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train · 130k rows

description stringlengths 2.98k 3.35M	abstract stringlengths 94 10.6k	cpc int64 0 8
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] In the subject area of transfection for research, experimental, medical, and diagnostic purposes, viral vectors have traditionally been limited by immune reactions to the mechanism of DNA transfer, while non-viral vectors have traditionally been limited in their effectiveness and proliferation. [0002] Exosomes are intercellular vesicles created by the fusion of a multivesicular body, a vesicle containing one or more intra lumenal vesicles (ILVs), with the plasma membrane of a cell. Their lipid, protein, and RNA compositions differ substantially from those of their donor cells, indicating that there exist selective uptake mechanisms for transport into the ILVs that later become exosomes. Candidate factors for ILV translocation include lipids such as ceramide and proteins such as the ESCRT complexes, among other biomolecules. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0003] The present invention describes a novel process that results in the transfer of biomolecules such as polynucleotides and protein from cell to cell, eventually resulting in the transport of a biomolecular cargo throughout the entirety of one or more of a cell culture, tissue, organ, organ system, or organism. [0004] A Self-Iterating Factor (SIF) is a DNA-binding fusion protein that has an affinity for factors involved in ILV translocation such that the DNA attached to the SIF is incorporated into an ILV, which later becomes an exosome. According to the present invention, an exosome then fuses with a target cell, releasing the genetic construct that can be defined by one of many natural bioprocesses and then placed in the SIF, which serves as a robust transport method for biomolecular transfer such that desired bioprocesses can occur in the target biological system. These processes involve the alteration of one or more of: the genome, the transcriptome, and the proteome. [0005] Using its species-matched origin of replication, the genetic construct replicates before the SIF-bound copy of the construct is incorporated into yet another ILV, restarting the self-iterating cycle of transfection with the genetic construct. Specifically, the present invention teaches that the genetic construct codes for the SIF (among other gene products), such that new copies of the SIF-construct complex can be regenerated in the cytoplasm as time passes. Because the genetic construct is DNA shuttled between cells via an exosome, this DNA is known as exosomal shuttle DNA (esDNA). Unlike previously known processes, the process taught by the present invention does not repeat indefinitely, as the gene encoding the SIF contains signals for methylation or other nucleotide alterations that will decrease gene expression over time. [0006] A self-iterating exosomal vector therefore combines the proliferation of a viral vector with the immune non-recognition found in non-viral vectors due to the fact that the exosomes are derived from the target organism. [0007] The essence of the invention is that exosomes, intercellular transport vesicles, can provide a self-iterating transfer method for sending biomolecules such as nucleic acids and protein from cell to cell, particularly DNA. This culminates in the transfer of the biomolecular cargo throughout the entirety of a cell culture, tissue, organ, organ system, or organism. [0008] Exosomes arise from endosomal patches of the plasma membrane budding outward as well as from intralumenal vesicles of multivesicular bodies being released when the outer membranes of multivesicular bodies fuse with the plasma membrane. A genetic construct encoding a DNA-binding fusion protein (self-iterating factor, or SIF) with an affinity for factors involved in intra lumenal vesicle translocation is thus able to facilitate its own sorting into an exosome for intercellular movement when the SIF is bound to the construct. As the construct codes for more copies of the SIF and can replicate by borrowing DNA replication enzymes from its host cell, this process of exosomal movement of the genetic construct is self-perpetuating. Likewise, with the use of other protein-encoding genes on the genetic construct, the self-iterating spread of a protein by means of exosomes can also be facilitated. DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES [0009] FIG. 01 demonstrates both phases of process 2, in which Calcium lonophore (A23187); hereafter referred to as A23187 in the description and figures, is added to a cell in order to induce exosome release. In the second phase, an exosome containing RNA and protein but not DNA is shown. Process 1, not shown, may refer to a standard method of preparing an untransfected cell culture to begin an experiment with. [0010] FIG. 02 illustrates both phases of process 10, in which A23187 causes a recently released endosome to fold inward, creating an ILV. Process 11 also takes place at the site of ILV formation. [0011] FIG. 03 also shows process 11, in which A23187 works with a SIF to cause a genetic construct to enter an ILV. It also shows processes 15 and 17, where type 1 and type 2 exosomes are released at the plasma membrane, respectively. [0012] FIG. 04 depicts the three phases of process 4, in which a liposome containing a SIF-construct complex fuses with an exosome to create an exosome loaded with a SIF-construct complex. [0013] FIG. 05 demonstrates processes 6-9, in which exosomes loaded with SIF-construct complexes reach target cells and deliver their SIF-construct complexes. They may reach their target cells by being introduced to a cell culture (process 6) if the self-iterating cycle is being started. Alternatively, the exosomes may reach their target cells by movement through the extracellular space (process 7) if the self-iterating cycle is taking place. In processes 8 and 9, cells which have received SIF-construct complexes experience replication of the SIFs and constructs. [0014] FIG. 06 illustrates processes 19-22, in which exosomes are brought into contact with liposomes containing the genetic construct. After fusion of the membranes, the result is exosomes containing the genetic construct. These exosomes can then be added to the target cells such that fusion of the membranes results in cells containing the genetic construct. [0015] FIG. 07 shows the 22 processes involved with the patent and depicts their relation to the previously mentioned FIGS. 01-06 . Each process relates to a specific figure, with each figure showing multiple processes. Specifically, the self-iterating cycle is FIGS. 02-05 repeating themselves. FIG. 07 references FIGS. 01-06 , as it places all of them in a single context. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0016] FIG. 01 represents processes 0701 through 0703, as shown in FIG. 07 . In the following description, process numbers in the individual figures may appear as numbers from 01-22. These numbers may also be referred to with a prefix of “07” preceding the number of the process since in FIG. 7 , the reference numbers are presented in this manner. Process 0701 is to prepare an untransfected cell culture. A single cell [0110] is shown in both phase land 2 of process 0702. In phase 1, the various components of this typical eukaryotic cell [0110] are labeled. The plasma membrane [0111] surrounds the cytosol [0107], which contains the golgi apparatus [0112], a mitochondrion [0115], and the nucleus [0120]. Outside the cell is a sample molecule of calcium ionophore (A23187) [0105]. [0017] The golgi apparatus [0112] consists of phospholipid bilayer membranes [0112] enclosing several membrane-bound vesicles [0113]. Within the internal spaces of the golgi apparatus, a variety of proteins exist [0114]. [0018] The mitochondrion consists of two closely packed phospholipid bilayer membranes [0115] enclosing a small intermembrane space and the interior mitochondrial matrix [0119]. The interior membrane is shaped into folds called cristae [0116] that point inward within the mitochondrial matrix [0119]. The mitochondrial matrix contains a mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) plasmid [0118], ribosomes [0117], and proteins (not shown). [0019] The nucleus [0120] consists of the nuclear envelope [0121], the nuclear pores [0122], DNA molecules [0123], among other entities. Also included within the nucleus are the RNA molecules [0124] and protein components [0125] of the nucleolus, as well as enzymes such as RNA polymerase [0126]. Outside of the nucleus, the rough endoplasmic reticulum [0127] has an internal lumen [0128] and ribosomes on its exterior [0129]. [0020] Molecules of A23187, such as the one shown [0105], enter the cell during process 0702 [0106]. According to research by Valadi et al., placing HMC-1 cells in a 2 uM solution of A23187 for 30 minutes stimulates exosome release. Thus, A23187 is used as the sample means by which exosome release takes place. [0021] A sample exosome [0153] is shown in phase 2 of process 0702, although this also represents the beginning of process 0703, in which exosomes containing no DNA (unloaded exosomes) are generated. The interior of the exosome [0145] is surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer [0150] with an inner [0152] and outer [0151] component. Within the exosome exist molecules of RNA [0140] and protein [0155]. [0022] FIG. 02 shows how intra lumenal vesicles (ILVs), the predecessors of type lexosomes, begin to form. Type lexosomes correspond to the ILVs of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) upon fusion of the outer membrane of a MVB with the plasma membrane of a cell, whereas type 2 exosomes form from endosomal patches of the plasma membrane budding outwards. As explained in FIG. 07 , FIG. 02 corresponds to processes 0710 and 0711. In phase 1 of process 0710, the rough endoplasmic reticulum [0227] begins to bud off an endosome [0231] containing protein [0230]. As previously shown, the rough endoplasmic reticulum has an internal membrane-bound lumen [0228] and has ribosomes on its exterior [0229]. In the nearby cytosol, RNA molecules are present [0223, 0224]. [0023] In phase 2 of process 0710, A23187 [0206] facilitates the infolding [0245] of the endosomal membrane [0235] in order to initiate the creation of an ILV. The example protein [0235] within the endosomallumen [0236] represents the many proteins that may exist within the endosomallumen [0236]. The endosomal membrane [0235] is a phospholipid bilayer with an inner [0238] and outer [0237] component. RNA molecules [0240, 0241] from the cytosol enter the ILV [0246], as shown. When the ILV becomes an exosome, these RNA molecules [0240,0241] are referred to as exosomal shuttle RNA (esRNA). [0024] FIG. 03 corresponds to processes 11-18. In particular, process 0711 is related to both FIG. 02 and FIG. 03 , as both illustrate cellular cargo [0240/0241, 0355/0356/0357] entering an ILV [0246, 0345, 0346]. In FIG. 03 , A23187 [0306] facilitates the infolding [0358] of the external membrane of the MVB [0335], which is a phosopholipid bilayer [0337, 0338]. Protein from the cytosol [0355] may then enter [0345] the newly forming ILV [0358]. In the case of the genetic construct—pGFP in this example—[0356], the SIF [0357] facilitates the entry [0346] of the SIF-construct complex [0356, 0357] into the newly forming ILV [0358]. The MVB may already contain protein [0330] inside of its intermembrane space [0336], as shown. The phospholipid bilayer [0351, 0352] membrane [0350] of the already-formed ILV [0345] surrounds the RNA molecules [0323, 0324] that will eventually become esRNAs [0340, 0341]. The above information relates to phase 1 of process 0711. [0025] In process 12, the MVB [0335] moves through the cytosol to reach the plasma membrane [0311], where it fuses (process 0713) and releases its contents [0368, 0369]—two ILVs that become exosomes in processes 14 and 15. Alternatively, endosomal patches of the cellular membrane [0311] may spontaneously release type 2 exosomes [0370] in process 0717. In this way, the second diagram of FIG. 03 represents processes 15 and 17. In processes 16 and 18, the two types of exosomes [0368, 0369, 0370] move outward into the extracellular space [0364]. Both types of exosomes [0368, 0369, 0370] have a phospholipid bilayer [0361, 0362] membrane [0363] enclosing an exosomallumen [0360]. Exosomes [0368, 0369, 0370] may contain both esRNA [0340, 0341, 0371] and protein [0365, 0372]. As shown, the content of any single exosome [0368, 0369, 0370] may vary significantly. [0026] An important feature of FIG. 03 is that in process 0711, the SIF [0357, 0367] facilitates the entry of a cytosolic genetic construct [0356] into a newly forming ILV [0358]. Through processes 12-16, the ILV containing the SIF-construct complex [0356/0357, 0366/0367] eventually becomes an exosome [0368] loaded with the SIF-construct complex [0366, 0367]. FIGS. 04 and 05 depict how an exosome may eventually deliver its SIF-construct complex [0366, 0367] to another cell, where it may replicate in process 0709, thus creating a self-iterating cycle ( FIGS. 02-05 ) of DNA transfer. This ultimately has the potential to become a vector which will promote the spread of a genetic construct throughout the entirety of a multicellular organism in a non-viral manner. [0027] FIG. 04 illustrates the three phases of process 0704, which result in process 0705, the generation of exosomes [0454] loaded with SIF-construct complexes [0456, 0457]. Using a lipofection reagent, liposomes [0475] which contain ST-construct complexes [0456, 0457] in their lumen [0476] are generated. These liposomes [0475] have membranes [0477] which are phospholipid bilayers with inner [0479] and outer [0478] components. As shown in FIG. 01 , the addition of A23187 to cells can result in the creation of exosomes [0153, 0453] which are not loaded with DNA. The addition of these lipsomes constitutes phase 1 of process 0704. However, lipofection of exosomes [0480] in phase 2 of process 0704 can remedy this situation. As this occurs [0480], the SIF-construct complexes [0456,0457] enter the exosomes [0453]. During phase 2, the outer layers [0478, 0451] and the inner layers [0479, 0452] of the liposome and exosome fuse such that the two phospholipid bilayers [0477, 0450] become one. In this way, the cargo of the liposome [0456, 0457] and exosome [0440, 0445] become united within one biological vesicle [0480] during phase 2. In phase 3 of process 0704, the fusion is complete and the result [0454] culminates in process 0705, which is the generation of composite exosomes [0454] containing SIF-construct complexes [0456, 0457]. [0028] FIG. 05 corresponds to processes 6-9. Exosomes [0554, 0569] generated in process 0705 are shown to the left of a cell [0510]. In order to start the self-iterating cycle ( FIGS. 02-05 ), exosomes [0454] containing SIF-construct complexes [0554] may be added to cells [0581] in process 0706. If the cycle ( FIGS. 02-05 ) is already in progress, then exosomes [0569] from other cells [0311] may reach [0582] target cells [0510] in process 0707 by means of exosome movement. As previously shown, exosomes can contain both RNA [0540] and protein [0555] content. Processes 6 and 7 culminate in the fusion [0581, 0582] of exosomal membranes [0556, 0557] with the plasma membranes [0511] of target cells [0510]. [0029] Process 0708 in FIG. 05 refers to the generation of cells transfected [0590] with SIF-construct complexes [0566, 0567], the restart step in the self-iterating cycle ( FIGS. 02-05 ). This, as previously stated, occurs as exosomes [0554, 0569] deliver their SIF-construct complexes [0566, 0567] to the target cells [0510, 0590] through exosome movement [0581, 0582] and membrane fusion [0556, 0557, 0511]. This also represents the first phase of process 0709, in which SIF-construct complexes in cells replicate. Alternatively, process 0708 may be reached from process 0701 if the cells are lipofected with SIF-construct complexes. [0030] Phase 2 of process 0709 in FIG. 05 refers to the replication of the SIF-construct complexes [0566, 0567]. As previously mentioned, the genetic construct [0566] codes for the SIF [0567], among other gene products. Over time, the presence of the genetic construct [0566] in the cytosol will lead to the transcription of the SIF mRNA and the translation [0568] of this mRNA into the SIF protein [0567] at a ribosome [0529]. Furthermore, the SIF [0567], like most DNA-binding proteins, has a variable affinity for its binding site and can dissociate at times. When the genetic construct [0566] is not bound to its SIF [0567], it is unlikely to be taken into an ILV and transported to another cell via exosomal shuttling. This allows for the DNA replication enzymes of the host cell [0510, 0590, 0595] to produce a new copy of the genetic construct [0586]. In this way, new copies of the SIF [0587] and genetic construct [0586] can be produced. In order to prevent this process from continuing indefinitely, the SIF-encoding gene on the genetic construct [0566, 0586] contains signals for methylation that will reduce the expression [0568] of that particular gene over time. Ideally, SIF production [0568] will halt when nearly every cell [0590, 0595] in the culture or multicellular organism has at least one copy of the genetic construct [0566, 0586] such that expression of the genetic construct [0566, 0586, 0529] will be nearly universal. This part of FIG. 05 , process 0709, completes the self-iterating cycle, which is defined as FIGS. 02-05 repeating until expression of the genetic construct's SIF-encoding gene [0566, 0568, 0567] declines significantly. [0031] FIG. 06 represents the one-time variant of the exosomal vector [0654]. Specifically, the sequence of processes 19 through 22 results in the transfecting [0683] of target cells [0685] with copies of the genetic construct [0656]. In phase 1 of process 0719, the lipofection of exosomes [0653] by means of liposomes [0675] carrying the genetic construct [0656] is shown. As previously explained, both liposomes [0675] and exosomes [0653] have membranes [0677, 0650] which are phospholipid bilayers with inner [0679, 0652] and outer [0678, 0651] components. Also, exosomes typically contain both RNA [0640] and protein [0655] content. In process 0719, the fusion [0681, 0691] of the membranes [0677, 0650] of the liposomes [0675] and exosomes [0653] combines the two interiors [0682, 0645] into one new lumen [0686]. This brings the overall procedure to phase 1 of process 0720, the generation of newly created exosomes [0680] loaded with the genetic construct [0686] in their interior [0697]. In processes 21 and 22, these exosomes [0654] loaded with the genetic construct [0686] are added [0683] to the target cells [0685] such that the two plasma membranes [0691, 0611] rearrange themselves [0684] and fuse together into a single membrane [0612]. As this occurs, the exosomallumen [0697] becomes one with the cytosol [0687, 0688]. Furthermore, this action delivers the genetic construct [0686] in the lumen [0697] of the exosome [0654] into the cytosol [0687, 0688] such that it [0686, 0696] now resides in the cytosol [0688] of the composite cell [0690]. [0032] FIG. 07 is the flowchart that describes all 22 of the above processes in a single page. For a one-time transfection, one can simply follow FIGS. 01 and 06 [0153; 0653; 0680/0654, 0681, 0683, 0696]. The sample chemical used for exosome release, A23187 [0105/0106, 0206], is used in both FIG. 01 and FIG. 02 . In FIGS. 02 and 03 , the first steps [0231, 0206, 0246] leading to exosome release [0368, 0369, 0370] occur as part of a self-iterating cycle ( FIGS. 02-05 ). process 0711 [0346], in which SIF-construct complexes [0356, 0357] enter the ILVs [0358] of MVBs [0353], is related to both FIGS. 02 and 03 , as both feature the activity [0245, 0358] of A23187 [0206, 0306]. In FIG. 03 , both types of exosomes [0368/0369, 0370] are shown outside [0364] of a cell [0311] just as process 0705 [0368, 0369, 0370] is reached from processes 15/16 [0399] and 17 / 18 [0398]. [0033] In FIG. 04 , process 0704 [0481], the alternative method of reaching process 0705 [0480, 0454], is shown. This serves as the connection between processes 3 [0153] and 5 [0454], where FIG. 01 links into the self-iterating cycle of FIGS. 02-05 . Finally, FIG. 05 completes the self-iterating cycle of FIGS. 02-05 through processes 6-9 [0581, 0582, 0590, 0568/0595], in which exosomes [0554, 0569] deliver their SIF-construct complexes [0566, 0567] to target cells [0510], where they can then replicate [0568] before being delivered [0346, 0366/0367, 0369, 0582] to other cells [0510] as the cycle ( FIGS. 02-05 ) starts again. In this way, DNA, RNA, and protein transfer to an entire cell culture, tissue, organ, organ system, or even organism may take place for experimental, research, therapeutic, or diagnostic purposes.	The present invention provides for a process for transferring biomolecules such as polynucleotides and protein from cell to cell, eventually resulting in the transport of a biomolecular cargo throughout the entirety of one or more of a cell culture, tissue, organ, organ system, or organism.	2
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a baffle board construction which, pursuant to insulating the attic space of buildings, partially blocks the openings which connect the attic space and the overhanging eaves. More particularly, this invention relates to a baffle board construction of the type described which provides that insulation blown into the attic will extend to the outermost perimeter of the walls and will not be lost into the eaves; which insures that proper ventilation is maintained between the attic space and the eaves after insulation; and which is a standard unit facilitating use with different type roofs, including truss and offset roof constructions, and roofs using framing members of different widths. In many building constructions, the roofs are made using framing members which include horizontal ceiling joists and inclined roof rafters which are connected in the area of a top plate forming the top surface of the building walls. The roof rafters extend outwardly beyond the building walls and form hollow eaves. Openings between the roof framing members and openings in the underside of the eaves ventilate the attic space of the building to the atmosphere so that heated air can escape from the attic. It has become customary to insulate the attic space of these buildings with a particulate insulation material which is blown in place. In that case, it is necessary to install baffle boards in the openings between the roof framing members to form a dam to prevent insulation which is blown in place from being lost into the eaves. These baffle boards, which may be constructed of cardboard or the like, are positioned in the openings and may be secured to the roof framing members and/or the wall top plate such as by stapling. It is important that insulation in the attic space of buildings extend as close to the outermost periphery of the building walls as possible to minimize heat loss at the perimeter of the building. Thus, it is important that the baffle boards be positioned to allow the insulation which is blown in place to extend as close to the outside perimeter of the walls as possible. It is also important that adequate ventilation be maintained between the attic space and the eaves after insulation for proper air circulation between the eaves and the attic space. This is necessary in order to prevent heated air from being trapped in the attic space which would cause the rooms beneath the ceiling to remain excessively warm during warm weather, and to prevent moisture buildup in the attic space during the winter. Thus, it is important that the baffle boards used do not themselves completely block the openings between the attic space and the eaves, or allow the insulation to completely block these openings. Still further, there are a number of "standard" building roof designs, including truss and offset roofs. In a truss roof, the roof rafters and ceiling joists are aligned (coplanar) and joined at abutting edges using suitable connector plates. In an offset or "stick built" roof, the ceiling joists are fastened to one side of adjacent roof rafters. Furthermore, offset roofs sometimes have ceiling joists fastened to both sides of each roof rafter such as in the area of load bearing walls, referred to as a double offset roof. In addition, all of these "standard" roofs can be constructed using different sized framing members. It will be appreciated, therefore, that the size and shape of the openings in which the baffle boards are to be positioned are different for each of the identified "standard" roof constructions, and for each of those constructions which use different sized framing members. If a different baffle board is required for each of the different roofs, it is then necessary for the baffle board manufacturer to make, and for the installer to stock, a wide variety of different baffle boards. In addition to the obvious inconvenience, this results in higher manufacturing and inventory costs, and ultimately higher prices to the consumer. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention overcomes the above problems and disadvantages in a manner not comtemplated by the prior art. The present invention fulfills all the fundamental requirements of a baffle board by providing a construction which is capable of partially blocking the openings between roof framing members so that insulation blown in place in the attic will not be lost into the eaves; by providing a construction which allows the insulation blown in place to extend as close to the outermost periphery of the building walls as possible thereby maximizing the effect of that insulation; and by providing a construction which insures that proper ventilation between the attic space and the eaves is maintained for escape of heated air and moisture from the attic space. Importantly, the baffle board of the present invention goes further in that it provides a standard unit designed for use with truss roofs as well as offset roof constructions, and with a variety of sizes of roof framing members used in those standard roofs. Thus, the baffle board manufacturer is required to make and the installer is required to stock a minimum of different varieties of baffle boards. This standardization of baffle board design facilitates lower manufacturing and inventory costs, and correspondingly lowers the price to the consumer. Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be obtained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. To achieve the objects and in accordance with the purpose of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, the insulation baffle board of this invention is constructed for use in buildings of the type having upstanding walls provided with a horizontal top plate, and a roof provided with framing members which include horizontal ceiling joists and rafters inclined upwardly from the ceiling joists, ceiling means fixed to the ceiling joists and roof sheathing fixed atop the roof rafters, the ceiling means and roof sheathing defining an attic space, the ceiling joists and roof rafters coming together and secured in the area of the top plate, and the roof rafters extending outwardly beyond the top plate forming eaves, the attic space and eaves being communicated by openings defined between adjacent pairs of roof framing members, the baffle board comprising a generally rectangularly shaped piece of stiff material, the baffle board having a pair of longitudinal fold lines along one side and a pair of longitudinal fold lines along the other side thereof, the longitudinal fold lines extending the full length of the baffle board, at least one transverse fold line extending between the innermost ones of the longitudinal fold lines, and slits extending from the ends of the at least one transverse fold line to opposite side edges of the baffle board, the baffle board being foldable along the at least one transverse fold line and positionable in the openings communicating the attic space and eaves so that a first section from one end to the at least one transverse fold line extends generally vertically of the top plate, and a second section from the at least one transverse fold line to the other end extends generally along and spaced from the roof sheathing, the baffle board being foldable along the longitudinal fold lines at each side edge to form tab means which lie against the roof framing members and can be secured thereto, the longitudinal fold lines facilitating selective folding of the baffle board to selectively form first and second sections of different widths. Broadly, the baffle board of this invention comprises a generally rectangular sheet of stiff material, first and second longitudinal fold lines extending the full length of the board along both sides thereof, the first longitudinal fold lines being spaced apart a distance substantially equal to a standard distance between adjacent ceiling joists and between adjacent roof rafters, the second longitudinal fold lines being spaced inwardly of adjacent ones of the first longitudinal fold lines a distance substantially equal to the standard thickness of roof framing members, at least one transverse fold line extending across the board between the second longitudinal fold lines, and slits extending from opposite ends of the at least one transverse fold line to the side edges of the board, whereby the board can be selectively folded along the longitudinal fold lines to form first and second sections of different widths. The accompanying drawings which are incorporated in and constitute part of this specification illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating a preferred form of baffle board constructed according to the invention and shown mounted in place in a standard truss roof. FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the structure of FIG. 1 taken along the line 2--2 thereof and shown to a reduced scale; FIG. 3 is a plan view showing the preferred form of baffle board before folding; and FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 2 and showing the baffle board folded and installed in a truss roof using roof framing members of a width different than FIGS. 1 and 2; FIG. 4A is a perspective view showing the manner of folding the baffle board for installing in the roof of FIG. 4; FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIGS. 2 and 4 and showing the baffle board folded and installed in a truss roof using roof framing members of yet another width; FIG. 5A is a perspective view showing the manner of folding the baffle board for installing in the roof of FIG. 5; FIG. 6 is a view similar to FIGS. 2, 4 and 5 and showing the baffle board folded and installed in a truss roof using roof framing members of yet another width; FIG. 6A is a perspective view showing the manner of folding the baffle board for installing in the roof of FIG. 6; FIG. 7 is a view similar to FIG. 1 showing the preferred form of baffle board folded and installed in a stick built or offset roof using roof framing members of the same size as is shown in FIG. 4; FIG. 7A is a sectional view of FIG. 7 taken along the line 7A--7A thereof; FIG. 8 is a view similar to FIG. 2 and showing a modified form of the invention; FIG. 9 is a view similar to FIG. 3 showing the modified form of baffle board illustrated in FIG. 8. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, the present invention is intended for use in the buildings of the type having upstanding walls, one shown at 11, which includes vertical studs 12 connected by a horizontal top plate 13. A roof 14 for the building is made up of roof framing members which include horizontal ceiling joists 15 and roof rafters 27 which incline upwardly from the ceiling joists. Ceiling means, e.g. wall board 19, is fixed to the underside of the joists 15, while roof sheathing 21 is fixed to the top side of rafters 17. The wall board 19 and roof sheathing 21 define an attic space 23 for the building. The ceiling joists 15 and roof rafters 17 come together and are secured in the area of the wall top plate 13. In the case of the roof shown here which is a truss roof, the framing members are secured together by connector plates 24. The roof rafters 17 extend beyond the wall top plate 13 and form eaves, one shown at 25. As is conventional, the eave 25 is hollow and is covered along the bottom by sheathing 27 which is provided with ventilation openings 29. The attic space 23 and the hollow eaves 27 are communicated by openings defined between the roof framing members, and specifically between adjacent pairs of ceiling joists 15 and roof rafters 17, the wall top plate 13 and the roof sheathing 21. One such opening is illustrated at 31 in FIGS. 1 and 2 and shown partially obstructed by a baffle board 33 embodying the present invention. The purpose of the openings 31 is to allow heated air and moisture in the attic space 23 to escape through the ventilation openings 29 in the eaves 25. In accordance with the invention, the baffle board 33, shown in plan in FIG. 3, is a generally rectangular sheet of stiff material and is provided with transverse fold means spaced from its ends. As here embodied, the baffle board 33 can be made of paperboard or similar material, and the transverse fold means includes first and second fold lines 35, 37 which are formed by scoring or pinching the paperboard and which extend part way across the board 33. The board 33 is slitted or cut at 39, 41 from the ends of fold line 35 to opposite side edges of the board. Similarly, the board is cut or slitted at 43, 45 from the ends of fold line 37 to opposite side edges of the board. In accordance with the invention, the baffle board 33 is foldable along the transverse fold means to form a first section which extends from one end of the board to the transverse fold means, and a second section which extends from the transverse fold means to the other end of the board. As here embodied, when the baffle board 33 is folded along fold line 35, the first section extends from an end 47 (or end 49) to fold line 35, and the second section extends from fold line 35 to an opposite end 49 (or end 47). When the baffle board 33 is folded along fold line 37, the first section extends from end 47 (or end 49) to fold line 37, and the second part extends from fold line 37 to end 49 (or end 47). In accordance with the invention, the baffle board 33 is folded along the transverse fold means so that when positioned in one of the openings 31, the first section extends generally vertically from as close to the outer edge of top plate 13 as possible, and the second section extends generally along and spaced from the roof sheathing 21. As here embodied, the roof rafters 17 of the illustrated truss roof incline upwardly from a position at or near the outer edge of the top plate 13. Therefore, the vertical dimension from the outer edge of the top plate 13 to the roof sheathing 21 is slightly greater than the width of the ceiling joists 15. Accordingly, the length of the first baffle board section is preferably substantially equal to the width of the ceiling joists 15. The remainder of the length of board 33 constitutes the second section and extends generally parallel to and is spaced from the roof sheathing 21. With this construction, specifically the vertical disposition of the baffle board first section from as close to the outer edge of the top plate 13 as possible, the insulation which is blown in place in the attic space 23 achieves a maximum allowable thickness over the entire ceiling and extends out to or near the outer edge of the wall top plate 13. The inclined second part of the baffle board 33 and its disposition generally along and spaced from the roof sheathing 21 insures that the openings 31 are not completely blocked and that sufficient ventilation is maintained between the attic space 23 and the eaves 25 to allow heated air and moisture to escape from the attic. In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2, the ceiling joists 15 and roof rafters 17 are standard 2×4's and have a width dimension of about 31/2". This is the smallest dimensioned roof framing member generally used. It has been found that the length of the first section of baffle board 33 in this installation should be about 3" to about 4". Since this is the smallest length required for the baffle board first section, it is the dimension from end 47 to fold line 35. This achieves a maximum depth of insulation (e.g. 3" to 4") at or near the outer extremity of the building walls. The overall depth of insulation blown in place can extend to the end 49 of the baffle board 33 as indicated by dot-dash line 50 in FIG. 2. This represents a depth of about 8". As illustrated, the second section of baffle board 33 maintains a clearance space of about 1" between the baffle board second section and the roof sheathing 21 for venting the attic space 23. In accordance with the invention, the transverse fold means facilitates selective folding of the baffle board 33 to different lengths of baffle board first sections. As here embodied and shown in FIG. 4, a roof 114 similar to that shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is illustrated but which uses roof framing members 115 and 117 which are standard 2×6's having a width dimension of about 51/2", of approximately 2" wider than the roof framing members 15, 17 in FIGS. 1 and 2. In all other respects, the roof 114 is the same as roof 14, and similar members with the prefix "1" in FIG. 4 illustrate parts similar to those shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. In using the baffle board 33 with the roof of FIG. 4, the board is folded along fold line 37 which is spaced about 2" from fold line 35. The baffle board first section formed then is about 5" to about 6" in length which is the dimension from board end 47 to fold line 37. The baffle board 33 folded along fold line 37 is shown in FIG. 4A, and is shown installed in roof 114 in FIG. 3. In this installation, the blown in insulation can achieve a maximum depth of about 5" to about 6" at or near the outer extremities of the building walls, and an overall depth of about 8" as represented by dot-dash line 150. Again, a clearance of about 1" is maintained between the roof sheathing 121 and the baffle board second section so that heated air and moisture can escape from attic space 123. In accordance with the invention, the novel baffle board 33 is designed to accommodate use with roof using roof framing members other than 2×4's and 2×6's such as, for example, 2×8's or 2×10's, and with roofs which are set higher off the wall top plate. As here embodied, the baffle board 33 can be reversed, end for end, and positioned so that the end 49 abuts the wall top plate at or near its outer edge. In that case, the baffle board first section is measured from the end 49 to the transverse fold line about which the board is folded. By making the baffle board 33 such that the dimension from end 49 to fold line 37 is about 7" to about 8", the baffle board can be folded, as shown in FIG. 5A, and positioned in ventilation openings 231 formed in roof 214, as shown in FIG. 5. The insulation blown in place in attic space 223 will achieve a thickness of about 7" to about 8" at or near the outer extremity of the building walls 211 and can achieve an overall thickness of about 9" as indicated by dot-dash line 250. The roof of FIG. 5 is similar to the roofs shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 and in FIG. 4 except that the ceiling joists 215 and roof rafters 217 are standard 2×8's having a width dimension of about 71/2". In all other respects, the roof 214 is the same as roof 14 and similar numbers with the prefix "2" in FIG. 5 illustrate parts similar to those in FIGS. 1 and 2. Further, since the dimension from baffle board end 49 to fold line 37 is about 7" to about 8", the dimension from end 49 to fold line 35 is about 9" to about 10". Therefore, baffle board 33 can be folded as shown in FIG. 6A and installed in a roof 314 which uses 2×10's for framing members 315, 317, as shown in FIG. 6. Still further, it will be appreciated that the baffle board 33 of the present invention readily accommodates roof installations where the roof is set higher or "jacked up" from the wall top plate. In that case, if, for example, a roof using 2×4 framing members is set 4" higher than the wall top plate, the baffle board 33 is folded and installed as shown in FIGS. 5 and 5A. In accordance with the invention, the baffle board 33 has longitudinal fold means spaced inwardly from each side. As embodied herein, the longitudinal fold means includes a pair of fold lines 51, 53 along one side and a pair of fold lines 55, 57 along the other side of the board 33. All of the longitudinal fold lines 51, 53, 55, 57 extend the full length of the board, and fold line 53 intersects transverse fold lines 35, 37 at their juncture with slits 39, 43, while fold line 57 intersects transverse fold lines 35, 37 at their juncture with slits 41, 45. Longitudinal fold lines 51, 55 intersect slits 39, 43 and 41, 45 respectively. In accordance with the invention, the baffle board 33 is foldable along the longitudinal fold means at each side edge to form tab means which, when the baffle board is installed in place, lie against the roof framing members and can be secured thereto. As embodied herein and shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the baffle board 33 is foldable along line 51 to form tab means 61 made up of tabs 61A, 61B, 61C separated by slits 39, 43. Baffle board 33 is also foldable along line 55 to form tab means 63 made up of tabs 63A, 63B, 63C. The individual tabs 61A-C and 63A-C accommodate folding of the baffle board 33 along both the longitudinal and the transverse fold means as is evident from the drawings. Thus, slits 39, 41 allow the baffle board 33 to be folded along transverse fold line 35 and along longitudinal fold lines 51, 55 and tabs 61A and 61B, and tabs 63A, 63B overlap as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The tabs 61A-C and 63A-C lie against the roof framing members 15, 17 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 and can be secured thereto such as by stapling at 64. In accordance with the invention, the longitudinal fold means facilitate selective folding of the baffle board to selectively form first and second baffle board sections of the same of different widths. As embodied herein, the baffle board 33 is folded entirely along longitudinal fold lines 51, 55 for the truss roof illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 and described above. In that case, both the first section and the second section of the folded baffle board 33 have the same width. In addition, the baffle board 33 can be folded along longitudinal fold line 51 for part of its length, and the remainder along line 53, and/or can be folded along line 55 for part of its length and the remainder along line 57. In these cases, the first and second baffle board sections will have different widths. As embodied herein, longitudinal fold lines 51, 55 are spaced apart a distance substantially equal to a standard spacing between roof framing members, e.g. approximately 151/4" where adjacent roof framing members are approximately 16" on center. In the truss roof construction illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, the connected sets of ceiling joists 15 and roof rafters 17 are coplanar and the distance between adjacent sets of roof framing members is the uniform standard dimension, e.g. 151/4". Therefore, each baffle board 33 is folded along longitudinal fold lines 51, 55 for use in this roof. The roofs of FIGS. 4-6 use roof framing members of different width than the roof of FIGS. 1 and 2. Nevertheless, all the roofs of FIGS. 4-6 are truss roofs so that the spacing between connected sets of roof framing members are the same, e.g. 151/4". Thus, the baffle board 33 is folded along longitudinal fold lines 51, 55 for installation in all the roofs of FIGS. 1, 2 and 4-6. FIGS. 7 and 7A illustrate a standard roof construction 414 which is not a truss roof. In this construction, generally referred to as an offset or "stick built" roof, the connected sets of roof rafters and ceiling joists are formed by attaching each roof rafter 417 to one side of an adjacent ceiling joist 415 such as by nails 424. Like the embodiment of FIG. 4, the roof framing members shown in FIGS. 7 and 7A are 2×6's, and have a width dimension of about 51/2" and a thickness of about 11/2". The roof of FIGS. 7 and 7A includes an attic space 423 formed between roof sheathing 421 secured to the top surface of the roof rafters 417 and wall board 419 secured to the bottom of the ceiling joists 415. The roof rafters 417 extend outwardly beyond wall 411 and form a hollow eave 425. Sheathing 427 closes the bottom of the eave 425 and is formed with ventilation openings 429. As was described above for the truss roofs of FIG. 4, openings 43 are formed between each connected set of roof framing members and between the roof sheathing 421 and wall top plate 413 to communicate the attic space 423 with the hollow eave 425. However, because each of the ceiling joists 415 are fastened to one side of an adjacent roof rafter 417, as shown in FIG. 6, the size and shape of the openings 431 are somewhat different from the size and shape of the openings 131 in FIG. 4. For the baffle boards 33 to properly fit into openings 431, corresponding alterations in the size and shape of the board must be made. Referring to FIG. 7, it is seen that the major difference between the opening 431 illustrated there and the opening 131 in FIG. 4 is that the lateral dimension of opening 431 is reduced by the thickness of one ceiling joist 415 at one side of the opening 431. It is noted that the ceiling joist 415 at the other side of opening 431 is on the remote side of the roof rafter 417 to which it is attached, and that roof rafter 417 inclines downwardly to join the wall top plate 413. The novel baffle board of this invention readily accommodates this roof construction. Since the longitudinal fold line 53 is spaced inwardly from fold line 51 a distance substantially equal to the standard thickness of roof framing members, the baffle board 33 is folded along the longitudinal fold line 53 from its end 47 to slit 43, and along fold line 51 from slit 43 to end 49. The baffle board 33 is also folded along longitudinal fold line 55 and along transverse fold line 37. This forms tabs 63A-C and tab 61C which are stapled in place to the roof rafters 417 in the same manner as was done in FIG. 5. The fold along fold line 53 forms tabs 61A" and 61B' which are stapled to ceiling joist 415. It will be appreciated that a building constructed with an offset roof as shown in FIGS. 6 and 6A will have openings between adjacent roof framing members, at the opposite side of the building which are the reverse of the openings 431. Looking from the attic space 423 toward these opposite openings, it will be understood that the ceiling joist 415 at the right side of the opening 431 will be set inside the adjacent roof rafter 417. The baffle board 33 of the present invention readily accommodates this construction by folding the board along the longitudinal fold line 57 from the end 47 to the slit 45, and folding along the line 55 from the slit 45 to the end 49. The other side of the baffle board 33 is folded entirely along the longitudinal fold line 51. The fold tabs are stapled in place to the roof rafters 417, 417 and to the one inside ceiling joist 415. It will also be appreciated that some offset roofs may be constructed with roof rafters which are notched to receive the wall top plate. This lowers the entire roof, and particularly, lowers the roof sheathing with respect to the wall top plate. In that case, it may be necessary, for example, when the roof framing members are 2×6's, to fold the baffle board 33 along transverse fold line 35 instead of fold line 37, as described above for FIGS. 7 and 7A. In accordance with the invention, the baffle board 33 accommodates use in virtually all offset roof constructions regardless of the width of the roof framing members employed. Thus, the baffle board 33 is folded and positioned in place in exactly the same manner as was described above for the various truss roof constructions, except that the appropriate longitudinal fold line means are selected to accomodate the inside ceiling joist. In accordance with the invention, the baffle board 33 is also adapted for use in offset roofs using ceiling joists attached at both sides of a roof rafter. This construction, sometimes referred to as a double offset roof, is employed, for example at load bearing walls. There, the width of the openings communicating the attic space with the eaves is reduced by twice the thickness of a standard roof framing member. Baffle board 33 is therefore folded along longitudinal fold lines 53 and 57, and along the appropriate transverse fold line 35, 37 according to the width of the ceiling joist, and is stapled in place to the inner faces of the roof framing member. As described above, the baffle board 33 accommodates use in a wide variety of standard roof constructions and is effective when insulating the ceiling to depths of about 8". It will be appreciated, however, that with some insulation materials, and particularly in the less temperate geographical areas, it may be desirable to insulate the ceilings to even greater depths, perhaps up to 15". In that case, a modified baffle board shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 and illustrated generally at 133 may be employed. The baffle board 133 is substantially identical to the baffle board 33 in all respects except that the distance from transverse fold line 137 to end 149 is substantially greater than the distance from transverse fold line 37 to end 49 for baffle board 33. The baffle board 133 accommodates use in truss and offset roofs and all of those standard roof constructions employing 2×4's or 2×6's as roof framing members. FIG. 8 illustrates baffle board 133 folded and installed in a truss roof 514 using 2×4 framing members 515, 517. It is seen there that the baffle board 133 provides an effective barrier for a substantially increased depth of insulation illustrated by dot-dash line 550. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications, variations, additions and omissions can be made in the baffle board in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. For example, the baffle boards 33 and 133 can be constructed so that the spacing between longitudinal fold lines 51, 55 is substantially equal to the spacing between roof framing members such as those which are approximately 24" on center. The spacing between those framing members is about 231/2" so that fold lines 51, 55 would also be spaced apart about 231/2". Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications, variations, additions and omissions of this invention, provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.	A baffle board for use in house construction to prevent loss of blown-in insulation through the eaves and yet to provide clearance ventilation space between the baffle board and the sheathing. The baffle board is a standard construction adapted for use in truss roofs and offset roofs, and with framing members of different standard widths. A generally rectangular piece of stiff material having plurality of both longitudinal and transverse score lines and slits for folding forms a baffle board which is quickly shapable for use in most standard roof constructions.	4
This is a division of application Ser. No. 498,344, filed May 26, 1983, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,491,590, which in turn is a division of application Ser. No. 349,809, filed Feb. 18, 1982, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,400,395, which in turn is a division of application Ser. No. 147,656, filed May 7, 1980, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,332,813, which in turn, is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 066,603, filed Aug. 15, 1979, now abandoned. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention is concerned with a novel class of enzyme inhibitors of the suicide or K cat type in which the latent reactive group is an allylsulfoxide which is in reversible equilibrium with an allyl sulfenate: ##STR1## Suicide enzyme inhibitors are substances bearing a latent reactive group that is unmasked by the target enzyme itself, and which after being unmasked, immediately reacts with the enzyme in an irreversible manner, inactivating it. Enzyme inhibitors of the suicide type are known in the art but until now almost invariably have employed a Michael acceptor as the reactive species and these are described by Walsh in Horizons Biochem. Biophys., 3, 36-81 (1977). The allylsulfoxide-allyl sulfenate equilibrium of reaction scheme (A) is also known in the art and has been studied as an interesting chemical reaction by Mislow et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 90, 4869 (1968); 92, 2100 (1970) and Evans et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 94, 3672 (1972). Generally, allylsulfoxides are unreactive, but allyl sulfenates are highly reactive electrophiles, and would be expected to capture almost any nucleophile (Nu) in an enzyme that happens to be near it at the moment it is formed: ##STR2## Usually the nucleophile is one from the protein portion (prosthetic group) of the enzyme, such as a sulfhydryl, amino, hydroxy, imidazolyl or the like. Once the nucleophile is sulfenylated, the enzyme is altered from its native, active form and can no longer function in its intended role as a biochemical catalyst. The allylsulfoxide-allyl sulfenate rearrangement is facilitated by the nature of the R group attached to the sulfur: the stronger the electron withdrawing nature of R the better, for example, p-nitrophenyl. Steric acceleration of the rearrangement is also provided by bulky o-substituent such as o-alkyl and o,o'-dialkyl when R is substituted-phenyl. Bulky groups such as alkyl and chloro substituted on the carbon chain adjacent to the sulfur atom also provide steric acceleration. In the present invention, the latency of the allylsulfoxide group is generally secured as a β- or γ-halosulfoxide wherein the halo is also β- to the carboxyl group of an α-amino acid which the target enzyme recognizes as a potential substrate. On attack by the enzyme the amino acid is decarboxylated, and splits out halide ion to produce the allylsulfoxide. In the present invention, the allyl sulfoxide type of inhibitor advantageously also is combined with other types of inhibitor in the same molecule such as the fluoromethyl dopa decarboxylase, histidine decarboxylase, or the tryptophane decarboxylase inhibitors. In these cases, the bifunctionality creates inhibitors with great efficiency, doubling the sites for nucleophilic attack, as shown below: ##STR3## The mechanism of inhibition, I→II→III is that of Kollonitsch et al., Nature, 274, 906 (1978). It is, therefore, an object of this invention to provide a group of novel organic sulfoxides wherein one of the substituents on the sulfur carries such other functional group or groups as to be a latent allyl group which becomes unmasked upon reaction with a target enzyme and which function as enzyme inhibitors of the suicide type. It is another object of this invention to provide a useful tool of biochemical research in the form of selective, very active enzyme inhibitors. It is a further object of this invention to provide means for inhibiting enzymes, both in vitro and in vivo with the novel organic sulfoxides of this invention. It is a still further object to provide a method of treating disease states, the progress of which is dependent on the activity of enzymes, which comprises the administration of an effective amount of an enzyme inhibitor of this invention. It is also an object of this invention to provide pharmaceutical formulations comprising one or more of the novel enzyme inhibitors of this invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION This invention comprises, as one embodiment, a new class of K cat or suicide enzyme inhibitors, which are organic sulfoxides of formula: ##STR4## or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X is hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, C 2-4 alkanoyloxy, toluenesulfonyloxy, benzenesulfonyloxy, C 1-3 alkanesulfonyloxy, p-nitrobenzoyloxy, or the like, or ##STR5## Y is hydrogen or ##STR6## and Z is fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, C 2-4 alkanoyloxy, toluenesulfonyloxy, benzenesulfonyloxy, C 1-3 -alkanesulfonyloxy, p-nitrobenzoyloxy, or the like, or ##STR7## or Y and Z taken together form ═CH 2 ; with the proviso that one and only one of X, Y and Z is a sulfoxide group, and one and only one of X and Z is fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, C 2-4 alkanoyloxy, toluenesulfonyloxy, benzenesulfonyloxy, C 1-3 alkanesulfonyloxy, p-nitrobenzoyloxy, or the like; wherein R is (a) phenyl, either unsubstituted or substituted with such as: (1) nitro, (2) cyano, (3) C 1-3 alkylsulfonyl, (4) C 1-3 alkoxycarbonyl, (5) o-C 1-3 alkyl, (6) o,o'-di(C 1-3 alkyl), or (7) di(trifluoromethyl); (b) trihalomethyl such as (1) trifluoromethyl, or (2) trichloromethyl; (c) 5-6 membered heteroaryl such as (1) thiazolyl, (2) imidazolyl, (3) pyridinyl, (4) pyrazinyl, (5) oxazolyl (6) pyrimidinyl, or (7) thienyl; and R 1 is (a) imidazol-4-yl, (b) 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl, (c) aminoethyl, (d) 5-hydroxyindol-3-yl, (e) 4-hydroxyphenyl, or (f) hydrogen. Many disease states of mammals, including humans, are known to depend for their progress on the activity or hyperactivity of particular enzymes and treatment of many of these diseases have been devised around inhibitors of these enzymes. Accordingly, the novel enzyme inhibitors of this invention have utility in the study of certain disease states and in their treatment. Generally the novel enzyme inhibitors of this invention produce the desired effect when administered at from 0.1 to about 500 mg/kg body weight, preferably at from 1 to about 50 mg/kg of body weight. The preferred form of delivery of the instant compounds to domestic animals is by solution in drinking water or by inclusion in preformulated feedstuffs. For human and animal administration, any of the usual pharmaceutical oral forms may be employed such as tablets elixirs, aqueous suspensions or the like comprising from about 0.1 to about 500 mg of the compounds of this invention. Sterile solutions (representatively given for human treatment) for injection comprising from about 0.1 to about 500 mg of the compounds of this invention given two or four times daily are also suitable means of delivery. Representative specific members of the new class of suicide enzyme inhibitors are shown in Table I along with the enzyme to be inhibited and the pharmacological or medical effect to be elicited. In each case, R represents o- or p-nitrophenyl, o- or p-cyanophenyl, o or p-methoxycarbonylphenyl, o- or p-methylsulfonylphenyl, o,p-di(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyridyl, 2-imidazolyl, 2-thienyl, 2-thiazolyl, 2-oxazolyl, o-methylphenyl, o-ethylphenyl, o-propylphenyl, o,o-di(methyl)phenyl, o,o-di(ethyl)phenyl, or o,o-di(propyl)phenyl. TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________ USE, PHARMACOLOGICAL ORINHIBITOR ENZYME INHIBITED MEDICAL EFFECT__________________________________________________________________________ ##STR8## histidine decarboxylase antihistamine ##STR9## ##STR10## histidine decarboxylase antihistamine ##STR11## ##STR12## dopa decarboxylase antihypertensive antiparkinson when administered with L-dopa ##STR13## ##STR14## dopa decarboxylase antihypertensive antiparkinson when administered with L-dopa ##STR15## ##STR16## ornithine decarboxylase anti-psoriasis anti-arthritis anti-cancer ##STR17## ##STR18## ornithine decarboxylase anti-psoriasis anti-arthritis anti-cancer ##STR19## ##STR20## ##STR21## tryptophan decarboxylase antiserotonin ##STR22## ##STR23## tryptophan decarboxylase antiserotonin ##STR24## ##STR25## tyrosine hydroxylase antihypertensive ##STR26## ##STR27## tyrosine hydroxylase antihypertensive ##STR28##__________________________________________________________________________ The novel process for preparing the novel compounds of this invention comprises oxidation of an aromatic thio compound of structure: ##STR29## wherein X 1 is hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, C 2-4 alkanoyloxy, toluenesulfonyloxy, benzenesulfonyloxy, C 1-3 alkanesulfonyloxy, p-nitrobenzoyloxy, or the like, or ##STR30## Y 1 is hydrogen or ##STR31## and Z 1 is fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, C 2-4 alkanoyloxy, toluenesulfonyloxy, benzenesulfonyloxy, C 1-3 alkanesulfonyloxy, p-nitrogenzoyloxy, or the like, or ##STR32## or Y and Z taken together form ═CH 2 ; with the proviso that one and only one of X, Y and Z is a thio group, and one and only one of X and Z is fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, C 2-4 alkanoyloxy, toluenesulfonyloxy, benzenesulfonyloxy, C 1-3 alkanesulfonyloxy, p-nitrobenzoyloxy, or the like; and R, and R 1 are as previously defined with the exception that any of the substituents which are sensitive to the conditions of oxidation of sulfide to sulfoxide carry protective groups. The oxidizing agent is such as 1-chlorobenzotriazole, H 2 O 2 /V 2 O 5 , SO 2 Cl 2 /H 2 O/silica gel, Cl 2 , Br 2 , NaIO 4 , acetyl nitrate, Tl(NO 3 ) 3 , or a peracid such as m-chlorperbenzoic acid, preferably the latter. The oxidation with a peracid is conducted at temperatures from -70° C. to about 30° C., preferably at about 0°-25° C., in an organic solvent such as an aromatic solvent, for example benzene, toluene or the like; or a chlorinated hydrocarbon such as tetrachloroethylene, chloroform, methylene chloride or the like, for times of a few minutes to about 4 hours. After the oxidation is substantially complete, any protective groups present are removed by standard procedures such as treatment with a strong organic acid such as trifluoroacetic acid to remove t-butyloxycarbonyl groups from amines and to cause deesterification; strong mineral acids to remove trityl groups from amines; and strong bases such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide to saponify esters. EXAMPLE 1 2-Fluoromethyl-3-(p-nitrophenylsulfinyl)histidine hydrochloride Step A: Preparation of N.sub.α -phthaloyl-2-fluoromethylhistidine methyl ester (1·I) ##STR33## 2-Fluoromethyl histidine methyl ester, 2.01 g (10 mmoles) and 1.48 g of phthalic anhydride (10 mmoles) are ground together in a mortar and then heated together 2 hours at 150° C. to form compound 1·I. Step B: Preparation of N Im -trityl-N.sub.α -phthaloyl-2-fluoromethylhistidine methyl ester (1·II) ##STR34## Compound 1·I, 331 mg (1 mmole), is treated with 278.5 mg (1 mmole) of trityl chloride in 25 ml of DMF containing 139 μl of triethylamine (1 mmole) overnight. The DMF is pumped off in vacuo and the residue is taken up in benzene, is washed with dilute aqueous sodium bicarbonate three times, then brine, then dried over K 2 CO 3 . Filtration and evaporation of the solvent affords 1·II. Step C: Preparation of N Im -trityl-N.sub.α -phthaloyl-2-fluoromethyl-2'-trimethylsilyl histidine methyl ester (1·III) ##STR35## Lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidide (LiTMP) (1 mmole) is prepared as follows: To 141 mg of TMP (1 mmole) in 10 ml of THF at -18° C. under N 2 is added 1 mmole of n-butyllithium. The solution is then aged 15 minutes at 0° C. To it is then added a solution of compound 1·II, 573 mg (1 mmole), in 10 ml of THF at -78° under N 2 . The reaction mixture is aged 30 minutes at -78° C. and 10 minutes at 0° C. and then treated at -78° C. with a solution of 127 μl (1 mmole) of trimethyl silyl chloride in 2 ml of THF. The reaction is allowed to warm to room temperature over 30 minutes. The solution of 1·III thus obtained is used directly in the next step. Step D: Preparation of N Im -trityl-N.sub.α -phthaloyl-2-fluoromethyl-3-(p-nitrophenylthio)-2'-trimethylsilylhistidine methyl ester (1·IV) ##STR36## The solution of 1·III from Step C is treated with a second mmole of LiTMP as before. Then at -78° C. this is added to a suspension of 308 mg (1 mmole) of very finely ground bis-(p-nitrophenyl)disulfide in 25 ml of THF. With vigorous stirring, this reaction mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature over 20 minutes, and then refluxed for 30 minutes. The solvent is evaporated, and the residue is taken up in 30 ml of benzene, washed twice with 1N aqueous NaOH, then with dilute aqueous HCl, then with brine. After drying over MgSO 4 , filtration and evaporation of the solvent, there is obtained compound 1·IV. Step E: Preparation of N Im -trityl-N.sub.α -phthaloyl-2-fluoromethyl-3-(p-nitrophenylsulfinyl)-2'-trimethylsilylhistidine methyl ester (1·V) ##STR37## To 798 mg of compound 1·IV (1 mmole) in 25 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 is added dropwise over 1 hour a solution of 203 mg of 85% pure MCPBA (net 172.6 mg; 1 mmole) in 20 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 . The solution is aged 30 minutes at 25° C. and washed successively with aqueous NaHCO 3 and brine. Evaporation gives compound 1·V. Step F: Preparation of N Im -trityl-N.sub.α -phthaloyl-2-fluoromethyl-3-(p-nitrophenylsulfinyl)-histidine (1·VI) ##STR38## Compound 1·V, 814 mg (1 mmole), is heated 2 hours at 50° C. with 30 ml of 2N NaOH in 3:2 (v/v) H 2 O--MeOH with stirring. Water, 50 ml, is then added, the pH is adjusted to 2.0 with aqueous HCl, and the product is extracted with 3×30 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 . The organic extracts are combined, washed with brine, dried with MgSO 4 , filtered and evaporated to provide compound 1·VI. Step G: Preparation of N Im -trityl-2-fluoromethyl-3-(p-nitrophenylsulfinyl)histidine (1·VII) ##STR39## The phthaloyl group is removed by refluxing 728 mg of compound 1·VI (1 mmole) with 96 mg of hydrazine hydrate (3 mmoles) in 20 ml of EtOH for 2 hours. Aqueous NaOH, 1 mmole, is added, and the reaction mixture is pumped to dryness at 0.1 Torr. Toluene is added and pumped off at 0.1 Torr to remove traces of hydrazine. The product is separated from phthaloyl hydrazide by taking it up in aqueous NaHCO 3 and washing with CH 2 Cl 2 . Evaporation of the water affords compound 1·VII as the sodium salt. Step H: Preparation of 2-fluoromethyl-3-(p-nitrophenylsulfinyl)histidine hydrochloride (1·VIII) ##STR40## Compound 1·VIII, 598 mg (620 mg as the Na salt) of (1 mmole), is refluxed 3 hours with 25 ml of 6N HCl in MeOH containing 5% by volume of water to remove the trityl group. The reaction mixture is evaporated to dryness in vacuo, triturated with ether, taken up in ethanol, filtered and evaporated to afford compound 1·VIII. EXAMPLE 2 2-([1-Fluoro-2-p-nitrophenylsulfinyl]ethyl)histidine hydrochloride Step A: Preparation of N-benzylidene histidine methyl ester (2·I) ##STR41## Histidine methyl ester, 185 mg (1 mmole), is treated with 1.06 g (1 mmole) of benzaldehyde in 25 ml of CHCl 3 for 3 hours. MgSO 4 , 0.2 g, is added for the last hour. The mixture is filtered and the solvent is evaporated, to leaving compound 2·I as a residue. Step B: Preparation of N Im -trityl-N.sub.α -benzylidene histidine methyl ester (2·II) ##STR42## Compound 2·I, 273 mg (1 mmole) is treated with 278.5 mg (1 mmole) of trityl chloride in 25 ml of DMF containing 139 μl of triethylamine (1 mmole) overnight. The DMF is pumped off in vacuo and the residue, taken up in benzene, is washed with dilute aqueous sodium bicarbonate three times, then brine, then dried with K 2 CO 3 . Filtration and evaporation of the solvent afford compound 2·II. Step C: Preparation of N Im -trityl-N.sub.α -benzylidene-2-(1-hydroxyethyl)histidine methyl ester (2·III) ##STR43## Compound 2·II, 516 mg (1 mmole), in 20 ml THF under N 2 at -78° C., is treated with 1 mmole of phenyllithium for 1 minute, forming the anion. Acetaldehyde, 44 mg (1 mmole) in 1 ml of THF is then added, and the mixture is allowed to warm slowly to room temperature. After evaporation of the solvent and replacement with CHCl 3 , the sample is washed with water, then brine, then dried with K 2 CO 3 and filtered. The filtrate is used directly in the next step. Step D: Preparation of N Im -trityl-N.sub.α -benzylidene-2-(1-tosyloxyethyl)histidine methyl ester (2·IV) ##STR44## To the solution of compound 2·III from Step C is added 0.5 ml of pyridine and then 190.5 mg (1 mmole) of tosyl chloride. After 30 minutes at 25° C. the solution is washed three times with water, once with brine, and dried with K 2 CO 3 and filtered. The filtrate is used directly in the next step. Step E: Preparation of N Im -trityl-N.sub.α -benzylidene-2-vinyl histidine methyl ester (2·V) ##STR45## The solution of compound 2·IV from Step D is evaporated, taken up in benzene and refluxed 3 hours with 124 mg (1 mmole) of diazabicyclononane (DBN). The solution is washed twice with water, once with brine, and dried with K 2 CO 3 . Filtration and evaporation afford compound 2·V. Step F: Preparation of N Im -trityl-2-vinylhistidinemethyl ester (2·VI) ##STR46## Compound 2·V from Step E is taken up in anhydrous ether and added dropwise over 10 minutes to a solution of 190 mg of p-TSA·H 2 O (1 mmole) in 20 ml of ether. The toslyate salt of 2·VI precipitates out. It is collected by decantation, and stirred with ether and aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The ether phase is separated from the aqueous layer, washed with brine, dried with K 2 CO 3 , filtered and evaporated to yield compound 2·VI. Step G: Preparation of N IM -trityl-2-vinyl-N.sub.α -BOC-histidine methyl ester (2·VII) ##STR47## Compound 2·VI, 454 mg (1 mmole), is stirred with 218 mg of (BOC) 2 O in 30 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 for 3 hours at 25° C. and then washed successively with water and brine, and dried with K 2 CO 3 . Filtration and evaporation provides compound 2·VII. Step H: Preparation of N Im -trityl-2-([1-chloro-2-p-nitrophenylthio]ethyl)-N.sub.α -BOC-histidine methyl ester (2·VIII) ##STR48## To 554 mg (1 mmole) of compound 2·VIII in 25 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 at -18° C. is added dropwise over 30 minutes a solution of 190 mg (1 mmole) of p-nitrophenylsulfenyl chloride in 10 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 . The reaction is aged 30 minutes at room temperature and evaporated to afford compound 2·VIII. Step I: Preparation of N Im -trityl-2-([1-fluoro-2-p-nitrophenylthio]ethyl)-N.sub.α -BOC-histidine methyl ester (2·IX) ##STR49## Compound 2·VIII, 744 mg (1 mmole), is stirred overnight in 30 ml of dry acetonitrile with 127 mg (1 mmole) of silver fluoride. The precipitated silver chloride is separated by centrifugation and the solvent is evaporated to afford compound 2·IX. Step J: Preparation of N Im -trityl-2-([1-fluoro-2-p-nitrophenylsulfinyl]ethyl)-N.sub.α -BOC-histidine methyl ester (2·X) ##STR50## To 727 mg of compound 2·IX (1 mmole) in 25 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 at 0° C. is added dropwise over 1 hour a solution of 172.6 mg (1 mmole); actually 203 mg of 85% pure) of MCPBA in 20 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 . The solution is aged 30 minutes at 25° C. and washed successively with aqueous NaHCO 3 and brine. Evaporation gives compound 2·X. Step K: Preparation of 2-([1-fluoro-2-p-nitrophenylsulfinyl]ethyl)histidine hydrochloride (2·XI) ##STR51## Compound 2·X, 745 mg, is treated with 60 mg of KOH (1.05 mmole) in 5 ml of MeOH for 2 hours at 45° C. to saponify the methyl ester. Then 25 ml 6N HCl in MeOH containing 5% by volume of water is added and the mixture is refluxed 3 hours to remove the trityl group. The reaction mixture is evaporated to dryness in vacuo, triturated with ether to remove trityl alcohol, and then taken up in 10 ml of ethanol. The KCl is filtered and the filtrate evaporated to afford compound 2·XI. EXAMPLE 3 2-(p-nitrophenylsulfinyl)-3-chlorohistidine hydrochloride Step A: Preparation of N Im -trityl imidazole-4-carboxaldehyde (3·I) ##STR52## Imidazole 4-carboxaldehyde, 96 mg (1 mmole), is treated with 278.5 mg (1 mmole) of trityl chloride in 25 ml of DMF containing 139 μl of triethylamine (1 mmole) overnight. The DMF is pumped off in vacuo and the residue, taken up in benzene, is washed with dilute aqueous NaHCO 3 three times, then brine, then dried with K 2 CO 3 , filtered and evaporated to afford compound 3·I. Step B: Preparation of N-BOC-S-p-nitrophenyl cysteine methyl ester (3·II) ##STR53## Cysteine N-BOC methyl ester, 235 mg (1 mmole), is treated with 24 mg of NaH (1 mmole) in dioxane with 20 mg of 15-crown-5, and then with 158 mg of p-chloronitrobenzene (1 mmole) at 100° C. for five hours. The dioxane is evaporated in vacuo, leaving crude 3·II. Step C: Preparation of S-p-nitrophenyl cysteine methyl ester (3·III) ##STR54## Crude II from Step B is taken up in 2 ml anisole and then treated at 0° C. for 11 minutes with 10 ml of TFA. The TFA and anisole are pumped off at 0.1 Torr at 30° C. and the residue partitioned between chloroform and aqueous 1N HCl. The aqueous layer is made to pH 9.0 with NaOH and extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 , providing a solution of compound 3·III. Step D: Preparation of N-benzylidene S-p-nitrophenyl cysteine methyl ester (3·IV) ##STR55## Compound 3·III, 256 mg (1 mmole), in 10 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 , is treated with 106 mg of benzaldehyde (1 mmole) for two hours at 25° C., then for a third hour with added MgSO 4 (100 mg). The solution is filtered and evaporated, affording compound 3·IV. Step E: Preparation of N Im -trityl N.sub.α -benzylidene 2-(p-nitrophenylthio)-3-hydroxy histidine methyl ester (3·V) ##STR56## Compound 3·IV, 344 mg (1 mmole), is treated at -78° in 10 ml of THF with one equivalent of PhLi. After one minute, compound 3·I, 338 mg (1 mmole), is added, and the reaction allowed to warm to room temperature over 30 minutes. The solvent is evaporated and the residue is taken up in ether, washed with water and brine, dried with K 2 CO 3 , filtered and evaporated to afford compound 3·V. Step F: Preparation of N Im -trityl N.sub.α -BOC 2-(p-nitrophenylthio)-3-hydroxy histidine methyl ester (3·VI) ##STR57## Compound 3·V, 682 mg (1 mmole), in 5 ml of anhydrous ether is added dropwise over 10 minutes to a solution of 190 mg of p-TSA·H 2 O (1 mmole) in 20 ml of ether. The tosylate salt of the free N.sub.α amine is collected by decantation, stirred with CH 2 Cl 2 and aqueous NaHCO 3 . The organic layer is dried over K 2 CO 3 . The solution is filtered and treated with 218 mg of BOC 2 O for three hours at 25° C. and then washed successively with water and brine, and dried with K 2 CO 3 . After filtration and evaporation, compound 3·VI is obtained. Step G: Preparation of N Im -trityl N 60 -BOC 2-(p-nitrophenylthio)-3-chloro histidine methyl ester (3·VII) ##STR58## Compound 3·VI, 694 mg (1 mmole), is treated with 5 ml of pure SOCl 2 for one hour and then pumped in vacuo, affording compound 3·VII. Step H: Preparation of N Im -trityl N.sub.α -BOC 2-(p-nitrophenylsulfinyl)-3-chloro histidine methyl ester (3·VIII) ##STR59## To 713 mg of compound 3·VII (1 mmole) in 25 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 at 0° C. is added dropwise over one hour a solution of 172.6 mg (1 mmole; actually 203 mg of 85% pure) of MCPBA in 20 ml of CH 2 Cl 2 . The solution is aged 30 minutes at 25° C. and washed successively with aqueous NaHCO 3 and brine to afford, after evaporation, compound 3·VIII. Step I: Preparation of N Im -trityl N.sub.α -BOC 2-(p-nitrophenylsulfinyl)-3-chloro histidine (3·IX) ##STR60## Compound 3·VIII, 729 mg (1 mmole), is treated with 60 mg of KOH in 5 ml of MeOH for two hours at 45° C. to saponify the methyl ester, affording compound 3·IX in solution. Step J: Preparation of 2-(p-nitrophenylsulfinyl)-3-chloro histidine hydrochloride (3·X) ##STR61## To the solution of compound 3·IX from Step I is added 25 ml of 6N HCl in methanol+5% water. The mixture is refluxed three hours to remove the trityl and BOC groups. The product 3·X is isolated by evaporating the methanol, triturating with ether, taking it up in 10 ml of ethanol, filtration and evaporation. The pharmaceutical formulations of this invention are illustrated in the following Examples which are meant to be illustrative only and not limiting with respect to type of formulation, nature of pharmaceutical carrier or proportions of ingredients. EXAMPLE 4 ______________________________________ TABLET Per tablet, mg.______________________________________Levodopa 2502-Fluoromethyl-3-(4-nitro- 25phenylsulfinyl)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanineLactose 79.0Starch, corn 65.0Hydroxypropyl cellulose 8.0(as 2% in ethanol)Add:Starch, corn 55.0Guar gum 55.0Magnesium stearate 4.0______________________________________ The first four components are reduced to a fine powder by milling and remixing. The mixture is granulated with the hydroxypropyl cellulose solution. The wetted mass is passed through a No. 10 stainless steel screen and dried in the dark at 100° F. The dried granules are passed through a No. 20 stainless steel screen, and the additional quantity of corn starch, guar gum and magnesium stearate added. The mixture is compressed using a 1/2" standard curvature punch into tablets and the tablet may be coated with a conventional protective film containing various types of cellulose polymers, dyes and opacifying agents. EXAMPLE 10 Injectable Preparation 2-(p-Nitrophenylsulfinyl)-3-chlorohistidine hydrochloride 25 mg. Pyrogen fee water to 1 ml. Sterilize by filtration and seal under nitrogen.	Organic sulfoxides having a latent allyl group bound to the sulfur are enzyme inhibitors of the suicide or K cat type.	2
