was stabilized by adjusting the pH to about 3 with 1 M H 2 SO 4 solution and adding 30 mL of the 6.7 g/l ClO 2 solution, 3 mL of 3% H 2 O 2 , and 40 mL water. The stabilization reaction was continued for about 1 hour at 60°-70° C. The pulp was washed and converted to the sodium form by treating it in a solution of Na 2 CO 3 at about pH 8-9. [0082] Part 2: The recovered liquor from the oxidation step above was combined with 41 g (10 g O.D.) of the never dried cellulose pulp, 30 mL of the 6.7 g/L ClO 2 solution and 1 g NaHCO 3 . These were placed in a sealed polyethylene bag as before and reacted in a 60-70° C. water bath for 40 minutes. The oxidized pulp was drained and stabilized as above. [0083] Carboxyl contents of the materials made above were determined to be as follows: Sample Carboxyl, meq/100 g Part 1, unstabilized 7.7 Part 1, stabilized 11.7 Part 2, Unstabilized 7.0 Part 2, Stabilized 12.3 [0084] These results indicate both the efficiency of gk-TAA as a primary oxidation catalyst but also show that it may be recycled without loss of efficiency. EXAMPLE 2 Investigation of Effect of Primary Catalyst Loading [0085] A catalyst solution was made by adding 20.0 mg gk-TAA to ˜2.0 g of a solution of 6.7 g/L ClO 2 at 70° C. for 1-2 minutes. The gk-TAA appeared to be totally dissolved. Cellulose was oxidized as above using 41 g (10 g O.D.) of the never dried pulp, 0.5 g NaHCO 3 , 75 mL water, and 14 mL of the 6.7 g/L ClO 2 solution. To this was added either 0.11 g, 0.26 g, 0.50 g, or 0.75 g of the catalyst solution. These catalyst additions correspond to 0.011%, 0.026%, 0.050%, and 0.075% by weight based on dry cellulose. After 30 minutes reaction time at 70° C. the samples with the two highest catalyst usages were white in appearance, the next lower usage sample had a faint off-white color and the lowest catalyst usage sample was a light yellow. After 2 hours the samples were removed from the water bath and drained. The unwashed oxidized material was stabilized by treatment with 30 mL of the 6.7 g/l ClO 2 solution and 3 g 3% H 2 O 2 . The pH was adjusted to ˜1 by 1 M H 2 SO 4 . Treatment was continued for about 30 minutes at 60° C. The samples were then filtered off and washed with deionized water. Carboxyl analyses indicated the following levels of substitution: Sample No. Catalyst. wt % Carboxyl, meq/100 g 1 0.011 5.5 2 0.026 8.6 3 0.050 8.7 4 0.075 9.4 [0086] It is evident from the substitution data that carboxylation level is not a linear function of catalyst usage. Little gain was seen using more than 0.026% of the gk-TAA catalyst. EXAMPLE 3 Use of 1,3-propanediol Ketal of Triacetone Amine to Form the Primary Oxidizing Agent [0087] A catalyst solution was formed by reacting 10.5 mg of the 1,3-propanediol acetal of triacetone amine and 1.5 mL of a 5.7 g/L solution of ClO 2 in a sealed tube for about 1 minute. The resulting dark material readily dissolved in the liquid. Water (75 mL), 0.5 g NaHCO 3 , 15 mL of the 5.7 g/L ClO 2 solution, and the activated catalyst solution, along with a few mL of rinse water were combined in that order. This was combined with 41 g of the wet (10 g O.D.) cellulose and mixed in a sealed polyethylene bag. The mixture was placed in a 70° C. water bath and allowed to react for 33 minutes. The slurry was acidified with 1 M H 2 SO 4 to ˜pH 3. Then 5.0 mL of the 5.7 g/L ClO 2 solution and 1.5 mL of 3% H 2 O 2 were mixed in. The sealed bag was again placed in the 70° C. hot water bath for about 1 hour. The resulting stabilized carboxylated cellulose was washed and dried as before. Carboxyl content was measured as 8.3 meq/100 g. EXAMPLE 4 Use of TEMPO as a Primary Oxidizing Agent with a ClO 2 Secondary Oxidant [0088] A 10.6 g dried sample (10.0 g O.D.) of the northern softwood pulp was slurried in 200 g water with 3 g NaHCO 3 . Then 0.1 g TEMPO and ˜2 mL of a 6 g/L ClO 2 solution were combined and gently heated to form an oxidation catalyst. An additional 68 mL of the 6 g/L ClO 2 solution was stirred into the pulp slurry, then the catalyst mixture. The slurry was contained in a sealed polyethylene bag and immersed in a 70° C. water bath for 30 minutes. The reacted cellulose was then washed and stabilized by combining 0.7 g 30% H 2 O 2 , 0.7 g NaClO 2 , wet pulp, and water to make 100 g total. The pH was reduced to below 3 by adding about 1.5 g of 1 M H 2 SO 4 and the mixture was heated and allowed to react for about 1 hour at 70° C. Analyses showed that the unstabilized material had a carboxyl content of 8.7 meq/100 g while the stabilized sample had 17 meq/100 g carboxyl. EXAMPLE 5 Use of 2,2,6.6-tetramethylpiperidine to Form Primary Oxidation Catalyst [0089] Rather than use the nitroxide form of TEMPO as a starting catalyst material, the corresponding amine was employed to generate a catalyst. A water solution containing 7.1 g/L ClO 2 was prepared. About 5 mL of this was reacted with about 80 mg 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine to form the oxammonium salt. Then 85-90 mL of the ClO 2 solution was combined with 41 g (10.0 g O.D.) of the never dried pulp, 3 g of NaHCO 3 , and 0.08 g of 3.3% H 2 O 2 . The catalyst solution was added and the whole, contained in a sealed polyethylene bag, was immersed in a 70° C. water bath for 40 minutes. The pH was then adjusted below 3 with 1 M H 2 SO 4 . Then 3 g of 3.3% H 2 O 2 and 30 mL of the ClO 2 solution were mixed in and again placed in the 70° C. water bath for 1 hour for stabilization. The stabilized carboxylated cellulose was washed and dried as before. Carboxyl content was 22 meq/100 g. EXAMPLE 6 Use of 4-oxo-TEMPO-1,3-propanediol Ketal to Form the Primary Oxidizing Agent [0090] A catalyst mixture was formed by mixing 0.10 g of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidonel-3-propanediol ketal was reacted with about 3 mL of a 6.8 g/L ClO 2 solution to form the corresponding catalytic oxammonium compound. Then 41 g (10 g O.D.) of never dried bleached northern softwood kraft pulp was added to 87 mL of the ClO 2 solution along with 3 g NaHCO 3 followed by the rapid addition of the catalyst solution. The mixture at pH 7.5 was placed in a sealed polyethylene bag and submerged in a 70° C. hot water bath for about 30 minutes. The pH of the reaction mixture was reduced below 3 with 1 M H 2 SO 4 . At this time about 6 g of 3.2% H 2 O 2 and 30 mL of the 6.8 g/L ClO 2 solution were added. The polyethylene bag was again sealed and, placed in the 70° C. water bath for 1 hour. The stabilized pulp was then washed and dried as before. Upon analysis the carboxyl content was 23 meq/100 g. EXAMPLE 7 Effect of Oxidation pH on Carboxyl Content [0091] The catalyst mixture of Example 6 was again made up, this time using a fresh 7.1 g/L solution of ClO 2 . Instead of the NaHCO 3 buffer used earlier, which gave a pH of about 7.5, the buffering system used was a mixture of Na 2 HPO 4 and citric acid as shown in the table that follows. With the exception of the buffers, the procedure used was generally similar to that of Example 6 with the following exceptions. Only 30 mL of the 7.1 g/L ClO 2 solution was used and the initial reaction time was extended to 2¾ hours. Stabilization was under similar conditions except that only 25 mL of the ClO 2 solution was used, the temperature was 60° C., and the bags with the samples were removed from the water bath after 1 hour but allowed to remain at room temperature over the weekend. Reaction conditions and carboxyl content were as follows. 0.2M Sample Na 2 HPO 4 , 0.1 M citric acid, Catalyst, Carboxyl No. pH mL mL mg meq/100 g 1 7.0 43.6 6.5 10.2 16 2 6.6 36.4 13.6 10.5 17 3 6.2 33.1 16.9 10.1 14 4 5.8 30.3 19.7 10.3 13 [0092] It is evident that the pH of the carboxylation reaction with ClO 2 is not extremely critical. Contrary to the traditional use of sodium hypochlorite as the secondary oxidant, which requires a pH of about 9-10.5 for best efficiency, the reaction using ClO 2 will proceed on the acidic side with little or no reduction in carboxyl substitution. EXAMPLE 8 Effect of Stabilization on Brightness Reversion of Oxidized Pulps [0093] A catalyst mixture was made by reacting 0.11 g of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine with about 25 mL of 6.9 g/L ClO 2 solution at 70° C. for a few minutes. Then the activated catalyst, 10 g NaHCO 3 , 410 g (100 g O.D.) of never dried northern bleached kraft softwood pulp, and 575 mL of the 6.9 g/L % ClO 2 solution were intimately mixed. The pH of the mixture was in the 8.0-8.5 range. The sealed container was placed in a 70° C. hot water bath. Gases given off during the reaction were vented as necessary. After 38 minutes the product was divided into two portions. A first portion was washed and treated with a solution of about 2 g/L Na 2 CO 3 for about 5 minutes at a pH between 9-10. The unstabilized product was then washed with deionized water but left undried. The second portion was stabilized by removing about 200 mL of the remaining reaction liquor which was replaced by an equal amount of a solution of 5.0 g 80% NaClO 2 , 5.0 g of 3% H 2 O 2 , and 12.8 g of 1M H 2 SO 4 . This was again reacted for 45 minutes at 70° C. The product was drained and washed, treated with basic water at pH ˜10, and again washed. [0094] Analyses of the original and two treated samples gave the following results: Sample D.P. Carboxyl, meq/100 g Untreated 1650 ± 100 4.0 ± 0.5 Unstabilized 650* 13.7 ± 0.5 Stabilized 1390 ± 60 21.6 ± 0.1 [0095] Handsheets were then made of the above three samples for study of color reversion after accelerated aging. These were dried overnight at room temperature and 50% R.H. Brightness was measured before and after samples were heated in an oven at 105° C. for 1 hour. Heated samples were reconditioned for at least 30 minutes at 50% R.H. Results are as follows: Brightnes Initial ISO Oven-aged ISO Reversion, Sample pH Brightness, % Brightness, % % Control 5 89.84 ± 0.13 88.37 ± 0.12 1.48 Control* 5 90.13 ± 0.07 88.61 ± 0.13 1.52 Unstabilized Unadjusted 91.43 ± 0.16 78.85 ± 0.28 12.59 Unstabilized 5 91.93 ± 0.08 87.38 ± 4.55 Stabilized Unadjusted 92.68 ± 0.09 90.74 ± 0.12 1.94 Stabilized 5 92.89 ± 0.14 91.31 ± 0.12 1.57 [0096] The superior brightness retention of the stabilized samples is immediately evident from the above test results. EXAMPLE 9 Stabilization Retaining Primary Oxidation Liquor [0097] A catalytic composition was formed by reacting 12 mg of TEMPO and about 2 mL of 7 g/L ClO 2 solution at 70° C. for about 1 minute. The activated catalyst was added to a slurry of 41 g (10 g O.D.) of northern mixed conifer bleached kraft pulp and 2 g Na 2 CO 3 in about 88 mL of the 7 g/L ClO 2 solution. The mixture was contained in a sealed polyethylene bag and placed in a 70° C. water bath for 30 minutes. The mixture was occasionally mixed and vented as needed. After the initial oxidation the sample was divided into two equal portions of about 66 g each. [0098] One portion was stabilized by acidification to a pH below 3 with 1 M H 2 SO 4 and again placed in the hot water bath at 70° C. for 1 hour. No ClO 2 or H 2 O 2 was added. The fiber was then recovered, thoroughly washed, treated with a Na 2 CO 3 solution at a pH ˜10, and again washed and dried. [0099] The second portion was stabilized by treatment with 2.3 g of 3% H 2 O 2 and then with 1 M H 2 SO 4 to adjust pH below 3. This too was retained in the hot water bath at 70° C. for 1 hour. The stabilized cellulose was then treated as above. Carboxyl content was measured for both samples. Stabilization Carboxyl Content Treatment D.P. meq/100 g Neither H 2 O 2 or ClO 2 1050 21 H 2 O 2 but no ClO 2 1100 28 [0100] It is clearly evident that under the initial oxidation conditions employed, no additional oxidants are needed for stabilization and that pH adjustment by acidification is sufficient. EXAMPLE 10 Oxidation of Starch Using ClO 2 and the Glyceryl Ketal of Triacetoneamine [0101] A 10.7 mg portion of the glyceryl ketal of triacetoneamine was reacted with about 2 mL of 5.2 g/L ClO 2 at 70° C. Then a solution of 61 g of 16.4% (10.0 g O.D.) FilmFlex™ 50 starch, which had been solubilized by heating the starch in water, 3 g of NaHCO 3 , and about 98 mL of the 5.2 g/L ClO 2 was prepared. FilmFlex is a registered trademark of Cargill Corp. for a hydroxyethyl corn starch product. The activated catalyst was added. System pH was about 7.5. After about 5 minutes a first small (about 10 g) portion was removed (Sample A). The remainder was placed in a sealed polyethylene bag and then in a 70° C. water bath for 23 minutes. A second portion of about 71 g was then removed from the bag (Sample B). Then 30 mL of the ClO 2 solution and 9 mL of 3% H 2 O 2 was added to the remainder of the material in the bag after the pH had been reduced to about 3 with 1M H 2 SO 4 . The bag was again placed in the 70° C. water bath for 40 minutes (Sample C). The starch remained in solution for all treatments. [0102] An 18 g control sample of the 16.4% FilmFlex™ 50 starch was diluted to 50 mL with deionized water. The pH was then adjusted to about 2 with 1 M H 2 SO 4 (Sample D). [0103] Samples A (about 0.4 g) and B (about 3 g) which had been dried at 105° C. for about 1 hour were dissolved separately in about 10 mL water. The pH was reduced to about 1 with 1 M H 2 SO 4 . Then 25 mL acetone was stirred into each of the samples and later decanted off. Following this 125 mL absolute ethanol divided into four separate aliquots was used to treat the samples so that the product was no longer gummy and was loose and granular in appearance. After each ethanol wash the supernatant liquid was decanted off. The slightly yellow granular washed products were dried at 105° C. for about 1 hour and sent for analysis. [0104] To isolate the treated Sample C starch, 150 mL of acetone was stirred slowly into the solution. After the resulting precipitate had settled, the supernatant liquid was decanted off. Then 150 mL ethanol in four separate portions was added to the gummy precipitate to extract remaining water and chemicals and each time the supernatant was decanted off. The white granular product was oven dried at about 105° C. for 1 hour and a sample submitted for carboxyl analysis. [0105] Sample D was treated in a similar manner except the initial treatment was with 100 mL ethanol rather than acetone. Again the washed material was oven dried at 105° C. for about 1 hr. [0106] Upon analysis, Samples A and D did not have a significant carboxyl content. However, sample B had a carboxyl content of about 29 meq/100 g and sample C about 30 meq/100 g. [0107] It will be evident to those skilled in the art that many reaction conditions, many carbohydrate compounds, and many hindered nitroxide compounds that have not been exemplified will be satisfactory for use with ClO 2 as a secondary oxidant. Thus, it is the intent of the inventors that these variations be included within the scope of the invention if encompassed within the following claims.	A method of making a carboxylated carbohydrate is disclosed, cellulose being a preferred carbohydrate material. Carboxylated cellulose fibers can be produced whose fiber strength and degree of polymerization is not significantly sacrificed. The method involves the use of a catalytic amount of a hindered cyclic oxammonium compounds as a primary oxidant and chlorine dioxide as a secondary oxidant in an aqueous environment. The oxammonium compounds may be formed in situ from their corresponding amine, hydroxylamine, or nitroxyl compounds. The oxidized cellulose may be stabilized against D.P. loss and color reversion by further treatment with an oxidant such as sodium chlorite or a chlorine dioxide/hydrogen peroxide mixture. Alternatively it may be treated with a reducing agent such as sodium borohydride. In the case of cellulose the method results in a high percentage of carboxyl groups located at the fiber surface. The product is especially useful as a papermaking fiber where it contributes strength and has a higher attraction for cationic additives. The product is also useful as an additive to recycled fiber to increase strength. The method can be used to improve properties of either virgin or recycled fiber. It does not require high α-cellulose fiber but is suitable for regular market pulps.	3
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] The invention relates generally to antifreeze compositions and more particularly to corrosion inhibitor packages for antifreeze compositions. Antifreeze compositions containing these packages are particularly suitable for use in closed systems, such as closed loop heat exchange system, more particularly, hydronic heating and cooling closed loop systems containing aluminum. [0002] Hot water boiler systems often use a heat transfer medium such as a fluid comprising water or a water-glycol mixture, such as a water-alkyleneglycol mixture, and an antifreeze or anti-corrosion package. As used herein, “package” will refer to a combination of additives. The medium is used to transfer heat between the source of the heat, e.g. a cast metal heat exchanger and the system, e.g. base board heaters or radiators, designed to deliver heat throughout an area, such as a house. Although the heat transfer fluid provides a means to transfer heat, the fluid can cause corrosion on the surface of the metals in the boiler, transfer conduits and the metal heat exchanger. [0003] Historically, cast iron heat exchangers have been the choice of the heating industry. However, because cast iron heat exchangers are substantially heavier and are less efficient than aluminum at exchanging heat, boilers and other heating and cooling systems containing aluminum fluid conduits are gaining popularity and usage. Aluminum heat exchangers and the like, however, can exhibit undesirable corrosion problems under certain adverse conditions. [0004] Water or water-glycol mixture heat transfer fluids commonly cause corrosion, especially in metal systems, which are particularly susceptible to corrosion. Corrosion can be accelerated by high temperatures and pressures, which are common in an operating boiler system, as well as by minerals or other corrosive species found in water used in boilers. [0005] The industry has long used anti-corrosion packages to provide added protection to the metal surfaces. A preferred corrosion inhibitor for propylene glycol based fluids has been dipotassium phosphate at levels ranging from 0.5% to 5% by weight, often referred to as Inorganic Additive Technology (IAT), such as that available from Hercules Chemical Company, Passic, N.J., Third Coast Chemicals, Pearland, Tex. or Dow Chemical Co., Dow Frost HD MSDS. With this combination of corrosion inhibitor and an alkylene glycol/water mixture, sufficient corrosion protection can commonly be provided to pass the ASTM D-1384 test method. The alkylene glycol/water mixture can include, but is not limited to, ethylene, propylene or dipropylene glycols. Alternate IAT types other than dipotassium phosphate include but are not limited to borates, nitrates, molybdates, nitrites, and silicates, which are consumed as they perform their function, such as balancing the pH. Inorganic additives can also combine with impurities in the formulation or on the surface of the metal and thus be transformed or consumed. These alternate IAT types identified are not used often in heat transfer fluids for boilers because of their toxicity or other chemical stability shortcomings. [0006] The standard ASTM D-1384 corrosion test is a screening test, which measures the corrosion protection provided by alkylene glycol solutions, such as propylene glycol, on standard metals under specific conditions. The corrosion test results are expressed in weight loss in milligrams, representative of mils of penetration per year. The conditions under which the tests are conducted include glycol solutions held at 190° F. (88° C.) for two weeks in suitable glassware, where the glycol level is set at 30% glycol by volume. Metal coupons tested include copper, solder, brass, mild steel, cast iron and aluminum. The limits for weight loss under the test methods described for D-1384 are cited in ASTM D-3306, where the ASTM Limit for each metal is copper (10 mgms), solder (30 mgms), brass (10 mgms), steel (10 mgms), cast iron (10 mgms) and aluminum (30 mgms). The copper coupon conforms to UNS C11000 (SAE CA110), solder conforms to Alloy Grade 30A (SAE 3A), steel conforms to UNS G10200 (SAE 1020) with the chemical composition of the carbon steel is as follows: carbon, 0.17 to 0.23%; manganese, 0.30 to 0.60%; phosphorus, 0.040% maximum; sulfur, 0.05% maximum; cast iron conforms to Alloy UNS F 10007 (SAE G3500) and cast aluminum conforms to Alloy UNS A23190 (SAE 329). In this test method, specimens of metals are totally immersed in aerated coolant solutions prepared with corrosive salts for 336 hours at 190° F. (88° C.). Each test is run in triplicate and the average weight change determined for each metal. [0007] Cast metal heat exchangers used in boilers have traditionally been made of cast iron. Corrosion inhibitor packages based on dipotassium phosphate have long been used in cast iron heat exchangers. However, with the emergence of cast aluminum heat exchangers there is a need to develop a new corrosion inhibitor package for a variety of reasons. First, suppliers of propylene glycol antifreeze post an aluminum disclaimer on their products. Although based on the ASTM D-1384 method, aluminum loss is within the limits set by D-3306, antifreeze suppliers continue to utilize a disclaimer with respect to aluminum surfaces. This has caused concerns as to their effectiveness for use with aluminum. Second, when tested with other methods, such as ASTM D-6208, which measures repassivation, i.e. resistance to chemical pitting of aluminum surfaces by galvanostatic measurement, a test favored by manufacturers of aluminum combustion engines, the propylene glycol-DPK solutions do not meet the passing value of- 400 mV. Third, when tested against D-4340, which measures weight loss under specific use conditions of heat and motion of the fluid, propylene glycol-DPK solutions also fail the standard. Fourth, the extensive use of complex inhibitor packages used in aluminum automobile engines is not suitable for use in hot water boilers. [0008] ASTM D-6208 is a test method designed to measure the relative effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors to mitigate pitting corrosion of aluminum and its alloys. The minimum potential number derived is a measure of the protection against continued pitting corrosion. The test is aggressive in that the standard solution contains chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate. ASTM D-4340 evaluates the effectiveness of heat transfer fluids in combating corrosion under conditions that may exist in aluminum engines. [0009] Various attempts to address these and other drawbacks of conventional antifreeze solutions are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,398,984, 6,391,257, 6,290,870, 6,143,243, 5,766,506, 5,330,670, 5,290,468, 5,269,956, 5,242,621, 5,085,793, 5,085,791, 4,946,616, 4,873,011, 4,851,145, 4,873,011, 4, 647,392, 4,588,513, 4,452,758, 4,426,309, 4,382,870 and 4,320,023, which are all incorporated in their entirety herein by reference. [0010] Aluminum surfaces are susceptible to several types of corrosion mechanisms, including general corrosion, pitting, crevice and cavitation corrosion, as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,398,984, which has been incorporated herein by reference. Complex mixtures of triazoles, thiazoles, borates, silicates, phosphates, benzoates, nitrates, nitrites and molybdates have been used as corrosion inhibitors in antifreeze solutions for automobile engines. More detail regarding mixtures for internal combustion engines is available in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,873,011 and 4,946,616, which are incorporated in their entirety herein by reference. These complex mixtures, however, are not suitable for protecting the heat exchangers used in boilers from corrosion. For example, they can materially alter the surface characteristics of the metal involved in the heat exchanger. This can significantly reduce the efficiency of heat transfer. Some of the components also have a tendency to form gels or thick layers on the metal surfaces. Also, these mixtures can be expensive to use in formulations for the average home boiler and do not provide protection over a sufficiently long period of years. Additionally, because of the risk of contamination of the water from the heater side to the circulating hot water side of the boiler, the toxicity of the heat transfer fluid plays a role in determining which additives may be used. [0011] The emergence of the aluminum automobile engine has prompted the development of new corrosion additives for cast aluminum engines, as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,391,257, which is incorporated it its entirety herein by reference. The automotive industry has developed engine coolants based on mono and dicarboxylic acid technology used in conjunction with other traditional additives, as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,647,392, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. This is referred to as Organic Acid Technology (OAT), which includes carboxylate salt technologies, which are not consumed as a part of their use, thereby extending the life of the antifreeze. Carboxylates protect metal surfaces by application of a thin coating, and are often used in combination with IAT's, but have restricted use because some OAT's react with IAT's. Although carboxylic acids have been successfully used either among themselves or in combination with other additives, when formulated with propylene glycol, they are not known to pass either the ASTM D-1384 or D-6208. [0012] In light of shortcomings of the conventional methods and applications known in the art, it is desirable to provide improved additives for antifreeze compositions. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0013] Generally speaking, in accordance with the invention, antifreeze compositions and additives for anti-freeze compositions are provided which exhibit enhanced corrosion resistance properties. The invention is also directed to a heat transfer fluid, preferably comprising water or a water-glycol mixture, comprising a corrosion inhibitor package preferably comprising one or more additives, preferably selected from the families of (1) inorganic phosphates (especially dipotassium phosphate); (2) phosphonates and organophosphonates (especially phosphonates from the family of HEDP, where HEDP is 1-hydroxytheylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid); (3) organophosphates and salts thereof; (4) polycarboxylic acid salts, such as salts of polyacrylic or methacrylic polymers and organic acids, preferably carboxylic acids and salts thereof (especially salts of ethylhexanoic acid); (5) partial organophosphate esters of alcohols, (especially mono or di-ethylhexyl esters of phosphoric acid). Whereas the additive package can comprise salts or acids of the components described above, because it is preferred to adjust the pH of the package to a pH greater than 8 for effectiveness, it is preferred to include the salts, rather than the neutralized acids, of the additive components. The additives preferably comprise mixtures of mono or di-alkyl, aryl, or alkylaryl phosphate esters, and aliphatic acids, more preferably in combination with an inorganic phosphate, sodium salts of polycarboxylic acid, most preferably of polyacrylates or polymethacrylates, and sodium salts of ethylhexyldiphosphonic acid. [0014] Preferably, the aliphatic acids comprise branched acyclic or cyclic aliphatic acids, such as ethylhexanoic acid. The most preferred additives comprise 2-ethylhexanoic acid and mono-ethylhexylphosphate and salts thereof, in combination with dipotassium phosphate, sodium acrylate polymer and sodium ethylhexylphosphonate adjusted to a preferred pH range of 8.5 to 9.5. This pH range is preferred because aluminum corrosion often increases at very high or low pH's, at least partly resulting from deterioration of the aluminum oxide film, which covers the surface of aluminum metal. Preferred embodiments of the invention exclude meaningful amounts or even not more than a trace of amines, nitrates, nitrites, chromates, molybdates, borates, triazoles and/or silicates. [0015] Accordingly, it is an objective of the invention to provide an antifreeze composition that comprises corrosion inhibiting agents that is useful in water or water alkyleneglycol heat transfer fluids and is applicable to uses where potable water is of serious concern. [0016] It is another objective of the invention to provide an antifreeze composition that can be used in aluminum containing boiler systems. [0017] Still other objects and advantages of the invention will in part be obvious and will in part be apparent from the specification. [0018] The invention accordingly comprises the several steps and the relation of one or more of such steps with respect to each of the others, and the composition embodying combinations of elements which are adapted to affect such steps, all as exemplified in the following detailed disclosure, and the scope of the invention will be indicated in the claims. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0019] A heat transfer fluid in accordance with the invention can comprise water or water-glycol mixtures. Examples of these include, but are not limited to, water-alkyleneglycol mixtures. These fluids should include corrosion inhibitor packages. For example, the packages preferably include any or all of a combination of inorganic phosphates, partial esters of phosphoric acid, organophosphonates, polycarboxylic acid salts and salts of organic acids neutralized to a pH greater than 7. The corrosion inhibitor packages can also include organophosphate esters of organic acids, preferably of aliphatic acids. [0020] Corrosion inhibitor packages in accordance with the invention can be formulated to extend the life of a cast aluminum or iron heat exchanger by providing protection to the surface of the metal. Preferred embodiments of the invention can also moderate the pH of the solution. One possible way in which the pH of the solution is moderated is by the presence of the salts of various acids to provide a buffering counter-ion. When the antifreeze solution degrades over time and produces acid by-products, the salts of the various acids present in the package can react with the acid by-products to neutralize them. For example, if dipotassium phosphate is present in the package, it can neutralize the acid by-product to produce monopotassium phosphates. Sodium salts were determined to have particularly suitable solubilities in water/glycol mixtures. Certain salts, such as calcium and magnesium salts, can result in hardening of the water, and therefore is not preferred. [0021] Preferred embodiments of the invention can suspend and sequestrate minerals contained in a heat exchanger. Preferred embodiments of the invention provide a corrosion inhibitor package that provides protection as defined in any and preferably all of ASTM D-1384, ASTM D-4340 and ASTM D-6208. They can also be suitable for use in home heating systems, provide long term (2 or more years) stability, avoid costly alloy ingredients and help various environmental concerns. [0022] Alkylene glycols in the water-glycol mixture can include, but are not restricted to, 1,2 or 1,3-propylene glycol and ethylene glycol, which are commercially available. Propylene glycol is the preferred antifreeze of choice because of the negative health concerns of using ethylene glycol. The propylene glycol family is preferred among organic glycols because they have a very low toxicity and are GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) chemicals. Although there is no transfer of the antifreeze between the heat exchanger and the hot water used by the public in the traditional hot water heating system, a leak in the system may cause a transfer and from time-to-time, the system will need to be purged and/or flushed. Accordingly, propylene glycol is preferred. [0023] Aqueous solutions of propylene glycol have excellent heat transfer and antifreeze properties. This makes them valuable as low-temperature heat transfer fluids. Propylene glycol, when manufactured under Good Manufacturing Practice per US-FDA guidelines, is cleared for various uses under the Food Additive Regulations (Title 21, 178.3300 Code of Federal Regulations, corrosion inhibitors used for metals), A Guide to Glycols, the Dow Chemical Company. Propylene glycol is also listed in the Food Chemicals Codex and is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) under 21 CFR 184.6666. [0024] The freezing point of an aqueous solution of propylene glycol is substantially lower than the freezing point of water, and accordingly, the freezing point of the water-propyleneglycol mixture is lower than the freezing point of water. The addition of propylene glycol also dramatically improves the burst point, i.e. the temperature at which the expansion of the fluid will cause a pipe to burst. [0025] Furthermore, the solutions do not have a clear freezing point, but rather become slushy. At a very low temperature the slush becomes more and more viscous and eventually ceases to flow. In a mixture of propylene glycol and water, the freeze protection is rated at 12° F. when the level of glycol is about 30% by weight, −6° F. at 40% level of glycol, and −28° F. at 50% level of glycol. Glycol fluids have the ability to provide burst protection because of their very low freezing point. As glycol fluid solutions cool, ice crystals can form, while the remaining fluid becomes more concentrated in glycol. The fluid volume increases as this slush forms. If insufficient amount or no glycol is present, the water can freeze and expand, thereby causing the pipes to crack. [0026] Alternative alkylene glycols and their ethers can be used, such as ethylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol or polyalkylene glycols, such as dipropylene glycol. 