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to an entertainment device and in particular to an entertainment device which allows a player to rearrange the combinations of a plurality of movable elements in the form of groups or sets of six elements to achieve a desired result by rotating a plurality of manual rotating knobs. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Intellectual entertainment toys are available in the market which require the players to play the "games" with their intelligence in order to achieve a desired result or to win the game. For example, the so-called "magic square" has been a very popular intellectual games for more than a decade, which comprises a cubic body having six faces each comprised of nine (three times three) square elements or blocks. The elements or blocks have different outside color and are movable between different faces of the cubic body by being rotated about a central join. The player moves the elements or blocks to achieve such a result that all the elements having the same color are moved to the same face of the cubic body. Although the magic square is a very interesting toy, it is getting out of fashion. For many years, there has no new intellectual toy developed and the present invention is to provide a new intellectual toy. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Therefor, an object of the present invention is to provide an intellectual entertainment device. Another object of the present invention is to provide an intellectual entertainment device which allows an unlimited expansion of the device so as to increase the complication and difficulty in playing the game. To achieve the above objects, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an entertainment device comprising at least three sets of six movable elements and each of the elements of each of the sets is substantially in the form of a regular triangle. The elements of different sets are differently colored or marked. The six elements of each set are arranged around a primary center point of the set and defining a circumscribed circle. The center points of the three sets are arranged to define an auxiliary regular triangle with the circumscribed circles thereof tangential to each other. The auxiliary regular triangle has a center which defines a secondary center point surrounded by six of the elements that are from the sets associated with the auxiliary angle so that each of the primary center points and the secondary center point has six of such movable elements surrounding it. Each of the center point also has a driving mechanism associated therewith, which comprises a rotating knob manually operable to rotate the driving mechanism about the associated center point and a coupling member which selectively couples the six associated elements to the rotating knob so as to allow the elements to be selectively moved along a circular path around the associated center point. By selectively rotating the driving mechanism of the center points, the movable elements which may be randomly positioned in different sets may be switched between different sets and eventually achieve a desired result. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention will be better understood from the following description of preferred embodiments thereof, with reference to the attached drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an entertainment device in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention which comprises seven sets of six movable elements; FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of the driving mechanism of each set of the movable elements together with the six movable elements; FIG. 3 is an exploded cross-sectional view of the driving mechanism shown in FIG. 2 as well as the movable elements; FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional view of the driving mechanism shown in FIG. 2 in an assembled condition; FIG. 4 is a top plan view of the entertainment device shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a portion of the entertainment device of the present invention showing the spatial relationship between the movable elements and the associated three center points; FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the entertainment device showing the condition when the rotating knob of the driving mechanism is not actuated; FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 6, but showing the condition that the rotating knob is actuated and resilient arms are deflected to allow the movable elements to be moved; and FIGS. 8 and 9 are top plan views showing two different embodiments of the present invention in which the entertainment device of the present invention comprises six and five sets of six movable elements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT With reference to the drawings and in particular to FIGS. 1 and 4, wherein an intellectual entertainment device constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown, the entertainment device of the present invention comprises a substantially flat body 1 having a base 10 defined by a bottom 101 and surrounding side walls 102 (also see FIGS. 6 and 7) and a cover 2 positioned on and covering the base 10 to define therebetween an interior space 20 (see FIGS. 6 and 7). The cover 2 defines a plurality of sets of openings 21 on a top surface 22 thereof. In accordance with the present invention, each opening set comprises six openings 21 distributed around a common center point PC and each occupying an angle of approximately 60 degrees and substantially in the form of a regular triangle so that the six openings 21 of the set may be regarded as six regular triangles constituting a hexagon. Also referring to FIGS. 2, 3 and 3A, in accordance with the present invention, each of the openings 21 has a movable element 50 associated therewith which is movably disposed within the interior space 20 of the body 1 so that each opening set has six movable elements 50 associated therewith which define a unit or a set of movable elements. Thus each unit comprises six movable elements 50 arranged to surround the center point PC and define an imaginary circle that circumscribes the six movable elements 50 and centered at the center point PC. In the embodiment illustrated, there are seven sets of the openings 21 and seven associated sets of movable elements 50, including a central set and six circumferential sets surrounding the central set. The sets are arranged in such a way that any three of them constitute an auxiliary regular triangle so that any two adjacent ones of the six openings 21 of the central set have a common connection point between the adjacent outer apexes thereof which defines a secondary center point SC that is located at the center of the auxiliary regular triangle defined between the central set and two associated circumferential sets. Due to the geometric feature of the hexagon, each of the secondary centers SC may also be regarded as having six openings 21 and the associated elements 50 surrounding it. In the following description, the central set and the six circumferential sets will also be referred as primary sets or primary units, while the secondary centers and the associated openings will be referred to as secondary set or secondary unit. (It should be noted that the secondary sets are in general comprised of portions of adjacent primary sets.) Describing in a more generic way, the entertainment device of the present invention comprises at least three sets of six regular-triangular elements and each set defines a center point PC surrounded by the six elements 50 and a circumscribed circle surrounding the six elements 50. The center points PC of any three of the sets are arranged in the auxiliary regular triangle with the circumscribed circles tangential to each other. The center of the triangle defined by the center points of the three sets defines the secondary center point SC. Each of the elements 50 has at most three center points PC or SC associated therewith, respectively at the three apexes thereof. Quite obviously, the geometry may be unlimitedly expanded or reduced if desired by treating each of the six circumferential set as a central set. For example, FIGS. 8 and 9 respectively show different embodiments of the present invention, respectively designated with reference numerals 1A and 1B, in which the entertainment device of the present invention comprises six and five sets of the movable elements. For simplicity, the following description will be given basically based on the preferred embodiment illustrated in the drawings and the expansion will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The center point PC or SC of each of the primary and secondary units has a driving device or mechanism associated therewith to allow a player to rotate the movable elements 50 about the center point PC or SC. The driving device of the secondary center point SC allows the movable elements 50 to be switched between two associated primary units and by doing so, all the elements 50 may be moved between any two sets by means of the driving devices of properly selected sets. The driving device comprises a support pin 12 (see FIGS. 6 and 7) fixed to the bottom of the base 1 and extending upward therefrom toward the cover 2. The support pin 12 is located at the center point PC or SC of the primary or secondary unit associated with the driving device and defines a rotational axis of the driving device which is coincident with the center point PC or SC. A driving disk 3 takes the form of a circular disk having a central axle 31 extending upward from an upper side or surface of the driving disk 3 and a blind hole 30 formed on a lower side of the driving disk 3 and extending substantially co-axially with the axle 31 to fit over the support pin 12 in the base 1 for positioning the driving device at the center point of the unit. A control member 4 comprises a ring 49 and a hub 44 connected together with spokes 47 so as to define a plurality of partitioned spaces between the ring 49 and the hub 44 for accommodating therein a plurality of resilient arms 42 therein which radially extend from the hub 44, each being associated with one of the elements 50 of the unit associated with the driving device and having at least one (preferably two as shown in the drawings) anchoring pin 43 mounted thereto and extending upward therefrom. Preferably, the spokes 47 and the resilient arms 42 are arranged to alternate with each other. The resiliency of the alms 42 allows the arms 42 to deflect which causes the anchoring pins 43 to move substantially in a direction parallel with the axis of the driving device. The ring 49 has formed on an upper edge at least one (preferably two as shown in the drawings) driving pin 45 associated with each of the resilient arms 42, the driving pin 45 being fixed to the ring 49 and extending upward therefrom to be substantially parallel with the associated anchoring pin 43. The hub 44 has a center bore 40 rotatably fit over the axle 31 of the driving disk 3 so as to have the ring 49 to be substantially co-axial with the driving disk 3 and the associated center point PC or SC. To prevent the control member 4 from disengaging from the axle 31 of the driving disk 3, the hub 44 is provided with inward projection 441 inside the central bore 40 and corresponding to the projection 441, the axle 31 is provided with at least one resilient barb 33 which is engageable the projection 441 of the hub 44 so as to limit the axial movement of the control ring 4 with respect to the driving disk 3. The driving pins 45 that, in the embodiment illustrated, are provided on the ring 49 are arranged to be associated with each of the spokes 47. The ring 49 is to make the spokes 47 more rigid in resisting deflection. Thus, the ring 49 may be eliminated and the spokes 47 formed as cantilever arms similar the resilient arms 49 but having a great bending moment of inertia so that the spokes 47 are regarded as being rigid and incapable to deflect (thus the spokes 47 being also referred to as rigid arms hereinafter) with the driving pins 45 fixed on the spokes 47 in the proximity of the spokes 47. In this case, there would be six resilient arms 42 and six spokes (or rigid arms) 47 alternating each other. The ring 49 also has a plurality of notches 46 formed on an lower edge thereof. Preferably, the notches 46 are equally spaced along the lower edge of the ring 49. Corresponding to the notches 46, the driving disk 3 has a plurality of projections 32 formed on the upper side thereof and receivable within the associated notches on the ring 49 when the control member 4 is fit over the axle 31 of the driving disk 3 and positioned on the upper side of the driving disk 3. In accordance with the present invention, the notches 46 and the projections 32 are configured to provide a camming engagement therebetween so that when a relative rotation occurs between the control member 4 and the driving disk 3, the camming engagement causes an upward force on the control member 4 which urges the control member 4 upward and away from the upper side of the driving disk 3. In the embodiment illustrated, the notches 46 takes the form of a triangle having two opposite inclined faces. The projections 32 are also triangular in shape having two inclined sides and substantially complementary to the associated notches 46 so as to have the two inclined sides of the projection 32 in surface contact with the two inclined faces of the associated notch 46. Any rotation of the control member 4 relative to the driving disk 3 causes a sliding motion between one of the two inclined faces of the notch 46 and the associated inclined side of the projection 32 which urges the control member 4 upward and away from the driving disk 3. The control member 4 also has a plurality of holding pins 41 formed on the lower side thereof and extending downward therefrom. Corresponding to the holding pins 41, the driving disk 3 has a plurality of elongated slots 34 formed thereon to receive the holding pins 41 to extend therethrough. The slots 34 has a circumferential length which allows the driving disk 3 and the control member 4 to rotate relative to each other to such an angular extent which allows the control member 4 to be moved away from the driving disk 3 a predetermined distance. In an alternative embodiment, the slots 34 are replaced by circumferential cut-outs or notches formed on the driving disk 3. The holding pins 41 has such a length which allows the pins 41 to extend through the associated slots 34 on the driving disk 3 and partially received within a corresponding holes 11 (see FIGS. 6 and 7) formed on the bottom of the base 1. The portion of the holding pins 41 that is received within the associated holes 11 is corresponding to or less than the predetermined distance that the control member 4 can be moved away from the driving disk 3. The operation is that the driving disk 3 is rotated while the control member 4 is positioned on the upper side of the driving disk 3 and the holding pins 41 are received within the holes 11 of the base 1 which temporarily prevents the control member 4 from rotation. The rotation of the driving disk 3 eventually causes the control member 4 to move, in the upward direction, the predetermined distance away from the driving disk 3 due to the camming engagement between the notches 46 of the control member 4 and the driving disk 3. The holding pins 41 are thus withdrawn out of the holes 11 and the holding pins 41 are then moved circumferentially relative to the slots 34 of the driving disk 3 due to the relative rotation and brought into contact engagement with the circumferential ends of the slots 34 so that further rotating the driving disk 3 drives the control member 4 to rotate in unison therewith with the control member 4 separated from the driving disk 3. The resiliency of the resilient arms 42 helps springing the control member 4 back into disposition on the driving disk 3 when the control member 4 is rotated 60 degrees or an integer multiple of 60 degrees which moves the elements 50 to the previous positions of the next elements 50. Each of the triangular elements 50 of the set is associated with one of the resilient arms 42 and the associated rigid arms 47. Each of the elements 50 has formed on an underside three groups of recesses to be respectively associated with the at most three center point associated with the element, each groups comprising at least one cavity 51 corresponding in position and number to the anchoring pin 43 of the associated resilient arm 42 and at least one hole 52 corresponding in position and number to the driving pin 45 of the rigid arm 47. In the embodiment illustrated, there are two such cavities 51 and two such holes 52. As can be seen from drawings 1, 4 and 5 and described above, each of the element 50 may be at most associated with three of the units of the device so that the three groups of recesses are respectively associated with the three units. FIG. 5 particularly shows the condition. The cavity 51 and the anchoring pin 43 and the hole 52 and the driving pin 45 have such sizes that the element 50 is supported on the control member 4 by means of contact engagement between a top end of the anchoring pin 43 that is received within the cavity 51 and a bottom of the cavity 5 1with the driving pin 45 being located outside and not engaged with the hole 52. The anchoring pin 43 that is received within the cavity 51 of the element 50 serves to hold the element 50 in position with respect to the center point of the unit, see FIGS. 6 and 3A. The upward movement of the control member 4 caused by the relative rotation between the control member 4 and the driving disk 3 (through the camming engagement between the triangular projections 32 of the driving disk 3 and the notches 46 of the control member 4) applies a force to the resilient arm 42 by means of the contact engagement between the top end of the anchoring pin 43 and the cavity 51 which deflects the resilient arm 42 and allows the driving pin 45 to get into the holes 52 (see FIG. 7). Thus, when the relative rotation of the driving disk 3 with respect to the control member 4 eventually rotate the control member 4 in unison therewith, the control member 3, with the driving pin 45 received within the hole 52 of the element 50, drives the element 50 to follow the driving disk 3. In accordance with the present invention, the cavity 51 and the top end of the associated anchoring pin 43 are configured to provide a camming action therebetween so that when one of the three units is actuated to rotate, while the remaining two units are not, the camming action of the element 50 associated with said remaining two units allows the element 50 to be disengaged from the anchoring pins 45 of said remaining two units and moved by said one unit by having the hole 52 associated with said one unit engaged by the driving pin 45 of the associated rigid arm 47 of said one unit. For example, the top end of the anchoring pin 43 may be rounded and the cavity 51 has a conic configuration as shown in the drawings. The axle 31 of the driving disk 3 has such a length that extends higher than the elements 50 and projects out of a corresponding hole formed on the top surface 22 of the cover 2 so as to allow a cap 6 having a bore 61 to forcibly fit thereon. The cap 6 partially prevents the cover 2 from separating from the base 1 and thus helps holding the driving disk 3, the control member 4 and the triangular elements 40 in position inside the interior space 20 between the base 1 and the cover 2. The engagement between the cap 6 and the axle 31 of the driving disk 3 is such that they are rotatable in unison with each other so as to allow the player to rotate the driving disk 3 via the cap 6. In this respect, the cap 6 may be provided with ribs on the outside surface thereof. If desired, a holding ring 13 having a central bore 130 sized to rotatably fit over the axle 31 is provided and positioned on the elements 50 to be in contact with the inner apex of each of the elements 50. This helps holding the elements 50 in position. A shoulder 311 may be provided on the axle 31 to support the holding ring 13. Although the preferred embodiment has been described to illustrate the present invention, it is apparent that changes and modifications in the specifically described embodiments can be carried out without departing from the scope of the present invention which is intended to be limited only by the appended claims.	An entertainment device includes at least three sets of six movable elements and each of the elements of each of the sets is substantially in the form of a regular triangle. The elements of different sets are differently colored or marked. The six elements of each set are arranged around a primary center point of the set and defining a circumscribed circle. The center points of the three sets are arranged to define an auxiliary regular triangle with the circumscribed circles thereof tangential to each other. The auxiliary regular triangle has a center which defines a secondary center point surrounded by six of the elements that are from the sets associated with the auxiliary angle so that each of the primary center points and the secondary center point has six of such movable elements surrounding it. Each of the center point also has a driving mechanism associated therewith, which includes a rotating knob manually operable to rotate the driving mechanism about the associated center point and a coupling member which selectively couples the six associated elements to the rotating knob so as to allow the elements to be selectively moved along a circular path around the associated center point. By selectively rotating the driving mechanism of the center points, the movable elements which may be randomly positioned in different sets may be switched between different sets and eventually achieve a desired result.	0
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to upright vacuum cleaners and, more particularly, concerns power assisted upright vacuum cleaners. 2. Description of the Prior Art Of the various types of vacuum cleaners, one is an upright vacuum cleaner. The upright vacuum cleaner generally includes a base unit attached to a shaft/handle structure designed to be moved as an entire unit along a floor covering, such as carpet, in order to suction up dirt, debris, and other objects. The base unit of the upright vacuum cleaner is supported on an axle having two wheels, and includes an operating motor that drives an impeller to provide suction to the base unit so that dirt, dust, and other debris or particulate matter from the floor can be deposited in a disposable bag. The base unit additionally includes a rotating agitator brush which also makes contact with the floor to assist in the cleaning process. The agitator brush is generally connected to the drive or suction motor via a belt so as to rotate the agitator brush when the impeller and vacuum cleaner is on. In those vacuum cleaners of the prior art that do not have an internal drive system so as to be power assisted or self propelled, the vacuum cleaner is manually moved by the operator along the floor by exerting a pushing or pulling motion on the handle and shaft generally pivotally connected to the base unit. A considerable amount of force may be required to push or pull the vacuum cleaner over certain floor coverings, especially carpets such as deep pile or shag carpet. In addition, many of the vacuum cleaners are relatively heavy due to the weight of their operating motors and other components. Because of this, many vacuum cleaners have been provided with an internal drive system to assist the operator in propelling the cleaner in forward and reverse directions. These power assisted vacuum cleaners generally comprise an internal drive system disposed within the base unit including some type of transmission. Transmissions of the prior art have included independent bidirectional motors which engage the drive wheels to provide forward and reverse driving modes, and operator controlled clutches providing forward and reverse driving modes connected to the vacuum cleaner suction motor via a belt or gear arrangement. In all cases, the transmission forming a part of the drive system is mounted integrally with or directly on the axle of the drive wheels, or alternatively connected to the axle of the drive wheels via belts and pulleys. In the case of transmissions incorporating operator controlled clutches, the drive system is made rotationally operable through connection of the vacuum cleaner suction motor with the transmission via belts and pulley or gears. Thus, since the transmissions of the prior art are all connected to the vacuum cleaner suction motor, the drive system cannot be slowed down without decreasing the speed of the suction motor, consequently decreasing the suction power of the vacuum. The bidirectional motors of the prior art suffer from jerking motion and rough start up, since the motor must reverse its rotational direction when the operator wishes to change from a forward to a reverse direction or from a reverse to a forward direction. The rapid and recurrent direction changes associated with vacuum cleaning in general reduces the brush life and the overall life expectancy of the motor, as well as being tiresome to the operator. Typically, the internal drive system is placed in either a neutral or inoperative mode whenever the drive wheels are not to be driven or in an operative mode whenever the drive wheels are to propel the cleaner, either in a forward or reverse direction. The modes of the drive system are determined, in some vacuum cleaners of the prior art, by the movement of a slidable handle grip on the distal end of the handle shaft. The handle grip is to connected to a Bowden or other type of sheathed cable which is in turn connected to the transmission unit of the drive system. Thus, when the operator pushes the vacuum cleaner in the forward direction the handle is pushed forward moving the attached cable forward thereby engaging the drive wheels in the forward direction, when the operator pulls the vacuum cleaner in the reverse direction the handle is pulled backward moving the attached cable such that the drive wheels are engaged in the reverse direction. The control systems of the prior art, however, were abrupt when changing directions as the transmission was either fully engaged or disengaged. Further, there was a tendency to have a slapping action thus giving a jerking motion or feeling when the control systems of the prior art engaged the transmission. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, the present invention provides in an upright vacuum cleaner a reversing clutch integral with the drive axle driven by a unidirectional transmission drive motor separate from the suction motor, thereby providing a power assisted upright vacuum cleaner. The present invention further provides in an upright vacuum cleaner with a power assist, an adjustable transmission response unit disposed in the operator control assembly providing the operator with variable transmission engagement depending on the type of response desired. By providing a separate unidirectional AC motor directly connected to the transmission gearing, the transmission speed and therefore the vacuum cleaner speed is not dependent upon the suction motor, and thus suction power is not decreased upon a speed reduction of the transmission speed. Further, by providing an independent unidirectional motor, there are no reversals of the motor which degrade motor performance and shorten the life expectancy. The transmission is also in a direct drive relationship with the unidirectional motor and with the axle of the drive wheels allowing easy assembly within the vacuum cleaner housing without cumbersome belt hookups. By providing the control mechanism with a variable transmission response assembly, the operator may choose the type of transmission response they desire from the control assembly. The transmission response assembly can be set such that the transmission is either slowly or quickly engaged or disengaged upon actuation of the control assembly by the operator. An upright vacuum cleaner is provided with a transmission drive system integral with the axle of the drive wheels having a unidirectional AC motor separate from the suction motor connected by a pinion gear to a clutch gear of the transmission. A clutch actuator selectively engages the clutch gearing depending on the desired direction of motion through an operator controlled Bowden or sheathed cable attached to the handle of the vacuum cleaner. Movement of the handle in the forward or reverse direction respectively determines the direction of movement of the base unit controlled by the transmission. An operator controlled transmission response assembly is connected at the handle which allows the operator to set the engagement response of the transmission in reaction to handle movement such that a slow response requires a maximum handle displacement and a fast response requires a minimum handle displacement. It is thus an object of the present invention to provide a power assisted upright vacuum cleaner with a smooth transition transmission whose rotational speed is independent from the suction motor. It is further an object of the present invention to provide a power assisted upright vacuum cleaner having an adjustable operator control response. It is still further an object of the present invention to provide a power assisted upright vacuum cleaner that is easy to assemble. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The above mentioned and other features and objects of this invention, and the manner of attaining them, will become more apparent and the invention itself will be better understood by reference to the following description of embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is an elevational view of an upright vacuum cleaner; FIG. 2 is an enlarged, cutaway elevational rear view of the vacuum cleaner depicted in FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a front elevational view of the transmission unit of the present invention depicted in a neutral position; FIG. 4 is a side elevational view of the transmission unit of the present invention; FIG. 5 is an elevational perspective view of a handle assembly embodying the neutral return mechanism; FIG. 6 is an exploded view of the clutch pack assembly; FIG. 7 is an elevational perspective view of the adjustable transmission response device; FIG. 8 is a front elevational view of the adjustable transmission response device depicted in its maximum movement and slow response mode; FIG. 9 is a front elevational view of the adjustable transmission response device depicted in its minimum movement and fast response mode; FIG. 10 is an exploded view of the transmission gear assembly; and FIG. 11 is perspective view of the adjustable transmission response device shown in the handle. Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views. The exemplifications set out herein illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention, in one form thereof, and such exemplifications are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to FIG. 1 there is illustrated a power assisted upright vacuum cleaner 20 constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention. Vacuum cleaner 20 comprises a base unit 22 having a cover or hood 24 with a front end 26, a rear end 28, and a bottom edge 32 supported by a pair of wheels 30 and 31 (see FIG. 2). Base unit 22 forms a vacuum chamber in which is disposed an agitator brush 22. driven by a suction motor 63(see FIG. 2). Base unit 22 further includes a height adjuster lever 34 for increasing or decreasing the height of the base unit 22 thereby accommodating varying heights of floor coverings in order to provide optimum vacuum cleaning. A drive system housing 36 is pivotally mounted in a central recess 38 of base unit 22, and houses, as hereinbelow described, the drive system of the present invention. An elongated handle tube 40 is connected on one end to the drive system housing 36 and terminates with a handle assembly 42 on the distal end thereof. Handle assembly 42 includes a handle grip 44 and a thumbwheel 46, described hereinbelow in conjunction with FIGS. 7-9, for adjusting transmission response. Attached to handle tube 40 is a power cord 48 and a particulate collection bag 50 being connected to handle tube 40 via spring retainer 52. Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown the drive system comprising the transmission assembly 68 as mounted within the vacuum cleaner drive system housing 36. The transmission assembly 68 is mounted directly on or made integral with axle 54 supported by axle bearings 56 and 57 and axle support 58, terminating at attached wheels 30 and 31. Cover 24 is shown supported by supports 60 and 61 which permit the base unit 22 to be pivotable on a horizontal plane to adjust the height of the base unit 22 through height adjuster 34. Also disposed within drive system housing 36 is a suction assembly 62 which includes a suction motor 63 in communication with an impeller housing 64 having an internal impeller (not shown) and a suction conduit 65. The suction assembly 62 has a motor and system for providing suction power to suction up the dirt and debris from the floor covering into the base unit 22 and into the bag 50. The suction motor 63 is independent of the drive system of the present invention and thus does not drive and constrain the drive speed of the vacuum cleaner power assist. The transmission assembly 68, with reference to FIGS. 3, and 6, includes a cable support 70, a clutch actuator lever 72, and a clutch actuator 74 pivotable around actuator pivot 75, while a sheathed cable 66 controls the clutch actuator 74 being attached to the clutch actuator lever 72. Movement of cable 66 causes the clutch actuator 74 to pivot around actuator pivot 75 from its center neutral position depending on the direction of cable movement, that is either pulling or pushing. In addition, the transmission assembly 68 includes a transmission motor 76 mounted on motor support/inner axle bearing 78, and a clutch pack 80. Clutch pack 80, as shown in FIG. 6, is a dual opposed system designed such that unidirectional rotational motion from transmission motor 76 may be translated to bidirectional rotation of axle 54, thus providing forward and reverse movement. Clutch pack 80 includes a collar 82 on which is identically mounted on both sides, in placement order, an inner thrust bearing 84 (no counterpart shown), an inner bearing race 86 (no counterpart shown), bevel ring gears 88 and 89, gear pads 90 and 91, washer 92 (no counterpart shown), spiral wave springs 94 and 95, force plates 97 and 98, outer thrust bearings 98 and 99, and outer bearing race 100 (no counterpart shown). The clutch pack 80 is mounted on or made integral with axle 54 as depicted in FIGS. 2 and 3. The transmission motor 76 is a typical unidirectional AC induction motor mounted on the motor support 78 disposed above the clutch pack 80. Referring to FIG. 4, the transmission assembly 68 further includes a motor shaft 102 extending into a motor gear assembly 104 as motor shaft 102 imparts its rotational velocity to output shaft 106 which has a bevel pinion gear 108 attached on its output end. As shown in FIG. 10, gear assembly 104 is disposed in gearbox housing 136 which contains the gearing linking motor shaft 102 with output shaft 106. Motor shaft 102 extends through gearbox housing cover 138 rotatably supported by motor shaft cover bearing 140 and has a motor shaft output gear 142 and a motor shaft intermediate gear 144 disposed thereon, the motor shaft 102 rotatably supported in motor shaft housing bearing 146. The output shaft 106 is rotatably supported in output shaft housing bearing 148 and has secondary output shaft Gear 150 and an output shaft intermediate Gear 152 disposed thereon in meshing engagement with the motor shaft output gear 142 and the motor shaft intermediate gear 144 so as to be rotated thereby, the output shaft 106 being rotatably supported in gearbox housing cover 138 by output shaft cover bearing 154. The gearbox housing cover 138 is attached to the gearbox housing 136 by two screws 156 of which only one is shown that are received in gearbox housing screw bores 158 of which only one is shown. The gear assembly 104 thus connects motor shaft 102 to output shaft 106, while gear assembly 104 may include reduction gearing providing a 10:1 three step gear reduction, or other suitable ratio and steps as well as having no reduction gearing at all. Bevel pinion gear 108 engages and rotates both of bevel ring gears 88 and 89 in opposite directions depending on the desired direction of movement (forward or reverse) which is determined by the direction of pivot of the clutch actuator 74 which pushes one force plate 96 or 97 of the clutch pack 80 into engagement with the respective bevel gear 88 or 89 thus causing rotation to be imparted to axle 54 determined by the operator by movement of cable 66 through handle 44. The actuation of clutch actuator 74 is accomplished through action by the operator from forward and reverse movement of the handle 44 being in communication with the clutch actuator through cable 66. As shown in FIG. 3, the transmission motor 76 is connected via power cord 48 and plug 49 to an electrical source (not shown). An on/off switch 110 is provided as well as an electronic speed control unit 112 having, a manually or an automatically controlled speed adjust mechanism 114 between the electrical source and transmission motor 76. The speed control unit 112 is thus in series with the transmission motor power supply (not shown) and includes a triac (not shown) for varying the phase of the power supply current to control the motor speed. By varying the phase of the power supply current to the transmission motor 76, the output to the drive axle 54 and thus the speed of the vacuum cleaner is controlled. The speed control unit 112 can thus be either a manual control regulated by the operator or an automatic control regulated by the vacuum cleaner in response to torque transmitted back to the motor or any other scheme which accomplishes the same result. Particularly in reference to FIG. 5, the sheathed cable 66 controlling clutch actuator 74 through clutch actuator lever 72 may be connected to a transmission touch control unit 115 located in handle grip 44. The transmission touch control unit 115 comprises a spring retainer 116, housing two springs 118 and 119 being separated by a piston mechanism 120 to which the sheathed cable 66 is connected. Transmission touch control unit 115 works in conjunction with the spiral wave springs 94 and 95 located integral with the clutch pack 80 (see FIG. 6) to provide a smoothness to the actuating of the transmission. As the handle grip 44is pushed in a forward direction or pulled in a reverse direction, depending on the desired direction of vacuum cleaner travel, springs 118 and 119 along with the spiral wave springs 94 and 95 keep the gears 88 and 89 properly engaged with the pinion gear 108 and are also used in biasing the transmission to a neutral position when not in use. As the operator lets go of the handle or is no longer pushing or pulling the handle grip 44, springs 118 and 119 along with piston mechanism 120 and spiral wave springs 94 and 95 (FIG. 6) force the transmission assembly 68 into a neutral position by biasing the clutch actuator 74 such that neither force plate 96 or 97 is in engagement with bevel gears 88 or 89. Referring now to FIGS. 7, 8, 9, and 11, the power assisted upright vacuum cleaner of the present invention includes in addition to the transmission touch control unit 115 or as an alternative to the transmission touch control unit 115 an adjustable actuator response assembly 121. The adjustable actuator response assembly 121 gives the operator of the power assisted upright vacuum cleaner of the present invention the ability to select the actuation level of the vacuum cleaner 20 and transmission in response to a given amount of force or movement applied to the handle grip 44. The adjustable response assembly 121 thus allows the operator to selectively adjust the tension of the handle grip 44 such that the vacuum cleaner 20 and transmission assembly 68 either slowly or quickly responds to a given amount of force or movement, when moving the handle grip 44 in a forward or reverse direction. The distance the handle grip 44 travels before the transmission assembly 68 is engaged and the vacuum cleaner 20 overcomes the frictional force of the floor covering to the wheels 30 and 31, determines the type of response. Depending on the setting of the adjustable response assembly 121, the travel distance of the handle grip 44 may be either short or long corresponding to a quick or slow response of the vacuum cleaner 20. Disposed on the handle tube 40 adjacent handle grip 44 at the point of connection with handle tube 40 is the adjustable response assembly 121. The disposition of the adjustable response assembly 121 below handle 44 is shown in FIG. 11. Cable 66 is attached to a cable attachment hole 134 in a cable attachment flange 132 radially disposed on the underside of cable attachment slide 125. Thus, as the double ended screw 122 is moved through movement of the handle 44, the displacement is transferred to the cable attachment slide 125 through the compression of springs 128 or 129. The movement of the attachment slide 125 is transferred through cable 66 being attach thereto, to the pivot clutch actuator 74. Adjustable response assembly 121 as shown in FIG. 7 has a double ended screw 122 which has a shoulder area 124 separating the screws, the shoulder area 124 has a thumbwheel 46 located in the center. The cable attachment slide 125 fits on the double ended screw 122 through two U-shaped notches 126 and 127 which locate themselves on the shoulder area 124 with the thumbwheel 46 between them. The movement of thumbwheel 46 in either direction, indicated by a double tipped arrow, causes the double ended screw 122 to rotate, the direction of rotation being the same as thumbwheel 46. Disposed on either end of doubled ended screw 122 abutting a respective side of cable attachment slide 125 are springs 128 and 129 being held in place by a left hand nut 130 and a right hand nut 131. Nuts 130 and 131 are respectively left and right handed to cause concurrent compression or retraction of springs 128 and 129 when thumbwheel 46 is rotated, as explained in further detail hereinbelow with reference to FIGS. 8 and 9 in conjunction with the operation of the adjustable response assembly 121. As thumbwheel 46 is turned in either direction, each nut 130 and 131 moves in an opposite direction to correspondingly compress or expand springs 128 and 129. That is, each nut 130 and 131 moves inwardly to compress springs 128 and 129 and each nut moves outwardly to expand springs 128 and 129 depending on the direction of thumbwheel 46 movement depending on a slow or fast transmission response. As the operator moves the handle grip 44, either in the forward or reverse direction, the motion is transferred to the transmission via the sheathed cable 66 attached to the clutch actuator lever 72 which causes the clutch actuator 74 to pivot around actuator pivot 75, the rotational direction of clutch actuator 74 around actuator pivot 75 is dependent upon the direction of handle movement which depends on whether the vacuum cleaner is to be moved in the forward or reverse direction as hereinabove explained. FIG. 8 shows the adjustable response assembly 121 in its slow response mode thus having the maximum cable movement displacement d1. Springs 128 and 129 are at a minimum compression level which allows the largest displacement of cable attachment slide 125, when handle grip 44 is moved either in the forward or reverse direction. FIG. 4 shows the adjustable response assembly 121 in its fast response mode thus having the minimum cable movement displacement d2. Springs 128 and 129 are at a maximum compression level which permits the smallest displacement of cable attachment slide 125, when handle grip 44 is moved either in the forward or reverse direction. It is to be noted that FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate only the extreme limits of the adjustable response assembly 121 in that a range of various displacements having various spring compression levels are possible and contemplated. Explained in further detail, once the resistance of the springs 128 and 129 are overcome due to their compression or expansion, the force exerted on the handle grip 44 translates into vacuum cleaner 20 motion in conjunction with the power assist device. A high spring compression as in FIG. 9 produces a fast response since less movement is required to overcome the spring tension permitting the force exerted to more quickly translate into vacuum cleaner motion. A low spring compression as in FIG. 8 produces a slow response since more movement is required to overcome the low spring tension causing the force exerted to be slowly translated into vacuum cleaner motion. In operation, the upright vacuum cleaner of the present invention receives electrical power through plug 49 and power cord 48 which is selectively switched to the various electrical components such as transmission motor 76 through on/off switch 110. When the operator moves the vacuum cleaner either in the forward or reverse direction, the handle grip 44 moves in response to the pushing or pulling according to the setting of the adjustable response assembly 121 which in turn actuates the transmission assembly 68 and clutch pack 80 to selectively rotate the axle 54 and drive wheels 30 and 31 to help assist the operator by propelling the vacuum cleaner in the desired direction. While this invention has been described as having a preferred design, the present invention can be further modified within the spirit and scope of this disclosure. This application is therefore intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention using its general principles. Further, this application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which this invention pertains and which fall within the limits of the appended claims.	A self propelled upright vacuum cleaner drive system integral with the axle of the drive wheels including an operator controlled reversing clutch transmission incorporating a separate unidirectional AC motor for forward and reverse control of the drive system independent from the vacuum cleaner suction motor. A triac controlled variable speed adjust circuit controls the rotational speed of the motor and thus the driven wheels on the base unit, while-a separate operator controlled adjustable response mechanism sets the engagement tension of the vacuum cleaner and transmission assembly corresponding to either a quick or a slow response of the axle of the drive wheels when actuated by the operator.	8
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/347,146 filed Nov. 22, 1994 by Vinzenz Olip, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,549,715 issued Aug. 27, 1996, which claims the benefit of priority from Application No. A 2378/93 filed Nov. 23, 1993 in Austria, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. This Application additionally claims the benefit of copending Provisional application Ser. No. 60/004,961 filed Oct. 6, 1995, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method for bleaching textile material with reducing agents, in particular denim textile material comprised of indigo-dyed warp yarn, or indigo in combination with sulfur-dyed warp yarn, and undyed, substantially white weft yarn. 2. Description of the Related Art Inspired by modern processing technology and driven by the demand for stylish textile designs produced by means of washing, bleaching and dyeing, efforts are ongoing to vary denim garments and produce, for example, a worn look. Denim is a warp and weft weaving technique wherein the warp consists of a cotton yarn dyed with a blue dye and the weft consists of an undyed, substantially white cotton yarn. The weft may be pretreated, for example, by extraction with a caustic solution to remove hemicelluloses and seeds. Blue denim, a fabric often used for producing blue jeans, is a three-leaf warp body (K 2s/1), for example, which has a warp which is dyed blue by means of indigo dye or a combination of indigo dye and sulfur black or sulfur blue dyes mainly on the fabric surface. As examples of sulfur black dyes typically employed mention is made of Ultra Black and Indigo Black. As an example of sulfur blue dyes typically employed mention is made of Indigo Blue. When the combination of indigo and sulfur dyes is employed to produce the blue dyed warp, the sequence of dying the yarn is spoken of as sulfur bottom dyed yarn (sulfur dye being applied first) or sulfur top dyed yarn (sulfur dye being applied after the indigo dye). The substantially white weft is visible on the underside of the fabric in contrast to the blue dyed fabric topside. Industrial laundries have heretofore attempted to produce stylish textile designs by employing various techniques including mechanical methods, such as stone-washing, and/or chemical methods, such as enzyme-washing (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,912,056 to Olson, and 5,006,126 to Olson et al.). A typical method used by industrial laundries for producing stylish jeans garments by means of the stone-wash method proceeds as follows. Finished ready-to-wear garments are turned inside out and pre-washed and/or desized. The garments are then removed from the washing machine, turned right side out and are washed in a suitable machine with calcareous sandstone (pumice stone) in a weight ratio of 1:3, i.e., 1 kg garments: 3 kg stone. The garments are then removed from the machine, the stones are removed, and the garments are bleached with sodium hypochlorite to produce a desired shade of color, see Peter, M., et al., Grundlagen der Textilveredelung Basics of Textile Finishing!, 13th ed., Deutscher Fachverlag, 1989, pps. 80 to 81. In the jargon of textile finishing, this type of processing of ready-to-wear goods comes under the term "fully fashioned" finishing. In accordance with DE-A1-38 33 194, when dyeing textile materials made of cellulose fibers or containing cellulose fibers mixed with synthetic fibers, vat dyestuffs in an aqueous alkaline medium in the presence of reducing agents and, if required, further conventional auxiliary agents, are used at temperatures of, for example, 45° to 60° C. Dyeing is subsequently completed in that the textile material is rinsed, oxidized and washed. The structural principle of indigoid dyestuffs can be generally described by the following formula: ##STR1## in which D 1 =D 2 =NH=indigoid dyestuff in the narrower sense; D 1 =D 2 =S=thioindigoid dyestuff; and R 1 to R 4 =chemical structural elements. The installation of these chemical structural elements R, D and CO into heterocyclic rings results in stable, technically usable dyestuffs, such as the classical indigo, which is registered in the Color Index under the identification C.I. Vat Blue 1 or C.I. Pigment Blue 66, and is commercially available. The numerous representatives of indigoid dyestuffs are being traded as so-called vat dyestuffs and, less frequently, as pigments. The dyestuffs obtainable by the direct halogenation of indigo have proven themselves to be particularly useful indigo derivatives, such as C.I. Vat Blue 41, C.I. Vat Blue 5, C.I. Vat Blue 37, C.I. Vat Blue 35, C.I. Vat Blue 48 or C.I. Acid Blue 74. Blue tones with a greenish cast are created if, for example, indigo is chlorinated or if hypochlorite is used for bleaching. Vat dyestuffs are practically insoluble in water and must be made water-soluble prior to dyeing by reduction in an alkaline solution. The reaction product obtained, also called a leuco base or a vat salt, is absorbed by the substrate and now can be reoxidized to the dyestuff. Vat dyestuffs therefore contain chemical structural elements which, in the oxidized form, make the molecule insoluble in water and, in the reduced form, which can be obtained reversibly, make it soluble in water. Up to now, the removal of these vat dyestuffs from denim garments by the employment of hypochlorite or bleaching lye was customary. Based on Order No. 609 issued by the Federal Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry of Austria regarding the "Limitation of Waste Water Discharge from Textile Finishing and Processing Plants", Federal Law Gazette, No. 207 of Sep. 24, 1992, however, use of hypochlorite must now be minimized in accordance with Sect. 33a of the Water Rights Law (WRG). The free chlorine content of waste water from such plants, calculated as Cl 2 , is not permitted to exceed 0.2 mg/l, and absorbable, organically bound halogens (AOX), calculated as Cl, are not permitted to exceed 0.5 mg/l. In the course of the conventional production of stone-washed denim, however, considerable amounts of active chlorine remain in the bleaching bath. For example, organic molecules are created during chlorination of the vat dyes, which are removed along with the washing bath and are identified as AOX in the waste water. The use of hypochlorite-containing bleaching liquor furthermore has the disadvantage that some vat dyestuffs result in a blue with a greenish cast when the dyestuff molecule is chlorinated. When dyeing textiles in general, the objective is to obtain the most even coloration possible and an equal absorption of the dyestuff by the textile fibers. Up to now, it was possible to make the vat dyestuffs water-soluble in the form of a leuco base by means of reducing agents and also mixtures of reducing agents, however, such dyestuffs are simultaneously absorbed by the textile fibers. Sodium dithionite, hydroxymethane sulfinic acid, thiourea dioxide (formamidine sulfinic acid) or mixtures of these compounds have been used in the art as reducing agents. For example, it is known to use thiourea dioxide (formamidine sulfinic acid) as a reducing agent in textile dying and stripping applications in place of sodium hydrosulphite from Das et al., "Thiourea dioxide: A powerful and safe reducing agent for textile applications", COLOURAGE, Vol. 31, No. 26, 1984, pps.15-20, and from Weiss, "THIOUREA DIOXIDE: A Safe Alternative to Hydrosulfite Reduction", AMERICAN DYESTUFF REPORTER, Vol. 67, No. 8, August 1978, pps. 35-38, and No. 9, September 1978, pps. 72-74. When employed as a dye stripping agent, a leveling agent, such as a blended anionic and non-ionic compound, generally facilitates stripping action according to Das et al. Excessively strong reducing agents cannot be used, however, because the dyestuff may be over-reduced and possibly destroyed as described in DE-A1-20 11 387. In accordance with DE-A1-38 33 194, alpha-hydroxycarbonyl compounds have been employed to avoid over-reduction. The best known reducing agents used in vat dyeing of cellulose fibers are sodium dithionite, formamidine sulfinic acid (thiourea dioxide) and hydroxyacetone. It is known from DE-A1-20 11 387, for example, to employ formamidine sulfinic acid in vat dyeing of textiles containing cellulose fibers. As is further known from this Patent, the reduction of the vat dyestuffs can additionally be performed in the presence of glucose in order to prevent the "over-reduction" of delicate dyestuffs. The evenness of the vat dyeing is described as needing improvement, however. In DE-A1-38 33 194 the task of dyeing textile materials made of cellulose fibers with vat dyestuffs is performed in that combinations of the components (a) sodium dithionite and/or formamidine sulfinic acid and (b) alpha-hydroxycarbonyl compounds at a weight ratio of 1:1 to 1:15 are used as a reducing agent mixture, and dyeing is performed at pH values of at least 13 and at temperatures above 75° C. Customary methods used in textile dyeing cannot be employed for bleaching the blue-dyed warp yarn of denim, however, when the objective is to maintain the undyed weft yarn of denim garments substantially white as is desired when a fashionable worn look is sought. Back-staining of the undyed weft yarn, i.e., absorption or deposition of dyestuff stripped from the dyed warp yarn of the denim during bleaching, must be minimized in order to achieve the fashionable worn look. The objective is to lighten the shade of the warp yarn, but its depth is not to be changed. It is known to obtain a "stone-washed" distressed look in clothing, particularly denim garments, by chemical action. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,006,126 to Olson et al. employs, for this purpose, a gelled composition admixed with water which consists essentially of from about 25-90 wt % of a cellulase enzyme and from about 0.01-10 wt% of a thickener selected from the group consisting of a hydratable alkali metal or alkaline earth metal inorganic salt, a polyethylene oxide polymer, a polyvinyl alcohol polymer, a polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer, a polyalkyloxazoline polymer, a xanthum gum and mixtures thereof. It is additionally known to remove unwanted substances from a dying process using the adsorption capacity of certain substances, for example, polyvinylpyrrolidone, included along with a surface active agent into a foam applied at an elevated temperature to a fabric as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,314,804 to Fennekels et al. Known also from U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,510 to Eric Wasinger is a process for simultaneous desizing and partial decolorization of denim fabric and garments using a reducing agent such as thiourea dioxide. A dye complexing agent such a polyvinylpyrrolidone may be added to prevent redeposit of the degraded dye. The process is particularly suitable for pretreating starch-sized fabrics which are then subsequently decolorized with oxidizing agents such as hypochlorite or ozone. It is further known to promote uniformity of the resulting colored fabric product in a bleaching process employing a chlorine bleaching agent by immersing the fabric or garments to be bleached in an aqueous solution containing from about 0.01 to about 10 grams per liter of a polyacrylic acid followed by addition of the bleaching agent as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,852,990 to Patterson. It is therefore an object of the present invention to avoid the above-mentioned disadvantages of prior art bleaching methods for denim and to provide a method for chlorine-free bleaching of denim textile material in order to minimize chlorine and organic chlorine compounds in the waste water. It is a further object of the present invention to provide an improved method of bleaching denim with a bleaching agent composed of formamidine sulfinic acid, at least one reducing carbohydrate, or mixtures thereof to produce an aesthetic worn look, i.e., an evenly lightened denim, without coloring the undyed, substantially white weft yarn (back-staining) and without changing the depth of shade of the warp yarn. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method of bleaching denim which provides a fashionable gray cast to denim. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION These and other objects are accomplished by the present invention which provides a method for chlorine-free bleaching of denim textile material composed of warp yarn which is dyed with at least one of (a) indigo dye, (b) indigo dye and at least one sulfur dye, (c) at least one indigo derivative dye, and (d) at least one indigo derivative dye and at least one sulfur dye, and weft yarn which is undyed and substantially white and which continues to be substantially white after bleaching. The method comprises the steps of (a) placing denim textile material in water and heating; (b) adding to the water a dispersing agent which is effective to retard deposition of dyestuff stripped from the warp yarn during bleaching onto the weft yarn and which is comprised of polyvinylpyrrolidone; and (c) bleaching the denim textile material by adding to the water a bleaching solution which is aqueous and alkaline, and which is comprised of water and a bleaching agent which is selective for the indigo dye or the indigo derivative dye of the warp yarn and which is selected from the group consisting of formamidine sulfinic acid, at least one reducing carbohydrate, and mixtures thereof. Advantageously, the inventive method provides an aesthetic worn look to denim textile materials in keeping with contemporary style preference by bleaching dye from the warp yarn while avoiding redeposition of dyestuffs removed from the warp yarn during bleaching onto the undyed, substantially white weft yarn (back-staining) so that the weft yarn continues to be substantially white. When the denim textile material is dyed with indigo dye or an indigo derivative dye and a sulfur black dye, moreover, the inventive method additionally provides a stylish gray cast to the finished denim because the bleaching solution is selective for the indigo dye or indigo derivative dye and the influence of the sulfur black dye becomes progressively more pronounced. An advantage of the formamidine sulfinic acid/reducing carbohydrate bleaching agent according to the invention is the retardation of the bleaching process to make it more controllable. The reducing carbohydrate, moreover, acts as a redox buffer thereby avoiding over reduction of the indigoid dyestuff which would otherwise tend to produce a generally undesirable greenish tint. An advantage of the dispersing agent according to the invention which includes polyvinyl-pyrrolidone is that back-staining may be substantially avoided. The dispersing agent may advantageously additionally contain at least one polymeric substance selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylates, polyacrylamides, and copolymers of maleic acid and acrylic acid. Examples of commercially available polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) useful as the dispersing agent include RETINOL A and RETINOL M made by CHT, CLEAR STRIP C made by Sybron, and LUVISKOL K 30 and LUVISKOL VA 73 made by BASF. Useful PVP homopolymers have a molecular weight range of from about 9,000 to about 1,200,000, preferably from about 30,000 to about 350,000. Useful PVP copolymers include 70:30 vinyl pyrrolidone(VP)/vinyl acetate(VA) having a MW of about 33,000, and 60:40 vinyl pyrrolidone(VP)/vinyl acetate(VA) having a MW ranging from about 30,000 to about 40,000. Examples of commercially available polymeric materials useful in addition in the dispersing agent include polyacrylates (PAA), such as ACUSOL 445 made by Rohm & Haas, WJ92, WJ206, and WJ222 made by Rhone Poulenc, and DEGAPAS 4104 No. POC 2020 made by Degussa; coploymers of acrylic acid and maleic acid, such as SOKALAN made by BASF; polyamide polymers such as LIVERCEL DIN made by Polygon Chemie. Useful PAA(s) have a molecular weight ranging from about 4,000 to about 50,000, preferably from about 10,000 to about 40,000. The dispersing agent may advantageously contain conventional surface active agents as well and such surface active agents are well known in the art. For example, low foaming nonionic surfactants, such as alkanol ethoxylates, may be employed. Examples of useful surfactants include alkanol ethoxylates which are nonionic and low foaming, such as STEPANTEX DA-6, MAKON NF-S, and MAKON NF-12 made by Stepan. The dispersing agent is added in an amount which is effective to retard deposition of dyestuff stripped from the warp yarn during bleaching onto the weft yarn. For example, the dispersing agent may be added in an amount ranging from about 0.05 to about 2% based on the weight of the dry denim textile material. Preferably, the dispersing agent is added in an amount ranging from about 0.2 to about 0.5% based on the weight of the dry denim textile material. Most preferably, the dispersing agent is added in an amount of about 0.3% based on the weight of the dry denim textile material. The dispersing agent may be added as a solution in water, although solvents in addition to water may be employed to solubilize the dispersing agent, for example, alcohols, such as ethanol. Preferably, the bleaching agent is formamidine sulfinic acid and at least one reducing carbohydrate in which the formamidine sulfinic acid and the at least one reducing carbohydrate having a weight ratio with respect to one another ranging from 1:99 to 99:1. The reducing carbohydrate may be selected from the group consisting of monosaccharides, such as fructose and glucose, and disaccharides, such as sucrose and molasses, but certain oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, for example, pectin, may be used as well. The polysaccharide starch is not useful, however, since it is not considered to be a reducing carbohydrate as a practical matter and is excluded from the practice of the invention. Bleaching may be advantageously conducted at a weight ratio (liquor ratio) of bleaching solution to dry denim textile material ranging from 1:1 to 1:40, preferably from 1:5 to 1:10. Bleaching may be advantageously conducted at a temperature of at least 700° C., preferably at a temperature ranging from 71° to 85° C., and most preferably at a temperature ranging from 72° to 80° C. Bleaching may be advantageously conducted at a pH which ranges from 10 to 13, preferably at a pH which ranges from 10.5 to 12.5, and most preferably at a pH which ranges from 11-12. The bleaching solution may further comprise a base, such as an alkali hydroxide, for example, sodium hydroxide, to obtain the desired alkalinity. The pH value is preferably adjusted by the addition of sodium hydroxide. The method according to the invention further comprises the steps of draining off the bleaching liquor and drying the denim textile material. The method may advantageously further comprise the step of rinsing the denim textile material with water in a plurality of sequential rinses before drying, and at least one rinse of the plurality of rinses may advantageously employ water to which is added from about 0.1 to about 2% of acetic acid and from about 1 to about 3% of hydrogen peroxide, based on dry weight of the denim textile material, whereby any residual alkalinity of the denim textile material is neutralized and any residual reducing agent thereon is completely oxidized. The method advantageously provides denim textile material having a gray cast when the warp yarn is dyed with a dye including at least one sulfur dye which is a sulfur black dye. Then, selective bleaching of the indigo and/or indigo derivative dyes from the warp yarn results in a graying effect, i.e., a lower lightness, L, for the same b number. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The chlorine-free bleaching method in accordance with the invention is not subject to the previously mentioned disadvantages of prior art bleaching methods employing chlorine, such as the formation of active chlorine and absorbable organic halogens, the over-reduction of the dyestuffs, and excessively high COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) burdens on the waste water. It has now been surprisingly found that it is possible to improve the bleaching of denim textile material with a bleaching agent which is selected from the group consisting of formamidine sulfinic acid, at least one reducing carbohydrate, and mixtures thereof by adding to the water bath containing the denim textile material a dispersing agent which is effective to retard deposition of dyestuff stripped from the warp yarn during bleaching onto the weft yarn and which is comprised of polyvinylpyrrolidone. As used herein, "denim textile material" is intended to include denim fabric and finished garments made primarily of denim fabric. The inventive method may be used in conjunction with other textile treatment methods, such as, for example, stone washing, in which case, after stone removal, the denim is placed into fresh water and the temperature is increased to above 70° C. A metered amount of a solution of dispersing agent is then added. The dispersing agent is preferably, but not necessarily, added before the addition of the bleaching solution to obtain maximum prevention of back-staining. Alternatively, the dispersing agent may be added simultaneously with or shortly after the addition of the bleaching agent. The addition of a metered amount of a prepared bleaching solution then follows. Alternatively, the bleaching solution may be added first, but then it is preferable to add the dispersing agent soon thereafter or even simultaneously. The bleaching solution is comprised of water and a bleaching agent which is selective for the indigo dye or the indigo derivative dye of the warp yarn and which is selected from the group consisting of formamidine sulfinic acid, at least one reducing carbohydrate, and mixtures thereof, and preferably includes a base, such as sodium hydroxide, and, optionally, conventional auxiliary textile agents including dispersants, retardants, wetting agents, and surface active agents (tensides), etc. The vat dyestuffs in the warp yarn are made soluble in the course of moving the liquor and the denim, and are removed from the warp yarn fibers. The bleaching time ranges from about 1 to 30 minutes, preferably from about 3-12 minutes, and most preferably from about 5 to 10 minutes. The bleaching agent is used in amounts ranging from about 0.5 to 10%, preferably from about 1.0 to 5%, and most preferably from about 2.0 to 4.5% based on the dry weight of the garments, and depending on the desired shade of lightening and the bleaching temperature. Following bleaching, the liquor is drawn off and the denim is rinsed in water at a temperature ranging from about 40° C. to 60° C. A plurality of rinses are preferably employed and at least one rinse, preferably the second or third rinses, includes the addition of concentrated acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to the water to neutralize any residual alkalinity and oxidize any residual bleaching (reducing) agent. After rinsing, the denim is typically treated in a softening bath. Subsequently, the denim garments are drained, tumbled and dried. A further advantage of the method in accordance with the invention is that the denim textile material can be bleached in a highly reproducible manner. The dyestuff is reductively removed from the indigo-dyed warp selectively. The concentrations of the bleaching agent and the dispersing agent can be selected such that back-staining, i.e., coloring, of the undyed, substantially white weft is prevented. In contrast to conventional dyeing, in the present invention, one portion of the fabric, the warp, is decolorized in a controlled manner without the other portion of the fabric, the weft, being simultaneously colored by back-staining. Moreover, the waste water is free of chlorine and absorbable, organically bound halogens (AOX), and the waster water burden is clearly less than with the use of sodium hypochlorite. The vat dyestuff can be recovered from the waste water by acidification. The following examples are intended to describe the invention without limiting it. EXAMPLE 1 Formulation of the bleaching solution: Five l of water at 25° C. were placed into a container with a stirrer, and 60 g of caustic soda, 38 g of formamidine sulfinic acid, and 2 g of sucrose were dissolved in it while stirring. Bleaching: Four kg of stone-washed denim garments (blue jeans) and 20 l of water were heated to 750° C. After a temperature of 75° C. was reached, the bleaching solution was added. The liquor was drained off after 15 minutes of agitation in the washing machine and the denim garments were rinsed twice at approximately 400° C. To the second rinse bath was added 2 g/l of acetic acid and 1 g/l of 35% hydrogen peroxide. The garments were subsequently tumbled and dried. The pH value of the liquor was lowered from 13 to 12.3 in the process. The raw denim garments (before bleaching) were measured to have a whiteness (filter R 457) of 8.8 and a yellow value of -98.5. The bleached denim garments had an average whiteness of 19.4 (filter R 457) and a yellow value of -66.5. The warp was clearly lightened and the weft remained pure white. The bleaching liquor had a COD value of 7280 mg of O 2 /l and was free of absorbable organic halogens (AOX). EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of the bleaching solution: 720 g of a 50% sodium hydroxide solution and 228 g of formamidine sulfinic acid and 12 g of sucrose were dissolved in approximately 7 l of water while stirring. Bleaching: 6 kg of stone-washed denim garments and 30 l of water were heated to 80° C. Bleaching solution was added and after 15 minutes of agitation in the washing machine, the liquor was drained off. The vat dyestuff was recovered from the liquor by changing it into a form which is insoluble in water by the addition of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, and was recovered from the liquor by filtration. The liquor had a light-yellow color and a COD value of 5000 mg of O 2 /l. The presence of AOX could not be detected. The denim garments were then washed, rinsed and dried as in Example 1. The bleached denim garments had a whiteness of 43.7 (raw denim garments 24.0), measured by means of a whiteness-measuring device (filter R 457), and a blue value of -8.8 (raw denim garments -9.9). This lightness is comparable with denim garments bleached with sodium hypochlorite. By way of comparison, the analysis of the waste water following bleaching with sodium hypochlorite resulted in a COD value of 18600 mg of O 2 /l. EXAMPLE 3 66 kg of stonewashed denim garments and approximately 600 l of water were heated to 75° C. 700 ml (approximately 1%) of Sybron Clean Strip C (PVP) solution was added, followed by the addition of a bleaching solution consisting of 3.7 kg NaOH, 2.2. kg formamidine sulfinic acid, and 115 g of sucrose dissolved in 35 1 of water. After 10 minutes of bleaching at 75° C., the bleaching liquor was drained off and the denim garments were rinsed twice with hot water. After rinsing, a cold water wash with water containing 2 g/l acetic acid and 1 g/l H 2 O 2 (35w) was performed, After treatment with a softener, the denim garments were dried. As can be seen from the data in Table 1, denim fabrics made from differently dyed warp yarns yield different brightness levels and color shades. Brightness, lightness (L), color factor (a), color factor (b), and Chroma E were measured by the Standard ISO CIE Color Code Method which employs the CIELab system. The measure of lightness according to this system is L* which varies from 100 for a perfect white to 0 for absolute black. For the color factor a* e , +a* indicates redness and -a* indicated greenness. For the color factor b, +b indicates yellowness and -b* indicates blueness. Chroma E (or Delta E) values are overall color difference values which take into account lightness/darkness differences, as well as chromatic differences. The values are average values measured for the denim fabric as a whole. Table 2 presents the results of visual evaluation by a panel of three people of back-staining when various dispersing agents were employed in the bleaching method of Example 3. The liquor ratio was 1:10, the temperature was 75° C., and the bleaching solution contained 2.75% FAS and 0.25% sucrose. Visual evaluation is a better method of determining back-staining than the Standard ISO CIE Color Code Method because the ISO Method gives a measurement which is an average measurement for the denim fabric as a whole and is not capable of evaluating the whiteness of the undyed, substantially white weft yarn itself. Substantial back-staining of the weft yarn was observed for the denim control which was bleached without dispersing agent according to the invention, while little or no back-staining was observed for the denim samples bleached by the method according to the invention. Tables 3 and 4 present the results of plant trial tests to show the effect of using Degussa's Z5™ bleaching agent in the inventive method on brightness and color. Degussa's Z5™ bleaching agent is a proprietary composition containing FAS and sucrose. Table 5 presents the results of tests to show the effect of temperature of the bleaching step on brightness and color. Degussa's Z5™ bleaching agent was employed as the dispersing agent in the amounts shown. Table 6 shows the degree of polymerization (DP) values of denim fabric bleached using the inventive method with Degussa's Z5™ bleaching agent compared to denim fabric bleached using a prior art chlorine bleach. Since cotton is a polymer, the DP is a measure of fiber strength. Table 6 shows that bleaching according to the invention preserves the fiber strength significantly better than bleaching with chlorine. Table 7 compares the chemical oxygen demand (COD) load on the waste water after bleaching denim using the inventive method with Degussa's Z5™ bleaching agent compared to that for denim fabric bleached using a prior art chlorine bleach. The COD load on the waste water of the inventive bleaching method is significantly less than that of the chlorine bleaching method. EXAMPLE 4 A comparison of bleaching results was made to compare the process of Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,510 to Eric Wasinger and bleaching with a bleaching agent including FAS and 0.02 wt % sucrose but without the addition of the dispersing agent including polyvinylpyrrolidone according to the invention. The results are reported in Table 8. The tests according to Wasinger's Example 1 showed a reduced brightness and no significant bleaching with some back-staining. The presence of sizing appears to have inhibited the access of the bleaching agent which is believed to be due to fixation of the size onto the cellulose fibers under the alkaline conditions employed in Wasinger and which tends to result in non-uniform bleaching. As shown in Table 8, the test using FAS and a reducing carbohydrate as in the present invention resulted in a slightly higher brightness (some bleaching) but with some back-staining. The results indicate that significantly higher concentrations of FAS/FAS-sucrose are required to yield significantly lighter color shades. TABLE 1______________________________________Effect of dying method on brightness and color of denim.Fabric Dyeing Bright-No. Process ness (%) L* a* b* Chroma E______________________________________1 S. Bottom 19.6 48.15 -1.4 -5.8 5.972 S. Top 22.6 48.47 -2.7 -11.2 11.523 S. Bottom 23.0 51.44 -1.8 -6.5 6.744 100% indigo 27.5 52.09 -2.9 -13.4 13.715 S. Bottom 28.0 53.69 -2.8 -11.2 11.546 100% indigo 28.5 52.78 -3.2 -13.7 14.077 S. Bottom 28.6 54.05 -2.9 -11.5 11.868 S. Bottom 28.6 54.74 -2.7 -10.3 10.659 S. Bottom 28.7 54.96 -2.6 -10.1 10.4310 S. Bottom 28.9 54.00 -2.7 -11.0 11.3311 S. Bottom 30.9 56.82 -2.7 -10.1 10.4512 100% indigo 32.1 57.19 -3.4 -11.3 11.8013 S. Bottom 32.9 59.13 -2.8 -8.9 9.33______________________________________ "S. Bottom" indicates dying by the sulfur bottom technique in which a sulfur dye is applied before the indigo dye. "S. Top" inaicates dying by the sulfur top technique in which a sulfur dy is applied after the indigo dye. TABLE 2______________________________________Comparison of dispersing agents.Dispersing Agent(% on dry wt. of garment) Back-staining.sup.1______________________________________None (Control) 5PVP, 0.5%.sup.2 1PVP, 1.0%.sup.2 0PVP, 1.0%.sup.3 0PAA, 0.5%.sup.4 2PAA, 1.0%.sup.4 1PVP/PAA, 0.5%/10.5%.sup.34 0Polyamide, 1%.sup.5 1______________________________________ .sup.1 Visual evaluation by a panel of 3 people: 0 = no backstaining; 5 = significant backstaining .sup.2 CLEAN STRIP C made by Sybron .sup.3 RETINOL M made by CHT .sup.4 ACUSOL 445 made by Rohm & Haas .sup.5 LIVERCEL DIN made by Polygon Chemie TABLE 3______________________________________Effect of Degussa's Z5 ™ addition on brightness and color(laboratory tests; denim fabric: 100% indigo). Bright-Cycle Z5 ™ (%) NaOH (%) ness (%) L* a* b______________________________________Desize -- -- 10.3 29.0 -0.5 -17.1Stonewash -- -- 11.3 30.1 -0.4 -18.2Bleach 2.0 3.0 22.8 44.8 -2.4 -18.1Bleach 2.5 3.7 42.0 61.3 -2.5 -13.7Bleach 3.0 4.5 59.1 78.2 -2.6 -5.5Reference/ -- -- 45.8 66.8 -3.3 -11.7Chlorine______________________________________ Bleaching conditions: 70° C., 10 min. with 1 wt % CLEAN STRIP C by Sybron used, pretreatment with enzyme and pumice stones. TABLE 4______________________________________Effect of Z5 ™ addition on brightness and color(plant trial; fabric: indigo/sulfur top yarn). Bright-Cycle Z5 ™ (%) NaOH (%) ness (%) L a* b______________________________________Raw -- -- 10.3 29.0 -0.5 -17.1MaterialBleach 3.2 4.7 22.6 48.5 -2.7 -11.2Bleach 3.5 4.7 25.0 51.7 -2.7 -9.8Bleach 4.5 6.1 30.4 58.5 -2.2 -6.2Chlorine -- -- 33.9 56.8 -4.2 -14.5______________________________________ Bleaching conditions: 70° C., 10 min. TABLE 5______________________________________Effect of temperature on brightness and color(laboratory tests; 100% indigo) Temp. Z5 ™ NaOH BrightnessCycle (%) (%) (%) (%) L a* b______________________________________Stonewash -- -- -- 11.3 30.1 -0.4 -18.2Bleach 70 2.0 3.0 22.8 44.8 -2.4 -18.1Bleach 75 2.0 3.0 33.6 54.9 -3.4 -17.5Bleach 70 2.5 4.0 42.0 61.3 -2.5 -13.7Bleach 75 2.5 4.0 48.0 65.0 -3.3 -12.0Bleach 70 3.0 4.5 59.1 78.1 -2.6 -5.5Bleach 75 3.0 4.5 59.3 78.2 -2.6 -5.5______________________________________ TABLE 6______________________________________Degree of polymerization values of fabrics at various process stages. Z5 ™ Chlorine______________________________________Raw fabric 2295 2295Stonewash (enzyme & stones) 2200 2200Bleach 2150 1510______________________________________ TABLE 7______________________________________Comparison of COD load in spent bleaching liquors.Bleaching Agent (%) COD.sup.1 (mg O.sub.2 /l) COD.sup.2 (mg O.sub.2 /l)______________________________________Z5 ™ (2) 4875 2190Z5 ™ (3) 7370 2340Chlorine 10,000-15,000 --______________________________________ TABLE 8______________________________________Comparison (laboratory tests; denim fabric: 100% indigo) DwellFAS Temp. Time(wt %) (°C.) pH (min.) L a* b*______________________________________WasingerRaw -- -- -- -- 24.4 0.0 -9.9materialBleach 1 0.24 80 10.0 20 23.6 -0.7 -13.6Bleach 2 0.48 80 10.0 20 22.6 -1.0 -13.8InventionRaw -- -- -- -- 24.4 0.0 -9.9materialDesized -- -- -- -- 24.5 -0.1 -10.0Bleach 2 0.48 80 5 11.5 26.5 -1.2 -17.3______________________________________ It is understood that various other modifications will be apparent to and can be readily made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the scope of the claims appended hereto be limited to the description set forth above but rather that the claims be construed as encompassing all of the features of patentable novelty which reside in the present invention, including all features which would be treated as equivalents thereof by those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains.	A method for chlorine-free bleaching of denim textile material composed of warp yarn which is dyed with at least one of (a) indigo dye and at least one sulfur dye, and (b) at least one derivative of indigo dye and at least one sulfur dye, and weft yarn which is undyed and substantially white and which continues to be substantially white after bleaching to provide a denim textile material having a stylish gray cast. The method includes placing denim textile material in water and heating; adding to the water a dispersing agent which is effective to retard deposition of dyestuff stripped from the warp yarn during bleaching onto the weft yarn and which is comprised of polyvinylpyrrolidone; and bleaching the denim textile material by adding to the water an aqueous alkaline bleaching agent which contains a bleaching agent which is selective for the indigo dye or the derivative of indigo dye of the warp yarn and which is selected from the group consisting of formamidine sulfinic acid, and a mixture of formamidine sulfinic acid and at least one reducing carbohydrate, wherein the least one sulfur dye includes a sulfur black dye, and wherein the method provides denim textile material having a stylish gray cast.	3
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a method and apparatus for producing finished sewn products from a roll of cloth. More particularly, the method and apparatus pertains to cutting predetermined lengths of fabric from a large roll of fabric and then performing various sewing operations on the fabric to produce articles such as lined drapes, sheets, valances, etc. Heretofore, one of the major expenses in producing valances was cutting lengths of fabric to precise lengths and then sewing folded hems on the edge of the fabric prior to performing additional sewing operations. Such has been time consuming and labor intensive adding considerable cost to the finished products. OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is a principal object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus for efficiently cutting fabric into predetermined lengths and automatically performing sewing operations thereon. Another important object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for automatically cutting fabric from a large roll and then automatically folding the edges of the fabric. The folded edges are then sewn into hems, and the fabric is transported to a folding station. After the fabric has been folded at the folding station, it is then transported to another sewing station for performing sewing operations thereon. Still another important object of the present invention is to provide an efficient and automatic system for folding and sewing sheet material. Still another important object of the present invention is to provide an efficient method and apparatus for automatically producing sewn valances from a roll of cloth. Still another important object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and method for automatically producing hemmed fabric for subsequent manufacture into drapes and the like. Still another important object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for cutting fabric in predetermined lengths, folding the edges of the fabric to produce precise hems and then transporting said fabric to a receiver. A further object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for precisely folding fabric of a predetermined length into a desired folded pattern for subsequent sewing. Still another important object of the invention is to provide a method and apparatus for automatically sewing sockets and pockets into a folded fabric to produce valances. Additional objects of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. To achieve the objects and in accordance with the purpose of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, the apparatus of the present invention comprises a let off device which carries a large roll of fabric that is to be used for producing the finished product. The fabric is unwound by the let off device which is under the control of a dancer so as to maintain uniform tension in the fabric as it leaves the let off device. The open fabric then passes under a pair of spaced edge cutters which trim opposed edges of the fabric to a predetermined width. After the fabric has been trimmed, the edges of the fabric are folded in by a hem forming and hem width control device. The folded edge of the fabric is maintained at a precise location by means of a photoelectric sensor and a hem shifting device. The photoelectric sensor includes a pair of laterally spaced photosensors which generate signals indicating when the edge of the fabric is at the precise location in between the two photodetectors. The photodetectors in turn control the hem shifting device to keep the edge of the hem properly aligned. After the hem has been folded onto the edges of the open cloth, the hem then passes through a curling device which curls the outer edge of the hem under so as to produce a double layer hem. This curl portion is then passed under a sewing head which advances the cloth and sews the hem into the edges of the fabric. The fabric is then fed into an accumulator which accumulates a predetermined length of fabric. Following the accumulator is a length cutter which makes a transverse cut across the fabric to cut the fabric into predetermined lengths. In order to cut the fabric into predetermined lengths, a cloth puller moves from the downstream end of the machine to adjacent the cutting head for gripping the edge of the fabric in order to pull the fabric from the accumulator when the cloth puller is moved back towards the downstream end of the machine. After the cloth puller pulls the cloth back towards the end of the machine, a predetermined length of cloth rests on a folding table and is ready for being folded into a desired pattern. In one particular embodiment, the apparatus is used for making valances. At the folding table it is desired to fold the open fabric so that it can be subsequently sewed with elongated stitching to produce the final product. In order to fold the open length of fabric on the folding table, a pair of spaced dies are lowered down on top of the fabric. The dies are spaced a distance that corresponds to the ultimate width of the valance. Once the dies are lowered onto the fabric carried on the folding table, the cloth puller which is still gripping the leading edge of the fabric is moved back towards the front end of the machine, folding the fabric over a first die. It then releases the leading edge of the cloth and moves back adjacent the end of the machine. The trailing edge of the cut cloth is then folded up over the second die and overlaps the edge of the cloth that was previously folded. The cloth in this folded position is then transported to a sewing station wherein two sewing heads are provided for sewing a pair of elongated spaced stitching so as to form a socket in the folded fabric for receiving a curtain rod as well as a pocket in the fabric. This completes the construction of the valance. The apparatus and machine can also be used for producing lined draperies. When being used to produce lined draperies, a second roll of fabric is carried on a second let off above the first let off which carries the facing layer of fabric. The fabrics are superimposed on each other under uniform tension. The superimposed liner and facing are then passed through the cutting and hem forming device as described above. The cloth puller is used for pulling the sewn liner and facing from an accumulator so that they can be cut to a desired length. The folding operation discussed above takes place in a similar but wider spaced configuration when producing lined draperies. The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate the embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principle of the invention. It is to be understood that the invention is made up of a plurality of various elements. It is understood of course that equivalent components could be substituted for the elements shown in the drawings and described hereto in the specification without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a side elevational view illustrating a portion of a machine constructed in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 2 is an enlarged perspective view illustrating a cutting head used for cutting the edge of a fabric. FIG. 3 is an enlarged perspective view illustrating an edge folding and positioning device. FIG. 4 is an end view of the edge aligning and locating device. FIG. 5 is an elevational view illustrating one of the sewing machines used for sewing the hem on one side of the fabric. FIG. 6 is a sectional view illustrating the curl and double folded hem produced on the edge of the fabric. FIG. 7 is an elevational view illustrating a sewing head positioned on the opposite side of the fabric from the sewing head of FIG. 5. FIG. 8 is an enlarged perspective view illustrating one of the sewing heads used for sewing the hems into the fabric. FIG. 9 is a perspective view illustrating another embodiment of the sewing head of FIG. 8. FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a movable cutter which is used for cutting the cloth into predetermined lengths. FIG. 11 is an enlarged perspective view illustrating the cutter head from part of the cutter of FIG. 10. FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a movable gripping head carried on the cloth puller shown in more detail in FIG. 21. FIG. 13 is an end view partially in section illustrating a portion of the folding table and the cloth pulling mechanism. FIG. 14 is an end view illustrating the cloth pulling mechanism in a position immediately prior to gripping the end of the cloth. FIG. 15 is an end view partially in section of the cloth pulling mechanism gripping the cloth. FIG. 16 is an end view of the cloth pulling mechanism after the cloth has been pulled back over the folding table. FIG. 17 is an end view of the cloth pulling mechanism and the folding table showing the dies being placed down on the cloth. FIG. 18 is an end view illustrating the folding table and the first fold of the fabric forming a folded valance. FIG. 19 is an end view illustrating a folding table illustrating the trailing edge of the fabric being folded into a valance. FIG. 20 illustrates an end view of the folding table showing the fabric in a folded condition immediately prior to being transported to a sewing mechanism. FIG. 21 is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view illustrating a portion of the cloth pulling device. FIG. 22 is an enlarged perspective view illustrating a pair of dies used for holding the cloth down on the folding table during the folding operation. FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a gripping device for gripping and retaining the cloth prior to the cloth being cut into predetermined lengths. FIG. 24 is an enlarged perspective view illustrating the folded cloth on the folding table prior to sewing. FIG. 25 is a fragmentary perspective view illustrating part of the cloth processing apparatus. FIG. 26 is a plan view illustrating a final sewing station for sewing valances. FIG. 27 is a perspective view illustrating a valance that was sewn automatically on the apparatus of the present invention. FIG. 28 is a perspective view with parts broken away for the purpose of clarity illustrating a sewn valance. Repeat use of reference characters in the present specification and drawings is intended to represent same or analogous features or elements of the invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring in more detail to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of the machine which is provided for hemming and cutting predetermined lengths of material from a large roll of material 10. The large roll of material 10 is carried on a let off A. The let off A includes a pair of idle rollers 14 and 16 which permit the roll 10 of cloth to be rotated when it is pulled by a power driven roll 18 which has a friction covering thereon. The power driven roll 18 is driven by an electric motor 20. The motor is a variable speed driven motor which is under control of a dancer roll 22. The dancer roll 22 is permitted to move up and down responsive to variations in tension in the cloth extending therearound. As the dancer roll 22 moves up and down, it varies the adjustment on a potentiometer that in turn varies the voltage applied to the motor drive board for varying the let off speed for the cloth. The cloth 24 is then fed from the let off A up over a guide roll 26 onto a sewing table 28. As the cloth enters the sewing table, it first passes through an edge cutting device B. There are two edge cutters B spaced on opposite sides of the table so as to cut the cloth to a predetermined width. The cloth then moves under an edge folding and positioning station C which forms a fold of a predetermined width in the edge of the cloth. This occurs on one or both sides of the cloth. From the edge folding and positioning station C, the cloth is then fed to a hem folding mechanism D which folds the hem into a double fold. From the hem folder D, the cloth is then fed under to a hem sewing head and cloth advancer E for sewing the hem into the edge of the cloth. The cloth is fed from the hem sewing head and cloth advancer E into an accumulator F which accumulates a cloth reserve. The cloth passes around an adjustable tension roll 30 provided in the accumulator and from the roll 30 proceeds up onto a cutting table. Provided on the cutting table is a length cutter G which cuts the cloth from one side to the other. The particular length of cloth that is cut at this point is controlled by a cloth puller H. To explain the operation to this point we will take up from the point where the cloth was previously cut. As a result, there is a leading edge of cloth 24 directly under where the transverse cutter blade severed the cloth. The cloth puller H is brought up from the end of the machine into engagement with the leading edge of the cloth 24 directly under the path of the cutting blade. The cloth puller H then grips the edge of the cloth and pulls it back towards the end of the machine over a folding table 8. The cloth puller H pulls the cloth a predetermined length. Once the cloth 24 reaches that predetermined length, the cloth puller H is stopped by a proximity switch. The length cutter G then cuts the cloth extending over the table to a predetermined length. While the cloth is on the folding table, folding dies I are lowered down on top of the cloth. Die lifters J are used for lowering the dies I down onto the cloth and retracting. Later they cycle to raise them up off of the cloth. Once the dies I are put in position on top of the cloth, the cloth puller H is moved back towards the cut edge to fold the leading edge of the cloth over the first folding die. It releases the cloth and retracts back to the end of the machine. A trailing end folder K is then used for folding the trailing end of the cloth over the other die and other edge of the cloth. Once the cloth is folded, and in this particular instance for making a valance, a cloth hold down bar L is lowered on top of the free edges of the cloth pressing them in contact with a cloth shifter M. The cloth shifter M includes a plurality of drive belts which are supported on the folding table 8 directly beneath the bottom surface of the folded cloth and are in engagement therewith. In particular, the two dies and the cloth hold down bar L press the cloth down into engagement with the cloth shifting belts M. The folded pattern is then shifted laterally off of the folding table. As the folded pattern is shifted laterally off of the folding table, the leading edge comes in contact with an edge separating device N (see FIG. 26) which separates the upper edge from the lower edge and feeds it into a hem edge curler 0 which curls the upper edge inward to form a hem. The curled upper edge then is shifted by the cloth shifter M into engagement with the sewing head of a first sewing machine P. The first sewing machine sews the hem into the folded pattern to produce a pocket in the folded fabric. A second sewing head Q follows the first sewing head P and puts a continuous stitch in the fabric which is laterally spaced from the stitch placed by the first sewing head P so as to sew an elongated socket in the valance which is capable of receiving a curtain rod. A photocell R is carried by the first sewing head P to sense the leading edge of the folded pattern as it is shifted by the cloth shifter M. At this point in the operation, both of the sewing heads P and Q are operating at the same speed so as to place the same number of stitches per inch in the fabric. However, upon the photosensor R sensing the leading edge of the folded pattern, it causes a signal to be generated that in turn slows down the rate that the cloth shifter is moving the cloth over the table and also slows down the stitching speed of the second sewing machine Q. As a result, the first sewing machine P goes into a tack mode to place more stitches per inch at the leading edge of the folded fabric. The tack mode continues for approximately one inch and then a controller associated with the operation of the sewing station returns the cloth edge shifter M to its original traveling speed and returns the speed of the second sewing head Q to its original speed. At this point in time, the folded fabric continues to be moved under both of the sewing heads P and Q to place a less dense stitch in the main body of the valance. Upon reaching the trailing edge of the folded pattern, the tack mode is again entered into to place more stitches per inch adjacent the trailing edge of the valance. All of this is under control of a controller that is activated by the photocell R. Any suitable controller can be used for synchronizing the operation of the feed of the fabric with the speed of the cloth shifter M and the sewing machine Q. Before describing in detail the operation of the cloth cutting and sewing apparatus, one's attention is directed to a valance such as shown in FIGS. 27 and 28 that can be produced automatically on the apparatus. As can be seen, the valance 50 is produced from a predetermined length of fabric that is folded over and has a hem 52 sewed along its length. Another seam 54 is sewn longitudinally the length of the valance. As a result, a socket 56 is produced in the valance for receiving the conventional curtain rod holder and a pocket 58 is provided in the valance which can be stuffed with any suitable material to bulk up the valance if desired. As shown in FIG. 27, when the valance is mounted over a window it has a header portion 60 located directly above the socket 56 through which the curtain rod extends. The valance can be gathered together to any degree to make the final position and design of the valance aesthetically pleasing. Referring now to FIG. 1, the let off A may be any suitable conventional let off that allows the cloth to be unrolled from a large roll of cloth such as 10 and supplied under a uniform tension to a working table. One particular cutter B that can be used for cutting an edge 70 off of the cloth is shown in FIG. 2. It includes a motor 74 which can be energized by any suitable source of power that is in direct engagement with a shaft 76 which carries a rotating cutting disc 78. As the cloth 24 moves under the disc 78, it severs the cloth. In order to make the cut produced by the rotating disc cleaner, a carbide block can be placed closely adjacent the lower edge of the blade so that the cloth is severed by the outer edge of the blade pressing against the carbide block. An edge sharpener 80 can be carried adjacent to the cutting edge of the blade for being brought into engagement when desired to sharpen the blade 78. The blade assembly and motor 74 is mounted on a carriage 80 which can be shifted laterally on a cross-support bar 82 that is in turn supported on the frame 84 of the table. As a result, the width of the cloth can be adjusted by moving the cutting head B laterally onto the cross bar 82. As the edge of the cloth 24 is severed by the cutting blade 78, it then passes between a channel shaped member 86 which maintains the edge of the cloth straight during the severing operation by the blade. After the cloth passes through the channel shaped member 86, it is fed to the edge folding and positioning station C. The edge folding and positioning station C is shown in greater detail in FIGS. 3 and 4. The purpose of the edge folding and positioning station C is to properly and uniformly fold both edges of the fabric so that a straight and uniform width hem can be subsequently sewed into the edges of the cloth. The location of the inner edge 90 of the cloth is sensed by a pair of photoelectric sensors 92 and 94. As long as the edge of the folded cloth is positioned in between the sensors 92 and 94, no signal is generated to rotate an adjusting wheel 96. As a result, a uniform width fold is produced in the edge of the cloth for subsequently hemming. If the width of the fold is too great, then both of the photosensors 92 and 94 will be activated. When such occurs, a signal is generated and fed to an electric motor or any other suitable type motor 98 through conventional control circuitry. When the motor 98 is in turn activated, it rotates the wheel 96 clockwise. This clockwise motion of the wheel 96 causes the edge 90 of the cloth 24 to move outwardly. After a short delay, photosensors 92 and 94 are again activated for sensing the edge 90 of the cloth 24. If the cloth is not properly aligned at this point, the wheel 96 is rotated further. If inner edge 90 is properly aligned between sensors 92 and 94, no further adjustments are needed, and wheel 96 assumes a straight path. If on the other hand the folded edge 90 is not wide enough and does not come between under each of the photosensors 92 and 94, then the wheel 96 is rotated in the counterclockwise direction similar to as described above to guide the edge 90 of the fabric back between the photosensor cells. The photosensor cells 92 and 94 include a light source positioned under the fabric and a sensor positioned on a space member. The fabric moves between the light source and the two sensor heads and operates in the conventional manner. The position of the wheel 96 can be physically adjusted by loosening a screw 100 that is carried within an elongated slot 102 provided in a bracket 104. The screw extends into a horizontal supporting plate 106 which is in turn carried on top of support block 108. As can be seen in FIG. 4, the support block 108 is in turn hinged adjacent its lower end through a hinge 110 to a fold forming plate 112. The fold forming plate 112 has a vertically extending flange 114 that is in turn fixed to a vertical shaft 116 as shown in FIG. 3 that is in turn carried on a slidable tubular member 118. The slidable tubular member 118 is carried on a square horizontally extending tubular member 120. As a result, the horizontal or lateral position of the entire edge folding and positioning station C can be adjusted. A spring loaded screw 122 extends between the support block 108 and the vertical flange member 114 for applying a predetermined pressure through the wheel to the cloth during its guiding operation. As can be seen in FIG. 4, the entire wheel assembly including the wheel 96 and the motor 98 can be pivoted slightly about the hinge 110 for controlling the pressure asserted on the cloth during the guiding operation. After the cloth passes under the edge folding and positioning station C, it then moves through a conventional hem edge curler D such as shown in cross-section in FIG. 6. The hem edge curler D includes a spherically twisted piece of sheet metal 130 that curls the cloth 24 into a double fold adjacent its leading edge 90 such as best shown in FIG. 6. Such is a conventional hem forming mechanism. Once the fold is placed in the edge of the cloth 24, it then passes under a hem sewing head and cloth advancer E as shown in FIGS. 5, 7, 8, and 9. At this point on the table, the cloth has been advanced or moved forward by the cloth advancer E. The hem sewing head 142 is a conventional sewing head that sews the hem into the edge of the cloth once it is folded by the folder D. Coupled to the shaft 140 of the sewing head 142 is an eccentrically mounted linkage 144. This linkage in turn is connected off center to a shorter linkage 146 that is in turn carried on a shaft 148. During the sewing operation, the upper shaft 140 of the sewing machine runs continuously. As a result of the linkage 144 being eccentrically attached to the shaft, a reciprocating motion is imparted to the linkage member 144. Such is shown by the arrow 150 in FIG. 8. This reciprocating motion is in turn imparted to the shaft 148 which has a sprague clutch mounted therein which permits rotation to take place in one direction. The output of the sprague clutch is connected to an advancing roll 152 that engages the surface of the cloth 24 for pulling the cloth through the sewing head and across the table described previously. The purpose of intermittently pulling the cloth through the sewing head is for not pulling the cloth when the needle is in the cloth. In other words, the material is only pulled when the needle comes out of the cloth. Thus, the feed roll 152 advances the cloth a predetermined distance in synchronicity with the sewing machine. A second roller 154 is positioned in tandem with the drive roller 152 and is in pressure engagement therewith so that when the drive roll 152 is rotated it causes the cloth 24 to be advanced therebetween. As shown in FIG. 8, the sewing head E is carried on laterally extending guide rails 156 and 158 so that its position can be adjusted for accommodating and sewing cloth of various widths. As a result of using a sprague clutch to the output of shaft 148 instead of a ratchet, the clutch will give infinitesimal adjustable intermittent forward movement through the cloth as compared to a ratchet which would be controlled by the spacing between the individual teeth. The principle of moving in one direction is analogous to a ratchet operation but by operating through a sprague clutch one can adjust the forward stroke. In FIGS. 8 and 9, two embodiments of a sewing head and cloth advancer E are shown. In particular, in FIG. 8 the drive roller 152 is located above second roller 154. In FIG. 9, on the other hand, drive roller 152 is located below the second roller 154. Either embodiment can be used in the apparatus of the present invention. However, for most conventional sewing heads such as 142, preferably the drive roller is located below the static roller for smoother operations. Of course, depending upon the equipment used or the particular circumstances, drive roller 152 can be placed in either position. After the cloth 24 passes under the hem sewing head and cloth advancer E it is then fed into the accumulator F as shown in FIG. 1. The weight of the roll 30 pulls the cloth down into the accumulator to accumulate a reserve of cloth. The cloth extends around the bottom surface of the roll 30 and up on top of the length cutting table where a length cutter G has previously severed the cloth. At the cutting table, the cloth is being held in place by means of a brush like member 170. The brush like member 170 extends entirely all the way across the frame. The angles of its bristles 172 point in the forward direction, in the direction of the cloth, so that the cloth can pass easily thereunder. However, brush member 170 prevents the cloth from being pulled backwards into the accumulator once the edge of the cloth has been severed by the length cutter G. The length cutter G is shown in greater detail in FIGS. 10 and 11. It includes a cutting head 174 that is propelled back and forth across the cutting table by a gear tooth belt 176 that is driven by a driven pulley 178. The pulley 178 is driven by a conventional electric motor 180 through a gear box 182 which is shown in broken lines in FIG. 10 so as not to obscure the remaining parts of the drawing. The cutting head is carried on a channel shaped bracket 184 that is in turn attached to the gear tooth belt 176 by means of bolts 186 which extend through a plate 188. The channel member 184 is in turn attached to a supporting block 190 that has a pair of spaced guide channels 192 and 194 attached thereto. The pair of spaced guide channels are in turn supported on a rail 196. The guide channels 192 and 194 are made of a self-lubricating material such as high molecular weight polyethylene so that the cutting head can be readily reciprocated back and forth across the machine during the cutting operation. The timing belt 176 extends around a roller 198 which guides the belt around a geared roller 200 for driving the gear roller 200. The belt then extends up around another idle roller 202. As a result, as the belt is driven by the drive roller 178, the cutting head moves back and forth across the cutting table. As it moves back and forth across the cutting table, the gear roller 200 is rotated. The gear roller 200 is fixed to a shaft 204. The other end of the shaft 204 has a circular cutting blade 206 secured thereto. A leaf spring 208 is carried adjacent to the lower end of the cutting head and the blade 206 so that it passes under the cloth during the cutting operation and guides the cloth into engagement with the rotating edge of the blade 206. A carbide cutting block 210 is positioned adjacent to the bottom edge of the cutting blade 206 so as to make a clean severance of the cloth as the cutting head traverses back and forth across the machine. The cutting head has a sharpening device 212 mounted thereon so that when a sharpening head 214 is brought into engagement with the rotating blade, it sharpens the edge of the blade at a proper angle. The guide rail 196 upon which the length cutter G is carried extends entirely across the cutting table and is supported by its ends by any suitable standards. As shown in FIG. 1, the cloth puller and leading edge folder device H is provided for pulling a predetermined length of cloth from the accumulator across a folding table 8 so that the length of the cloth can be cut by the length cutter G. The cloth puller has a gripping jaw that can be closed over the edge of the cloth that was cut by the length cutter. Once the cloth puller H engages the edge of the cloth, it can be retracted for pulling a predetermined length of cloth from the accumulator F. The cloth puller H as shown in FIGS. 12 and 21 includes a pivoting gripping jaw 220 that has an upper movable flange member 222 that is hinged at hinge joint 224 that can be pivoted downwardly to a closed position to grip the leading edge of the cloth 24 with a cooperating jaw 226 located therebelow. The gripping jaw has a vertically extending flange 228 connected thereto so that when the flange is pushed forward by a plunger 230 to a vertical position, the gripping jaw 220 will be pushed down to grip the cloth. The plunger 230 is carried on the output of a pneumatically operated cylinder 232 that has a piston 234 extending therefrom. The hinge member 224 is supported on a base plate 236 that is in turn secured to a tubular member 238. The tubular member 238 is in turn supported on spaced slide blocks 240 constructed of lubricated high molecular weight polyethylene material. Angle members 242 secure the tubular member 238 to the side block 240. Side blocks 240 are carried on opposite sides of the frame as only one side of the cloth puller H is shown in FIG. 21. The slide blocks 240 are in turn carried on a tubular rail 244 that is suitably supported on side frame members 246. The guide blocks 240 have a metal support plate 248 attached to the bottom thereof which are in turn attached to a timing belt 250. The timing belt 250 extends around spaced driven pulleys 252. One of the pulleys 252 is supported on a rotatable shaft 254. The upper end of rotatable shaft 254 has a gear 256 provided thereon. The gear 256 is in turn coupled by a chain 258 to a grip driven gear 260. The driven gear 260 is coupled to the output of a gear box 262 which has its input connected to a motor 264. By turning the motor 264 on and off, the gripping jaw 220 can be moved along the guide rail 244 to a position closely adjacent the previously cut end of the cloth for gripping the cloth. Once the gripping jaw 220 is engaged to grip the cloth, it can be retracted to pull a predetermined length of cloth from the accumulator. A spring 266 extends from a vertically extending portion 228 of the jaw and the slide block 240 to hold the jaws in a normally open position. In order to close the jaw 220, air is supplied to the pneumatic cylinder 232 to move the piston to the right, as shown in FIG. 12. When the piston 234 is moved to the right, the plunger 230 engages the vertically extending portion of the upper jaw to pivot it about the hinge 224 to cause the horizontal gripping jaw 222 to move to the closed position where it would engage the cloth. Before describing the sequence of operation of the pulling head and the folding of the cloth on the folding table, the dies for facilitating the folding of the cloth will be described. The dies include two elongated metal plates 270 and 272 such as best shown in FIGS. 22 and 24. The dies are placed on top of the cloth 24 after the cloth 24 has been pulled onto the folding table 8. The dies are raised and lowered by lifting devices J. The lifting devices J as shown in FIG. 13 include an electrical magnet 274 carried on the end of a piston rod 276 extending out the lower end of a pneumatically operated cylinder 278. The die plates are raised and lowered from the lifting table by manipulating the pneumatically operated cylinders 278. In order to lower the die onto the cloth carried on the table, air is supplied to an upper port of the pneumatic cylinder 278 forcing the piston rod 276 out the lower end of the cylinder. The electromagnet 274 is energized at this time and has the metal die 272 secured thereto. When the die is positioned on top of the cloth, the electromagnet is deenergized releasing the die 272, and the pneumatic cylinder 278 has air supplied to its lower port for raising the piston with the electromagnet upwardly so as not to interfere with the folding operation. There are three electromagnets positioned above each of the dies for engaging metal plates 280 carried on the dies. In order to ensure that the dies are properly positioned on the folding table, a T-shaped attachment 282 is carried on one of the ends of each of the dies. The T-shaped attachment is positioned between three abutments 284, 286, and 288, which properly align the end of the die on the folding table 8. Aligning members 290 are provided adjacent to the other end of the dies and include a triangular shaped end portion 292 that is rotated into engagement with a V-shaped recess 294 provided on the end of the dies opposite the end where the T-shaped member 282 is carried. The positioning member 290 is carried on the end of an output shaft of a motor 291 that when energized rotates the engaged member 290 from a retracted position such as shown in FIG. 22 to a positioning position wherein the triangular shaped end portion 292 engages the V-shaped slot 294 to properly align the dies. The T-shaped attachments 282 and aligning members 290 maintain the dies 270 and 272 in their proper position during the folding operation as will be described hereinafter. The entire pulling and folding operation of the fabric will be described below, but it is felt that it is best to describe some of the elements that are to be used in the operation before going through the sequences. Another functional device is the cloth hold down device L. The cloth hold down device L as shown in FIGS. 13 and 25 includes an elongated wooden block 300 that extends across the entire folding table 8. Positioned adjacent the bottom of the elongated wooden block 300 is a foam pad 302 that has secured to the bottom surface thereof a strip of high molecular weight polyethylene 304. The elongated block 300 is secured to the lower end of a plurality of pistons 306 that are in turn manipulated by pneumatically operated cylinders 308. The purpose of the cloth hold down bar L is to hold the cloth flush against the folding table when it is desired to transport the folded cloth pattern laterally to a subsequent sewing station. As a result of the foam pad 302, the low friction surface 304 is allowed to ride over seams and hems while imparting a substantially uniform pressure all the way across the cloth. The low friction surface 304 permits the cloth to slide under the hold down device when it is being shifted laterally to a subsequent sewing operation. This sequence of the pulling and cutting of the predetermined lengths of fabric will now be described. First, reference is directed to FIG. 13 which shows on the right, the edge of the cloth 24 located directly under the cutter blade 206. At this point in time, the cloth puller H is retracted to the end of the machine such as shown in FIG. 13, and the gripping jaw 220 is in an open position. The controller for the machine energizes the drive motor 264 which causes the timing belt 250 to be driven to move the gripping head 220 to the right, to the position shown in FIG. 14. As the gripping head 220 approaches the position shown in FIG. 14, a metal member 320 which is carried by the timing belt 250 and which projects laterally beyond the frame of the machine first passes proximity switch 322 as shown in FIG. 25. At this point in time a signal is generated to slow the motor 264 down. The gripping head 220 continues, however, moving forward until the member 320 is positioned adjacent the proximity switch 324 which generates a signal that is fed back to stop the motor 264 in the position shown in FIG. 14. Note in FIG. 14 that the dies I are engaged with the electromagnets and are in a raised position so as to permit the gripping head to pass thereunder. FIG. 15 shows the gripping head 220 lowered to a closed position gripping the leading edge of the fabric 24. In FIG. 16, the controller associated with the machine again energizes the motor 264 to retract the puller H with the gripping head in the closed position pulling the cloth 24 out of the accumulator F. As the activating member 320 carried by the gripping head comes adjacent a proximity switch 326 as shown in FIG. 25, the motor slows down and keeps going backwards until it comes adjacent the proximity switch 328 which stops the motor 264. In this position, the cloth 24 is extended its full length such as shown in FIG. 16. The proximity switches are adjustable for extending the cloth 24 a predetermined distance. The next step in the sequence is activating the pneumatic cylinders forming part of die lifters J to lower the dies I down on top of the folding table 8 as shown in FIG. 17. At this point in time, the electromagnets carried on the end of the pistons associated with the lifting device are deenergized and leave the dies 270 and 272 on top of the extended cloth 24 such as shown in FIG. 22. The cloth puller and leading edge folder H is again moved back to the right as shown in FIG. 18, and while it is moving to the right, it has the leading edge of the cloth engagement between the gripping jaws. When it reaches the position such as shown in FIG. 18, the jaws of the gripping device 220 are open to release the cloth. As can be seen in FIG. 18, a single fold has been made in the cloth at this time. A trailing end folder K has an L-shaped angled member 340 carried on the upper end thereof which in turn has the trailing end of the fabric 24 resting on top. By pivoting the trailing end folder in the forward direction, the angle member 340 pushes the trailing edge of the fabric over the die 272 to produce the folded pattern such as shown in FIG. 19. This folded pattern is now in position for being transported to a sewing station which will sew a hem in the edge of the upper fold and produce two elongated stitch lines along across the width of the entire valance to define a pocket and a socket in the valance. The next step in the sequence is to lower the cloth hold down bar L onto the folded cloth pattern directly above the ends of the cloth as shown in FIG. 20. The cloth shifter M, which is in the form of three driven belts 350, 352, and 354, is used for shifting the folded pattern of cloth laterally from the folding table to an adjacent sewing station. The T-shaped attachments 282 carried on the end of the dies 270 and 272 prevent the dies from being moved laterally as the cloth is pulled by the moving belts 350, 352, and 354, off of the folding table into the next sewing station. As can be seen in FIG. 26, the folded pattern of cloth 24 is carried on the movable belts 350, 352, and 354. The pattern 24 is held down flush against the belts 352 and 354 by spring loaded plates not shown. The upper edge of the cloth 24 engages a first driven belt 360. Prior to engaging the belt 360, the folded pattern 24 moves into engagement with an edge separating device N which includes a thin upwardly projecting finger that protrudes between the adjacent folds in the pattern of cloth 24 and feeds the edge of the upper fold into a conventional hem edge curler 0 which curls the edge under to form a hem. The hem is then fed towards a first sewing machine P which has a single needle. The purpose of the first sewing head P is to put a length of stitch across the entire folded pattern and to tack stitches adjacent to the leading edge of the valance and the trailing edge of the valance. A second sewing machine Q follows the first sewing machine, and its purpose is to place a stitch continuously across the entire valance. The second sewing head is offset from the first sewing head so that you have offset stitch lines to define a socket for receiving a curtain rod and a pocket for receiving filler material. A controller is used for controlling the drive of the sewing machines P and Q as well as the drive for the moving belts 350, 352 and 354 and the upper belts 360 and 362. A photocell R is carried by the first sewing machine P, and it generates a signal indicating that the leading edge of the folded pattern 24 has reached the sewing head. This causes a signal to be sent to the controller which slows down the conveying belts 350, 352 and 354 and the trailing sewing machine Q. The first sewing machine P continues to sew at its normal rate but since the movement of the fabric under the head has been slowed, more stitches per inch are placed in the leading edge of the folded fabric. This occurs for approximately one inch, depending on the preference of the customer. The same tacking operation takes place at the trailing edge of the folded fabric. The controller can be set for activating the tacking operation according to the lengths of valances being produced. After the two elongated stitches have been placed across the valances by the sewing heads P and Q, the thread extending between adjacent valances is cut by a thread cutter 364, and the valances are moved off the end of the sewing station onto a rotating folder which folds the valances into a rectangular package. Proper spacing is maintained between the valances being transferred from the folding table 8 to the final sewing station by means of a photocell 370 that is positioned adjacent to the side of the folding table as shown in FIG. 25. This photocell senses the trailing and leading edges of the folded valances, and activates the controller which starts and stops the conveying and sequencing operation of the machine. Any suitable conventional controller can be used for synchronizing the various conveying and sewing operations taking place. The apparatus of the present invention can also be adapted to feed two rolls of material simultaneously through the system as can be shown in FIG. 25. The second or top roll of material is placed on the apparatus when it is desirable to have a liner included with the finished product. As shown in FIG. 25, a roll of fabric 400 is carried on a second let off A'. The let off A' includes a power driven roll 402 which has a friction covering thereon. Similar to as described above, power driven roll 402 is driven by an electric motor. The motor is a variable speed driven motor. The speed of the motor can be placed under the control of a dancer roll 404. The dancer roll 404 is permitted to move up and down responsive to variations in tension in the cloth extending therearound. As the dancer roll 404 moves up and down, the voltage applied to the motor drive board is varied for varying the let off speed of the cloth. However, unlike roll let off A, roll let off A' further includes a second power driven roll 406. Preferably, roll 406 is driven by a slip clutch for varying the torque. Power driven roll 406 is added to let off A' in order to have differential tension on the face fabric in comparison to the liner. In one embodiment, dancer roll 22 can be set at a particular weight and thus at a constant tension. Dancer roll 404 is then also set at a particular weight. However, by including the second powered roll 406 the tension exerted on the liner 410 can be varied by adjusting the slip clutch engaged with the motor. This adjustment can be made in response to the tension being exerted on the cloth by the sewing heads and cloth advancers E. Once a proper adjustment in the tension of liner 410 is made, the liner 410 and cloth 24 should feed simultaneously and uniformly. In this arrangement, power roller 406 always applies a continuous torque to liner 410 for placing in equilibrium the rate at which the liner and the cloth are fed to the sewing heads. One type of clutch that can be used in conjunction with the motor used to drive roll 406 is a hysteresis clutch which is well-known in the art. Using a hysteresis clutch, by increasing the voltage, a magnetic field is increased which can be used to vary the torque placed upon roller 406. Of course, other similar types of clutches can be used in the present invention. These and other modifications and variations to the present invention may be practiced by those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which is more particularly set forth in the appended claims. In addition, it should be understood that aspects of the various embodiments may be interchanged both in whole or in part. Furthermore, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the foregoing description is by way of example only and is not intended to be limitative of the invention so further described in such appended claims.	An apparatus and method are provided for converting a roll of material into various products such as curtains, draperies, valances, or the like. Specifically, the apparatus includes a roll let off for supporting and feeding a roll of material or cloth. After the let off, the edges of the cloth are cut if desired and are engaged by a pair of edge folding and positioning stations for forming vertically folded edges. The folded edges are then converted into hems and sewn into the material by a pair of corresponding hem sewing heads and cloth advancers. Once vertical hems are formed in the cloth, the cloth is cut to predetermined lengths and if desired, folded in a predetermined pattern. The folded pattern can then be transported to a sewing station for further sewing the material into a desired product.	3
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to novel compounds which belong to 5-halo-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamides. The compounds of this invention show growth inhibitory activities on plants and also anti-inflammatory activity. 2. Description of the Prior Arts Certain compounds belonging to 5-halo-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamides have been reported in literatures. Canadian Patent No. 1,115,278 [and also J. B. Pierce et al, J. Med. Chem. 25, 131(1982)] disclosed two compounds possessing anti-inflammatory activity, i.e., 5-bromo-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-N,1-diphenyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide and 5-bromo-N,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide. When these two compounds are compared with the formula (I) of the present invention, they correspond to the case where R and ##STR2## are the same and R is phenyl or a substituted phenyl group. On the other hand, cephalosporins as pharmaceutical compounds which possess 5-halo-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamides as the partial structure were disclosed in Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. Sho 54(1979)-24,892. However, plant growth inhibitory agents whose active ingredients are 5-halo-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamides as in the formula (I) shown below are not known. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention is to provide compounds of the formula (I) and salts thereof. ##STR3## In the formula (I), R is a hydrogen atom or a group of --(CH 2 ) n --R 1 wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4 and R 1 is a hydrogen atom, hydroxy group, lower alkoxy group, mercapto group, lower alkylthio group, amino group, di-lower alkylamino group, C 1-11 alkyl group, lower alkenyl group, lower alkynyl group, cycloalkyl group, 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic group, or aryl group which may be substituted by one or two substituents of halogen, lower alkyl or lower alkoxy; R 2 and R 3 are, the same or different, a hydrogen atom, halogen atom, cyano group, nitro group, amino group, lower alkyl group, halogenated lower alkyl group, hydroxy group, lower alkoxy group, aryloxy group, carboxy group or lower alkoxycarbonyl group; x is a halogen atom. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The term of "lower" used for lower alkyl, lower alkoxy or like group in this invention means a group containing 1-6 carbon atoms. Specifically, there may be mentioned as lower alkyl groups methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl or isopentyl; as lower alkoxy groups methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy or butoxy; as lower alkoxycarbonyl groups methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl or butoxycarbonyl; or as lower alkylthio groups methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, butylthio or pentylthio. As lower alkenyl or lower alkynyl groups may be mentioned vinyl, allyl, isopropenyl, 2-butenyl, 1,3-butadienyl, 2-pentenyl, 1,4-pentadienyl, 1,6-heptadienyl, 1-hexenyl, ethynyl or 2-propynyl. Examples of cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl. 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic groups include 5- or 6-membered ones containing one to three hetero atoms selected from nitrogen atom, oxygen atom and sulfur atom. Examples of 5-membered heterocyclic groups are furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, thienyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl or pyrazolyl, and examples of 6-membered heterocyclic groups are pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl or pyridazinyl. These heterocyclic groups may be substituted by alkyl as methyl or ethyl, a halogen atom or phenyl. When the heterocyclic group is substituted by phenyl, it may form a condensed ring combining the two adjacent carbon atoms in the heterocyclic group with the phenyl group. Examples of the condensed ring are a benzothiazolyl, benzofuryl, quinazolinyl or quinoxalinyl group. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl and naphthyl groups. Halogen atom includes chlorine, bromine and fluorine atoms. The compound of the formula (I) in this invention may form an addition salt with an acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid or trifluoroacetic acid when sufficiently basic, and also form a salt with an inorganic base when it contains a carboxylic group. Such salts are also included in this invention. The compound of the formula (I) in this invention may be prepared by any of the following methods. Method A ##STR4## [R, R 2 and R 3 of the Formula (II) are the same as those in the formula (I)]. This method comprises reacting a 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide derivative (II) with a halogenating reagent. It is especially advantageous to use as the halogenating reagent, N-chlorosuccinimide or N-bromosuccinimide in an appropriate chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent (e.g., dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrachloromethane, trichloroethylene or tetrachloroethane) in the presence or absence of a free-radical initiator. The reaction may be also conducted by dissolving the compound (II) in a halogenated hydrocarbon as mentioned above, and blowing or dropping into the resultant solution bromine or chlorine in gaseous or liquid state. In the above halogenation of the compound (II), it may additionally give the substitution at the phenyl group which is bonded at the amide nitrogen atom. Method B This method is conducted by treating a compound of the formula (I) with an alkali metal halide which concerns an exchange of a halogen atom (X) in the formula (I). It is useful to synthesize a compound of the formula (I) in which X is a fluorine atom and which is difficult to produce by direct introduction. Method C ##STR5## This method is conducted by treating a carboxylic acid of the formula (III) in which R and X are the same as in formula (I) with an aniline derivative (IV) in the presence of an appropriate condensating agent, to yield the compound of the formula(I). As explained in the method A, this method is effective in case where the phenyl group on the amide nitrogen atom is reactive with the halogenating agent. Method D ##STR6## This method is conducted by reacting an acid halide compound of the formula (V) in which R and X are the same as in formula (I) and Z is a chlorine or bromine atom, with an aniline derivative of the formula (IV) in the presence of an appropriate acid removing agent, to obtain a compound of the formula (I). Similarly to the method C, this method is also effective in cases where the phenyl group on the amide nitrogen atom is reactive with the halogenating agent. Examples of ##STR7## of the formula (I) include phenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 2-ethylphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 3-ethylphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-ethylphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 2,3-dichlorophenyl, 2,3-dibromophenyl, 2,3-dimethylphenyl, 2,3-diethylphenyl, 2,3-dimethoxyphenyl, 2-methyl-3-chlorophenyl, 2-methyl-3-bromophenyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, 2,4-dibromophenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, 2,4-diethylphenyl, 2,4-dimethoxyphenyl, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenyl, 2-methyl-4-bromophenyl, 2,5-dichlorophenyl, 2,5-dibromophenyl, 2,5-dimethylphenyl, 2,5-diethylphenyl, 2,5dimethoxyphenyl, 5-chloro-2-methylphenyl, 5-bromo-2-methylphenyl, 2,6dichlorophenyl, 2,6-dibromophenyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, 2,6-diethylphenyl, 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl, 2-chloro-6-methylphenyl, 2-chloro-6-ethylphenyl, 2-bromo-6-methylphenyl, 2-bromo-6-ethylphenyl, 2-methyl-6-ethylphenyl, 2-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 2-phenoxyphenyl, 4-phenoxyphenyl, 3-nitrophenyl, 4-nitrophenyl, 4-cyanophenyl, 2-methoxycarbonylphenyl and 4-methoxycarbonylphenyl. R of the formula (I) includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, isoamyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, dodecyl, allyl, isopropenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, propargyl, 3-butynyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, 2-phenoxyethyl, 3-methoxypropyl, 3-ethoxypropyl, 3-isopropoxypropyl, 2-mercaptoethyl, 3-mercaptopropyl, 2-ethylthioethyl, 2-phenylthioethyl, 2-aminoethyl, 2-dimethylaminoethyl, 2-furylmethyl, 2-tetrahydrofurylmethyl, 2-thienylmethyl, 2-pyridylmethyl, 3-pyridyl-methyl, 4-pyridylmethyl, 2-(2-pyridyl)ethyl, phenylmethyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-phenylpropyl, 4-phenylbutyl, 4-chlorophenylmethyl, 4-fluorophenylmethyl, 4-methylphenylmethyl, 4-isopropylphenylmethyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenylmethyl, 4-methoxyphenylmethyl, 3-methylphenylmethyl, 3-chlorophenylmethyl, 3-methoxyphenylmethyl, 2-(4-methylphenyl)ethyl and 2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl. Furthermore, related specific compounds in addition to the compounds shown in the examples are as follows; 5-bromo-N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-phenylmethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(4-bromo-2-methoxyphenyl)-1-butyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(4-bromo-2-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(2-phenylethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-1,2,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-ethyl-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1-ethyl-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-propyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1-(3-methylbutyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1-hexyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 1-allyl-5-bromo-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 1-allyl-5-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-propargyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-cyclohexylmethyl-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-1-(3-methoxypropyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1-(2-ethoxymethyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-(3-ethoxypropyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1-(3-ethoxypropyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-1-(2-isopropoxyethyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-1-(2-isopropoxyethyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-1-(3-isopropoxypropyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-1-(3-isopropoxypropyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1-(2-ethylthioethyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1-(2-ethylthioethyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-phenylmethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-(3-chlorophenylmethyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1-(3-chlorophenylmethyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-(4-chlorophenylmethyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1-(4-chlorophenylmethyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(3-methylphenylmethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(3-methylphenylmethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(4-methylphenylmethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(4-methylphenylmethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(2-phenylethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(4-phenylbutyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(4-phenylbutyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1-(2-furyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1,4-dihydro-1,2,6-trimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-butyl-1,4-dihydro-1-propargyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-pentyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1,4-dihydro-1-hexyl-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1,4-dihydro-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1,4-dihydro-1-(3-methoxypropyl)-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-(3-ethoxypropyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-(2-ethylthioethyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-1,2,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-ethyl-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-propyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 1-butyl-5-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-pentyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-pentyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1-(3-methylbutyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1-(3-methylbutyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1-hexyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1-hexyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 1-allyl-5-bromo-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-propargyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-1-(3-methoxypropyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-(3-ethoxypropyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1-(2-ethylthioethyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-phenylmethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-(3-chlorophenylmethyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-(4-chlorophenylmethyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1-(3-methylphenylmethyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1-(4-methylphenylmethyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-(2-phenylethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-(4-phenylbutyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-phenylmethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-phenylmethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-(3-chlorophenylmethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-(4-chlorophenylmethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1-(4-chlorophenylmethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1-(3-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1-(4-methylphenylmethyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1-(4-methylphenylmethyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(2-phenylethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(4-phenylbutyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-butyl-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1-butyl-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-pentyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-pentyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1-(3-methylbutyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1-(3-methylbutyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-hexyl-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1-hexyl-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1-(3-methoxypropyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1-(3-methoxypropyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-(3-ethoxypropyl)-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1-(3-ethoxypropyl)-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1,4-dihydro-1-(2-isopropoxyethyl)-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1,4-dihydro-1-(2-isopropoxyethyl)-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1,4-dihydro-1-(3-isopropoxypropyl)-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1,4-dihydro-1-(3-isopropoxypropyl)-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-phenylmethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-phenylmethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-(3-chlorophenylmethyl)1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1-(4-chlorophenylmethyl)-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1-(4-chlorophenylmethyl)-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1-(3-methylphenylmethyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1-(4-methylphenylmethyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1-(4-methylphenylmethyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(2-phenylethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-chloro-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(2-phenylethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-bromo-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(4-phenylbutyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-propyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 1-butyl-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-pentyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1-(3-methylbutyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1-hexyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-1-(3-methoxypropyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 1-(3-ethoxypropyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-1-(2-isopropoxyethyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-1-(3-isopropoxypropyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-phenylmethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 1-(3-chlorophenylmethyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 1-(4-chlorophenylmethyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1-(3-methylphenylmethyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1-(4-methylphenylmethyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(2-phenylethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(4-phenylbutyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 1-butyl-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-fluoro-1-hexyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-1-(3-methoxypropyl)-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide. 5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-phenylmethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 1-(4-chlorophenylmethyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-diemethylphenyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-1-(4-methylphenylmethyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-(2-phenylethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 1-butyl-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1-hexyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-1-(3-methoxypropyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-phenylmethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 1-(4-chlorophenylmethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-1-(4-methylphenylmethyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(2-phenylethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 1-butyl-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-fluoro-1-hexyl-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1-(2-methoxyethyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1-(3-methoxypropyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-phenylmethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 1-(4-chlorophenylmethyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1-(4-methylphenylmethyl)-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1-(2-phenylethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide, 1-(3-ethoxypropyl)-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-5-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide. This invention is further illustrated by examples hereinafter. Also, growth-inhibitory activities on plants of the compounds of the invention are shown in reference examples. EXAMPLE 1 5-Bromo-1-butyl-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide (compound 1) A mixture of 3.0 g (8.5 mmol, m.p. 110°-112° C.) of 1-butyl-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide and 1.7 g (9.6 mmol) of N-bromosuccinimide was dissolved in 100 ml of dichloromethane, and the mixture was stirred for a day at room temperature. The reaction mixture, transferred to a separatory funnel, was washed with water, saturated sodium bicarbonate and water. The organic layer was dried and concentrated in a known manner to give a crystalline residue, and the residue was recrystallized from a mixture of ethyl acetate and hexane, affording 2.25 g of the title compound having m.p. 158°-160.5° C. EXAMPLE 2 1-Butyl-5-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide (compound 2) A mixture of 500 mg (1.41 mmol, m.p. 110°-112° C.) of 1-butyl-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide and 188 mg (1.41 mmol) of N-chlorosuccinimide was dissolved in 15 ml of chloroform and refluxed with stirring. To the reaction mixture, 190 mg of N-chloro-succinimide was added in twice, and refluxed for 15.2 hours. The reaction mixture, transferred to a separatory funnel, was washed with water, saturated sodium bicarbonate and water. The organic layer was dried and concentrated in a usual manner to give a yellow oil, which was purified by column chromatography (Waco-gel® C-200) with a mixture of ethyl acetate and hexane. A crystalline residue was recrystallized from a mixture of ethyl acetate and hexane, affording 300 mg of title compound having m.p. 125.5°-126.5° C. EXAMPLE 3 5-Bromo-N-(4-bromo-2-methylphenyl)-1-butyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide (compound 3) A mixture of 1.00 g (3.20 mmol, m.p. 143°-145° C.) of 1-butyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-N-(2-methylphenyl)4-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxamide and 0.63 g (3.52 mmol) of N-bromosuccinimide was dissolved in 30 ml of dichloromethane, and the mixture was stirred for two days at room temperature, then 0.63 g of N-bromosuccinimide was added, and stirred for four days. The reaction mixture, transferred to a separatory funnel, was washed water, saturated sodium bicarbonate and water. The organic layer was dried and concentrated in a usual manner to give a crystalline residue. The residue was recrystallized from a mixture of ethyl acetate and methanol, affording 1.04 g (yield: 71%) of the title compound having m.p. 190°-192.5° C. The following Table 1 and Table 2 show physical properties of the compounds associated with this invention. Numbers in the columns "Evaluation" in Table 2 were obtained as follows. A carrier was prepared by mixing 50 parts (by weight) of talc, 25 parts of bentonite, 2 parts of Solpole-9047 (Toho Chemical Co., Ltd., Japan) and 3 parts of Solpole-5039 (Toho Chemical Co., Ltd., Japan). 50 parts of a test compound and 200 parts of the carrier were mixed to obtain 20% wettable powder, followed by dispersing the powder in distilled water to make dispersions of the definite concentrations. Seeds of Oryza sativa L., Echinochloa crus-galli L., and Raphanus sativus L. were germinated in a laboratory dish, to which the dispersion was added. After breeding for 7 days in a thermostatic box kept at 25° C. under illumination of fluorescent tubes, growth of plant was observed. In the column of "Evaluation" of Table 2, the designation 1 denotes no influence, 2 denotes 25% growth inhibition, 3 denotes 50% growth inhibition, 4 denotes 75% growth inhibition and 5 denotes 100% growth inhibition. TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Example Melting PointNo. R R.sub.2 R.sub.3 X (°C.) Molecular Formula__________________________________________________________________________ 1 butyl 2-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 6-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 Br 158-160.5 C.sub.22 H.sub.29 BrN.sub.2 O.sub.2 2 butyl 2-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 6-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 Cl 125.5-126.5 C.sub.22 H.sub.29 ClN.sub.2 O.sub.2 3 butyl 2-CH.sub.3 4-Br Br 190-192.5 C.sub.19 H.sub.22 Br.sub.2 N.sub.2 O.sub.2 4 butyl 2-Cl H Br 165-166.5 C.sub.18 H.sub.20 BrClN.sub.2 O.sub.2 5 phenylmethyl 2-Cl H Br 202-206 C.sub.21 H.sub.18 BrClN.sub.2 O.sub.2 6 2-phenylethyl 2-Cl H Br 187.5-192 C.sub.22 H.sub.20 BrClN.sub.2 O.sub.2 7 butyl 2-CH.sub.3 6-CH.sub.3 Br 151-153 C.sub.20 H.sub.25 BrN.sub.2 O.sub.2 8 pentyl 2-CH.sub.3 6-CH.sub.3 Br 159-161 C.sub.21 H.sub.27 BrN.sub.2 O.sub.2 9 hexyl 2-CH.sub.3 6-CH.sub.3 Br 175-177 C.sub.22 H.sub.29 BrN.sub.2 O.sub.210 phenylmethyl 2-CH.sub.3 6-CH.sub.3 Br 173.5-176 C.sub.23 H.sub.23 BrN.sub.2 O.sub.211 2-phenylethyl 2-CH.sub.3 6-CH.sub.3 Br 209-210 C.sub.24 H.sub.25 BrN.sub.2 O.sub.212 butyl 2-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 6-CH.sub.3 Br 93-94.5 C.sub.21 H.sub.27 BrN.sub.2 O.sub.213 2-phenylethyl 2-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 6-CH.sub.3 Br 110-112 C.sub.25 H.sub.27 BrN.sub.2 O.sub.214 H 2-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 6-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 Br 259-261 C.sub.18 H.sub.21 BrN.sub.2 O.sub.215 CH.sub.3 2-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 6-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 Br 162-164 C.sub.19 H.sub.23 BrN.sub.2 O.sub.216 propyl 2-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 6-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 Br 123-125 C.sub.21 H.sub.27 BrN.sub.2 O.sub.217 pentyl 2-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 6-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 Br 140-141.5 C.sub.23 H.sub.31 BrN.sub.2 O.sub.218 isoamyl 2-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 6-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 Br 153.5-154.5 C.sub.23 H.sub.31 BrN.sub.2 O.sub.219 hexyl 2-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 6-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 Br 141-143 C.sub.24 H.sub.33 BrN.sub.2 O.sub.220 furylmethyl 2-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 6-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 Br 155.5-157.5 C.sub.23 H.sub.25 BrN.sub.2 O.sub.221 2-ethoxyethyl 2-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 6-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 Br 138.5-140 C.sub.22 H.sub.29 BrN.sub.2 O.sub.322 3-methoxypropyl 2-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 6-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 Br 139-140.5 C.sub.22 H.sub.29 BrN.sub.2 O.sub.323 phenylmethyl 2-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 6-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 Br 174-175 C.sub.25 H.sub.27 BrN.sub.2 O.sub.224 2-phenylethyl 2-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 6-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 Br 173-175 C.sub.26 H.sub.29 BrN.sub.2 O.sub.225 2-propynyl 2-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 6-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 Br 211-214 C.sub.21 H.sub.23 BrN.sub.2 O.sub.226 butyl 2-Cl 6-CH.sub.3 Br 179-180.5 C.sub.19 H.sub.22 BrClN.sub.2 O.sub.227 2-phenylethyl 2-Cl 3-Cl Br 208.5-211.5 C.sub.22 H.sub.19 BrCl.sub.2 N.sub.2 O.sub.228 butyl 2-Cl 4-Cl Br 195.5-196.5 C.sub.18 H.sub.19 BrCl.sub.2 N.sub.2 O.sub.229 butyl 2-Cl 5-Cl Br 183.5-185 C.sub.18 H.sub.19 BrCl.sub.2 N.sub.2 O.sub.230 butyl 2-Cl 6-Cl Br 200-201.5 C.sub.18 H.sub.19 BrCl.sub.2 N.sub.2 O.sub.231 pentyl 2-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 6-C.sub.2 H.sub.5 Cl 130-132 C.sub.23 H.sub.31 ClN.sub.2 O.sub.232 4-fluorophenylmethyl 2-Cl 4-Br Br 244.5-246.5 C.sub.21 H.sub.16 Br.sub.2 ClFN.sub.2 O.sub.233 phenylmethyl 2-CH.sub.3 6-Cl Br 182-184 C.sub.22 H.sub.20 BrClN.sub.2 O.sub.234 butyl 2-OCH.sub.3 4-Br Br 227-229 C.sub.19 H.sub.22 Br.sub.2 N.sub.2 O.sub.335 2-phenylethyl 2-OCH.sub.3 4-Br Br 261-262 C.sub.23 H.sub.22 Br.sub.2 N.sub.2 O.sub.3__________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________IR NMR EvaluationExampleν value (cm.sup.-1) Chemical shift δ value Conc. PlantsNo. Method: KBr (CDCl.sub.3) (ppm) X Y Z__________________________________________________________________________ 1 1607 1.17(6H, t.), 0.7-2.0(7H, m.), 20 4 4 41653 2.65(4H, q.), 2.71(3H, s.), 100 5 5 4 2.83(3H, s.), 4.04(2H, t.), 7.07(3H, t.), 10.86(1H, br.). 2 1607 1.18(6H, t.), 0.8-2.0(7H, m.), 20 3 4 41645 2.62(3H, s.), 2.66(4H, q.), 100 2.85(3H, s.), 4.02(2H, s.), 7.07(3H, s.), 10.88(1H, br.). 3 1600 0.8-2.0(7H, m.), 2.40(3H, s.), 20 2 2 21655 2.75(3H, s.), 2.90(3H, s.), 100 1 2 3 4.06(2H, t.), 7.15-8.0(3H, m.), 12.10(1H, br.). 4 1673 0.8-2.0(7H, m.), 2.72(3H, s.), 20 1 2 1 2.88(3H, s.), 3.98(2H, t.), 100 1 1 3 6.87-8.08(4H, m.), 12.48(1H, br.). 5 1603 2.60(3H, s.), 2.79(3H, s.), 20 1 4 11667 5.33(2H, s.), 7.76-8.33(9H, m.), 100 1 4 1 12.4(1H, br.). 6 1663 2.70(3H, s.), 2.90(3H, s.), 20 3 4 2 2.97(2H, t.), 4.20(2H, t.), 100 4 4 3 6.90-7.35(8H, m.), 12.40(1H, br.). 7 1613 0.8-2.0(7H, m.), 2.30(6H, s.), 20 1 3 41653 2.70(3H, s.), 2.81(3H, s.), 100 4 4 41663 4.02(2H, t.), 7.00(3H, s.), 10.72(1H, br.). 8 1610 0.7-2.0(9H, m.), 2.28(6H, s.), 20 1 4 41655 2.70(3H, s.), 2.81(3H, s.), 100 4 4 4 4.03(2H, t.), 7.00(3H, s.), 10.78(1H, br.). 9 1650 0.7-2.0(11H, m.), 2.30(6H, s.), 20 1 2 3 2.70(3H, s.), 2.82(3H, s.), 100 3 3 3 3.98(2H, t.), 6.99(3H, s.), 10.70(1H, br.).10 1603 2.30(6H, s.), 2.61(3H, s.), 20 2 4 41645 2.75(3H, s.), 5.30(2H, s.), 100 3 4 4 6.8-7.4(8H, m.), 10.72(1H, br.).11 1610 2.25(6H, s.), 2.68(3H, s.), 20 4 5 41660 2.81(3H, s.), 2.93(2H, t.), 100 4 5 4 4.23(2H, t.), 7.0-7.4(8H, m.), 10.60(1H, br.).12 1607 1.19(3H, t.), 0.8-2.0(7H, m.), 20 1 2 31653 2.31(3H, s.), 2.61(2H, q.), 100 3 3 3 2.77(3H, s.), 2.89(3H, s), 10.94(1H, br.).13 1610 1.19(3H, t.), 2.29(3H, s.), 20 4 4 41655 2.67(2H, q.), 2.72(3H, s.), 100 5 5 4 2.88(3H, s.), 2.98(2H, t.), 4.29(2H, t.), 7.06-7.40(8H, m.), 10.73(1H, br.).14 1640 1.12(6H, t.), 2.20(3H, s.), 20 1 3 4 2.55(4H, q.), 2.59(3H, s.), 100 1 4 4 7.05(3H, s.), 11.78(1H, br.), 12.03(1H, br.).15 1613 1.18(6H, t.), 2.63(4H, q.), 20 4 5 41653 2.69(3H, s.), 2.80(3H, s.), 100 4 5 4 3,63(3H, s.), 7.07(3H, s.), 10.83(1H, br.).16 1610 1.19(6H, t.), 0.84-2.00(5H, m.), 20 4 5 41657 2.67(4H, q.), 2.72(3H, s.), 100 5 5 4 2,84(3H, s.), 3.98(2H, d.), 7.08(3H, s.), 10.86(1H, br.).17 1610 1.17(6H, t.), 0.7-2.0(9H, m.), 20 5 5 41653 2.65(4H, q.), 2.72(3H, s.), 100 5 5 4 2.84(3H, s.), 4.01(2H, t.), 7.07(3H, s.), 10.84(1H, br.).18 1610 1.08(6H, d.), 1.18(6H, t.), 20 4 4 31653 0.8-1.9(3H, m.), 2.65(4H, q.), 100 5 4 3 2.73(3H, s.), 2.85(3H, s.), 4.05(2H, t.), 7.10(3H, s.), 10.84(1H, br.).19 1610 1.19(6H, t.), 0.7-2.0(11H, m.), 20 4 4 41650 2.66(4H, q.), 2.73(3H, s.), 100 4 4 4 2.86(3H, s.), 4.03(2H, t.), 7.08(3H, s.), 10.87(1H, br.).20 1607 1.17(6H, t.), 2.65(4H, q.), 20 4 4 41643 2.79(3H, s.), 2.89(3H, s.), 100 4 4 4 5.02(2H, s.), 6.25(2H, m.), 7.07(3H, s.), 7.38(1H, m.), 10.87(1H, br.).21 1610 1.15(3H, t.), 1.20(6H, t.), 20 4 4 41643 2.66(4H, q.), 2.79(3H, s.), 100 4 5 4 2.86(3H, s.), 3.43(2H, q.), 3.64(2H, t.), 4.28(2H, t.), 7.10(3H, t.), 10.75(1H, br.).22 1610 1.19(6H, t.), 2.03(2H, m.), 20 4 4 41645 2.67(4H, q.), 2.75(3H, s.), 100 4 5 4 2.87(3H, s.), 3.34(3H, s.), 3.45(2H, t.), 4.23(2H, t.), 7.10(3H, s.), 10.87(1H, br.).23 1600 1.19(6H, t.), 2.62(3H, s.), 20 3 4 41653 2.65(4H, q.), 2.78(3H, s.), 100 4 4 4 5.30(2H, s.), 6.8-7.4(8H, m.), 10.90(1H, br.).24 1605 1.16(6H, t.), 2.64(4H, q.), 20 4 5 41650 2.69(3H, s.), 2.82(3H, s.), 100 4 5 4 2.95(2H, t.), 4.26(2H, t.), 7.05-7.40(8H, m.), 10.72(1H, br.).25 1610 1.20(6H, t.), 2.52(1H, d.), 20 4 5 41653 2.59(4H, q.), 2.81(3H, s.), 100 4 5 4 2.92(3H, s.), 4.62(2H, d.), 7.12(3H, s.), 10.73(1H, br.).26 1655 0.8-2.0(7H, m.), 2.37(3H, s.), 20 1 2 4 2.74(3H, s.), 2.86(3H, s.), 100 2 3 4 4.03(2H, t.), 6.98-7.40(3H, m.), 11.27(1H, br.).27 1655 2.70(3H, s.), 2.88(3H, s.), 20 4 4 1 3.00(2H, t.), 4.23(2H, t.), 100 4 4 1 7.00-8.34(8H, m.), 12.50(1H, br.).28 1660 0.8-2.0(7H, m.), 2.71(3H, s.), 20 1 1 3 2.85(3H, s.), 4.10(2H, t.), 100 1 3 3 7.10-8.38(3H, m.), 12.58(1H, br.).29 1660 0.8-2.0(7H, m.), 2.73(3H, s.), 20 1 1 3 2.88(3H, s.), 4.06(2H, t.), 100 2 2 3 6.88-8.45(3H, m.), 12.72(1H, br.).30 1600 0.8-2.1(7H, m.), 2.72(3H, s.), 20 1 2 31675 2.87(3H, s.), 4.05(2H, t.), 100 3 3 3 6.9-7.1(3H, m.), 12.13(1H, br.).31 1613 1.20(6H, t.), 0.7-2.0(9H, m.), 20 5 5 41647 2.64(3H, s.), 2.65(4H, q.), 100 5 5 4 2.86(3H, s.), 3.97(2H, t.), 7.05(3H, s), 10.80(1H, br.).32 1600 2.62(3H, s.), 2.70(3H, s.), 20 1 4 11660 6.43(2H, s.), 7.45-7.90(6H, m.), 100 1 4 2 8.20(1H, d.), 12.05(1H, br.).33 1600 2.10(3H, s.), 2.68(3H, s.), 20 1 4 41660 2.87(3H, s.), 5.30(2H, s.), 100 4 5 4 6.80-7.50(8H, m.), 11.90(1H, br.).34 1650 0.80-1.90(7H, m.), 2.71(3H, s.), 20 1 1 3 2.83(3H, s.), 3.87(3H, s.), 100 2 2 3 4.07(2H, t.), 6.90(1H, s.), 7.10(1H, d.), 8.85(1H, d.), 12.00(1H, br.).35 1653 2.67(3H, s.), 2.83(3H, s.), 20 1 3 1 2.90(2H, t.), 3.87(3H, s.), 100 1 3 1 4.27(2H, t.), 6.90-7.30(7H, m.), 8.50(1H, d.), 12.00(1H, br.).__________________________________________________________________________ X: Oryza sativa L. Y: Echinochloa crusgalli L. Z: Raphanus sativus L. Solvent: DMSOd.sub.6	Novel 5-halopyridine-3-carboxamide compounds having the general formula (I) ##STR1## or salts thereof wherein R is hydrogen atom or a group of --(CH 2 ) n --R 1 wherein n is an integer from 1 to 4 and R 1 is hydrogen atom, hydroxy group, lower alkoxy group, mercapto group, lower alkylthio group, amino group, di-lower alkylamino group, C 1-11 alkyl group, lower alkenyl group, lower alkynyl group, cycloalkyl group, 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic group or aryl group which may be substituted by one or two substituents of halogen, lower alkyl or lower alkoxy; R 2 and R 3 are, the same of different, hydrogen atom, halogen atom, cyano group, nitro group, amino group, lower akyl group, halogenated lower alkyl group, hydroxy group, lower alkoxy group, aryloxy group, carboxy group or lower alkoxycarbonyl group; X is halogen atom; which compounds possess growth inhibitory activities and also anti-inflammatory activity.	2