1,2-propylene glycol, however, is preferred because of its low toxicity and commercial availability. Glycol ethers may also be used, but are not as preferred because of high cost and lower stability. [0027] The heat transfer fluids do not need to contain anti-freeze components. In certain warm regions of the country, it is common for 100% water to be used as a heat transfer fluid. The invention can work substantially as well in water systems in inhibiting corrosion without the inclusion of anti-freeze components. [0028] Cast aluminum heat exchangers commonly require a specific combination of corrosion inhibitors in order to pass a variety of corrosion tests commonly employed in the field of corrosion testing for aluminum, which includes ASTM D-1384, ASTM D-6208 and ASTM D-4340. D1384 describes a chemical corrosion test conducted in glassware measuring the corrosive effect of heat transfer fluids on metal specimens. ASTM D-6208 determines the susceptibility of aluminum alloy to pitting corrosion. ASTM D-4340 evaluates the effectiveness of heat transfer fluids in combating corrosion under conditions that may exist in aluminum engines. Each test focuses on a different aspect of corrosion. As the data will indicate below, reliance on just one of the three tests will not disclose the full range of performance of selected corrosion inhibitor packages. This non-specificity can then lead to unforeseen failures. Accordingly, it is desirable to perform a variety of tests on the corrosion inhibitor in order to obtain a more complete evaluation. It is particularly desirable to perform the tests described above, which collectively provide the assertion that a heat transfer fluid containing a corrosion inhibitor package can sufficiently protect the aluminum heat exchanger surfaces. Preferred packages in accordance with the invention pass 1384 and either 4340 or 6208, and the most preferred packages in accordance with the invention perform well during each of these three ASTM tests. [0029] Corrosion inhibitor package of the invention preferably excludes certain conventional additives. For example, some of the excluded conventional additives include molybdates, silicates, borates, thiazoles, nitrates and nitrites. [0030] The corrosion inhibitor package of the invention also comprises additives that are not typically used in heat transfer fluids. The additives of the corrosion inhibitor package of the invention preferably comprise a combination of organic acids, preferably aliphatic acids and preferably also their salts, which are preferably combined with inorganic phosphates, preferably dipotassium phosphate, salts, preferably sodium salts, of polycarboxylic acids, preferably polyacrylates, and/or salts, preferably sodium salts, of an organophosphate, preferably ethylhexyldiphosphonic acid. In a preferred embodiment, the additives also include phosphate esters of the organic acids. [0031] Whereas each of these components typically individually fail one or more of the ASTM tests cited above, a suitable combination comprising effectively selected amounts of each component can obtain a positive result for each of the tests. It is likely that the exclusion of any one component could result in the failure of one or more of the ASTM tests as well, thereby resulting in a loss in confidence regarding corrosion resistance. [0032] The organic acids of the corrosion inhibitor preferably include aliphatic acids, preferably mono or dicarboxylic acids, more preferably branched acyclic or cyclic aliphatic acids. More preferred aliphatic acids and their phosphate esters include derivatives or examples based on ethylhexanoic acid. Most preferred are 2-ethylhexanoic acid and mono-ethylhexylphosphate. Whereas other organic acids, such as branched acyclic or cyclic aliphatic acids may be used, the ethylhexanoic acid and its derivatives are preferred because of their performance and commercial perspective. [0033] Preferred inorganic phosphates include dipotassium phosphate, and preferred polycarboxylic acid salts include neutralized salts of polyacrylic acid, most preferably sodium salts of acrylate and methacrylate polymers. Preferred organophosphonates include salts of HEDP. [0034] Most preferably, a corrosion inhibitor package includes 2-ethylhexanoic acid and mono-ethylhexylphosphate in combination with dipotassium phosphate, sodium acrylate polymer and sodium ethylhexyldiphosphonate. It is advantageous to adjust the pH to a range of 8.5 to 9.5. [0035] In one embodiment of the invention, the additives comprise about 0.5-5% dipotassium phosphate, about 0.5-5% ethylhexanoic acid, about 0.5-5% ethylhexylphosphate, about 0.1-1% sodium polyacrylate polymer and about 0.1-1% of the sodium ethylhexyldiphosphonate. The percent water in the heat transfer fluid can range from 0 to 100%, wherein the balance comprises propylene glycol. [0036] Some corrosion inhibitors used with aluminum engines in cars include organic additives in conjunction with ethylene glycol, but these formulations require the use of triazole, nitrite or molybdate additives to complement the organic acid package. These three required additives are expressly excluded from certain preferred embodiments of the invention. Among the additives expressly excluded, other than ineffectively small or even no more than trace amounts, include amines, nitrates, nitrites, chromates, molybdates, borates, triazoles and silicates. [0037] Furthermore, the corrosion package for aluminum car engines expressly forbids the use of phosphates or phosphonates. Preferred embodiments of the invention, in contrast, comprises a combination of phosphorus-based additives and organic salts adjusted to a specific pH, which can control corrosion as well as ancillary problems, such as water hardness, mineral deposits and biofouling. The invention also possesses a specific advantage that traditional corrosion packages for propylene glycol boiler systems based on dipotassium phosphate do not have: the components in this invention can have a substantially longer extended lifetime and are typically not depleted as quickly as dipotassium phosphate alone. [0038] The following tables illustrate the different ASTM test results obtained by the different examples of heat transfer fluids in accordance with the invention that were tested. The different tests are discussed above. It is to be understood that whereas the examples and data focus on specific combinations, such combination are only examples and should not be construed as limiting the present invention in any way. [0039] For the following tests, the examples comprise the following combinations, wherein the pH was adjusted by adding sodium hydroxide. Examples 3 and 4 represent preferred embodiments of the invention: EXAMPLE 1 [0040] 30% 1,2 Propyleneglycol containing 2% dipotassium phosphate, pH adjusted to 9.0. EXAMPLE 2 [0041] 30% 1,2 Propyleneglycol containing 1.7% dipotassium phosphate, sodium HEDP and sodium polyacrylate, pH adjusted to 9.0. EXAMPLE 3 [0042] 30% 1,2 propyleneglycol containing 1.7% dipotassium phosphate, sodium HEDP, sodium polyacrylate and 2-ethylhexanoic acid, pH adjusted to 9.0. EXAMPLE 4 [0043] 30% 1,2 propylene glycol containing 1.7% dipotassium phosphate, sodium HEDP, sodium polyacrylate, 2-ethylhexanoic acid and mono-2ethylhexylphosphate, pH adjusted to 9.0. EXAMPLE 5 [0044] 30% 1,2-propylene glycol containing 1.7% dipotassium phosphate, sodium HEDP, sodium polyacrylate and mono-2 -ethylhexylphosphate, pH adjusted to 9.0. COMPARISON EXAMPLE 6 [0045] Commercially available HTF for aluminum heat exchangers, sold under the trademark Intercool® NFP, manufactured and sold by Interstate Chemical Company of Hermitage, Pa., comprising dipotassium phosphate. COMPARISON EXAMPLE 7 [0046] Commercially available HTF for aluminum heat exchangers, sold under the trademark Fernox., manufactured and sold by Cookson Electronics of England, which utilizes carboxylic acid salts as part of the corrosion additive package. COMPARISON EXAMPLE 8 [0047] Commercial Propylene Glycol antifreeze with organic corrosion inhibitors, nitrates and triazoles for use in aluminum boilers but not for use in areas of potable water contact, sold under the trademark No Burst® Aluminum, sold by The Noble Company of Grand Haven, Mich. comprising propylene glycol, less than 1% of ethylhexanoic acid, less than 1% of sodium triazole, and less than 1% of sodium nitrate. This product is not a G.R.A.S. product. COMPARISON EXAMPLE 9 [0048] Commercial antifreeze sold under the trademark Dexcool®, sold by Shell Lubricants US, which is an antifreeze fluid for aluminum car engines. EXAMPLE 10 [0049] 30% Propylene glycol in water with pH adjusted to 9.0. EXAMPLE 11 [0050] 30% Propylene glycol containing 2% 2-ethylhexanoic acid with a pH adjusted to 9.0. EXAMPLE 12 [0051] 30% Propylene glycol containing sodium HEDP/polyacrylate with a pH adjusted to 9.0. TABLE 1 ASTM D-1384 Test Data ASTM D1384 Test Comparison ASTM DataMetal Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Example 6 Limit* Copper 6 6 7 1 1 10 Solder 8 5 6 2 3 30 Brass 2 1 1 1 2 10 Steel 1 0 1 0 11 10 Iron 8 26 1 2 3 10 Aluminum 22 76 1 5 27 30 Comparison Metal Example 7 Comparison Example 8 Comparison Example 9 ASTM Limit* Copper 4 1 NA 10 Solder 21 1 NA 30 Brass 19 1 NA 10 Steel 11 0 NA 10 Iron 224 1 NA 10 Aluminum 71 11 NA 30 *Limits published in ASTM D-3306 Standard Specification for Glycol Base Engine Coolants. Average number exceeding the ASTM Limit is considered a failure. [0052] As can be seen, each of the examples passed ASTM D-3306 except Example 2 for Iron and Aluminum. TABLE 2 ASTM D-6208 Repassivation of Aluminum Surfaces by Galvanostatic Measurement Pass/Fail Standard Not less Than −400 mv Metal Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Al −562 −501 +184 +985 +2291 Fail Fail Pass Pass Pass Comparison Comparison Comparison Comparison Metal Example 6 Example 7 Example 8 Example 9 Al −568 NA +342 NA Fail Pass Example 10 Example 11 Example 12 30% PG/Water −740 −538 −421 Fail Fail Fail [0053] As can be seen, Examples 3 and 4 in accordance with the invention passed ASTM D-6208. As for the comparison examples, comparison example 6 failed and 8 passed. The test was not applicable for 7 and 9. TABLE 3 ASTM D-4340 Corrosion of Heat Rejecting Aluminum Pass/Fail Standard Not More Than 1 mg/cm 2 /week Test run at 190° F. to reflect temperature use conditions Comparison Comparison Comparison Comparison Metal Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Example 6 Example 7 Example 8 Example 9 Al NA 1.19 0.24 0.24 0.07 2.32 3.7 0.08 0.09 Fail Pass Pass Pass Fail Fail Pass Pass [0054] As can be seen from the above, the compositions of Examples 3 and 4 passed every test. Examples 1, 2, 5 and 10-12 failed ASTM D-6208 and Example 2 failed and Example 1 was not applicable for ASTM D-4340. All the Comparison Examples 6-9, on the other hand, were not satisfactory. Comparison Examples 6, 7 and 9 passed a collective total of two of the three ASTM tests: 6 passed one, and failed two; 7 passed none, failed two, and one test was not applicable; and 9 passed one, and two tests were not applicable. Comparative Example 8, whereas it passed all three ASTM tests, is not a GRAS composition and includes triazole and sodium nitrite, and therefore is not potable, which is an objective certain embodiments of the invention seek to address. Accordingly, it can be seen that certain embodiments of the invention are beneficial over the commercially available compositions. [0055] As is evident from the foregoing, conventional additives used to inhibit corrosion from heat transfer fluids in common heat exchangers usually rely on the use of dipotassium phosphate. Although the use of dipotassium phosphate results in a strong pass for a test based on ASTM D-1384 Glassware Corrosion Test, the data demonstrates that the use of dipotassium phosphate alone will result in a failure of the ASTM D-6208 and/or D-4340. Although some improvement is noted by the inclusion of the sodium polyacrylate and sodium ethylhexylphosphonate, optimum results across the three tests are not obtained without the inclusion of the ethylhexanoic acid and mono-2-ethylhexylphosphate. Similar results would be expected with their respective sodium salts. Notably, a dramatic increase in performance is obtained for the ASTM D-6208 repassivation of aluminum surfaces test, which many in the art deem to be especially important. In all test cases the pH of the test solutions is maintained at 9.0. [0056] It will thus be seen that the objects set forth above, among those made apparent from the preceding description, are efficiently attained, and, since certain changes may be made in carrying out the above method and in the compositions set forth without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. [0057] It is also to be understood that the following claims are intended to cover all of the generic and specific features of the invention herein described and all statements of the scope of the invention, which, as a matter of language, might be said to fall therebetween. [0058] Particularly it is to be understood that in said claims, ingredients or compounds recited in the singular are intended to include compatible mixtures of such ingredients wherever the sense permits.	An anti-corrosion composition for use with a liquid or the liquid resulting from the addition of components is provided. The composition can comprise an acid, a phosphate ester of the acid, an inorganic phosphate, a salt of polyacrylates and a salt of an organophosphonate. The composition can be used with anti-freeze compositions or heat transfer fluids and advantageously exhibits enhanced corrosion resistance properties.	2
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to methods for reducing radio frequency interference and, more particularly, to signal processing techniques for use in Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) receivers and receivers that utilize such techniques. Digital Audio Broadcasting is a medium for providing digital-quality audio, superior to existing analog broadcasting formats. Both AM and FM DAB signals can be transmitted in a hybrid format where the digitally modulated signal coexists with the currently broadcast analog AM or FM signal, or in an all-digital format without an analog signal. In-band-on-channel (IBOC) DAB systems require no new spectral allocations because each DAB signal is simultaneously transmitted within the spectral mask of an existing AM or FM channel allocation. IBOC systems promote economy of spectrum while enabling broadcasters to supply digital quality audio to their present base of listeners. Several IBOC DAB approaches have been suggested. FM DAB systems have been the subject of several United States patent including U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,949,796; 5,465,396; 5,315,583; 5,278,844 and 5,278,826. More recently, a proposed FM IBOC DAB signal places orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) sub-carriers in the region from about 129 kHz to about 199 kHz away from the FM center frequency, both above and below the spectrum occupied by an analog modulated host FM carrier. Some IBOC options (e.g., All-Digital option) permit subcarriers starting as close as 100 kHz away from the center frequency. The digital portion of the DAB signal is subject to interference, for example, by first-adjacent FM signals or by host signals in Hybrid IBOC DAB systems. Signal processing techniques are required to separate out the signals of interest in the presence of the interferers. One FM extraction technique called COLT (COntinuous Look Through) can be used to extract a narrowband signal from beneath a wideband FM signal. This technique is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,263,191; 5,428,834; and 5,355,533. The method described in those patents uses, in effect, a notch filter that tracks and suppresses the FM instantaneous frequency of an interfering signal. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/192,555, assigned to the same assignee as the present invention, discloses an interference reduction technique that is particularly directed to reduction of interference from first adjacent channels of an FM broadcast band. Reduction of first adjacent channel interferers is hereafter referred to as first adjacent cancellation (FAC). FAC can be switched on or off as needed depending upon the particular signal environment. One method of switching on/off the FAC is to blend to and from the non-FAC processed signal. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/192,555 discloses a blending method for reducing FM interference in an in-band on-channel digital audio broadcasting receiver. The FAC blend method of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/192,555 serves the purpose of selecting whether or not FAC is to be used depending upon the relative interference level. However, in some cases the corruption on the subcarrier frequencies may not be uniform and can be differently distributed for FM interference with FAC versus without FAC processing. The is a need for a signal extraction technique that is effective for in-band on-channel digital audio broadcast signals where the corruption on the subcarrier frequencies may not be uniform and can be differently distributed for FM interference with FAC versus without FAC processing. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention provides a method for reducing interference in receivers used to receive an FM in-band on-channel digital audio broadcasting signal. The method comprises the steps of receiving a composite signal including a signal of interest and an interfering signal, demodulating the composite signal to produce a first demodulated signal, computing a first binary soft decision from the first demodulated signal, processing the composite signal to produce a processed signal, demodulating the processed signal to produce a second demodulated signal, computing a second binary soft decision from the second demodulated signal, and combining the first and second binary soft decisions to produce an output signal. In addition, the invention includes radio receivers that utilize the above method. In the preferred embodiment, the signal of interest is a signal comprising a plurality of orthogonally frequency division multiplexed sub-carriers modulated by a digital representation of broadcast program material or other data, such as would be found in a digital audio broadcasting system. The present invention provides an improvement in the operation of a First Adjacent Canceller (FAC) technique intended for use in an FM In-Band On-Channel (IBOC) Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB) system where first-adjacent FM signals act as interferers to the digital portion of the DAB signal. The FAC cancels and/or notch filters the instantaneous frequency of an interfering FM signal to suppress the effects of interference from an FM broadcast signal. This permits blending of the FAC signal without adding the soft symbol information uniformly across the subcarriers. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a diagram showing power spectral densities of an FM In-Band On-Channel Digital Audio Broadcast signal; FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the power spectral densities of two FM In-Band On-Channel Digital Audio Broadcast signals in adjacent channels; FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram of a receiver for use in a digital audio broadcasting system that can receive signals formatted in accordance with this invention; FIG. 4 is a block diagram that illustrates the signal processing method of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/192,555; FIG. 5 is a block diagram that further illustrates the signal processing method of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/192,555; FIG. 6 is a block diagram that illustrates the operation of a first adjacent canceller (FAC) in accordance with this invention; and FIG. 7 is a block diagram that illustrates the process for determining channel state information, disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/438,148, that is used in the preferred embodiment of the invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the frequency allocations (spectral placement) and relative power spectral density of the signal components for a hybrid FM IBOC DAB signal 10 . The hybrid format includes the conventional FM stereo analog signal 12 having a power spectral density represented by the triangular shape 14 positioned in a central portion 16 , or central frequency band, of the channel. The Power Spectral Density (PSD) of a typical analog FM broadcast signal is nearly triangular with a slope of about −0.35 dB/kHz from the center frequency. A plurality of digitally modulated evenly spaced sub-carriers are positioned on either side of the analog FM signal, in an upper sideband 18 and a lower sideband 20 , and are transmitted concurrently with the analog FM signal. All of the carriers are transmitted at a power level that falls within the United States Federal Communications Commission channel mask 22 . In one example of a hybrid FM IBOC modulation format, 95 evenly spaced orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) digitally modulated sub-carriers are placed on each side of the host analog FM signal occupying the spectrum from about 129 kHz through about 198 kHz away from the host FM center frequency as illustrated by the upper sideband 18 and the lower sideband 20 in FIG. 1 . In the hybrid system the total DAB power in the OFDM digitally modulated sub-carriers in each sideband is set to about −25 dB relative to its host analog FM power. Signals from an adjacent FM channel (i.e. the first adjacent FM signals), if present, would be centered at a spacing of 200 kHz from the center of the channel of interest. FIG. 2 shows a spectral plot of a hybrid DAB signal 10 with an upper first adjacent interferer 24 having an analog modulated signal 26 and a plurality of digitally modulated sub-carriers in sidebands 28 and 30 , that are at a level of about −6 dB relative to the signal if interest (the digitally modulated sub-carriers of signal 10 ). The figure shows that the DAB upper sideband 18 is corrupted by the analog modulated signal in the first adjacent interferer. The present invention provides a first adjacent canceller (FAC) that is able to suppress the effects of the interference in this situation. It has been demonstrated that the FAC is able to deal with first adjacent interferers on both upper and lower DAB sidebands, and successfully recover the DAB signal buried beneath them. The DAB signal is extracted from below the interfering FM carrier, although the extraction process distorts the DAB signal. It is assumed that the DAB signal is small relative to the interfering first adjacent analog FM signal such that FM tracking and cancellation can be effective. FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a radio receiver 40 capable of performing the signal processing in accordance with this invention. The DAB signal is received on antenna 42 . A bandpass preselect filter 44 passes the frequency band of interest, including the desired signal at frequency f c , but rejects the image signal at f c − 2 f if (for a low side lobe injection local oscillator). Low noise amplifier 46 amplifies the signal. The amplified signal is mixed in mixer 48 with a local oscillator signal f lo supplied on line 50 by a tunable local oscillator 52 . This creates sum (f c +f lo ) and difference (f c −f lo ) signals on line 54 . Intermediate frequency filter 56 passes the intermediate frequency signal f if and attenuates frequencies outside of the bandwidth of the modulated signal of interest. An analog-to-digital converter 58 operates using a clock signal f s to produce digital samples on line 60 at a rate f s . Digital down converter 62 frequency shifts, filters and decimates the signal to produce lower sample rate in-phase and quadrature signals on lines 64 and 66 . A digital signal processor based demodulator 68 then provides additional signal processing to produce an output signal on line 70 for output device 72 . In the absence of fading the composite analog FM plus DAB signals can be modeled as: s ( t )= a·e jθ(t) +d ( t ) where a is the amplitude and θ(t) is the instantaneous phase of the of the FM signal, and d(t) is the DAB signal. Without loss of generality, we can assume that the average power of d(t) is one. Furthermore, we assume that a>>1 so that the FM capture effect is invoked. Notice that the signal amplitude is assumed to be constant since no fading of the signal is assumed in this part of the analysis. Also notice that this is the ideal case without noise. If this signal is processed using the techniques shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,263,191; 5,428,834; and 5,355,533, then the output can be approximated by: COLT_OUT( t )≈ d ( t )+ d ( t )·e j·2θ(t) The first term of the COLT output is the desired term while the second term is interference. Although the interference term has the same power as the first term, its spectrum is convolved with the square of the FM signal that has twice the FM modulation bandwidth. If the bandwidth of the DAB signal equals the bandwidth of the interfering FM signal, and if the DAB signal is centered on the FM signal, the resulting signal to interference ratio using the prior art COLT technique is reduced to a few dB at most. Another large source of degradation is multipath fading. The fading results in amplitude modulation of the instantaneous FM carrier. Selective fading can result in an amplitude modulation bandwidth on the order of the FM baseband bandwidth (i.e. 53 kHz), while the bandwidth due to dynamic flat fading is limited to about 13 Hz at maximum highway speeds in an automobile receiver. Since the extraction process of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,263,191; 5,428,834; and 5,355,533 uses the input signal directly to control the center frequency of the notch, the amplitude modulation on the input signal due to fading will affect the performance. In the presence of fading the composite analog FM plus digitally modulated sub-carriers signals can be modeled as: s ( t )=[ a+f ( t )]· e jθ(t) +d ( t ), where f(t) is a dynamic fading term that is due to amplitude modulation of the FM carrier as it travels across the selectively faded deviation bandwidth. This amplitude modulation has a bandwidth on the order of the FM baseband bandwidth (i.e. 53 kHz). The slow fading component due to Raleigh fading is limited to about 13 Hz at highway speeds at a carrier frequency in the 100 MHz range. This slow fading component is omitted from this model since it is assumed to be nearly constant over the analysis window. In the presence of selective fading, the additional interference components become significant. The filtering technique of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,263,191; 5,428,834; and 5,355,533 assumed that the input signal itself is a good approximation of the FM signal, since the ratio of the analog FM power to the DAB power is high. However, where the input signal is subject to fading and is not a good approximation of the FM signal, the processing steps can create an image that cannot be removed in subsequent stages. The filtering method of commonly owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/438,148 addresses this problem using a normalized signal extraction process. A first multiplication of a signal shifts the instantaneous FM frequency to zero, while a second multiplication should perform the inverse of the first multiplication. Ideally, if the first and second signals are complex conjugates, and if the product of their amplitudes remains a fixed constant value, then the signal should be perfectly restored in phase and amplitude (minus the filtered out FM carrier). Unfortunately, dynamic fading and selective fading result in amplitude variations with the fading rate and the baseband signal bandwidth. The additional step to normalize the amplitude of the reference eliminates the generation of some of the undesirable interference associated with the original COLT technique. This normalized extraction process is shown in FIG. 4 . The composite signal: s ( t )= a·e jθ(t) +d ( t ), is received on line 74 . Block 76 illustrates that the input is normalized by dividing by its absolute value to produce a normalized signal on line 78 . In the presence of fading the composite analog FM plus DAB signals after normalization can be approximately modeled as: s  ( t )  s  ( t )  ≅  j · θ  ( t ) + d  ( t ) [ a + f  ( t ) ] , where it is assumed that the FM analog signal is much larger than the digital DAB signal. The complex conjugate of the normalized signal is produced as illustrated by block 80 , and the composite signal is multiplied by its normalized complex conjugate, as illustrated by multiplier 82 , to yield the intermediate signal: s  ( t ) · s  ( t )  s *  ( t )  = { [ a + f  ( t ) ] ·  j ·  θ  ( t ) + d  ( t ) } · {  - j ·  θ  ( t ) + d *  ( t ) [ a + f  ( t ) ] } , on line 84 . A dc notch operation, illustrated by block 86 , removes the constant term a to yield: s  ( t ) · s *  ( t )  s *  ( t )  - a = f  ( t ) + d *  ( t ) ·  j ·  θ   ( t ) + d  ( t ) ·  - j ·  θ   ( t ) +  d  ( t )  2 [ a + f  ( t ) ] , on line 88 . A low pass finite impulse response filter 90 produces an estimate of the constant term on line 92 . The signal on line 84 is delayed as illustrated by block 94 to match the filter delay and the output of the filter is subtracted from the delayed signal as shown by adder 96 to produce the intermediate signal on line 88 . It should be noted that the DAB signal in the vicinity of the notch is also suppressed and the notch filtering has some effect on the integrity of the DAB signal. Lastly this intermediate signal is multiplied in multiplier 98 by the normalized original composite signal, which has been delayed as shown by block 100 , to yield the output signal on line 102 : s  ( t )  s  ( t )  · { s  ( t ) · s *  ( t )  s *  ( t )  - a } = d  ( t ) + d *  ( t ) ·  j · 2 · θ  ( t ) + f  ( t ) ·  j · θ  ( t ) + f  ( t ) · d  ( t ) [ a + f  ( t ) ] + d 2  ( t ) ·  - j  · θ  ( t ) [ a + f  ( t ) ] + 2 ·  d  ( t )  2 ·  - j · θ  ( t ) [ a + f  ( t ) ] +  d  ( t )  2 · d  ( t ) [ a + f  ( t ) ] 2 Assuming that the FM signal is much larger than the DAB signal, which is the usual case, then the output can be approximated by: s  ( t )  s  ( t )  · { s  ( t ) · s *  ( t )  s *  ( t )  - a } ≅ d  ( t ) + d *  ( t ) ·  j · 2 · θ  ( t ) + f  ( t ) · {  j · θ  ( t ) + d  ( t ) [ a + f  ( t ) ] } . The equation above shows that if the selective fading-induced amplitude modulation term f(t)=0, then the original COLT method result is achieved. However, in the presence of selective fading, the additional interference terms can be compared to those of the COLT technique under selective fading conditions. Specifically if:  j · θ  ( t ) + d  ( t ) [ a + f  ( t ) ] < 1 a 2  { [ 4 · a + 2 · f  ( t ) ] · d  ( t ) + [ a + f  ( t ) ] · [ 2  a + f  ( t ) ] ·  j · θ  ( t ) + [ 2 · a + f  ( t ) ] ·  j · 2 · θ  ( t ) · d *  ( t ) } then the self-induced noise using the method of this invention is lower. The above inequality can be approximated by further elimination of less significant terms that are much less than one to yield: e jθ(t) <2· e jθ(t) This shows a potential 6 dB improvement in noise reduction due to selective fading using the normalization technique. The invention of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/192,555 reduces the adverse effects of the interfering signal in the output by increasing the magnitude or power spectral density of the signal of interest with respect to the interfering signal. The FM cancellation process as described above is directly applicable to the FM IBOC DAB system whenever there is a first adjacent interfering FM signal. The first adjacent interfering FM signals can be processed and effectively canceled/notched out of the digital portion of the DAB signal with a reasonably small amount of distortion resulting to the DAB signal. The distortion will be fairly small if the following three conditions are met prior to initiating the FM cancellation process. 1) The only signals present that have significant power are the first adjacent FM and the digital portion of the DAB signal that is being interfered with (i.e. the upper or the lower digital side band of the DAB signal). This can be accomplished simply by mixing the FM interferer to 0 Hz and low-pass filtering the resulting signal or by band-pass filtering the resulting signal. 2) The digital signal is completely contained on either the upper or lower half the first adjacent FM signal. This is inherently done within the layout of an IBOC DAB system wherein the edge of the digital signal is placed almost out to +/−200 kHz, which is the center of the first adjacent FM signal. Therefore, the digital signal is contained on one half of the FM interferer. This is important since the undesirable distortion or image produced by this extraction process appears on the spectral side opposite the placement of the DAB signal relative to the FM signal. 