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a video information generating apparatus creating video and audio data, a mobile multimedia terminal sending/receiving video and audio data input to and from the video information generating apparatus, and a system for creating and distributing video data 2. Description of the Prior Art Video data and audio data such as voice and/or music may be transmitted in a compressed form of international standard ISO/IEC 14496 (MPEG-4) at approximately tenth kilobits per second (bps). MPEG-4 may be useful for compressing video and audio signals of a predetermined length to archive thus obtained encoded data into one file or two separated video and audio files to send over networks together with an email data (text strings information). FIG. 1 represents the operation of video and audio file transmission between multimedia terminals, which may send and receive the encoded video and audio file attachments enclosed together with the email data. FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram illustrating the flow of transmission and reception of video and audio files by means of conventional multimedia terminals. A transmitter 1 may send the compressed input video and audio through the transmission line 2 to a distribution server 3 (for example a mail server or the like). The distribution server 3 may receive data, read the destination address of the mail, and transfer the mail through the transmission line 4 to the appropriate receiver 5 of the destination. Otherwise, the distribution server 3 may monitor the establishment of connection thereto from the receiver 5 , acknowledge the connection, and then notify thereof the receiver 5 having new mails or transfer the mail through the transmission line 4 . FIG. 2 shows a detailed schematic block diagram of the transmitter 1 shown in FIG. 1 . The transmitter 1 may accept character input (for example, keystroke codes) 12 , video signals 22 , audio signals 32 via a character input device 11 , camera unit 21 , and microphone 31 , respectively. The character input 12 may be encoded by the editor unit 13 to generate character codes 14 to be stored in the area for text streams in a memory 15 . The character codes 14 may also be any codes including editing and formatting codes (insertion, deletion, pointer movement, and the like). The video signals 22 may be captured and input to the video encoder 23 , which may convert the video signals 22 into the video codes 24 , in accordance with the format defined in the MPEG-4. Thus generated video codes 24 may be stored in the memory 15 . The audio signals 32 may be encoded to the audio codes 34 in the audio encoder 33 in accordance with the format defined by the MPEG-4 standard, to be stored in the memory 15 . Upon instruction of a transmitter user, the transmitter 1 will call the distribution server 3 to establish a connection therebetween. Then the text strings (mail envelope and body of text), video codes, and audio codes stored in the memory 15 will be retrieved from the memory 15 to send to the server through a communication interface 17 and the transmission line 2 . FIG. 3 shows a schematic block diagram illustrating the transmission data on the transmission line 2 . The data to be sent will consist of information shown in the figure, from left hand side to right hand side. The destination 50 will be sent first, then the text bitstream 51 , audio stream 52 , and video stream 53 . The text (character) stream may be omitted so as not to send if the audio stream may be used instead. In the following description, however, the text stream and audio stream are both assumed to be sent to the destination receiver. FIG. 4 is a detailed block diagram of the distribution server 3 . The operation of the distribution server 3 may consist of two phases. First of two phases is the reception of data (also referred to as mail data herein below) from the transmitter 1 , for storing the data 42 input from the transmitter 1 through a communication interface 41 into the storage buffer 45 . In this operation, a charge management unit 43 may be served for recording charge credited to the transmitter to be billed corresponding to the amount of data received at the server, or the duration or the number of times of communication, if necessary. Second phase is the transmission, invoked after the completion of the first phase. In this phase, a communication controller unit 47 may retrieve the mail data 46 stored in the buffer to read the destination. The communication controller 47 may direct a communication interface 49 to call the destination terminal, which may be the receiver 5 in this case. Upon the connection established with the receiver 5 on the transmission line 4 , the communication controller may retrieve the text data, audio data, and video data of the mail stored in the storage buffer 45 and send the mail to the receiver 5 through the communication interface 49 and the transmission line 4 . FIG. 5 is a detailed block diagram of a receiver 5 . The receiver 5 may establish the transmission line 4 to the receiver 5 using a communication interface 60 upon call from the distribution server 3 . Then, the mail data transmitted from the distribution server 3 will be stored in a memory 62 through a communication interface 60 . The data stored in the memory 62 at this point of time includes coded text data, encoded audio data, and encoded video data. The user of the receiver 5 may select and read a received mail by using a controller 79 (for example, keystroke input) to display the text data 63 on a display device 66 through the text display processing unit 64 . Also the user may retrieve the encoded video 71 and/or encoded audio 75 to decode with a video decoder unit 72 and an audio decoder unit 76 to output the video signal 73 and audio signal 77 , and output to the display device 66 and the speaker 78 when required. Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. H11-284973 discloses a technique for transferring and storing data to a host through a communication means when recording a video data. This disclosure may be considered to be as a variation of the foregoing description. The fundamental configuration of a transmitter is identical. Also, the above Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication does disclose nothing about the copy protection and the setting thereof. The multimedia communication terminals as have been described above of the Prior Art require to implement a camera unit 21 for video input and a video encoder 23 for generating encoded video streams. This configuration is expensive and power-consuming, so that the life of battery for driving the transmitter 1 will be short, or otherwise a battery of larger capacity will be required, resulting in a larger size terminal, with less portability. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances and has an object to overcome the above problems and to provide a system in which the video capturing and encoding mechanism may be implemented separately apart from the mobile transmitter. Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows a constitutional diagram illustrating the conventional multimedia terminals. FIG. 2 shows a constitutional diagram of the transmitter shown in FIG. 1 . FIG. 3 shows a schematic block diagram illustrating the transmission data shown in FIG. 1 . FIG. 4 shows a constitutional diagram of the distribution server. FIG. 5 shows a constitutional diagram of a receiver. FIG. 6 shows a constitutional diagram of a multimedia data communication in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 7 shows a constitutional diagram of a video information generating apparatus shown in FIG. 6 . FIG. 8 shows an exemplary flow of operation in the video information generating apparatus. FIG. 9 shows a constitutional diagram of a transmitter shown in FIG. 6 . FIG. 10 shows a schematic diagram illustrating some typical examples of encoded audio data and encoded video data. FIG. 11 shows a second preferred embodiment of a multimedia data communication in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 12 shows a schematic diagram of output code of the transmitter shown in FIG. 11 . FIG. 13 shows a constitution diagram of a video information generating apparatus shown in FIG. 11 . FIG. 14 shows a flow chart illustrating a typical example of the video information generating apparatus shown in FIG. 11 . FIG. 15 shows a constitutional diagram of the distribution server shown in FIG. 11 . FIG. 16 shows an example of data structure in the storage device shown in FIG. 15 . FIG. 17 shows a block diagram of the transmitter shown in FIG. 11 . FIG. 18 shows a constitutional diagram of synthesis of background video in the video information generating apparatus. FIG. 19 shows a constitutional diagram of synthesis of audio data in the video information generating apparatus. FIG. 20 shows a constitutional diagram of the modified version of background video in the video information generating apparatus. FIG. 21 shows a constitutional diagram of synthesis of a background video and an object video performed in a distribution server. FIG. 22 shows a constitutional diagram of the video information generating apparatus shown in FIG. 21 . FIG. 23 shows a constitutional diagram of the distribution server having a video synthesis function shown in FIG. 21 . FIG. 24 shows a constitutional diagram of a representative copy protection code management server. FIG. 25 shows a constitutional diagram of a copy protection code updater. FIG. 26 shows a mobile terminal having both functions of the transmitter of FIG. 9 and the receiver of FIG. 5 . FIG. 27 shows a modified version of transceiver device shown in FIG. 26 . FIG. 28 shows a second modified version of transceiver device shown in FIG. 26 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS First Embodiment First preferred embodiment of the present invention will be now described in greater details below with reference in particular to FIG. 6 . A user who wishes to send video and audio data may connect his/her own transmitter 110 to a video information generating apparatus 100 . The video information generating apparatus 100 will capture video data and the accompanying audio data 10 , encode data to send to the transmitter 110 . The user may receive encoded video and audio streams 101 in the transmitter 110 , append the destination and text strings (email text) thereto, and send data to a distribution server 120 . The transmitter may include among others a portable cellular phone, a handheld computer and the like. The distribution server will read the received destination and forward the text stream with video and audio streams attached to the appropriate destination, a receiver 5 . In the description of the present invention, terminals are referred to as transmitter and receiver according to the primary function for the purpose of simplifying the description. However, the terminals in practice may be one that can be served for both transmission and reception. A transmitter does mean it can send as well as receive data. Similarly, a receiver does mean it can receive as well as send data. A terminal that can handle images and audio-video information may be referred to as video communication terminal, which includes a transmission-only terminal, a reception-only terminal, and a terminal served for both sending and receiving functions. FIG. 7 shows a detailed block diagram of a video information generating apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 6 . A camera, video capturing device, captures video. The video data input from the camera and the voice (audio) data input from a microphone will be encoded, in a manner similar to the transmitter 1 , to the video codes 24 and the audio codes 34 respectively to be stored in a memory 130 . The bitstream codes 24 and 34 may be decoded by a video decoder 141 and audio decoder 145 respectively to video stream 140 and audio stream 144 to be played back on a display device 143 and a speaker 147 in order to confirm the contents. At this point of time, a predetermined fee will be paid from a credit manager 136 to the video information generating apparatus 100 . Otherwise, a charge manager 135 may notify the copy protection code manager 137 of the copy protection code 136 of the video codes 24 and audio codes 34 . The relationship between the fee and copy limit may be predetermined such that five copies cost 300 yen, ten copies cost 500 yen, and so on. Or one single fee covering any number of copies may be allowed. The copy protection code manager 137 will retrieve the video codes 24 and audio codes 34 from a memory 130 through the link 38 to update the copy protection code in a predetermined copy protection code management field of the streamed data, to write back thus updated audio-video code 139 with the copy protection code into the memory 130 . Then, the audio-video stream with copy protection information 101 will be read out from the memory 130 through a communication interface 132 to the transmitter 110 . A controller unit 35 , in response to the operation triggering the video and audio recording by the user of the video information generating apparatus 100 , may direct the video encoder 23 and audio encoder 33 to start operating and stop in a predetermined period of time (for example, 5 to 20 seconds). The controller unit 35 also directs the video decoder 141 and audio decoder 145 to start playing back of the video and audio in response to the operation by the user. The controller unit 35 may also respond to the operation by the user to invoke the communication interface 132 to transfer the audio-video stream with copy protection information 101 to the transmitter 110 . Now referring to FIG. 8 an exemplary flow of operation in the video information generating apparatus. This exemplary flow is a typical operation including part of modified version as described later, by way of example. First, a user connects his/her mobile terminal, which may be served as a transmitter to the communication interface 132 (step 2001 ). The communication interface 132 will confirm whether or not the transmission of information to that mobile terminal is allowed (step 2002 ). Then the number of available copies of the copy protection code and the corresponding charge will be displayed on the terminal under the control of the controller unit 35 along with the information stored in the memory 130 (step 2003 ). These items may be displayed anytime prior to the establishment of connection of the mobile terminal. The user will select the desired number of copies by for example touching the touch-screen with a finger or pressing a key (step 2004 ). Then the user will deposit the amount displayed on the screen to the credit manager 36 (step 2005 ). At this time the screen on the display device will be changed to another screen for selecting a background video. The user may select desired one of background videos by watching the videos (step 2006 ). Thus selected background video will be displayed immediately on the display device (step 2007 ). The display of background video may not be necessarily required. If the background video step is omitted then the step will proceed immediately to video capture. If the user desires another background video, the process may go back to the step 2006 . If on the other hand the user has no more change, then the capturing may be started by instructing, for example pressing the recording button and the like. As an example, the figure and message of the user may be recorded at this time. The recording may be then started (step 2009 ). The video recording will be terminated after a predetermined period of time of recording (step 2010 ). The recorded video will be then played back to allow the user to confirm the video clip as the user desired. If the recording is not good and the user enters his/her decision, the process will go back to step 2009 . If the user enters ‘OK’, the number of protected copies predetermined by the credit deposited by the user and encoded video and audio codes will be generated (step 2013 ). These codes will be transmitted to the mobile terminal through the communication interface 132 (step 2014 ). It should be understood that although not mentioned in the foregoing discussion, a background music may be recorded at the same time to the video recording. Now referring to FIG. 9 , there is shown a detailed block diagram of a transmitter 110 . The transmitter 110 may receive and store the audio-video stream with copy protection information into the memory 15 through the video information generating apparatus 100 , transmission line 101 , a communication interface 150 . Text information 14 , if any, may be entered from the character input device 11 through the editor unit 13 into the memory 15 , prior to or subsequent to the storage process of audio-video stream. When transmitting the text 14 and audio-video stream with copy protection information 101 to a receiving terminal, the copy protection code controller 152 will retrieve the copy protection code management field from within the audio-video stream with copy protection information to determine the number of copies available. If the number is one or more, then the number will be decremented by one and written back to the copy protection code management field. Thereafter the video stream with copy protection information will be copied into the memory 15 to prepare a transmission video data having the code in the copy protection code management field set to a status indicating ‘copy not allowed’. When done, the destination, text data, encoded video transmission data, and encoded audio transmission data will be sent to the distribution server through the communication interface 17 . The controller 37 may perform following operation for the above-mentioned process. The controller confirms the received data with respect to the communication interface 150 and instructs to store data in the memory 15 . With respect to the copy protection code controller 152 and the communication interface 17 , the controller queries and obtains the remaining number of available copies. If the remaining number is not 0 the controller allows the communication interface to transmit data, if the number is 0 then the controller suppresses the communication through the communication interface. FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating some typical examples of copy protection management code shown in FIG. 7 and FIG. 9 . In FIG. 10 , the topmost is a status of code output from the video encoder 23 and the audio encoder 33 of FIG. 7 immediately after the code is written into the memory 130 . The video stream 53 and audio stream 52 are multiplexed to an audio-video code 500 , which incorporates a field 501 for indicating the copy protection code. At this point of time the number available of protected copies is not defined. The number may be predetermined instead of being undefined. Once the number available of copies is determined by the confirmation of payment, the audio-video code 500 will be read out from the memory to write a value corresponding to the amount paid (five, in the example shown in FIG. 10 ) into the field of available number of copies, and then write back to the memory 130 . The value of the copy protection code management field indicates the number available for a transmitter to copy and send the appropriate stream. If the number becomes 0, then the data may be played back on the same terminal, however the transmission to another terminal will not be allowed. Then, the audio-video code 501 will be transferred to the transmitter 110 to store in the memory 15 . When the transmitter 110 transmits the audio-video code to the receiver 5 , the audio-video code stored in the memory 15 will have the remaining number of available copies in the field 507 decremented to 4 , as shown by the stream of reference numeral 502 . Furthermore the remaining number of available copies 508 of thus copied audio-visual data 504 will be set to 0 (i.e., copy not allowed). At this point, tampering copy protection code may be prevented by adding a check field with the value uniquely determined from the actual copy protection code (such as a parity bit) and by encrypting these values in the copy protection code management field. More specifically, when an inspector may decrypt the appropriate field if the value in the check field is matched with the check value determined from the actual copy protection code, then no modification has been made thereto. Here an inspector function may be implemented in either of transmitter, receiver, or distribution server. Second Embodiment Now referring to FIG. 11 , there is shown another preferred embodiment of the present invention. This second preferred embodiment is different from the first preferred embodiment of the present invention in that it does transmit the encoded audio-video stream to a distribution server 163 through a link 102 to store in a storage device 123 attached to the distribution server 163 , rather than transmit to the transmitting terminal. The transmitter 161 will instead receive only the ID (identification number) of the encoded audio-video stream from a video information generating apparatus 160 . When the transmitter 161 sends the audio-video stream to the receiver 5 , as shown in FIG. 12 , the destination 50 , body of text (mail) bitstream 51 in addition to the encoded audio-video stream ID 165 will be sent to the distribution server 163 , which server in turn will retrieve the appropriate encoded audio-visual stream corresponding to the encoded audio-video stream ID 165 from within the storage device 123 to send to the receiver 5 the code attached to the destination 50 and the body of text bitstream 51 . Now referring to FIG. 13 , there is shown a detailed block diagram of a video information generating apparatus 160 . The blocks at the left hand side from the memory 130 in the figure, namely the encoding and decoding of video and audio may be identical to the video information generating apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 7 . Generated audio and video code will be stored in the memory 130 . At this point the copy protection code management field shown in FIG. 10 may or may not be present. The ID management unit 170 will generate a unique ID 172 for each of encoded audio and video bitstreams stored in the memory. The charge manager 135 determines the number available of copies 136 corresponding to the amount that is already collected by the credit manager 36 or that will be positively collected from the user who has created the audio-video bitstream. The number will be multiplexed by the communication interface 132 with the encoded audio-video stream ID 172 to send to the distribution server as the audio-video code ID 103 . Simultaneously or later, the audio-video code 131 will be retrieved from the memory to send to the distribution server as the encoded audio-video bitstream 102 . On the other hand, the encoded audio-video stream ID 172 and the remaining number of available copies 136 will be multiplexed in the communication interface 173 to send to the transmitter 161 as the audio-video code ID 101 . FIG. 14 shows a flow chart illustrating a typical example of operation viewed from the viewpoint of video information generating apparatus in accordance with the present invention. In default, the video information generating apparatus may display a demonstration video on the display device 143 or display a live video as is captured by the camera unit 21 (process step 230 ). In this state, the charge manager 135 may monitor whether a predetermined fee is paid from a user or not (step 231 ) while waiting for the predetermined fee paid by the user. At the time when the user has paid the fee, the process proceeds to process step 232 to allow recording of subject by the camera unit 21 so as to create an audio-video stream (step 233 ). Then the system asks the user whether or not the user really desires to purchase the recorded video (step 234 ). If the user acknowledges the purchase of recording, the process proceeds to process step 235 , otherwise back to process step 232 to repeat recording. In step 235 , an audio-video code ID 172 will be generated. A communication link will be established to the distribution server 163 (step 236 ). As have been described above description the audio-video stream ID 172 and the audio-video code 131 will be sent to the distribution server 163 (step 237 and 238 ). Thereafter the established communication link with the distribution server 163 will be disconnected. Then, the system attempts to establish a connection with the transmitter 161 to transmit signal 101 including the encoded audio-video stream ID 172 merged with the copy protection code. FIG. 15 shows a detailed block diagram of the distribution server 163 . The operation of the distribution server 163 consists of two phases. First is the communication with the video information generating apparatus 160 , second the communication with the transmitter 161 . The first phase with respect to a given encoded audio-video stream will be performed always prior to the second, and the second may be iteratively repeated for a plurality of times. In the first phase the audio-video code ID 103 and the audio-video code 102 will be received from the video information generating apparatus 160 through a communication interface 200 . The audio-video stream ID 103 having received will be transferred to an audio-video stream ID manager 205 , which manager in turn will extract an ID and the number available of copy protection from the received audio-video stream ID to store in a predetermined space in a storage device 206 . In parallel the location information of the audio-video stream to be stored in the storage device 123 corresponding to the appropriate ID in the storage device 206 will be generated to store in the storage device 206 . The information on storing location of the audio-video stream will be passed to the storage device 123 as the storage location information 121 while at the same time the input audio-video stream 102 will be output to the link 122 through the link 201 and the selector 202 . In the storage device 123 the audio-video stream appeared on the link 122 will be stored at the location identified by the storage location information 121 . Prior to explaining second phase, an exemplary data structure of the management table for audio-video stream ID stored in the storage device 206 is shown in FIG. 16 . The storage device 206 has a table structure inside in it as shown in FIG. 16 , each video and audio encoded stream ID 600 has its copy protection code 601 and video and audio stream storage location 602 recorded in the table. By storing the expiration data 603 of ID along therewith, unlimited increase of the amount of data in the storage device 206 will be prevented. For example, for a stream ID numbered 0, as shown in the row 605 in the figure, the available protected copy limit is 5 , data is stored in the location 1000 , expiration 00/06/20. When the copy protection code reaches to zero as the code IF 3 of the row 608 , the audio-video stream will be prohibited to transmit. This means that under the control of the audio-video stream ID manager 205 the copy protection code in the management table in the storage device 206 for each ID is maintained such that the copy protection code will be decremented by one for one transfer and the transmission of the stream having a copy protection code reached to zero will be prohibited by controlling a gate 215 . Now turning back to the operation of distribution server 163 . In the second phase of operation of the distribution server 163 , the audio-video encoded stream ID 211 along with the destination and body of text 212 will be transferred from the transmitter 161 through the communication interface 210 . The audio-video stream ID 211 will be then passed to the audio-video stream ID manager 205 , which manager in turn will search and retrieve the ID corresponding to the audio-video stream ID from within the data stored in the storage device 206 to obtain the storage location information of that audio-video stream. Then the storage location information 121 will be output to the storage device 123 to read out the audio-video encoded stream stored in the storage device 123 . Thus retrieved storage device 123 will then be passed through a selector 202 to become an audio-video stream 213 , which will be transferred through a communication interface 214 to the receiver 5 together with the body of text 212 . FIG. 17 shows a detailed block diagram of the transmitter 161 . The operation of the transmitter 161 may be consisted of three phases. In the first phase the terminal receives the audio-video stream ID 102 from the video information generating apparatus 160 to store in the memory 15 . In the second phase the destination and body of text as well as a flag indicating the presence or absence of added audio and video encoded stream ID will be created by means of the character input device 11 and the editor unit 13 . In the third phase the destination and body of text entered from the character input device 11 via the editor unit 13 and the audio-video stream ID received in the first phase and stored in the memory 15 will be transmitted to the distribution server 163 through the communication interface 17 . First phase for any one audio-video stream will be performed prior to the second and third phases, and the second prior to the third, while the third may be iteratively repeated for a plurality of times. FIG. 18 shows an exemplary variation of encoding block 200 of the video information generating apparatus 160 shown in FIG. 13 . In FIG. 18 , the video 22 recorded by means of the camera unit 21 and a background video 222 selected by the user from a group consisted of a series of background videos 221 previously archived are combined at the video synthesizer 223 to create a newly synthesized video 224 , then the newly synthesized video 224 will be encoded to generate the video codes 24 . The synthesizing procedure may use the chromakey technique, in which a blue wall panel provided for the background of the object to be video recorded with the camera unit 21 , and the specific color component (in this case, blue) may be replaced with the background 222 instead of the video signals 22 recorded by the camera, in the synthesizer. FIG. 19 shows an exemplary modified version of the audio encoder 210 of the video information generating apparatus. As similar to the video of FIG. 18 , the speech input from the microphone 31 may be synthesized in the audio synthesizer 233 with a background sound 232 selected from a group consisted of a series of background sounds 231 to generate the audio 234 to be encoded to the audio codes 34 . FIG. 20 shows a second example of the modified version of video encoder block 200 of the video information generating apparatus 160 shown in FIG. 13 . In FIG. 20 , the video 22 recorded by means of the camera unit 21 will be processed by the video encoder 240 to strip out the background, so as to enable object encoding of the object. The typical object encoding methods may include, among others, the shape coding defined by MPEG-4. Then the encoded object may be multiplexed by the multiplexer 243 with a background code 242 selected from a group consisted of a series of background codes pre-recorded and pre-encoded from background videos to generate the video codes 24 of two objects consisted of background video and the object video. In order to decode the encoded video, the video decoder unit 72 of the receiver 5 shown in FIG. 5 has to incorporate the decoding function of object encoding. FIG. 21 shows a representative example of synthesis of a background video and an object video performed in a distribution server 310 . The primary difference from the system shown in FIG. 11 is in that the background video selector signal 304 is added, a background storage device 312 is attached to the distribution server 310 , the object video (the video code of the audio-video encoded stream 102 ) and a background video code 313 are synthesized (multiplexed) in the distribution server 310 . FIG. 22 shows a detailed block diagram of the video information generating apparatus 300 shown in FIG. 21 . The primary difference from the video information generating apparatus 160 shown in FIG. 13 is in that a background video is selected by a background video selector 301 (background video 302 ), and that the selection signal will be transmitted to the distribution server to be served for the background video selector signal 304 . FIG. 23 shows a detailed background of the distribution server 310 shown in FIG. 21 . The difference from the distribution server 120 shown in FIG. 15 is in that the receiving function of the background video selector signal 304 is added, that the background video selector signal 321 is used for generating the location information 311 of the appropriate background video in the background read controller 322 to send to the background storage device 312 to retrieve the corresponding background video code 313 stored in the background storage device 312 , and that thus read background video code is multiplexed (synthesized) with the video stream 123 of the object (stored in the storage device 123 ) in the multiplexer 323 . FIG. 24 is a representative copy protection code management server 400 for updating and maintaining the copy protection code of the second preferred embodiment. In the figure two procedures are shown for updating the copy protection code. First method is to transfer the audio and video stream ID and additional copy protection code from the transmitter 161 through the transmission line 2 to the copy protection code management server 400 to collect the appropriate fee by the charge processor 210 in the copy protection code management server 400 . Second method is to add a functionality supporting the copy protection code update in the copy protection code update terminal (for example, in the video code generating apparatus) to collect the appropriate fee by the apparatus and to send the audio-video code ID and additional copy protection code update available through the transmission line 103 to the copy protection code management server 400 . In either method, the audio-video code ID and additional copy protection code update will be input into the ID manager 403 , which will update the copy protection code of the appropriate audio and video stream ID in the storage device 206 storing the table shown in FIG. 15 by the specified code. FIG. 25 shows a detailed block diagram of a copy protection code updater terminal 450 used in the second example shown in FIG. 24 . The copy protection code updater terminal 450 may establish a connection to the transmitter 161 through the transmission line 101 to obtain an audio and video stream ID 452 . At the same time a charge processor 454 will collect the fee to notify the copy protection code updater 453 of the payment information. The copy protection code updater 453 updates the copy protection code 456 appropriately to the collected amount of fee to inform the copy protection code management server 400 of the copy protection code update 456 and the audio and video encoded stream ID 452 through a communication interface 457 and the transmission line 103 . The following description of modified versions is also in the scope of the present invention. In FIG. 11 or FIG. 21 , the video information generating apparatus 160 or video information generating apparatus 300 have been described which only transfer the audio and video stream ID 101 to the transmitter 161 . However the audio and video stream itself may be transferred to the terminal for the purpose of confirmation of the recorded video. To do this the audio and video code transferred to the transmitter 161 will be moved to an area restricting the transfer, apart from the ordinary files and texts to inhibit the transfer to any other terminals. In the preferred embodiments of the present invention, the video code generating apparatus may collect the fee each time a video is recorded. However in FIG. 11 or FIG. 21 , charge request may be passed from the video information generating apparatus to the distribution server to charge the account of appropriate transfer terminal in addition to the communication charge, data communication charge. When the charge has been acknowledged the acknowledgment will be sent back to the video information generating apparatus, which may be served thereafter in a similar manner that the video information generating apparatus itself creates a charge. The fee for the audio and video recording has been described which may be updated in correspondence with the copy protection code. However, the fee may be defined based on the duration of recording, the screen size of input video, the amount of encoded data, or a combination thereof. Although the foregoing embodiments have been described in the assumption of the automatic data transfer from the distribution server to a receiver, a receiver may establish a connection to the distribution server to query the distribution server whether data to that terminal is awaiting or not, and to transfer data to the receiver when the data is present in the server, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. In either embodiments described above of the present invention, the link between the video code generating apparatus and the transmitter or the distribution server, the link between the transmitter and the distribution server, the link between the distribution server and the receiver may be based on the hardwired connection or wireless. Also either a line exchange as well as the packet exchange may be equivalently used. Furthermore, the link between the distribution server and the audio-video synthesizer server in the first and third embodiments as have been described above may be acceptable either a hardwired or wireless communication. Also either a line exchange or packet exchange may be implemented. The distribution server may be implemented in the same apparatus to the audio and video synthesizer server. A wired link between the video information generating apparatus and the transmitters and between the video input terminal and the distribution server allows the transmission of audio and video encoded stream having relatively much data in a reliable, high-speed and cost-effective manner, in comparison with the wireless communication. Because the embodiments shown in FIG. 11 and FIG. 21 do not transmit the audio and video encoded stream between the video information generating apparatus and the transmitter, a hardwired link is not necessarily required, however the wired communication, which allows the positive transmission of product (encoded data), may assure users. The communication link of data between the video information generating apparatus and the transmitter is not necessarily on a communication line. For example, a removable storage device, more specifically any data carriers may be used including nonvolatile memories such as a flash memory and a flash memory-card, floppy diskettes, MD (mini disk), CDR (CD recordable), DVD (digital versatile disk) RAM and the like. Although the audio and video encoded stream and mail data have been described in the preferred embodiment above, which may be stored in the same memory of a transmitter or receiver, the audio and video encoded stream may be stored in an external storage device of the terminal (such as a removable flash memory, a hard disk drive, or a floppy diskette and the like) since the bitstreams has much larger amount of data than the mail data. The function of transmitter and that of receiver have been described separately, however as shown in FIG. 26 , a mobile terminal having both functions may be used. In this case, the memory 15 may be shared for by both functions. Moreover, the editor unit 13 , video decoder unit 72 , and the audio decoder unit 76 shown in FIG. 26 may be implemented by software. FIG. 27 shows a transceiver terminal 1010 having the editor unit 13 , video decoder unit 72 , audio decoder unit 76 implemented by software. The software will be executed by a CPU 1011 , the display video or display characters will be output through a display memory 1013 , speech or audio output through an audio output 1014 . The memory included in a display memory and controller 1013 may be sharable with the main memory 1012 . In FIG. 27 , the communication interface 17 is shown as one block that includes the functionality of communication interface 17 and communication interface 60 . One practical example of the transceiver terminal 1010 shown in FIG. 27 may include, among others, a portable cellular phone. Another modified version of device shown in FIG. 26 is illustrated in FIG. 28 as a transceiver terminal 1020 . The transceiver terminal 1020 has a character input device 11 (for example, a keyboard and a mouse), a display device 66 (for example a monitor display), a speaker 78 attached outside the terminal. In addition, an external storage device 1022 and an external storage interface 1021 controlling the storage device are installed as well. The external storage device 1022 may include a hard disk drive or a flash memory, which may store softwares served for editor unit 13 , video decoder unit 72 , and audio decoder unit 76 , as well as softwares served for communication management, copy protection code management and the like. The external storage device 1022 may be the same device as the removable storage device as have been described above, or may be proprietary. Furthermore, another external storage interface may be installed to the transceiver terminal 1020 to connect both the removable media device and a fixed device (a hard disk drive and the like, which is never hot-swapped). A practical example of the transceiver terminal 1020 of FIG. 28 may include a personal computer, a handheld computer, a personal organizer, a portable information terminal, and the like. In any preferred embodiments of the present invention, a common transmission procedure may be used in the communication interface using the transmission line 101 (for example, communication interface 150 ) and the communication interface using either or both the transmission line 2 and transmission line 4 (for example, the communication interface 17 ). The distribution server shown in FIG. 15 may be split into two parts consisted of the data communication processor 550 and the audio and video coded stream manager 551 . These parts may be located in geologically different locations. Here the data communication processor unit 550 and the audio and video encoded stream manager 551 may be implemented separately. More specifically, the location information (for example, URL) of the code processor unit in addition to the stream ID may be stored in the audio and video encoded stream ID to forward by the communication processor unit to the receiver the audio and video encoded stream ID as part of a mail. The receiver in turn decodes the contents of audio and video encoded stream ID to obtain the appropriate encoded stream by accessing the code processor once again. Also, the storage device 123 , the background storage device 312 may be located in a geologically separate location. The data communication therebetween may be implemented by either a hardwired or wireless connection, and by either a line exchange or a packet exchange. The audio and video encoded stream ID may be encrypted when passing through the link between the video information generating apparatus and the distribution server or transmitter, or between the transmitter and the distribution server in order to prevent an unauthorized attempt of use of the audio and video stream ID by a third party. If the connection between the video information generating apparatus and the transmitter is implemented as a hardwired communication of face-to-face, data encryption may not be necessarily required. When sending the audio and video stream ID from the transmitter to a distribution server, some codes for unique identification of the transmitter side along with the audio and video encoded stream ID may be added, or the audio and video encoded stream ID may be encrypted by a private key that only the transmitter possesses in order to prevent any unauthorized attacks. Any preferred embodiments of the present invention may be implemented by hardware, by software, or by a combination thereof. In case of a software-implemented system, the program that manages the copy protection code in the transmitter 110 is assumed to be installed in the terminal by default. The software may also be installed by downloading from either a video input terminal 100 , or distribution server 120 , or any other connectable server. The receiver 5 in any preferred embodiments of the present invention has been described, which may not copy the received audio and video encoded stream to elsewhere, namely may not forward to any other terminals. However, in order to implement this restriction, either one of following two control functions are required. First control function may be the implementation of restricting the transmission of received audio and video encoded stream to a third party. To achieve the first control function a specific process including flagging a special bit or storing in a specific storage area when storing the received audio and video encoded stream should be implemented to identify from any other transmittable files or data. Second control function may be the implementation of the copy protection code management in the receiver in a manner similar to the transmitter. In FIG. 10 , the copy protection code is 0 upon reception of audio and video encoded stream, as shown by the reference numeral 503 . When a copy protection code management is implemented in the receiver as well, no special process is needed for the received code to be copy-protected. In addition, when the second control function is implemented, an additional functionality may be achieved in which a sender may specify the number of copies allowed. This means that, by writing a value 1 or more in the copy protection code management field (for example, 2) when transmitting, the receiver may forward the received audio and video encoded stream to someone else by the number of times (for example 2) that the transmitter has specified. In such a case the number available of copies after transmission from the sender will be decremented by the value written in the copy protection code management field plus one (in the foregoing example, subtracting 3 from the value before transmission). When a request of copy protection code update arrived from another terminal different from the one receiving the audio and video encoded stream or audio and video stream ID (the original one) by connecting to the video information generating apparatus, the copy protection code updater terminal 450 shown in FIG. 25 may reject the request. To do this, the copy protection code updater may transmit its own unique ID when connecting, and embed the unique ID of original terminal into the audio and video stream. The copy protection code updater terminal 450 will compare the ID of the connected terminal with the terminal ID embedded in the audio and video encoded stream to confirm the identity. Thereafter the copy protection code update may be allowed. A given number of copies available may be indicated by embedding a predetermined value in the copy protection code management field of the audio and video encoded stream. The predetermined value may include, for example, −1, and the maximum value expressive in the field. The communication terminals of the preferred embodiments in accordance with the present invention have been described which may send the audio and video encoded stream added to the body of text. However the body of text is not necessarily required. In other words, the transmission can consist of only the destination and audio and video encoded stream (or audio and video encoded stream ID). A broadband music signal (audio signal) may be input, encoded, and transmitted in place of the voice signal. Also a still image may be used in place of video, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Furthermore, the present invention may encompass a case in which a body of text may be used including a combination of still images, videos, audio and sound. In the latter case the copy protection indicates the available number of copy of the body of text, by embedding in a predetermined field in the body of text. The copy protection information may be managed individually for each of media including video, still image, speech, audio, and text. When forwarding (copying) the whole media at once, the minimum value of each copy protection code management field should be confirmed to determine whether copiable or non-copiable. Also, the copy protection code of every copied items should be decremented by one. Although in the foregoing description the present invention has been described such that a camera is operable when an appropriate fee has been paid and that the video code recorded by the camera is added with the copy protection code having a value corresponding to the amount paid, the camera may be operable by other than the fee. For example, the camera may be operational for a presentation of advertisements to the user. In this case the copy protection code added to the video code may be varied in correspondence with the number, the length the contents of advertisements presented to the user. Otherwise, the user plays a game in advance, and the camera may be operable in accordance with the result of the game. In this case the copy protection code added to the video code may be varied in correspondence with the points obtained in the game by the user. In the foregoing description, the term ‘copy’ is defined by transmitting (forwarding) to another terminal via a communication means. However the concept ‘copy’ may include the data copy in a terminal. For example, as shown in FIG. 28 , writing the audio and video encoded stream received from the video information generating apparatus via the communication interface 150 and stored in the memory 1012 into the external storage device 1022 may be defined as a ‘copy’ and may be encompassed in the scope of the present invention. More specifically, by way of example, when the copy protection code of input code stream contains the value 5, and if the code is copied to the external storage device 1022 once, then the copy protection code of the input code stream written to the external storage device 1022 will be decremented to zero, while on the other hand the code stream on the memory 1012 will be decremented to 4. The present invention may be further embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. For instance, the video input function separated from the transmitter allows the processing load of the transmitter to be significantly decreased, resulting in a smaller size terminal with a longer battery life. More sophisticated services such as background synthesis may be readily provided. It is to be understood that the present invention is not to be limited to the details herein given but may be modified within the scope of the appended claims.	The conventional multimedia communication terminals require the implementation of a camera unit for video input and a video encoder for generating encoded video streams. This configuration is expensive and power-consuming, so that the life of battery for driving the transmitter will be short, or otherwise a battery of larger capacity will be required, resulting in a larger size terminal, with less portability. In accordance with the present invention, the video input and encoding process may be implemented in a video information generating apparatus separated apart from the transmitter. The video or audio and video bitstream generated by the video information generating apparatus will be retrieved by the transmitter, or stored once in a server and then forwarded to a receiver.	7
BACKGROUND In the hydrocarbon recovery industry, tools can and do get stuck in the wellbore during all types of runs, be they drilling, completion, etc. Stuck tools are a source of inefficiency that cost operators significant sums of money in terms of lost days, rig time, lost production, etc. In general, once a stuck is apparent to the operator, a process to determine a depth of what is vernacularly known as the “free point” is undertaken. The free point is that point in the string that is just uphole of the stuck point. The next operation will be to create a jar as close to this point as possible while putting a left handed torque on the string in order to, hopefully, cause the string to unscrew itself right above the stuck point. This, if successfully accomplished, means that all of the string that is free will come out of the well and only leave what is stuck (the fish) behind. Avoiding having a significant amount of a string above the stuck point simplifies the fishing operation that is to follow. Unfortunately, however, this process is unreliable and therefore the art would well receive alternate systems and methods for resolving the shortcomings present in the art. SUMMARY A backoff sub includes a housing; and a backoff facilitator at least partially within the housing and capable of adding energy to a system within which the sub is disposable. A well system includes a string having a plurality of joints at least one of the joints being addressable from a remote location; and one or more backoff subs each disposed at one of the plurality of joints and capable of producing one or more of a jarring action and a backoff torque action. A method for managing a stuck string in a wellbore includes determining a freepoint of the string; addressing a backoff sub nearest and uphole of the determined freepoint; and activating a backoff facilitator in the backoff sub. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a portion of a wellbore with a portion of a string therein; FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a sub having a jar producing energetic configuration; and FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a sub configuration that produces a left-handed torque in addition to or independent of a jar. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring to FIG. 1 , a schematic view of a wellbore 10 with a portion of a string 12 therein is depicted. The string 12 comprises a series of tubular members 14 interconnected together at a number of joints 16 - 22 numbered individually because they are treated individually in the system disclosed herein. Further illustrated in the drawing is a material buildup 24 to simulate one possible stuck scenario. Each of the interconnections 16 - 22 is an individually addressable connection configured as a backoff sub having a backoff facilitator disposed at least partially within a housing. The facilitator is such as but not limited to an explosive backoff charge, an acoustic generator, a spark gap tool, a low pressure chamber, a piezoelectric device, a torque producer, etc. The individual sections 14 of the string 12 further include a high bandwidth communications conduit (not shown) that may be provided by, for example, utilizing a wired pipe commercially available from Grant Prideco, Houston Tex., or may be provided by utilizing an umbilical. The high bandwidth communication provided by the conduit allows for addressability at a number of places along the string, and in some embodiments, each joint of the string 12 . Therefore, upon determining the location of the stuck point/free point of a string that is experiencing difficulty, a specific addressable backoff facilitator may be activated. This may occur while left hand torque is applied to the string simultaneously from a remote location (e.g. surface) or the backoff facilitator itself may create backoff torque, or both. Where only a jar is to be produced, a charge similar to those commercially available (string shot back off tool from Baker Hughes Inc., for example) for use on wireline or any other the other facilitators noted above might be employed and can be incorporated into the string 12 as its own sub, for example, screwing into the string at each joint. This is schematically illustrated in FIG. 2 . If torque is intended to be generated by the configuration, a torque producing sub is employed in one or more joints as illustrated in FIG. 3 . Referring to FIG. 2 , a section 14 of the string 12 (see FIG. 1 ) is illustrated with a pin 26 receivable in a box 28 of a backoff sub 30 . The backoff sub 30 includes its own pin 32 receivable in a box 34 of the next adjacent string section 14 . One of ordinary skill in the art will immediately recognize that without the backoff sub 30 , the connection of pin 26 would be to box 34 . Thus the backoff sub 30 is interposed between sections 14 that would traditionally have been screwed together. The back off sub 30 includes a backoff facilitator 36 , which may be as noted above. A jar, vibration or torque applied by the action of the facilitator in close proximity of the target joint is very helpful in causing the target joint to back off. FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the facilitator 36 as making up a part of the sub 30 . The facilitator may be an explosive charge, piezoelectric stack, vibrator, etc., disposed within a wall of the sub 30 whether enclosed therein or not. Left hand torque will be applied from the surface or other remote location in this embodiment as the jar produced is non-directional. In this embodiment, either of the threaded connections of the backoff sub might be the one backed off with roughly equivalent results relative to the string 12 . Referring to FIG. 3 , a somewhat more complex embodiment is illustrated in that it does not require but can be used in conjunction with left hand torque from the surface or other remote location. In this embodiment, left hand torque is generated by the application of a mechanical load axially on a configuration that is capable of translating that load to a rotational torque. The backoff facilitator in this embodiment is thus not merely passive relative to the application of torque but is productive of the torque. Referring to FIG. 3 , a schematic cross-section view of a torque inducing backoff sub 40 is illustrated. Similar to the foregoing embodiment, the sub 40 includes a pin 42 and a box 44 to enable the interconnection of the sub within a string 12 (see FIG. 1 ), and at one or more joints (for example, in FIG. 1 , numerals 16 , 18 , 20 and/or 22 ) thereof. Within a housing 46 of the sub 40 is a series of components that together are capable of producing torque. A linear actuator 48 , which may be an explosive charge, is disposed within a cavity 50 . In the event that the linear actuator 48 is indeed a pressure-creating configuration, such as the explosive noted, the cavity 50 will also include a compartment 58 that is volumetrically expandable. Also disposed within the cavity 50 is a driving torque mass 52 , which in the illustrated embodiment is a piston. The mass 52 is sealed at an inside dimension and at an outside dimension thereof with seals 54 and 56 such as o-rings to inside surfaces of the cavity 50 , respectively. Due to the seals maintaining a compartment 58 of cavity 50 fluidly segregated from the remaining chamber 60 of cavity 50 , a pressure creating configuration within cavity 50 , such as the explosive embodiment of linear actuator 48 , is useful to cause the compartment 58 to expand by pressurizing an end 62 of mass 52 and moving it in a direction consistent with enlargement of compartment 58 . This will bring mass 52 towards one or more torque drive reaction pins 64 . Each torque drive reaction pin 64 presents an angular face 66 that faces a clockwise or right hand direction when the sub 40 is viewed in a transverse cross-section. This is so that when mass 52 is driven into the face 66 , a reaction torque is produced in a counterclockwise or left hand direction thereby acting to back off a threaded interface 68 . The torque created can be a jarring torque only will little actual rotation at the thread interface or the torque reaction pins 64 can be mounted in a spin collar 70 , a rotatable portion of the housing 46 , to allow actual rotation 1 movement of the threaded interface. The spin collar 70 rotates in one direction only, that direction being opposite the direction of tightening of the threaded interface so that upon the creation of torque by linear actuation of the backoff facilitator 48 , the spin collar 70 allows the unthreading of the threaded interface and thus facilitates the retrieval of the string uphole of the targeted joint. While the mass 52 may simply be a castellated cut at a torque drive end 72 thereof, in one embodiment, the torque drive end 72 may be configured with one or more angled faces 74 that face a counter clockwise or left have direction so that they will interact with faces 66 during actuation of the sub 40 to help produce the desired torque. Where the faces 74 are provided (as opposed to the castellated embodiment), more torque is generated due to the reduction of frictional losses at the interface between the mass 52 and the reaction pins 64 . While the terms “one or more” as used above indicate that a single reaction pin 64 is contemplated and would be operative with the mass 52 , more than one reaction pin 64 , so that forces may be balanced perimetrically, produces a smoother more effective torque. For example, two pins 64 positioned diametrically opposed to each other (about 180 degrees apart); three pins 64 positioned about 120 degrees apart; four pins 64 positioned about 90 degrees apart; and so on where the included angle is dictated by 360 degrees divided by the number of angles represented will have the balanced result. In order to activate the actuator 48 , one embodiment includes an electronics package 80 disposed operably near the actuator 48 and in one embodiment in the cavity 50 , as illustrated. The package is in communication with a wired pipe through such as a conductor 82 connected to an inductive coupling 84 that itself communicates inductively with another inductive coupling 86 across threaded connection 88 . Inductive couplings 90 and 92 are provided at an opposite end of the sub 40 to maintain connectivity to other parts of the string. As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, the sub 40 includes signal interconnection between inductive couplings 84 and 90 although such is not specifically shown. In a particular iteration of the torque producing embodiment disclosed herein, still referring to FIG. 3 , the seals 54 and 56 function not only to hold fluid pressure in compartment 58 but to hold pressure in chamber 60 of cavity 50 . In this iteration a fluid within chamber 60 is pressurized when the compartment 58 is expanded. The pressurized fluid is ported through one or more ports 94 to the threaded interface 68 causing that interface to grow slightly volumetrically. This action tends to reduce available friction in the threaded interface thereby making backoff of the joint easier and thus making the sub 40 more effective. Adjusting the level of incompressibility of the fluid in chamber 60 while ensuring that the expansion of compartment 58 can still occur as designed will adjust the amount of volumetric growth in the threaded interface 68 . While preferred embodiments have been shown and described, modifications and substitutions may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the present invention has been described by way of illustrations and not limitation.	A backoff sub includes a housing and a backoff facilitator at least partially within the housing. The backoff sub is a part of the string that is stuck and is capable of adding energy to the string within which the sub is disposed to facilitate backing off of a portion of that sting close to a stuck point of that string. A method is included.	4