3) The first adjacent FM signal is about 6 dB stronger in power than the digital signal. When the first adjacent power becomes to low, it is better not to perform FAC. This ensures that the FM signal is sufficiently large compared to the DAB signal such that the capture effect is invoked. In a multipath fading environment the FM signal will sometimes fall below the 6 dB power threshold and thus a switching off algorithm is recommended. Within one proposed FM IBOC system, the three conditions will be present some of the time especially in the regions at the edge of an FM stations coverage. First adjacent FM cancellation will provide interference mitigation and thus extend the station's coverage. One method of switching on/off the FAC is to smoothly blend to and from the non FAC processed signal. A measurement of the amount of power that is being notched can be made by taking the difference between the power that goes into the notch and the power that comes out of the notch. The two signals are smoothed using a simple lossy integrator before the difference is calculated. FIG. 5 is a block diagram which illustrates the FAC and blending functions of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/192,555, which can be performed on both upper and lower interfering first adjacent FM signals. The composite signal is input on line 104 and mixed with a local oscillator signal in mixer 106 to produce a baseband signal on line 108 where the first adjacent interferer is translated to dc. The signal is filtered by a finite impulse response low pass filter 110 to remove signals outside the bandwidth of the interfering FM signal. The resulting signal on line 112 is then subject to FM tracking and cancellation as illustrated in block 114 . The cancellation is performed as illustrated in FIG. 4, with the signal before and after the notch filter being output on lines 84 and 88 . In the blend control block 116 , the notched power in dBs is compared to an upper and lower threshold that represents the range in which the blending will occur. The range is normalized so that the amount of notched power that resides within the unnormalized range can be represented by a straight percentage of the range. The control signal on line 118 is representative of a percentage number that is used to multiply the FAC processed signal in multiplier 120 . A control signal on line 122 is representative of one minus the percentage number, and is used to multiply the non-FAC processed signal, which has been delayed as shown in block 124 . The outputs of multipliers 120 and 126 are combined in summer 128 to produce a signal on line 130 that is filtered by a finite impulse response filter 132 . The resulting filtered signal on line 134 is again mixed with a local oscillator signal in mixer 136 to produce an output signal on line 138 . This output signal is then subject to further processing in accordance with know techniques to produce an audio output from the receiver. FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram 140 that illustrates the maximum ratio combining of FAC-processed and unprocessed soft symbol information in accordance with the present invention. The composite DAB signal is input on line 142 and filtered by a DAB sideband filter as shown in block 144 . The filtered signal is then subjected to two demodulation schemes as illustrated by the blocks in paths 146 and 148 . Path 146 subjects the filtered signal on line 150 to FAC processing. FM tracking and cancellation in block 152 is performed in the preferred embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 4 . The resulting signal on line 154 is then demodulated as shown in block 156 to produce a demodulated signal on line 158 . Block 160 shows that an estimate of the channel state information is made based on the demodulated signal. The CSI estimate is then used to determine the soft binary metrics for the demodulated signal as shown in block 164 to produce an FAC processed signal on line 164 . The filtered signal on line 150 is also delayed as shown in block 166 . The delayed signal on line 168 is then demodulated as illustrated in block 170 . Block 172 shows that an estimate of the channel state information is made based on the demodulated signal on line 174 . The CSI estimate is then used to determine the soft binary metrics for the demodulated signal as shown in block 176 to produce an FAC processed signal on line 178 . Maximum ratio combiner 180 then combines the signals on lines 164 and 178 to produce an output signal on line 182 . This signal is then delivered to a deinterleaver and forward error correction decoder for further processing in the receiver. In the present invention, soft-decision Viterbi decoding with weighting and maximum ratio combining (MRC) for coherently detected QPSK subcarrier symbols is employed to minimize losses over the channel. Maximum ratio combining (MRC) is a known method for combining multiple versions of the same signal corrupted by independent noise sources. Combining the multiple signals in proportion to the SNR of each of the inputs maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the resulting signal. This method is applicable to combining both the FAC-processed and non-processed signal paths. The non-processed path may be corrupted by a first-adjacent FM interferer, while artifacts of the FAC process corrupt the FAC path. The interference or noise for each of these two paths is very different. If the soft symbols of each path are appropriately weighted with channel state information (CSI) before adding them together, then this is equivalent to MRC. The benefit is gained through coherent combining of the signal component (since the signal component is the same in the FAC and non-FAC paths), while the noise is combined non-coherently. Since the interference and signal levels vary over the subcarriers (frequency) and time due to selective fading, timely channel state information (CSI) is needed to adaptively adjust the weighting for the soft-symbols. The CSI estimation technique should be designed to accommodate a fading bandwidth of up to about 13 Hz for maximum vehicle speeds in the FM band around 100 MHz. A Doppler spread of several microseconds is typical, although larger spreads have been measured in some environments. A functional block diagram of the technique for estimating both the phase reference and the CSI from the reference subcarriers as shown in commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/438,148, is illustrated in FIG. 7 . This CSI weight combines amplitude weighting for maximum ratio combining along with a phase correction for channel phase errors. The operation of the CSI recovery technique of FIG. 7 assumes acquisition and tracking of the frequency of the subcarriers, and the symbol timing of the OFDM symbols. The frequency and symbol timing acquisition techniques exploit properties of the cyclic prefix. The frequency and symbol tracking is accomplished through observation of the phase drift from symbol to symbol over time or frequency (across subcarriers). After acquisition of both frequency and symbol timing, synchronization to the block sync pattern of the BPSK timing sequence is attempted by crosscorrelating the differentially detected BPSK sequence with the block sync pattern. The differential detection is performed over all subcarriers assuming that the location of the training subcarriers is initially unknown. A crosscorrelation of the known block sync pattern with the detected bits of each subcarrier is performed. A subcarrier correlation is declared when a match of all 11 bits of the block sync pattern is detected. Block synchronization (and subcarrier ambiguity resolution) is established when the number of subcarrier correlations meets or exceeds the threshold criteria (e.g. 4 subcarrier correlations spaced a multiple of 19 subcarriers apart). After block sync is established the variable fields in the BPSK timing sequence can be decoded. The differentially detected bits of these variable fields are decided on a majority vote basis across the training subcarriers such that decoding is possible when some of these subcarriers or bits are corrupted. The 16 blocks within each modem frame are numbered sequentially from 0 to 15. Then the most significant bit of the block count field is always set to zero since the block count never exceeds 15. Modem frame synchronization is established with knowledge of the block count field. The coherent detection of this signal requires a coherent phase reference. The decoded information from the BPSK timing sequence is used to remove the modulation from the training subcarriers leaving information about the local phase reference and noise. Referring to FIG. 7, the complex training symbols carried by the reference subcarriers are input on line 184 and the complex conjugate of the symbols is taken as shown in block 186 . The complex conjugate is multiplied with a known training sequence on line 188 by multiplier 190 . This removes the binary (+/−1) timing sequence modulation from the received training subcarriers by multiplying them by the synchronized and, decoded, and differentially-reencoded BPSK timing sequence. The resulting symbols on line 192 are processed by a finite impulse response (FIR) filter 194 to smooth the resulting symbols over time, yielding a complex conjugated estimate of the local phase and amplitude on line 196 . This value is delayed by time delay 198 and multiplied by an estimate of the reciprocal of the noise variance on line 200 by multiplier 202 . The noise variance is estimated by subtracting the smoothed estimate of the local phase and amplitude on line 196 from the input symbols (after appropriate time alignment provided by delay 204 ) at summation point 206 , then squaring the result as shown by block 208 , and filtering the complex noise samples as illustrated by block 210 . The reciprocal is approximated (with divide-by-zero protection) as shown by block 212 . This CSI weight is interpolated over the 18 subcarriers between pairs of adjacent training subcarriers as illustrated by block 214 to produce resulting local CSI weights on line 216 . These CSI weights are then used to multiply the corresponding local data-bearing symbols received on line 218 , after they have been appropriately delayed as shown in block 220 . Multiplier 222 then produces the soft decision output on line 224 . The normalization process improves the performance under selective fading conditions. Besides being convenient for amplitude scaling, the normalization has a secondary effect of reducing amplitude variations of the DAB signal which are tracked by Channel State Information (CSI) estimators in subsequent stages of the DAB receiver. The improvement factor depends upon the type of CSI estimation process used and the bandwidth of these estimation filters. Furthermore the normalized signal uses a smaller dynamic range since the gain through the FAC process is unity instead of a 2 . Matching the delay of the composite signal path to the notch filter delay is also important for good performance. This can be used as a typical example for a modulation technique where the binary soft symbols are corrupted with independent noise (such as QPSK). If a higher order modulation such as QAM is used, then a pragmatic method of transforming the detected symbols into binary metrics must be implemented in order to enable the additive combining of the FAC-processed and unprocessed soft-decision information. Soft-decision Viterbi decoding with weighting and maximum ratio combining (MRC) for coherently detected QPSK subcarrier symbols is employed to minimize losses over the channel. Since the interference and signal levels vary over the subcarriers (frequency) and time due to selective fading, timely channel state information (CSI) is needed to adaptively adjust the weighting for the soft-symbols. The CSI estimation technique should be designed to accommodate a fading bandwidth of up to about 13 Hz for maximum vehicle speeds in the FM band around 100 MHz. A Doppler spread of several microseconds is typical, although larger spreads have been measured in some environments. A functional block diagram of the technique for estimating both the phase reference and the CSI from the reference subcarriers is illustrated in FIG. 8 . This CSI weight combines the amplitude weighting for maximum ratio combining (MRC) along with a phase correction for channel phase errors. CSIweight = a ^ * σ 2 , where â* is and estimate of the complex conjugate of the channel gain and σ 2 is an estimate of the variance of the noise The operation of the CSI recovery technique of FIG. 7 assumes acquisition and tracking of the frequency of the subcarriers, and the symbol timing of the OFDM symbols. The frequency and symbol timing acquisition techniques exploit properties of the cyclic prefix. The frequency and symbol tracking is accomplished through observation of the phase drift from symbol to symbol over time or frequency (across subcarriers). After acquisition of both frequency and symbol timing, synchronization to the block sync pattern of the BPSK timing sequence is attempted by crosscorrelating the differentially detected BPSK sequence with the block sync pattern. The differential detection is performed over all subcarriers assuming that the location of the training subcarriers is initially unknown. A crosscorrelation of the known block sync pattern with the detected bits of each subcarrier is performed. A subcarrier correlation is declared when a match of all 11 bits of the block sync pattern is detected. Block synchronization (and subcarrier ambiguity resolution) is established when the number of subcarrier correlations meets or exceeds the threshold criteria (e.g. 4 subcarrier correlations spaced a multiple of 19 subcarriers apart). After block sync is established the variable fields in the BPSK timing sequence can be decoded. The differentially detected bits of these variable fields are decided on a majority vote basis across the training subcarriers such that decoding is possible when some of these subcarriers or bits are corrupted. The 16 blocks within each modem frame are numbered sequentially from 0 to 15. Then the MSB of the block count field is always set to zero since the block count never exceeds 15. Modem frame synchronization is established with knowledge of the block count field. This invention provides a near optimum method of combining the FAC and no-FAC soft symbol information to demodulate/detect and compute the binary soft decision from both the FAC and unprocessed signals, as shown in FIG. 6 . The present invention provides cancellation and/or notch filtering of an interfering FM signal's instantaneous frequency to suppress the effects of interference from FM Broadcast signals. The invention is particularly applicable to FM In-Band On-Channel (IBOC) Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB) systems where first-adjacent FM signals act as interferers to the digital portion of the DAB signal. This technique can also be used in a Hybrid IBOC FM DAB system to suppress the effects of interference from the host FM signal to the digital portion of the DAB signal. While the invention has been described in terms of what is believed at present to be the preferred embodiment thereof, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications to the disclosed embodiments may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.	This invention provides a method for reducing radio frequency interference in an FM in-band on-channel digital audio broadcasting receiver. The method comprises the steps of receiving a composite signal including a signal of interest and an interfering signal, demodulating the composite signal to produce a first demodulated signal, computing a first binary soft decision from the first demodulated signal, processing the composite signal to produce a processed signal, demodulating the processed signal to produce a second demodulated signal, computing a second binary soft decisions from the second demodulated signal, and combining the first and second binary soft decisions to produce an output signal. Radio receivers that utilize the above method are also included.	7
[0001] This application claims the benefit under 35 USC 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/289,554, filed Dec. 23, 2009. U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/289,554 and Canadian Application No. 2,690,422 filed Jan. 18, 2010, are incorporated herein by this reference to them. FIELD [0002] The disclosure relates to folding tables. INTRODUCTION [0003] The following is not an admission that anything discussed below is prior art or part of the common general knowledge of persons skilled in the art. [0004] U.S. Pat. No. 6,848,370 (Stanford) discloses pivotable folding utility table that includes a table top having a pair of support pedestals pivotally attached thereto. A first pivotal support brace includes a distal end and a proximal end attached to the first support pedestal. A second pivotal support brace includes a distal end and a proximal end attached to the second support pedestal. The distal ends of the first and second pivotal support braces are pivotally attached to a retaining assembly preferably mounted in relation to the table top. Specifically, the retaining assembly includes a cross-brace member operably disposed through openings formed in the distal ends of the first and second pivotal support braces, thus providing a pivotal engagement in relation to the table top. Alternatively, a second retaining assembly including a cross-brace member may be mounted in relation to the table top. The distal end of the first pivotal support brace pivotally engages the first retaining member and the distal end of the second pivotal support brace pivotally engages the second retaining member. In addition, the first and second support pedestals may comprise at least one support leg. Each support leg of the first and second support pedestals are laterally offset from each other so as to permit an offset displacement of the support legs when the support pedestals are disposed in a collapsed position. SUMMARY [0005] The following summary is provided to introduce the reader to the more detailed discussion to follow. The summary is not intended to limit or define the claims. [0006] According to one aspect, a table top assembly for a folding table is provided. The table top assembly comprises a first table top portion and a second table top portion. The first and second table top portions each comprise an upper surface, a lower surface, an inner end, and an opposed outer end. A first frame is mounted to the lower surface of the first table top portion. The first frame comprises a first inner end portion adjacent the inner end of the first table top portion. A second frame is mounted to the lower surface of the second table top portion. The second frame comprises a second inner end portion adjacent the inner end of the second table top portion. At least one pivot joint pivotably connects the first inner end portion to the second inner end portion about a pivot axis. The table top assembly is reconfigurable between a folded configuration wherein the lower surfaces are pivoted towards each other about the pivot axis, and an in-use configuration wherein the lower surfaces are pivoted away from each other about the pivot axis and the upper surfaces are generally co-planar. [0007] The first frame may extend about the periphery of the lower surface of the first table top portion, and the second frame may extend about the periphery of the lower surface of the second table top portion. [0008] The first and second table top portions may be generally rectangular, and may each further comprise a left side and an opposed right side extending between the inner end and the outer end thereof. The first frame may comprise a first inner cross bar extending across the lower surface of the first table top portion adjacent the inner end of the first table top portion, a first outer cross bar extending across the lower surface of the first table top portion adjacent the outer end of the first table top portion, a first right side bar extending along the lower surface of the first table top portion adjacent the right side of the first table top portion, and a first left side bar extending along the lower surface of the first table top portion adjacent the left side of the first table top portion. The first inner cross bar and first outer cross bar may each extend between and be mounted to the first right side bar and first left side bar. Similarly, the second frame may comprise a second inner cross bar extending across the lower surface of the second table top portion adjacent the inner end of the second table top portion, a second outer cross bar extending across the lower surface of the second table top portion adjacent the outer end of the second table top portion, a second right side bar extending along the lower surface of the second table top portion adjacent the right side of the second table top portion, and a second left side bar extending along the lower surface of the second table top portion adjacent the left side of the second table top portion. The second inner cross bar and second outer cross bar may each extend between and be mounted to the second right side bar and second left side bar. [0009] The first right side bar and first left side bar may each comprise a first end portion at the first inner end portion of the first frame, and the second right side bar and second left side bar may each comprise a second end portion at the second inner end portion of the second frame. The at least one pivot joint may comprise a first pivot joint mounted to and between the first end portion of the first right side bar and the second end portion of the second right side bar. The at least one pivot joint may further comprise a second pivot joint mounted to and between the first end portion of the first left side bar and the second end portion of the second left side bar. [0010] The first and second pivot joints each comprise a first bracket secured to one of the first end portion of the first left side bar and the first end portion of the first right side bar, a second bracket secured to one of the second end portion of the second left side bar and the second end portion of the second right side bar, and a pivot pin inserted through the first bracket and the second bracket. [0011] The table top assembly may further comprise a locking assembly for securing the table top assembly in the in-use configuration. The locking assembly may comprise a first inner cross bar extending across the lower surface of the first table top portion adjacent the inner end of the first table top portion. The first inner cross bar may comprise a first aperture defined transversely therethrough. The locking assembly may further comprise a second inner cross bar extending across the lower surface of the second table top portion adjacent the inner end of the second table top portion. The second inner cross bar may comprise a second aperture defined transversely therethrough and co-linear with the first aperture when the table top assembly is in the in-use configuration. The locking assembly may further comprise a pin having an insertion portion and a locking portion. The insertion portion may be insertable into the first aperture and the second aperture to prevent pivoting of the lower surfaces towards each other. A clip may be mounted to one of the first table top portion and the second table top portion. The locking portion may be removably securable to the clip when the insertion portion is inserted into the first aperture and the second aperture to maintain the insertion portion in the first aperture and the second aperture. [0012] According to another aspect, a table top assembly for a folding table is provided. The table top assembly comprises a first table top portion and a second table top portion. The first and second table top portions each comprise an upper surface, a lower surface, an inner end, and an opposed outer end. The inner ends are positioned adjacent each other, and the first and second table top portions are pivotably connected together about a pivot axis such that the table top assembly is reconfigurable between a folded configuration wherein the lower surfaces are pivoted towards each other about the pivot axis, and an in-use configuration wherein the lower surfaces are pivoted away from each other and the upper surfaces are generally co-planar. The table top assembly further comprises a locking assembly for securing the table top assembly in the in-use configuration. The locking assembly comprises a first bar mounted to and extending across the lower surface of the first table top portion adjacent the inner end of the first table top portion. The first bar comprises a first aperture defined transversely therethrough. A second bar is mounted to and extends across the lower surface of the second table top portion adjacent the inner end of the second table top portion. The second bar comprises a second aperture defined transversely therethrough and co-linear with the first aperture when the table top assembly is in the in-use configuration. The locking assembly further comprises a pin having an insertion portion and a locking portion. The insertion portion is insertable into the first aperture and the second aperture to prevent pivoting of the lower surfaces towards each other. A clip is mounted to one of the first table top portion and the second table top portion. The locking portion is removably securable to the clip when the insertion portion is inserted into the first aperture and the second aperture to maintain the insertion portion in the first aperture and the second aperture. [0013] The insertion portion may be securable to the clip to store the pin when the table top assembly is in the folded configuration. [0014] The clip may be mounted to or integral with one of the first bar and second bar. [0015] The table top assembly may further comprise a first frame mounted to the lower surface of the first table top portion. The first bar may be a part of the first frame. The table top assembly may further comprise a second frame mounted to the lower surface of the second table top portion. The second bar may be a part of the second frame. [0016] The insertion portion and locking portion may form an L-shape. [0017] The locking portion may be snapably securable to the clip. DRAWINGS [0018] Reference is made in the detailed description to the accompanying drawings, in which: [0019] FIG. 1 is a perspective illustration of a folding table including a table top assembly, wherein the table top assembly and legs are in an in-use configuration; [0020] FIG. 2 is a bottom plan view of the folding table of FIG. 1 , wherein the table top assembly is in the in-use configuration, and the legs are in a folded configuration; [0021] FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of the region shown in Box 3 in FIG. 2 , showing the table top assembly in the in-use configuration, and unlocked; and [0022] FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of the region shown in Box 3 in FIG. 2 , showing the table top assembly in the in-use configuration, and locked. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0023] Various apparatuses or methods will be described below to provide an example of each claimed invention. No example described below limits any claimed invention and any claimed invention may cover processes or apparatuses that are not described below. The claimed inventions are not limited to apparatuses or processes having all of the features of any one apparatus or process described below or to features common to multiple or all of the apparatuses described below. It is possible that an apparatus or process described below is not an embodiment of any claimed invention. Applicant reserves the right to claim such apparatuses or processes in other applications. [0024] Referring to FIG. 1 , an example of a folding table 100 is shown. The folding table 100 comprises a table top assembly 102 , which is supported by first 104 and second 106 leg assemblies. As will be described in further detail hereinbelow, the folding table 100 is reconfigurable between an in-use configuration, shown in FIG. 1 , and a folded configuration (not shown). Particularly, the table top assembly 102 of the folding table 100 is reconfigurable between an in-use configuration, shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 , and a folded configuration (not shown), and the leg assemblies 104 , 106 are reconfigurable between an in-use configuration, shown in FIG. 1 , and a folded configuration, shown in FIG. 2 . [0025] Referring to FIG. 2 , the table top assembly comprises a first table top portion 108 and a second table top portion 110 . The first 108 and second 110 table top portions are fabricated by blow molding, as is known in the art. The first 108 and second 110 table top portions each comprise an upper surface 112 , 114 , respectively, (shown in FIG. 1 ), and an opposed lower surface 116 , 118 , respectively, spaced from the upper surfaces 112 , 114 . [0026] Referring still to FIG. 2 , in the example shown, the first 108 and second 110 table top portions are generally rectangular, and each comprise an inner end 120 , 122 , respectively, and an opposed outer end 124 , 126 , respectively. The first and second table top portions each further comprise a right side 128 , 130 , respectively, and an opposed left side 132 , 134 , respectively, extending between the respective inner ends 120 , 122 , and outer ends 124 , 126 . The first 108 and second 110 table top portions are mounted together such that the inner ends 120 , 122 are adjacent each other. When the table top assembly 102 is in the in-use configuration, shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 , the inner ends 120 , 122 , of the first 108 and second 110 table top portions are positioned adjacent and facing each other, so that the upper surfaces 112 , 124 are generally coplanar, and the first 108 and second 110 table top portions form a table top. When the table top assembly 102 is in the folded configuration (not shown), the lower surfaces 116 , 118 are pivoted towards each other, such that the lower surfaces 116 , 118 are in facing relation, the outer ends 124 , 126 are adjacent each other. [0027] The terms “left” and “right” are used herein for simplicity with reference to the drawings, and in alternate examples the left side and right side may also be referred to as a first side and a second side. Further, in alternate examples, the first 108 and second 110 table top portions may be any other suitable shape, such as square, or semi-circular, for example, and may not necessarily include sides that are distinct from the ends. [0028] Referring still to FIG. 2 , the lower surfaces 116 , 118 may comprise one or more contoured features. In the example shown, the lower surfaces comprise a plurality of depressions 136 for providing increased strength to the table top. Further, the lower surfaces each comprise a raised periphery, 138 , 140 , respectively, extending along the left sides 132 , 134 and right sides 128 , 130 , and along the outer ends 124 , 126 . The raised peripheries 138 , 140 each have a pair of beveled portions 143 , 145 (shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 ), respectively, at the inner ends 120 , 122 of the table top portions 108 , 110 , for accommodating folding of the table top assembly 102 . In alternate examples, the lower surfaces 116 , 118 may comprise additional contoured features, such as ribs, or may not comprise any contoured features. [0029] Referring still to FIG. 2 , the table top assembly further comprises a first frame 142 mounted to the lower surface 116 of the first table top portion 108 , and a second frame 144 mounted to the lower surface 118 of the second table top portion 110 . The first 142 and second 144 frames provide support to the first 108 and second table top 110 portions, respectively. The first 142 and second 144 frames may be mounted to the first 108 and second 110 table top portions, respectively, in any suitable manner, such as with one or more fasteners. [0030] In the example shown, the first 142 and second 144 frames are each generally rectangular, and extend about the periphery of the first 108 and second 110 table top portions, respectively. Specifically, the first frame 142 comprises a first inner cross bar 146 and a first outer cross bar 148 . The first inner cross bar 146 extends across the lower surface 116 of the first table top portion 108 adjacent the inner end 120 of the first table top portion 108 , and the first outer cross bar 148 extends across the lower surface 116 of the first table top portion 108 adjacent the outer end 124 of the first table top portion 108 . The first frame further comprises a first right side bar 150 and a first left side bar 152 . The first right side bar 150 extends along the lower surface 116 of the first table top portion 108 adjacent the right side 128 of the first table top portion 108 , and the first left side bar 152 extends along the lower surface 116 of the first table top portion 108 adjacent the left side 132 of the first table top portion 132 . The first inner cross bar 146 and first outer cross bar 148 each extend between and are mounted to the first right side bar 150 and first left side bar 152 . [0031] Similarly, the second frame 144 comprises a second inner cross bar 154 and a second outer cross bar 156 . The second inner cross bar 154 extends across the lower surface 120 of the second table top portion 110 adjacent the inner end 122 of the second table top portion 110 , and the second outer cross bar 156 extends across the lower surface 120 of the second table top portion 110 adjacent the outer end 126 of the second table top portion 110 . The second frame 144 further comprises a second right side bar 158 and a second left side bar 160 . The second right side bar 158 extends along the lower surface 118 of the second table top portion 110 adjacent the right side 130 of the second table top portion 110 , and the second left side bar 160 extends along the lower surface of the second table top portion 110 adjacent the left side 134 of the second table top portion 110 . The second inner cross bar 154 and second outer cross bar 156 each extend between and are mounted to the second right side bar 158 and second left side bar 160 . [0032] The cross bars and side bars may be mounted together in any suitable manner. In the example shown, the first inner cross bar 146 is welded to the first left side bar 152 and the first right side bar 150 , and the second inner cross bar 154 is welded to the second left side bar 160 and second right side bar 158 . Further, as will be described in further detail hereinbelow, the first outer cross bar 148 is rotatably mounted between the first left side bar 152 and first right side bar 150 so that the first outer cross bar 148 may be rotated about its longitudinal axis to move the first leg assembly 104 between its folded configuration and its in-use configuration. Similarly, the second outer cross bar 156 is rotatably mounted between the second left side bar 160 and second right side bar 158 so that the second outer cross bar 156 may be rotated about its longitudinal axis to move the second leg assembly 106 between its folded configuration and its in-use configuration. [0033] As mentioned hereinabove, the leg assemblies 104 , 106 are reconfigurable between an in-use configuration, shown in FIG. 1 , and a folded configuration, shown in FIG. 2 . When the leg assemblies 104 , 106 are in the in-use configuration, they extend generally transversely from the lower surfaces 116 , 118 , respectively to support the table top assembly. When the leg assemblies 104 , 106 are in the folded configuration, they extend generally parallel to the lower surfaces 116 , 118 . [0034] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 , each leg assembly 104 , 106 comprises a pair of legs 162 , 164 , respectively, extending from the first 148 , and second 156 outer cross bars, respectively. The pairs of legs 162 , 164 may be, for example, welded to the first 148 and second 156 outer cross bars, respectively. Each leg assembly 104 , 106 further comprises a supporting strut 166 , 168 , respectively. The supporting strut 166 of the first leg assembly 104 has an inner end portion 170 mounted to the lower surface 116 of the first table top portion 108 adjacent the inner end 120 of the first table top portion 108 , and a forked outer end portion 172 mounted to the pair of legs 162 of the first leg assembly 104 . The supporting strut 168 of the second leg assembly 106 has an inner end portion 174 mounted to the lower surface 118 of the second table top portion 110 adjacent the inner end 122 of the second table top portion 110 , and a forked outer end portion 176 mounted to the pair of legs 164 of the second leg assembly 106 . The forked outer end portions 172 , 176 are pivotably mounted to the respective inner end portions 170 , 174 . [0035] In order to move the leg assemblies 104 , 106 between the in-use configuration and the folded configuration, the first 148 and second 156 outer cross bars may be rotated about their longitudinal axes to move the leg assemblies 104 106 between their folded configuration and their in-use configuration. Specifically, to move the leg assemblies 104 , 106 from the in-use configuration to the folded configuration, the first 162 and second 164 pairs of legs may be pivoted inwardly towards the lower surfaces 116 , 118 of the first 108 and second 110 table top portions, respectively. Simultaneously, the forked outer end portions 172 , 176 of the struts 166 , 168 may be folded towards inwardly towards the respective inner end portions 170 , 174 of the struts. [0036] When the leg assemblies 104 , 106 , are in the folded configuration, the table top assembly 102 may be reconfigured between the in-use configuration, shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 , and the folded configuration (not shown). Referring to FIG. 2 , in order to reconfigure the table top assembly 102 , at least one pivot joint is provided. In the example shown, first 178 and second 180 pivot joints are provided. The pivot joints 178 , 180 pivotably connect the first frame 142 to the second frame 144 . Specifically, the first frame 142 has a first inner end portion 182 adjacent the inner end 120 of the first table top portion 108 , and the second frame 144 has a second inner end portion 184 adjacent the inner end 122 of the second