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] Not Applicable. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH [0002] Not Applicable. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] The present invention relates to sprayer heads associated with plumbing fittings such as faucets. More particularly it relates to assemblies for more securely docking a sprayer head between uses. [0004] It is very common to associate a sprayer with a faucet used adjacent a kitchen sink. Most often, the sprayer is mounted separately from the faucet along a back mounting ledge of the sink or along a counter top behind or at a side of the sink. When the sprayer is not directly incorporated into the faucet it is sometimes referred to as a “side spray”. [0005] Of course, even such side sprays are typically linked to a faucet via various supply lines under the counter, often via a diversion system that operates such that triggering the side spray will automatically divert water from a faucet outlet to the sprayer head. [0006] In other arrangements, the sprayer is of the pull-out type and is mounted on a part of the faucet itself. See e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 6,220,297. In this type of arrangement, the sprayer can be mounted on a horizontal portion of the faucet. However, in other designs it can be docked to a more vertical part of the faucet. See e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,934,325. [0007] Regardless of whether the sprayer is docked between uses on a horizontal, partially vertical, or completely vertical surface, it is desirable that the sprayer appear to be properly positioned between uses. To facilitate this many sprayers have a weighted hose which tends to automatically drag the sprayer back to its seat when the sprayer is not held out from the seat. However, such a system can be defeated if too many boxes and bottles (e.g. dishwashing detergent and counter top cleaner) are stored under the sink and stop the weight from properly performing. Even when that is not the case, the sprayer head, as it docks, can sometimes catch in a position where it appears tilted. [0008] In one approach to address these types of issues, a magnet was associated with the seat to use magnetic force to help properly seat the sprayer during docking. However, that placed some constraints on the materials which were used, and the effectiveness of this technique is somewhat limited if the spray head is accidentally bumped. [0009] U.S. Pat. No. 5,758,690 described the use of a spring loaded ball to help facilitate positioning of a spout part. However, such a system is somewhat complicated to install, and in any event could suffer from maintenance and/or reliability concerns. [0010] U.S. Pat. No. 6,381,770 disclosed the use of flex tabs on a spray head to facilitate mounting of a spray head through side walls of a mounting base. However, this significantly affected the aesthetics of the design. [0011] Accordingly, there exists a need for improving the manner in which sprayers are docked to their seating areas between uses, without incurring these other types of concerns. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0012] In one aspect the invention provides a sprayer seating assembly. The sprayer seating assembly includes an escutcheon suitable for positioning on a surface of a support. The escutcheon has a bore extending there through and a recess adjacent the bore. A sprayer head is linked to a supply hose and has a recess adjacent a base portion of the sprayer head. [0013] The sprayer head and supply hose are positioned so that the supply hose extends out of a first end of the bore, and so that the sprayer head can at the same time extend beyond a second end of the bore. A flexible snap member is mounted in one of the recesses such that it can flex at least partially into the other of the recesses when the recesses are aligned. When the sprayer head is not in use, the escutcheon forms a rest seat for the sprayer head and the flexible snap member assists in removably retaining the sprayer head against the rest seat. [0014] In one form the sprayer seating assembly is mounted to a support selected from the group consisting of essentially horizontal counter tops, essentially horizontal plumbing fixture walls, and essentially horizontal plumbing fitting walls. The escutcheon may be threaded to a supply tube. A clamping nut may be mounted to the supply tube such that the escutcheon and the clamping nut sandwich the support. [0015] In another form the escutcheon may have a tapered portion along the bore to accommodate in docking fashion a tapered portion of the base portion of the sprayer head. [0016] In yet another form the base portion of the sprayer head may be connected to the supply hose via a ball and socket connection. A filter may be positioned downstream of the ball and socket connection in the sprayer head. [0017] In still yet another form, a plastic washer is positioned in the bore upstream of the sprayer head. [0018] In other forms the flexible snap member may be a snap ring mounted in an annular recess in the escutcheon. The recesses in the escutcheon and on the sprayer head could both be essentially annular. The flexible snap member may be made of a plastic. The flexible snap member may have a radially inward edge that is pointed. [0019] It should therefore be understood that the present invention provides a sprayer head assembly incorporating a flexible snap member to improve the docking of a sprayer head into an escutcheon. When docked, the flexible snap member helps to maintain the sprayer head in an upright position in the escutcheon. Without the flexible snap member, the sprayer head would have a greater tendency not to dock properly when inserted into the escutcheon. [0020] Moreover, the flexible snap member will provide an improved tactile/assurance experience during the docking and undocking operations. When a user inserts or removes the sprayer head from the escutcheon, there is a defined moment at which the user feels a change in resistance. This change in resistance is an indication that the docking operation has worked and provides a sense of quality. [0021] These modifications to a standard sprayer docking system can be achieved at low cost. Further, they can operate in a reliable manner long term. [0022] The foregoing and other advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description. In that description reference will be made to the accompanying drawings which form a part thereof, and in which there is shown by way of illustration an example embodiment of the invention. However, the example embodiment is not intended as a representation of the full scope of the invention. Rather, the claims should be looked to for that purpose. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0023] FIG. 1 is a left frontal perspective view of a sprayer head assembly embodying the present invention, positioned adjacent a faucet on a counter top; [0024] FIG. 2 is an enlarged partially exploded perspective view of the sprayer head; [0025] FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view taken along line 3 - 3 of FIG. 1 ; and [0026] FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 3 , but with the sprayer head shown in a use position. 3 , but in which the sprayer head is removed from the escutcheon. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0027] Referring first to FIG. 1 , a faucet 10 and a sprayer head 12 are shown on an upper surface of a counter top, support 14 . The support 14 could alternatively be the rear edge of a kitchen sink, or could even be a portion of a faucet base. [0028] The faucet 10 may have a conventional base 16 with a valve control handle 18 that extends out a side. In a well known manner, rotating the handle will control both volume and temperature. The faucet in this embodiment has a swing type J spout 20 which terminates in a conventional aerated outlet 22 . When the spray is not being used, and the user turns the handle 18 , water will flow from underneath the support 14 , through the base 16 , past a valve (not shown), to the spout 20 , and then out the outlet 22 . [0029] In a conventional manner, and via a diverter associated with faucet 10 , when the sprayer head 12 is triggered this will divert water from the operating faucet 10 to the sprayer head. When the triggering stops, water will restart through the spout 20 , until the handle 18 turns the faucet off. [0030] Between uses the sprayer head 12 is docked in a decorative escutcheon 24 at a position to the side of the faucet 10 . As depicted in FIG. 4 , by pulling up on the sprayer head 12 with sufficient force the sprayer head will undock from the escutcheon head, and extra supply hose 36 will allow the sprayer head 12 to be optimally positioned and aimed. Although not required, a weight (not shown) on the supply hose 36 can be used to bias the sprayer head 12 back towards the docked position and reduce the difficulty of returning the supply hose 36 below the support 14 . [0031] The sprayer head 12 has a generally cylindrical main body 26 with a base portion 28 , and a top portion 30 that has a plurality of nozzles 32 . The sprayer head 12 includes a trigger 34 located on the side of the body 26 . [0032] The internal operation of the sprayer head 12 can be of a conventional well known type. For example, the trigger 34 can be outwardly biased to an off position in which no water flows from the nozzles 32 . When the faucet 10 is on and the trigger 34 is squeezed, water will flow out of the nozzles 32 of the sprayer head 12 . In another form, the sprayer head 12 may operate independently of the faucet 10 . In this form, squeezing the trigger 34 will initiate spraying from the nozzles 32 whether or not the faucet 10 was initially running. [0033] Referring next to FIGS. 2 and 3 , it can be seen that the escutcheon 24 has an axial bore 38 extending there through, and a radially extending recess 40 adjacent to the bore 38 . The bore 38 is shaped to receive the base portion 28 of the sprayer head 12 . Along the base portion 28 of the sprayer head 12 there is a recess 42 . [0034] In FIG. 2 the supply hose 36 can be seen extending from the bottom of the base portion 28 . The supply hose 36 is intended to extend down into the bore 38 and through the support 14 when the sprayer head is being used. The supply hose 36 also extends down out of a bottom end of the bore 38 while, at the same time, the sprayer head 12 extends beyond the top end of the bore 38 . [0035] Perhaps more importantly, a flexible snap member 44 is mounted and retained in the recess 40 in the escutcheon 24 . Most preferably, the flexible snap member 44 is a snap C-ring. Alternatively, it can be other types of generally ring-shaped members, with an arcuate segment removed. [0036] It should be appreciated that during the mounting of the flexible snap member 44 into the recess 40 of the escutcheon 24 , the flexible snap member 44 is temporarily radially compressed and inserted into the bore 38 , where it then returns to its original unstressed shape. The flexible snap member 44 has a radially inward edge 46 that is particularly shaped to engage the recess 42 of the sprayer head 12 . The flexible snap member 44 may be made of plastic or any other material that is sufficiently elastic to withstand the deformation necessary to compress or expand during mounting and the docking operation. [0037] The recess 40 of the escutcheon 24 and the recess 42 of the sprayer head 12 are both preferably annular. However, other shapes and types of recesses could be used to accommodate for other types of flexible snap members. [0038] Although the flexible snap member 44 is shown as being mounted in a recess 40 of the escutcheon 24 , that a flexible snap member could also be mounted in the recess 42 of the sprayer head 12 . Thus, one of the recesses will have the flexible snap member initially mounted in it, while the other of the recesses will be used to receive the flexible snap member for retention purposes when the recesses are vertically aligned during docking. However, it is preferable to place the snap member in the escutcheon 24 initially as initially placing it on the base of the sprayer head leaves it somewhat more visible. [0039] Referring now primarily to FIGS. 3 and 4 , the escutcheon 24 is mounted over and somewhat in a hole 47 in the support 14 . A sleeve 48 is threaded to the bottom of the bore 38 of the escutcheon 24 until the sleeve 48 abuts a stop that restricts the further rotation of the sleeve 48 . During installation, the escutcheon 24 and sleeve 48 are extended through the hole 47 , and a clamping nut 50 is threaded onto the sleeve 48 , thereby creating a sandwich construction which tightly holds these parts in place. [0040] Alternatively, escutcheon 24 may be integrally formed with the sleeve 48 . In this form, the clamping nut 50 could be directly threaded to a portion of the escutcheon 24 . [0041] As a refinement, to minimize damage to the support 14 , and to inhibit leakage past the escutcheon, an o-ring 52 may be placed in a channel along the underside of the escutcheon 24 to contact the top side of the support 14 . Also, a spacer 54 may be placed between the clamping nut 50 and bottom side of the support 14 . [0042] Referring now specifically mostly to FIG. 4 , the sprayer head 12 is connected to the supply hose 36 via a ball and socket type joint. A connecting piece 56 has a first end with a multiple barb tube fitting 58 , a second end with a ball joint portion 60 , and a channel 62 placing the hose 36 in fluid communication with the sprayer head 12 . [0043] At one end, the supply hose 36 is fitted over the multiple barb tube fitting 58 . At the other end, the ball joint portion 60 is placed in a socket joint portion 64 of the sprayer head 12 . An o-ring 66 forms a seal between the ball joint portion 60 and the socket joint portion 64 , so that any water is directed through a filter 68 placed downstream of the ball and socket joint and through the sprayer head 12 . [0044] This ball and socket joint allows the sprayer head 12 to rotate and pivot somewhat freely relative to the hose 36 . If the sprayer head 12 was more rigidly connected to the supply hose 36 , then certain types of movement may be difficult without twisting the supply hose 36 . [0045] Importantly, FIGS. 3 and 4 show details of the docking process and, in particular, how the flexible snap member 44 and tapered walls of the bore 38 and the base portion 28 assist in the docking process. In this regard, when the base portion 28 is docked in the bore 38 of the escutcheon 24 , the flexible snap member 44 is expanded radially to grip around the recess 42 on the sprayer head 12 . [0046] When the base portion 28 of the sprayer head 12 is inserted into the bore 38 , the flexible snap member 44 is expanded until it suddenly snaps to engage or snag the recess 42 of the base portion 28 when the recesses 40 and 42 align. In this position, the flexible snap member 44 occupies at least a portion of each of the recesses 40 and 42 to help retain the sprayer head 12 in the upright position. [0047] In some forms, even when the flexible snap member 44 occupies at least part of both recesses 40 and 42 , the flexible snap member 44 is still elastically flexed and would like to return to its original shape (e.g., the shape of the flexible snap member 44 in FIG. 4 ). The force that the flexible snap member 44 exerts in an attempt to return to the original shape helps to retain the sprayer head 12 in the rest seat of the escutcheon 24 . [0048] To promote smooth docking, both the base portion 28 of the sprayer head 12 and the bore 38 of the escutcheon 24 may have tapered walls as shown. In this way, during the docking a smaller part of the base portion 28 of the sprayer head 12 first enters the larger part of the bore 38 of the escutcheon 24 . This decreases the likelihood of the edges of the components prematurely snagging on one another. Moreover, as the base portion 28 is fully seated in the bore 38 of the escutcheon 24 , the sprayer head 12 is directed into a centered upright position. [0049] Further, the combination of the tapered walls and the flexible snap member provide additional advantages. For example, in comparison to essentially vertical parallel walls, the tapered walls decrease the response time of the flexible snap member 44 . [0050] There may also be a protective washer 70 placed on the bottom of the bore 38 to prevent metal-on-metal contact between bottom of the base portion 28 and the bottom of the bore 38 . The protective washer 70 may be made of a polymeric material. [0051] Thus, the sprayer seating assembly of the present invention achieves a variety of important advantages. It helps secure the sprayer head in a proper docking position, and maintain the sprayer head in that position if accidentally bumped. Further, it helps inform the consumer when a proper docking position has been reached. Also, when the concept is used on a support that is not completely horizontal, it reduces the likelihood of sprayer head droop between uses. [0052] What has been described thus far is merely a preferred embodiment of the invention. It should be appreciated that various other modifications could be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the flexible snap member could be mounted to the base portion of the sprayer head instead of in the bore of the escutcheon. Thus, the claims should be looked to in order to judge the full scope of the invention. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY [0053] The present invention provides improved sprayer seating assembly for docking and undocking a sprayer head from a seating area.	A sprayer seating assembly is disclosed for more securely docking a sprayer head to an escutcheon positioned on a countertop or the like. The escutcheon has a bore extending there through and a recess adjacent the bore. A sprayer head is linked to a supply hose and has a recess adjacent a base portion of the sprayer head. A flexible snap member is mounted in one of the recesses such that it can flex at least partially into the other of the recesses when the recesses are aligned. The escutcheon forms a rest seat for the sprayer head and the flexible snap member assists in removably retaining the sprayer head against the rest seat.	8
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(a) from EP Application No. 07 005 442.4, filed Mar. 16, 2007, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD [0002] The invention relates to examining a metal sheet processing operation in respect of the presence of regular conditions during operation, such as by examining the quality of edges of a hole formed by the operation. BACKGROUND [0003] U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,587 discloses a revolver punching press having an upper tool revolver and having a lower tool revolver. When processing workpieces during regular operation, punching tools are used that are positioned in mutually opposite tool receiving members of the two tool revolvers and that cooperate with each other. Before the start of the regular workpiece processing operation, one performs a test processing operation. A video camera and a light source of an image capturing device are mounted in two cooperating tool receiving members for receiving punching tools. After the test processing operation, the workpiece with a punched-out portion is moved into the receiving region of the video camera. Subsequently, the video camera records the punched-out portion, which is back-lit by the light source. Finally, the quality of the punched-out portion is examined by computer-supported evaluation of the recording made of the punched-out portion. [0004] The EP publication EP 0 536 685 A1 discloses examining a quality of a perforation of paper webs with a measurement device, which comprises a light source and a detector device spaced apart from each other. The paper web to be examined is moved through the intermediate space between the light source and the detector device. Light directed from the light source to the detector device passes through the perforations of the paper web and reaches the detector device. This produces, owing to the incidence of light, a detector signal that is supplied to an evaluation unit. If irregular conditions prevail when the perforations are produced, for instance, if the perforation blades used are worn, paper fibers remain in the perforations produced. The more paper fibers project into an illuminated perforation, the lower is the intensity of the light which reaches the detector device and the smaller is a signal stroke of the detector signal which is generated at the detector device owing to the incidence of light. Consequently, the signal stroke of the detector signal allows an observation to be made as to whether the perforation of the paper web has or has not been carried out under regular conditions. SUMMARY [0005] In one general aspect of the invention, a method of examining a metal sheet processing operation includes scanning a detection beam along a processed metal sheet by causing a relative movement between the detection beam and the processed metal sheet, during the scanning, determining a position of an edge of the metal sheet hole by monitoring the detection beam, determining, from the determined hole edge position, a geometric configuration of the metal sheet hole, performing a comparison of the determined geometric configuration of the metal sheet hole with a corresponding desired hole configuration, and then sending a signal indicating information about the metal sheet processing operation, based upon the comparison. [0006] In another aspect, a method for processing a metal sheet includes processing the metal sheet with a process for generating a metal sheet hole, scanning a detection beam along a processed metal sheet by moving the detection beam and the processed metal sheet relative to each other, monitoring the detection beam having passed a metal sheet hole processed by the metal sheet processing operation, during the scanning, detecting an edge of the metal sheet hole based on detecting the detection beam at a defined position of the detection beam and of the metal sheet, determining a geometric actual state of the metal sheet hole on the basis of the position of the edge, and comparing the determined geometric actual configuration of the metal sheet hole with a corresponding desired configuration, thereby evaluating an operating condition during the previous metal sheet processing operation. [0007] In another aspect, a method of forming desired holes in sheet metal includes forming a hole by a set of hole forming operation parameters, moving a detection beam across an edge of the formed hole to locate the edge based on detecting the detection beam at a defined position of the detection beam and of the metal sheet, determining, from the edge location, a characteristic of the formed hole, making a comparison of the determined characteristic to a desired characteristic, and based upon the comparison, modifying one or more of the hole forming operation parameters for forming a further hole. [0008] In another aspect, a hole forming machine includes a tool operable to form a hole in sheet metal, a beam source operable to direct a hole detection beam across a hole formed by the tool, a beam detector responsive to the hole detection beam to generate a signal indicating beam detection, a hole edge evaluator that receives the signal from the beam detector, determines a position of an edge of the hole and a geometric configuration of the hole, based on the received signal, makes a comparison of the determined geometric hole configuration to a desired configuration, and sends a signal indicative of an undesired state of one or more hole forming operation parameters. [0009] In another aspect, a device for examining an operating condition of a metal sheet processing operation by examining a quality of a metal sheet hole being a result of the metal sheet processing operation, includes a detection device comprising a transmitter and a receiver for transmitting and monitoring a detection beam, respectively, a movement unit for moving the detection beam and the processed metal sheet relative to each other, and an evaluation device connected to the detection device, wherein the detection device is configured to detect an edge of the metal sheet hole at a defined relative position of the detection beam and of the metal sheet, and the evaluation device is configured to determine a geometric actual state of the metal sheet hole and to compare the geometric actual state with a corresponding desired state, thereby evaluating the operation condition of the metal sheet processing operation. [0010] In another aspect, a mechanical production arrangement includes a processing device for producing metal sheet holes in metal sheets, and a device for examining an operating condition of a metal sheet processing operation of the processing device as described above. [0011] In another aspect, a method for examining a metal sheet processing operation includes scanning a detection beam over a processed metal sheet with a metal sheet hole, based on monitoring the detection beam, detecting an edge of the metal sheet hole and identifying a position on the metal sheet corresponding to the detected edge, based on the position of the edge, determining a geometric actual state of the hole, comparing the determined geometric actual state of the metal sheet hole with an desired state being associated with the metal sheet processing operation, and deriving information about the metal sheet processing operation. [0012] Implementations may include one or more of the following features. In some embodiments, the signal can indicate the presence of regular or irregular conditions during the metal sheet processing operation. [0013] In some embodiments, based on the comparison, the quality of the metal sheet hole processed by the metal sheet processing operation can be evaluated. [0014] The detection beam can be a light beam, e.g. a laser beam. [0015] In some embodiments, the detection beam and the processed metal sheet can be moved relative to each other such that a scanned path extends transversely through the metal sheet hole. Then, during scanning, the edge of the metal sheet hole can be detected at points of intersection of the edge of the metal sheet hole with the path. The points of intersection can then be, for example, at opposite sides of the hole. [0016] In some embodiments, an actual extent between the detected points of intersection can be determined. Then, one can compare the determined actual extent of the metal sheet hole with a corresponding desired extent. [0017] In some embodiments, the method can further include examining a quality of a circular metal sheet hole by scanning a path, which extends transversely through the circular metal sheet hole, and detecting points of intersection of the edge of the circular metal sheet hole and the path, wherein the determined geometric configuration of the circular metal sheet hole can be an actual diameter of the circular metal sheet hole given by the distance between the detected points of intersection and wherein the actual diameter of the circular metal sheet hole can be compared with a corresponding desired diameter as a corresponding desired configuration. [0018] In some embodiments, the detection beam can be scanned relative to the processed metal sheet along a path that extends along the edge of the metal sheet hole. Then, at least a partial length of the edge of the metal sheet hole can be detected. [0019] In some embodiments, the geometric actual configuration can be a determined actual configuration of at least a portion of the edge contour of the metal sheet hole. [0020] In some embodiments, the determined geometric actual configuration can be at least one of an actual shape and an actual orientation of at least a portion of the edge contour of the metal sheet hole. For example, the actual shape of the edge contour of the metal sheet hole can be compared with a corresponding desired shape. In addition, or alternatively, an actual orientation can be compared with a corresponding desired orientation. [0021] In some embodiments, making a comparison can include gaining information about the presence or absence of desired conditions during the metal sheet processing operation. [0022] In some embodiments, the method can further include determining a deviation of the determined characteristic from the corresponding desired characteristic, the deviation being indicative for the absence of regular conditions and performing an intervention to correct for the deviation to provide regular conditions for a succeeding metal sheet processing operation. [0023] In some embodiments, forming a hole can include applying a punching tool to the sheet metal for generating the hole and wherein modifying the hole forming operation parameter includes exchanging the punching tool. [0024] In some embodiments, making the comparison can provide information about at least one of the punching tool being the correct punching tool, the punching toll being in an acceptable operating condition, the punching tool being worn, and the punching toll being broken. [0025] In some embodiments, the hole forming machine can further include a control device, which is connected to hole edge evaluator and receives the signal and which is configured to control the tool based on the signal. [0026] In some embodiments, the processing device can includes a punching tool for generating the metal sheet hole, and the device for examining the operating condition is configured to derive information about the operating condition of the punching tool. The information can include, for example, the punching tool being the correct punching tool, the punching tool being in an acceptable operating condition, the punching tool being worn, and the punching tool being broken. [0027] Alternatively, or in addition, the processing device can further include a threading tool for generating a thread in the metal sheet hole, and the device for examining the operating condition can be configured to derive information about the operating condition of the threading tool. The information can include, for example, the threading tool being the correct threading tool, the threading tool being in an acceptable operating condition, the threading tool being worn, and the threading tool being broken. [0028] In a further aspect of the invention, a detection beam allows highly precise detection of an edge of the metal sheet hole to be examined. On the basis of the highly precise detection result, it is possible to establish a geometric actual state of the metal sheet holes in a highly precise manner. By comparing the geometric actual state with a corresponding desired state of the metal sheet holes, the result of the preceding metal sheet processing operation can be examined. As the geometric actual state of the metal sheet holes has been established with a high degree of precision, the comparison with the corresponding desired state can also provide a highly precise result. If a deviation of the established geometric actual state from the corresponding desired state of a metal sheet hole is established based on the comparison, one can take steps within during the production process and/or at a production arrangement in order to make the relevant geometric actual state of the metal sheet hole correspond to the associated desired state. Preferably, the corresponding correction is carried out during ongoing operation and immediately after the detection of the deviation of the geometric actual state from the geometric desired state of the metal sheet hole. In that manner, it is possible to ensure maximum process or operational reliability of the production process and the production arrangement. The production of rejects can be minimized or decreased. [0029] If a light beam is used as the detection beam, it is possible to make use of a large variety of technically developed and highly precisely functioning optical systems and evaluation devices. [0030] In some embodiments, the path of the detected movement, with which the processed metal sheet and the detection beam are moved relative to each other, extends transversely through the metal sheet hole. The parts of the edge of the metal sheet hole that one detects are the intersection points of the edge with the path of the detection movement. The intersection points are mutually opposite along the path of the detection movement. [0031] The intersection points of the edge of the metal sheet hole with the path of the detection movement are particularly apparent and can consequently be detected with great precision. The actual extent of the metal sheet hole between the detected intersection points that is determined can be meaningful in several regards. If an examined metal sheet hole is, for example, the result of a punching metal sheet processing operation, a deviation of the actual extent from the corresponding desired extent of the metal sheet hole can indicate a partial breakage of the punching stamp used. The deviation can also indicate an incorrect orientation of a punching tool used with respect to the axis of the punching stroke or it can indicate the use of a punching tool with the incorrect stamp and/or die cross-section or diameter. [0032] If a thread is formed in a prefabricated metal sheet hole, the metal sheet hole provided with the thread has, owing to the processing operation, a smaller diameter than the prefabricated metal sheet hole. It is possible to determine whether a thread forming operation has produced the desired processing result. The desired result has not been achieved if the measured actual extent of the metal sheet hole is, for example, greater than the associated desired extent. The measurement result that the actual extent of the metal sheet hole corresponds to the actual extent of the prefabricated metal sheet hole to be provided with a thread may be an indication of a fracture of the thread forming tool. [0033] In some embodiments, the metal sheet hole to be examined has a circular cross-section, in which case an incorrect orientation of punching tools with respect to the axis of the punching stroke may be considered irrelevant in punching tools having a circular cross-section. [0034] In some embodiments, the edge contour of the metal sheet hole can be detected in addition or alternatively to the actual extent of the metal sheet hole to be examined along a path of the detection movement that traverses the metal sheet hole. For example, the shape and the orientation of the edge contour of the metal sheet hole can be meaningful. For instance, the measurement result that the actual shape of a metal sheet hole produced by a punching metal sheet processing operation deviates from the corresponding desired shape may indicate, for example, a partial breakage of the punching tool or the use of a punching tool with the incorrect tool cross-section. Determining that the measured actual orientation of the edge contour of the metal sheet hole does not correspond to the associated desired orientation can indicate incorrect orientation of the punching tool with respect to the axis of the punching stroke. [0035] If a deviation of the geometric actual state of the examined metal sheet hole from a corresponding geometric desired state is determined, tone can initiate various steps. For example, tone can produce a signal that causes a machine operator to intervene. One can further initiate an automatic interruption of the production process or automatic stoppage of the production arrangement. In the interests of large automation of the production process and the production arrangement, tone can automatically correct the cause of the determined deviation of the geometric actual state from the geometric desired state of the metal sheet hole examined. For instance, if a partial breakage of the punching tool used is indicated, a tool changing operation can automatically be introduced by the control unit of the production arrangement. With the tool changing operation, the possibly defective punching tool can be exchanged for an operational punching tool. By subsequently examining metal sheet holes, which have been processed with the exchanged punching tool, one can determine whether by changing the tool, the geometric actual state of the examined metal sheet hole has been made to correspond to the relevant desired state. [0036] The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS [0037] FIG. 1 is a side view of a mechanical arrangement for producing metal sheets with a processing device and with a device for examining the processing result. [0038] FIG. 2 is an illustration for explaining the operation of the device of FIG. 1 for examining the processing result in a first application. [0039] FIG. 3 is an illustration of the operation of the device of FIG. 1 for examining the processing result in a second application. [0040] FIG. 4 is an illustration of the operation of the device of FIG. 1 for examining the processing result in a third application and [0041] FIGS. 5 a , 5 b , and 5 c are illustrations of the operation of the device of FIG. 1 for examining the processing result in a fourth application. [0042] Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0043] In FIG. 1 , a mechanical arrangement 1 for producing metal sheets comprises a C-shaped machine frame 2 , having an upper frame member 3 and a lower frame member 4 . A movement unit in the form of a conventional coordinate guide unit 6 is received in a jaw space 5 of the machine frame 2 . A carriage 7 of the coordinate guide unit 6 can be moved along a guide rail 8 perpendicularly to the plane of the drawing of FIG. 1 . Together with the guide rail 8 , the carriage 7 can be moved on the lower frame member 4 of the machine frame 2 in the directions indicated by a double-headed arrow 9 . [0044] At the front side of the carriage 7 of the coordinate guide unit 6 a plurality of clamping claws 10 are provided, one of which is shown in FIG. 1 . The clamping claws I 0 conventionally clamp the edge of a workpiece, which is to be processed by means of the mechanical arrangement 1 . The workpiece can be a metal sheet 1 . The metal sheet 11 is further supported on a metal sheet support 12 , which is attached to the lower frame member 4 of the machine frame 2 . The metal sheet 11 can be moved in a horizontal plane owing to the described mobility of the carriage 7 of the coordinate guide unit 6 . [0045] The mobility of the metal sheet 11 can be used in particular for processing metal sheets. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 1 , for processing the metal sheets, a press device 13 is provided at the free end of the upper frame member 3 of the machine frame 2 . The press device 13 has an upper tool receiving member 14 that receives a schematically indicated punching stamp 15 . An also schematically indicated punching die 16 is associated with the punching stamp 15 and provided in a lower tool receiving member 17 of the lower frame member 4 of the machine frame 2 . Together with the punching stamp 15 , the punching die 16 represents a processing device in the form of a punching tool 18 . Instead of the punching tool 18 , a thread forming tool 19 can be provided as the processing device. The respective tool members are mounted in the upper tool receiving member 14 and the lower tool receiving member 17 . [0046] A press drive (not illustrated in detail) of the press device 13 raises and lowers the upper tool receiving member 14 with the tool member mounted thereon in a lifting direction 20 along a double-headed arrow. A housing 21 of the press device 13 remains stationary during the lifting movement of the upper tool receiving member 14 . [0047] At the side facing away from the coordinate guide unit 6 , the housing 21 of the press device 13 is provided with a transmission and reception unit 22 . A reflector 23 , is mounted to the lower frame member 4 of the machine frame 2 and forms a detection device together with the transmission and reception unit 22 . The reflector is located opposite the transmission and reception unit 22 . The coordinate guide unit 6 , the press device 13 , and the transmission and reception unit 22 are connected to a control computer 24 of a numerical control unit for the mechanical arrangement 1 . The transmission and reception unit 22 is connected to an evaluation device 25 of the control computer 24 . The evaluation device 25 is connected to a movement control unit 26 and a press control unit 27 . The drive motors of the coordinate guide unit 6 are controlled by the movement control unit 26 and the press drive of the press device 13 is controlled by the press control unit 27 . In this respect, the press control unit 27 is a control device for the punching tool 18 and/or the thread forming tool 19 . [0048] In order to process the metal sheet 11 in a punching manner, the punching tool 18 provided for the relevant processing operation is fitted in the upper tool receiving member 14 and the lower tool receiving member 17 . Subsequently, the coordinate guide unit 6 positions the metal sheet 11 held by the clamping claws 10 , relative to the punching tool 18 . If punched-out portions (e.g. metal sheet holes) are intended to be formed in the metal sheet 11 , a plurality of operating strokes of the punching tool 18 or different punching tools can be required and the metal sheet 11 is moved by the coordinate guide unit 6 after each individual operating stroke of the punching tool 18 . [0049] The sheet metal processing operation can be based on processing parameters e.g. hole forming operation parameters. Those parameters can include, for example, the type of tool, the size and shape of the punched out area, the position and orientation (in 3D) with which a tool is applied. Moreover, the parameters can define a sequence of tool operations and the geometrical change between succeeding applications of the same or of different processing tools. [0050] After the punching processing operation has been finished, the coordinate guide unit 6 moves the processed metal sheet 11 with the punched-out portion produced out of the immediate vicinity of the punching tool 18 into a region in which the punched-out portion is accessible to the transmission and reception unit 22 . The examination of the quality of the result of the metal sheet processing operation, e.g. of the quality of the punched-out portion produced, is then carried out. [0051] In FIG. 1 , the metal sheet 11 with a previously produced metal sheet hole or punched-out portion 28 is positioned below the transmission and reception unit 22 . A transmitter of the transmission and reception unit 22 directs a detection beam, e.g. a laser beam 29 , towards the metal sheet 11 . The position of the axis of the laser beam 29 is defined in an x-y-z coordinate system, which is used for the numerical control of the mechanical arrangement 1 . The current position of the metal sheet 11 and consequently also the current position of the punched-out portion 28 are also defined in an x-y-z coordinate system. In place of the laser beam 29 , other types of detection beams, e.g. a red light beam, can also be employed. [0052] To examine the result of the preceding metal sheet processing operation, the coordinate guide unit 6 moves the metal sheet 11 with a detection movement in a transverse direction relative to the laser beam 29 . In FIG. 2 , a path 30 is indicated by dot-dash lines. Along this path 30 , the laser beam 29 scans transversely through the punched-out portion 28 during the detection movement on the metal sheet 11 . [0053] At the beginning of the detection movement, the laser beam 29 strikes the non-perforated metal sheet 11 . In the course of the detection movement, the laser beam 29 reaches the edge 31 of the punched-out portion 28 at a first point of intersection P 1 of the edge 31 with the path 30 . For the numerical control of the mechanical arrangement 1 or the evaluation device 25 of the control computer 24 connected to the transmission and reception unit 22 , the first intersection point P 1 is marked in that the laser beam 29 strikes the reflector 23 through the punched-out portion 28 practically when the first intersection point P 1 is reached. The reflector 23 is arranged below the metal sheet 11 and reflects the laser beam back to the receiver of the transmission and reception unit 22 . At that time at which the laser beam 29 is first reflected back by the reflector 23 and strikes the receiver of the transmission and reception unit 22 , the position of the metal sheet 11 is established in the x-y-z coordinate system of the mechanical arrangement 1 . [0054] As the detection movement continues, the laser beam 29 scans across the punched-out portion 28 until it reaches a second point of intersection P 2 of the edge 31 of the punched-out portion 28 with the path 30 . During its movement transversely through the punched-out portion 28 , the laser beam 29 is continuously reflected by the reflector 23 to the receiver of the transmission and reception unit 22 . The associated light incidence at the receiver of the transmission and reception unit 22 ends as soon as the laser beam 29 reaches the edge 31 of the punched-out portion 28 at the second intersection point P 2 . The end of the light incidence at the transmission and reception unit 22 marks for the numerical control unit of the mechanical arrangement 1 an operating state at which the position of the metal sheet 11 is again established in the x-y-z coordinate system of the mechanical arrangement 1 . Based on the positional change of the metal sheet 11 between the first determination of the position (laser beam 29 at P 1 ) and the second determination of the position (laser beam 29 at P 2 ), the evaluation device 25 derives the actual extent of the punched-out portion 28 between the first intersection point P 1 and the second intersection point P 2 . In FIG. 2 , the actual extent corresponds to the diameter of the circular punched-out portion 28 . The determined actual extent of the punched-out portion 28 is compared in the evaluation device 25 with a desired extent of the punched-out portion 28 stored in the numerical control unit of the mechanical arrangement 1 . That desired extent is defined by the dimensions of the punching tool 18 , which was used for producing the punched-out portion 28 . [0055] The fact that light emitted from the transmitter has reached the reflector 23 and then the receiver during the detection movement between the metal sheet 11 and the laser beam 29 , demonstrates that the preceding processing operation on the metal sheet 11 has produced a workpiece hole. Details of the workpiece hole, e.g. characteristics of the specific geometric configuration, can be obtained by evaluating the changes of the detected detection beam during the detection movement. [0056] The determination of a significant deviation of the actual extent from the desired extent of the punched-out portion 28 by the comparison indicates irregular conditions during the preceding metal sheet punching processing operation. Accordingly, for example, the evaluation device 25 can generate a signal indicating information about the metal sheet processing operation that has taken place. Based on the signal, the processing operation can be modified by, for example, adjusting the processing parameters. Exemplary irregular conditions include the use of an incorrect punching tool 18 during the punching processing of the metal sheet 11 , for example, a punching stamp 15 and a punching die 16 with an excessively large diameter. Exemplary irregular conditions include further a partial stamp breakage of the punching tool 18 so that the punched-out portion 28 has been cut only partially. The processing result in the case of a partial stamp breakage can result, for example, in a faulty punched-out portion 28 / 1 as illustrated in FIG. 2 . [0057] If a significant deviation of the actual extent of the punched-out portion 28 from the desired extent is determined, irrespective of the cause, the drive motors of the coordinate guide unit 6 are stopped by the movement control unit 26 and the press drive of the press device 13 is stopped by the press control unit 27 . Furthermore, the numerical control unit of the mechanical arrangement 1 generates an error message, which informs the operator about the malfunction which has occurred. Alternatively, or in addition, a message suggesting modifications through the operator or a message showing the performed modifications can be generated. [0058] As an alternative to the path 30 , a path 32 of the detection movement of the laser beam 29 along the metal sheet 11 is indicated in FIG. 2 . [0059] For clarification, the path 32 is illustrated to be displaced within to the circular edge 31 of the punched-out portion. Actually, the path 32 follows the desired contour of the edge 31 of the punched-out portion 28 . During the detection movement, the laser beam 29 scans along the path 32 with its beam axis. Accordingly, a portion of the cross-section of the laser beam 29 passes through the punched-out portion 28 and the other portion of the laser beam cross-section falls on the upper side of the metal sheet 11 . [0060] In general, and specifically in this can, one can replace the above-described transmission and reception unit 22 and the associated reflector 23 by a transmission device 33 above the metal sheet 11 and a reception device 34 below the metal sheet 11 . The portion of the cross-section of the laser beam 29 that passes through the punched-out portion 28 reaches the reception device 34 . The transmission device 33 and reception device 34 form a detection device and are connected to the evaluation device 25 of the control computer 24 . [0061] During the detection movement, the path 32 and therefore the desired contour of the edge 31 of the punched-out portion 28 are scanned with the laser beam 29 . If the correct portion of the cross-section of the laser beam 29 strikes the reception device 34 during the entire detection movement, then the actual contour of the edge 31 of the punched-out portion 28 seems to be in agreement with the desired contour. Instead, the fact that the laser beam 29 strikes the reception device 34 during the detection movement with one or more interruptions, can indicate a partial stamp breakage and accordingly the presence of a punched-out portion in the manner of the punched-out portion 28 / 1 as shown, for example, in FIG. 2 . Moreover, the fact that no light at all falls on the reception device 34 during the detection movement along the path 32 , can indicate an excessively small diameter of the punched-out portion produced or a complete stamp breakage, because of which no workpiece hole has been produced in the region of the metal sheet 11 , which should have been processed. [0062] In the event of punched-out portion having a cross-section which deviates from the circular shape, it can additionally be possible to examine whether the punched-out portion is arranged on the metal sheet 11 with its desired orientation. For this purpose, the movement path of the detection movement to be carried out can also extend either transversely through the relevant punched-out portion ( FIG. 3 ) or along the edge of the relevant punched-out portion ( FIG. 4 ). [0063] In the first case illustrated in FIG. 3 , the actual extent of a metal sheet hole or punched-out portion 35 between intersection points P 1 , P 2 and/or between intersection points P 3 , P 4 between an edge 31 of the punched-out portion 35 and a movement path 30 or 36 is compared with a corresponding desired extent. As shown in FIG. 3 , an incorrect punched-out portion 35 / 1 can cause a deviation of the established actual extent of the punched-out portion 35 from the desired extent. Such a deviation can indicate incorrect orientation of the punched-out portion 35 with respect to the metal sheet 11 . An incorrect orientation of the punching tool 18 can be, for example, the reason for the incorrect orientation of the punched-out portion 35 / 1 . [0064] Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 4 , a path 38 of a detection movement can follow the desired contour of the edge 31 of a metal sheet hole or a punched-out portion 37 , to determine whether the punched-out portion 37 is orientated correctly or incorrectly with respect to the metal sheet 11 . [0065] In FIGS. 5 a , 5 b , and 5 c , a metal sheet hole in the form of a punched-out portion 39 is produced first by a punching tool 18 of the mechanical arrangement 1 . In FIG. 5 a , the circular punched-out portion 39 in the embodiment has a diameter dl. After the punching processing of the metal sheet 11 , a thread forming tool 19 is mounted at the upper tool receiving member 14 and the lower tool receiving member 17 in place of the punching tool 18 . A thread 40 is then formed in the wall of the punched-out portion 39 by the thread forming tool 19 . In FIG. 5 b , a metal sheet hole or threaded hole 41 provided with the thread 40 has a core diameter d 2 . [0066] The core diameter d 2 is a few tenths of a millimeter smaller than the diameter dl for processing reasons. The punched-out portion 39 can also be produced in a completely separate operation, for example, on a processing device, which is different from the mechanical arrangement 1 . [0067] To examine the processing result, the metal sheet 11 with the region of the threaded hole 41 is moved relative to the laser beam 29 which is emitted from the transmission and reception unit 22 of the mechanical arrangement 1 . A path 42 of the detection movement is indicated as a dot-dash line in FIG. 5 c . As discussed in connection with FIG. 2 , the actual extent, e.g. the actual diameter of the threaded hole 41 , is determined between intersection points P 1 ′ and P 2 ′. Subsequently, the determined actual extent is compared with the corresponding desired extent. If that comparison yields that the actual extent of the threaded hole 41 does not have the desired dimension, but instead the dimension dl, this indicates a malfunction of the thread forming operation. A damaged thread forming tool 19 can be the reason for that malfunction. As discussed above, signals can be generated that indicate information about the processing operation based on the comparison between actual and desired configurations. Moreover, the treading process can be modified based on the comparison. [0068] In the applications shown in FIGS. 3 , 4 , and 5 a to 5 c , an intervention can be also carried out in the production process of the mechanical arrangement 1 in case an irregular processing result is determined. For example, the drive motors of the coordinate guide unit 6 and the press drive of the press device 13 can be stopped and an error message for the machine operator can be generated. [0069] A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.	For examining a metal sheet processing operation, a method includes scanning a detection beam along a processed metal sheet by causing a relative movement between the detection beam and the processed metal sheet, during the scanning, determining a position of an edge of the metal sheet hole by monitoring the detection beam, determining, from the determined hole edge position, a geometric configuration of the metal sheet hole, performing a comparison of the determined geometric configuration of the metal sheet hole with a corresponding desired hole configuration; and then sending a signal indicating information about the metal sheet processing operation, based upon the comparison.	6
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/429,838, filed Apr. 27, 1995, pending in the Patent Office, and which is a continuation of application no. 08/112,664, filed Aug. 25, 1993, now abandoned. The invention relates to a variety of novel tufted fabrics, denominated variable gauge fabrics and methods of manufacturing those fabrics. In a tufting machine, the face of the carpet is generally formed by loopers operating beneath the substrate. The top side of the substrate shows only the backstitch. In these tufting machines, one or more rows of yarn carrying needles are reciprocally driven through the substrate being fed through the machine across a bed plate to form loops that are seized by loopers oscillating below the substrate and bed plate in timed relationship with the needles. Numerous modifications have been made to such tufting machines in order to create a variety of fabric textures and designs. For instance, to change the depth of the pile height produced by a tufting machine various methods have been devised to change the length of the stroke of the needles, and the elevation of the bed plate relative to the loopers as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,977,905 and 3,332,379. It is also possible to add a knife block to operate in cooperation with the loopers to produce cut pile rather than looped pile fabric as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,277,852 and 4,445,446 or even a combination of cut pile and loop pile as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,019,748 or 3,084,645. In order to produce patterned fabric various techniques have been devised to laterally move or "shog" the needle bar or substrate as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,393,654 and 4,173,192. In addition, a variety of yarn feeding devices have been developed to allow the creation of even more complicated patterns by back-robbing selected yarns so that the resulting loops are very low to the substrate and are "buried" by other higher adjacent loops, as in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,862,465 and 3,103,187. There is constant development of modified tufting equipment in an attempt to produce novel carpet designs. It is also desirable that carpet designs make efficient use of yarn so that a relatively high proportion of the yarn used is on the face of the carpet. Although it is necessary that some yarn appear on the back side of the substrate so that a strong tuft bond can be created by applying a latex backing or other adhesive to encapsulate the carpet fibers on the back side, the carpet industry has resisted placing additional yarn on the back side even if the resulting pattern is desirable. The tufting industry is progressively evolving through innovation directed toward duplicating, or at least simulating, products which previously were only produced by weaving on a loom or knitting machines. The evolution of such tufted products, combined with the substantially higher production rates of the tufting process relative to weaving has resulted in more universal availability of tufted products that resemble wovens. The present invention, denominated "variable gauge fabrics," can be manufactured on a tufting machine as described in our copending application entitled Variable Gauge Tufting Apparatus and Method of Operation, and have appearances that could only heretofore be produced by looms or on knitting machines, as well as fabrics that have not heretofore been produced. Furthermore, these variable gauge fabrics can be manufactured while leaving a relatively minimal amount of yarn on the back of the carpet. Substantial advantages are achieved in fabrics manufactured with frequent shifting of the needle bar or bars. In such fabrics, the variable gauge tufting process can achieve the same coverage of substrate with lower stitch rates than conventional tufting and less adhesive is generally required to encapsulate the carpet fibers on the back side of the substrate. An additional advantage is that during the manufacturing process, the face of the fabric is visible to the tufting machine operator so that defects are more quickly detected allowing correction of any problems with less wasted product and production time. Furthermore, the resulting fabrics are less resistant to sliding traffic, have increased abrasion resistance, and have a greater tendency to lie flat than ordinary tufted fabrics. The fabrics manufactured according to the present invention have a wide range of applications, from carpet for floor covering and automotive uses, to wall coverings, upholstery and filters. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a method for forming tufted fabrics in which the face of the fabric is in the form of transverse or diagonally transverse loop stitches or straight stitches and the backstitching consists of loop or cut pile tufts. It is also an object of this invention to provide novel tufted fabrics which by the use of transverse or diagonally transverse loop stitches or straight stitches have the appearance of fabrics that could only heretofore be produced on looms or knitting machines, and other fabrics which have never heretofore been produced. A tufting machine made in accordance with our copending Variable Gauge Tufting Apparatus and Method of Operation has an additional "loop forming plate" mounted above the substrate with loop forming fingers extending rearward in the direction of the fabric feed. Transverse or diagonally transverse loop stitches are formed on the top surface of the substrate over the loop forming fingers by laterally shifting the needle bar relative to the substrate, after the needles' penetration of and retraction from the substrate. Fabrics with simple patterns involving only varying the gauge or lateral length of the loop stitches may be created by a tufting machine with a single needle bar, while more complex patterns may be created by a tufting machine with multiple needle bars. A tufting machine incorporating the loop forming plate with independently shiftable dual needle bars makes it possible to produce patterns in tufted fabric which have the appearance of patterns only heretofore produced on looms or knitting machines. It is also possible to overtuft existing carpets and other fabrics utilizing the present invention to create patterns or an embroidered appearance. It is a further object of the invention to allow the manufacture of more easily moldable carpet to be mounted on contoured surfaces such as automobile floorboards. It is yet another object of the invention to allow the manufacture of fabrics which have the appearance of coarse fabrics on a fine gauge machine, through the use of relatively long laterally shifted stitches. By increasing the stitch rate, the appearance created by small yarns can be made to simulate the visual appearance of larger yarns. It is another object of the invention to allow the manufacture of fabrics with unique textures by varying yarn densities across the face of the fabric by varying the stitch rate and the length of the laterally shifted stitches. Although the preferred shift drive actuator for shifting the needle bar or bars is an electrohydraulic needle bar positioning apparatus, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,173,192, it is possible to shift a needle bar or bars with conventional mechanical shift actuators such as those incorporating pattern cams. Other objectives and advantages of the invention will be best understood when reading the following detailed description with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a sectional side view of a multiple needle bar tufting machine with a loop forming plate. FIG. 2 is a fragmentary top plan view of the tufting machine of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a sectional side view of a single needle bar tufting machine with a loop forming plate. FIG. 4 is a side plan view of the crank adjustment for the loop forming plate shown in isolation. FIG. 5 is a fragmentary side view of a single needle bar tufting machine with a loop forming finger showing the formation of a single column of diagonally transverse loop stitches on the top of the substrate. FIG. 6 is a fragmentary top plan view of a single needle bar tufting machine with a loop forming plate. FIG. 7A is a top plan view of a fabric formed according to the invention. FIG. 7B is a sectional end view of the fabric pictured in FIG. 7A. FIG. 7C is a bottom plan view of the fabric of 7A. FIG. 8A is a top plan view of another fabric formed according to the invention. FIG. 8B is a sectional end view of the fabric of 8A. FIG. 8C is a bottom plan view of the fabric of 8A. FIG. 9A is a top plan view of yet another fabric formed according to the invention. FIG. 9B is a section end view of the fabric of 9A. FIG. 9C is a bottom plan view of the fabric of 9A. FIG. 10A is a top plan diagrammatic view of a series of loop stitches and straight stitches in a fabric formed by a single needle according to the invention. FIG. 10B is a top plan diagrammatic view of the fabric of 10A formed by a plurality of needles in which the yarn has been backrobbed from selected stitches and the resulting untufted yarn loops sheared from the fabric. FIG. 11 is a diagrammatic illustration of the fabric feed mechanism of a tufting machine adapted to produce variable gauge fabrics. FIG. 12A is a sectional end view of a fabric formed according to the present invention. FIG. 12B shows the fabric of FIG. 12A sandwiched between two backing fabrics. FIGS. 12C and 12D illustrate the fabrics formed when the sandwiched fabric of FIG. 12B is cut apart at its midpoint and the substrate is removed. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT FIG. 1 discloses a loop pile tufting machine 10 including a plurality of elongated transversely spaced needle bar carriers 11 supporting a front needle bar 12 and a rear needle bar 13. The front needle bar 12 supports a row of transversely spaced front needles 14, while the rear needle bar 13 supports a row of transversely spaced rear needles 15. Each needle bar carrier 11 is connected to a push rod 16 adapted to be vertically reciprocated by a conventional needle drive mechanism, not shown. Front yarns 18 are supplied to the corresponding front needles 14 through corresponding apertures 19 in the front yarn guide plate 20 from a source of yarn supply, not shown, such as yarn feed rolls, creels, or other known yarn supply means. Preferably, the front yarns 18 pass through a yarn feed pattern control mechanism 21, adapted to feed the appropriate length of individual front yarns 18 to corresponding front needles 14 in accordance with a predetermined pattern. Any one of several pattern control mechanisms may be incorporated in the mechanism 21, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,782,905 and 2,935,037. In the same manner, rear yarns 22 are supplied to the corresponding rear needles 15 through corresponding apertures 23 in the rear yarn guideplate 24 from another source of supply for the yarns, not shown. In a preferred form of the invention, the rear yarns 22 are fed through a separate yarn feed pattern control mechanism 25 which may be independent of the front yarn feed pattern control mechanism 21 in order to permit the appropriate length of individual rear yarns 22 to be fed to corresponding rear needles 15, depending upon the pre-determined pattern incorporated in the rear pattern control mechanism 25. The front needle bar 12 and the rear needle bar 13 are shown slidably mounted in cooperation with front sliding rod 70 and rear sliding rod 71 which are mounted in linear ball bearing assemblies 72 to transversely or laterally shift the corresponding front needle bar 12 and rear needle bar 13. Each needle bar 12 and 13 may be transversely or laterally shifted independently of each other by appropriate pattern control means in a well known manner, such as the pattern controlled needle bar positioner mechanism 36 and corresponding push rods 37 and 38 (all shown in FIG. 2) connected to the respective front sliding rod 70 and rear sliding rod 71. Again referring to FIG. 1, supported upon a needle plate 32 and fixed to the bed frame 33 are a plurality of straight rearward projecting, transversely spaced, needle plate fingers 34 which project rearward between the vertical needle paths of the reciprocable front and rear needles 14 and 15. Supported for longitudinal rearward movement over the bottom needle plate 32 is the substrate or base fabric 35. The needle drive mechanism, not shown, is designed to actuate push rods 16 to vertically reciprocate the pair of needle bars 12 and 13 to cause the front and rear needles 14 and 15 to simultaneously penetrate the substrate 35 far enough to carry the respective yarns 18 and 22 through the substrate 35 to form loops therein. After the loops are formed, the needles 14 and 15 are vertically withdrawn to their elevated retracted position disclosed in FIG. 1. A looper apparatus 40 made in accordance with any of several such mechanisms, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,800,828 and 3,973,505, includes a plurality of transversely spaced front loop pile hooks 41 and a plurality of transversely spaced rear loop pile hooks 42, there being at least one front loop pile hook 41 for each front needle 14 and at least one rear loop pile hook 42 for each rear needle 15. The front loop pile hooks 41 are so arranged that a bill 47 of a front hook 41 will cross and engage each front needle 14 when the front needle 14 is in its lower most position and in a well known manner to seize the yarn 18 and form a bottom pile loop 60 (as shown in FIG. 5) therein. The bills 47 of the front hooks 41 point rearward in the direction of fabric feed as indicated by the arrow 50 In a similar manner, the rear hooks 42 are so arranged that a bill 48 of a rear hook 42 will cross and engage each rear needle 15 when the rear needle 15 is in its lower most position and in a well known manner to seize the yarn 22 and form a bottom pile loop therein. The bills 48 of the rear loop pile hooks 42 point rearward in the same direction as the bills 47 of the front hooks 41 and the fabric feed 50. The spacing or gauge of the hooks typically corresponds to the gauge of the needles. However, it is possible for the gauge of the hooks to be a multiple of the needle gauge in which case not every needle would be threaded with yarn so that there would still be a hook to cross and engage each threaded needle. It is also possible for the hook gauge to be a fraction of the needle gauge, or stated differently for the needle gauge to be a multiple of the hook gauge. In this case there are more hooks than needles. In conventional tufting machine operation, the yarn feed pattern control mechanisms 21 and 25 would be programmed to back-rob certain front yarns 18 and rear yarns 22 in order to produce a desired high-low pile loop pattern. The yarns 18 and 22 can be selected from different colors or varying size or physical characteristics for the respective front and rear needles 14 and 15, or in some cases different yarns may be selected for various of the front needles 14 or for various of the rear needles 15. When it is desired to make even more complex patterns by shifting the needle bars 12 and 13, the pattern controlled needle bar positioning mechanism 36 is actuated in a well known manner. The machine 10 is then operated to produce the desired pile loop patterns in the substrate 35 as the substrate 35 moves in the direction of the arrow 50 rearwardly through the machine 10. In conventional operation, the patterns formed on the substrate 35 appear on the bottom surface 45 which faces the looper apparatus 40, while the upper surface 44 of the substrate 35 contains only the back stitching necessary to permit the needles 14 and 15 to move from one pile loop location to another. A feature of the present invention is the addition of a loop forming plate 52 located forward of the needles 14 and 15 and above the substrate 35. Said loop forming plate 52 can be supported as illustrated by a member 55, descending from the head 26 of the tufting machine. On some tufting machines, the loop forming plate 52 can be inserted in place of an adjustable presser foot which is utilized to hold the substrate 35 proximate to the needle plate 32 when the needles are being vertically withdrawn to their elevated retracted position. Supported from the loop forming plate 52 are a plurality of straight rearward projecting, transversely spaced loop forming fingers 51 which project rearward between the vertical needle paths of the reciprocable rear and front needles 14 and 15. In most cases the spacing or gauge of the loop forming fingers 51 will correspond to the gauge of the hooks. In operation, the front needles 14 and rear needles 15 are pushed through the substrate 35 to form pile loops on the bottom surface 45 in the conventional manner. Preferably these loops are made very low so that relatively little front yarn 18 or rear yarn 22 is on the bottom surface 45. When the front needles 14 and rear needles 15 are raised up through the substrate 35 and above the loop forming fingers 51 of the loop forming plate 52, the pattern controlled needle bar positioner 36 shown in FIG. 2 may be programmed to laterally displace the front needle bar 12 and corresponding front needles 14, or the rear needle bar 13 and corresponding rear needles 15, or both, from their previous positions. In typical carpet applications such lateral displacement is generally between one-tenth inch and one inch and is in units of distance equal to the spacing between the loop forming fingers 51 of the loop forming plate 52 The yarn feed pattern control mechanisms 21 and 25 preferably provide the appropriate length of yarn for the length of lateral displacement of the needles. Then the needle drive mechanism again acts to force the push rods 16 downward, causing the front needles 14 and rear needles 15 to again penetrate the substrate 35. Pile loops are again formed on the bottom surface 45 in the conventional manner. As a result of the repetition of this action, the top surface 44 of the substrate 35 is covered with loop stitches that are transverse to the direction of the fabric feed 50. The direction of the fabric feed 50 imparts a slight diagonal to the stitches. FIG. 5 shows a single needle 61 threaded with yarn 63 forming a column of diagonally transverse loop stitches 62 over a loop forming finger 51. The needle 61 penetrates the substrate 35 with the yarn 63. The yarn 63 is engaged by the bill 64 of a loop pile hook 65, thereby forming a yarn pile loop 60. The needle 61 is then raised above the substrate 35 and loop forming finger 51 and moved laterally across the loop forming finger 51, while the bill 64 is disengaged from the pile loop 60. The needle 61 is then lowered to again penetrate the substrate 35 which has been moved slightly through the tufting machine in the direction of the fabric feed 50, thereby forming a diagonally transverse loop stitch 62. In the process of raising and lowering the needle 61 some yarn is backrobbed from the pile loop 60 previously formed so that the resultant pile loop preferably has a low pile height as the pictured pile loops 66. If preferred for creating a double faced fabric or other purposes, a knife mechanism could be added, and typically the direction of the hooks would be reversed, so that the pile loops 66 would be cut and the bottom surface would have a cut pile rather than loop pile surface. Also, if it is desired to make low loop stitches 62 on the face of the substrate, it is desirable to use loop forming fingers 51 that do not extend substantially rearward of the needles and will carry fewer stitches rather than the five stitches illustrated. As shown in FIG. 12A, it is also possible to adjust the height and frequency of the loop stitches 62 on the face 44 of the substrate 35 to be nearly equal to the height and frequency of the pile loops 67 on the bottom 45 of the substrate 35 and thereby create a two-sided fabric 76. With such a two-sided fabric 76, the substrate 35 may be slightly offset from the center. Then as shown in FIG. 12B a first backing fabric 77 can be attached by latex or other suitable adhesive 79 to the top of the loop stitches 62 and a second backing fabric 78 can be similarly attached to the bottom of the pile loops 67, thereby sandwiching the two-sided fabric 76 between the first and second backing fabrics 77 and 78. The sandwiched two-sided fabric 76 is then sliced or cut apart approximately at the midpoint of the two-sided fabric 76 and the substrate is pulled away, leaving two separate fabrics of cut pile appearance consisting of a cut pile face yarn 73 and adhesive 79 on the surface of a backing fabric 77 and 78 shown in FIGS. 12C and 12D. FIG. 6 illustrates a single row of needles 61 that has formed a fabric in the simple pattern shown. Each needle 61 has created a column of diagonally transverse loop stitches 62 over the loop forming fingers 51 of the loop forming plate 52. Aside from the diagonally transverse loop stitch there are two additional types of stitches that can be formed by the present invention. A straight stitch can be formed by not laterally shifting the needle bar between stitches. In the case of a straight stitch, the yarn does not cross a loop forming finger 51 and is essentially similar to a back stitch formed on a conventional tufting machine. A transverse loop stitch or stitches may also be formed by stopping the fabric feed during the lateral displacement of the needles. Although this may be accomplished with cam driver mechanisms, it is desirable to have the fabric feed driven by at least one servo drive motor to allow for maximum flexibility. FIG. 11 shows in diagrammatic form one such fabric feed mechanism. Illustrated is the substrate 35 passing under the front cloth roller 80 and over the front spike roll 81, through the tufting and stitching area, over the rear spike roll 83 where the face of the loop stitched fabric may be viewed by the machine operator, and under the rear cloth roller 84. The front spike roll 81 and rear spike roll 83 are connected respectively by axles 85 and 88 to the front servo drive motor 86 and rear servo drive motor 89. The control unit 91 electrically signals the servo drive motors 86 and 89 via cables 87 and 90 to stop or advance the substrate. The control unit 91 is also in communication with the needle drive (not pictured) via cable 92, the pattern control yarn feed 21 and 25 (shown in FIG. 1) via cable 93, and the pattern controlled needle bar positioner 36 (shown in FIG. 2) via cable 94. In this fashion, the control unit 91 can synchronize the yarn feed, fabric feed, and needle bar positioner with the needle drive to create a programmed pattern. Unlike the usual back stitches which are tightly stretched across the substrate 35, the transverse and diagonally transverse loop stitches formed by the present tufting machine apparatus are formed over the loop forming fingers 51 of the loop forming plate 52. In this fashion, raised yarn loops are formed on the top surface 44 of the substrate 35. The height of the loops on the top surface 44 can be varied by changing the loop forming plate 52 to another with higher or lower loop forming fingers 51, or by adjusting the positioning of the loop forming plate 52 so that the loop forming fingers 51 are elevated above the substrate 35. FIGS. 1 and 4 show a mechanism for adjusting the height of the loop forming fingers 51. In FIG. 4, a crank 49 is connected by shaft 59 to a worm 58 engaging a wheel gear 46. The wheel gear 46 is mounted on a shaft 75. As shown in FIG. 1, shaft 75 is also mounted with gear 57 which engages the teeth 56 of a rack face 54 coupled to member 55. Thus turning the crank 49 will cause the member 55 to be raised or lowered and will correspondingly raise or lower the loop forming plate 52 and loop forming fingers 51. FIG. 3 shows a single needle bar adapted to the present invention. The single needle bar machine is in many respects similar to the multiple needle bar machine described in FIG. 1 with the following exceptions: only front yarns 63 are fed through a yarn feed pattern control device 21, though apertures 19 in the yarn guide plate 20 and through a row of transversely spaced needles 61. The needles 61 are mounted in a single needle bar 27 which is in turn connected to front sliding rod 70 and rear sliding rod 71 slideably mounted in linear ball bearing assemblies 72 in a plurality of transversely spaced needle bar carriers 11. As with the multiple needle bar machine of FIG. 1, the needle bar carriers 11 are each connected to a push rod 16 adapted to be vertically driven by a conventional needle drive mechanism. A pattern controlled needle bar positioner mechanism, not pictured, connected to the front and rear sliding rods 70 and 71 can transversely shift the front and rear sliding rods 70 and 71 and thereby transversely shift the needle bar 27 and needles 61. Four representative and novel fabrics that can be created according to the invention are shown in FIGS. 7-10. These range from the simpler fabrics shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 that can be created on a tufting machine with a single needle bar, to a more complex fabric in FIG. 9 that is created by a tufting machine with two needle bars, and a complex single needle bar fabric in FIG. 10 utilizing the fabric feed and yarn feed controls, in addition to laterally shifting the needle bar, to vary the pattern. FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C show an example of a fabric that can be created by a tufting apparatus with the loop forming plate 52 and loop forming fingers 51. FIG. 7A shows the diagonally transverse loop stitches 62 formed on the top surface 44 of the substrate 35 by a simple lateral shift of the needles 61 over the adjacent loop forming finger 51. To create this fabric, threaded needles 61 (as shown in FIG. 5) are located between every second loop forming finger 51. FIG. 7B is an end view of one row of diagonally transverse loop stitches 62 and low pile loops 66 formed by each needle 61. FIG. 7C shows the low pile loops 66 formed on the bottom surface 45 when the needles 61 penetrated the substrate 35. The simple pattern of FIG. 7 is presented primarily for illustrative purposes. This fabric may not be desirable for commercial manufacture, because the columns of diagonally transverse loop stitches 62 are not adjacent or overlapping, and the substrate 35 is visible between the columns. FIG. 8A, though, shows a different pattern created according to the present invention by a single row of needles 61. In the pattern shown in 8A, each needle 61 is laterally shifted over three loop forming fingers 51 shown in dotted outline, and a needle 61 is located between each pair of loop forming fingers 51. As shown in the end view of a row of stitches in FIG. 8B, the diagonally transverse loop stitches 68 formed are interlocking and produce a fabric with superior coverage over the substrate 35. FIG. 9A shows a sectional view of a fabric tufted by a tufting machine with two independently shiftable needle bars, such as the machine illustrated in FIG. 1. In FIG. 9A, the striped yarn is the rear yarn 22 and the solid yarn is the front yarn 18. The front yarn 18 is threaded in every front needle 14. Front needles 14 are placed between every second loop forming finger 51 and are laterally shifted over two loop forming fingers 51 to form each front diagonally transverse loop stitch 68. The rear yarn 22 is threaded in every second rear needle 15. Rear needles 15 are placed between every second loop forming finger 51 and are offset from the front needles. For each rear diagonally transverse loop stitch 69, the rear needles 15 are laterally shifted over four loop forming fingers 51. Because the rear needles 15 sew on the substrate 35 after the front needles 14, the rear diagonally transverse loop stitches 69 partially cover the underlying front diagonally transverse loop stitches 68. Some columns of the front diagonally transverse loop stitches 68 are totally covered or overlapped by the rear diagonally transverse loop stitches 69 while other columns are partially overlapped, or not covered at all. FIG. 9B shows an end view of a single row of front and rear diagonally transverse loop stitches, 68 and 69. FIG. 10A Shows a series of 11 stitches made according to the present invention on a substrate 35. Beginning from the needle carrying yarn penetrating the substrate at position A, the needle is raised, the fabric feed advances the substrate 35 in the feed direction 50, the needle bar positioner moves the needle two gauge units to the right and the needle is lowered through the substrate 35 at position B. This creates the first diagonally transverse loop stitch A-B. The operation is repeated except the needle bar positioner moves the needle only one gauge unit to the right and the needle is lowered through the substrate 35 at position C to create a second diagonally transverse loop stitch B-C. For the third stitch C-D, the needle is raised and moved one gauge unit to the left, the fabric feed is stopped, and the needle is lowered through the substrate 35 at position D. This creates a transverse loop stitch. The fourth stitch D-E, and fifth stitch E-F are transverse loop stitches made identically to the third stitch C-D. For the sixth stitch F-G, the needle is raised but is not laterally shifted, the fabric feed advances the substrate 35 and the needle is lowered through the substrate 35 at position G to create a straight stitch. The seventh stitch G-M is another straight stitch made in the same fashion as the sixth F-G. For the eighth stitch H-I, the needle is raised and moved one gauge unit to the right, the fabric feed is stopped, and the needle is lowered through the substrate 35 at position I to create a transverse loop stitch. The ninth stitch I-J is also a transverse loop stitch but the needle is moved two gauge units to the right. The tenth stitch J-K is a diagonally transverse loop stitch with the needle being raised and moved two gauge units to the left with the fabric feed advancing the substrate 35, and then the needle is lowered at position K. The eleventh stitch K-A is another diagonally transverse loop stitch but the needle is moved only one gauge unit to the left. FIG. 10B shows the pattern made by a series of needles n executing two iterations of the pattern of FIG. 10A. The pattern made by needles n is complemented with the pattern made by needles n' which were alternatively spaced on the same needle bar. Because needles n and n' were on the same needle bar, those needles executed the same stitch pattern. However, in the case of needles n' on stitches C'-D', D'-E', E'-F', as well as stitches H'-I' and I'-J' the yarn feed pattern control was directed not to allow sufficient yarn to the needles n' to form low pile loop stitches on the bottom of the substrate 35. Accordingly, when needles n' were raised up through the substrate 35, the backrobbing effect was sufficient to pull the yarn that penetrated the substrate 35 with needles n' back up to the face 44 of the substrate 35. Accordingly, stitches C'-D', D'-E' and E'-F' were not anchored by tufts penetrating the substrate 35 at either position D' or E' while stitches H'-I' and I'-J' were not anchored by a tuft penetrating the substrate 35 at position I'. Then the tufted fabric was processed by a shearing machine of conventional design and the loose untufted yarn from C' to F' and from H' to J' was cut away leaving the fabric as illustrated. The stitching method described in connection with FIGS. 10A and 10B can be used both in the manufacture of fabrics directly on a plain substrate and for ornamental overtufting of existing fabrics. Numerous advantages are inherent in the tufted fabrics illustrated in FIGS. 7 though 10. The transverse and diagonally transverse loop stitches give better coverage of substrate for a given weight of face yarn. Also, the substantially transverse orientation of the loop stitches prevents "grinning" or the exposure of the underlying substrate when the fabric is creased, as when a carpet is pulled over the edge of stair treads or the like. The resulting fabrics also have less resistance to a sliding traffic and higher abrasion resistance than conventional tufted fabrics. Fabrics made according to the present invention also have more drape or a greater tendency to lie flat, but are still easy to roll up due to the transverse or diagonally transverse alignment of a substantial number of stitches. Numerous alterations of the structures and methods herein described will suggest themselves to those skilled in the art. It will be understood that the details and arrangements of the parts and yarns that have been described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of the invention are not to be construed as any limitation of the invention. All such alterations which do not depart from the spirit of the invention are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.	A single or multiple needle bar tufting machine provided with loop forming fingers above the substrate or base fabric is used to form variable gauge fabrics by laterally shifting the needles during tufting. In this manner rows of loop stitches are formed over the loop forming fingers on the face of the substrate and rows of pile loops are formed on the back side. A variety of novel fabrics and fabrics simulating patterns heretofore only made on looms and knitting machines can be manufactured by utilizing such a tufting machine in connection with yarn feed pattern control devices, pattern control needle bar positioners, and a controllable fabric feed. The resulting fabrics offer many advantages including lower stitch rates, better substrate coverage, less resistance to sliding traffic, increased abrasion resistance, and improved draping characteristics.	3
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method for fabricating deposited organic films that are two-dimensionally and periodically arranged on a III-V group compound semiconductor substrate. 2. Description of the Prior Art Conventional monomolecular or deposited organic films include Langmuir Blodgett films (hereafter referred to as "LB films") and self-assembled monolayers (Abraham Ulman: An Introduction to Ultrathin Organic Films From Langmuir-Blodgett to Self-Assembly, Academic Press 1991). An LB film is formed by developing on a water surface, as a monomolecular film, amphipathic molecules including hydrophilic functional groups and hydrophobic atomic groups (an L film). The film is transferred onto a solid substrate, and several such films are deposited thereon, according to the process named after Langmuir and Blodgett. A self-assembled monolayer is obtained by allowing the functional groups at the terminals of molecules to be chemically adsorbed by the atoms constituting the substrate. This film is called the "self-assembled monolayer" because, due to the relevant adsorption mechanism, only monomolecular films are self-organized and formed on the substrate. Films can also be accumulated by selecting the type of the terminal group away from a formed self-assembled monolayer. These monomolecular films form a two-dimensional monomolecular aggregate due to the Van der Waals between the molecules, and these methods can be used to manufacture a periodic array of molecular packing, that is, two-dimensional crystals. This feature can be used to construct electronic and optical devices. Since an LB film is formed by transferring a film developed on the water surface, onto the substrate, using the difference between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of the film and the substrate, the crystallinity of the film is primely determined when the film is expanded and compressed. Thus, the crystallinity of the film does not depend on the substrate materials, and the film can be formed on any substrate. The interaction between the substrate and the monomolecular film, however, is very weak due to the nature of the LB film, thus the film lacks the acid- and alkali-resistance and durability required to construct complicated devices. On the other hand, the self-assembled monolayer does not have the above disadvantages, but due to the use of the chemical adsorption between the functional groups of molecules and the substrate, their range of combinations is limited. Monomolecular films have thus been implemented on substrates of silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, silver oxide, mica, gold, copper, or GaAs. For GaAs substrates, only self-assembled monolayers are obtained by treating the substrate with hydrochloric acid solution so as to provide arsen terminated surface, then coating it with a molten liquid of organic molecules including SE groups in a nitrogen atmosphere, and holding it at about 100 C for 5 hours. Since, however, the self-assembled monolayer uses an As-terminated surface on GaAs, so the surface is amorphous and the two-dimensional crystallinity of a self assembled monolayer obtained has been very low, that is, the quality of this film has been lower than that of the LB film. The film quality directly compared to quantum efficiency that provides a functional characteristics of that monomolecular film, and thus contributes to producing substantial adverse effects in fabricating devices. Furthermore, despite the large number of advantages of the self-assembled monolayer compared to LB film, there have been no examples where a multilayer of self-assembled monolayers has been arranged on a III-V group compound semiconductor substrate; instead, self-assembled monolayers have been used only on silicon oxide film or a gold substrate. A technique that allows the formation of multilayers while preserving the numerous advantages of the self-assembled monolayer is very important because it enables the multilayers to include characteristics that cannot be implemented by more complicated monomolecular films and also enhance functional performance. Since the self-assembled multilayers heretofore obtained have been formed on an amorphous silicon oxide film despite the use of monocrystal silicon for the substrate, such multilayers may not have an ordered structure along their lateral orientation or may have two-dimensional domain structures with a large number of pin holes. To solve this problem, attempts have been made to provide a substrate the surface of which is flat on an atomic level and the atoms of which are periodically disposed (in a √ 3×23 structure), with the multilayer then formed on this substrate. In these attempts, a single crystal or gold or an epitaxial thin film substrate of gold formed on a mica cleavage plane has been employed, using the EB deposition method. In these cases, however, since the surface of the substrate has a reconstructed (i.e., √ 3×23) structure with a high atom packing density instead of the bulk structure, as well as a long-period, so-called "Herringbone" structure, excess gold atoms may be protruded and thus depressions may be formed on the substrate surface when a self-assembled mono- and multilayer are fomred thereon. Therefore the film itself has domain structures of only several 10 nm in size. Consequently, these organic films have degraded insulating and I-V characteristics. To improve the performance of organic films obtained along these lines, it is necessary to producean organic superlattice multilayer that is flat and dense onan atomic level and which has a two-dimensional order without pin holes. There is demand both for such an organic film and for a method to fabricate it. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an objective of this invention to provide a method for fabricating a very good organic thin film that is flat and dense on an atomic level, has a periodically oredered arrangement in the lateral direction, and is free of pin holes, by allowing film formation molecules to be selectively chemisorbed to a III-V group compound semiconductor substrate. Using this approach, a good and firm organic monomolecular film may be produced which has few defects. Chemical adsorption allows different types of organic molecules to be deposited on the monomolecular film so as to control the film thickness from layer to layer with a molecular length scale. To achieve this objective, an organic thin film fabricating method according to this invention basically involves cleaving a III-V group compound semiconductor substrate in a solution or a molten liquid containing amphipathic organic molecules with an SE group derivative at their terminal group, to allow the organic molecules to be adsorbed onto the freshly cleaved surface in order to form a first organic monomolecular film, and then immersing the substrate in a solution containing metallic ions to allow the ions to be adsorbed to the surface of the monomolecular film, or chemically treating the surface functional groups to convert them into OH groups, and then immersing the substrate in a solution containing organic molecules with functional groups selectively chemically adsorbed to the metallic ions or the OR groups, thereby depositing another organic molecular film onto the first organic monomolecular film. In this method, by repeating depositing another organic molecular film onto the first organic monomolecular film, deposited films that have strong ionic or interaction or covalent binding forces and periodically ordered in-plane directions can be formed while controlling the film thickness in units of molecular length. Due to the use of the cleaved surface of a III-V group compound semiconductor substrate and to the selective chemical adsorption produced by molecules with an SH group at their terminal group, the method according to this invention can form good monolayers and good deposited multilayers that are strongly bonded to the substrate and orderly arranged in both lateral and vertical directions. Therefore, this invention can maximize film function and produce films having acid and alkali resistance, durability, reliability, and desirable I-V or insulation characteristics. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic drawing of a method for fabricating thin deposited organic films described with reference to Embodiment 1 of this invention. FIG. 2 shows a surface concentration of self-assembled multilayer formed on a cleaved GaAs as a function of treatment cycle with a 15-mercaptoacetic acid solution according to the embodiment of this invention, using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. FIG. 3 is a schematic drawing of a method for fabricating self-assembled organic mono- and multilayer thin films describing it as Embodiment 2 of this invention. FIG. 4 schematic drawing of a method for fabricating self-assembled organic mono- and multilayer thin films describing it as Embodiment 3 of this invention. FIG. 5 schematic drawing of a method for fabricating self-assembled organic mono- and multilayer thin films describing it as Embodiment 4 of this invention. DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS According to the organic thin film fabricating method under this invention, to form a first organic monomolecular film on a cleaved III-V group compound semiconductor substrate, the clean surface of the III-V group compound semiconductor substrate (which has been obtained by cleaving) is exposed to an organic solvent into which amphipathic organic molecules with an SH group derivative at their terminal groups are diluted, or to a raw or molten liquid of these organic molecules with a SH group, to allow the organic molecules to be chemically adsorbed to the cleaved surface in order to form a monomolecular film of these molecules, as described above. Exposure of the cleaved surface to the solution or molten liquid containing the amphipathic organic molecules is carried out by cleaving the semiconductor substrate in a controlled atmosphere of inert gas, cleaving it in the air and quickly immersing it in a liquid obtained by melting a solution containing amphipathic organic molecules or a raw liquid of amphipathic organic molecules, or by cleaving it in a solution or a molten liquid containing amphipathic organic molecules. Alternatively, after being cleaved in a controlled atmosphere, the substrate can then be immersed in a specified type of solution. Specifically, the amphipathic organic molecules forming the first organic monomolecular film may be organic molecules with a COOH or PO 3 H 2 group at the other end, and to deposit another organic monomolecular film on the first organic monomolecular film formed, the substrate is first immersed in a solution containing metallic ions and then in a solution containing either amphipathic molecules with an SE group at one end and a COOH group at the other, or amphipathic molecules with a PO 3 H 2 group at both ends. This process may be repeated to deposit more layers. In addition, the cleaved III-V group compound semiconductor substrate may be immersed in a solution with an SH group derivative at one end and a COOCH 3 group or a CH 2 ═CH group at the other, in order to allow the organic molecules to be adsorbed to the cleaved surface and form the first organic monomolecular film. In this case, to deposit a subsequent organic monomolecular film, the substrate is first treated with a LiAlH 4 solution dissolved in an organic solvent and then a hydrochloric acid solution, or with a B 2 H 6 solution dissolved in an organic solvent and then a mixed solution of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide to convert the surface function groups into OH groups, and is then immersed in a solution containing amphipathic molecules with a COOCH 3 group at one end and a CH 2 ═CH group at the other. This process allows another organic monomolecular film to deposit on the first organic monomolecular film. When 15-mercaptohexadecylcarboxylic acid (SH(CH 2 ) 16 COOH) is used as an amphipathic organic molecules with an SH group derivative in its terminal group to form a thin organic film and if, for example, a III-V group compound semiconductor substrate is cleaved in a 15-mercaptohexadecylcarboxylic acid solution diluted to 10 mM with pure ethanol and remains immersed therein, an immersion time of 1 hour to 10 days may generally be used. A time of 2 hours to 3 days is preferable, with one of 4 hours to 1 day more preferable still. If a III-V group compound semiconductor substrate is cleaved in heated, molten 15-mercaptohexadecylcarboxylic acid, it is held in that condition for about several tens of minutes to 10 days after the cleaving. A holding time of 2 hours to 3 days is preferable, with a time of 4 to 5 hours more preferable still. Although this embodiment has been described in conjunction with the use of 15-mercaptohexadecylcarboxylic acid to obtain the monomolecular film, the general description is applicable to the formation of a molecular film with another SH group. When an organic multilayer is deposited on the self-assembled monolayer produced on the cleaved surface of the III-V group compound semiconductor substrate after the first monomolecular film has been formed, and if, for example, the III-V group compound semiconductor substrate is immersed in a copper acetate ((CH 3 COO) 2 Cu) solution diluted to 1 mM with pure ethanol, an immersion time of 1 second to 10 minutes may be used. A time of 10 seconds to 5 minutes is preferable, with one of 30 seconds to 1 minute more preferable still. When a second layer of organic molecule film is deposited after the substrate has been taken out and subjected to ultrasonic cleaning with pure ethanol, and if, for example, a substrate with a self-assembled GaAs processed with Cu ions is immersed in 15-mercaptohexadecylcarboxylic acid diluted to 10 mM with pure ethanol, an immersion time of 30 minutes to 10 days may be used. Forty minutes to 1 day is preferable, with 1 to 4 hours more preferable still. The second and subsequent layers can be deposited to obtain a specified thickness by alternatively immersing the substrate in a copper acetate solution and a 15-mercaptohexadecylcarboxylic acid solution. Although this embodiment has been described in conjunction with the use of 15-mercaptohexadecylcarboxylic acid to deposit a multilayer, the general description is applicable to the formation of other forms of organic molecular based layered thin film. In addition, although the above embodiment has been described in conjunction with the limitation of a solution concentration of 10 mM, the immersion time must be adjusted depending on the concentration to obtain an organic molecular film such as that described above. In the fabrication of an organic thin film, for a diluted solution containing amphipathic organic molecules, an oxygen impurity contained in a solvent is desirably removed from the solvent using evacuation, or a desiccating agent such as magnesium oxide is desirably fed into a solvent into which amphipathic organic molecules are dissolved, to remove moisture before removing the desiccating agent. In addition, if organic molecules are used directly, chromatography is preferably used for re-extraction to increase the purity of the molecules. If the molecules are in a solid state at room temperature, the temperature must be approximately increased up to the melting point of the molecules. If the solution is molten, this is preferably carried out in an atmosphere of an inert gas such as nitrogen. In addition to this embodiment of the invention, specific preferred embodiments are illustrated below. [Embodiment 1] FIG. 1 describes an embodiment of a method for fabricating an organic multilayer according to this invention. In this figure, a first vessel 1 is filled with a 10-mM 15-mercaptohexadecylcarboxylic acid (SH(CH 2 ) 15 COOH) solution with an ethanol solvent and to manufacture an organic film, a GaAs substrate 4 is cleaved in the solution in the first vessel. The substrate 4 is cleaved by, for example, marking its surface at two positions and cutting the surface along the line joining the marks. The 15-mercaptohexadecylcarboxylic acid may be in powder or liquid form and may be chemically adsorbed either at room temperature or at elevated temperature. The solvent may be an organic solvent other than an ethanol solution or pure water, but is preferably an organic solvent. The solution is preferably deaired or dehydrated to prevent subsrate surface from oxidation and thereby from hampering formation of a self-assembled monolayer. After being cleaved in the solution in the first vessel 1, the GaAs substrate 4 remains immersed in the solution for several hours (e.g., 4 hours) and is then taken out and cleaned in a second vessel 2 filled with pure ethanol to remove any excess 15-mercaptohexadecylcarboxylic acid molecules deposited on its surface. The substrate is then immersed in an ethanol-diluted 1-mM copper acetate ((CH 3 COO) 2 Cu) solution for about 10 minutes. The copper acetate may be in powder or liquid and may be chemically adsorbed either at room temperature or at elevated temperature. The solvent may be an organic solvent other than an ethanol solution or pure water, but is preferably an organic solvent. The solution is preferably deaired or dehydrated to prevent the interface of the substrate from being oxidized to desorp the self-assembled monolayer from the substrate surface. Then, the GaAs substrate 4 is removed from the copper acetate solution in the third vessel 3 and transferred back to the pure ethanol in the second vessel, where it is ultrasonically cleaned to clear any excess Cu ions such as copper clusters deposited on its surface. Then, the GaAs substrate 4 is transferred back to the 15-mercaptohexadecylcarboxylic acid solution in the first vessel 1 and immersed therein for about 2 hours, with a single layer of 15-mercaptohexadecylcarboxylic acid molecules allowed to be uniformly adsorbed its surface which is covered with Cu ions. The above process can be cyclically repeated on the GaAs substrate 4 using the second, third, second, and first vessels in order to cumulatively deposite layers of 15-mercaptohexadecylcarboxylic acid molecules. FIG. 2 shows surface concentration of Ga, As, Cu, O, C and S on the surface as a function of layer thickness from the first to fifth layers diposited using the above process by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This graph shows that despite the constant Cu and S, Ga and As decreases with increasing C and O as layers of 15-mercaptohexadecylcarboxylic acid molecules are cumulatively deposit Atomic Force microscope observation of the fifth layer of the deposited film shows that the surface was dense and flat on an atomic level, and without pin holes. Although this embodiment has been described in conjunction with the use of a GaAs substrate, a similar method can be applied to other III-V group compound semiconductor substrates and to GaP, GaSb, InP, InAs, and InSb substrates in order to deposit on their cleaved surfaces with dense and very uniform multilayers which are free of pin holes. [Embodiment 2] FIG. 3 describes another embodiment of a method for fabricating a thin organic multilayer according to this invention. In this figure, a first vessel 11 is filled with a 1-mM 15-mercaptohexadecylphosphonic acid (PO 3 H 2 (CH 2 ) 15 SH) solution. To fabricate organic films, a GaAs substrate 15 is cleaved in the solution in the first vessel 11. The substrate 15 can be cleaved as in Embodiment 1. The 15-mercaptohexadecylphosphonic acid may be in powder or liquid form and may be chemically adsorbed either at room temperature or at elevated temperature. The solvent may be an organic solvent other than an ethanol solution or pure water, but is preferably an organic solvent. The solution is preferably deaired or dehydrated to prevent substrate from oxidation and thereby from hampering formation of a self-assembled monolayer. After being cleaved in the solution in the first vessel 11, the GaSb substrate 15 remains immersed in the solution for several hours (e.g., 5 hours) and is then taken out and washed in a second vessel 12 filled with pure ethanol to remove any excess 15-mercaptohexadecylphosphonic acid molecules deposited on its surface (step 1). The substrate is then immersed in an ethanol-diluted 1-mM zirconium acetate ((CH 3 COO) 4 Zr) solution for about 10 minutes. The zirconium acetate may be in powder or liquid form. The zirconium ions may be chemically absorbed either at room temperature of at an elevated temprature. The solvent may be an organic solvent other than an ethanol solution or pure water, but is preferably an organic solvent. The solution is preferably deaired or dehydrated to prevent the interface of the substrate from being oxidized to desorp the self-assembled monolayer from the substrate surface. Then, the GaSb substrate 15 is taken out from the solution in the third vessel 13 and transferred back to the pure ethanol in the second vessel, where it is ultrasonically cleaned to remove any excess Zr ions absorbed on its surface. Then, the GaSb substrate 15 is placed in a 1-mM stearicbisphosphonic acid (PO 8 H 2 (CH 2 ) 18 PO 8 H 2 ) with an ethanol solvent and immersed therein for about 4 hours to allow a single layer of stearicbisphosphonic acid molecules to be adsorbed to the surface of the self-assembled monolayer of the GaSb substrate 15 which is covered with Zr ions (step 2). Subsequently, step 2 (immersion in the third vessel 13) can be repeated via cleaning in the second vessel 12 to cumilatevely deposit layers of stearicbisphosphonic acid molecules. After the above process was repeated five times, the film thickness was measured using ellipsometry. Thickness was about 14 nm, and it was confirmed that a single layer of mercaptohexadecylphosphonic acid and four layers of stearicbisphosphonic acid were formed. Although this embodiment has been described in conjunction with the use of a GaSb substrate, a similar method can be applied to other III-V group compound semiconductor substrates and to GaP, GaAs, InP, InAs, and InSb substrates to deposit a multilayer on their cleaved surfaces. [Embodiment 3] FIG. 4 describes another embodiment of a method for fabricating thin organic multilayer according to this invention. In this figure, a first vessel 21 is filled with a mercaptohexadecylacetate (CH 8 COO(CH 2 ) 15 SH) solution. To fabricate organic films, an InSb substrate 27 is cleaved in the solution in the first vessel 21. The substrate 27 can be cleaved as in Embodiment 1. The mercaptohexadecylacetate may be in powder or liquid form and may be chemically adsorbed either at room temperature or at elevatd temperature. The solvent may be an organic solvent other than an ethanol solution or pure water, but is preferably an organic solvent. The solution is preferably deaired or dehydrated to prevent substrate surface from oxidation and thereby from hampering formation of a self-assembled monolayer. The InSb substrate 27 remains immersed in the solution in the first vessel 21 for several hours and is then taken out and cleaned in a second vessel 22 filled with pure ethanol to remove any excess mercaptohexadecylacetate molecules deposited on its surface (step 1). The substrate is then immersed in a 1-M LiAlH 4 solution dissolved into tetrahydrofuran in a third vessel 23 for about 10 minutes, followed by immersion in a 20% diluted hydrochloric acid solution in a fourth vessel 24 to convert terminal COOCH 3 groups away from the surface into OH groups. The COOCH 3 groups may be converted into OH groups at room temperature or at elevated temperatre. The solvent may be an organic solvent other than an ethanol solution or pure water, but is preferably an organic solvent. The solution is preferably deaired or dehydrated to prevent the interface of the substrate from being oxidized to desorp the self-assembled monolayer from the substrate surface. Subsequently, the InSb substrate 27 is taken out from the solution and cleaned with pure water in a fifth vessel 25. Then, the InSb substrate 27 is placed in a 1-mM 22-acetyldocosanyltrichlorosilane (CH 3 COO(CH 2 ) 22 SiCl 3 ) solution dissolved into a solvent in a sixth vessel 26 containing hexadecane and carbon tetrachloride at a mixing ratio of 4:1 and immersed therein for about 4 hours to allow a single layer of 22-acetyldocosanyltrichlorosilane to be adsorbed to the surface of the self-assembled monolayer which is formed on the InSb substrate 27 and covered with OH groups (step 2). Subsequently, step 2 can be repeated via cleaning in the second vessel 22 to cumulatively deposit layers of 22-acetyldocosanyltrichlorosilane. After the above process was repeated 10 times, the film thickness was measured using ellipsometry. Thickness was about 36 nm, and it was confirmed that a single layer of mercaptohexadecylacetate and 9 layers of 22-acetyldocosanyltrichlorosilane were formed. Although this embodiment has been described in conjunction with the use of an InSb substrate, a similar method can be applied to other III-V group compound semiconductor substrates and to GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InP, and InAs substrates to deposit a multilayer on their cleaved surfaces. [Embodiment 4] FIG. 5 describes yet another embodiment of a method for fabricating a thin organic multilayer according to this invention. In this figure, a first vessel 31 is filled with a 1-mM 16-mercaptohexadecene (CH 2 ═CH(CH 2 ) 14 SH) solution. To fabricate organic films, an InAs substrate 37 is cleaved in the solution in the first vessel 31. The substrate 37 can be cleaved as in Embodiment 1. The 16-mercaptohexadecene be chemically adsorbed at room temperature or at elevated temperature. The solvent may be an organic solvent other than an ethanol solution or pure water, but is preferably an organic solvent. The solution is preferably deaired or dehydrated to prevent substrate from oxidatand and thereby from hampering formation of a self-assembled monolayer. The InAs substrate 37 remains immersed in the solution in the first vessel 31 for several hours and is then taken out and cleaned with pure ethanol in a second vessel 32 to remove any excess 16-mercaptohexadecene molecules deposited on its surface (step 1). The substrate 37 is then immersed in a 1-M B 2 H 6 solution dissolved into tetrahydrofuran in a third vessel 33 for about 1 minute, followed by immersion in a 0.1-M sodium hydroxide solution mixed with 30% hydrogen peroxide to convert the CH 2 ═CH groups exposed at the surface into OH groups. The solvent may be an organic solvent other than a tetrahydrofuran solution or pure water, but is preferably an organic solvent. The solution is preferably deaired or dehydrated to prevent the interface of the substrate from being oxidized to desorp the self-assembled monolayer from the substrate surface. After immersion in the solution, the InAs substrate 37 is removed and cleaned with pure water in a fifth vessel 35. Then, the InAs substrate 37 is placed in a 1-mM 15-hexadecenyltrichlorosilane (CH 2 ═CH(CH 2 ) 14 SiCl 2 ) solution solved into a solvent in a sixth vessel 36 containing hexadecane and carbon tetrachloride at a mixing ratio of 4:1 and immersed therein for about 5 hours to allow a single layer of 15-hexadecenyltrichlorosilane to be adsorbed to the surface of the self-assembled monolayer which is formed on the InAs substrate 37 and covered with OH groups (step 2). Subsequently, step 2 can be repeated via cleaning in the second vessel 32 to cumulatively deposit layers of 15-hexadecenyltrichlorosilane. After the above process was repeated 20 times, the film thickness was measured using ellipsometry. Thickness was about 45 nm, and it was confirmed that a single layer of 15-mercaptohexadecene and 19 layers of 15-hexadecenyltrichlorosilane were formed. Although this embodiment has been described in conjunction with the use of an InAs substrate, a similar method can be applied to other III-V group compound semiconductor substrates and to GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InP, and InSb substrates to deposit a multilayer on their cleaved surfaces.	A method is provided that produces a good, strong organic monomolecular film having its atoms arranged in a three-dimensionally ordered manner by cleaving a III-V group compound semiconductor substrate in film formation molecules or in a solution containing them, in order to cause selective chemisorption which forms a monomolecular film and then deposits another layer of organic molecule film. In this method, the III-V group compound semiconductor substrate is cleaved in a solution containing SH groups dissolved into a solvent in order to form a self-assembled monolayer and is then placed in another solution, where metallic ions are adsorbed to the surface of the film or where the functional groups are converted by chemical treatment. The substrate is then immersed in a solution containing organic molecules that are selectively chemisorbed to the functional groups. This process is sequentially repeated to form good, strong multilayers having a three-dimensionally ordered arrangement while also controlling film thickness.	8
This invention relates to screw tightening devices such as C-clamps, adjustable wrenches, vises, glueing clamps and other clamping tools which have long threaded elements for securing work in their jaws, or for adjustment means such as found on drill press depth gauges. In particular it relates to a design of a screw and nut combination which provides for quick release and tightening features to facilitate opening and closing the jaws or clamping pads of the devices. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION When clamping work pieces by means of vises or clamps it is very often time consuming or inconvenient to open and close jaws using standard screw and nut tighteners because of the large number of turns required to move the jaws large distances. For example clamping a board in a wood working vise, first in a two inch width and then in a ten inch width, sequentially and repeatedly as is done often in finishing operations, extends the time required for the job and contributes to operator fatigue. It would therefore be desirable to be able to position the jaws quickly in either a narrow or wide opening by merely sliding the jaws to the desired position and tightening with only a few turns. This has been done in the case of the woodworking vise, wherein a longitudinally split nut can be disengaged by rotating to the left a turn, sliding the vise jaws to a desired position, re-engaging the jaws with a rotation of the screw to the right, and then tightening the work in place. This particular type of wood working vise has been in reliable use for many years but has a drawback that prevents its application to other than operation in the horizontal plane; the longitudinal split nut relies on gravity to open the nut for sliding the jaws into position before tightening. Another example of a quick disconnect threaded fastener is found in U.S. Pat. No. 2,828,662 wherein the concept of segmented threaded fasteners has been applied to individual nut and bolt assemblies as well as to C-clamps and other fastener applications. While the mechanism of said patent will work in any position, it appears to be somewhat complex and to be limited in thread engagement area. The present invention will be shown to provide some advantages over the state of the art. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A quick acting threaded fastener assembly comprising a quick acting nut and threaded rod with matching cross-section has been invented for application to tools and other fastening devices requiring a minimum number of turns of the device to effect closing or opening. Fasteners of this type which have been made up till now may be position sensitive, of large size, structurally complicated, or have substantially less than the theoretically achievable degree of threaded engagement of 50 percent between the fixed and rotating elements of the assembly. It is therefore an object of this invention to provide an efficient, small sized, quick acting threaded fastener which will work in any position, yet provide high strength holding capability by approaching the maximum possible threaded engagement area between the threaded rod and the quick acting drive nut. It is a further object of this invention to provide a threaded fastener with very few parts so as to be economical to manufacture. Many applications will become apparent from the following description as detailed in the specification and drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows the quick acting threaded fastener assembly. FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the quick acting drive nut portion of the said assembly with the component parts aligned as in the disengaged or neutral position. FIG. 3 is a top view of one of the internally threaded components of FIG. 2 designated herein as a half-nut. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the half-nut along line 4--4 of FIG. 3. FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the quick acting threaded fastener assembly in the disengaged position taken along line 5--5 of FIG. 1 showing also the detent mechanism. FIG. 6a is a cross-sectional view of the quick acting threaded fastener assembly in the disengaged or neutral position along line 6--6 of FIG. 1. FIG. 6b is a cross-sectional view of the quick acting threaded fastener assembly in the engaged or drive position along line 6--6 of FIG. 1 showing one of the half-nuts in full engagement with the threaded rod of the assembly. FIG. 6c is a cross-sectional view as in FIG. 6b showing the quick acting threaded fastener assembly in the engaged or drive position taken along line 6--6 of FIG. 1 but with the drive nut rotated an additional ninety degrees clockwise and showing the other half-nut in full engagement with the threaded rod of the assembly. FIG. 7 illustrates the application of the quick acting threaded fastener assembly to a C-clamp. FIG. 8 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the quick acting threaded fastener along the line 8--8 of FIG. 7. FIG. 9 shows the cross-section of threaded rod along the line 9--9 of FIG. 1. FIG. 10 illustrates the application of the quick acting threaded fastener to a pipe wrench. FIG. 11 shows the cross-section of the threaded rod of FIG. 1 as modified for use on a pipe wrench, taken along line 11--11 of FIG. 10. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows the preferred embodiment of the quick acting nut designated generally by 1 in operating position on threaded rod 2. FIG. 2 displays an exploded view of said quick acting nut wherein the cooperating parts are as follows. Half-nut 3 is secured to housing 4 by an interference or force fit, shrink fit, epoxy or other non-mechanical bonding, welding, threading or other means known to those skilled in the art. Half-nut 5 is rotatably contained in housing 4: stops 6 on half-nut 5 intermesh with similar stops 7 on half-nut 3. Guide plate 8 rotatably abuts half-nut 3 and is held in place by retaining ring 9 which fits into groove 10 of housing 4. Similarly, guide plate 11 rotatably abuts half-nut 5 against which it can be indexed by detent springs 12 and detent balls 13 which are held in the wall of half-nut 5 by holes 14, said balls nesting into holes or depressions 15 located in guide plate 11. Retaining ring 16, fitting into groove 33 in housing 4, holds guide plate 11 in place, thus holding all the cooperating parts at proper axial spacings within housing 4. Half-nuts 3 and 5 have identical external dimensions, including stops 6 and 7; internally there are holes 14 for detent means such as springs 12 and balls 13 in half-nut 5. FIGS. 3 and 4 show the relative positions of the stops 6, threaded sections 20 and slots 18 as located in or on half-nut 5 for the preferred embodiment. The operation of the quick acting nut 1 can be understood by referring to FIGS. 5 thru 6c. When housing 4 is rotated counterclockwise as in loosening a right handed thread, half-nut 3, being securely attached to housing 4, also rotates in the same direction. Stops 7 on half-nut 3, being interposed between corresponding stops 6 on half-nut 5, engage stops 6 and cause half-nut 5 also to rotate in the same direction. Note that when stops 6 and 7 are in contact due to the counterclockwise rotation, slots 18 in half-nut 5 are aligned with slots 19 in half-nut 3. As housing 4 and half-nuts 3 and 5 rotate counterclockwise, they come into alignment with guide plates 8 and 11. The alignment becomes apparent when detent balls 13 engage depressions 15 in guide plate 11, the engagement being apparent to the operator by the sound and feel of the balls 13 dropping into depressions 15. Thus, slots 18 and 19 in half-nuts 3 and 5 are opposite the threaded portions 22 of threaded rod 2 as can be seen in FIG. 6a, and the threaded portions 17 and 20 of half-nuts 3 and 5 are opposite the unthreaded lands 21 on threaded rod 2 as can be seen in FIG. 5. When the alignment of cooperating parts is accomplished, quick acting nut 1 and threaded rod 2 can slide freely with respect to one another and long traverses of threaded rod 2 can be made quickly without tedious turning action. Slot 31 in guide plate 8 and slot 32 in guide plate 11 conform slidably to the cross section of threaded rod 2, and serve to minimize angular misalignment and wobble of quick acting nut 1 with respect to the axis of threaded rod 2. Once the desired axial position of quick acting nut 1 has been set, turning the nut clockwise with respect to threaded rod 2 will cause the stops 7 on half-nut 3 to engage stops 6 of half-nut 5 in the reverse direction. When engagement of the stops in the clockwise direction occurs, threaded sections 17 of half-nut 3 are displaced ninety degrees from threaded sections 20 of half-nut 5. This ninety degree displacement can be seen with reference to FIG. 6b which shows threaded lands 22 of threaded rod 2 in slots 19 of half-nut 3 and threaded lands 22 in full threaded engagement with threaded sections 20 of half-nut 5. As further clockwise rotation continues, half-nut 3 begins to engage threaded lands 22 and half-nut 5 becomes proportionately less engaged with threaded lands 22 until half-nut 3 becomes fully threadedly engaged with threaded lands 22 and half-nut 5 becomes fully disengaged from threaded lands 22, as can be seen in FIG. 6c. Because of the ninety degree displacement of threaded sections 17 and 20 of said half-nuts, there is always threaded engagement equivalent to complete engagement of one half-nut at all rotative positions of the quick acting drive nut 1 of the threaded fastener assembly. This is because clockwise rotation between the fully engaged condition of half-nut 3 and half-nut 5 distributes the threaded engagement of threaded rod 2 with said half-nuts in direct proportion to the amount of relative rotation between quick acting nut 1 and threaded rod 2. The result is that, in the engaged or drive position, the total amount of threaded engagement between quick acting nut 1 and threaded rod 2 is constant, thus producing a constant tightening force for all rotative positions of the quick acting nut 1. The foregoing has shown that this invention utilizes a simple geometric configuration in which threaded sections and clearance slots of the half-nuts intermesh with corresponding threaded lands and unthreaded lands of the threaded rod. As described above, for the invention to work properly thereis no requirement that threaded sections of either the half-nuts or the threaded rob subtend the same angle as the unthreaded sections. These subtended angles, shown in FIG. 3 for half-nut 5, as angle A for the threaded sections 20 and angle B for clearance slots 18 are the angles between diametral line 2--2 and diametral line 3--3 which pass through the circumferential limits of each section and slot. Angle A does not necessarily equal B but the sum of angles A and B always equals 180 degrees. For the case of the preferred embodiment as shown in FIG. 3 angles A and B are equal; the advantage of the equal angles is described in the following paragraph. A case wherein the angles A and B are not equal is shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 for the application of the quick acting nut to a wrench as discussed below. In the case of the preferred embodiment which has four sectors, between the two threaded sections of a half-nut symmetrically opposite each other on a diameter are two clearance slots, thus putting each threaded section and each slotted section in alternate sectors of a circle. These same geometrical considerations apply to the threaded and unthreaded lands on the threaded rod of the quick acting threaded fastener. Any attempt to increase the circumference of a threaded land or section by increasing the angle of its sector beyond ninety degrees decreases correspondingly the room available for an unthreaded land or slot with the net result that the amount of thread engagement will be reduced. The theoretical maximum amount of thread engagement attained when all sectors subtend the same angle is lessened by the amount of angular clearance between sectors which must be put into any practical device; thus the invention is operating at "nearly" the maximum amount of threaded engagement. It is therefore apparent that any even number of sectors may be utilized for a threaded fastener of this type, say six or eight, and, although involving more machine work to fabricate than the preferred embodiment, would not depart from the spirit and intent of this invention. In the preferred embodiment ,in which the number of sectors is four, the positions and shape of the stops 6 and 7 on half-nuts 3 and 5 illustrate the operation of the invention but are quite arbitrary as will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art. For example, the sector shaped stops could easily be changed to round pins or any alternative shape. All that is necessary for a four sector quick acting nut is for the stops to restrict the relative rotation of said half nuts in either direction to ninety degrees. The alignment of said half-nuts thus has two end positions ninety degrees apart. One position, the disengaged or neutral position produced by counterclockwise rotation, aligns slots 18 in half-nut 5 parallel with slots 19 in half-nut 3 to permit disengagement of both half-nuts from threaded rod 2 as can be seen in the two views in FIGS. 5 and 6a. Clockwise rotation aligns the slots at ninety degrees to each other to produce constant threaded engagement of the half-nuts with threaded rod 2 as shown in FIGS. 6b and 6c. A further constraint on the shape of the stops is placed on the distance the stops may extend axially. In the engaged or drive position each 360 degree rotation of the quick acting nut advances the nut in the tightening direction a distance equal to the pitch of the thread of the nut. Thus a ninety degree rotation of the half-nut displaces the nuts axially one fourth pitch of the screw thread being used. This is in addition to the ninety degree rotation occuring at the initial setting of the half-nut when assembled. If the axial extension of the stops is less than one half of the pitch, the stops may not contact each other due to the relative axial motion between the two half-nuts as the quick acting nut 1 is turned, and the two half-nuts may rotate more than ninety degrees so that they are out of alignment. However, for axial stop lengths longer than one half the pitch, the length is not extremely critical and in the preferred embodiment the axial extension can be between one half and full pitch, the extra length beyond the theoretical minimum of one half pitch being required to overcome tolerances in manufacturing. Similarly the detent mechanism may be any type of spring loaded indexing means which will serve to indicate when the quick acting nut is in the disengaged or neutral position, and will provide a moderate holding force to half-nut 5 for that position. The peripheral location on guide plate 11 and half-nut 5 of this indexing means may be at any convenient circumferential location as might be arranged by those skilled in the art. Excessive detent force is not needed or even desirable because, in the rotation of the quick acting nut in the tightening direction, the detent mechanism glides over the stationary guide plate and could produce excessive wear of said plate and or said detent mechanism. A modification of the preferred embodiment which does not digress from the scope of the invention as set forth above is the installation of quick acting drive nut 1' directly into a device by welding or other fastening means in order to be able to supply a very high restoring force in the direction of the weld when unusually high strength is required. This modification is illustrated in the application of the quick acting threaded fastener assembly to a C-clamp as shown in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8. In this application housing 4' and half-nut 3' are welded directly into body 27 of the C-clamp at weld 24; guide plate 25 is held rotatably parallel to the shoulder at weld 24 by cap 26 rather then by a retaining ring. Guide plates 11' and 25 maintain axial alignment of the threaded rod 28 with respect to clamping pad 31 to the same degree of alignment found in conventional C-clamps. The cross section of threaded rod 2 is identical to that of the preferred embodiment as shown in FIG. 9 where the added stiffness imparted to threaded rod 28 by unthreaded lands 32 enhances the column stability of said threaded rod in any application wherein a long length of the rod is operating under compressive forces as in a large C-clamp. The application of the quick acting fastener assembly to a pipe wrench is shown in FIG. 10. In this application the standard nut on the wrench is replaced by quick acting drivenut 1". Because of space and weight considerations, and because compressive strength is not required, the cross-section of threaded rod 2 is reduced as shown in FIG. 11. Thus, adapting the quick acting nut to the pipe wrench application will require little or no modification of existing wrench design. For the pipe wrench application, knurling 30 is applied to housing 4" for ease of adjustment; fiducial mark 23, which lines up with mark 29 on the pipe wrench body, has been added to facilitate rapid locating of the neutral or disengaged position. These applications with their minor modifications illustrate the wide applicability of this invention to many uses. Although the invention is ideally suited to screw sizes found in pipe wrenches, C-clamps, wood and metal vises, drill press depth gauges and the like, it can easily be scaled up or down in size and housing shapes without departing from the spirit of the invention as would be apparent to those skilled in the art.	A quick acting threaded fastener assembly using two identical half nuts with alternating internal threaded and grooved portions which are either threadedly engaged or slidably aligned with a threaded rod which has corresponding alternating external threaded and landed portions. The screw and nut combination provides quick release and tightening features which facilitate opening and closing clamping jaws or pads on vises, clamps, adjustable wrenches and other devices otherwise requiring many turns of long screws.	5
FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention is in the field of biocatalytic systems. More specifically, the present invention relates to biocatalytic electrodes and fuel cells capable of operation in a biological system and methods of their manufacture and use. LIST OF REFERENCES [0002] In the following description reference will be made to several prior art documents shown in the list of references below. The reference will be made by indicating in brackets their number from the list. (1) Willner, I.; Heleg-Shabtai, V.; Blonder, R.; Katz, E.; Tao, G.; Bückmann, A. F.; Heller, A. : Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 10321-10322. (2) Katz, E.; Rildin, A.; Heleg-Shabtai, V.; Willner, I.; Bückmann, A. F. Anal. Chim. Acta 1999, 385, 45-58. (3) Zayats, M.; Katz, E.; Willner, I. J Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 2120-2121. (4) Raitman, O. A.; Patolsky, F.; Katz, E.; Willner, I. Chem. Commun. 2002, 1936-1937. (5) Katz, E.; Willner, I.; Kotlyar, A. B. J Electroanal. Chem. 1999, 479, 64-68. (6) WO 03/019170 ( 7 ) Chegel, V. I.; Raitman, O. A.; Lioubashevski, O.; Shirshov, Y.; Katz, E.; Willner, I. Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 1549-1553. (8) Gileadi, E.; Tsionsky, V. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2000, 147, 567-574. (9) Morris, D. L.; Buckler, R. T. In: Methods in Enzymology ; Langone, J. J., Van Vunakis, H., Eds.; Academic Press: Orlando, Fla. 1983; Vol. 92, Part E, pp. 413-417. (10) Yonetani, T. J. Biol. Chem. 1961, 236, 1680. (11) Katz, E.; De Lacey, A. L.; Fernandez, V. M. J Electroanal. Chem. 1993, 358, 261-272. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0014] Electrical contacting of redox enzymes with electrode supports attracts substantial research efforts directed to the development of biosensors, bioelectrocatalyzed chemical transformations, and the development of biofuel cell elements. Tethering of electroactive relays to redox proteins or the immobilization of redox proteins in electroactive polymers are common practices to electrically contact and activate the redox enzymes. [0015] The effective electrical contacting of redox-enzymes on electrodes by their structural alignment on electrodes through the surface reconstitution of flavoenzymes or pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)-dependent enzymes on a relay-FAD monolayer assembly (1-3) or redox polymer-PQQ thin film (4), respectively, was reported. This concept was further generalized by tailoring integrated, electrically contacted, cofactor-dependent enzyme electrodes by the cross-linking of affinity complexes between NAD + -dependent enzymes and an electrocatalyst-NAD + monolayer or thin film associated with electrodes. [0016] Efficient electron transfer between redox-enzymes and conductive electrode supports as a result of structural alignment and optimal positioning of the electron mediators allowed development of non-compartmentalized biofuel cells (5). Cross-reactions of the anolyte fuel and catholyte oxidizer with the opposite electrodes were prevented due to the high specificity of the bioelectrocatalytic reactions at the electrodes, and thus the use of a membrane separating the catholyte and anolyte solutions could be eliminated. This kind of biofuel cells was suggested as a self-powered biosensor for glucose or lactate, since the output voltage and current signals are dependent on the substrate concentration (6). [0017] Recently, efforts have been directed towards the development of functional metal or semiconductor nanoparticle-polymer hybrid systems exhibiting tailored sensoric, electronic, and photoelectrochemical functions. An example of a hybrid system is a copper-polyacrylic acid polymer that can be reversibly switched between electro-conductive and non-conductive states (7). SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0018] Generally, the present invention relates to tunable and switchable electrode. [0019] Thus, according to a first aspect, the present invention provides an electrode carrying on at least a portion of its support surface a hybrid polymer matrix (hereinafter abbreviated “HPM”), a catalyst that can catalyze a redox reaction and an optional electron mediator group that enhances the electrical contact between the HPM and the catalyst, the HPM being capable to be electrochemically changed from a non-conductive state to a conductive state. The HPM in its conductive state enables electrical contact between the electrode's elements and its support. [0020] The electrode of the invention may be used in electronic devices, preferably as biocatalytic electrode. Examples of such uses are in fuel cells that preferably operate using fuels from biological systems and/or biological catalysts. Preferably, the fuel cell is a biofuel cell that operates using biological catalysts such as enzymes. It is to be noted that the terms fuel cell and biofuel cell are used interchangeably in the present application. [0021] Generally, fuel cells operate with two electrodes, one being an anode and another one being a cathode. Nevertheless, according to the present invention, it is sufficient that only one of the two electrodes is of the switchable and tunable kind described above, whereas the second electrode is of a regular type. [0022] However, in a preferred embodiment, the fuel cell of the invention is made of a pair of such tunable and switchable electrodes, one of the electrodes being an anode and the other a cathode. The anode carries on its surface a hybrid polymeric matrix (HPM) and a catalyst, e.g. an enzyme, capable of catalyzing an oxidation reaction. The HPM is capable to be electrochemically changed from a non-conductive state to a conductive state. In the non-conductive state the HPM preferably consists of negatively charged polymer matrix that electrostatically accommodates metal cations in the matrix. The HPM and the catalyst layers are bound either directly to each other or indirectly through an electron mediator group which can enhance the transfer of electrons between the HPM and the catalyst. Alternatively, the biocatalyst can be reconstituted on cofactor units bound to the HPM. [0023] The cathode also carries on its surface an HPM that is identical to that on the anode and a catalyst capable of catalyzing the reduction of an oxidizer, preferably oxygen, to water. The catalyst is preferably an enzyme or enzyme-assembly. In addition, the cathode may also carry a mediator that enhances the electrical contact between the HPM and the catalyst. Alternatively, the cathode may carry cofactor units for the enzyme reconstitution providing the enzyme electrical contacting. [0024] The HPM imparts to the electrode and thus to the fuel cell of the present invention the advantages of being both switchable and tunable. These properties are especially useful in implantable devices such as pacemakers, insulin pumps or any other power-supplying units. The switchable properties may be explained as follows: [0025] The HPM associated with the electrodes may be electrochemically reduced to the metal 0 (i.e. zero state)-polymer conductive state, while the oxidation of the conductive state during the operation of the fuel cell yields the non-conductive metal cation-polymer state. In the conductive state of the HPM, the biocatalytic systems are electrically contacted with the electrodes, thus allowing the fuel cell operation. In the non-conductive state of the HPM, the biocatalytic systems lack electrical contact with the electrodes, thus resulting in high electron transfer resistances switching “OFF” the fuel cell performance. The cyclic electrochemical switching “ON”and “OFF” of the fuel cell of the invention is achieved by reversible application of reductive potential and oxidative potential on the electrodes. This switching process allows the reversible activation and deactivation of the fuel cell operation as a power source or as a self-powered sensor. [0026] It is to be noted that for the electrical contacting of the enzyme with the electrode it is required that the metal formation within the HPM proceed in a three-dimensional manner, through the entire HPM matrix. This is surprisingly achieved in the fuel cell of the invention since upon application of external reductive potential, three-dimensional metal clusters are formed that exhibit the appropriate dimensions and roughness that electrically connect between the enzyme and the electrode. [0027] Application of the reductive potential for shorter time-intervals (i.e. time intervals that are shorter than that required for full reduction of HPM) results in the partial reduction of the HPM to the conductive state, thus allowing tuning of the fuel cell output. The tunable conductivity of the fuel cell of the invention is surprising, and implies a porous, dendritic, three-dimensional array of metal clusters. The impedance measurements performed on the fuel cell allow to correlate the electron transfer resistance values at the electrodes with the voltage-current and power-resistance functions of the fuel cell. [0028] According to another aspect thereof, the present invention provides a novel fuel cell. The fuel cell comprises a pair of electrodes, one of the electrodes being an anode and the other a cathode, wherein both electrodes carry on at least a portion of their support surface a hybrid polymer matrix (HPM), a catalyst layer and an optional electron mediator group that enhances the electrical contact between the HPM and the catalyst. The HPM is capable to be electrochemically changed from a non-conductive state to a conductive state such that in its conductive state the catalyst layer is electrically contacted with the electrode support, thus allowing the fuel cell operation. [0029] Preferably, the catalyst layer carried on the anode or cathode surface comprises a redox enzyme. The redox enzyme is cofactor-dependent, examples of the cofactor being flavin adenine dinucleotide phosphate (FAD), pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP), hemes and iron-sulfur clusters. [0030] Examples of the enzyme carried on the anode electrode are glucose oxidase (GOx), glucose dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), fructose dehydrogenase, cholin oxidase, amino acid oxidase and alcohol dehydrogenase. Examples of the enzyme carried on the cathode electrode is selected from lacase, billirubin oxidase, and a complex formed of cytochrome c/cytochrome oxydase (COx). [0031] The HPM is characterized by comprising in the non-conductive state a polymer carrying negatively charged groups that electrostatically accommodate metal cations. Examples of negatively charged groups are carboxyl, sulphonate, and phosphate, while examples of polymers that are suitable for use are polyacrylic acid, polylysine, polystyrene sulfonate, nafion, etc. The metal cations are preferably cations of transition metals, for example Cu, Ag, Hg, Cr, Fe, Ni, Zn. Preferably, the metal is copper. [0032] Electrodes support suitable for use in the fuel cell of the present invention are made of conducting or semi-conducting materials, for example gold, platinum, palladium, silver, carbon, copper, indium tin oxide (ITO), etc. For invasive analyses the electrodes must be constructed of bio-compatible non hazardous substances, and fabricated as thin needles to exclude pain upon invasive penetration. [0033] The fuel cell of the invention is usually used without a membrane between the electrodes and this is one of its benefits, especially when used in invasive applications. Nevertheless, the biosensor may also operate, when necessary, with a membrane. [0034] The fuel cell of the invention may be used as a power supply for electrical devices. A method of powering an electrical device comprises the steps of electrically connecting the fuel cell of the invention to the device, electrooxidizing the fuel (e.g. glucose, etc.) at the anode and electroreducing an electron accepting molecule (e.g. oxygen) at the cathode, to generate electrical power. The internal switching properties of the electrode of the invention enable instant activation and deactivation of the power source and this is a major benefit thereof, especially when the electrical device is implanted within a human's body. [0035] The fuel cell of the invention may also be used as a sensor, more specifically a biosensor. There is thus provided in the present invention, a biosensor that is self-powered by fluids that contain at least one substance capable to undergo biocatalyzed oxidation or reduction. The biosensor of the invention may be used in vivo as an implanted invasive device or ex vivo as a non-invasive device in the determination of the concentration and/or the identity of analytes in fluids of environmental, industrial, or clinical origin, e.g. blood tests, biocatalytic reactors, wine fermentation processes, etc. [0036] In particular, the invention provides according to another aspect, a system for the determination of an analyte in a liquid medium comprising a self-powered biosensor and a detector for measuring an electrical signal (voltage or current) generated by the biosensor while the analyte is being oxidized or reduced. The analyte is capable of undergoing a biocatalytic oxidation or reduction in the presence of an oxidizer or reducer, respectively. [0037] The term “determination” should be understood as meaning the measurement of the concentration and/or the presence of a substance. [0038] The analytes that may be detected by the sensor of the invention are those capable to undergo biocatalytic oxidation or reduction reactions. Preferably, the analyte is usually an organic substance and the invention will be described herein below with reference to oxidizable organic analytes. Examples of such analytes are sugar molecules, e.g. glucose, fructose, inannose, etc; hydroxy or carboxy compounds, e.g. lactate, ethanol, methanol, forinic acid; amino acids or any other organic materials that serve as substrates for redox-enzymes. [0039] According to another aspect, the present invention provides a method for determining an analyte in a liquid medium, said analyte being capable to undergo a biocatalytic oxidation or reduction reaction in the presence of an oxidizer or a reducer, respectively, the method comprising: [0040] (i) providing a system comprising the biosensor of the invention and a detector for measuring an electrical signal generated by said biosensor while the analyte is being oxidized or reduced; (ii) activating the biosensor of the system by applying reductive potential to shift the HRM on both electrodes of the biosensor from non-conductive into a conductive state; (iii) contacting the activated biosensor of the system with the liquid medium; (iv) measuring the electric signal generated between the cathode and the anode, the electric signal being indicative of the presence and/or the concentration of said analyte; (v) determining the analyte based on said signal. [0041] When the liquid medium is, for example, a body fluid e.g. blood, lymph fluid or cerebro-spinal fluid, and the method is carried out in an invasive manner, the method comprises inserting the biosensor into the body and bringing it into contact with the body fluid and determining the analyte in the body fluid within the body. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0042] In order to understand the invention and to see how it may be carried out in practice, preferred embodiments will now be described, by way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: [0043] FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the electrochemical generation of the polyacrylic acid film on an Au electrode and the assembly of the integrated Cu 2+ -polymer film electrode. [0044] FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the stepwise preparation of the biocatalytic anode, by covalent binding of PQQ and N6-(2-aminoethyl)-flavin adenin dinucleotide (FAD) to the polymer-functionalized electrode followed by the reconstitution of apo-glucose oxidase. [0045] FIG. 3 schematically illustrates the stepwise preparation of the biocatalytic cathode, by covalent attachment of iso-2-cytochrome c (Cyt c) to the polymer-functionalized electrode surface using N-succinimidyl-3-maleimidopropionate (3) as a heterobifunctional linker, followed by affinity binding of cytochrome oxidase (COx) and the crosslinking of the protein complex layer. [0046] FIG. 4A illustrates a biofuel cell configuration before assembling together all its parts. [0047] FIG. 4B illustrates a biofuel cell configuration in assembled form. [0048] FIG. 4C schematically shows a scheme for electrical measurements. [0049] FIG. 5 illustrate electrochemical processes in the Cu 2+ /Cu 0 -polyacrylic acid hybrid thin film: FIG. 5A : a cyclic voltammogram of the Cu 2+ /Cu 0 -polyacrylic acid hybrid film, at potential scan rate 10 mV·s-1. FIG. 5B : cathodic current decay upon the application of a potential step from 0.5 V to −0.5 V on the Cu 2+ -polymer-functionalized electrode. Arrows a-e show time-interval applied for the electrochemical reduction of Cu2 + ions in the polymeric matrix. FIG. 5C : anodic current decay upon the application of a potential step from −0.5 V to 0.5 V on the Cu 0 -polymer-functionalized electrode. The measurements were performed in the presence of 0.1 TRIS-buffer, pH=7.0, in the cell under Argon. [0050] FIG. 6 show the reversible switching “ON” and “OFF” of: (A) The short-circuit current, I sc . (B) The open-circuit voltage, V oc , generated by the biofuel cell. [0051] FIG. 7 show the reversible activation and deactivation of the biocatalytic cathode and anode ( 7 A and 7 B, respectively) by the electrochemical reduction of the Cu 2+ -polymer film and the oxidation of the Cu 0 -polymer film, respectively. [0052] FIG. 8 show the open-circuit voltage (V oc ) at a variable concentration of glucose injected into the biofuel cell device: FIG. 8A : after the anode and cathode of the biofuel cell were activated by the application of the potential corresponding to −0.5 V for 1000 s. FIG. 8B : after the anode and cathode of the biofuel cell were deactivated by the application of the potential of 0.5 V for 5 s. FIG. 8C : Calibration plots of the glucose sensing when the biofuel cell is activated (a) and deactivated (b). [0053] FIG. 9A illustrates a graph which shows the current-voltage behavior of the biofuel cell at different external load resistances; [0054] FIG. 9B illustrates a graph which shows the electrical power extracted from the biofuel cell at different external load resistances. [0055] FIGS. 10 shows Nyquist plots (Z im vs. Z re ) corresponding to the impedance spectra of the biofuel cell measured between the cathode and anode (two-electrodes mode) in the presence of 80 mM glucose solution saturated with air. FIG. 10A : The biofuel cell is in the “OFF” state after the potential of 0.5 V was applied on the two biocatalytic electrodes for 5 s. FIG. 10B : the biofuel cell is in the “ON” state after the potential of −0.5 V was applied on the both biocatalytic electrodes for 1000 s. [0056] FIG. 11 shows Nyquist plots (Z im vs. Z re ) corresponding to the impedance spectra of the biofuel cell measured between the cathode and anode (two-electrodes mode) in the presence of 80 mM glucose solution saturated with air after the reductive potential of −0.5 V was applied on the two biocatalytic electrodes for different time-intervals: (a) 200 s, (b) 400 s, (c) 600 s, (d) 800 s, and (e) 1000 s. [0057] FIG. 12 shows Nyquist plots (Z im vs. Z re ) corresponding the impedance spectra of: (a) the GOx-functionalized anode (three-electrodes mode), (b) the Cyt c/COx-functionalized cathode (three-electrodes mode), (c) the whole biofuel cell (two-electrodes mode). The measurements were performed in the presence of 80 mM glucose solution saturated with air, and after the biocatalytic electrodes were activated by the application of the potential of −0.5 V for 1000 s. [0058] FIG. 13 illustrates a graph showing time-dependent open-circuit voltage, V oc , generated by the biofuel cell in the presence of 80 mM glucose solution saturated with air. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0059] The following specific embodiments are intended to illustrate the invention and shall not be construed as limiting its scope. [0060] An electroswitchable and tunable biofuel cell based on the biocatalyzed oxidation of glucose is described. The anode is designed so as to consist of HPM, an electron-mediating layer and a catalyst layer. More specifically, the anode consists of Cu 2+ -polyacrylic acid film as the HPM, on which the redox-relay pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor are covalently linked. Apo-glucose oxidase is reconstituted on the FAD sites to yield the glucose oxidase (GOx)-functionalized electrode. The cathode consists of a Cu 2+ -polyacrylic acid film as the HPM, that provides the functional interface for the covalent linkage of cytochrome c (Cyt c) that is further linked to cytochrome oxidase (COx). [0061] Electrochemical reduction of the Cu 2+ -polyacrylic acid films (applied potential −0.5 V vs. SCE) associated with the anode and cathode yield the conductive Cu 0 -polyacrylic acid matrices that electrically contact the GOx-electrode and the COx/Cyt c-electrode, respectively. The short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage of the biofuel cell correspond to 105 μA (current density ca. 550 μA·cm −2 ) and 120 mV, respectively, and the maximum extracted power from the cell is 4.3 μW at an external loading resistance of 1 kΩ. [0062] The electrochemical oxidation of the polymer films associated with the electrodes (applied potential 0.5 V) yields the non-conductive Cu 2+ -polyacrylic acid films that completely block the biofuel cell operation. By the cyclic electrochemical reduction and oxidation of the polymer films associated with the anode and cathode between the Cu 0 -polyacrylic acid and Cu 2+ -polyacrylic acid states the biofuel cell performance is reversibly switched between “ON” and “OFF” states, respectively. In other words, the output power (voltage and current) can be reversibly switched between “ON” and “OFF” states and the magnitude of the voltage-current output can be precisely tuned by an electrochemical input signal. [0063] The electrochemical reduction of the Cu 2+ -polymer film to the Cu 0 -polymer film is a relatively slow process (ca. 10-20 minutes) since the formation and aggregation of the Cu 0 -clusters requires the migration of Cu 2+ ions in the polymer film and their reduction at conductive sites. The slow reduction of the Cu 2+ -polymer films allows controlling the content of conductive domains in the films and tuning the output power of the biofuel cell. [0064] The electron transfer resistances of the cathodic and anodic processes may be characterized by impedance spectroscopy. Also, the overall resistances of the biofuel cell generated by the time-dependent electrochemical reduction process may be followed by impedance spectroscopy and correlated with the internal resistances of the cell upon its operation. [0065] In a specific example, schematically showed in FIG. 1 , a polyacrylic acid thin film was prepared by electropolymerization starting from acrylic acid as a monomer and methylene-bis-acrylamide as a cross-linker at a molar ratio of 50:1 were electropolymerized on gold electrodes (Au-covered glass slides) in the presence of ZnCl 2 , 0.2 M, as catalyst. The electropolymerization was performed by potential cycling (5 cycles, 50 mV·s −1 ) between 0.1 V and −1.5 V followed by application of 0.1 V for 1 minute. The co-deposited metallic zinc produced at the negative potentials was electrochemically dissolved at the potential of 0.1 V. The residual traces of Zn 0 were dissolved in HCl and the produced Zn 2+ cations were washed off. The polymeric film was characterized by surface plasmon resonance and the film thickness corresponds to ca. 280 nm (7). [0066] The polymeric thin film was reacted with 0.1 M CuSO 4 solution for 1 hour to saturate the polymeric matrix with Cu 2+ ions. Then the electrode surface was reacted with polyethyleneimine in the presence of a carbodiimide coupling reagent (EDC). This resulted, as schematically showed in FIG. 1 , in the covalent attachment of the amine groups of polyethyleneimine (PEI) to the carboxylic groups of the polyacrylic acid film, thus yielding a positively charged capping layer preserving Cu 2+ ions inside the polymeric matrix and providing amine functional groups for further modification of the electrode. The capping layer formed of polyethyleneimine is positively charged as a result of the amino groups of PEI that are protonated in an aqueous solution yielding positively charged ammonium groups. Microgravimetric quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements that follow the similar modification steps were performed on a QCM-electrode. These measurements reveal that the electrode surface loading with the polyacrylic acid film, the Cu 2+ ions, and the polyethyleneimine layer correspond to 3.1×10 −5 g·cm −2 , 4.5×10 −6 g·cm −2 , and 1.2×10 −6 g·cm −2 , respectively. [0067] The polyacrylic acid Cu 2+ /polyethyleneimine-functionalized electrode was reacted with pyrroloquinoline quinone, (PQQ), and then with N 6 -(2-aminoethyl)-FAD, as schematically showed in FIG. 2 . The PQQ-FAD dyad was then used to reconstitute apo-GOx with the FAD-cofactor and to provide mediated electron transfer via the PQQ-unit, thus yielding biocatalytic interface for the glucose oxidation. Quartz-crystal microbalance measurements for similar modification steps were performed on a QCM-electrode and reveal that the electrode loadings with PQQ, FAD and GOx correspond to ca. 2×10 −10 , 2×10 −10 , and 3×10 −12 mole·cm −2 , respectively. These values are similar to the random densely packed monolayer coverages. [0068] The preparation of the cathode used in the fuel cell of the invention is schematically showed in FIG. 3 . Heterobifumctional reagent N-succinimidyl-3-maleimidopropionate 3 was applied to attach covalently the iso-2-cytochrome c (Cyt c) to the polymer film. The single cysteine residue of the Cyt c was covalently linked to the maleimide functional group providing alignment of the redox protein on the surface. Interaction of the cyt c-functionalized surface with cytochrome oxidase (COx) resulted in a stable affinity complex between Cyt c and COx (association constant K a =1.2×10 7 M −1 ). 45 Crosslinking of the affinity complex with glutaric dialdehyde resulted in the integrated biocatalyst capable of reduction of O 2 to water, thus, yielding a biocatalytic cathode. Quartz-crystal microbalance measurements for similar modification steps were performed on a QCM-electrode, and these reveal that the electrode loadings with Cyt c and COx are ca. 1×10 −11 and 3×10 −12 mole·cm −2 , respectively. These surface densities correspond to a random densely packed Cyt c and COx monolayer configuration. [0069] The Cyt c/COx-functionalized electrode and the PQQ-FAD/GOx-functionalized electrode were assembled as a cathode and anode, respectively, in a fuel cell configuration. Reference is being made to FIG. 4A that schematically show a simple configuration of a biosensor that may be used in the system of the invention. However, many other assemblies may be fabricated, that are based on the concept of the present invention. Thus, FIG. 4A shows a fuel cell 10 (before assembling together all its parts) organized as a flow-injection cell that consists two enzyme-functionalized Au-electrodes (ca. 0.19 cm active area), acting as anode 11 and cathode 11 ′. Both electrodes are supported on glass plates 12 and 14 and are separated by a rubber 0-ring 16 (ca. 2 mm thickness). Inlet needle 20 and outlet needle 22 implanted into the rubber ring convert the unit into a flow cell, where a liquid medium may flow at a flow rate of 1 min The distance between the cathode and the anode is ca. 2 mm. FIG. 4B shows the same device in assembled form. The electrical measurements were carried out by the scheme illustrated in FIG. 4C . According to this scheme, the biofuel cell output voltage and current are measured on the external variable load resistance R L , using an electrometer. The electrochemical measurements were performed on the cathode or anode of the cell connected to the working electrode inlet of the potentiostat W. Two metallic needles are used as a counter electrode, C and a quasi-reference electrode QRE. [0070] It should be noted that the device shown in FIG. 4A operates without a membrane and this is a significant advantage, especially for invasive applications, since this possibility renders the device configuration much simpler. [0071] FIG. 5 (A) shows the cyclic voltammogram of the polyacrylic acid/Cu 2+ /polyethyleneimine-functionalized electrode modified with the biocatalytic system (Cyt c/COx or PQQ-FAD/GOx) when the cell was loaded with a background electrolyte only (0.1 M TRIS-buffer, pH=7.0, deaerated with Ar). The cyclic voltammogram was recorded using two metallic needles implanted into the cell as a counter electrode and a quasi-reference electrode. This cyclic voltammogram follows the known mechanism of the copper redox process ( 8 ). Upon sweeping the potential from 0.7 k V to −0.6 V a poorly resolved cathodic wave corresponding to the reduction of Cu 2+ ions to Cu + ions is observed at E pc1 =−0.05 V followed by the reduction wave of Cu + to Cu 0 at E pc2 =−0.3 V. Upon sweeping the potential back from −0.6 V to 0.7 V the reverse anodic peak is observed at E pal =0.18 V, corresponding to the oxidation of Cu 0 to Cu 2+ . The intermediate redox state Cu + is not observed because it undergoes disproportionation. Coulometric analysis of the redox waves recorded with a relatively fast potential scan rate (10 mV·s −1 ) yields the amount of Cu 2+ /Cu 0 that participates in the redox process upon the potential scan (ca. 40 s). The amount of redox active copper found from the cyclic voltammogram is ca. 400 ng·cm −2 , which is almost an order of magnitude smaller than the total amount of copper derived from the microgravimetric measurements. This discrepancy originates from slow charge propagation across the polymeric matrix, therefore on the time-scale of the cyclic voltammetry only the Cu 2+ ions adjacent to the conductive support participate in the redox process. [0072] The kinetics of the electrochemical reduction of Cu 2+ ions across the polymeric matrix and the backward electrochemical oxidation of Cu 0 metallic particles, were performed by chronoamperometric measurements and are showed in FIG. 5B , which shows the cathodic current decay upon the potential step from 0.5 V to −0.5 V. The kinetics of the reductive process, τ 1/2 ≈50 s, corresponds to the formation of the conductive aggregates of Cu 0 particles across the polymeric matrix. Without being bound to theory it is supposed that the the slow kinetics of this process is attributed to the fact that the Cu 2+ ions have to migrate through the polymer film and reach the electrode surface in order to be reduced. Upon this reductive process the conductive aggregates of Cu 0 nanoparticles are growing from the electrode surface and penetrating the polymer film. The amount of the reduced Cu 0 was derived by the integration of the cathodic current and corresponded to 4.4 μg·cm −2 (6.9×10 −8 mole·cm −2 ) after 1000 s of the reductive process. This surface loading is similar to that found by the quartz-crystal microbalance measurements. Taking into account the polymer film thickness of ca. 280 nm, as derived from the SPR measurements, the concentration of the redox active Cu 2+ /Cu 0 in the film was calculated to be ca. 0.16 g·cm −3 (2.5×10 −3 mole·cm −3 ). The reductive process could be stopped at different time-intervals (shown with arrows a-e in FIG. 5B , providing various extents of the Cu 2+ reduction and thus yielding different conductivities of the Cu 0 -polymeric matrix. [0073] FIG. 5C shows the fast anodic current decay, τ 1/2 ≈0.2 s, upon the potential step from −0.5 V to 0.5 V after the potential of −0.5 V was applied to the electrode for 1000 s. Without being bound to theory it is supposed that the fast kinetics of this oxidative process (the oxidation of Cu 0 to Cu 2+ ) originates from the fact that the conductive assembly of the aggregated Cu 0 particles is already produced across the polymeric matrix prior to the potential step, thus providing the electrochemical contact of all the Cu 0 species. The amount of the oxidized copper generated in the anodic process is derived by the integration of the anodic current and it is similar to the amount of the reduced copper formed in the reductive process (ca. 4.4 μg·cm −2 ). [0074] While the Cu 2+ -polyacrylic acid revealed very high resistance (transverse resistance between an Au 0.5 mm-diameter conductive tip and the electrode support, ca. 300 kΩ), the Cu 0 -polyacrylic acid film exhibited lower resistance (ca. 2.2 kΩ). These properties of the Cu 2+ /Cu 0 -polyacrylic acid film suggest that the electrical contact between the electrode support and the redox biocatalyst associated with the film could be electrically switched and tuned by controlling the resistance of the polymer medium. In order to study the effect of the redox state of the Cu 2+ /Cu 0 -polyacrylic acid film on the fuel cell output, the biocatalytic cathode and anode were preconditioned at the potentials of −0.5 V for 1000 s or at 0.5 V for 5 s to generate the reduced Cu 0 or oxidized Cu 2+ in the film, respectively. The voltage and current (V oc and I sc ) produced by the fuel cell in these two states were measured in the presence of 80 mM glucose solution saturated with air. [0075] FIG. 6 shows the reversible activation and deactivation of the fuel cell upon the formation of Cu 0 state and Cu 2+ state, respectively. The cell output is switched “ON” (steps 1 , 3 and 5 ) by the application of the potential of −0.5 V to the both biocatalytic electrodes for 1000 s and switched “OFF” (steps 2 and 4 ) by the application of a potential of 0.5 V to the two biocatalytic electrodes for 5 s. The measurements were performed in the presence of 80 mM glucose solution saturated with air. [0076] The fuel cell short-circuit current, as showed in FIG. 6A is ca. 105 μA (current density ca. 550 μA·cm −2 ) in the active state (Cu 0 -polyacrylic acid) and 0 μA in the non-active state (Cu 2+ -polyacrylic acid). The open-circuit voltage produced by the active state of the cell, as showed in FIG. 6B is ca. 120 mV and 0 mV in the Cu 2+ -polyacrylic acid deactivated state of the cell. It is believed that this effect is attributed to the fact that in the reduced state, the Cu 0 nanoparticles generate the conductive aggregates penetrating through the polymeric matrix and providing electrical contacting of the biocatalyst with the electrode support. When the ionic state Cu 2+ is electrochemically produced in the polymeric matrix, the biocatalysts are electrically disconnected from the electrode support and the biocatalytic process cannot yield the voltage and current formation across the cell. Thus, the complete switching “ON” and “OFF” was achieved for the biofuel cell upon conditioning the biocatalytic electrodes at the reductive potential of −0.5 V for 1000 s and at the oxidative potential of 0.5 V for 5 s, respectively. FIG. 7A schematically shows the reversible activation and deactivation of the biocatalytic cathode by electrochemical reduction of the Cu 2+ -polymer film and the oxidation of the Co 0 -polymer film, while FIG. 7B shows the similar activation and deactivation processes carried on the anode. It should be noted that both electrodes (the cathode and anode) are activated by the application of the reductive potential of −0.5 V in order to activate the entire biofuel cell, while application of the oxidative potential of 0.5 V on any of the biocatalytic electrodes results in the biofuel cell deactivation. [0077] FIG. 8A illustrates the relation between the output voltage of the cell and the fuel concentrations. Accordingly, the output voltage signal is controlled by the glucose concentrations in the system, when the biocatalytic electrodes are activated to the conductive state by their preconditioning at the potential of −0.5 V for 1000 s. Injections of air-saturated solutions with the different glucose concentrations resulted in the variable voltage signals generated by the cell, thus allowing the glucose sensing. Arrows show the injections of glucose with the concentrations of: (a) 2 mM, (b) 3 mM, (c) 8 mM, (d) 40 mM. [0078] The voltage output increases as the concentration of glucose is elevated. However, when any of the biocatalytic electrodes (the anode or cathode) is deactivated by the application of the oxidative potential of 0.5 V for 5 s, the cell voltage output is blocked to any glucose concentration and thus, the glucose biosensor is switched “OFF” as showed in FIG. 8B . The calibration plots for the self-powered glucose biosensor when it is in the “ON” state, curve (a), and in the “OFF ” state, curve (b) are showed in FIG. 8C . In all measurements the glucose solution was equilibrated with air. [0079] The slow kinetics characteristic to the reduction of the matrix and its transformation to the conductive medium allow us to terminate the process at different time-intervals and to achieve variable degrees of conductivity of the film. The controlled conductivity of the film could then be used to tune the voltage-current output of the biofuel cell. The reductive process was terminated after 200 s, 400 s, 600 s, 800 s, and 1000 s resulting in different voltage-current outputs of the cell. FIG. 9A shows the voltage-current curves of the biofuel cell in the presence of 80 mM glucose solution saturated with air. The voltage-current curves were measured at variable loading resistances (loading function) after the application of the reduction process on the electrodes for different time-intervals. It can be seen that the voltage-current output of the biofuel cell becomes higher when the reductive process applied on the Cu 2+ /polyacrylic acid film is longer. The reductive process performed for 1000 s resulted in the highest output values. [0080] FIG. 9B shows the electrical power produced by the biofuel cell at variable resistances after application of the reductive potential on the biocatalytic electrodes for the different time-intervals. Curves a-e show the biofuel cell output functions after the reductive potential of −0.5 V was applied to the biocatalytic electrodes for different time-intervals: (a) 200 s, (b) 400 s, (c) 600 s, (d) 800 s, and (e) 1000 s. The measurements were performed in the presence of 80 mM glucose solution saturated with air. [0081] It can be seen that the power output from the biofuel cell is smaller as the time-interval for the reduction of the Cu 2+ -polymer film to the Cu 0 -polymer film is shorter. Also, it was observed that the output power is less dependent on the value of the external resistances as the time-interval for the generation of the Cu 0 -polymer film is shorter. As the maximum value of the power output should occur at the external resistance load that is equal to the internal cell resistance, the results imply that at shorter time-intervals for the generation of the Cu 0 -polymer film the cell resistance is higher. Without being bound to theory, this conclusion may be explained by the fact that at shorter time-intervals for generating the Cu 0 -polymer a substantial amount of the polymer film exists in a non-conductive state with high resistance and the biocatalysts in these polymer domains are inactive. This conclusion finds further support in impedance measurements. [0082] When the reductive process that yields the Cu 0 state is longer, the conductivity of the hybrid film is increased and the electrical contacting of the biocatalysts and the electrodes is improved. This results in the decrease of the electron transfer resistance of the biocatalytic electrodes and yields smaller internal resistance of the biofuel cell. It should be noted that the internal resistance of the biofuel cell represents mainly the electron transfer resistance of the biocatalytic electrodes. As the time-interval for the reduction of the Cu 2+ -polymer film is shorter the content of electrically contacted biocatalyst with the electrode is lower and thus the average electron transfer resistance is higher. The smaller internal resistance of the cell allows the higher voltage and current outputs, but results in the sharp dependence of the produced power on the loading resistance values. Thus, variation of the reductive time-intervals applied to the biocatalytic electrodes allows the tuning of the output functions of the biofuel cell due to the change of the internal resistance of the cell. [0083] The mechanism suggested for the electrochemical switching of the biofuel cell between “ON” and “OFF” states was further supported by Faradaic impedance measurements. FIG. 10 shows the impedance spectra measured between the biocatalytic electrodes (two-electrodes mode) in the presence of 80 mM glucose solution saturated with air. FIG. 10A shows the impedance spectrum of the cell after the biocatalytic electrodes were deactivated by the application of the oxidative potential of 0.5 V for 5 s. The low frequency (0.1 Hz-1 Hz) impedance domain shows very high impedance values (Z im and Z re ) of ca. 1-2 MΩ. Under this condition the biofuel cell does not generate any measurable voltage-current output. FIG. 10B shows the impedance spectrum of the cell after the biocatalytic electrodes were fully activated by the application of the reductive potential of −0.5 V for 1000 s. The diameter of the semi-circle domain of the spectrum corresponds to the overall electron transfer resistance of the biofuel cell, R et ≈1 kΩ. This value is similar to the value of the external loading resistance that provides the maximum power produced by the fully activated biofuel cell, as showed in FIG. 9B , curve (e). It should be noted that the maximum power output is achieved at the external loading resistance equal to the internal resistance of the battery (or fuel cell). Thus, the electron transfer resistance, R et , derived from the impedance spectrum, as showed in FIG. 10B , corresponds to the internal resistance of the biofuel cell that operates in the fully activated state of the Cu 0 -polyacrylic acid-functionalized electrodes. [0084] FIG. 11 shows the Faradaic impedance spectra measured between the biocatalytic electrodes (two-electrodes mode) upon operation of the biofuel cell after the reductive potential of −0.5 V was applied to the electrodes for different time-intervals. Curve (e) shows the impedance spectrum corresponding to the fully activated biofuel cell after application of the reductive potential of −0.5 V for 1000 s. Curves (a-d) show the impedance spectra corresponding to the partially activated biofuel cell after the reductive potential of −0.5 V was applied on the electrodes for 200 s, 400 s, 600 s, and 800 s, respectively. These spectra, at curves (a-d), correspond to the intermediate tunable states of the biofuel cell that operates between the fully deactivated state, showed in FIG. 10A , and the fully activated state, showed in FIG. 10B . The electron transfer resistances derived from the spectra showed in FIG. 11 , curves (a)-(d), correspond to ca. 12 kΩ, 6 kΩ, 4 kΩ, 2.7 kΩ, respectively. Thus, the electron transfer resistances of the biofuel cell in its different degrees of electrochemical activation represent the internal resistances of the respective activated cells under operating conditions. [0085] The overall electron transfer resistance of the fuel cell derived from the impedance spectrum measured between the cathode and anode (two-electrodes mode) is composed of the partial electron transfer resistances of the cathode and the anode that were measured separately (three-electrodes mode). The later measurements were performed for each of the biocatalytic electrodes using a counter electrode and a quasi-reference electrode in the cell, and is schematically showed in FIG. 12 . Curve (a), (three-electrodes mode) shows the impedance spectrum of the GOx-functionalized anode in the presence of 80 mM glucose solution saturated with air after the electrode was preconditioned at the potential of −0.5 V for 1000 s. The electron transfer resistance of 340 Ω is derived from this spectrum. Curve (b), (three-electrodes mode) shows the impedance spectrum of the Cyt c/COx-functionalized cathode in the presence of 80 mM glucose solution saturated with air after the electrode was preconditioned at the potential of −0.5 V for 1000 s. The electron transfer resistance of 660Ω is derived from this spectrum. The overall electron transfer resistance of the biofuel cell measured between the anode and cathode (two-electrodes mode) is ca. 1000Ω, and this value fits nicely the sum of the electron transfer resistances of the cathode and anode measured separately, as predicted theoretically. [0086] From the above impedance measurements one may conclude that the main contribution to the biofuel cell electron transfer resistance originates from the electron transfer resistance of the Cyt c/COx-functionalized cathode. Thus, the cathodic biocatalytic process represents the limiting step in the whole biofuel cell operation. [0087] The biofuel cell operational stability has also been tested. Since a positive potential is generated on the biocatalytic cathode upon the cell operation, the conductive Cu 0 -state could be degraded due to the copper oxidation, thus resulting in the biofuel cell gradual deactivation. FIG. 13 shows the biofuel cell voltage output (V oc ) measured upon continuous cell operation in the presence of 80 mM glucose solution saturated with air pumped through the cell with the flow rate of 1 mL·min −1 . The open-circuit voltage slowly decreases from 120 mV to 90 mV after 3 hours of continuous operation. Arrows show the time-interval when the cell was re-activated by the application of the potential of −0.5 V on the biocatalytic cathode for 1000 s. After that the reductive potential of −0.5 V was applied for 1000 s to the biocatalytic cathode resulting in full re-activation of the cell and restoring the original V oc =120 mV. From this result it may be assumed that the gradual decrease of the cell output originates from the partial oxidation of the conductive Cu 0 -polymeric matrix associated with the cathode, rather than from the degradation of the enzyme-biocatalytic systems. The biofuel cell performance could be maintained with no efficiency loss for at least 48 hours by the sequential re-activation steps that involve the application of the reductive potential on the cathode every 3 hours. [0088] It should be emphasized that the switchable and tunable operation described above in connection with biofuel cells, applies to fuel cells in general. [0089] In addition, when dealing with a biofuel cell, the biofuel cell may be composed of different biocatalysts, where glucose oxidase and cytochrome oxidase are specific examples. Also, the polymer film with metal ions providing switchable and tunable properties could be composed of various polymeric materials, preferably polyelectrolytes, where polyacrylic acid mentioned above is a specific example thereof. Concerning the metal ions that are electrochemically reduced and oxidized within the polymeric film in order to provide the switchable and tunable properties, these may be of different transition metals, for example Cu, Fe, Co, Ag, Ni, etc., where Cu is only a specific example thereof. EXAMPLES [0090] Chemicals. Glucose oxidase (GOx, EC 1.1.3.4 from Aspergillus niger ) was purchased from Sigma and used without further purification. Apo-glucose oxidase (apo-GOx) was prepared by a modification of the reported method (9). Cytochrome oxidase (COx) was isolated from a Keilin-Hartree heart muscle and purified according to a published technique (10). Yeast iso-2-cytochrome c (Cyt c) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sigma) was purified by ion-exchange chromatography. N 6 -(2-Aminoethyl)-flavin adenine dinucleotide was synthesized and purified. All other chemicals, including pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), acrylic acid, methylene-bis-acrylamide, N-succinimidyl-3-maleimidopropionate, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1 ethanesulfonic acid sodium salt APES), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride (TRIS), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC), glutaric dialdehyde, β-D-(+)-glucose were purchased from Sigma and Aldrich and used as supplied. Ultrapure water from Seralpur Pro 90 CN source was used in all experiments. [0091] Modification of electrodes. Glass supports (TF−1 glass, 20×20 mm) covered with a Cr thin sublayer (5 nm) and a polycrystalline Au layer (50 nm) supplied by Analytical-μSystem (Germany) were used as conductive supports. These electrodes were modified with a polyacrylic acid thin film using the electropolymerization technique (11). The electropolymerization was performed in the aqueous solution composed of acrylic acid sodium salt, 2 M, methylene-bis-acrylamide, 0.04 M, and ZnCl 2 , 0.2 M, pH=7.0, upon application of 5 potential cycles (50 mV·s −1 ) between 0.1 V and −1.5 V. Then the potential of 0.1 V was applied for 1 minute to dissolve electrochemically metallic zinc produced in the film upon the electrochemical polymerization. The polymer-modified electrode was reacted with 0.1 M HCl for 2 minutes to dissolve residual amounts of metallic zinc, and then the electrode was washed with water and ethanol to clean the modified surface from Zn 2+ ions and the excess of monomers. The polymer-modified electrodes were soaked in 0.1 M CuSO 4 solution for 1 h in order to saturate the polyacrylic film with Cu 2+ ions, and then the electrode surface was briefly washed with water. The modified electrodes were further reacted with a solution of polyethylenimine (M.W. 60,000) (5% v/v) in 0.1 M HEPES-buffer, pH=7.2, in the presence of EDC, 1×10 −2 M, for 1 h, and then washed with water. The polymer-modified electrode was incubated for 2 h in a 3 mM solution of PQQ (1) in 0.1 M HEPES-buffer, pH=7.2, in the presence of 5×10 −3 M EDC, yielding the PQQ-functionalized surface. The covalent coupling of the N 6 -(2-aminoethyl)-FAD, (2), to the PQQ-modified electrode was performed by soaking the electrode in the 0.1 M HEPES-buffer solution (pH=7.2) containing 5×10 −4 M (2) and 5×10 −3 M EDC for 2 h at room temperature. The PQQ-FAD-functionalized electrode was reacted with 1 mg·mL −1 apo-GOx in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH=7.0, for 5 h at room temperature. The modified electrode was washed with water to yield the GOx-reconstituted electrodes for biocatalytic oxidation of glucose. Another polymer-modified electrode was reacted with a 1×10 −3 M solution of N-succinimidyl-3-maleimidopropionate (3) in 0.1 M HEPES-buffer, pH=7.2, for 2 h, followed by rinsing with water. The maleimide-functionalized electrode was treated with Cyt c solution, 0.1 mM, in 0.1 M HEPES-buffer, pH 7.2, for 2 h, followed by rinsing with water. To produce the integrated Cyt c/COx bioelectrocatalytic electrode for O 2 reduction, the resulting Cyt c-modified electrode was interacted with cytochrome oxidase (COx), 0.5 mM, in TRIS-buffer, pH 8.0, for 2 h, washed briefly with water and then treated with aqueous solution of glutaric dialdehyde, 10% v/v, for 30 min. The resulting modified electrode was washed with water. [0092] Biofuel cell and electrochemical measurements. FIG. 4A shows the biofuel cell configuration. The system consists of two enzyme-functionalized electrodes (ca. 0.19 cm 2 active area) separated by a rubber O-ring (ca. 2 mm thickness). The first electrode functionalized with the reconstituted GOx and the second electrode functionalized with Cyt c/COx assembly are acting as anode and cathode, respectively. Two metallic needles (inlet and outlet) implanted into the rubber ring convert the unit into a flow cell (flow rate 1 mL·min −1 ). A peristaltic pump was applied to control the flow rate. Glucose solutions in 0.1 M TRIS-buffer, pH=7.0, saturated with air were applied to power the biofuel cell. The needles were also used as a counter electrode and a quasi-reference electrode when electrochemical measurements were performed for each of the biomaterial-functionalized electrodes in the cell. The quasi-reference electrode was calibrated according to the potential of dimethyl viologen, E o =−0.687 V versus SCE, measured by cyclic voltammetry, and the potentials are reported versus SCE. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry experiments were performed using an electrochemical analyzer (EG&G model 283) linked to a computer (EG&G software 270/250). Impedance measurements were performed using an electrochemical analyzer composed of a potentiostat/galvanostat (EG&G, model 283) and frequency response detector (EG&G model 1025) connected to a computer (EG&G software PowerSuite 2.11.1). The impedance measurements were performed in the frequency range of 100 mHz to 50 kHz between the cathode and anode of the biofuel cell (two-electrodes mode) and for each biocatalytic electrode using a counter electrode and a quasi-reference electrode (three-electrodes mode). The experimental impedance spectra were simulated using electronic equivalent circuits. For this purpose commercial software (ZView version 2.1b, Scribner Associates, Inc.) was employed. Voltage and current produced by the biofuel cell were measured on a variable external resistance using an electrometer (Keithley 617), FIG. 4B . [0093] Microgravimetric Quartz-Crystal Microbalance (QCM) Measurements. A QCM analyzer (Fluke 164T multifunction counter, 1.3 GHz, TCXO) and quartz crystals (AT-cut, 9 MHz, Seiko) sandwiched between two Au electrodes (area 0.2±0.01 cm 2 , roughness factor ca. 3.5) were employed for the microgravimetric analyses of the modified electrodes in air. The QCM crystals were calibrated by electropolymerization of aniline in 0.1 M H 2 SO 4 and 0.5 M Na 2 SO 4 electrolyte solution, followed by coulometric assay of the resulting polyaniline film and relating of the crystal frequency changes to the electrochemically derived polymer mass.	The present invention provides a novel electrode carrying on at least a portion of its support surface a hybrid polymer matrix (HPM), a catalyst that can catalyze a redox reaction and an optional electron mediator group that enhances the electrical contact between the HPM and the catalyst, the HPM being capable to be electrochemically changed from a non-conductive state to a conductive state. The electrode of the invention may be used in electrical devices such as fuel cells, thus imparting them switchable and tunable properties. The fuel cell of the invention may be used as a power source or as a self-powered sensor.	8
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the priority benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 2011-0076436, filed on Aug. 1, 2011 in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND 1. Field Embodiments relate to a washing machine. 2. Description of the Related Art A washing machine is an apparatus configured to wash laundry by use of electric power. In general, the washing machine includes a tub configured to store a washing water, a rotating tub rotatably installed inside the tub, a pulsator rotatably installed on the bottom of the rotating tub, and a motor and a clutch that are configured to rotate the rotating tub and the pulsator. In a state that a laundry and a washing water containing detergent are input in the rotating tub, and if the rotating tub and the pulsator rotate, the pulsator stirs the washing water together with the laundry to remove dirt on the laundry. In order to increase the washing capacity of a washing machine, the rotating tub needs to be larger, that is, the rotating tub needs to be increased in diameter or in height. If a rotating tub has a larger size, a tub accommodating the rotating tub and a cabinet accommodating the tub also need to be enlarged along with the increase of the rotating tub. The enlarging of a cabinet, which corresponds to an external appearance of the washing machine, is limited by the space of an installation area. In addition, for a vertical-shaft washing machine, the increased height of a washing machine causes a difficulty in loading and unloading laundry. Accordingly, there is a need for a washing machine be capable of eliminating such an inconvenience and yet increasing the washing capacity. SUMMARY In an aspect of one or more embodiments, there is provided a washing machine capable of increasing the washing capacity without enlarging the external appearance. In an aspect of one or more embodiments, there is provided a washing machine capable of discharging a washing water during a washing operation or a spin-dry operation while completely isolated from electronic parts and thus reducing the risk of a power failure and fire. In accordance with an aspect of one or more embodiments, there is provided a washing machine includes a body, a rotating tub, a pulsator, a driving part and a base plate. The rotating tub is rotatably disposed inside the body. The pulsator is rotatably disposed inside the rotating tub. The driving part is provided on a lower portion of the rotating tub to selectively rotate the rotating tub and the pulsator. The base plate has the driving part fixed thereto. A waterproofing member is provided between the base plate and a bottom of the body to seal the driving part and to prevent water from being infiltrated into (reaching) the driving part. The waterproofing member includes a diaphragm configured to absorb vibration of the driving part. The waterproofing member includes a plurality of wrinkled parts, a first fixing part extending upward from the wrinkled part, and a second fixing part extending downward from the wrinkled part. The base plate includes a first coupling part which is provided at a lower surface of the base plate such that the first coupling part is coupled with the first fixing part. The washing machine further includes a mounting part configured to support the body, wherein the mounting part includes a bottom plate forming the bottom of the body and a second coupling part which is provided at a lower surface of the bottom plate to be coupled with the second fixing part. The waterproofing member further includes a wire which is provided in a form of a ring and configured to press and fix each of outer sides of the first fixing part and the second fixing part. The mounting part further includes a moisture infiltration preventing guide configured to prevent water from being infiltrated to (reaching) a cable that is withdrawn from the driving part. The moisture infiltration preventing guide is vertically provided inside the body. The rotating body includes a side wall that extends from a bottom of the rotating body while being slanted with increase of a diameter, and at least one drain hole is formed in an upper end portion of the side wall. The bottom plate is provided with a first drain port configured to discharge a washing water that is discharged through the drain hole and fallen. The driving part includes a motor, a clutch configured to selectively transfer a power of the motor to the rotating tub and the pulsator, and a flange connecting a driving shaft of the clutch to a bottom of the rotating tub, and The flange includes a first through-hole, which is provided in a center of the flange to allow the driving shaft to be coupled thereto, and a second through-hole, which is formed around the first through-hole in a circumferential direction of the first through-hole to pass water during a washing operation and a rinsing operation. The based plate is provided with a second drain port configured to discharge a washing water that is discharged through the second through-hole and fallen during a washing operation or a rinsing operation. The washing machine further includes a suspension member connecting the base plate to a upper portion of the body, wherein the suspension member has a first end connected to at least one connecting bracket, which is provided on the base plate, and a second end connected to an upper edge of the body. In accordance with an aspect of one or more embodiments, there is provided a washing machine includes a body, a rotating but, a base plate and a diaphragm. The body forms an external appearance. The rotating tub is rotatably installed inside the body and is provided at a lower portion thereof with a driving part. The base plate is connected to an upper portion of the body by at least one suspension member such that the driving part is fixed to the base plate. The diaphragm is disposed between the base plate and a bottom of the body to seal the driving part and to absorb vibration. The diaphragm includes a plurality of wrinkled parts and a fixing part extending upward and downward from the wrinkled part. The base plate includes a coupling groove that is formed by protruding a lower surface of the base plate such that a first side of the fixing part is fixed to the base plate. The bottom of the body is provided at a center thereof with an installation hole that allows the driving part to pass therethrough, and wherein a rim of the installation hole is bent downward such that a second side of the fixing part is fixed to the rim. The washing machine further includes a wire which is provided in a form of a ring and configured to press and fix an outer circumference of the fixing part. The washing machine further includes a moisture water infiltration preventing guide which is provided on the bottom of the body to prevent water from being infiltrated to (reaching) a cable that is withdrawn from the driving part. In an aspect of one or more embodiments, there is provided a washing machine which can increase the washing capacity without enlarging the external appearance and thus can wash a larger amount of laundry at one time, thereby enhancing the washing efficiency. According to an aspect of one or more embodiments, the same washing capacity is ensured with a smaller external appearance, so that the installation is less affected by a limited installation space. In addition, the laundry can be easily loaded and unloaded, thereby improving the convenience of a user. In addition, a washing water discharged during a washing operation or a spin-dry operation is completely isolated from electronic and installed parts, and the risk of a power failure and fire is reduced. In addition, one or more embodiments may prevent a rotating body from colliding with a wall surface in an abnormal vibration state, thereby ensuring the stability of the washing machine. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS These and/or other aspects of embodiments will become apparent and more readily appreciated from the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which: FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a washing machine according to an embodiment; FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view schematically illustrating the washing machine according to embodiment; FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a rotating tub of the washing machine according to embodiment; FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a driving part and a waterproofing member of the washing machine according to embodiment; FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of a portion “A” of FIG. 4 ; and FIG. 6 is a view showing the flow of water during a washing operation and a spin-dry operation of the washing machine according to an embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Reference will now be made in detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a washing machine according to an embodiment. Referring to FIG. 1 , a washing machine includes a body 1 forming an external appearance of the washing machine, a rotating tub 20 rotatably disposed inside the body 1 , and a driving part 100 disposed at a lower portion of the rotating tub 20 to rotate the rotating tub 20 . The body 1 is provided at a upper portion thereof with a laundry input port 1 a , which allows laundry to be input into the rotating tub 20 therethrough, and with a door (not shown) configured to open and close the laundry input port 1 a. The body 1 is provided at a lower portion thereof with a mounting part 2 having a leg 5 that enables the washing machine to be mounted on a floor. The rotating tub 20 is rotatably disposed inside the body 1 . A plurality of drain holes 22 are formed at an upper portion of the rotating tub 20 along a circumference of the rotating tub 20 . A pulsator 6 is rotatably installed at a bottom of the rotating tub 20 . The pulsator 6 serves to stir a washing water introduced into the rotating tub 20 together with a laundry. A water supply apparatus 160 is installed at an upper side of the rotating tub 20 to supply a washing water to the rotating tub 20 . The water supply apparatus 160 includes a water supply valve 161 configured to regulate a supply of water and a water supply pipe 162 connecting the water supply valve 161 to a detergent supply apparatus 163 . The water delivered through the water supply pipe 162 is supplied to the rotating tub 20 together with detergent by passing through the detergent supply apparatus 163 . A first drain hose 231 and a second drain hose 230 are provided at the lower portion of the rotating tub 20 to guide a washing water, which has been used for a washing operation or a spin-dry operation, to the outside the body 1 . The driving part 100 includes a clutch 120 , which rotates the rotating tub 20 and the pulsator 6 , and a driving motor 110 , which drives the clutch 120 . The clutch 120 is connected to the driving motor 110 through a pulley 141 and a belt 142 such that a driving force of the driving motor 110 is selectively transferred to the rotating tub 20 or the pulsator 6 . FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view schematically illustrating the washing machine according to an embodiment. FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a rotating tub of the washing machine according to an embodiment. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating a driving part and a waterproofing member of the washing machine according to an embodiment. Referring to FIGS. 2 to 4 , the rotating tub 20 is disposed inside the body 1 while being spaced apart from the inside the body 1 by a predetermined interval. A suspension member 240 is installed on an outer side of the rotating tub 20 such that the rotating tub 20 is hung on the body 1 while being supported by the suspension 240 . In order to support the rotating tub 20 , one side of the suspension member 240 is coupled to the upper portion of the body 1 and the other side of the suspension member 240 is coupled to a connecting bracket 241 of a base plate 200 that are to be described later. The body 1 is provided at the lower portion thereof with the mounting part 2 that is configured to support the body 1 . The mounting part 2 includes a bottom plate 3 forming the bottom of the body 1 and an installation hole 2 a formed through the center of the mounting part 2 in a predetermined diameter. The installation hole 2 a allows the driving part 100 to pass therethrough and then is installed on the mounting part 2 . The bottom plate 3 has a first drain port 3 a that is connected to the first drain hose 231 to deliver the water discharged to the outside the rotating tub 20 during a spin-dry operation. The first drain hose 231 is connected to the second drain hose 230 to discharge water passing through a second drain port 201 to the outside the body 1 during a washing operation and a rinsing operation. The rotating tub 20 is rotatably provided on an upper side of the mounting plate 2 in a vertical direction. The rotating tub 20 includes a bottom part 24 and a side wall 21 that connects to the bottom part 24 to form a space accommodating a washing water. A through-hole 150 is provided in the center of the bottom part 24 to allow a driving shaft 124 to be coupled thereto. A liquid balancer 25 is provided at the upper portion of the rotating tub 20 to ensure the smooth rotation of the rotating tub 20 . The side wall 21 is provided while being slanted with the increase of a diameter of the rotating tub 20 . If the rotating tub 20 rotates at a speed of 280 rpm or above in a spin-dry operation, water separated from the laundry reaches to the side wall 21 due to the centrifugal force and runs to the upper side of the rotating tub 20 along the inner side of the side wall 21 slanted. In this case, the side wall 21 forms a slope angle θ of 2 degrees to 10 degrees with respect to a line (L) that is perpendicular to the bottom part 24 . If the slope angle θ is smaller than 2 degrees, the water does not effectively move along the inner circumferential surface of the side wall 21 , and thus the spinning performance is degraded. If the slope angle θ is larger than 10 degrees, the upper portion of the rotating tub 20 is widened, and thus the overall width is increased. As described above, a plurality of drain holes 22 are formed at the upper portion of the rotating tub 20 to discharge the water separated from the laundry to the outside the rotating tub 20 . The water discharged to the rotating tub 20 through the drain hole 22 flows to the bottom plate 3 of the mounting part 2 along an inner circumferential surface of the body 1 , and then is discharged to the outside through the first drain port 3 a and the first drain hose 231 . The drain hole 22 is formed along the circumferential direction of the side wall 21 . The drain hole 22 is provided at a position corresponding to two-third of the height of the rotating tub 20 . The driving part 100 is installed at the lower portion of the rotating tub 20 to drive the rotating tub 20 or the pulsator 6 disposed inside the rotating tub 20 . The driving part 100 includes the clutch 120 , the driving motor 110 , a flange member 130 and the base plate 200 . The clutch 120 selectively rotates the rotating tub 20 and the pulsator 6 . The driving motor 110 drives the clutch 120 . The flange member 130 connects the driving shaft 124 of the clutch 120 to the bottom part 24 of the rotating tub 20 to transmit a torque of the driving shaft 124 to the rotating tub 20 . The base plate 200 is provided to fix the clutch 120 and the driving motor 110 (see FIGS. 1, 4, and 6 ). Since the driving part 100 is fixed to a lower surface of the base plate 200 below the rotating tub 20 , the driving part 100 , after the spin-dry operation, may have a risk of being exposed to the water that runs down along the inner surface of the body 1 and then is discharged through the first drain port 3 a of the bottom plate 3 . Accordingly, a waterproofing member 10 is provided between the base plate 200 and the bottom of the body 1 to seal the driving part 100 . In addition, the mounting part 2 includes a moisture infiltration preventing guide 30 configured to prevent water from being introduced to (reaching) a plurality of cables (C) connected to electronic parts of the driving part 100 . The moisture infiltration preventing guide 30 includes a cable accommodating part 30 a that allows the cable (C) to pass therealong. The moisture infiltration preventing guide 30 is provided in a direction perpendicular to edges of the bottom plate 3 of the mounting part 2 . The waterproofing member 10 may include a diaphragm formed using elastically deformable material, such as rubber, to absorb the vibration of the driving part 100 . Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5 , the waterproofing member 10 includes a plurality of wrinkled parts 11 and a fixing part 12 extending upward and downward. The fixing part 12 includes a first fixing part 12 a extending upward from the wrinkled part 11 and a second fixing part 12 b extending downward from the wrinkled part 11 . The waterproofing material 10 is provided in the form of a cylinder surrounding the outer side of the driving part 100 . The waterproofing material 10 is disposed between the base plate 200 and the bottom of the body 1 , that is, between the base plate 200 and the bottom plate 3 of the mounting part 2 . The base plate 200 includes a first coupling part 202 having a coupling groove 202 a . The first coupling part 202 protrudes from the lower surface of the base plate 200 along the circumference of the base plate 200 while extending outward such that the coupling groove 202 a is coupled to the first fixing part 12 a of the waterproofing member 10 . The first fixing part 12 a has an upper end which is bent outward to correspond to the coupling groove 202 a of the first coupling part 202 . A wire 15 having a shape of a ring is configured to fasten the outer circumference of the first coupling part 202 of the base plate 200 and the first fixing part 12 a of the waterproofing member 10 , thereby allowing the first coupling part 202 to be closely fixed to the first fixing part 12 a. The second fixing part 12 b of the waterproofing member 10 is coupled to a second coupling part 4 that is formed on the mounting part 2 . The installation hole 2 a is provided in the center of the bottom plate 3 of the mounting part 2 . The second coupling part 4 is provided on the rim of the installation hole 2 a. The second coupling part 4 extends downward from the bottom plate 3 . The second coupling part 4 is provided at an end thereof with a slanting part 4 a that extends while being slanted in a radial outward direction. The second fixing part 12 b of the waterproofing member 10 has a shape corresponding to the shape of the second coupling part 4 such that the second fixing part 12 b is inserted into the second coupling part 4 . A wire 15 having a shape of a ring fastens the outer circumference of the second fixing part 12 b that is inserted to the second coupling part 4 , thereby allowing the second fixing part 12 b to be closely fixed to the second coupling part 4 . The first coupling part 4 and the second coupling part 4 may be implemented in variety of shapes so that the fixing member 12 of the waterproofing member 10 can be firmly fixed to the first coupling part 202 and second coupling part 4 . According to the above configuration, the waterproofing member 10 is provided between the base plate 200 and the bottom of the body 1 while surrounding the outer side of the driving part 100 to seal the driving part 100 and water is prevented from being infiltrated into (reaching) the driving part 100 , and the vibration of the driving part 100 is absorbed. In addition, a vertical vibration is absorbed without impeding the rotation of the rotating tub 20 during the washing operation or the spin-off operation, thereby enhancing the washing efficiency. When a draining process is viewed during the washing operation and the spin-off operation, a water (shown as a solid arrow line in FIG. 6 ) separated during the spin-off operation is discharged to the outer side of the rotating tub 20 through the drain hole 22 of the rotating tub 20 , flows downward along the inner surface of the body 1 , and then is discharged by sequentially passing through the first drain port 3 a formed through the bottom plate 3 , the first drain hose 231 and the second drain hose 230 connected to the first drain port 3 a. The through-hole 150 of the rotating tub 20 is provided to allow the rotating tub 20 , the driving shaft 124 of the driving part 100 , and the flange member 130 to be coupled thereto. The through-hole 150 includes a first through-hole 151 , which is provided in the center of the through-hole 150 , and a second through-hole 152 disposed around the first through-hole 151 in the circumferential direction of the first through-hole 151 . The first through-hole 151 is formed such that the driving shaft 124 is connected to the rotating tub 20 and the pulsator 6 by passing through the flange member 130 . The second through-hole 152 is formed to discharge water, which remains in the rotating tub 20 after the washing operation is finished, to the outside the rotating tub 20 through the second drain port 201 . In addition, the driving shaft 124 includes a first driving shaft 124 a , which is coupled to the first through-hole 151 , and a second driving shaft 124 b , which extends from the first driving shaft 124 a and is coupled to the pulsator 6 . The first driving shaft 124 a and the second driving shaft 124 b simultaneously or individually rotate depending on whether a washing operation is performed or a spin-off operation is performed. In a washing operation, the second driving shaft 124 b operates to rotate the pulsator 6 that is coupled to the second driving shaft 124 b . During a spin-off operation, the first driving shaft 124 a and the second driving shaft 124 b operate such that the rotating tub 20 and the pulsator 6 simultaneously rotate. One end of the driving shaft 124 is connected to the pulley 141 such that a driving force of the driving motor 110 is transferred to the clutch 120 . In addition, the base plate 200 has a base plate cover 210 to guide water discharged through the second through-hole 152 . The base plate cover 210 is disposed between the flange member 130 and the base plate 200 to house the second drain port 201 that is formed on the base plate 200 . A drain case 220 is coupled to a lower portion of the base plate 200 to form a predetermined space. The space is configured to accommodate a washing water that is introduced by passing through a space formed between the base plate cover 210 and the base plate 200 . One end of the drain case 220 is connected to the second drain hose 230 to guide a washing water introduced to the drain case 220 to the outside the body 1 . A valve 221 is provided on the second drain hose 230 to selectively drain water. In this manner, the water having been used for the washing operation or the rinsing operation (shown as a dotted line arrow in FIG. 6 ) is introduced into the space between the base plate cover 210 and the base plate 200 by passing through the second through hole 152 and then is discharged to the outside the body 1 by sequentially passing through the drain case 220 and the second drain hose 230 . In each of the washing operation, the rinsing operation and the spin-off operation, the driving part 100 provided at the lower portion of the rotating tub 20 is completely sealed by the waterproofing member 10 provided between the base plate 200 and the bottom plate 3 of the body 1 , thereby preventing water from being infiltrated into (reaching) the driving part 100 . In addition, the cable (C) connected to the driving part 100 is also prevented from being exposed to water by the cable accommodation part 30 a formed on the bottom plate 3 . In addition, the waterproofing member 10 surrounds the outer side of the driving part 100 , thereby preventing vibration and noise from the driving part 100 . As described above, a structure to accommodate water between the body 1 and the rotating tub 20 is removed, so that the spatial utilization in the body 1 is maximized. In addition, the waterproofing member 10 provided at the lower portion of the rotating tub 20 serves to absorb the up-and-down vibration of the rotating tub 20 and the vibration of the driving part 100 and also prevents the water from being introduced to the electronic parts of the driving part 100 . Although a few embodiments have been shown and described, it would be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes may be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the disclosure, the scope of which is defined in the claims and their equivalents.	A washing machine capable of increasing the washing capacity without enlarging the external appearance and also discharging a washing water during a washing operation or a spin-dry operation while completely isolated from electronic parts and thus reducing the risk of a power failure and fire, the washing machine including a body, a rotating tub rotatably disposed inside the body, a pulsator rotatably disposed inside the rotating tub, a driving part provided on a lower portion of the rotating tub to selectively rotate the rotating tub and the pulsator, a base plate to which the driving part is fixed, wherein a waterproofing member is provided between the base plate and a bottom of the body to seal the driving part and to prevent water from reaching the driving part.	3
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a magnetic bearing arrangement for an artificial satellite, and more particularly, to a magnetic bearing for a rotor which has a rotating speed and an axis of rotation adjusted in accordance with a change in the attitude of the artificial satellite in order to control it. 2. Description of the Prior Art The attitude of an artificial satellite is controlled as generally illustrated in FIG. 1. The angles of rotation of an artificial satellite about three axes, X, Y and Z are called its attitude angles designated as φ (roll), θ (pitch), and ψ (yaw),respectively. A flywheel usually has an axis of rotation which is in parallel to the axis Y, and rotates at a constant speed. The flywheel is supported by a magnetic bearing so that its axis of rotation may be slightly inclined toward the X or Z axis at an angle α or β, respectively. Accordingly, it is possible to control the angle ψ about the yaw axis by varying the angle α, the angle φ about the roll axis by varying the angle β, and the angle θ about the pitch axis by varying the rotating speed of the flywheel. The attitude control for the satellite may be performed by an apparatus as shown in FIG. 2. The apparatus includes a rotor 1, an axial displacement sensor 2, an electromagnet 3 providing an attractive force controlled in accordance with an output signal from the sensor 2 to move the rotor 1 to a fixed axial position, a radial displacement sensor 4 for detecting the radial displacement of the rotor 1, an electromagnet 5 providing an attractive force controlled in accordance with an output signal from the sensor 4 to move the rotor 1 to a fixed radial position, a stator 6, and a motor 7 for driving the rotor 1. A pair of sensors 4 and a pair of electromagnets 5 are provided to enable the rotor 1 to be restored to its original position when its axis of rotation has been inclined. Thus, the six degrees of freedom of the rotor 1, with the exception of its rotatory displacement about its axis of roataion, are completely controlled by the sensor and electromagnet combinations. Therefore, the rotor 1 can be rotated without being brought into any contact with the stator 6. The apparatus is, thus, advantageous in various respects as a system for controlling the attitude of an artificial satellite. Five sensor and electromagnet combinations are, however, required for effecting the radial control of the rotor 1 along the x and y axes which are prependicular to each other and to the axis of rotation of the rotor 1, designated as the z axis, its axial control along the z axis, and the control of inclination of its axis of rotation, i.e., its angular displacement about the x or y axis. Another example of a system for actively controlling five modes of operation, namely an axial translation, two radial translations and two tilting motions, is found in a paper by R. S. Sindlinger entitled "Magnetic Bearing Momentum Wheels with Vernier Gimballing Capability for 3-Axis Active Attitude Control and Energy Storage", appearing in the 1976 IFAC Symposium Automatic Control in Space. In the magnetic bearing wheels as hereinabove described, the radial displacement electromagnets do not produce a magnetic flux which is uniform along the circumference of the the wheel. Therefore, an eddy current appears on the rotor and creates resistance to its rotation. Since all the control is effected by an electromagnetic force, the apparatus consumes a lot of power even during normal operation, and requires a complicated control circuit. In another publication entitled "Satellite Flywheels with Magnetic Bearings and Passive Radial Centering" by P. C. Poubeau, appearing in the AIAA Journal of Spacecraft, vol 17, No. 2, Mar.-Apr., 1980, the use of passive permanent magnet radial bearings is disclosed. However, the stator is of one-piece with the permanent magnets being in the form of continuous annular rings. The radial bearing, the axial bearing and the radial dampers are separated from each other and spaced along the axis of the wheel. The radial damper does not provide for the positive control of the inclination of the axis of rotation. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of these drawbacks, it is an object of the present invention to achieve a simplified control circuit by employing a permanent magnet for a bearing, and a smaller number of sensors and electromagnets to thereby reduce the loss of power due to eddy currents during rotation. The present invention provides an improvement in the magnetic bearing for controlling any displacement along its axis of rotation by adjusting the attractive force of a permanent magnet electromegnetically, characterized by including at least three stator segments, a permanent magnet provided for each stator segment, and an electromagnet provided opposite to each permanent magnet for achieving the axial control of each stator segment, whereby the stator segments are positionally controlled independently of one another to effect the automatic control of the inclination of the axis of rotation. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 illustrates an outline of the attitude control of an artificial satellite. FIG. 2(a) is a side elevational view, partly in section of a known magnetic bearing apparatus. FIG. 2(b) is a bottom plan view of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2(a). FIG. 3(a) is a fragmentary top plan view of a magnetic bearing for the attitude control of an artificial satellite embodying the present invention. FIG. 3(b) is a side elevational view, partly in section, of the apparatus shown in FIG. 3(a). FIG. 4 is a schematic view illustrating the axial control achieved by the apparatus shown in FIGS. 3(a) and (b). FIG. 5 is a schematic view illustrating the radial control achieved by the apparatus shown in FIGS. 3(a) and (b). FIG. 6 is a schematic view illustrating the control of inclination of the axis of rotation achieved by the apparatus shown in FIGS. 3(a) and (b). FIG. 7(a) is a fragmentary top plan view of a magnetic bearing for the attitude control of an artificial satellite according to another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7(b) is a side elevational view, partly in section, of the apparatus shown in FIG. 7(a). FIG. 8 is a schematic view illustrating the axial control achieved by the apparatus shown in FIGS. 7(a) and (b). FIG. 9 is a schematic view illustrating the radial control achieved by the apparatus shown in FIGS. 7(a) and (b). FIG. 10 is a schematic view illustrating the control of inclination of the axis of rotation achieved by the apparatus shown in FIGS. 7(a) and (b). FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a three-part bearing embodying the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring first to FIGS. 3(a) and (b) of the drawings, there is shown a magnetic bearing arrangement embodying the present invention. The arrangement includes a rotor 11 which is bifurcated at its inner circumference, and a stator 16 composed of four segments as shown in FIG. 3(a). The rotor is disposed for rotation about an axis of rotation and spaced radially outwardly from the stator as shown in FIG. 3(b). Each segment of the stator 16 is provided with a radially magnetized permanent magnet 18, and a pair of axially aligned electromagnets 13 between which the permanent magnet 18 is disposed, as shown in FIG. 4. Radially spaced apart gaps are provided between the rotor 11 and the stator 16, i.e., an inner gap 111 and an inner gap 113 and an outer gap 114 below the stator 16, as shown in FIG. 3(b). The mutually facing portions of the rotor 11 and the stator 16, between which the gaps are defined, have mutually facing recesses 115 and 165, and 116 and 166, as shown in, for example, FIG. 3(b). A sensor 12 is provided for detecting axial displacement of the rotor. Various aspects of operation of the magnetic bearing as hereinabove described will now be described. [1] Axial Control Referring to FIG. 4, the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet 18 flows up through the upper inner gap 111, and down through the lower inner gap 113. If the rotor 11 is displaced upwardly, the upper gap 111 is widened, while the lower gap 113 is narrowed. This change is detected by the sensor 12, and depending on the amount of the change, a certain amount of electric current is supplied to the electromagnets 13 to raise the density of the magnetic flux in the upper gap 111 and lower the same in the lower gap 113 so that an increased downward attractive force may be generated to rectify displacement of the rotor 11. Thus, the attractive force of the permanent magnet is adjusted in accordance with any axial displacement of the rotor 11 to control its axial displacement. By virtue of its permanent magnet, the magnetic bearing has the advantage that the electromagnets 13 require only a very small amount of electric current, since the attractive force of the permanent magnet is vertically balanced when the rotor 11 is in the neutral position of the bearing. [2] Radial Control The radial control of the magnetic bearing is of a passive nature and does not require any particular sensor, coil or like part. FIG. 5 shows the rotor in a slightly radially displaced position. The recesses in the mutually facing portions of the rotor and the stator define teeth which increase the density of the magnetic flux in the gaps 111 to 114. If the rotor 11 is displaced radially outwardly in the direction of an arrow A, the flow of the magnetic flux is directed to the sides of the teeth, and there results an attractive force F having a direction opposite to that of the radial displacement of the rotor. The attractive force of the permanent magent works reliably against any such radial displacement of the rotor; therefore, no positive control is ever required therefor. [3] Control of the Axis of Rotation upon Inclination Thereof Referring to FIG. 6, the stator 16 is comprised of four segments 16a, 16b, 16c and 16d intended for controlling any displacement of the axis of rotation. If the rotor has made a slight angle or rotation about the x-axis, the rotor is displaced upwardly relative to the stator segment 16b, and downwardly relative to the stator segment 16d. Accordingly, the rotary displacement of the rotor about the x-axis is rectified if the axial control of the rotor is effected relative to the stator segments 16b and 16d. The same is true of the displacement of the rotor about the x-axis. Referring to FIGS. 7(a) and 7(b), there is shown another embodiment of the present invention. The apparatus shown in FIGS. 7(a) and 7(b) is different from the apparatus of FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b) in that it has a portion of a rotor 11' disposed within a stator 16'. The following is a description of the operation of the apparatus shown in FIGS. 7(a) and 7(b). [1] Axial Control As shown in FIG. 8, an upper gap 111' and a lower gap 113' are defined between the rotor portion 11' and the stator 16', and the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet 18' flows up through the upper gap 111', and down through the lower gap 113', as indicated by solid arrowlines. If the rotor position 11' is displaced upwardly, the upper gap 111' is narrowed, while the lower gap 113' is widened. This displacement is detected by the sensor 12', and depending on the amount of such displacement, a certain amount of electric current is supplied to the electromagnet 13' to develop a magnetic flux as indicated by broken lines. Accordingly, the density of the magnetic flux is lowered in the upper gap 111', and raised in the lower gap 113', whereby an increased downward attractive force is generated to rectify the displacement of the rotor portion 11'. Thus, the attractive force of the permanent magnet is adjusted in accordance with any axial displacement of the rotor portion 11' to control its axial displacement. By virtue if its permanent magnet, the magnetic bearing has the advantage that the electromagnet 13' requires only a very small amount of electric current, since the attractive force of the permanent magnet 18' is vertically balanced when the rotor 11 stays in the neutral position of the bearing. [2] Radial Control The radial control of the magnetic bearing is of a passive nature, and does not require any particular sensor, coil or like device. FIG. 9 shows the rotor in a slightly radially displaced position. The recesses in the mutually facing portions of the rotor and the stator define teeth which increase the density of the magnetic flux in the gaps between the rotor and the stator. If the rotor 11 is displaced radially outwardly in the direction of an arrow A, the flow of the magnetic flux is directed to the sides of the teeth, and there results an attractive force F having a direction opposite to that of the radial displacement of the rotor. The attractive force of the permanent magnet works reliably against any such radial displacement of the rotor and therefore, no positive control is ever required therefor. [3] Control of the Axis of Rotation upon Inclination Thereof If the rotor 11 makes a slight angle of rotation about the y-axis, those two of the four bearing segments which stay on the x-axis have different gaps between the rotor and the stator, as shown in FIG. 10. If an electric current is supplied to the electro magnet 13, the magnetic flux flowing through each stator segment 16 flows in opposite directions on the + and - sides of the x-axis. Accordingly, an attractive force is generated to lower the rotor 11 on the + side of the x-axis and lift it on the - side thereof, whereby the axis of rotation of the bearing can be controlled satisfactorily against any inclination. Any rotatory displacement of the rotor about the x-axis can likewise be rectified by utilizing the control coils connected to the + and - sides of the y-axis. Although the apparatus has been described as having a stator composed of four segments, it is also possible to employ a stator 16" composed of three segments 16d, 16e and 16f as shown in FIG. 11, or any other appropriate number of segments, though different control circuits may have to be provided. The magnetic bearing of this invention comprises three of four segments each provided with a permanent magnet which enables the axial positional control of the rotor, and simultaneously accomplishes the control of the rotor against any rotatory displacement. The apparatus does not require any sensor or electromagnet for the radial position control of the rotor. Therefore, the apparatus of this invention is simple in construction, and is free from any eddy currents of the nature generated by electromagnets for radial position control, resulting advantageously in a drastically reduced resistance to rotation.	A magnetic bearing arrangement for rotor for controlling the attitude of an artificial satellite wherein the rotor has a rotating speed and an axis of rotation which are adjusted in accordance with a change in the attitude of the satellite. The arrangement includes a stator defined by at least three segments, and each stator segment is provided with a permanent magnet to eliminate the necessity of any electromagnet for controlling radial rotor displacement and any sensor for detecting such radial displacement. The apparatus is free from any eddy currents that may cause great resistance to rotation.	5