table top portion 110 . The pivot joints 178 , 180 pivotably connect the first inner end portion 182 to the second inner end portion 184 about a pivot axis 186 , which is generally horizontal when the table 100 is in use. In the folded configuration, the lower surfaces 116 , 118 are pivoted towards each other about the pivot axis 186 , and in the in-use configuration, the lower surfaces 116 , 118 are pivoted away from each other about the pivot axis 186 and the upper surfaces 112 , 114 are generally co-planar. [0037] Referring to FIG. 3 , the pivot joints 178 , 180 may be connected to any section of the inner end portions 182 , 184 of the first and second frames 142 , 144 . In the example shown, the first right side bar 150 and first left side bar 152 each comprise a first end portion 188 , 190 (shown in FIG. 2 ), respectively, at the first inner end portion 182 of the first frame 142 . The first end portions 188 , 190 , each extend proud of the first inner cross bar 146 . Similarly, the second right side bar 158 and second left side bar 160 each comprise a second end portion 192 , 194 (shown in FIG. 2 ) at the second inner end portion 184 of the second frame 144 . The second end portions 192 , 194 each extend proud of the second inner cross bar 154 . The first pivot joint 178 is mounted to and between the first end portion 188 of the first right side bar 150 and the second end portion 192 of the second right side bar 158 . The second pivot joint 180 is mounted to and between the first end portion 190 of the first left side bar 152 and the second end portion 194 of the second left side bar 152 . [0038] In alternate examples, the pivot joints 180 , 182 may be connected elsewhere to the inner end portions 182 , 184 of the frames 142 , 144 , such as the first inner cross bar 146 and the second inner cross bar 154 . [0039] Referring still to FIG. 3 , in the example shown, the first pivot joint 178 comprises a first bracket 196 secured to the first end portion 188 of the first right side bar 150 , and a second bracket 198 secured to the second end portion 192 of the second right side bar 158 . The first bracket 196 comprises first 200 and second 202 links, which are welded to the first end portion 188 of the first right side bar 150 , and which extend towards the second bracket 198 . The second bracket 198 comprises first 204 and second links 206 , which are welded to the second end portion 192 of the second right side bar 158 , and which extend towards the first bracket 196 . The links 200 , 202 of the first bracket 196 are received within a space defined by the links 204 , 206 of the second bracket 198 . A pivot pin 208 is inserted through the links 200 - 206 , generally perpendicular to the first 150 and second 158 right side bars, and defines the pivot axis 186 . The second pivot joint 180 is configured similarly to the first pivot joint 178 , and will not be separately described in detail herein. The first 108 and second 110 table top portions are pivotable about the pivot pins to reconfigure the table top assembly 102 between the folded configuration and the in use configuration. [0040] Referring still to FIG. 3 and also to FIG. 4 , the table top assembly 102 further comprises a locking assembly 210 , for securing the table top assembly 102 in the in-use configuration. The locking assembly 210 comprises a first bar 212 mounted to and extending across the lower surface 116 of the first table top portion 108 adjacent the inner end 120 of the first table top portion 108 , and a second bar 214 mounted to and extending across the lower surface 118 of the second table top portion 110 adjacent the inner end 122 of the second table top portion 110 . In the example shown, the first inner cross bar 146 is the first bar 212 , and the second inner cross bar 154 is the second bar 214 . However, in alternate examples, the first bar 212 and second bar 214 may be separate from the first inner cross bar 146 and second inner cross bar 154 . [0041] Referring still to FIGS. 3 and 4 , the first bar 212 comprises a first aperture 216 defined transversely therethrough, and the second bar 214 comprises a second aperture 218 defined transversely therethrough. The second aperture 218 is aligned with the first aperture 216 and is co-linear with the first aperture 216 when the table top assembly 102 is in the in-use configuration. [0042] Referring still to FIGS. 3 and 4 , the locking assembly 210 further comprises a pin 220 . The pin comprises an insertion portion 222 , and a locking portion 224 . In the example shown, the locking portion 224 extends generally perpendicular to the insertion portion 222 , so that the pin 220 is generally L-shaped. Referring to FIG. 4 , the insertion portion 222 is insertable into the first aperture 216 and second aperture 218 to prevent pivoting of the lower surfaces 116 , 118 towards each other. [0043] Referring still to FIGS. 3 and 4 , the locking assembly 210 further comprises a clip 226 , which may be mounted to one of the first table top portion 108 and the second table top portion 110 . The locking portion 224 is removably securable to the clip 226 when the insertion portion 222 is inserted into the first aperture 216 and the second aperture 218 , to maintain the insertion portion 222 in the first aperture 216 and the second aperture 218 . In the example shown, the clip 226 is mounted to the first table top portion 108 via the first inner cross bar 146 . Specifically, in the example shown, the clip 226 is integral with the first inner cross bar 146 . The clip 226 comprises a generally U-shaped member, having first 228 and second 230 opposed walls and a recess defined therebetween. The locking portion 224 is snapably receivable in the recess. [0044] In alternate examples, the clip 226 may be of another configuration, and may not be integral with the first inner cross bar 146 . For example, the clip 226 may be mounted to one of the first lower surface 116 and the second lower surface 118 , or may be separately formed from and mounted to one of the first inner cross bar 146 and second inner cross bar 154 . [0045] Referring back to FIG. 4 , in order to unlock the table top assembly 102 from the in-use configuration, the insertion portion 222 of the pin 220 may be removed from the first 216 and second 218 apertures. The insertion portion 222 may be secured to the clip 226 to store the pin 220 when the table top assembly 102 is in the folded configuration. [0046] It will be appreciated that in FIG. 2 , the locking assembly has been omitted for simplicity. Further, in FIG. 3 , the contours of the lower surface of the table top, as well as the leg assemblies, have been omitted for simplicity.	A folding table top has a locking assembly for holding the table top open. The locking assembly has an inner cross bars extending across each half of the table top near a pivot axis. The inner cross bars each have one of holes that are aligned when the table is open. The shaft of a pin may be inserted into the holes to prevent the table from folding closed. The pin may have a head normal to its shaft. A clip may be mounted to one half of the table to receive the head of the pin while the shaft of the pin is in the holes, and thereby prevent the pin from backing out of the holes. The clip may also be used to hold the pin when the table is folded and stored.	0
FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] This invention relates to a process for the production of acylamino acids in which the fatty acid halide is introduced into a circulation pipe provided with a mixer while the mixture of an amino acid and an alkali source is accommodated in the reactor, to the product obtained and to the use of these acylamino acids in surfactant-containing preparations. PRIOR ART [0002] N-acylamino acids, such as N-acyl glutamates for example, are known from the prior art as mild co-surfactants for use in cosmetic preparations. They are prepared by reaction of fatty acid chlorides with the amino group of glutamic acid sodium salt in the presence of bases, such as NaOH for example, in aqueous medium. The disadvantage of this process is that the lipophilic fatty acid chloride is difficult to react with the hydrophilic amino acid or the basic salt in aqueous medium. Attempts have been made to eliminate this problem by adding organic solvents such as, for example, acetone, methylethyl ketone, dioxane, polyols, tetrahydrofuran, t-butanol or cyclohexane. [0003] Acylation in the absence of solvents, but using intensive stirring energy, is known from European patent EP 0827950 A1. The disadvantage of this process is the vigorous foaming by which it is accompanied so that the process is unsuitable for industrial application. This foaming can additionally lead to mixing problems where acid chloride or alkali is introduced. Accordingly, this process is not suitable for the production of acylamino acids on an industrial scale. [0004] Patent application EP 0857717 A1 describes a process for the production of acylamino acids by reaction with fatty acid halides in the presence of water, alkali and polyols in conventional stirred tank reactors on the lines of a one-pot reaction. The disadvantages of this process lie in the sometimes very large quantities of polyol that are needed for an adequate yield and in the unsatisfactory mixing. The large polyol contents mentioned in the document in question are sometimes undesirable for the use of the resulting acylated amino acids. However, any reduction in the polyol content impacts adversely on the low-temperature behavior of the product. [0005] Accordingly, the problem addressed by the invention was to provide a process for the production of acylamino acids which would guarantee uniform mixing of the reaction components without the foaming observed in traditional stirred reactors, and a product which would be distinguished by high stability at low temperatures and in storage. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0006] The present invention relates to a process for the production of acylamino acids in which a mixture of at least one amino acid or amino acid salt and an alkali source is placed in a reactor and fatty acid halides corresponding to formula (I): R 1 COX (I) [0007] in which R 1 is an alkyl or alkenyl group containing 6 to 22 carbon atoms and X is chlorine, bromine or iodine, [0008] are added to the mixture in a mixing element. [0009] It has surprisingly been found that acylamino acids can be produced without the excessive foaming observed in traditional stirred reactors, so that uniform mixing of the reaction components, i.e. the amino acids, the alkali source and the fatty acid halides, is guaranteed. [0010] The present invention also relates to an acylamino acid mixture containing [0011] (a) 3 to 10% by weight of sodium chloride, [0012] (b) 0.1 to 4% by weight of free fatty acids, [0013] (c) 1 to 11% by weight of free amino acids, [0014] (d) 0.1 to 6% by weight of low molecular weight alcohol and [0015] (e) 30 to 80% by weight of water. [0016] This product is obtainable by not removing the water-soluble and/or water-dispersible organic solvents added after the process according to the invention has been carried out. The acylamino acid product thus has a content of water-soluble and/or water-dispersible solvents, preferably low molecular weight monoalcohols, of 0.1 to 6%, preferably 0.2 to 3% and more particularly in the range from 0.5 to 2.0%, based on the water-containing surfactant paste which, for its part, has a water content of 30 to 80% by weight, preferably 45 to 70% by weight and more particularly 50 to 65% by weight. The content of solvents subsequently added to ensure resistance to low temperatures can thus be significantly reduced. For example, only at most 6% by weight, preferably at most 4% by weight and more particularly 3% by weight of polyols need subsequently be added to achieve good low-temperature behavior. In favorable cases, there is no need at all for subsequently added solvents. Amino Acids or Salts Thereof [0017] According to the invention, suitable amino acids or amino acid salts are any α-amino acids known to the expert from the literature which can be acylated with fatty acid halides to form N-acylamino acids. Preferred amino acids are glutamic acid, sarcosine, aspartic acid, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, hydroxyproline, glycine, serine, cysteine, cystine, threonine, histidine and salts thereof and, more particularly, glutamic acid, sarcosine, aspartic acid, glycine, lysine and salts thereof. Glutamic acid, sarcosine, aspartic acid, glycine and lysine are particularly preferred. The amino acids may be used in optically pure form or as racemic mixtures. [0018] The amino acids or their salts are used in quantities of 20 to 70, preferably 35 to 60 and more particularly 40 to 50% by weight, based on the starting mixture, i.e. before addition of the acid chloride, in the production of the surfactant mixtures in accordance with the invention. Fatty Acid Halides [0019] Fatty acid halides—component (b)—corresponding to formula (I): R 1 COX (I) [0020] in which R 1 is an alkyl or alkenyl group containing 6 to 22, preferably 8 to 18 and more particularly 8 to 16 carbon atoms and X represents chlorine, bromine or iodine, preferably chlorine, are used for the process according to the invention. Typical acid halides are octanoyl chloride, nonanoyl chloride, decanoyl chloride, undecanoyl chloride, lauroyl chloride, tridecanoyl chloride, myristyl chloride, palmitoyl chloride, stearoyl chloride, oleoyl chloride and mixtures thereof. The fatty acid halides are used in a molar ratio of acylatable compound to acid halide of 1 to 1.5 and preferably 1.15 to 1.3 in the production of the surfactant mixtures in accordance with the invention. Alkali Source [0021] For the process according to the invention, an alkali source is placed in the reactor. In the context of the invention, the alkali source is understood to be alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate dissolved in water or in a mixture of water and/or at least one water-soluble organic solvent. An aqueous solution of alkali metal hydroxide or alkali metal hydroxide, more particularly sodium hydroxide, dissolved in water or water-soluble organic solvents is preferably used (cf. process). [0022] In the process according to the invention, the quantity of alkali is gauged so that the starting mixture of amino acid or amino acid salt is adjusted to a pH of 10 to 12.5 and preferably in the range from 11.5 to 12.5. Water-soluble Organic Solvents [0023] Suitable water-soluble or water-dispersible organic solvents are, for example, acetone, methylethyl ketone, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, ethanol, propanol, i-propanol, butanol, t-butanol, pentanol, isopentanol, trimethyl hexanol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, 2-methylpropane-1,3-diol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, butane-1,2-diol, butane-1,4-diol, isopentyl diol, sorbitol, xylitol, mannitol, erythritol, pentaerythritol, ethanolamine, triethanolamine, 2-amino-2-methylpropanol, 1-amino-2-propanol, 1-amino-2-butanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 2-methoxy ethanol, 2-ethoxy ethanol, 2-propoxy ethanol, 2-isopropoxy ethanol, 2-butoxy ethanol, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, 1-ethoxy-2-propanol, 1-propoxy-2-propanol, 1-isopropoxy-2-propanol, 1-butoxy-2-propanol, 1-isobutoxy-2-propanol, methoxy isopropanol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monopropyl ether, diethylene glycol monoisopropyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, triethylene glycol monopropyl ether, triethylene glycol monoisopropyl ether, triethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, dipropylene glycol monoethyl ether, dipropylene glycol monopropyl ether, dipropylene glycol monoisopropyl ether, dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether, hexylene glycol, triacetin, propylene carbonate, glycerol carbonate. Preferred solvents are ethanol, isopropanol, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether and triethanolamine. These solvents are also placed in the reactor together with the amino acid and the alkali source. [0024] The water-soluble organic solvents are used in quantities of 0.1 to 15, preferably 0.2 to 7 and more particularly 0.2 to 4.0% by weight in the process according to the invention. Process [0025] A mixture of at least one amino acid or amino acid salt, preferably an aqueous solution of an amino acid or amino acid salt, and an alkali source, preferably alkali metal hydroxide or alkali metal carbonate dissolved in water and/or aqueous organic solvents, is introduced into a reactor (FIG. 1) and cooled to 10-20° C. In one particular embodiment of the invention, water-soluble organic, preferably readily volatile solvents may also be added, as described above. The reactor and the circulation system are provided with a cooling jacket which dissipates the heat of reaction and guarantees a maximum temperature of 20-25° C. Before the start of the reaction, the pH is adjusted to ca. 12 with alkali metal solution, preferably sodium hydroxide. The fatty acid halide and the alkali metal solution are then simultaneously added (see plant concept) at such a rate that the reactor temperature does not exceed 20-25° C. and the pH stays between 11.5 and 12.5. Of the two reactants, the alkali source is preferably added to the reactor beneath the surface of the reaction mixture while the fatty acid chloride is added from the holding vessel either to or before the mixing element (mixer). In the context of the invention, a mixing element is understood to be a dynamic or static mixer. Mixers are understood to be encapsulated units which prevent air from entering during the mixing process. They may be dynamic mixers with moving and, optionally, fixed internals or static mixers with only static internals (mixing using the flow energy). The reactor and the mixing element are connected by a circulation system. A circulation pump circulates the reaction mixture throughout the reaction, the mixture being returned to the reactor beneath the surface of the reaction mixture. After addition of the fatty acid chloride, the reaction mixture is stirred for another 2 to 5 hours and preferably for another 2 hours at 20-25° C. and is then heated for another 2 to 5 hours and preferably for 2 hours to 60-80° C. If organic solvents have been added as additional components, they may be removed from the reaction mixture by distillation, preferably vacuum distillation or steam distillation. [0026] Since these solvents generally distil over as an azeotrope with water, the resulting increase in concentration is reversed by addition of an adequate quantity of water. This distillation is preferably carried out while steam is introduced which, on the one hand, reduces foaming during the distillation step and, on the other hand, replaces the lost water. The distillation step is preferably carried out at 60 to 80° C. under a pressure of 200 to 400 mbar. [0027] In one particular embodiment of the invention, the organic solvents are largely removed from the mixture by distillation when the reaction is over and any small quantities of solvent still present are removed by means of a so-called Fryma unit. In another embodiment of the invention, the solvent can also be removed from the mixture by a membrane process. However, the solvent is preferably not removed, particularly where low molecular weight monoalcohols are used. [0028] The reaction mixture is then left to cool to room temperature and adjusted to a pH of ca. 10 by addition of dilute hydrochloric acid. The reaction solution contains ca. 20 to 45% by weight and preferably 25 to 30% by weight acylated amino acid. In order to minimize foaming, the reaction mixture is stirred at a speed of less than 60 r.p.m. and preferably less than 30 r.p.m. in the reactor. Mixing in the absence of air avoids foaming throughout the entire process. Commercial Applications [0029] The acylamino acid mixtures produced by the process according to the invention contain 3 to 10% by weight sodium chloride, 0.1 to 4% by weight free fatty acids, 1 to 11% by weight free amino acids, 0.1 to 6% by weight low molecular weight alcohol and 30 to 80% by weight water. [0030] Preferred acylamino acid mixtures contain 4 to 7% by weight sodium chloride, 0.5 to 3% by weight free fatty acids, 1.5 to 8% by weight free amino acids, 0.2 to 3% by weight low molecular weight alcohol and 45 to 70% by weight water. [0031] Particularly preferred acylamino acid mixtures contain 4 to 5.5% by weight sodium chloride, 1 to 2.5% by weight free fatty acids, 3 to 6% by weight free amino acids, 0.5 to 2% by weight low molecular weight alcohol and 50 to 65% by weight water. [0032] Where isopropanol and/or ethanol is/are used as the low molecular weight alcohol, at most 6% by weight, preferably at most 4% by weight and more particularly at most 3% by weight 1,2-propylene glycol is added to that product. [0033] The product may be used in surface-active preparations such as, for example, laundry and dishwashing detergents, household cleaners and cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical preparations in quantities of 0.1 to 30% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 10% by weight and more particularly 1 to 5% by weight. These preparations may contain mild surfactants, oil components, emulsifiers, pearlizing waxes, consistency factors, thickeners, superfatting agents, stabilizers, silicone compounds, fats, waxes, lecithins, phospholipids, biogenic agents, UV protection factors, antioxidants, deodorants, antiperspirants, antidandruff agents, film formers, swelling agents, insect repellents, self-tanning agents, tyrosine inhibitors (depigmenting agents), hydrotropes, solubilizers, preservatives, perfume oils, dyes and the like as further auxiliaries and additives. Cosmetic and/or pharmaceutical cleaning preparations include, for example, hair shampoos, oral hygiene and dental care preparations, hair lotions, foam baths, shower baths, creams, gels, lotions, alcoholic and aqueous/alcoholic solutions and emulsions. [0034] Surfactants [0035] Suitable surfactants are anionic, nonionic, cationic and/or amphoteric surfactants which may be present in the preparations in quantities of normally about 1 to 70% by weight, preferably 5 to 50% by weight and more preferably 10 to 30% by weight. Typical examples of anionic surfactants are soaps, alkyl benzenesulfonates, alkanesulfonates, olefin sulfonates, alkylether sulfonates, glycerol ether sulfonates, α-methyl ester sulfonates, sulfofatty acids, alkyl sulfates, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, glycerol ether sulfates, fatty acid ether sulfates, hydroxy mixed ether sulfates, monoglyceride (ether) sulfates, fatty acid amide (ether) sulfates, mono- and dialkyl sulfosuccinates, mono- and dialkyl sulfosuccinamates, sulfotriglycerides, amide soaps, ether carboxylic acids and salts thereof, fatty acid isethionates, fatty acid sarcosinates, fatty acid taurides, N-acylamino acids such as, for example, acyl lactylates, acyl tartrates, acyl glutamates and acyl aspartates, alkyl oligoglucoside sulfates, protein fatty acid condensates (particularly wheat-based vegetable products) and alkyl(ether) phosphates. If the anionic surfactants contain polyglycol ether chains, they may have a conventional homolog distribution although they preferably have a narrow-range homolog distribution. Typical examples of nonionic surfactants are fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers, alkylphenol polyglycol ethers, fatty acid polyglycol esters, fatty acid amide polyglycol ethers, fatty amine polyglycol ethers, alkoxylated triglycerides, mixed ethers and mixed formals, optionally partly oxidized alk(en)yl oligoglycosides or glucuronic acid derivatives, fatty acid-N-alkyl glucamides, protein hydrolyzates (particularly wheat-based vegetable products), polyol fatty acid esters, sugar esters, sorbitan esters, polysorbates and amine oxides. If the nonionic surfactants contain polyglycol ether chains, they may have a conventional homolog distribution, although they preferably have a narrow-range homolog distribution. Typical examples of cationic surfactants are quaternary ammonium compounds, for example dimethyl distearyl ammonium chloride, and esterquats, more particularly quatemized fatty acid trialkanolamine ester salts. Typical examples of amphoteric or zwitterionic surfactants are alkylbetaines, alkylamidobetaines, aminopropionates, aminoglycinates, imidazolinium betaines and sulfobetaines. The surfactants mentioned are all known compounds. Information on their structure and production can be found in relevant synoptic works, cf. for example J. Falbe (ed.), “Surfactants in Consumer Products”, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1987, pages 54 to 124 or J. Falbe (ed.), “Katalysatoren, Tenside und MineralbIadditive (Catalysts, Surfactants and Mineral Oil Additives)”, Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, 1978, pages 123-217. Typical examples of particularly suitable mild, i.e. particularly dermatologically compatible, surfactants are fatty alcohol polyglycol ether sulfates, monoglyceride sulfates, mono- and/or dialkyl sulfosuccinates, fatty acid isethionates, fatty acid sarcosinates, fatty acid taurides, fatty acid glutamates, α-olefin sulfonates, ether carboxylic acids, alkyl oligoglucosides, fatty acid glucamides, alkylamidobetaines, amphoacetals and/or protein fatty acid condensates, preferably based on wheat proteins. [0036] Oil Components [0037] Suitable oil components are, for example, Guerbet alcohols based on fatty alcohols containing 6 to 18 and preferably 8 to 10 carbon atoms, esters of linear C 6-22 fatty acids with linear or branched C 6-22 fatty alcohols or esters of branched C 6-13 carboxylic acids with linear or branched C 6-22 fatty alcohols such as, for example, myristyl myristate, myristyl palmitate, myristyl stearate, myristyl isostearate, myristyl oleate, myristyl behenate, myristyl erucate, cetyl myristate, cetyl palmitate, cetyl stearate, cetyl isostearate, cetyl oleate, cetyl behenate, cetyl erucate, stearyl myristate, stearyl palmitate, stearyl stearate, stearyl isostearate, stearyl oleate, stearyl behenate, stearyl erucate, isostearyl myristate, isostearyl palmitate, isostearyl stearate, isostearyl isostearate, isostearyl oleate, isostearyl behenate, isostearyl oleate, oleyl myristate, oleyl palmitate, oleyl stearate, oleyl isostearate, oleyl oleate, oleyl behenate, oleyl erucate, behenyl myristate, behenyl palmitate, behenyl stearate, behenyl isostearate, behenyl oleate, behenyl behenate, behenyl erucate, erucyl myristate, erucyl palmitate, erucyl stearate, erucyl isostearate, erucyl oleate, erucyl behenate and erucyl erucate. Also suitable are esters of linear C 6-22 fatty acids with branched alcohols, more particularly 2-ethyl hexanol, esters of C 18-38 alkylhydroxycarboxylic acids with linear or branched C 6-22 fatty alcohols (cf. DE 19756377 A1), more especially Dioctyl Malate, esters of linear and/or branched fatty acids with polyhydric alcohols (for example propylene glycol, dimer diol or trimer triol) and/or Guerbet alcohols, triglycerides based on C 6-10 fatty acids, liquid mono-, di- and triglyceride mixtures based on C 6-18 fatty acids (cf. EP 97/00434), esters of C 6-22 fatty alcohols and/or Guerbet alcohols with aromatic carboxylic acids, more particularly benzoic acid, esters of C 2-12 dicarboxylic acids with linear or branched alcohols containing 1 to 22 carbon atoms or polyols containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms and 2 to 6 hydroxyl groups, vegetable oils, branched primary alcohols, substituted cyclohexanes, linear and branched C 6-22 fatty alcohol carbonates such as, for example, Dicaprylyl Carbonate (Cetiol® CC), Guerbet carbonates based on C 6-18 and preferably C 8-10 fatty alcohols, esters of benzoic acid with linear and/or branched C 6-22 alcohols (for example Finsolv® TN), linear or branched, symmetrical or nonsymmetrical dialkyl ethers containing 6 to 22 carbon atoms per alkyl group such as, for example, Dicaprylyl Ether (Cetiol® OE), ring opening products of epoxidized fatty acid esters with polyols, silicone oils (cyclomethicone, silicon methicone types, etc.) and/or aliphatic or naphthenic hydrocarbons, for example squalane, squalene or dialkyl cyclohexanes. [0038] Emulsifiers [0039] Suitable emulsifiers are, for example, nonionic surfactants from at least one of the following groups: [0040] [0040] products of the addition of 2 to 30 mol ethylene oxide and/or 0 to 5 mol propylene oxide onto linear C 8-22 fatty alcohols, onto C 12-22 fatty acids, onto alkyl phenols containing 8 to 15 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and alkylamines containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms in the alkyl group; [0041] [0041] alkyl and/or alkenyl oligoglycosides containing 8 to 22 carbon atoms in the alk(en)yl group and ethoxylated analogs thereof; [0042] [0042] addition products of 1 to 30 mol ethylene oxide onto fatty acids; [0043] [0043] insertion products of 1 to 30 mol ethylene oxide into fatty acid methyl esters; [0044] [0044] addition products of 1 to 15 mol ethylene oxide onto castor oil and/or hydrogenated castor oil; [0045] [0045] addition products of 15 to 60 mol ethylene oxide onto castor oil and/or hydrogenated castor oil; [0046] [0046] partial esters of glycerol and/or sorbitan with unsaturated, linear or saturated, branched fatty acids containing 12 to 22 carbon atoms and/or hydroxycarboxylic acids containing 3 to 18 carbon atoms and adducts thereof with 1 to 30 mol ethylene oxide; [0047] [0047] partial esters of polyglycerol (average degree of self-condensation 2 to 8), polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 400 to 5,000), trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, sugar alcohols (for example sorbitol), alkyl glucosides (for example methyl glucoside, butyl glucoside, lauryl glucoside) and polyglucosides (for example cellulose) with saturated and/or unsaturated, linear or branched fatty acids containing 12 to 22 carbon atoms and/or hydroxycarboxylic acids containing 3 to 18 carbon atoms and adducts thereof with 1 to 30 mol ethylene oxide; [0048] [0048] mixed esters of pentaerythritol, fatty acids, citric acid and fatty alcohol according to DE 11 65 574 PS and/or mixed esters of fatty acids containing 6 to 22 carbon atoms, methyl glucose and polyols, preferably glycerol or polyglycerol, [0049] [0049] mono-, di- and trialkyl phosphates and mono-, di- and/or tri-PEG-alkyl phosphates and salts thereof, [0050] [0050] wool wax alcohols, [0051] [0051] polysiloxane/polyalkyl/polyether copolymers and corresponding derivatives, [0052] [0052] block copolymers, for example Polyethyleneglycol-30 Dipolyhydroxystearate; [0053] [0053] polymer emulsifiers, for example Pemulen types (TR-1, TR-2) of Goodrich; [0054] [0054] polyalkylene glycols and [0055] [0055] glycerol carbonates. [0056] The addition products of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide onto fatty alcohols, fatty acids, alkylphenols or onto castor oil are known commercially available products. They are homolog mixtures of which the average degree of alkoxylation corresponds to the ratio between the quantities of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide and substrate with which the addition reaction is carried out. C 12/18 fatty acid monoesters and diesters of adducts of ethylene oxide with glycerol are known as lipid layer enhancers for cosmetic formulations from DE 20 24 051 PS. [0057] Alkyl and/or alkenyl oligoglycosides, their production and their use are known from the prior art. They are produced in particular by reacting glucose or oligosaccharides with primary alcohols containing 8 to 18 carbon atoms. So far as the glycoside unit is concerned, both monoglycosides in which a cyclic sugar unit is attached to the fatty alcohol by a glycoside bond and oligomeric glycosides with a degree of oligomerization of preferably up to about 8 are suitable. The degree of oligomerization is a statistical mean value on which the homolog distribution typical of such technical products is based. [0058] Typical examples of suitable partial glycerides are hydroxystearic acid monoglyceride, hydroxystearic acid diglyceride, isostearic acid monoglyceride, isostearic acid diglyceride, oleic acid monoglyceride, oleic acid diglyceride, ricinoleic acid monoglyceride, ricinoleic acid diglyceride, linoleic acid monoglyceride, linoleic acid diglyceride, linolenic acid monoglyceride, linolenic acid diglyceride, erucic acid monoglyceride, erucic acid diglyceride, tartaric acid monoglyceride, tartaric acid diglyceride, citric acid monoglyceride, citric acid diglyceride, malic acid monoglyceride, malic acid diglyceride and technical mixtures thereof which may still contain small quantities of triglyceride from the production process. Addition products of 1 to 30 and preferably 5 to 10 mol ethylene oxide with the partial glycerides mentioned are also suitable. [0059] Suitable sorbitan esters are sorbitan monoisostearate, sorbitan sesquiisostearate, sorbitan diisostearate, sorbitan triisostearate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan dioleate, sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan monoerucate, sorbitan sesquierucate, sorbitan dierucate, sorbitan trierucate, sorbitan monoricinoleate, sorbitan sesquiricinoleate, sorbitan diricinoleate, sorbitan triricinoleate, sorbitan monohydroxystearate, sorbitan sesquihydroxystearate, sorbitan dihydroxystearate, sorbitan trihydroxystearate, sorbitan monotartrate, sorbitan sesquitartrate, sorbitan ditartrate, sorbitan tritartrate, sorbitan monocitrate, sorbitan sesquicitrate, sorbitan dicitrate, sorbitan tricitrate, sorbitan monomaleate, sorbitan sesquimaleate, sorbitan dimaleate, sorbitan trimaleate and technical mixtures thereof. Addition products of 1 to 30 and preferably 5 to 10 mol ethylene oxide onto the sorbitan esters mentioned are also suitable. [0060] Typical examples of suitable polyglycerol esters are Polyglyceryl-2 Dipolyhydroxystearate (Dehymuls® PGPH), Polyglycerol-3-Diisostearate (Lameform® TGI), Polyglyceryl-4 Isostearate (Isolan® GI 34), Polyglyceryl-3 Oleate, Diisostearoyl Polyglyceryl-3 Diisostearate (Isolan® PDI), Poly-glyceryl-3 Methylglucose Distearate (Tego Care® 450), Polyglyceryl-3 Beeswax (Cera Bellina®), Polyglyceryl-4 Caprate (Polyglycerol Caprate T2010/90), Polyglyceryl-3 Cetyl Ether (Chimexane® NL), Polyglyceryl-3 Distearate (Cremophor® GS 32) and Polyglyceryl Polyricinoleate (Admul® WOL 1403), Polyglyceryl Dimerate Isostearate and mixtures thereof. Examples of other suitable polyolesters are the mono-, di- and triesters of trimethylolpropane or pentaerythritol with lauric acid, cocofatty acid, tallow fatty acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, behenic acid and the like optionally reacted with 1 to 30 mol ethylene oxide. [0061] Other suitable emulsifiers are zwitterionic surfactants. Zwitterionic surfactants are surface-active compounds which contain at least one quaternary ammonium group and at least one carboxylate and one sulfonate group in the molecule. Particularly suitable zwitterionic surfactants are the so-called betaines, such as the N-alkyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium glycinates, for example cocoalkyl dimethyl ammonium glycinate, N-acylaminopropyl-N,N-dimethyl ammonium glycinates, for example cocoacylaminopropyl dimethyl ammonium glycinate, and 2-alkyl-3-carboxymethyl-3-hydroxyethyl imidazolines containing 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl or acyl group and cocoacylaminoethyl hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl glycinate. The fatty acid amide derivative known under the CTFA name of Cocamidopropyl Betaine is particularly preferred. Ampholytic surfactants are also suitable emulsifiers. Ampholytic surfactants are surface-active compounds which, in addition to a C 8/18 alkyl or acyl group, contain at least one free amino group and at least one —COOH— or —SO 3 H— group in the molecule and which are capable of forming inner salts. Examples of suitable ampholytic surfactants are N-alkyl glycines, N-alkyl propionic acids, N-alkylaminobutyric acids, N-alkyliminodipropionic acids, N-hydroxyethyl-N-alkylamidopropyl glycines, N-alkyl taurines, N-alkyl sarcosines, 2-alkylaminopropionic acids and alkylaminoacetic acids containing around 8 to 18 carbon atoms in the alkyl group. Particularly preferred ampholytic surfactants are N-cocoalkylaminopropionate, cocoacylaminoethyl aminopropionate and C 12/18 acyl sarcosine. Finally, cationic surfactants are also suitable emulsifiers, those of the esterquat type, preferably methyl-quaternized difatty acid triethanolamine ester salts, being particularly preferred. [0062] Fats and Waxes [0063] Typical examples of fats are glycerides, i.e. solid or liquid, vegetable or animal products which consist essentially of mixed glycerol esters of higher fatty acids. Suitable waxes are inter alia natural waxes such as, for example, candelilla wax, carnauba wax, Japan wax, espartograss wax, cork wax, guaruma wax, rice oil wax, sugar cane wax, ouricury wax, montan wax, beeswax, shellac wax, spermaceti, lanolin (wool wax), uropygial fat, ceresine, ozocerite (earth wax), petrolatum, paraffin waxes and microwaxes; chemically modified waxes (hard waxes) such as, for example, montan ester waxes, sasol waxes, hydrogenated jojoba waxes and synthetic waxes such as, for example, polyalkylene waxes and polyethylene glycol waxes. Besides the fats, other suitable additives are fat-like substances, such as lecithins and phospholipids. Lecithins are known among experts as glycerophospholipids which are formed from fatty acids, glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline by esterification. Accordingly, lecithins are also frequently referred to by experts as phosphatidyl cholines (PCs) correspond to the following general formula: [0064] where R typically represents linear aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals containing 15 to 17 carbon atoms and up to 4 cis-double bonds. Examples of natural lecithins are the kephalins which are also known as phosphatidic acids and which are derivatives of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoric acids. By contrast, phospholipids are generally understood to be mono- and preferably diesters of phosphoric acid with glycerol (glycero-phosphates) which are normally classed as fats. Sphingosines and sphingolipids are also suitable. [0065] Pearlizing Waxes [0066] Suitable pearlizing waxes are, for example, alkylene glycol esters, especially ethylene glycol distearate; fatty acid alkanolamides, especially cocofatty acid diethanolamide; partial glycerides, especially stearic acid monoglyceride; esters of polybasic, optionally hydroxysubstituted carboxylic acids with fatty alcohols containing 6 to 22 carbon atoms, especially long-chain esters of tartaric acid; fatty compounds, such as for example fatty alcohols, fatty ketones, fatty aldehydes, fatty ethers and fatty carbonates which contain in all at least 24 carbon atoms, especially laurone and distearylether; fatty acids, such as stearic acid, hydroxystearic acid or behenic acid, ring opening products of olefin epoxides containing 12 to 22 carbon atoms with fatty alcohols containing 12 to 22 carbon atoms and/or polyols containing 2 to 15 carbon atoms and 2 to 10 hydroxyl groups and mixtures thereof. [0067] Consistency Factors and Thickeners [0068] The consistency factors mainly used are fatty alcohols or hydroxyfatty alcohols containing 12 to 22 and preferably 16 to 18 carbon atoms and also partial glycerides, fatty acids or hydroxyfatty acids. A combination of these substances with alkyl oligoglucosides and/or fatty acid N-methyl glucamides of the same chain length and/or polyglycerol poly-12-hydroxystearates is preferably used. Suitable thickeners are, for example, Aerosil® types (hydrophilic silicas), polysaccharides, more especially xanthan gum, guar-guar, agar-agar, alginates and tyloses, carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose, also relatively high molecular weight polyethylene glycol monoesters and diesters of fatty acids, polyacrylates (for example Carbopols® and Pemulen types [Goodrich]; Synthalens® [Sigma]; Keltrol types [Kelco]; Sepigel types [Seppic]; Salcare types [Allied Colloids]), polyacrylamides, polymers, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl pyrrolidone, surfactants such as, for example, ethoxylated fatty acid glycerides, esters of fatty acids with polyols, for example pentaerythritol or trimethylol propane, narrow-range fatty alcohol ethoxylates or alkyl oligoglucosides and electrolytes, such as sodium chloride and ammonium chloride. [0069] Superfatting Agents [0070] Superfatting agents may be selected from such substances as, for example, lanolin and lecithin and also polyethoxylated or acylated lanolin and lecithin derivatives, polyol fatty acid esters, monoglycerides and fatty acid alkanolamides, the fatty acid alkanolamides also serving as foam stabilizers. [0071] Stabilizers [0072] Metal salts of fatty acids such as, for example, magnesium, aluminium and/or zinc stearate or ricinoleate may be used as stabilizers. [0073] Polymers [0074] Suitable cationic polymers are, for example, cationic cellulose derivatives such as, for example, the quaternized hydroxyethyl cellulose obtainable from Amerchol under the name of Polymer JR 400®, cationic starch, copolymers of diallyl ammonium salts and acrylamides, quaternized vinyl pyrrolidone/vinyl imidazole polymers such as, for example, Luviquato® (BASF), condensation products of polyglycols and amines, quatemized collagen polypeptides such as, for example, Lauryldimonium Hydroxypropyl Hydrolyzed Collagen (Lamequato® L, Grünau), quaternized wheat polypeptides, polyethyleneimine, cationic silicone polymers such as, for example, amodimethicone, copolymers of adipic acid and dimethylaminohydroxypropyl diethylenetriamine (Cartaretine®, Sandoz), copolymers of acrylic acid with dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (Merquato 550, Chemviron), polyaminopolyamides as described, for example, in FR 2252840 A and crosslinked water-soluble polymers thereof, cationic chitin derivatives such as, for example, quaternized chitosan, optionally in microcrystalline distribution, condensation products of dihaloalkyls, for example dibromobutane, with bis-dialkylamines, for example bis-dimethylamino-1,3-propane, cationic guar gum such as, for example, Jaguar®CBS, Jaguar®C-17, Jaguar®C-16 of Celanese, quaternized ammonium salt polymers such as, for example, Mirapol® A-15, Mirapol® AD-1, Mirapol® AZ-1 of Miranol. [0075] Suitable anionic, zwitterionic, amphoteric and nonionic polymers are, for example, vinyl acetate/crotonic acid copolymers, vinyl pyrrolidone/vinyl acrylate copolymers, vinyl acetate/butyl maleate/isobornyl acrylate copolymers, methyl vinylether/maleic anhydride copolymers and esters thereof, uncrosslinked and polyol-crosslinked polyacrylic acids, acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride/acrylate copolymers, octylacrylamide/methyl methacrylate/tert.-butylaminoethyl methacrylate/2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate copolymers, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl pyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymers, vinyl pyrrolidone/dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate/vinyl caprolactam terpolymers and optionally derivatized cellulose ethers and silicones. Other suitable polymers and thickeners can be found in Cosm. Toil. 108, 95 (1993). [0076] Silicone Compounds [0077] Suitable silicone compounds are, for example, dimethyl polysiloxanes, methylphenyl polysiloxanes, cyclic silicones and amino-, fatty acid-, alcohol-, polyether-, epoxy-, fluorine-, glycoside- and/or alkyl-modified silicone compounds which may be both liquid and resin-like at room temperature. Other suitable silicone compounds are simethicones which are mixtures of dimethicones with an average chain length of 200 to 300 dimethylsiloxane units and hydrogenated silicates. A detailed overview of suitable volatile silicones can be found in Todd et al. in Cosm. Toil. 91, 27 (1976). [0078] UV Protection Factors and Antioxidants [0079] UV protection factors in the context of the invention are, for example, organic substances (light filters) which are liquid or crystalline at room temperature and which are capable of absorbing ultraviolet radiation and of releasing the energy absorbed in the form of longer-wave radiation, for example heat. UV-B filters can be oil-soluble or water-soluble. The following are examples of oil-soluble substances: [0080] [0080] 3-benzylidene camphor or 3-benzylidene norcamphor and derivatives thereof, for example 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)-camphor as described in EP 0693471 B1; [0081] [0081] 4-aminobenzoic acid derivatives, preferably 4-(dimethylamino)-benzoic acid-2-ethylhexyl ester, 4-(dimethylamino)-benzoic acid-2-octyl ester and 4-(dimethylamino)-benzoic acid amyl ester; [0082] [0082] esters of cinnamic acid, preferably 4-methoxycinnamic acid-2-ethylhexyl ester, 4-methoxycinnamic acid propyl ester, 4-methoxycinnamic acid isoamyl ester, 2-cyano-3,3-phenylcinnamic acid-2-ethylhexyl ester (Octocrylene); [0083] [0083] esters of salicylic acid, preferably salicylic acid-2-ethylhexyl ester, salicylic acid-4-isopropylbenzyl ester, salicylic acid homomenthyl ester; [0084] [0084] derivatives of benzophenone, preferably 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4′-methylbenzophenone, 2,2′-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone; [0085] [0085] esters of benzalmalonic acid, preferably 4-methoxybenzalmalonic acid di-2-ethylhexyl ester; [0086] [0086] triazine derivatives such as, for example, 2,4,6-trianilino-(p-carbo-2′-ethyl-1′-hexyloxy)-1,3,5-triazine and Octyl Triazone as described in EP 0818450 A1 or Dioctyl Butamido Triazone (Uvasorb® HEB); [0087] [0087] propane-1,3-diones such as, for example, 1-(4-tert.butylphenyl)-3-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-propane-1,3-dione; [0088] [0088] ketotricyclo(5.2.1.0)decane derivatives as described in EP 0694521 B1. [0089] Suitable water-soluble substances are [0090] [0090] 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid and alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, alkylammonium, alkanolammonium and glucammonium salts thereof; [0091] [0091] sulfonic acid derivatives of benzophenones, preferably 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulfonic acid and salts thereof; [0092] [0092] sulfonic acid derivatives of 3-benzylidene camphor such as, for example, 4-(2-oxo-3-bornylidenemethyl)-benzene sulfonic acid and 2-methyl-5-(2-oxo-3-bornylidene)-sulfonic acid and salts thereof. [0093] Typical UV-A filters are, in particular, derivatives of benzoyl methane such as, for example, 1-(4′-tert.butylphenyl)-3-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-propane-1,3-dione, 4-tert.butyl-4′-methoxydibenzoyl methane (Parsol 1789) or 1-phenyl-3-(4′-isopropylphenyl)-propane-1,3-dione and the enamine compounds described in DE 197 12 033 A1 (BASF). The UV-A and UV-B filters may of course also be used in the form of mixtures. Particularly favorable combinations consist of the derivatives of benzoyl methane, for example 4-tert.butyl-4′-methoxydibenzoylmethane (Parsol® 1789) and 2-cyano-3,3-phenylcinnamic acid-2-ethyl hexyl ester (Octocrylene) in combination with esters of cinnamic acid, preferably 4-methoxycinnamic acid-2-ethyl hexyl ester and/or 4-methoxycinnamic acid propyl ester and/or 4-methoxycinnamic acid isoamyl ester. Combinations such as these are advantageously combined with water-soluble filters such as, for example, 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid and alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, alkylammonium, alkanolammonium and glucammonium salts thereof. [0094] Besides the soluble substances mentioned, insoluble light-blocking pigments, i.e. finely dispersed metal oxides or salts, may also be used for this purpose. Examples of suitable metal oxides are, in particular, zinc oxide and titanium dioxide and also oxides of iron, zirconium oxide, silicon, manganese, aluminium and cerium and mixtures thereof. Silicates (talcum), barium sulfate and zinc stearate may be used as salts. The oxides and salts are used in the form of the pigments for skin-care and skin-protecting emulsions and decorative cosmetics. The particles should have a mean diameter of less than 100 nm, preferably between 5 and 50 nm and more preferably between 15 and 30 nm. They may be spherical in shape although ellipsoidal particles or other non-spherical particles may also be used. The pigments may also be surface-treated, i.e. hydrophilicized or hydrophobicized. Typical examples are coated titanium dioxides, for example Titandioxid T 805 (Degussa) and Eusolex® T2000 (Merck). Suitable hydrophobic coating materials are, above all, silicones and, among these, especially trialkoxyoctylsilanes or simethicones. So-called micro- or nanopigments are preferably used in sun protection products. Micronized zinc oxide is preferably used. Other suitable UV filters can be found in P. Finkel's review in SÖFW-Journal 122, 543 (1996) and in Parf. Kosm. 3, 11 (1999). [0095] Besides the two groups of primary sun protection factors mentioned above, secondary sun protection factors of the antioxidant type may also be used. Secondary sun protection factors of the antioxidant type interrupt the photochemical reaction chain which is initiated when UV rays penetrate into the skin. Typical examples are amino acids (for example glycine, histidine, tyrosine, tryptophane) and derivatives thereof, imidazoles (for example urocanic acid) and derivatives thereof, peptides, such as D,L-carnosine, D-carnosine, L-carnosine and derivatives thereof (for example anserine), carotinoids, carotenes (for example α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene) and derivatives thereof, chlorogenic acid and derivatives thereof, liponic acid and derivatives thereof (for example dihydroliponic acid), aurothioglucose, propylthiouracil and other thiols (for example thioredoxine, glutathione, cysteine, cystine, cystamine and glycosyl, N-acetyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl, amyl, butyl and lauryl, palmitoyl, oleyl, γ-linoleyl, cholesteryl and glyceryl esters thereof) and their salts, dilaurylthiodipropionate, distearylthiodipropionate, thiodipropionic acid and derivatives thereof (esters, ethers, peptides, lipids, nucleotides, nucleosides and salts) and sulfoximine compounds (for example butionine sulfoximines, homocysteine sulfoximine, butionine sulfones, penta-, hexa- and hepta-thionine sulfoximine) in very small compatible dosages (for example pmole to μmole/kg), also (metal) chelators (for example α-hydroxyfatty acids, palmitic acid, phytic acid, lactoferrine), α-hydroxy acids (for example citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid), humic acid, bile acid, bile extracts, bilirubin, biliverdin, EDTA, EGTA and derivatives thereof, unsaturated fatty acids and derivatives thereof (for example γ-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid), folic acid and derivatives thereof, ubiquinone and ubiquinol and derivatives thereof, vitamin C and derivatives thereof (for example ascorbyl palmitate, Mg ascorbyl phosphate, ascorbyl acetate), tocopherols and derivatives (for example vitamin E acetate), vitamin A and derivatives (vitamin A palmitate) and coniferyl benzoate of benzoin resin, rutinic acid and derivatives thereof, α-glycosyl rutin, ferulic acid, furfurylidene glucitol, carnbsine, butyl hydroxytoluene, butyl hydroxyanisole, nordihydroguaiac resin acid, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, trihydroxybutyrophenone, uric acid and derivatives thereof, mannose and derivatives thereof, superoxide dismutase, zinc and derivatives thereof (for example ZnO, ZnSO 4 ), selenium and derivatives thereof (for example selenium methionine), stilbenes and derivatives thereof (for example stilbene oxide, trans-stilbene oxide) and derivatives of these active substances suitable for the purposes of the invention (salts, esters, ethers, sugars, nucleotides, nucleosides, peptides and lipids). [0096] Biopenic Agents [0097] Biogenic agents in the context of the invention are, for example, tocopherol, tocopherol acetate, tocopherol palmitate, ascorbic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, retinol, bisabolol, allantoin, phytantriol, panthenol, AHA acids, amino acids, ceramides, pseudoceramides, essential oils, plant extracts and vitamin complexes. [0098] Deodorants and Germ Inhibitors [0099] Cosmetic deodorants counteract, mask or eliminate body odors. Body odors are formed through the action of skin bacteria on apocrine perspiration which results in the formation of unpleasant-smelling degradation products. Accordingly, deodorants contain active principles which act as germ inhibitors, enzyme inhibitors, odor absorbers or odor maskers. Basically, suitable germ inhibitors are any substances which act against gram-positive bacteria such as, for example, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and salts and esters thereof, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-urea, 2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenylether (triclosan), 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol, 2,2′-methylene-bis-(6-bromo-4-chlorophenol), 3-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-phenol, 2-benzyl-4-chlorophenol, 3-(4-chlorophenoxy)-propane-1,2-diol, 3-iodo-2-propinyl butyl carbamate, chlorhexidine, 3,4,4′-trichlorocarbanilide (TTC), antibacterial perfumes, thymol, thyme oil, eugenol, clove oil, menthol, mint oil, farnesol, phenoxyethanol, glycerol monocaprate, glycerol monocaprylate, glycerol monolaurate (GML), diglycerol monocaprate (DMC), salicylic acid-N-alkylamides such as, for example, salicylic acid-n-octyl amide or salicylic acid-n-decyl amide. [0100] Suitable enzyme inhibitors are, for example, esterase inhibitors. Esterase inhibitors are preferably trialkyl citrates, such as trimethyl citrate, tripropyl citrate, triisopropyl citrate, tributyl citrate and, in particular, triethyl citrate (Hydagen® CAT). Esterase inhibitors inhibit enzyme activity and thus reduce odor formation. Other esterase inhibitors are sterol sulfates or phosphates such as, for example, lanosterol, cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol sulfate or phosphate, dicarboxylic acids and esters thereof, for example glutaric acid, glutaric acid monoethyl ester, glutaric acid diethyl ester, adipic acid, adipic acid monoethyl ester, adipic acid diethyl ester, malonic acid and malonic acid diethyl ester, hydroxycarboxylic acids and esters thereof, for example citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid or tartaric acid diethyl ester, and zinc glycinate. [0101] Suitable odor absorbers are substances which are capable of absorbing and largely retaining the odor-forming compounds. They reduce the partial pressure of the individual components and thus also reduce the rate at which they spread. An important requirement in this regard is that perfumes must remain unimpaired. Odor absorbers are not active against bacteria. They contain, for example, a complex zinc salt of ricinoleic acid or special perfumes of largely neutral odor known to the expert as “fixateurs” such as, for example, extracts of labdanum or styrax or certain abietic acid derivatives as their principal component. Odor maskers are perfumes or perfume oils which, besides their odor-masking function, impart their particular perfume note to the deodorants. Suitable perfume oils are, for example, mixtures of natural and synthetic fragrances. Natural fragrances include the extracts of blossoms, stems and leaves, fruits, fruit peel, roots, woods, herbs and grasses, needles and branches, resins and balsams. Animal raw materials, for example civet and beaver, may also be used. Typical synthetic perfume compounds are products of the ester, ether, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol and hydrocarbon type. Examples of perfume compounds of the ester type are benzyl acetate, p-tert.butyl cyclohexylacetate, linalyl acetate, phenyl ethyl acetate, linalyl benzoate, benzyl formate, allyl cyclohexyl propionate, styrallyl propionate and benzyl salicylate. Ethers include, for example, benzyl ethyl ether while aldehydes include, for example, the linear alkanals containing 8 to 18 carbon atoms, citral, citronellal, citronellyloxyacetaldehyde, cyclamen aldehyde, hydroxycitronellal, lilial and bourgeonal. Examples of suitable ketones are the ionones and methyl cedryl ketone. Suitable alcohols are anethol, citronellol, eugenol, isoeugenol, geraniol, linalool, phenylethyl alcohol and terpineol. The hydrocarbons mainly include the terpenes and balsams. However, it is preferred to use mixtures of different perfume compounds which, together, produce an agreeable fragrance. Other suitable perfume oils are essential oils of relatively low volatility which are mostly used as aroma components. Examples are sage oil, camomile oil, clove oil, melissa oil, mint oil, cinnamon leaf oil, lime-blossom oil, juniper berry oil, vetiver oil, olibanum oil, galbanum oil, ladanum oil and lavendin oil. The following are preferably used either individually or in the form of mixtures: bergamot oil, dihydromyrcenol, lilial, lyral, citronellol, phenylethyl alcohol, α-hexylcinnamaldehyde, geraniol, benzyl acetone, cyclamen aldehyde, linalool, Boisambrene Forte, Ambroxan, indole, hedione, sandelice, citrus oil, mandarin oil, orange oil, allylamyl glycolate, cyclovertal, lavendin oil, clary oil, β-damascone, geranium oil bourbon, cyclohexyl salicylate, Vertofix Coeur, Iso-E-Super, Fixolide NP, evernyl, iraldein gamma, phenylacetic acid, geranyl acetate, benzyl acetate, rose oxide, romillat, irotyl and floramat. [0102] Antiperspirants reduce perspiration and thus counteract underarm wetness and body odor by influencing the activity of the eccrine sweat glands. Aqueous or water-free antiperspirant formulations typically contain the following ingredients: [0103] [0103] astringent active principles, [0104] [0104] oil components, [0105] [0105] nonionic emulsifiers, [0106] [0106] co-emulsifiers, [0107] [0107] consistency factors, [0108] [0108] auxiliaries in the form of, for example, thickeners or complexing agents and/or [0109] [0109] non-aqueous solvents such as, for example, ethanol, propylene glycol and/or glycerol. [0110] Suitable astringent active principles of antiperspirants are, above all, salts of aluminium, zirconium or zinc. Suitable antihydrotic agents of this type are, for example, aluminium chloride, aluminium chlorohydrate, aluminium dichlorohydrate, aluminium sesquichlorohydrate and complex compounds thereof, for example with 1,2-propylene glycol, aluminium hydroxyallantoinate, aluminium chloride tartrate, aluminium zirconium trichlorohydrate, aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrate, aluminium zirconium pentachlorohydrate and complex compounds thereof, for example with amino acids, such as glycine. Oil-soluble and water-soluble auxiliaries typically encountered in antiperspirants may also be present in relatively small amounts. Oil-soluble auxiliaries such as these include, for example, [0111] [0111] inflammation-inhibiting, skin-protecting or pleasant-smelling essential oils, [0112] [0112] synthetic skin-protecting agents and/or [0113] [0113] oil-soluble perfume oils. [0114] Typical water-soluble additives are, for example, preservatives, water-soluble perfumes, pH regulators, for example buffer mixtures, water-soluble thickeners, for example water-soluble natural or synthetic polymers such as, for example, xanthan gum, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone or high molecular weight polyethylene oxides. [0115] Film Formers [0116] Standard film formers are, for example, chitosan, microcrystalline chitosan, quaternized chitosan, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl pyrrolidone/vinyl acetate copolymers, polymers of the acrylic acid series, quaternary cellulose derivatives, collagen, hyaluronic acid and salts thereof and similar compounds. [0117] Antidandruff Agents [0118] Suitable antidandruff agents are Pirocton Olamin (1-hydroxy-4-methyl-6-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)-2-(1H)-pyridinone monoethanolamine salt), Baypival® (Climbazole), Ketoconazol® (4-acetyl-1-{4-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl) r-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxylan-c-4-ylmethoxyphenyl}-piperazine, ketoconazole, elubiol, selenium disulfide, colloidal sulfur, sulfur polyethylene glycol sorbitan monooleate, sulfur ricinol polyethoxylate, sulfur tar distillate, salicylic acid (or in combination with hexachlorophene), undecylenic acid, monoethanolamide sulfosuccinate Na salt, Lamepon® UD (protein/undecylenic acid condensate), zinc pyrithione, aluminium pyrithione and magnesium pyrithione/dipyrithione magnesium sulfate. [0119] Swelling Agents [0120] Suitable swelling agents for aqueous phases are montmorillonites, clay minerals, Pemulen and alkyl-modified Carbopol types (Goodrich). Other suitable polymers and swelling agents can be found in R. Lochhead's review in Cosm. Toil. 108, 95 (1993). [0121] Insect Repellents [0122] Suitable insect repellents are N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide, pentane-1,2-diol or Ethyl Butylacetylaminopropionate. [0123] Self-tanning Agents and Depigmenting Agents [0124] A suitable self-tanning agent is dihydroxyacetone. Suitable tyrosine inhibitors which prevent the formation of melanin and are used in depigmenting agents are, for example, arbutin, ferulic acid, koji acid, coumaric acid and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). [0125] Hydrotropes [0126] In addition, hydrotropes, for example ethanol, isopropyl alcohol or polyols, may be used to improve flow behavior. Suitable polyols preferably contain 2 to 15 carbon atoms and at least two hydroxyl groups. The polyols may contain other functional groups, more especially amino groups, or may be modified with nitrogen. Typical examples are [0127] [0127] glycerol; [0128] [0128] alkylene glycols such as, for example, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, butylene glycol, hexylene glycol and polyethylene glycols with an average molecular weight of 100 to 1000 dalton; [0129] [0129] technical oligoglycerol mixtures with a degree of self-condensation of 1.5 to 10 such as, for example, technical diglycerol mixtures with a diglycerol content of 40 to 50% by weight; [0130] [0130] methylol compounds such as, in particular, trimethylol ethane, trimethylol propane, trimethylol butane, pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol; [0131] [0131] lower alkyl glucosides, particularly those containing 1 to 8 carbon atoms in the alkyl group, for example methyl and butyl glucoside; [0132] [0132] sugar alcohols containing 5 to 12 carbon atoms, for example sorbitol or mannitol, [0133] [0133] sugars containing 5 to 12 carbon atoms, for example glucose or sucrose; [0134] [0134] amino sugars, for example glucamine; [0135] [0135] dialcoholamines, such as diethanolamine or 2-aminopropane-1,3-diol. [0136] Preservatives [0137] Suitable preservatives are, for example, phenoxyethanol, formaldehyde solution, parabens, pentanediol or sorbic acid and the other classes of compounds listed in Appendix 6, Parts A and B of the Kosmetikverordnung (“Cosmetics Directive”). [0138] Perfume Oils [0139] Suitable perfume oils are mixtures of natural and synthetic fragrances. Natural perfumes include the extracts of blossoms (lily, lavender, rose, jasmine, neroli, ylang-ylang), stems and leaves (geranium, patchouli, petitgrain), fruits (anise, coriander, caraway, juniper), fruit peel (bergamot, lemon, orange), roots (nutmeg, angelica, celery, cardamom, costus, iris, calmus), woods (pinewood, sandalwood, guaiac wood, cedarwood, rosewood), herbs and grasses (tarragon, lemon grass, sage, thyme), needles and branches (spruce, fir, pine, dwarf pine), resins and balsams (galbanum, elemi, benzoin, myrrh, olibanum, opoponax). Animal raw materials, for example civet and beaver, may also be used. Typical synthetic perfume compounds are products of the ester, ether, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol and hydrocarbon type. Examples of perfume compounds of the ester type are benzyl acetate, phenoxyethyl isobutyrate, p-tert.butyl cyclohexylacetate, linalyl acetate, dimethyl benzyl carbinyl acetate, phenyl ethyl acetate, linalyl benzoate, benzyl formate, ethylmethyl phenyl glycinate, allyl cyclohexyl propionate, styrallyl propionate and benzyl salicylate. Ethers include, for example, benzyl ethyl ether while aldehydes include, for example, the linear alkanals containing 8 to 18 carbon atoms, citral, citronellal, citronellyloxyacetaldehyde, cyclamen aldehyde, hydroxycitronellal, lilial and bourgeonal. Examples of suitable ketones are the ionones, α-isomethylionone and methyl cedryl ketone. Suitable alcohols are anethol, citronellol, eugenol, isoeugenol, geraniol, linalool, phenylethyl alcohol and terpineol. The hydrocarbons mainly include the terpenes and balsams. However, it is preferred to use mixtures of different perfume compounds which, together, produce an agreeable perfume. Other suitable perfume oils are essential oils of relatively low volatility which are mostly used as aroma components. Examples are sage oil, camomile oil, clove oil, melissa oil, mint oil, cinnamon leaf oil, lime-blossom oil, juniper berry oil, vetiver oil, olibanum oil, galbanum oil, ladanum oil and lavendin oil. The following are preferably used either individually or in the form of mixtures: bergamot oil, dihydromyrcenol, lilial, lyral, citronellol, phenylethyl alcohol, α-hexylcinnamaldehyde, geraniol, benzyl acetone, cyclamen aldehyde, linalool, Boisambrene Forte, Ambroxan, indole, hedione, sandelice, citrus oil, mandarin oil, orange oil, allylamyl glycolate, cyclovertal, lavendin oil, clary oil, β-damascone, geranium oil bourbon, cyclohexyl salicylate, Vertofix Coeur, Iso-E-Super, Fixolide NP, evernyl, iraldein gamma, phenylacetic acid, geranyl acetate, benzyl acetate, rose oxide, romillat, irotyl and floramat. [0140] Dyes [0141] Suitable dyes are any of the substances suitable and approved for cosmetic purposes as listed, for example, in the publication “Kosmetische Färbemittel” of the Farbstoffkommission der Deutschen Forschungs-gemeinschaft, Verlag Chemi, W inheim, 1984, pages 81 to 106. These dyes are normally used in concentrations of 0.001 to 0.1% by weight, based on the mixture was a whole. [0142] The total percentage content of auxiliaries and additives may be from 1 to 80% by weight and is preferably from 5 to 50% by weight and more particularly from 7 to 10% by weight, based on the particular preparation. The preparations may be produced by standard cold or hot emulsification processes or by the phase inversion temperature (PIT) method. EXAMPLES I. Production of Acylamino Acids Example 1 Production of C 12 -C 18 Acyl Glutamate Disodium Salt Without Removal of the Solvent [0143] 1,300 kg water, 10 kmol=1,870 kg monosodium glutamate (×1 H 2 O), 100 kg isopropyl alcohol and 1,100 kg 33% sodium hydroxide are introduced into a 15 m 3 reactor (FIG. 1) and stirred until a clear solution is obtained. The solution obtained is cooled to 10-20° C. The reactor and the circulation system are provided with a cooling jacket which dissipates the heat of reaction and guarantees a maximum temperature of 20-25° C. Before the start of the reaction, the pH is adjusted to ca. 12 with 11% sodium hydroxide. 7.7 kmol=1,825 kg cocoyl fatty acid chloride and 4,500 kg 11% NaOH are then simultaneously added (see plant concept) at such a rate that the reactor temperature does not exceed 20-25° C. and the pH stays between 11.5 and 12.5. Of the two reactants, the sodium hydroxide is preferably added to the reactor beneath the surface of the reaction mixture while the acid chloride is added from the holding vessel either to or before the mixer. A circulation pump circulates the reaction mixture throughout the reaction, the mixture being returned to the reactor beneath the surface of the reaction mixture. After addition of the fatty acid chloride, the reaction mixture is stirred for another 2 hours at 20-25° C. in the reactor and is then heated for about another 2 hours to 60-80° C. The reaction mixture is then left to cool to room temperature and adjusted to a pH of ca. 10 by addition of dilute hydrochloric acid. [0144] The content of C 12 -C 18 acyl glutamate disodium salt in the end product is 26%. Example 2 Production of C 12 -C 18 Acyl Glutamate Disodium Salt Without Removal of the Solvent [0145] 1,300 kg water, 10 kmol=1,870 kg monosodium glutamate (×1 H 2 O), 135 kg ethanol and 1,100 kg 33% sodium hydroxide are introduced into a 15 m 3 reactor (FIG. 1) and stirred until a clear solution is obtained. The solution obtained is cooled to 10-20° C. The reactor and the circulation system are provided with a cooling jacket which dissipates the heat of reaction and guarantees a maximum temperature of 20-25° C. Before the start of the reaction, the pH is adjusted to ca. 12 with 11% sodium hydroxide. 7.7 kmol=1,825 kg cocoyl fatty acid chloride and 4,500 kg 11% NaOH are then simultaneously added (see plant concept) at such a rate that the reactor temperature does not exceed 20-25° C. and the pH stays between 11.5 and 12.5. Of the two reactants, the sodium hydroxide is preferably added to the reactor beneath the surface of the reaction mixture while the acid chloride is added from the holding vessel either to or before the mixer. A circulation pump circulates the reaction mixture throughout the reaction, the mixture being returned to the reactor beneath the surface of the reaction mixture. After addition of the fatty acid chloride, the reaction mixture is stirred for another 2 hours at 20-25° C. in the reactor and is then heated for about another 2 hours to 60-80° C. The reaction mixture is then left to cool to room temperature and adjusted to a pH of ca. 10 by addition of dilute hydrochloric acid. [0146] The content of C 12 -C 18 acyl glutamate disodium salt in the end product is 27.6%. Example 3 Production of C 12 -C 18 Acyl Glutamate Disodium Salt Without Removal of the Solvent [0147] 1,300 kg water, 10 kmol=1,870 kg monosodium glutamate (×1 H 2 O), 160 kg diethylene glycol monoethyl ether and 1,100 kg 33% sodium hydroxide are introduced into a 15 m 3 reactor (FIG. 1) and stirred until a clear solution is obtained. The solution obtained is cooled to 10-20° C. The reactor and the circulation system are provided with a cooling jacket which dissipates the heat of reaction and guarantees a maximum temperature of 20-25° C. Before the start of the reaction, the pH is adjusted to ca. 12 with 11% sodium hydroxide. 7.7 kmol=1,825 kg cocoyl fatty acid chloride and 4,500 kg 11% NaOH are then simultaneously added (see plant concept) at such a rate that the reactor temperature does not exceed 20-25° C. and the pH stays between 11.5 and 12.5. Of the two reactants, the sodium hydroxide is preferably added to the reactor beneath the surface of the reaction mixture while the acid chloride is added from the holding vessel either to or before the mixer. A circulation pump circulates the reaction mixture throughout the reaction, the mixture being returned to the reactor beneath the surface of the reaction mixture. After addition of the fatty acid chloride, the reaction mixture is stirred for another 2 hours at 20-25° C. in the reactor and is then heated for about another 2 hours to 60-80° C. The reaction mixture is then left to cool to room temperature and adjusted to a pH of ca. 10 by addition of dilute hydrochloric acid. [0148] The content of C 12 -C 18 acyl glutamate disodium salt in the end product is 27.6%. Example 4 Production of C 12 -C 18 Acyl Glutamate Disodium Salt With Removal of the Solvent [0149] 1,300 kg water, 10 kmol=1,870 kg monosodium glutamate (×1 H 2 O), 160 kg isopropanol and 1,100 kg 33% sodium hydroxide are introduced into a 15 m 3 reactor (FIG. 1) and stirred until a clear solution is obtained. The solution obtained is cooled to 10-20° C. The reactor and the circulation system are provided with a cooling jacket which dissipates the heat of reaction and guarantees a maximum temperature of 20-25° C. Before the start of the reaction, the pH is adjusted to ca. 12 with 11% sodium hydroxide. 7.7 kmol=1,825 kg cocoyl fatty acid chloride and 4,500 kg 11% NaOH are then simultaneously added (see plant concept) at such a rate that the reactor temperature does not exceed 20-25° C. and the pH stays between 11.5 and 12.5. Of the two reactants, the sodium hydroxide is preferably added to the reactor beneath the surface of the reaction mixture while the acid chloride is added from the holding vessel either to or before the mixer. A circulation pump circulates the reaction mixture throughout the reaction, the mixture being returned to the reactor beneath the surface of the reaction mixture. After addition of the fatty acid chloride, the reaction mixture is stirred for another 2 hours at 20-25° C. in the reactor and is then heated for about another 2 hours to 60-80° C. [0150] If desired, the pressure is reduced to 300 to 400 mbar and a mixture of isopropanol/water is distilled off at 60 to 80° C. To avoid concentration of the reaction mixture and to make distillation more effective, steam is simultaneously introduced. Ca. 1,845 kg isopropanol/water distils off over a period of 1 hour, the isopropanol content decreasing by 1.5% to ca. 9 ppm. After cooling to room temperature, the solution is adjusted to a pH of ca. 10 with dilute hydrochloric acid and optionally adjusted to the desired final concentration by addition of water. Example 5 [0151] 540 kg 1,2-propylene glycol are also added to the produced in accordance with Example 2. Comparison Example 1 Preparation of C 12 -C 18 Acyl Glutamate Disodium Salt [0152] 2,279 kg water, 10 kmol=1,870 kg monosodium glutamate (×1 H 2 O) and 1,870 kg 25% sodium hydroxide are introduced into a 15 m 3 reactor (FIG. 2) and stirred until a clear solution is obtained. The solution obtained is cooled to 10-20° C. The reactor is provided with a cooling jacket which dissipates the heat of reaction and guarantees a maximum temperature of 20-25° C. Before the start of the reaction, the pH is adjusted to ca. 12 with 25% sodium hydroxide. 7.7 kmol=1,825 kg cocoyl fatty acid chloride and 1,540 kg 25% NaOH are then simultaneously added at such a rate that the reactor temperature does not exceed 20-25° C. and the pH stays between 11.5 and 12.5. The two reactants are preferably added to the reactor beneath the surface of the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture is intensively stirred with an Ikato Intermig stirrer at a rotational speed of 120 r.p.m. The experiment has to be terminated after addition of 208 kg acid chloride and 180 kg 25% sodium hydroxide because the foam has reached the rim of the cover of the 15 m 3 reactor (net capacity: 6407 kg).	Acylamino acids are made by a process which comprises the steps of: (1) introducing a mixture comprised of at least one amino acid or amino acid salt and an alkali source into a reaction zone; (2) adding a mixture comprised of a fatty acid halide of the formula (I): R 1 COX (I) wherein R 1 is an alkyl or alkenyl group having from 6 to 22 carbon atoms and X is chlorine, bromine or iodine to form a reaction mixture while continuously circulating the reaction mixture from the reaction zone through a mixing zone until all of the second mixture has been added to the reaction zone. The process guarantees uniform mixing of the reaction components without the foaming observed without the use of a mixing zone.	2
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/287,068, filed Jan. 26, 2016; the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety into this disclosure. TECHNICAL FIELD [0002] The subject disclosure relates generally to transport devices. In particular, the subject disclosure relates to transporters for infant carriers. BACKGROUND [0003] Conventional carriers for seating and transporting young infants and toddlers have eased some of the burden on parents and caretakers in transporting delicate yet heavy bodies. Often, these carriers will have a cradle-like area where the infant is strapped down, and a hard shell to securely support the body of the infant. Further, a handle or other carrying projection eases the transportability of the carrier. Although these carriers have made it much easier to transport infants without having to carry the infant, their sturdy, protective nature adds even more weight to the weight of the infant who must be transported. Thus, parents and caretakers now have to handle the weight of the infant and the carrier when traveling with the infant. This burden becomes even more pronounced during air, train, or bus travel where there is limited storage area in a conventional carryon area for a stroller or other bulky devices for carrying infants. Thus, parents and caretakers have a never-ending burden of transporting infants in a safe and effective manner, while still trying to minimize the weight and bulk of the devices used to do so. SUMMARY OF THE SUBJECT DISCLOSURE [0004] The present subject disclosure provides a novel device which serves to assist in carrying an infant by attaching secure legs to a conventional car carrier. The device is versatile, easy to use, and low profile allowing for easy folding and securing of the device when not in use, and a quick set up when needed for use. [0005] In one exemplary embodiment, the present subject matter is a transporter. The transporter includes a carry handle; a telescopic handle extendable from the carry handle; a base connected to the carry handle through an elongated shaft; a bar positioned on the elongated shaft, the bar having a securing device to secure an object thereto, wherein the bar is moveable between the carry handle and the base; and a base platform extending from the base. [0006] In another exemplary embodiment, the present subject matter is a transporter. The transporter includes a carry handle; a telescopic handle extendable from the carry handle; a base connected to the carry handle through an elongated shaft; a bar positioned on the elongated shaft, the bar having a strap and a buckle to secure a carrier thereto by connecting with its belt path, wherein the bar is moveable at pre-determined positions between the carry handle and the base, and includes a release button thereon to release the bar from any of the pre-determined positions; and a base platform extending from the base. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0007] Various exemplary embodiments of this disclosure will be described in detail, wherein like reference numerals refer to identical or similar components or steps, with reference to the following figures, wherein: [0008] FIG. 1 illustrates a front view of a retracted carrier transporter device, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present subject disclosure. [0009] FIGS. 2A-2B illustrate a front view of a retracted carrier transporter with adjustable bar positions, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present subject disclosure. [0010] FIG. 2C illustrates an adjustable bar, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present subject disclosure. [0011] FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate front and side views of an extended carrier transporter device, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present subject disclosure. [0012] FIG. 4 illustrates a side view of a carrier transporter device securing a conventional carrier, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present subject disclosure. [0013] FIG. 5 illustrates a back perspective view of a carrier transporter device securing a carrier, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present subject disclosure. [0014] FIG. 6 illustrates a tether anchor point, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present subject disclosure. [0015] FIG. 7 illustrates a telescopic handle, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present subject disclosure. [0016] FIG. 8 illustrates a platform assembly, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present subject disclosure. [0017] FIGS. 9A-9B illustrate a perspective view of retracted and extended wheels, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present subject disclosure. [0018] FIGS. 10A-10B illustrate a planar cut view of retracted and extended wheels, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present subject disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0019] Particular embodiments of the present subject disclosure will now be described in greater detail with reference to the figures. [0020] In one exemplary embodiment of the present subject matter, a retractable carrier transporter device assembly 100 is shown in FIG. 1 . The device 100 is shown in its fully retracted configuration, which includes a telescopic handle 110 , whose vertical position may be controlled by a handle release button 111 , abutting a stationary carry handle 120 . A pair of hollow vertical tubes 121 connects the carry handle 120 with the base structure 140 . The vertical tubes 121 are fixed in length and serve as the backbones of the device 100 . An adjustable bar 130 is adapted to slide along the entire vertical length of the vertical tubes 121 . The limits of movement of the adjustable bar 130 are defined by the carry handle 120 and the base structure 140 . An adjustable bar release button 131 serves to unlock the adjustable bar from various desired positions along the vertical tube 121 . The adjustable bar 130 includes a securing mechanism 132 , which may be any mechanism that can secure an object to the device 100 . In one exemplary embodiment, the securing mechanism 132 is a strap 133 with locking buckle 134 . Other securing mechanisms are possible and within the purview of the present subject disclosures. A hinged base platform 150 is connected to the base structure 140 and is designed to fold back into the retracted device 100 to create a low profile device 100 when not in use or while being transported without a carrier. [0021] FIGS. 2A-2C show the flexibility of the position of the adjustable bar 130 along the vertical length of the vertical tubes 121 . Various positions, 130 A, 130 B, 130 C, 130 D, etc., may be locked into by engaging release button 131 to disengage the horizontal bar 139 contained within the body of the adjustable bar 131 from corresponding holes 122 (see FIG. 2C ) which secure the adjustable bar 130 in place. To move the adjustable bar 130 between various height positions along the length of the vertical tube 131 , the adjustable bar release button 131 may be depressed and held in to thereby disengage the horizontal bar 139 from the holes 122 on the interior vertical portions of vertical tubes 121 . Once a desired height is determined, the adjustable bar release button 131 is released, thereby allowing the horizontal bar 139 to engage with the closest set of retaining holes 122 on the vertical bar 121 . Once such close holes 122 are secured by the horizontal bar 139 , the adjustable bar 130 is secured in a particular position 130 A, 130 B, 130 C, or 130 D, and locked into that position until the adjustable bar release button 131 is depressed again, thereby disengaging the horizontal bar 139 from the holes 122 in the vertical tube 121 . Although the figures show four different vertical positions for the adjustable bar 130 , more positions are also possible, or even less, and depend on the spacing of the holes 122 , and the thickness of the adjustable bar 130 . [0022] FIG. 2C illustrates a closer perspective view of the adjustable bar 130 positioned on vertical tube 121 . The adjustable bar release button 131 allows movement of the adjustable bar 130 along the vertical length of tubes 121 and securing at particular retaining holes 122 . The securing mechanism 132 is shown having a strap 133 and buckle 134 and secured by a hoop 137 to vertical posts 138 on the adjustable bar 130 . A length adjusting loop 135 allows for the strap 133 to lengthen and shorten in accommodating various sized carriers 200 . [0023] FIGS. 3A-3B show front and side view of an extended carrier transport device 100 . In the extended position, the telescopic handle 110 may be pulled out all the way so that a first shaft 112 , and a second shaft 113 are both fully extended. As shown in more detail in FIG. 7 , handle release button 111 works in much the same was as that described for the adjustable bar release button 131 . First shaft 112 has an outer dimension that is smaller than an inner dimension of shaft 113 , thereby allowing shaft 112 to easily slide within shaft 113 to produce different total lengths of the combination of shaft 112 and shaft 113 . Shaft 112 is designed to slide in and fit within the hollow interior of shaft 113 , which in turn is designed to slide in and fit within the hollow interior of vertical tube 121 . This allows the telescopic handle 110 to lay adjacent to carry handle 120 when the device is fully retracted, as shown in FIG. 1 , and to extend away from the carry handle 120 , when the device is fully extended, as shown in FIG. 3A . The telescopic handle 110 may be locked into various positions by the interaction of the protrusion 114 positioned on shaft 112 in the various apertures 115 positioned along the length of shaft 113 . See FIG. 7 . The protrusion 114 is biased outward and locks into any aperture 115 that it aligns with. The handle release button 111 pulls the protrusion 114 back into the lumen of shaft 112 and unlocks the shafts 112 and 113 from each other. The shafts 112 and 113 can then slide as needed to create a distance of the telescopic handle 110 that is suitable for a given user. Three different length positions are shown in FIG. 7 , but any number are possible. [0024] As shown in FIG. 3A , adjustable bar 130 is in its bottommost position (similar to position 130 A in FIG. 2A ). In FIG. 3B , adjustable bar 130 is shown in a slightly higher position (similar to position 130 B in FIG. 2A ). The hinged base platform 50 is shown in its open position, ready to accommodate a carrier. Two or more wheels 160 are connected between the base structure 140 and the hinged base platform 150 . The wheels may be any easily moveable type wheels to facilitate the movement of the device when fully loaded. Examples wheels include, but are not limited to, in-line skate wheels, and other similar low profile, durable, and easy to rotate wheels. [0025] FIGS. 4-5 show the relative positioning of the components of the carrier transport device 100 when a carrier 200 is placed thereon. Carrier 200 may be a conventional car seat, infant carrier or the like, having a top back support shell 210 , and a seat portion 220 . The back support shell 210 and seat portion 220 typically form an angle, which can be 90 degrees or more. The seat portion 220 of the carrier 200 can have a front extended leg support portion 222 and a back support base 221 . A belt path 211 , such as a car seat belt path or similar aperture, opening or guide, is typically positioned on a mid-body portion of the carrier 200 . In use, the carrier 200 is placed on the device 100 so that the back support base 221 is positioned on the furthest back portion of the base platform 150 so as to abut the lowest end of the base structure 140 . The adjustable bar 130 is then moved vertically up or down on the vertical tubes 121 to position the adjustable bar 130 in line with the belt path 211 of the car seat 200 , as shown in FIG. 4 . The securing mechanism 132 is then used to secure the carrier 200 to the adjustable bar 130 . For example, a strap 133 may be guided through one side of the belt path 211 and retrieved from the other of the belt path 211 and secured back to the adjustable bar 130 by guiding it through the locking buckle 134 . The end of the strap 133 may be pulled tight to ensure a snug fit between the carrier 200 and the carrier transport device 100 . During this process, care should be given to ensure that the back support base 221 does not slide away from its position adjacent the back end of the base platform 150 , as shown in FIG. 4 . [0026] If the carrier 200 has a tether strap 201 with anchor 202 , then the anchor 202 may be secured into an anchor point 141 located at the bottom of the base structure 140 , as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 . Once the tether 201 is anchored into anchor point 141 , the tether 201 may be tightened on the carrier 200 to promote a further secure connection between the carrier 200 and the transporter 100 . [0027] At least four secure connections are created using the technique of securing the carrier 200 to the carrier transporter device 100 . The first is the support of the back support base 221 on to the base platform 150 . The second is the strapping in of the carrier 200 to the transporter 100 through the strap 133 at the adjustable bar 130 . And the third being the securing of the tether anchor 202 to the anchor securing point 141 . The combination of these three secure connections ensures that the carrier 200 remains stable and secure as it is transported by the transporter device 100 . A fourth is the grip passing 152 as described below. [0028] FIG. 8 shows a perspective view of the extended base platform 150 in an open position. The base platform 150 contains one or more apertures 151 , one or more of which may have grip padding 152 to help secure the carrier 200 during movement, particularly over uneven grounding or other movement. Grip padding 152 may be any polymeric material which creates a higher friction surface between the carrier 200 and the base platform 150 . The base structure 140 has a base shaft 142 which secures the base platform 150 and the wheel 160 and wheel base 161 . Base platform 150 is connected to base shaft 142 through a hinge screw 154 secured by wall 153 . The wheel base 161 encircles and is connected to the base shaft 142 . [0029] FIGS. 9A-9B show a back perspective view of the base structure 140 portion with the base platform 150 and wheels 160 in the retracted ( FIG. 9A ), and extended ( FIG. 9B ) positions, respectively. When in the retracted position, base platform 150 abuts against the front face of the base structure 140 , and the wheels 160 and wheel base 161 abut against the retracted top surface of the base platform 150 . When the base platform 150 is extended out, wall 153 rotates about hinge point 154 , and pushes up against an internal mechanism of the base shaft 142 , thereby swinging the wheel blade 161 and wheels 160 outwards 90 degrees. FIGS. 10A-10B illustrate the mechanism that connects the movement of the base platform 150 to the swinging of the wheels 161 . [0030] Although the description of this subject matter has been made with respect to the transport of conventional carriers, such as convertible and car seats, the device is not limited to such products. Other types of infant chairs, toys or any other object that may be strapped down by the securing mechanisms 132 of the adjustable bar 130 and be transported may also be used in accordance with the present subject disclosure. [0031] The illustrations and examples provided herein are for explanatory purposes and are not intended to limit the scope of the appended claims. It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that changes or modifications may be made to the above described embodiment without departing from the broad inventive concepts of the subject disclosure. It is understood therefore that the subject disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiment which is described, but is intended to cover all modifications and changes within the scope and spirit of the subject disclosure.	A carrier transporter is described which is retractable into a low-profile configuration, and extendable to accommodate a carrier or child seat. An adjustable height bar positions a securing device to coincide with a belt path of the carrier and allow a strap to be lead through the belt path and re-secured back to the bar through a buckle. The base of the carrier is supported by an extendable base platform having grip padding to further secure the base to the transporter. The base platform and wheels move together when retracting the transporter and move away from each other when extending the transporter.	1
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] The present application is the U.S. national stage under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Application No. PCT/FR2008/051169 which claims the priority of French application 0756357 filed on Jul. 9, 2007, the content of which (description, claims and drawings) is incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND [0002] The invention relates to a method for cold starting the internal combustion engine of an automobile. In general, the goal of the invention is to reduce at the origin the polluting emissions of gasoline engines. [0003] The quality of fuel used for vehicles varies greatly, especially in function of the geographical zone where the vehicles operate. A particularly variable physical property of fuel is its vaporizing capacity, in other words its varying volatility. This capacity is well known in Anglo-Saxon literature under the acronym RVP (Raid Vapor Pressure). This acronym will be used in the following description of the invention. Fuels that vaporize easily are called HRVP (High RVP) and fuels that do not vaporize easily are called LRVP (Low RVP). [0004] In order to start correctly, a gasoline engine requires a mixture of air and gasoline close to the stoichiometric mixture. This assumes proper control of the quantity of fuel under gaseous form. According to the volatility of the fuel, the quantity of fuel under gaseous form that participates in the combustion during cold start and when the engine is cranked can vary enormously for the same quantity of injected fuel. [0005] In order to ensure a sufficient quantity of fuel under gaseous form for proper combustion during start and cranking of the engine, calibrations are made with a fuel that is representative of a fuel with relatively low volatility (LRVP). Then, tests are performed to ensure that when a more volatile fuel is used, type HRVP, the injected quantities are not excessive and there is no risk that excess gasoline in vapor form will hinder the combustion, due to the mixture becoming non-inflammable. [0006] Therefore, the adjustment is the same regardless of the fuel. Consequently, when a relatively more volatile fuel is used, the quantity of fuel in vapor form is excessive during start and cranking of the engine. This excess does not participate in the combustion and is found in the exhaust of the engine in the form of unburned hydrocarbons (HC). This has a direct impact on the polluting emissions of the engine because even if the vehicle is equipped with a catalyst, the catalyst is not cold primed and the unburned hydrocarbons escape to the atmosphere. [0007] During start in extreme cold, when the ambient temperature is below −15° C., the excess fuel in vapor form also creates black smoke at the exhaust. BRIEF SUMMARY [0008] Attempts were made to resolve this problem by adjusting the quantity of fuel injected in an engine cylinder during the start phase in function of the vaporizing capacity of the fuel. Since it is difficult to measure this capacity directly in a vehicle, the vaporizing capacity of the fuel was estimated in function of the drop in engine speed when the quantity of injected fuel is reduced after the start of the engine. Since the reduction of the injected fuel quantity is calibrated, the drop in engine speed provides an information representative of the vaporizing capacity of the fuel. The drop can be calibrated in function of different fuel types having different vaporizing capacities. Nevertheless, other parameters have an influence on the drop in engine speed measured according to this method, specifically the internal friction of the engine. [0009] Another method consists in measuring the time needed by the starter to start the engine. This time can be calibrated in function of different fuel types. As previously mentioned, the internal friction of the engine influences the time needed by the starter to start the engine. The battery charge, the position of the clutch and the altitude where the vehicle is situated can also be mentioned as parameters influencing the time needed by the starter to start the engine. [0010] These two methods improve the adjustment of the quantity of fuel injected in the engine during a start operation occurring after estimating the vaporizing capacity of the fuel. Nevertheless, the obtained result is not very reliable in the light of the numerous parameters influencing the performed measurements. [0011] The invention is proposing to measure a parameter directly related to the vaporizing capacity of the used fuel, a parameter that is less sensitive than those previously measured. [0012] To this end, the goal of the invention is a method for starting an internal combustion engine associated with a starter that cranks the engine during the start and means for adjusting the quantity of injected fuel, characterized in that during a first start operation, when the engine is cranked by the starter, the number of revolutions made by the engine is counted and during a second start operation, occurring after the first operation, the quantity of injected fuel is adjusted in function of the number of revolutions counted during the first start operation. [0013] Therefore, according to the invention, the count of the number of revolutions made by means of the starter is considered a representative measure of fuel volatility. [0014] The invention improves the robustness of starter performance, in particular during cold start or even in extreme cold (exterior temperature below −15° C.). Indeed, the engine can only start when there is a sufficient quantity of vaporized fuel in a cylinder. Furthermore, prior to the first combustion, the injected quantities accumulate, at least partially, and increase until they reach the required quantity. Consequently, the number of engine revolutions before the first combustion is very representative of the volatility of the used fuel. [0015] The count of the number of revolutions can be obtained by counting the number of times a piston passes through the upper dead point of a cylinder. [0016] Furthermore, the rotational speed of the engine is measured in the vehicle. Therefore, the number of engine revolutions can be counted until the engine reaches a certain speed. [0017] Other parameters can be taken into account for determining the quantity of fuel injected during the start. This quantity can be a function of the engine temperature measured during the second start operation and/or the speed of the engine during the second start operation. [0018] The quantity of fuel injected during a start operation can have several discrete values. Each discrete value is associated with a range of revolutions made by the engine when it is cranked by the starter, and the retained value is a function of a comparison between the number of revolutions count and the different ranges. [0019] During the second start operation, the count of the number of revolutions made by the engine when cranked by the starter during several previous first start operations can be taken into account. For instance, the average can be made of several starts or an aberrant count can be eliminated. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0020] The invention will be better understood and other advantages will come to light by reading the detailed description of an implementation mode, given as an example, and illustrated in the attached drawing in which: [0021] FIG. 1 shows the evolution of engine speed during a start operation in function of the volatility (RVP) of the fuel used by the engine; [0022] FIG. 2 illustrates the combination of several parameters intervening in the adjustment of the fuel quantity injected during start operations. [0023] For clarity purposes, the same elements have the same references in the different figures. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0024] FIG. 1 represents a bundle of curves in a reference table with as abscissa the number of revolutions made by the engine and as ordinate the speed of the engine expressed in number of revolutions per minute. FIG. 1 shows two curves 10 and 11 . They both .represent the evolution of the engine speed during a start operation of the engine. For curve 10 , the fuel used by the engine is LRVP type fuel (low vaporizing capacity) and for curve 11 , the fuel used by the engine is HRVP type fuel (high vaporizing capacity). In the illustrated example, the engine is a reciprocating type engine. In one cylinder of the engine, the injection takes place close to the time that the piston traveling in the cylinder reaches the upper dead point of its stroke. In each curve 10 and 11 , the engine speed is measured for each revolution of the engine, for instance, in the upper dead point, marked as PMH by a specific symbol which is diamond shaped for curve 10 and square for curve 11 . A continuous line connects the symbols of each curve. [0025] In curve 10 , the engine speed is constant for the first eight revolutions of the engine. The speed is around 100 revolutions per minute. This speed corresponds with the time that the engine is cranked by the starter of the vehicle containing the engine. At the eighth revolution of the engine, combustion takes place in the subject cylinder, the speed of the engine increases and the starter no longer cranks the engine. Then, the speed of the engine increases until it reaches a maximum, around 1200 revolutions per minute, at the thirteenth or fourteenth revolution, then decreases to stabilize at 800 revolutions per minute starting from the seventeenth revolution. The stabilization corresponds with the idling speed of the engine. [0026] Curve 11 represents the speed evolution of an engine using a fuel with higher RVP than the fuel used by the engine represented by curve 10 . The speed of the engine is constant for the first five revolutions of the engine. During these five revolutions, the engine is cranked by the starter. At the fifth revolution of the engine, combustion takes place in the subject cylinder, the speed of the engine increases and the starter no longer cranks the engine. Then, curve 11 follows a progression parallel to that of curve 10 , the speed of the engine increases until it reaches a maximum, around 1200 revolutions per minute, on the tenth and eleventh revolution, then decreases to stabilize at 800 revolutions per minute starting from the fourteenth revolution. This stabilization corresponds with the idling speed of the engine. [0027] When observing these two curves, we see a gap 12 of three revolutions, between the fifth and eighth revolution during the time that the starter cranks the engine. This gap is directly related to the difterence in RVP between the two fuels employed. To measure this gap, or more in general, the number of revolutions made by the engine between the engagement of the starter and the time that the engine runs without the aid of the starter, we can count the number of revolutions made by the engine beyond a specific speed value. This specific speed value can be selected above the maximum speed that the engine can turn when it is cranked by the starter. [0028] Of course, other methods can be employed for counting the number of revolutions of the engine when cranked by the starter. For instance, the electrical current drawn by the starter can be measured. The starter can be replaced by an alternator-starter fulfilling the functions of starter and alternator. The variation of the voltage at the terminals of the alternator-starter allows to count the number of revolutions of the engine when cranked. [0029] FIG. 2 illustrates the fact that the quantity of fuel to be injected in order to obtain a ratio close to the stoichiometric ratio during the start of the engine is a function of several parameters among which the temperature of the motor and its speed at the time of start. [0030] In box 20 , a curve 21 represents a quantity Q 1 of fuel to be injected as a function of the temperature θ measured inside the engine. In box 22 , a curve 23 represents a correction quantity Q 2 to be added or subtracted from Q 1 as a function of the engine speed RPM. These two parameters can be defined empirically and are independent of the quality of fuel used. These two parameters are combined to obtain a quantity Q 3 of fuel to be injected as a function of the temperature θ and engine speed RPM. The combination is schematically represented by operator 24 . In box 25 , a curve 26 represents a correction quantity Q 4 of fuel applied during a previous start, as a function of the number of revolutions PMH of the engine cranked by the starter during the last start. Curves 21 , 23 and 26 shown in boxes 20 , 22 and 25 are given only to illustrate the fact that a quantity of fuel can be defined as a function of one parameter. According to the invention, the quantity Q 3 is weighted as a function of this quantity Q 4 to obtain a quantity Q of fuel to be injected in order to obtain optimum starting. This weighting is schematically represented by operator 27 . [0031] The method according to the invention can be implemented in all start situations or only if the ambient temperature is below a certain threshold temperature, for instance lower than 10° C., or only in situations of extreme cold. [0032] The present invention applies in particular to engines with spark ignition (“gasoline” engines), and more in particular to those engines capable of operating with relatively different fuels, specifically the so-called FLEXFUEL engines, which are supplied either with gasoline, or with mixtures more or less rich in ethanol or another product of vegetable origin.	The invention relates to a method for starting an internal combustion engine associated with a starter for driving the engine when starting the latter and to means for adapting the amount of injected fuel. According to the invention, the method comprises the following steps: during a first start operation, counting the number of revolutions (PMH) of the engine when it is driven by the starter; during a second starting operation following the first operation, adapting the amount (Q) of injected fuel based on the number of revolutions (PHM) counted during the first starting operation.	5
BACKGROUND The present invention relates to fuel injectors and particularly injectors for injecting fuel into the combustor of a gas turbine engine. The invention also relates to igniters which provide energy to ignite fuel and an arrangement of an igniter and an injector particularly in a gas turbine engine. SUMMARY With reference to FIG. 1 , a ducted fan gas turbine engine generally indicated at 10 comprises, in axial flow series, an air intake 1 , a propulsive fan 2 , an intermediate pressure compressor 3 , a high pressure compressor 4 , combustion equipment 5 , a high pressure turbine 6 , an intermediate pressure turbine 7 , a low pressure turbine 8 and an exhaust nozzle 9 . Air entering the air intake 1 is accelerated by the fan 2 to produce two air flows, a first air flow into the intermediate pressure compressor 3 and a second air flow that passes over the outer surface of the engine casing 12 and which provides propulsive thrust. The intermediate pressure compressor 3 compresses the air flow directed into it before delivering the air to the high pressure compressor 4 where further compression takes place. Compressed air exhausted from the high pressure compressor 4 is directed into the combustion equipment 5 , where it is mixed with fuel that is injected from a fuel injector 14 and the mixture combusted. The resultant hot combustion products expand through and thereby drive the high 6 , intermediate 7 and low pressure 8 turbines before being exhausted through the nozzle 9 to provide additional propulsive thrust. The high, intermediate and low pressure turbines respectively drive the high and intermediate pressure compressors and the fan by suitable interconnecting shafts. Traditionally the fuel and air mixture in the combustion volume is ignited by an igniter that protrudes directly into the combustion volume and generates a spark within the volume of sufficient energy to ignite the mixture. It is an object of the present invention to seek to provide an improved arrangement for combustion. According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided an arrangement for a combustion chamber the arrangement comprising a combustion chamber, an injector for injecting fuel into the combustion chamber and an igniter for supplying a spark for igniting fuel so injected, wherein the injector has a passage through which air is supplied to the combustion chamber in use, the igniter being positioned upstream of the combustion chamber such that a spark generated by the igniter is conveyed along the passage by the air. The combustion chamber may be an annular in that it is bounded by a radially inner circumferential wall extending about the axis X-X of the gas turbine and a coaxial radially outer circumferential wall. Alternatively the combustion chamber may be can-annular. Upstream and downstream are defined relative to the intended or actual flow of air through the engine. Preferably the igniter has a tip for generating the spark, the tip terminating within the injector. In an alternative arrangement the igniter may have a tip generating the spark, the tip terminating upstream of the injector. The passage may have a length between 5 mm and 100 mm but typically between 5 mm and 40 mm The injector may be a concentric injector having an axial pilot injector and a coaxially located mains injector positioned radially outside the pilot injector. The passage may provide part of the pilot injector. Preferably the injector has an upstream edge past which air flows in use to enter the injector and a downstream edge facing the combustor and the passage extends axially from the upstream edge to the downstream edge. In an alternative arrangement the injector may have an outer circumference and a downstream edge facing the combustor, wherein the passage extends first radially and then axially from the outer circumference to the downstream edge. According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a gas turbine having an arrangement according to any of the preceding claims. According to a third aspect of the invention there is provided a method of supplying a spark to ignite a fuel, the method comprising the steps of providing a combustor, an injector, and an igniter and supplying fuel from the injector into the combustor, supplying air to the combustor through a passage in the injector the air mixing with the fuel to provide a combustible mixture and conveying with the air supplied through the passage a spark generated by the igniter. The igniter may have a tip generating the spark wherein the tip is located within the passage. The tip may be located upstream of the passage. Preferably the spark exists for at least 2 ms. Preferably the time taken for the spark to travel from the igniter to the combustor through the passage is less than 2 ms. The fuel may be supplied by the injector to the combustor as atomised droplets. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will now be described by way of example only in which FIG. 1 depicts a ducted fan gas turbine engine. FIG. 2 depicts a combustion arrangement in accordance with the invention; FIG. 3 depicts an alternative combustion arrangement in accordance with the invention; DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS FIG. 2 depicts a schematic combustion arrangement 5 in accordance with the invention. The arrangement has an annular combustion chamber 20 which extends about the axis X-X ( FIG. 1 ) of the turbine engine and has a radially inner wall 23 and radially outer wall 25 . At the upstream end of the combustion chamber is a radially extending wall 22 having a plurality of circumferentially spaced apertures 24 (one is shown) containing an injector head 26 . The injector head supplies fuel to the combustion volume 21 via a plurality of nozzles or via a slot or plurality of slots which supply fuel to a prefilmer surface over which air flows and then entrains the fuel at a tip of the prefilmer. The head is supported by a stalk 28 which has a passageway to supply fuel to the injector nozzles. Air is supplied to the combustion volume through the injector head. In a combustion arrangement known as lean burn a significant volume, up to 70%, of the combustion air is supplied through the injector. In alternative arrangements known as rich burn less of the combustion air, typically less than 30%, is supplied through the injectors with the majority of the air being supplied through apertures in one or more of the radially inner or radially outer walls. The injector head 26 shown is a radially staged lean burn injector but the invention is equally applicable to rich burn injectors. Radially staged lean burn injectors are known in the art and have a central pilot 30 which continuously supplies fuel to the combustion volume during operation and an outer mains 32 having a separate supply of fuel and which is used at higher power requirements. The injector is provided with a passage 34 through which air C is supplied to the combustion volume. The air entrains fuel ejected through a nozzle 36 and carries it to the combustion volume where it is burnt. An array of swirlers impart a tangential moment to the air as it passes through the passage. An igniter 41 having an igniter tip 42 is mounted upstream of both the combustion volume and the injector and generates a spark at the tip when an appropriate voltage is supplied. Typically the ignitors used require a power supply of 2 kV with a 12J oscillatory charge or 3 kV with a 6J unidirectional charge. Other power supplies may also be appropriate. The igniter tip is around 12 mm in diameter. The spark generated by the igniter has a finite energetic lifetime determined by the heat losses and convection/diffusion of the plasma. This finite time, during normal use, is at least 2 ms. By locating the igniter tip upstream of the injector a spark created by the igniter has a lifetime that is longer than the time it takes for an air flow to pass through the injector and into the combustion volume. In this way a spark can be generated which is conveyed by the air flow through a passage in the injector into the combustion volume where it can ignite the combustible mixture of atomised fuel and air. In an alternative arrangement shown in FIG. 3 the igniter tip is within the injector, The electrical connection lead 40 is conveyed through a passage within the stalk 28 of the injector. Although the lead is depicted as being conveyed through the injector stalk this is, of course, optional as the lead 40 may be within the air flow as shown in FIG. 2 . A modification to the injector head may be required for this embodiment to enlarge the airflow passage 44 around the igniter tip to ensure adequate flow of air into the combustion volume. Swirlers and a passage contraction downstream of the tip may be required to allow the fuel and air exits from the head and which are presented to the combustor to remain unchanged. It will be apparent that this arrangement offers a number of significant advantages. Firstly the air flow over the igniter tip is relatively constant meaning that it is easier to control the movement of the generated spark. In direct contrast the flow fields within the combustion chamber are highly complex and turbulent. Secondly, the spark is directed into the combustible mixture at the exit of the injector and directly into the pilot zone where the injector is staged. In contrast a spark applied from an igniter within the combustor and within the complex flow field is remote from the fuel supply and may not be conveyed into a region with an appropriate stoichiometric quantity of fuel. Accordingly, greater control and reliability of the ignition process is afforded. Thirdly, the igniter is located in a region of relatively benign conditions when compared with the conditions within the combustion volume. This allows use of a material that has a less stringent temperature capability than used for igniters within the combustion chamber. Forthly, igniters generate the spark with momentum and the location upstream of the injector allows the momentum to be towards the combustion volume which reduces the residence time of the spark within the passage. The improved ignition reliability afforded by the combustion arrangement may permit the injector to be modified to change the level of mixing which improves other factors such as smoke and NOx. Such a modification may not be possible if ignition is difficult as may be the case in current arrangements. The fuel injector may be designed with dielectric materials close to the tip of the igniter in order to prevent the sprak earthing against the injector. A ceramic based Thermal barrier coating (typically yttria stabilised zirconia) may assist in prevent such earthing.	An arrangement for a combustion chamber the arrangement comprising a combustion chamber, an injector for injecting fuel into the combustion chamber and an igniter for supplying a spark for igniting fuel so injected, wherein the injector has a passage through which air is supplied to the combustion chamber in use, the igniter being positioned upstream of the combustion chamber such that a spark generated by the igniter is conveyed along the passage by the injector air.	5
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/969,597, filed Aug. 31, 2007, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. BACKGROUND 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to a method and system of recovering gold from alluvial placer deposits. 2. Description of Related Art Placer gold mining historically relied upon a sluice box, and its variants, to separate the gold from the gravel matrix. The sluice has been the primary method of gold recovery from its historical introduction to the present. A typical alluvial mining plant uses a very large volume of water to transport the larger size gravels over the recovery sluice. Depending on volume being processed, water usage can be over 5000 gallons per minute. The percentage recovery of gold in a typical sluice box is 20% to 40% of all gold run through it. This low recovery percentage is even be lower when the gold is still attached to the host rock, such as in matrix pieces. Matrix pieces usually comprise quartz with a small percentage of gold, are lower in specific gravity than pure gold nuggets and are thus commonly washed out of a sluice recovery system. Because there has been no efficient way to recover this percentage of gold in the past, the lost revenue to the operator is significant. Many placer companies find it difficult to financially survive, even in rich areas, when their recovery is so low. The process of a sluice recovery system is not environmentally friendly. The large volume of water required creates obstacles in sourcing and cleaning the water of solids before returning to the source. This typically involves using large settling ponds, which implicates corresponding costs of land use, construction costs, excess fuel burning during construction and final reclamation. In addition, the pumping and dewatering of such large volumes of water requires significant power. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Various embodiments of methods and systems are provided for mining alluvial gold deposits. The methods can comprise collecting feed from alluvium and washing the feed at high pressure. The feed can be separated into a plurality of separate fractions, each fraction containing solids having a different range of diameters from the solids of at least one other fraction. The ranges of diameters for solids, each in a different fraction, can be 0-3 mm, 3-50 mm, and 50-150 mm. The 0-3 mm fraction contains gold that can be separated from other components in the fraction in a centrifugal concentrator. The 50-150 mm fraction can be fed to a conveyer, and a metal detector is positioned proximate the conveyer to detect gold. When gold is detected, a feed chute positioned proximate and below an end of the conveyer is redirected to guide gold dropping from the conveyer to a receiving container. The 3-50 mm fraction is also transferred to a metal detection system using a conveyer, wherein when gold is detected in a piece of the fraction, an air blast is targeted and delivered at the piece. The air blast diverts the piece to a receiving container. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a simplified process diagram for an embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a simplified partial cross-sectional view of a washing unit used in some embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a simplified perspective diagram of the nugget recovery system for some embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 4 is an example size fraction chart for head feed. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In the following description, certain specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments of the invention. However, upon reviewing this disclosure, one skilled in the art will understand that the invention may be practiced without many of these details. In other instances, some well-known structures and methods associated with screening equipment, mining plant control systems and hardware, and various mechanical components have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the descriptions of the embodiments of the invention. Referring to FIG. 1 , ore collected from alluvium is loaded into the plant at a variable speed feed hopper 1 . The ore can be loaded by an excavator, or a wheeled loader. In some embodiments, the capacity of the plant can be varied, while the size fractions and water flow are the same. The variable speed feed hopper 1 (which can be, for example, the commercially available TYCAN X-260, manufactured by W.S. TYLER) feeds into a scalping screen 2 which can be a step-deck, four bearing screen (such as the TYCAN F-900 class manufactured by W.S. TYLER) for use in cleanly separating large rocks and boulders away from the feed. The screen media can be comprised of heavy steel panels with circular holes of 150 mm. In other embodiments of the present invention, the circular holes of the screen media can be less than 150 mm or more than 150 mm. The final size of the screen media holes selected for the system can depend on the size fraction analysis of the gravels and the gold to be recovered, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art after reviewing this disclosure. For some example embodiments of the present invention provided herein, an example size fraction analysis for the head feed is shown in FIG. 4 . Factors such as percentage of clay, caliche and the amount of large gold nuggets anticipated are also considered in size selection of the scalping screen. If testing has not indicated the potential for any large gold nuggets, then the size of the feed to the plant can be reduced by decreasing the size of the openings on the scalping screen. The screened feed can be fed into a wash unit 3 , as shown in FIG. 1 . In some embodiments of the present invention, the wash unit 3 can be a commercially available HYDRO-CLEAN wash unit, manufactured by HAVER & BOECKER. Suitable models can include, without limitation, the model HC 1000/140, which operates with a water washing pressure of up to 140 bars (2030 psi) and a maximum material throughput of 185 tons/hr. In other embodiments, the maximum water pressure can be higher than 2030 psi, or lower than 2030 psi, and maximum material throughput can be higher or lower than 185 tons/hour (e.g. 400 tons/hr with a particle size of up to 150 mm). The washing unit 3 can be selected to exhibit low water and energy consumption, such as demonstrated by the HYDRO-CLEAN system referenced above. Referring now to FIG. 2 , at the washing unit 3 , the feed (i.e., raw material) enters through a feed hopper 21 . A level sensor (not illustrated) is provided on the feed hopper 21 to monitor feed level in the feed hopper. In some embodiments of the present invention, the level on the feed hopper is used to control the feed rate to the plant at variable speed feed hopper 1 , through the use of a programmable control system. From the feed hopper 21 , the feed passes into the washing chamber 24 , where it is washed by water jets 23 . The material transport section 25 moves the feed to the next step in the process at the horizontal deck screen 4 . The high pressure jet wash provided by the water jets 23 in the wash unit 3 substantially dissolves all clay in the feed. Clay can trap fine gold particles if not fully liberated. The water pressure used in the washing unit 3 can be optimized based on the clay content of the feed material. Slower feed and higher pressure can handle a higher clay percentage in the ore. Referring back to FIG. 1 , the washed feed from the wash unit 3 is moved to a horizontal screen 4 , such as, without limitation, the commercially available TYCAN L-CLASS horizontal screening system, which can be a three-deck screen. The use of a horizontal screen 4 , versus an inclined screened, can minimize water loses to the oversize rock, such as, for example, by increasing screen retention time and reducing side wall runoff, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art after reviewing this disclosure. Fine particles of gold can be carried through the screen to the gravity recovery system, starting at unit 8 . Washed aggregate is separated into useable size fractions and rinsed of the clay. In some embodiments of the present invention, a water nozzle pattern for rinsing is selected to ensure overlap of the water spray on rock that passes through the water flow. This can help ensure that no fine gold stays attached to the larger rock fractions. The fractions can be, for example, (a) 0-3 mm, (b) 3-50 mm, and (c) 50-150 mm, as shown in FIG. 1 . Substantially all water follows the 0-3 mm fraction except for a small amount lost due to wetting. The 0-3 mm fraction drains from the three-deck screen to the sump 8 , as discussed further below. The 3-50 mm fraction is fed directly onto a moving belt of a nugget recovery system 5 . The interface between the screen deck and the nugget recovery system can be designed to eliminate spillage and ensure an even flow onto the recovery belt. The interface can include a chute with sidewalls and curtains to ensure all of the material is deposited onto the nugget recovery belt and not lost to spillage. This interface can provide for a compact footprint that allows easier moving of the plant, which can be required in concurrent placer mining methods. The elimination of additional motors, belts and feeders can make for a simpler plant design and less maintenance and operational costs. The components of the nugget recovery system 5 can be comprised of, for example, an INDUCTION SORTING SYSTEM ISS, which is commercially available from STEINERT ELEKTROMAGNETBAU GmbH company of Germany with offices at Widdersdorfer Straβe 329-331 50933 Köln/Germany. As best seen in FIG. 3 , the nugget recovery system 5 can include a conveyer belt 30 , with a bank of magnetic induction sensors 32 located beneath the conveyer belt 30 , and/or optical sensors located above the belt, near an end portion 34 thereof. The sensors 32 analyze the fractional feed over the width of the conveyer belt 30 . The conveyor belt can be upgraded from the commercially available units to handle heavy aggregate material and can have a security cover installed to cover the belt to help prevent theft of gold. As metal particles (e.g., the small gold bearing rocks) are detected by the sensors as they pass over them on the conveyer belt, a timed blast of compressed air can be released by one or more nozzles 36 positioned at the end of the conveyer belt 30 . The blast of compressed air can redirect the identified particle from its original path while falling from an end of the conveyer belt 30 , to a path over a diverter gate 38 . In some embodiments of the present invention, the angle of the blast nozzles are tuned to efficiently move the gold over the splitter (i.e. diverter gate 38 ) when combined with the appropriate amount of pressure in the air blast itself. The height for the top edge of the diverter gate 38 and distance from the conveyer can be adjusted to address specific characteristics of gold nuggets. The optimized pressure, angle, and diverter gate size and distance can help limit damage to collector grade gold nuggets while providing efficient or full recovery, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art after reviewing this disclosure. Once over the diverter gate 28 , gold bearing rocks are automatically carried by way of a chute into a secure, lockable container, or storage safe (not illustrated in the drawings) for safe storage until plant shut down. The level of security and the size of the storage safe are configured for the individual mine. Some locations will only remove the nuggets on an intermittent basis, others daily. The lock box can be designed to allow secure removal without revealing the contents. In further embodiments of the present invention, such as large volume plants, for a process feed with high percentage of greater than 3 mm gold, a secondary nugget recovery step can be used on the collected fraction. That is, downstream of the nugget recovery system 5 (the primary nugget recovery system), the collected mixture holding gold can flow over to another, or secondary, nugget recovery system of smaller size, which would effectively eliminate the rocks and leave only the gold. This secondary nugget recovery system can be position in series with the primary nugget recovery system, and can be an eddy current recovery system. An example eddy current recovery system also is commercially available through STEINERT ELEKTROMAGNETBAU GmbH of Germany. In some embodiments, the eddy current system is suitable for a secondary recovery system, since the induced magnetic field of the gold nuggets can be more targeted to deflect finer particles of gold than the compressed air system for the primary nugget recovery system 5 . In other embodiments of the present invention, a compressed air system is utilized for the secondary nugget recovery system, and can be an ISS unit produced by STEINERT that is smaller than the primary nugget recovery system. The non-gold bearing rocks can fall normally off the conveyor and are carried away to a stacking conveyor for reclamation, or sale as aggregate. The 50-150 mm fraction can be automatically transported from the horizontal screen 4 onto a small cross conveyor 6 . An industry standard metal detector such as made by ERIEZ MAGNETICS of Erie, Pa., is positioned to monitor the 50-150 fraction as it passes on the cross conveyor 6 and when metal is detected, a trip signal is sent to activate a reject gate 7 (described below). As such, substantially all nuggets and metallic objects greater than 50 mm that have passed through the wash plant will be detected and caught here at the cross conveyor 6 . Referring to FIG. 1 , the reject gate 7 mounts to the head of the cross conveyor 6 and is activated by a signal from the metal detector (not illustrated) on the cross conveyor 6 , as described above. When the reject gate 7 is activated, a feed chute 7 ′ at the end of the cross conveyer 6 is rotated by ninety (90) degrees in the direction of arrow “D” to deposit the detected material into a secure storage container 7 ″. The feed chute 7 ′ then returns to normal position to allow aggregate to flow onto the waste conveyor 16 . The cross conveyor on this system can have an upgraded belt cleaning device commercially available to ensure no contamination of the large material enters the secure storage bin. If the area being mined has significant tramp steel, such as old mine tailings sites, then a commercially available tramp steel magnet can be installed prior to the metal detector to eliminate false tripping. The 0-3 mm fraction containing water drains into a sump 8 and the water from the sump 8 is pumped, with pump 8 ′, up into a holding tank 9 . The holding tank 9 holds the 0-3 mm material and water and feeds it by gravity to a gold concentrator 10 such as a KC-48CD manufactured by KNELSON CONCENTRATORS of Langley, B.C., Canada. The existence of the holding tank 9 can allow the gold concentrator 10 to run batch flush operations to flush itself as often as every hour, while at the same time, the upstream portion of the process continues to operate and the holding tank 9 builds level. The flushing operations of the gold concentrator 10 can be a few minutes in some embodiments of the present invention. In some embodiments of the present invention, such as those used with ore bodies having high percentage of black sand (illmenite, rutile, magnetite, etc), the gold concentrator 10 can be a semi-continuous centrifugal concentrator, like the CVD-42 again made by KNELSON which recovers the fine gold through gravity separation at high gravity. The concentrator 10 can recover small particles of gold and flush them into a separate concentrate container. Tailings from the concentrator 10 can be drained into sump 11 after gold removal. In some embodiments of the present invention, most of the water in the entire process ends up here in sump 11 , and is pumped into a de-watering system 12 , for removal of the clay and sand from the water. The de-watering system combines an industry standard cyclone 12 ′, such as, for example, the model GMAX15 manufactured by KREBS ENGINEERING in the USA, and feeding the underflow to a high frequency de-watering screen 12 ″, such as, for example, the model TYCAN L Class manufactured by W.S. Tyler in the USA. The combination of the cyclone 12 ′ and de-watering screen 12 ″ can maximize water removal from the solids and deposit the sand onto the reclamation conveyor 16 , as shown in FIG. 1 . The cyclone overflow, plus the screen underflow can consist of water and fine clays. This material is collected in another sump 13 and associated pump for transfer to a water clarifier 14 . The water clarifier 14 can be an industry standard system designed to remove the clay and suspended solids from the water. An example suitable commercial embodiment includes the use of ULTRASEP THICKENERS manufactured by WES-TECH ENGINEERING of Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Polymer flocculants can be used to allow a discharge of mud onto the reclamation conveyor. The water overflow can be sufficiently clean to be returned to the plant with little loss. The majority of the water lost in the process is can be attributed to gravel wetting and evaporation. Clean water is collected and returned to the system at sump/clean water tank 15 and an associated pump. Water lost to the process can also be added at this location to control water level in the clean water tank 15 . The process and system recited above can reduce water consumption when compared with traditional mining systems and methods for alluvial gold deposits and significantly increase gold recovery efficiency. Although specific embodiments and examples of the invention have been described supra for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as will be recognized by those skilled in the relevant art after reviewing the present disclosure. The various embodiments described can be combined to provide further embodiments. The described systems and methods can omit some elements or acts, can add other elements or acts, or can combine the elements or execute the acts in a different order than that illustrated, to achieve various advantages of the invention. These and other changes can be made to the invention in light of the above detailed description.	Various embodiments of methods and systems are provided for mining alluvial gold deposits. The methods can comprise collecting feed from alluvium and washing the feed at high pressure. The feed can be separated into a plurality of separate fractions. At least one fraction is transferred to a metal sensor system using a conveyer, wherein when gold is detected in a piece of the fraction, an air blast can be targeted and delivered at the piece, with the air blast diverting the piece to a receiving container.	1
This application is a division of application Ser. No. 08/613,218 filed Mar. 8, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,154. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a connector element for connecting a flexfoil and a pin-like contact member. As far as applicant is aware of no such connector element does exist in practice. Flexfoils are widely used for interconnecting electronic components. However, no means are available yet to connect such flexfoils to pin-like contact members, e.g. of connectors, in a releasable way. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a connector element for connecting a flexfoil and a pin-like contact member able to provide as many interconnecting and disconnecting operations as possible. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Therefore, the present invention provides a connector element for connecting a flexfoil and a pin-like contact member, the connector element being made of a conducting material and comprising a base part, at least one clamping means extending from a first side of the connector element for clamping said flexfoil and at least one further clamping means extending from a second opposing side of the connector element for clamping said flexfoil, and wall means arranged relative to said base part to form an opening for receiving said pin-like contact member. Such a connector element is, in use, connected to the flexfoil by the action of the at least one clamping means, whereas the pin-like contact member may be inserted in the opening defined by the base part and the wall means arranged relative to said base part to form that opening. When inserted the pin-like contact member electrically contacts an exposed conducting path of the flexfoil. Preferably the connector element comprises a back side provided with at least one clamping lip for clamping said flexfoil. This at least one clamping lip enhances the robustness of the clamping between the connector element and the flexfoil. The connector element preferably comprises at least one opening in the base part adjacent to the at least one clamping lip. In use the at least one clamping lip is bent inward in the direction of the opening and pushes the rear side of the flexfoil into the opening thereby preventing any relative movement between the flexfoil and the connector element when a pin-like contact member is inserted into the connector element. In order to further reduce any possibility of relative movement between the flexfoil and the connector element the latter may be provided with an eye in the base part for receiving a lip-like extension of the flexfoil. At least one further opening may be provided in the base part below at least one of the clamping means for providing the same purpose as the at least one opening in the base part mentioned above. The wall means arranged relative to said base part to form an opening for receiving the pin-like contact member preferably comprise two opposing, inward bent ears extending form opposite sides from the connector element. Such a connector element, then, may be integrally made by stamping from a thin sheet of metal and be bending the ears and the clamping means, as well as the clamping lip(s) if provided, into the proper position. This kind of connector elements can be easily and inexpensively produced. The clamping means may be fingers cut out from the ears. Cutting out from the ears may be easily carried out after the stamping operation mentioned above. Preferably the ears are arranged at the extremity of the connector designed for receiving the pin-like contact member and are provided with a beveled edge for supporting lead-in of the pin-like contact member. By providing these beveled edges insertion of a pin-like member into the connector element is an easy operation. The present invention is, moreover, directed to a set of the flexfoil and the connector element being connected together, the clamping means being bent inward to clamp the flexfoil and to electrically contact an exposed conducting path of said flexfoil. The connector element in such a set preferably comprises a back side provided with at least one clamping lip for clamping the flexfoil, each of the lips being bent inward and clamping the flex-foil by a crimping operation. Such a crimping operation is, preferably, carried out in such a way that the lips will be provided with dimples above corresponding openings within the base of the connector element in order to create a strain-relief. Then, it is impossible to establish a relative movement between the flexfoil and the connector element by inserting a mating pin-like contact member into the connector element. The present invention is also related to a connecting tool for guiding a flexfoil into a connector element defined above and for crimping said flexfoil to said connector, comprising a crimping part at least provided with extensions for crimping the clamping means, and a guiding part for guiding the flexfoil into connector, the crimping part and the guiding part being slidable relative to one another. In such a connecting tool for guiding a flexfoil into a connector element and for crimping said flexfoil to said connector, the guiding part of the connecting tool may be provided with a slanted wall extending somewhat from its bottom side and suitable to be inserted into the eye of the connector for guiding a lip-like extension of the flexfoil into said eye. The invention also relates to a method of producing a set of a flexfoil and a connector element as defined above by using a connecting tool defined above, including the following steps: a. locating said connecting tool and said connector in a predefined relation to one another in which the guiding part abuts the connector; b. inserting the flexfoil into the connector; c. pushing the connecting tool against the connector with a predefined force and crimping at least the clamping fingers by means of the extensions. In step a of such a method of producing a set of a flexfoil and a connector element the slanted wall may be partly inserted into the eye of the connector. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention will be explained by referring to the annexed drawings showing some preferred embodiments of the present invention. It is observed that the drawings only disclose preferred embodiments and are not meant in any way to limit the scope of the present invention. In the drawings: FIGS. 1 a, 1 b, and 1 c show a connector element according to the invention and a flexfoil, in which FIG. 1 a shows them in a disconnected state, whereas FIGS. 1 b and 1 c show them in a connected state; FIG. 2 shows schematically a top view of a connector connected to a flexfoil and a pin-like contact member inserted into the connector element; FIG. 3 shows a cross section along line III—III of FIG. 2; FIG. 4 shows a cross section along line IV—IV of FIG. 2; FIG. 5 shows a cross section along line V—V of FIG. 2; FIG. 6 shows schematically an alternative connector element for connecting a flexfoil and a pin-line contact member; FIG. 7 a schematically shows a bottom view of a connecting tool for interconnecting the flexfoil and the connector element according to FIGS. 1 a through 5 and carrying out a crimping operation on the connector element for rigidly clamping action between the connector element and the flexfoil; FIGS. 7 b through 7 d show in side views subsequent steps of connecting the flexfoil and the connector element according to FIGS. 1 a through 5 using the connecting tool of FIG. 7 a. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 a shows a flexfoil 1 provided with a contact terminal 3 . The contact terminal 3 comprises an exposed conducting path 4 . Reference L denotes the length of the contact terminal 3 , which preferably corresponds with the length of the connector element 6 . Preferably, the flexfoil comprises a lip-like extension 5 , the purpose of which will be explained below. Except the contact terminal 3 and the lip-like extension 5 , usually, the conducting path 4 is covered with an insulating layer 2 . The conducting path may be made of copper. The connector element 6 comprises at least one clamping means 10 , for example a finger as shown in FIG. 1 a, extending from one side of the connector element 6 . At least one other clamping means 10 may extend from an opposing side of the connector element 6 for clamping the flexfoil 1 . In the arrangement shown in FIG. 1 a the connector element 6 comprises two ear-like wall means 11 extending from opposing sides of connector element 6 . These ears 11 are bent inward to form an opening for receiving a mating pin-like contact member 17 (FIG. 1 b ). The ears 11 and the clamping fingers 10 are arranged at a front side 8 of the connector element 6 , which front side 8 is designed to receive the contact pin 17 . At the side designed to receive the contact pin 17 the contact element 6 may be provided with an eye 14 for receiving the lip-like extension 5 of the flexfoil 1 . This eye 14 may be provided in a separate extension 16 extending from a base part 13 of the connector element 6 . In order to further enhance the clamping action between the flexfoil 1 and the connector element 6 the latter is preferably provided with a back side 7 provided with at least one clamping lip 9 for clamping the flexfoil 1 to the base part 13 . The base part 13 may be provided with openings 15 both in the front side 8 and the back side 7 . Their purpose will be explained below. The openings 15 in the front side 8 are preferably adjacent to or below each of the clamping fingers 10 . Each of the ears 11 may be provided with a beveled edge 12 in order to support the insertion of the pin-like contact member 17 into the connector element 6 . In the arrangement shown in FIG. 1 a the clamping fingers 10 are cut out from the ears 11 . However, the clamping fingers 10 may be provided separately adjacent to the ears 11 . The ears 11 are shown adjacent to the extension 16 . However, alternatively clamping fingers 10 may be provided adjacent to the extension 16 . If no extension 16 is present clamping fingers 10 may be provided directly adjacent to the front edge of the connector element 6 . Then, instead of, or additional to, the beveled edges 12 of the ears 11 , the clamping fingers 10 may be provided with beveled edges (not shown) to support insertion of the pin-like contact member 17 . Of course, also in the arrangement shown in FIG. 1 a, the clamping fingers nearest to the front edge of the connector element 6 may be provided with such beveled edges (not shown). FIG. 1 b shows the flexfoil 1 and the connector 6 according to FIG. 1 a in the connected state. The lips 9 are bent inward, and crimped afterwards, in order to rigidly clamp the flexfoil 1 against the back side of the contact terminal 3 . Reference sign 18 designates crimp dimples which are preferably located above corresponding openings 15 , the purpose of which will be explained below. FIGS. 1 b and 1 c (the latter showing essentially the same as FIG. 1 b except that one of the ears 11 is broken away in order to more clearly show the contact fingers 10 ) both show the lip-like extension 5 being inserted into the eye 14 (FIG. 1 a ). Moreover, they show that the contact fingers 10 clamp the flexfoil 1 . Both the contact fingers 10 and the clamping lips 9 electrically contact the conducting path 4 of the flexfoil 1 . FIG. 2 shows a top view of the connector element 6 connected to the flexfoil 1 at the back side 7 and accommodating a mating pin-like contact member 17 inserted into the front side 8 . The same parts as in FIGS. 1 a, 1 b, and 1 c are designated by the same reference signs. FIG. 3 shows a cross section through the connector element according to FIG. 2 along line III—III. From FIG. 3 it can be deduced that the clamping fingers 10 are bent inward to the base part 13 of the connector element 6 in such a way that the flexfoil 1 is rigidly clamped between the base part 13 and the clamping fingers 10 . Moreover, it can be seen that the ears 11 are bent inward in the direction of the base part 13 to an extent to define an opening between their extremities and the base part 13 , suitable for receiving the mating pin-like contact member 17 . Moreover, the distance between two opposite clamping fingers 10 is designed in such a way that it corresponds to the width of the pin-like contact member 17 . When inserted, the pin-like contact member 17 electrically contacts the conducting path 4 of the flexfoil 1 . The conducting path 4 is supported by a flexfoil base 19 . FIG. 4 shows a cross section through the connector element 6 according to FIG. 2 along line IV—IV. This line IV—IV intersects two opposing crimp dimples 18 . These crimp dimples 18 are the result of the crimping operation referred to above. It can be clearly seen from FIG. 4 that the clamping lips 9 are bent in the direction of the base part 13 to rigidly clamp the flexfoil 1 and that each of the lips 9 electrically contacts the conducting path 4 of flexfoil 1 . FIG. 5 shows a cross section through the arrangement according to FIG. 2 in the lengthwise direction along line V—V. The same parts as in the preceding figures are designated by the same reference signs. They will not be repeated here. From FIG. 5 it can be deduced that the eye 14 receiving the lip-like extension 5 of the flexfoil 1 is, preferably, not perpendicular to the surface of base part 13 , but has an angle of inclination relative to this surface substantially smaller than π/2. By the provision of this inclined eye 14 the inserted lip-like extension 5 abuts extension 16 of the connector element 6 . Therefore, the lip-like extension 5 cannot easily leave the eye 14 in a direction perpendicular to the surface of base part 13 . Still, the lip-like extension 5 does not substantially extend from the bottom side of the base part 13 , thereby keeping the space needed for the arrangement shown in FIGS. 2 to 5 as small as possible. It can be clearly seen from FIG. 5 that the clamping fingers 10 are bent to the base part 13 to an extend that the flexfoil 1 below these clamping fingers 10 is somewhat forced into the openings 15 . Therefore, the possibility of sliding of the flexfoil in the longitudinal direction is reduced. Moreover, the lips 9 are crimped into the direction of the base part 13 . Crimp dimples 18 results from this crimping operation preferably in such a way that they are located above corresponding openings 15 thereby creating the same effect as clamping fingers 10 above corresponding openings 15 . FIG. 6 shows an alternative embodiment of a connector element 6 ′ according to the invention. The same parts are designated with the same reference signs as in the preceding figures. Instead of ears 11 the front side 8 of the connector element 6 ′ is provided with a box-type casing comprising a cover part 22 opposite to base part 13 and side walls 23 interconnecting the cover part 22 and the base part 13 . The cover part 22 , the side walls 23 and the base part 13 are designed in such a way as to define an opening for receiving a pin-like contact member 17 , as shown in FIG. 1 b. The cover part 22 may be provided with one or more dimples 21 to provide a better clamping action between the mating pin-like contact member 17 and the connector element 6 ′ when the contact member 17 is inserted in the connector element 6 ′ . Like the connector element 6 in the preceding Figures, the clamping fingers 10 may be made by cutting out from the side walls 23 . Except for the amendments to the front side 8 , the connector element 6 ′ corresponds to all embodiments of the connector element 6 shown in the preceding Figures and/or described above. FIG. 7 a shows a bottom view of an example of a special connecting tool 24 for guiding the flexfoil into the connector element 6 and to crimp the clamping fingers 10 and the clamping lips 9 on the flexfoil 1 in order to create a strain/relief, as described above. The connecting tool 24 comprises two parts: a crimping part 25 and a guiding part 26 (see also FIGS. 7 b through 7 d ). The crimping part 25 is provided with a first extension 28 at the bottom for crimping the clamping lips 9 as will be explained below. Extension 28 may cover the entire width of the crimping part 25 , as shown in FIG. 7 a. Moreover, the crimping part 25 is provided with as many second extensions 29 as there are clamping fingers 10 for crimping these fingers 10 as will also be explained below. The crimping part 25 comprises an opening 33 for receiving an extension 34 of the guiding part 26 . The extension 34 is slidable up and down within the opening 33 as will become more clear from the description of FIGS. 7 b through 7 d below. From the side view of FIG. 7 b it is evident that the bottom wall of the crimping part 25 is, preferably, subdivided into a first slanted wall 30 , a guiding wall 31 and a second slanted wall 32 . the second slanted wall 32 extends somewhat below the main bottom wall of guiding part 26 to cooperate with eye 14 of connector 6 . FIG. 7 b shows the connecting tool 24 in its state before a guiding/crimping operation in which a spring 27 forces the guiding part 26 downward relative to the crimping part 25 . FIG. 7 c shows the connecting tool 24 in a guiding position for a flexfoil 1 relative to the connector 6 . In the situation of FIG. 7 c, the ears 11 , the lips 9 and the clamping fingers 10 are already pre-bent but the spaces left between the lips 9 and the base part 13 , and between the fingers 10 and the base part 13 are large enough for the flexfoil 1 to be inserted and connected. The connector 6 and the connecting tool 24 are moved relative to one another to the situation shown in FIG. 7 c, i.e. the situation in which the connector 6 only abuts guiding part 26 . The extension 34 is thin enough to be received by the space available between the two opposing ears 11 of the connector 6 . The second slanted wall 32 is guided into the eye 14 to produce a predefined relation between the connecting tool 24 and the connector 6 before inserting the flexfoil 1 . Then, the flexfoil 1 is inserted into the connector in the direction of arrow P: the front edge of the flexfoil 1 is guided between the lips 9 and the base part 13 . The flexfoil is guided by the first slanted wall 30 of the guiding part 26 and then further guided by the flat guiding wall 31 and the second slanted wall 32 . The lip-like extension 5 of the flexfoil 1 (see FIG. 1 a ) is automatically guided into eye 14 by the second slanted wall 32 . Then, the connector 6 and the connecting tool 24 are further pushed towards one another by exerting a predefined force. The guiding part 26 is able to slide within the opening 33 of the crimping part 25 against the action of spring 27 and retains the same relative position to the connector 6 . The crimping part 25 , however, is pushed against the connector: its first extension 28 pushes the lips 9 against the flexfoil 1 whereas the second extensions 29 push the fingers 10 against the flexfoil 1 , as shown in FIG. 7 d. By moving the connector 6 away from the connecting tool 24 the extension 34 of the guiding part 26 leaves the space between the ears 11 and the second slanted wall 32 leaves the eye 14 . The connecting tool shown in FIGS. 7 a through 7 d is designed to be used with the connector 6 of FIGS. 1 through 5. However, a connecting tool suitable for use with a connector 6 ′ of FIG. 6 may be designed in accordance with the same principles. For the connector 6 ′ as shown in FIG. 6, of course, the extension 34 of the guiding part 26 must be omitted or, alternatively, the cover part 22 of connector 6 ′ must be provided with a notch to receive the extension 34 of the guiding part 26 . While the present invention has been described in connection with the preferred embodiments of the various figures, it is to be understood that other similar embodiments may be used or modifications and additions may be made to the described embodiment for performing the same function of the present invention without deviating therefrom. Therefore, the present invention should not be limited to any single embodiment, but rather construed in breadth and scope in accordance with the recitation of the appended claims.	A connecting tool for guiding a flexfoil into a connector element. The tool includes a guiding part that directs the flexfoil into the opening in the connector element. The tool also includes a crimping part that urges the clamps of the connector element against the flexfoil. The guiding part and the crimping part of the tool are movable relative to each other.	8
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS The present application for patent claims priority from and the benefit of provisional application Ser. No. 61/054,410 entitled “DC PASS BROADBAND RF PROTECTOR,” filed on May 19, 2008, which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND 1. Field The invention relates to surge protection. More particularly, the invention relates to a surge protection device for passing DC and RF signals. 2. Related Art Surge protection devices protect electronic equipment from being damaged by large variations in the current and voltage across power and transmission lines resulting from lightning strikes, switching surges, transients, noise, incorrect connections, and other abnormal conditions or malfunctions. Large variations in the power and transmission line currents and voltages can change the operating frequency range of the electronic equipment and can severely damage and/or destroy the electronic equipment. For example, lightning is a complex electromagnetic energy source having potentials estimated from 5 million to 20 million volts and currents reaching thousands of amperes that can severely damage and/or destroy the electronic equipment. Surge protection devices typically found in the art and used in protecting electronic equipment include capacitors, diodes, gas tubes, inductors, and metal oxide varistors. A capacitor blocks the flow of direct current (DC) and permits the flow of alternating current (AC) depending on the capacitor's capacitance and the current frequency. At certain frequencies, the capacitor might attenuate the AC signal. For example, the larger the capacitance value, the greater the attenuation. Typically, the capacitor is placed in-line with the power or transmission line to block the dc signal and undesirable surge transients. Gas tubes contain hermetically sealed electrodes, which ionize gas during use. When the gas is ionized, the gas tube becomes conductive and the breakdown voltage is lowered. The breakdown voltage varies and is dependent upon the rise time of the surge. Therefore, depending on the surge, several microseconds may elapse before the gas tube becomes ionized, thus resulting in the leading portion of the surge passing to the capacitor. Gas tubes are attached at one end to the power or transmission line and at another end to the ground plane, diverting the surge current to ground. Inductors can be attached to the power or transmission line after the gas tube and before the capacitor to divert the leading portion of the surge to ground. An inductor is a device having one or more windings of a conductive material, around a core of air or a ferromagnetic material, for introducing inductance into an electric circuit. An inductor opposes changes in current, whereas a capacitor opposes changes in voltage. One drawback of conventional surge protection devices is the difficulty in impedance matching the surge protection device with the system. Another drawback of conventional surge protection devices is the elevated voltage at which they become conductive and the higher throughput energy levels. Still yet another drawback of conventional surge protection devices is poor bandwidth capabilities and poor RF performance at high power levels. SUMMARY A surge protection circuit to reduce capacitance inherent of standard diode packaging and to improve voltage clamping reaction speeds under high surge conditions. The surge protection circuit has a coil having a first end and a second end and a diode cell having a top layer, a center diode junction, and a bottom layer. The top layer is directly connected to the second end of the coil and the bottom layer is directly connected to a ground. The diode cell has no wire leads. A surge protection device comprising a housing, a cavity defined by the housing, first and second connector pins positioned within the cavity, and a loop foil positioned within the cavity, the loop foil having a first end connected to the first connector pin and a second end connected to the second connector pin. The surge protection device may also include a coil positioned within the cavity, the coil having a first end connected to the first connector pin and a second end, and a diode cell connected to the housing, the diode cell having a top layer, a center diode junction, and a bottom layer, the top layer directly connected to the second end of the coil and the bottom layer directly connected to the housing. A surge protection device having a housing, a cavity defined by the housing, a diode positioned within the cavity, and first and second connector pins positioned within the cavity. The surge protection device may also include a loop foil positioned within the cavity, the loop foil having a first plate connected to the first connector pin, a second plate connected to the second connector pin, and a third curved plate connecting the first plate to the second plate, and an inductor positioned within the cavity, the inductor having a first end connected to the first connector pin and a second end connected to the diode. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The features, objects, and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a surge protection circuit according to an embodiment of the invention; FIGS. 2A-2D are schematic diagrams showing different diode and capacitor configurations that can be implemented with the surge protection circuit of FIG. 1 according to various embodiments of the invention; FIG. 3 is a top view of a surge protection device having the surge protection circuit of FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the invention; FIG. 4 is a side view of the surge protection device of FIG. 3 according to an embodiment of the invention; FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a diode of the surge protection device of FIG. 4 according to an embodiment of the invention; FIG. 6 is a top view of a diode of the surge protection device of FIG. 4 according to an embodiment of the invention; FIG. 7 is a side view of a diode of the surge protection device of FIG. 4 according to an embodiment of the invention; FIG. 8 is a side view of a loop foil according to an embodiment of the invention; FIG. 9 is a top view of a loop foil according to an embodiment of the invention; FIG. 10 is a front view of a loop foil according to an embodiment of the invention; FIG. 11 is a side view of a loop foil according to another embodiment of the invention; FIG. 12 is a top view of a loop foil according to another embodiment of the invention; FIG. 13 is a front view of a loop foil according to another embodiment of the invention; and FIG. 14 shows a graph of the average RF power handling capabilities of a number of different connectors according to various embodiments of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Apparatus, systems and methods that implement the embodiments of the various features of the invention will now be described with reference to the drawings. The drawings and the associated descriptions are provided to illustrate some embodiments of the invention and not to limit the scope of the invention. Throughout the drawings, reference numbers are re-used to indicate correspondence between referenced elements. In addition, the first digit of each reference number indicates the figure in which the element first appears. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a surge protection circuit 100 according to an embodiment of the invention. The surge protection circuit 100 may include a first port 105 , a second port 110 , a loop foil 115 , a coil 120 , a diode 125 , and a ground 130 . Optionally, the surge protection circuit 100 may include a capacitor 135 . The surge protection circuit 100 provides improved RF coupling between the first port 105 and the second port 110 , improved voltage clamping using the coil 120 and the diode 125 , improved surge current performance by the diode 125 , improved RF performance and grounding at higher RF power levels (e.g., greater than 750 Watts), and greater bandwidth capabilities. The surge protection circuit 100 may operate in a bi-directional manner. The first connector or port 105 and the second connector or port 110 may include center connector pins 106 and 111 of a coaxial cable or line. The first port 105 and the second port 110 maintain the system RF impedance between the device and the connected termination (e.g., 50 ohm, 75 ohm, etc.). The first connector 105 and the second connector 110 may be selected from one of the following connectors: 7/16 connector, N-Type connector, BNC connector, TNC connector, SMA connector, and SMB connector. The first connector 105 and the second connector 110 may be press-fit connectors, flange-mount connectors, or any other type of connectors. FIG. 14 shows a graph of the average RF power handling capabilities of a number of different connectors. The combined RF plus DC power handling capabilities of the surge protection device 100 are generally limited by the type of connectors used. In one embodiment, the first connector 105 may be a N-type connector and the second connector 110 may be a SMA connector. In this example, the RF power handling capabilities may be limited to approximately 350 Watts (i.e., the power handling capabilities of the SMA connector). Referring back to FIG. 1 , the loop foil 115 allows DC currents and RF signals to pass from the first port 105 to the second port 110 and vice versa. The loop foil 115 is a curved copper foil material formed in the shape of a “U” or backwards “U”. The loop foil 115 is a single integral piece of copper material but for illustrative purposes, the loop foil 115 will be referred to as having a first plate 115 a , a second plate 115 b , and a third curved plate 115 c . The copper material of the loop foil 115 is about 0.016 inches in thickness. In one embodiment, the first plate 115 a is positioned about 0.2 inches apart from the second plate 115 b . The first plate 115 a is positioned substantially parallel to the second plate 115 b . The third curved plate 115 c connects the first plate 115 a to the second plate 115 b. The inductance, the mutual impedance, and the positioning of the loop foil 115 within the cavity 310 is used for impedance matching to compensate for internal RF mis-match impedances of the coil 120 , the diode 125 , and the cavity 310 . The capacitance of the device can be increased by positioning the loop foil 115 closer to the walls of the cavity 310 . The inductance of the device can be increased by using a thinner material for the loop foil 115 . The mutual impedance of the device can be increased by moving the first plate 115 a and the second plate 115 b closer together. By increasing the inductance and the mutual impedance of the loop foil 115 , the size and number of turns required in the coil 120 can be reduced resulting in further simplification of design and cost. The coil 120 may be an inductor having one or more loops. The coil 120 has a first end 120 a directly attached to the center connector pin 106 and a second end 120 b directly attached to the diode 125 . The coil 120 may have a 14AWG, 16AWG, 18AWG, or larger AWG. In one embodiment, the coil 120 has an inductance of about 0.5 uH. The coil 120 isolates the diode 125 from the RF transmission path. Also, the coil 120 adds isolation between the center connector pins and the diode 125 to achieve better passive intermodulation (PIM) performance compared to that of the diode 125 without isolation. When a surge event occurs (or a high DC surge voltage), the coil 120 effectively becomes a short circuit and the diode 125 operates to pass the surge event. The diode 125 is connected to the coil 120 and the ground 130 . That is, a first end of the diode 125 is connected to the coil 120 and a second end of the diode 125 is connected to the ground 130 . The diode 125 can be oriented for a positive polarity or negative polarity DC clamping. In addition, the diodes 125 can be stacked to obtain higher voltage clamping while maintaining the equivalent current carrying capabilities. The capacitor 135 is positioned in parallel with the diode 125 . In one embodiment, the capacitor 135 has a capacitance of about 1,000 pF or higher. The capacitor 135 allows the energy to be shunted to ground 130 and prevents the diode 125 from prematurely being turned on. The size of the capacitor 135 is dependent on the frequency of operation and generally allows for broadband applications. The capacitor 135 provides better RF grounding for the surge protection circuit 100 at higher power levels. The surge path generally includes the coil 120 , the diode 125 , and the capacitor 135 . FIGS. 2A-2D are schematic diagrams showing different diode and capacitor configurations that can be implemented with the surge protection circuit of FIG. 1 according to various embodiments of the invention. The capacitor 135 may or may not be implemented in the surge protection circuit 100 . The diodes 125 have superior voltage clamping characteristics. FIG. 2A shows a uni-directional diode, FIG. 2B shows a bi-directional diode, FIG. 2C shows multiple uni-directional diodes stacked in a series configuration, and FIG. 2D shows a uni-directional diode. In one embodiment, the diode 125 can be a low voltage, bi-directional diode that is capable of handling 10 kA 8×20 micro-second surge currents with excellent voltage let-thru characteristics. In one embodiment, the diode 125 can be a bi-directional, high current transient voltage suppressor (TVS) diode having a breakdown voltage of between about 5.0-150.0 volts (e.g., 6, 12, 18 or 24 volts) and a high peak pulse power rating (e.g., 5,000, 20,000 or 30,000 watts). By isolating the diode 125 from the RF transmission path using the coil 120 , the negative RF affects (e.g., capacitance) of the diode 125 are mitigated. The high frequency (RF) isolation characteristics of the coil 120 increases the impedance looking into the coil 120 and the diode 125 but the low frequency (DC and surge) components have a low impedance path to the diode 125 . FIGS. 3 and 4 are top and side views of a surge protection device 300 having the surge protection circuit of FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the invention. Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4 , the surge protection device 300 has a housing 305 and a cavity 310 defined by the housing 305 . The cavity 310 may be formed in the shape of a circle (as shown), oval, ellipse, square, and rectangle. The loop foil 115 is positioned within the cavity 310 . The loop foil 115 does not come into direct contact with the housing 305 but rather is connected between the center connector pins 106 and 111 . The coil 120 is also positioned within the cavity 310 and is connected to the center connector pin 106 and the diode 125 . In one embodiment, the diode 125 is connected to a base plate 315 or a base of the cavity 310 . The surge protection device 300 has various frequency characteristic bands within the range of approximately 300 Hz to 5 GHz. Return losses of greater than or equal to 20 dB and insertion losses of less than or equal to 0.1 dB, for example, are from approximately 700 MHz to 2,400 MHz. A return loss of greater than 50 dB may be realized within a narrow band, for example, between approximately 1,400 MHz and 1,600 MHz. FIGS. 5 , 6 and 7 are perspective, top and side views of a diode of the surge protection device of FIG. 4 according to an embodiment of the invention. In one embodiment, the diode 125 may be a diode cell 500 having three layers 505 , 510 , and 515 . The center diode junction or layer 510 may be sandwiched between top and bottom metal layers 505 and 515 . The diode cell 500 does not have any wire leads, thus reducing the inductance and improving voltage clamping under high surge conditions. The second end 120 b of the coil 120 is directly attached to the top metal layer 505 of the diode cell 500 . The bottom metal layer 515 of the diode cell 500 is directly attached to the ground 130 . No wire leads are used to connect the diode cell 500 to the coil 120 or the ground 130 . In one embodiment, the diode cell 500 may have a length L 1 of about 9.40 mm, a width W 1 of about 9.40 mm, and a thickness T 1 of about 1.29 mm. The diode 125 may be two or more diodes in parallel circuit configuration. The diode cell 500 may include a hole 520 for mounting to the housing 305 . If the hole 520 is not present, the diode cell 500 may be mounted or soldered to the base plate 315 to facilitate grounding of the diode 125 to the housing 305 . FIGS. 8 , 9 and 10 are side, top and front views of a loop foil 115 according to an embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, H 2 is about 15.875 mm, L 2 is about 22.36 mm, W 2 is about 8.89 mm, and T 2 is about 0.41 mm. The loop foil 115 is symmetrical when the end connectors are the same. That is, L 3 and L 4 have the same length of about 11.18 mm. FIGS. 11 , 12 and 13 are side, top and front views of a loop foil 115 according to another embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, H 2 is about 15.875 mm, L 2 is about 22.36 mm, W 2 is about 8.89 mm, and T 2 is about 0.41 mm. Since one connector is a SMA connector and one connector is a N-Type connector, L 3 and L 4 have different lengths. That is, L 3 is about 11.53 mm and L 4 is about 10.06 mm. Each series of connectors (N or SMA, etc.) are manufactured for a fixed impedance (e.g., 50 Ohms) generally to the formula for coaxial lines which is a relationship including pin diameter, connector shell inside diameter and the supporting medium dielectric coefficient. The physical size of the two connectors is obviously different while maintaining the same impedance. Because of this physical difference, L 3 and L 4 must vary to impedance match to the cavity. There is actually some difference when using connectors of the same series but different gender, because actual center pin length varies. The variance is less dramatic than that of non similar series connectors in which case L 3 and L 4 generally are the same. The previous description of the disclosed examples is provided to enable any person of ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosed methods and apparatus. Various modifications to these examples will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the principles defined herein may be applied to other examples without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosed method and apparatus. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive and the scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.	A surge protection circuit to reduce capacitance inherent of standard diode packaging and to improve voltage clamping reaction speeds under high surge conditions. The surge protection circuit has a coil having a first end and a second end and a diode cell having a top layer, a center diode junction, and a bottom layer. The top layer is directly connected to the second end of the coil and the bottom layer is directly connected to a ground. The diode cell has no wire leads.	7

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