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION: 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a printed circuit board having bumps and to a method of forming the bumps that serve for connection terminals in the connection portions and land portions of the printed circuit board such as an FPC. More specifically, the invention relates to a printed circuit board having uniform and tall bumps and to a method of forming the bumps formed by applying a plating onto the printed circuit board up to the height of the bumps followed by etching the plating. 2. Prior Art The FPC is usually coated with a cover lay film. However, in order to prevent the terminals for connection and the land portions for mounting parts to be covered with the cover lay film, holes are formed in such portions of the cover lay film in advance using a drill or a punch prior to applying the film. This, however, makes it difficult to achieve the contact with the circuit pattern of the opposite side unless bumps for connection are formed in portions corresponding to the holes by some means. Method of forming bumps have been disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Nos. 98186/1988 and 152147/1982. According to the method disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 98186/1988, a flux is supplied into through holes connected to conductors of the board circuit, a solder ball is adhered on each through hole and is melted to form a solder protuberance at an opening of the through hole. According to the method disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 152147/1982, metallic protuberances are formed on the board such as of a glass and is then transferred onto metal leads of the FPC. There has further been proposed a method according to which corresponding portions of the circuit pattern of FPC are pushed up from the back side using a pin-like jig in order to form bumps. In the method of adhering the solder balls, however, apertures must be formed prior to forming the through holes. The aperture usually has a diameter of 0.4 mm at the smallest. Further, to place the solder ball thereon, the bump must have a diameter of about 1 mm. Even under optimum conditions, it is not possible to reduce the size of the bump to less than 250 μm in diameter. Because of this reason, this method could not be used for the FPC having fine patterns. It is further necessary to reliably place the solder ball on each through hole without deviation. Furthermore, the material of the bump is limited to the solder and the flux must be removed as well. With the method of transferring metallic protuberances, it is difficult to form bumps having a height greater than 100 μm. When the metallic protuberances are formed with gold plating, furthermore, the manufacturing cost increases. Furthermore, this technology must form bumps on the finger portion of a flexible tape in the TAB system for mounting semi-conductor elements on the flexible tape. In the case of the FPC in which the circuit pattern is coated with a cover lay film, therefore, it is difficult to transfer the metallic protuberances onto predetermined positions of the FPC. In the case of large FPC's, in particular, this becomes more difficult due to dimensional changes. Furthermore, owing to the thickness of the resist and so on, the height of the protuberances is about 20 μm at the greatest. With the method of pushing up the circuit pattern with a jig, furthermore, cracks develop when the circuit pattern is pushed up and reliability is lost. Furthermore, it only those bumps having a height smaller than the limit of plastic deformation of the Cu pattern that is are formed. In the case of the double-sided board having circuit pattern on both surfaces, it is not possible to arrange the Cu pattern on the back side of the bump-forming portion. This method, therefore, is used only for one-sided board. Further, it is not possible to reduce substantially the diameter of the pin that serves as a squeezing pin making it difficult to form bumps having diameters smaller than 250 μm. When the conductor patterns at the connection portions are arranged maintaining a small pitch, it also becomes difficult to arrange the pins for pushing up. Another method consists of coating the board with a cover film except the portions for forming bumps, and depositing a plating on the portions where bumps are to be formed. By taking the bulge of the adhesive into consideration, however, the hole in the cover film corresponding to the bump-forming portion must have a diameter of at least 0.3 mm. Furthermore, the plating may grow laterally by the thickness of the plating causing the bump to assume the shape of a mushroom. Even with this method, therefore, the bump tends to have an increased size; at present, it is difficult to form bumps having diameters of smaller than 0.2 mm. It can further be thought to cover the board except the portions for forming bumps by stacking several resist layers such as dry films to a thickness of about 150 μm and then apply copper plating on the portions for forming bumps. However, the dry film has a thickness of 35 μm at the greatest, and it is virtually difficult to advance the process while stacking several such dry films. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the problems inherent in the prior art, the object of the present invention is to provide a method of forming bumps having a height greater than 100 μm and a minimum diameter of about 100 μm without using any particular metal or mechanical processing but based simply upon a chemical processing which consists of plating and etching, as well as to provide an FPC having a function that can be connected to the circuit of the opposing side via bumps formed by this method. In order to achieve the above object according to the present invention, a plurality of bumps that serve as connection terminals are formed on the printed circuit board by coating the printed circuit except the portions where the bumps are to be formed, electroplating the uncoated bump-forming portions on the printed circuit maintaining a thickness nearly equal to that of the coating, applying a non-electrolytic plating and an electroplating onto the entire surface from the surfaces of bump forming portions through up to the surfaces of coated portions, and then removing the plating by etching from the surfaces except the bumps. The printed circuit board of the present invention has a plurality of bumps formed by this method, the bumps having nearly flat surfaces and an equal height and, further, having a large aspect ratio. In the above-mentioned step, the etching is effected after the bump-forming portions only are covered with the resist by applying or laminating the resist on the plating that is deposited to a required height of bumps followed by the exposure to effect developing. After the plating is removed by etching except the bumps, nickel plating and gold plating are usually effected to cope with the corrosion. The printed circuit board on which bumps are formed may be a rigid board or a flexible board, and further may be a one-sided board having a printed circuit on one surface only or a double-sided board having printed circuits on both surfaces. The printed circuit is coated by a method according to which a cover lay film having holes in portions corresponding to bump-forming portions is stuck onto the circuit board, or by a method according to which a solder resist ink is applied to the portions other than the bump-forming portions. Copper is usually used as a material for effecting the electroplating and non-electrolytic plating. The etching is effected after the resist is applied to the bump-forming portions. This protecting film is formed, for example, by laminating a film-like photo-resist, and baking it with, the bump pattern mask using a UV exposing machine followed by developing. In this process, the non-electrolytic plating is effected for forming a plated layer even on the coated portions. Therefore, a catalyst for non-electrolytic plating is imparted even onto the coating to effect the non-electrolytic plating. Thereafter, the electroplating is effected up to a desired height of the bumps. Prior to effecting the non-electrolytic plating, the bump-forming portions are flattened being buried by the electroplating of a thickness equal to that of the coating. Therefore, the plated layer of a height of the bumps has a flat surface without ruggedness. In the subsequent etching operation, use is made of a photomask having a desired bump pattern during the exposure, and then the time for etching is adjusted to form a plurality of bumps having a desired diameter at one time. The height of the bumps is controlled to any desired value by adjusting the time for electroplating after the non-electrolytic plating. Further, the height of bumps varies depending upon the degree of flatness on the plated layer that has the height of the bumps to be formed. Variance in the height can be suppressed to be, for example, within ±12 μm. The thus formed bumps have flat surfaces that are nearly flush with each other, have a large aspect ratio, and have side walls of a J shape in vertical cross section. Furthermore, the diameter of bumps and the interval for arranging the bumps can be easily selected depending upon the fineness of the circuit pattern. Therefore, the printed circuit board having bumps is connected via bumps to a circuit having a fine pattern of the opposing side maintained very high reliability in contact. According to the present invention, the plating layer is formed maintaining a height that corresponds to the height of the bumps and is then subjected to the etching to form bumps. Therefore, the aforementioned problems inherent in the prior art such as height and pitch of the bumps, reliability, and problems in the fabrication steps are all solved, that is, the height and diameter of the bumps can be easily controlled. For instance, the bumps having a height of 120 μm and a diameter of 100 to 220 μm in the upper portion thereof can be easily formed at one time. Moreover, variance in the height can be suppressed within ±12 μm, enabling the pitch to be shortened relative to the neighboring bumps and reliability in contact to be improved at the time of connection. Therefore, bumps can be easily formed, for example, maintaining a pitch of 1.4 mm, having a diameter of 200 μm and a height of 140 μm from the coating to meet in the modern requirement for producing electronic parts in reduced sizes. As required, furthermore, the surfaces of the bumps can be finished to be smooth or rugged by changing the plating bath. By selecting the plating bath, furthermore, it is possible to plate hard nickel, hard gold, soft nickel or soft gold onto the surfaces of the bumps. Depending upon the cases, the solder plating may be applied. Therefore, the method of connecting the printed circuit board having bumps can be selected over a wide range to easily cope with heat-adhesion, soldering, mechanical contact and so on. As described above, furthermore, the size of the bumps can be easily controlled. When arranged maintaining a pitch of 1.8 mm, for example, the bumps may have a height of 140 μm and a diameter of 100 to 200 μm. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS. 1(a) to 1(d) are section views illustrating a method of forming bumps according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a perspective view illustrating the condition where the FPC is applied to form bumps according to the method of FIG. 1; FIG. 3(a) is a plan view showing a sheet-like FPC; FIG. 3(b) is a plan view showing an FPC on an enlarged scale; FIG. 3(c) is a section view along the line A--A of FIG. 3(b); FIG. 4 is a section view of a bump formed according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 5 is a plan view showing some of the plurality of bumps formed according to another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 6 is a section view showing the structure of adouble-sided FPC in which bumps are formed on both surfaces according to the method of the present invention; and FIG. 7 is a section view showing a bump formed on a rigid board according to the method of the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The embodiments of the present invention will now be described in conjunction with the drawings. FIGS. 1(a) to 1(d) are section views illustrating a method of forming bumps according to an embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 1(a), a cover film 1 having holes formed by a drill or a punch at portions corresponding to the portions for forming bumps is stuck to a base film 3 (FPC) on which a copper-foil circuit pattern 2 is formed to cover the circuit pattern 2. FIG. 2 is a section view showing the covered condition. The base film 3 consists of a polyimide film having a thickness of 25 μm and an adhesive layer having a thickness of 25 μm on which is adhered the copper foil that forms the circuit pattern 2. The copper foil forming the circuit pattern 2 has a thickness of from 18 to 60 μm. The cover lay film 1 consists of a polyimide resin having a thickness of 25 μm, and is adhered onto the circuit pattern 2 and onto the base film 3 via an adhesive layer which is 25 μm thick. Next, copper is electroplated onto the holes of the cover lay film 1, i.e., onto portions 4 of the circuit pattern 2 that are not covered. If there are portions of the circuit pattern 2 that are not covered but are exposed in addition to the bump-forming portions, such portions are masked in advance. The copper plating is effected up to the height of the upper surface of the cover lay film 1 as shown in FIG. 1(b), so that the upper surface of the cover lay film 1 and the upper surface of the copper plating 5 become flush with each other to form a flat surface. This enables the subsequent plating to be uniformly effected over the entire surface without causing upper portions of the holes 4 to be recessed, and further enables the resist to be properly applied prior to effecting the etching. After the holes 4 are plated with copper, a catalyst adapted to non electrolytic plating is applied to the entire surface and copper is plated non-electrolytically. This makes it possible to electrically plate copper even onto the cover lay film 1 as will be described later. When the bumps are to be formed on one surface only of the board, the other surface may have been covered with a film or the like such that the non-electrolytic plating is effected onto one surface only. Next, referring to FIG. 1(c), copper is electrically plated on the non-electrolytically plated cover as designated at 6 maintaining a thickness of, for example, 120 μm to reach the height of the bumps that are to be formed. Bright dipping may be used depending upon the material of the conductor of the opposite side to which the bumps come into contact. Then, a dry film or a liquid resist is laminated or is applied thereon, the resist is baked with a bump pattern by exposure followed by developing, and copper is removed by etching from the surfaces except the bumps 7 as shown in FIG. 1(d) where reference numeral 8 denotes a resist portion corresponding to the bump pattern left after developing. In this case, the etching time must be so controlled that the circuit pattern 2 is not removed by etching. For the purpose of safeguard, furthermore, gold may be plated on the circuit pattern 2 prior to plating copper on the holes 4 in the above-mentioned step, such that the circuit pattern 2 is protected by the gold plating from the over-etching. Next, the resist 8 is removed, nickel is plated as an underlying layer on the bumps 7 maintaining a thickness of 1 to 4 μm, followed by the plating of gold maintaining a thickness of 0.01 to 0.5 μm to impact resistance against corrosion. Formation of the bumps 7 is thus completed. The aforementioned steps are not effected for each of the FPC's: i.e., a plurality of FPC's are attached to a sheet of, for example, 480×300 mm and are subjected to the above steps. Described below is another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3(a) shows a sheet-like FPC which includes four FPC's 9, FIG. 3(b) is a plan view which illustrates an FPC on an enlarged scale, and FIG. 1(c) is a section view along the line A--A of FIG. 1(b). As shown in these drawings, plating is applied to through holes in a double-sided board which consists of a 25 μm-thick polyimide film 3 as a base with a 35 μm-thick rolled copper foil laminated on both surfaces thereof, a circuit pattern 2 is formed by the patterning based on an ordinary etching process, a cover lay film 1 consisting of a 25 μm-thick polyimide is hot-pressed to obtain an FPC sheet (240×330 mm) 12 which is covered except the terminal portions 10 and the pad portions 11, and bumps are formed on the pad portions 11. First, copper is plated maintaining a thickness of 50 μm on the uncovered pad portions 11 on the circuit pattern 2, so that its upper surface becomes the same as the upper surface of the cover lay film 1. Here, use is made of a plating bath having good smoothness without containing a brightening agent. Then, after the non electrolytic plating is effected in the same manner as in the aforementioned embodiment, copper is electroplated up to a thickness of 120 μm using a gloss plating bath of copper sulfate at a current density of 4 A/dm 2 for 120 minutes. Next, the dry film is laminated followed by exposure and developing in order to form a bump pattern on the bump-forming portion. The bump image of a photomask for exposure used here has a diameter of 400 μm, such that the bumps will have a diameter of 200 μm in the upper portion thereof by taking the over-etching into consideration. Furthermore, the dry film has a thickness of 1.5 mil such that the resist will not be peeled off even when the etching is effected for an extended period of time. Then, the etching is effected to form bumps 7 as shown in FIG. 4. The etching time is determined in advance through the testing using a dummy board to avoid over-etching. Thereafter, the resist 8 is removed from the bumps, nickel (soft nickel) is plated onto the bumps maintaining a thickness of 4 μm, and gold (soft gold) is plated thereon maintaining a thickness of 0.5 μm to complete the formation of bumps. FIG. 5 is a plan view of bump portions thus formed on the FPC, wherein reference numeral 1 denotes a cover layer film, 2 denotes a circuit pattern, 7 denotes bumps and 13 denotes land portions. Sizes of the thus formed bumps are measured; i.e., the diameter is 210 μm in average and the height is 115 μm in average. The land portion has a diameter of 0.8 mm and the cover lay film has openings with a diameter of 0.9 mm. The pitch a among the bumps is 1.27 mm and the pitch b is 2.54 mm. Though the aforementioned embodiment has dealt with the case where the bumps were formed on the one-sided FPC, it is also possible to form bumps on the double-sided FPC and on a hard and rigid board. FIG. 6 is a section view showing the constitution of the double-sided FPC having bumps formed on both surfaces thereof. In the case of the rigid board, solder resist ink is applied, instead of the cover lay film, onto the surface except the terminal portions or the pad portions, and the plated layer is formed in the same manner as described above, and then the bumps are formed by etching. FIG. 7 is a section view of the bump 7 formed on the rigid board as described above, and wherein reference numeral 1' denotes a solder resist ink applied onto the printed circuit 2, and reference numeral 3' denotes a glass epoxy board on which the printed circuit 2 is formed.	A printed circuit board having a plurality of bumps that serve for connection terminals, the bumps being formed by covering the printed circuit except portions where the bumps are to be formed, applying an electroplating onto the uncovered bump-forming portions on the printed circuit maintaining a thickness nearly equal to that of the covering, applying thereon a non-electrolytic plating and electroplating on the whole surface from the surfaces of the bump-forming portions to the surfaces of the covered portions, and removing the platings by etching from the surface except the bump portions.	7
FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] Providing a different technology to cook maize, and other grains, cereals or legumes in a depth way by increasing internal temperature and humidity, in order to obtain a controlled and homogeneous transformation of their components reducing the loss of pericarp, the loss in the process, gas emissions and contaminated wastewater. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] The technologies of the state of the art used in the tortilla outlets for the production of nixtamal involves steps as pouring maize, without prior washing, into an open container and in which an amount in excess of lime and water is added; in the bottom of the tank is placed a burner, generally butane-based burner, that is maintained in ignition until the process water reaches a temperature that can be in the range of 88° C. and 96° C. depending on the height above sea level, and the necessary time may be in the range of 60 and 90 minutes, depending on the amount of maize and the capacity and efficiency of the burner. Subsequently, the maize is maintained in the process cooking water for a period of 10 to 12 hours. After the time elapsed, the maize is washed and grinded. [0003] The Nixtamal that is produced in this way loses mostly maize pericarp, wherein said component is composed mainly of insoluble vegetable fiber, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants naturally found therein, as the dilution by excess lime causes that the vegetable fiber, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants are thrown away with the wastewater to the drainage. The tortilla/maize rate that is obtained with this nixtamal quality ranges between 130 and 150 kilograms of tortilla per 100 kilograms of maize, i.e. 1.3 to 1.5:1. [0004] The traditional tortilla outlets which mostly is a low-scale business (family owned) about 90% of said tortilla outlets is operating within a production capacity range of 300 to 800 kg (kilograms) of tortilla per day. In order to obtain said production capacity is necessary to produce 350 to 900 kilograms of nixtamal per day. In this kind of business, and in other similar businesses, using nixtamal flour as raw material is based almost the entire supply of tortillas in Mexico. [0005] The economic and product quality results of the tortilla depend significantly of the nixtamal characteristics outlets; however, so far it has not been seriously considered procedures for improve the cooking of maize and equipment for achieve said improvement, in order to improve the profitability and the obtained product as well as being compact, simple to install, with a easily operation and early return of the investment. [0006] The way as currently is produced Nixtamal is susceptible to be widely improved. In view of that, has been designed a new especial apparatus, thereby may be operated under controlled and different process conditions, producing a better nixtamal, namely High Performance Integral Nixtamal. [0007] From total of the tortilla outlets operating in Mexico, approximately 60% of said outlets uses maize as raw material to produce nixtamal which when milled it produces the necessary pulp to the production of tortilla. The remaining 40% uses nixtamalized maize flour, wherein said flour is made in large industrial facilities and which, when mixed with water, it produces a pulp which is used to produce tortilla. [0008] The tortilla/maize ratio that is achieved with traditional system depends on the control degree on the operation thereof and said ratio is within of a range of 130 to 150 kg tortilla per 100 kg maize. The ones that use nixtamalized maize flour achieve a ratio within a range of 175 to 185 kilograms tortilla per 100 kilograms flour. [0009] When a tortilla outlet operates with High Performance Integral Nixtamal produced by the process and special equipment describe and claimed herein, it is obtained a tortilla/maize ratio, using maize as raw material, of 170 to 180 kilograms tortilla per 100 kilograms maize. [0010] This new technology applied to maize and other grains satisfactorily solves the current and background problems in tortilla outlets there in Mexico and using maize as raw material. This new technology provides improvements such as: the time required for cooking maize and obtaining Nixtamal is significantly reduced; to prevent the losing of an important part of the grain, namely vegetable fiber, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants, wherein said losing affects the production cost and decrease the nutritional properties of the tortilla; the flow of contaminated wastewater is significantly reducing; increasing the tortilla/maize ratio, performance, profiting production productivity and cost, when being able to obtain the same amount of tortilla with less maize; decreasing the production cost by reducing consumption of fuel required for cooking; to help improve the ecological environment by reducing CO 2 emissions to atmosphere and wastewater flows to the drains. [0017] The process further provides other important advantages like: obtaining a saving within a range of 40% to 50% in the fuel consumption necessary for cooking the maize. This advantage is benefic for the business economics, making them more profitable. [0018] A significant positive result that is obtainable from the reduction in fuel consumption is the decreasing, in the same proportion, of the flue gas emissions, mainly CO 2 . The gases produced from combustion cause greenhouse effect and consequently changing the weather. [0019] Another important advantage is that tortilla obtained from the High Performance Integral Nixtamal which is obtained by this system and process shows better nutritional properties, so as it practically preserves all components contained in the pericarp, namely: dietary or insoluble vegetal fiber, vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. These components are lost in large amounts in the traditional process since they are diluted with cooking water and discarded. Furthermore, this system provides a tortilla with better properties for digestion and assimilation by its fiber additional content and higher gelatinization of the maize starch. These advantages have been obtained by the depth cooking process at a higher pressure and temperature than the traditional process. [0020] It is an advantage of the invention to increase up to two and a half times the content of dietary or vegetal fiber, since the gastrointestinal system cannot digest nor assimilate said vegetal fiber helping to achieve a sense of satiety with lower intake of food, decreasing appetite. [0021] These advantages will provide said benefits for millions of consumers because the tortilla is a basic issue of the daily diet in Mexico. [0022] It is reported annual consumptions per capita on the order of 120 kg in national censuses. This represents an average of 328 grams per day per subject, which is equivalent to about 12 tortillas. [0023] The results discussed here were obtained from real and scaled testing in a typical tortilla outlet. The system has been designed and manufactured for cooking maize and consequently for the production of High Performance Integral Nixtamal. In addition, a commercial stone mill apparatus was installed for milling Nixtamal and producing pulp and subsequently said pulp was introduced to a commercial tortilla machine in order to produce tortillas. In this manner a pilot facility is capable of producing the new High Performance Integrated Nixtamal and pulp producing 3000 tortillas per hour, of a quality higher than the tortilla produced by traditional processes. This pilot facility has been operated daily for several weeks with the results here presented, during this period it has been sold the tortilla produced with the purpose of verifying the acceptance from public. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0024] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of the process. [0025] FIG. 2 shows a general arrangement of equipment. [0026] FIG. 3 shows a detailed reactor design. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0027] The distinctive details of this novel system to processing maize and other grains, as cereals or legumes, will be given clearly in the following description. The production system comprising equipment which are necessary to provide the needed conditions for the process. The system comprises a process basket wherein the maize is deposited to be thermally treated, an electric-controlled winch to move or lift the process basket and insert said process basket in a washing tank, in which water and agitation of same are used to removed insecticide residues, dust and foreign material; a rotating structure where is installed electric-controlled winch. Said rotating structure helps to move process basket from the wash tank to the cooking tank reactor, wherein the thermal and pressure conditions required by the process are generated and wherein is achieved the transformation of maize in a High Performance Integrated Nixtamal. [0028] FIG. 1 shows a flow diagram of the required process for depth cooking of maize and obtaining of a High Performance Integrated Nixtamal and the specially designed equipment for this purpose. The process begins by introducing the process basket ( 1 ) with maize, in the washing tank ( 2 ). The washing tank is supplied with water at room temperature, subsequently the contain of the washing tank (maize and water) is stirred to remove dust, insecticide residues used in grain storage and separation by floating foreign matter other than maize. Simultaneously, the washing water of the maize is recirculated by a pump ( 7 ) that delivery dirty water to a filter ( 8 ) which removes impurities and returns the clean water to the washing tank. The previous washing procedure for maize, in despite of being very important it is something that is rarely made in the traditional process. [0029] Once the maize is clean the process basket is removed of the washing tank ( 2 ) by the rotating structure and the electrical-controlled winch, and then the process basket ( 1 ) is inserting to the cooking tank reactor ( 3 ). Hot water is added at 60 degrees Celsius from the solar heater ( 4 ) and hydrated lime at a ratio which can vary according to the maize type, from 1 to 3 parts of hydrated lime for 1,000 parts of maize. The water, hydrated lime and maize are stirred to homogenize. The combustion chamber ( 5 ) when is ignited discharges combustion gases firstly to the reactor ( 3 ) and then to the atmosphere through a chimney ( 6 ). Once the combustion chamber ( 5 ) is ignited, the temperature inside reactor ( 3 ) is increased. Depending on the maize variety and age, the temperature rises to reach 90 to 100 degrees Celsius. When said temperature is reached (from 12 to 15 minutes), the combustion chamber ( 5 ) is turned off, and then the tank reactor is maintained in a first standby period from 20 to 30 minutes, in order to homogenize the internal humidity of the grain. Along said standby time the temperature in the reactor ( 3 ) is maintained at same temperature. When the first standby time has elapsed, the combustion chamber ( 5 ) is re-ignited and temperature is raised inside the reactor ( 3 ) to 115° C. and 120° C. and the pressure inside the reactor ( 3 ) reaches from 1 to 1.3 kg/cm 2 . At this temperature and pressure, it is achieved a cooking with a depth or higher penetration in the grain without losing the pericarp. When said temperature and pressure is reached, the combustion in the chamber ( 5 ) is turned off again and the cooking tank reactor is maintained in a second standby period at constant temperature by a time from 5 to 10 minutes. When the second standby period is elapsed the pressure inside reactor ( 3 ) is reduced up to atmospheric pressure. After the pressure inside the reactor ( 3 ) the lid of the reactor ( 3 ) is opened and the process basket ( 1 ) is removed from the cooking tank reactor using the electric-controlled winch and the rotary structure and positioned inside the washing tank ( 2 ) for cooling with water from a water purifying equipment. The water from the water purifying equipment is passed through a UV lamps and ozonized by ozone injection for purifying, in order to decreasing the bacterial content. In this way a nixtamalized product is obtained from maize with a longer duration, without adding preservative additives. Once temperature of the nixtamal is from 25 to 35 degrees Celsius the process basket ( 1 ) and nixtamal is transferred to a mill. At this point the process ends for the production of High Performance Integral Nixtamal. [0030] FIG. 2 shows the equipment for carrying the process and not shown in the flow diagram of FIG. 1 : process basket ( 1 ) wherein maize is loaded; washing tank ( 2 ) wherein the basket ( 1 ) is initially introduced; electric-controlled winch ( 9 ) and rotating structure ( 10 ) for transferring the process basket ( 1 ) to the reactor ( 3 ); reactor lid ( 12 ) which opens to admit process basket ( 1 ) within cooking tank reactor ( 3 ); a hinge and clamping system ( 14 ) for the reactor lid ( 12 ); the water solar heater ( 4 ) for supplying hot water to the reactor ( 3 ); gas burners ( 15 ) for providing required thermal energy; combustion chamber ( 5 ) for providing the required temperature to the gas burners ( 15 ) to ensure complete combustion of the gas; a chimney ( 6 ) for inducing a secondary air flow and combustion gases through chamber and outside of the reactor ( 3 ) and discharge into the atmosphere; security device ( 13 ) for avoiding overpressure and temperature measurements inside the reactor ( 3 ); bactericidal treatment equipment ( 11 ) for purifying water used at last stages of the process and for cooling Nixtamal contained in the process basket ( 1 ) wherein the water used returns to the washing tank ( 2 ) for cooling. [0042] FIG. 3 , drawing of the cooking tank reactor, which is specially designed to generating the specific conditions required for production process of the High Performance Integrated Nixtamal. [0043] The FIG. 3 shows the most important parts of the cooking tank reactor ( 3 ) indicated as follow: inner tank ( 21 ). This part is a cylindrical metal container designed to operate at pressure and high temperature; Upper metal lid ( 22 ) which can be rotated and placed vertically by hinge support ( 23 ) for admitting the process basket containing the maize to be processed inside the cooking tank reactor. flanges ( 24 ) installed in the tank ( 21 ) and the upper metal lid ( 22 ) for clamping both sides and sealing the inner and preventing outflows of heat and steam during operation; internal support ( 35 ) welded to the tank ( 21 ) for sustaining the basket; metal chimney ( 6 ). This part causes a natural induction of an air flow through reactor and combustion chamber ( 5 ); combustion chamber ( 5 ), which is metal container that provides a high temperature inside atmosphere of about 800° C. ensuring that the fuel is fed to the burners ( 28 ) without losses into the atmosphere. Chamber ( 5 ) is thermally insulated for preventing heat losses and having a device ( 29 ) for controlling a secondary air flow entering to the system. Hot air supplied by the chamber ( 5 ) is induced by chimney ( 6 ) within a high temperature chamber ( 40 ) located at the bottom of the reactor, said chamber is formed by a concentric metal ring ( 41 ) welded both the outer wall of the tank ( 21 ) and the inner wall and outer cylindrical concentric metal tank. The chamber ( 5 ) directs the ascending heated gas flow to the second chamber ( 43 ) through an annular space ( 42 ) between inner tank ( 21 ) and outer cylindrical concentric metal tank ( 42 ), wherein the annular space ( 42 ) is located and designed with an area for conducting gas flow and obtaining maximize heat transfer to the interior of pressured inner tank ( 21 ); the reactor comprises three serial additional chambers ( 43 ), ( 44 ) and ( 45 ) for heat transferring to the interior of tank ( 21 ) formed by directional concentric metal rings ( 46 ) ( 47 ) and ( 48 ) respectively, welded to the outer wall of the tank ( 21 ) and to the interior of the outer cylindrical concentric metal tank. Each of the chambers has an annular space ( 49 ), ( 50 ), and ( 51 ) respectively, spaces located between two tanks, so as to direct the ascending gas flow between a chamber and the next one, until the gas exits by the chimney ( 6 ); a outer tank is thermally insulated by 3 inch ceramic fiber ( 62 ) which is also protected by a stainless steel metal cover; a bimetallic thermometer ( 63 ) for facilitating control of process conditions, and a pressure gauge ( 64 ), both located in the lid ( 22 ). safety device for avoiding overpressure ( 65 )	A process used for the depth thermal treatment in maize for producing High Performance Integral Nixtamal, a process for treating maize under conditions different from known ones and by which a new product can be manufactured which has been called High Performance Integral Nixtamal.	0
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates to a torque converter with a rotary oscillation damper, in particular for a motor vehicle. [0002] The state of the art includes torque converters in a multitude of configurations in which rotary oscillation dampers (hereinafter referred to as dampers, for short) are an integral part. In the torque-transfer connection from a combustion engine to the input shaft of a transmission, the torque is transmitted through at least one input part of the damper by way of springs to an output part. In order to retain the springs securely in place at all times, the at least one input part and the output part are arranged intimately adjacent to each other, and as a result there is a considerable amount of friction between these parts. [0003] In order to achieve favorable damping properties in a torque-converter damper, the hysteresis should be as small as possible and, most of all, it should be uniform. [0004] In the common understanding, the term hysteresis means a deviation of the characteristic curve that represents torque as a function of the angle of rotation where, as a result of friction, the characteristic curve does not pass through the origin of the torque/angle coordinate system. In other words, due to frictional forces or torques, the torque/angle graph (under the assumption of a constant frictional force or torque) for one sense of rotation is shifted upwards, parallel to a “hypothetical torque/angle characteristic” passing through the origin, while for the opposite sense of rotation, the torque/angle graph is shifted downwards. As a result, there is a discontinuous jump in the torque at the reversal of the sense of rotation. As a further drawback, the torque/angle characteristic lacks a reversible, linear behavior around the zero point. [0005] As a further negative factor, the hysteresis (even in cases where it is small) is difficult to control over the angular range of the damper and in its behavior over long periods of time. OBJECT OF THE INVENTION [0006] Notwithstanding the multitude of damper principles already available under the present state of the art and their relatively favorable damping properties, the present invention pursues the task of providing further improvements in the damping properties of a rotary oscillation damper. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0007] According to the invention, a solution to this task is offered through a concept where the friction in specific places in the damper is lowered by means of an appropriately configured component. [0008] By this measure, the damping properties are improved in a way that was never expected before. The solution according to the invention leads to noticeable improvements of the damping behavior of so-called turbine dampers as well as purely torsional dampers particularly in torque converters. In the case of a turbine damper, the torque—and with it the rotary damping action—are transmitted through the damper even if the converter bypass clutch is disengaged. The term “purely torsional damper” in the field of automotive technology relates to a damper which is active only when the converter bypass clutch is in the engaged condition. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0009] A detailed explanation of the invention will be presented below with references to the drawings, wherein: [0010] FIG. 1 represents a sectional view of a torque converter with two axial needle bearings in the area of the damper; [0011] FIG. 2 represents a sectional view of a torque converter, wherein the left-hand input part of the damper bears axially against a synchronously rotating component; [0012] FIG. 3 represents a perspective detail view of a radially inner portion of the left-hand input part of FIG. 2 ; [0013] FIG. 4 represents a plan view of the radially inner portion (shown in FIG. 3 ) of the left-hand input part of FIG. 2 ; [0014] FIG. 5 represents a sectional view of a torque converter, where a separate component is riveted to the inner end of the left-hand input part of the damper; and [0015] FIG. 6 represents a sectional view of a torque converter, wherein the turbine hub is supported by means of a grooved ball bearing. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0016] FIG. 1 illustrates how the springs of the damper are embraced by a right-hand input part 1 , a left-hand input part 2 and an output part 3 . The radially inner portion of the output part 3 is configured as a flange and rotationally tied to a damper hub 13 . The damper hub 13 passes the damped torque on to the transmission input shaft (not shown in the drawing). An inner disk carrier 4 of the converter bypass clutch is rotationally died to the left-hand input part 2 . The turbine of the torque converter is rotationally tied to a turbine hub 5 . The turbine hub 5 is supported on an outer circumference of the damper hub 13 . The right-hand input part 1 is rotationally tied to the turbine hub 5 through meshing tooth profiles which permit axial movement. Interposed between the turbine hub 5 and the stator wheel (shown here without reference number) is a bearing 8 which is in this case configured as an axial needle bearing. Because the stator wheel and the torque converter housing are likewise rotatable relative to each other, there is also a bearing 14 —preferably a needle bearing—arranged between them. [0017] In the operation of the torque converter, the turbine is subjected to an axial thrust which, in turn, can cause further reactive forces acting against the output part 3 and the left-hand input part 2 . This axial thrust becomes stronger the larger the power that is transmitted through the torque converter. The inventors discovered that especially this part of the damper—more specifically the aforementioned reactive forces—are the source for the unfavorable (i.e., large) hysteresis. In the case of the embodiment of FIG. 1 , the solution was found in the inventive concept of arranging bearings 6 , 7 , respectively, between the left-hand input part 2 and the output part 3 as well as between the output part 3 and the turbine hub 5 . The bearings 6 , 7 in this embodiment are configured as needle bearings. They have the effect that the friction between the components that rotate relative to each other is strongly reduced, with the result that the torque/angle characteristic essentially no longer has a hysteresis. [0018] FIG. 2 illustrates a different measure by which the hysteresis of the damper was improved, i.e., reduced. In an advantageously developed embodiment of the invention, a tongue 10 , i.e., an angled-out extension of the left-hand input part 2 , reaches through a clearance opening 9 in the output part 3 (specifically the flange portion of output part 3 ) and bears against the turbine hub 5 . The tongue in this arrangement can also be used as an angle-delimiting element for the range of rotation. As the turbine hub 5 and the left-hand input part 2 are rotating synchronously (the right-hand input part 1 is rotationally tied to the turbine hub 5 through meshing tooth profiles, and part 1 is rotationally tied to part 2 ), no frictional forces will occur between the components 5 and 10 . This configuration of the damper is advantageous for the reason that no additional bearings 6 , 7 are required. By keeping the left-hand input part 2 spaced apart from the output part 3 as well as keeping the right-hand output part 1 spaced apart from the output part 3 , the friction is noticeably reduced and the damper hysteresis is improved as a result. The fact that the input parts 1 and 2 have to rotate together is also clear from the fact that they are coupled to each other by a riveted connection 15 . The riveted connection can be advantageously realized with a stepped-off tongue. [0019] In a variation that is not illustrated in the drawing, the right-hand input part 1 can extend farther inward in the radial direction, so that the tongue 10 bears against the part 1 (the tooth-profiled coupling between the right-hand input part 1 and the turbine hub 5 is in this case located radially inwards from the tongue 10 ). As the left-hand input part 2 and the right-hand input part 1 are positively spaced apart and their spacing cannot be changed by the axial thrust, there is always enough room left for the output part 3 so that essentially no friction can occur between the output part and the input parts. [0020] In order to show the shape of the tongue 10 more clearly, the respective portion of FIG. 2 is presented in an enlarged detail view in FIG. 3 . The tongue 10 is formed of the sheet metal of the left-hand input part 2 through an appropriate die-cutting operation with simultaneous or subsequent bending of the tongue 10 . With the additional plan view in FIG. 4 , the arrangement and design of the tongue 10 become self-explanatory. [0021] FIG. 5 represents a variation of the embodiment of FIG. 2 . The purpose of FIG. 5 is to demonstrate that the inventive concept for reducing friction can also be realized with a spacer bolt 11 . The spacer bolt 11 is riveted to the left-hand input part 2 . Like the tongue 10 in FIG. 2 , the spacer bolt 11 bears against the turbine hub 5 , whereby frictional forces and torques between the input parts 1 , 2 and the output part 3 can be noticeably reduced. Also to be mentioned in this context is a diaphragm spring 12 , which is arranged between the output part 3 and the left-hand input part 2 in the embodiment of FIG. 5 . With an exactly defined tension in the diaphragm spring 12 , it is on the one hand possible to realize a finely regulated amount of friction and on the other hand to impede the return flow of oil, so that a stronger oil stream can flow over the friction surfaces of the disk clutch. [0022] In the embodiment of FIG. 6 , a bearing 14 is arranged between the damper hub 13 and the turbine hub 5 . The bearing 14 is configured as a grooved ball bearing, so that it can on the hand absorb radial forces and at the same time withstand axial forces which act for example from the right through a stepped rim at the inside circumference of the turbine hub 5 . [0023] However, according to the invention, the friction-reducing measures can also include gliding bearings. The latter have the advantage that they cost in most cases less than roller bearings. Conceivable materials for gliding bearings include bronze alloys, sinter materials, as well as synthetics such as Teflon. [0024] The scope of the invention further includes combinations of roller bearings, gliding bearings, and spacer elements such as tongues 10 or spacer bolts 11 . LIST OF REFERENCE SYMBOLS [0000] 1 right-hand input part 2 left-hand input part 3 output part 4 inner disk carrier 5 turbine hub 6 bearing 7 bearing 8 bearing 9 clearance opening in the flange 10 tongue on the left-hand input part 11 spacer bolt 12 diaphragm spring 13 damper hub (hub of the transmission input shaft) 14 bearing 15 riveted connection	A torque converter with a rotary oscillation damper has two or more rotary damper components that are rotatable in relation to each other. A friction-reducing component is arranged between the rotary damper components.	5
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates to a self-leveling street sewer which, while serving both to collect surface water and to channel such water via a connecting conduit to the main storm sewer, supports a grating over which vehicular traffic can travel. In contrast both to the conventional street sewer and to the various concepts that have already formed the subject matter of previous inventions, the proposed self-leveling sewer does not require the installation of an immobile concrete structure since the frame is supported by the street foundation itself, while the tubular section is coupled to the connecting conduit. [0002] A conventional sewer comprises a concrete structure that consists of a base upon which are seated a plurality of elevating rings up to a predetermined height. The base, which is situated below the frost line, sits upon a cushion of granular material that has been tightly packed in order to prevent the base from shifting over the years and moving the structure away from its predetermined height level. A connecting conduit connects the base to the main storm sewer. A frame, of circular or rectangular shape, as well as a grating of cast iron, are installed upon the upper portion of the immobile concrete structure. This type of installation permanently fixes the level at which the frame sits. The street foundation, which comprises granular material, and layers of paving material, are compacted all about the frame. This rather conventional method of installation, however, is attended by a number of disadvantages. With respect to the pavement, two problems ensue. Firstly, over the years, the foundation of the street settles considerably, a phenomenon that causes the level of the roadway to drop. Since the concrete structure is fixed in place, the frame is incapable of following the downward movement of the roadway surface and accordingly remains at a higher level. Secondly, the freezing that takes place every winter expands the foundation of the street and thereby raises the road surface. Since the depth at which the immobile concrete structure sits renders it insusceptible to such frost action, the frame always remains at its original level and therefore ends up sitting below the roadway surface. Such annual up-and-down movement of the earth (frost in the wintertime and thawing in the spring) gives rise to considerable deterioration in the immediate area of the conventional street sewer. [0003] The underlying immobile supporting concrete structure is also a source of problems for the surrounding street foundation due to the presence of elevating rings that are raised up when the ground freezes. Such elevation of the rings creates a space in which small rocks, which come from the surrounding earth, can become lodged and so act to prevent the elevating rings from returning to their initial position during times of thaw. This opening in the underlying concrete structure permits infiltration of sand and gravel which results in the formation of a cavity in the street foundation and a weakening of the road surface in the immediate vicinity of the street sewer in question. Under loading, such small rocks act like punches to crack the elevating rings and so accelerate the deterioration of the underlying immobile concrete structure. In addition, municipal snow removal equipment may incur damage (when snow plows and graders strike the exposed frames), travellers in vehicles may experience discomfort and private motor vehicles may sustain damage. Frames sitting lower than the roadway surface can, particularly when traveled over by heavy vehicles such as buses, also give rise to vibrations that disturb the quiet in adjacent residential areas. [0004] A number of prior art patents have proposed a variety of concepts in response to the foregoing problems. Canadian patents No. 2, 151, 069 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,172) and No.1,287,247 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,906,128) as well as U.S. Pat. No. 3,858,998 feature frames that always sit upon an underlying fixed load-absorbing concrete structure. Furthermore, the frame used in these systems must be adjusted manually. [0005] Canadian patents No.1,270,138 and No.1,172,050 feature a peripheral strip supported upon a base that itself sits directly upon an underlying immobile concrete structure. The frame lifts up during the cold season when the ground expands and returns to its initial level during thaw. In this case as well, the prior art system uses both an underlying immobile load-absorbing concrete structure and a frame that will sit higher than the roadway surface when the street foundation settles some years later. [0006] Canadian patents No. 2,222,964 and No. 2,212,401 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,109,824) feature a frame that is embedded in the street foundation and a section or head that allows the frame to move both vertically and angularly. These parts are designed to adapt to an underlying immobile concrete structure. However, in many cases, such parts cannot always be used to replace conventional street sewers that have already been in use for many years. The aforementioned problems are the most clearly evident in these systems, since it has been noted with respect to many such sewers that the height available between the top of the base and the road surface is not sufficient either to accommodate both parts and frame or to afford enough space to permit their effective operation. This situation has also been noted with respect to a great many conventional street sewers in more recent housing projects where the minimal depth has permitted the use of fewer elevating rings. It is absolutely essential to the proper functioning of the aforementioned inventions that the frame never touch the section or the head, lest it lose its ability to descend again. In addition, the available height must not be too restrictive, since the frame will end up being supported only on top of the ground above the base instead of on top of the street foundation. Since the magnitude of the expansion of the earth through freezing depends on thickness, the earth situated between the top of the base and the frame will add a vertical differential less than the relatively greater thickness of the street foundation that is situated beneath the pavement. In order to increase the space available between the base and the surface of the roadway, it is necessary to lower the base, which greatly increases installation costs. In addition, the presence of rock must be taken into consideration. Furthermore, adequate slope must be maintained for the connecting conduit, which translates into added excavation, and therefore extra costs. [0007] It has been noted with respect to Patent No. 2,212,401 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,109,824), that there is a problem of access to the bell that is situated in the base 6 of nearly all street sewers and whose function is to prevent floating debris from entering the main storm sewer and being carried into waterways. In essence, the positioning of the drainage conduit 9 permits maintenance crews to have direct access to said bell, but the notable feature of this invention, which is the eccentric position of the opening in head 5 , does not in any way address the issue of access but rather only facilitates the positioning of frame 3 relative to the sidewalk or the curb line. This invention is also attended by problems arising from the lack of similarity between walls 37 and 38 , a consequence of which being that both sides of frame 3 cannot sit equally upon the underlying ground, a situation that will likely cause frame 3 to rock back and forth. [0008] In accordance with the novel concept proposed in the present invention, the frame comprises a horizontal or sloping external wall that permits loads to be transmitted directly to the underlying ground. This having been done, the frame compacts the surrounding underlying earth, thus providing for its own support, whereby the frame “floats”, similarly to the pavement, on top of the street foundation. The frame will then perforce, simply, automatically and naturally, and without human intervention, follow, in the manner of the pavement, the up-and-down movements of the street foundation. The simultaneous movements of both frame and pavement will obviate any deterioration of the pavement surrounding the novel structure. [0009] In all prior patents, the immobile underlying concrete structure is needed to support a number of elements that are germane and essential to the invention. Since the novel concept presently proposed does not contemplate any parts requiring support, the underlying fixed concrete structure is not needed. The concrete structure is replaced by a tubular section that is freely connected to the frame at its upper extremity and is coupled to the connecting conduit at its other extremity or, if a tank is present, at a certain distance along the wall thereof. The flexibility of the tubular section permits angular displacements of the frame. A tubular section of greater rigidity is permitted to displace angularly owing to the inclination of the lower wall of the frame. Insertion of a rubber collar between the upper extremity of the tubular section and the lower portion of the frame prevents infiltrations. The frame is free to displace along the tubular section. [0010] This arrangement saves on labour and costs and reduces project complexity. There is no longer any heavy concrete structure to be manipulated, the cost of the tubular section is less than that of the immobile concrete structure and, since there is no frame to damage the compacting equipment and the diameter of the tubular section is smaller, the work of compacting about the tubular section is both facilitated and rendered more effective. Since the available height between the roadway and the connecting conduit may be severely limited, this novel concept can be used for old sewer installations where the connecting conduit is not situated at any great depth. In such cases, it is only a matter of adjusting the tubular section. Where older street sewers are to be renovated, and everything depends on dimensions and depth, the old base can be left in place and the tank of the tubular section slid toward it, or the extremity of the tubular section not having a tank can be connected to the existing connecting conduit, thus further facilitating installation and reducing costs. The space remaining in the base can then be filled in with granular material, which is then compacted. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0011] In one aspect of the invention, there is provided a self-leveling system that serves to prevent damage to the surrounding roadway and both a gully-hole and a street sewer. The system has both a frame comprising an upper portion and a lower portion, the frame being free to displace vertically and angularly, and a tubular section. The upper portion comprises a horizontal wall supported on the ground serving as the foundation thereof and transmitting the forces applied to the frame, and this in such a manner that the frame is supported by the ground. The upper portion has a downwardly-inclined internal wall serving to direct runoff water toward the tubular section. The upper extremity of the tubular section is engaged inside the lower portion. The frame is capable of sliding the length of the external wall of the tubular section so as to be able to displace vertically as a consequence of the expansion of the ground or of the settling of the ground. The frame is capable of positioning itself at an angle relative to the axis of the tubular section as a consequence of ground movement or so as to accommodate the slope of the ground. [0012] In another aspect of the invention there is provided a self-leveling system designed to prevent damage to the roadway surrounding a gully-hole and a street sewer. The system comprises both a frame comprising both an upper portion and a lower portion, the frame being free to displace vertically and angularly and a tubular section. The upper portion comprises a support surface that is supported upon the ground which serves as the foundation thereof for the purpose of transmitting the forces applied to the frame in such a way that the frame is supported by the ground. The upper extremity of the tubular section is engaged inside the lower portion. The lower portion is preferably conical. The frame is capable of sliding along the external wall of the tubular section so as to allow the frame to displace in the vertical direction as a result of the expansion of the ground that is occasioned by the frost or as a result of the settling of the ground. The frame is capable of positioning itself at an angle relative to the axis of the tubular section as a result of ground movement or so as to follow the slope of the ground. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS [0013] With regard to the illustrations and drawings that illustrate the concept proposed herein: [0014] [0014]FIG. 1 shows the installation of a self-leveling street sewer together with a frame having an inclined external wall; [0015] [0015]FIG. 2 shows a self-leveling street sewer together with a frame having a horizontal external wall; [0016] [0016]FIG. 3 shows the installation of a self-leveling street sewer together with a tubular section having a tank at its lower extremity; [0017] [0017]FIG. 4 is a plan view of the frame that shows the eccentricity between the upper opening and the lower opening of the frame; [0018] [0018]FIG. 5 is a plan view of the frame which shows the alignment of the upper opening with the lower opening of the frame. [0019] [0019]FIG. 6 shows a section through a gully-hole together with an embodiment of the self-leveling system in accordance with the present invention; [0020] [0020]FIG. 7 shows a section through a street sewer together with an embodiment of the self-leveling system in accordance with the present invention; [0021] [0021]FIG. 8 shows a section through the frame of an embodiment of the self-leveling system; and [0022] [0022]FIG. 9 shows a plan view of the frame of an embodiment of the self-leveling system. [0023] While the invention will be described in conjunction with illustrated embodiments, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to such embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0024] For installation in a new street of a self-leveling street sewer similar to that shown in FIG. 1, tubular section 5 is installed at the same time as both the main storm sewer 11 and the connecting conduit 6 . Tubular section 5 is coupled to one extremity of connecting conduit 6 by means of a coupling element 12 . The foundation 4 of the street is then constructed by compacting the granular material layer by layer, while each of the layers surrounding tubular section 5 is carefully and tightly compacted. Both the small diameter of tubular section 5 and the absence at this stage of frame 1 , facilitates compacting all around said section. At this stage, the upper extremity of tubular section 5 extends above the final level of street foundation 4 in order both that the frame 1 can be properly positioned and that no granular material will find its way into tubular section 5 . Once street foundation 4 has been well compacted, a small excavation in accordance with the dimensions of frame 1 and the slope of inclined external wall 2 is made manually around tubular section 5 , so that frame 1 can be set into position. As frame 1 is being set into the aforedescribed small excavation up to the level of the first layer of pavement 7 , the upper portion of tubular section 5 slides inside lower portion 3 . Once frame 1 has been properly embedded with external inclined wall 2 resting upon street foundation 4 , the upper extremity of tubular section 5 is cut below the lower limit of inclined internal wall 10 , so as not to impede the flow of runoff water. The first layer of pavement 7 is laid down and then compacted. The equipment used to pack down the layer of pavement 7 also does a circuit around frame 1 and grating 8 , so that everything will be uniformly compacted. Frame 1 is thus properly embedded in both street foundation 4 and pavement 7 and is free to displace along the upper extremity of tubular section 5 as it follows the movements of the underlying earth that supports it. When the second layer of pavement 7 is being laid down, an operation that can be accomplished immediately or afterwards, frame 1 remains in position and an elevating frame 9 is employed to lift grating 8 up to the same level as the second layer of pavement 7 . The second layer of pavement 7 is laid down and compacted and the compacting equipment also circulates around the elevating frame 9 and grating 8 so that everything can be uniformly compacted. Thus, elevating frame 9 is directly supported upon frame 1 and is properly embedded in pavement 7 . The movements of frame 1 are similar to those of pavement 7 , both when this occurs during settling of street foundation 4 and during the up-and-down movements caused by alternating thawing and freezing. Frame 1 , being free to displace along the upper extremity of tubular section 5 , follows the movements of the underlying earth that supports it and thus, in the manner of pavement 7 , “floats” on top of street foundation 4 . [0025] In order to replace a conventional street sewer with a self-leveling street sewer, the immobile concrete structure is removed. It is also possible to remove only the elevating rings and leave the base in the ground. Tubular section 5 is coupled to connecting conduit 6 by means of a coupling element 12 and the excavation (and the base, if necessary) is filled in with compacted granular material. The rest of the installation procedure with respect to this arrangement is similar to that for a new street. [0026] [0026]FIG. 2 shows that the upper portion of frame 1 can possess a horizontal external wall 2 , and, with respect to capacity to transmit loads directly to the surrounding underlying earth and permit frame 1 to be supported upon street foundation 4 , confer the same advantages as external inclined wall 2 . This equivalency derives from the fact that the load produced by horizontal external wall 2 is directed vertically and obliquely downward due to the absence of any underlying structure. Internal inclined wall 10 remains to direct surface water toward tubular section 5 . [0027] [0027]FIG. 3 shows that tubular section 5 can possess an extremity embodied as a tank 13 for the purpose of holding floating debris 14 carried along with the surface water, and this in order to prevent such debris from entering the main storm sewer 11 . Lower portion 3 possesses an inclined wall in order to permit the angular displacement of frame 1 given the slope of the roadway. A rubber collar 15 serves to prevent infiltrations. A bell 16 is so installed in relation to the lower opening of frame 1 as to be accessible from the outside while permitting floating debris 14 to remain in tank 13 . Where a conventional street sewer is to be replaced by a self-leveling street sewer possessing a tubular section featuring a tank 13 , the immobile concrete structure is removed. It is also possible to remove only the elevating rings and leave the base in the ground. Tank 13 is then slid into the base, tubular section 5 is coupled to connecting conduit 6 by means of coupling element 12 and the excavation is filled in with compacted granular material. The rest of the installation procedure is the same as that for a new street. [0028] [0028]FIG. 4 illustrates a plan view showing the eccentricity of the opening in the lower portion relative to the opening of the upper portion thereof. While the opening in the lower portion is situated toward the outer edge of the roadway, this eccentricity permits horizontal or inclined external wall 2 of frame 1 to present a larger support surface toward the inside of the roadway, i.e. the area where repetitive vehicular loading is more prevalent. Such increased support surface will prevent frame 1 from tilting towards the inside of the roadway. [0029] In cases in which loads originate from all sides, such as, for example, in the middle of a parking lot, the two openings in frame 1 are aligned as shown in FIG. 5. Such centering of the lower opening permits horizontal or inclined external wall 2 to present a support surface of equal size on both opposing sides. [0030] For the installation of a street sewer or a gully-hole together with the embodiment of the self-leveling system as illustrated in FIGS. 6, 7 or 8 , tubular section 105 is installed in foundation 104 . At this stage, the upper extremity of tubular section 105 extends beyond the final level of foundation 104 in order to prevent granular material from infiltrating tubular section 105 . Once foundation 104 has been well compacted, a small excavation, in accordance with the shape and dimensions of the lower portion of frame 101 , is made manually around tubular section 105 in order to allow placement of frame 101 in this location. Frame 101 is set in place by engaging the upper portion of tubular section 105 inside lower portion 103 until the surface of support 106 is properly seated upon foundation 104 . As shown, lower portion 103 is preferably conical, angled inwardly towards tubular section 105 . Collar 108 permits formation of a watertight seal between tubular section 105 and frame 101 . Once frame 101 has been properly seated upon foundation 104 , the upper extremity of tubular section 105 is cut in order to allow placement of cover 102 or grating 109 . Next, the layers of pavement 107 are laid down and compacted. [0031] [0031]FIG. 8 shows that, given the dimensions of the covers and the gratings, the shape of frame 101 can be varied depending on the diameter of tubular section 105 . In some cases, upper portion 112 can feature an external wall 110 that is supported upon foundation 104 . Such external wall 110 thus allows a certain degree of support upon foundation 104 , but the limited surface of such external wall 110 is not sufficient to permit adequate load bearing. A support surface 106 must therefore be added. Support surface 106 also permits the addition of vanes 111 which serve to stabilize upper portion 112 of frame 101 . [0032] Thus, it is apparent that there has been provided in accordance with the invention a self-leveling system for sewers and gulley holes that fully satisfies the objects, aims and advantages set forth above. While the invention has been described in conjunction with illustrated embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the invention. [0033] Amendments to the Specification: [0034] Please replace the paragraph [0006] beginning at page 3, line 5 with the following amended paragraph: [0035] Canadian patents No. 2,222,964 2,222,954 and No. 2,212,401 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,109,824) feature a frame that is embedded in the street foundation and a section or head that allows the frame to move both vertically and angularly. These parts are designed to adapt to an underlying immobile concrete structure. However, in many cases, such parts cannot always be used to replace conventional street sewers that have already been in use for many years. The aforementioned problems are the most clearly evident in these systems, since it has been noted with respect to many such sewers that the height available between the top of the base and the road surface is not sufficient either to accommodate both parts and frame or to afford enough space to permit their effective operation. This situation has also been noted with respect to a great many conventional street sewers in more recent housing projects where the minimal depth has permitted the use of fewer elevating rings. It is absolutely essential to the proper functioning of the aforementioned inventions that the frame never touch the section or the head, lest it lose its ability to descend again. In addition, the available height must not be too restrictive, since the frame will end up being supported only on top of the ground above the base instead of on top of the street foundation. Since the magnitude of the expansion of the earth through freezing depends on thickness, the earth situated between the top of the base and the frame will add a vertical differential less than the relatively greater thickness of the street foundation that is situated beneath the pavement. In order to increase the space available between the base and the surface of the roadway, it is necessary to lower the base, which greatly increases installation costs. In addition, the presence of rock must be taken into consideration. Furthermore, adequate slope must be maintained for the connecting conduit, which translates into added excavation, and therefore extra costs.	Existing street sewers consist of an immobile concrete structure supporting a frame. The present invention, the self-leveling street sewer, comprises a frame that floats on the foundation of the street and a tubular section that is connected to the connecting conduit. Since the frame is supported only by the street foundation, the immobile concrete structure is no longer required.	4
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/644,275 entitled “WIFI MOTOR” filed on May 8, 2012 which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes in its entirety. BACKGROUND Window coverings can be used to cover a window and/or a portion of a wall. In many cases, window coverings can be used for managing sunlight, creating privacy, or other functional purposes. Window coverings can additionally provide a variety of decorative features to enhance the enjoyment of a space. Some window coverings are attached to a motorized window covering assembly to aid a user in opening and closing the window covering. Motorized window covering assemblies holding window coverings such as curtains and blinds are often unattractive due to the visual appearance of the motor assembly and related parts. For example, motors used to automate the opening and closing of the window coverings may be located in plain sight or may be covered by a light window covering fabric, creating an unpleasant visual experience for the user. Where control lines or wires are needed to control the motors, they may be run so as to create an eye sore. A setup box has historically been needed to integrate traditional motors into WiFi systems for controlling the motors remotely. The setup box may be located in plain sight or in a location that is visually unattractive. There is a need for motor assemblies that increase the attractiveness of motorized window covering assemblies. Motorized window covering assemblies are costly. The setup boxes, which have historically been needed to integrate traditional motors into WiFi systems for controlling the motors remotely, have a limited range. Consequently, a number of setup boxes may be needed when the motors are spread over a wide range (e.g., throughout a house or building). Additionally, the setup boxes are costly, increasing the cost of installing motorized window covering assemblies. There is further cost associated with devices used by users, such as remote controls, to send commands to the window covering assemblies to open and close the window coverings. There is a need to reduce the cost of installing motorized window covering assemblies. Motorized window covering assemblies historically could only be controlled by a user when the user was within a limited range. The devices used by users to send commands to the window covering assemblies have a limited range. A user outside of this range will not be able to control, for example, a window shade in their bedroom or living room. In houses or buildings with a large number of motorized window covering assemblies, a single user with a single device may not be able to control each of the window covering assemblies in the house or building. This prevents, for example, a central command center in a large building from controlling all the motorized window covering assemblies in the building. There is a need to improve the ability to control motorized window covering assemblies. SUMMARY Various embodiments of the present invention are directed to apparatuses and methods of motorized window covering assemblies. More specifically, various embodiments of the present invention relate to apparatuses and methods of attractive motorized window covering assemblies, of low cost motorized window covering assemblies, of controllable motorized window covering assemblies, or of other features of motorized window covering assemblies. It is not necessary for all embodiments of the invention to have all the advantages of the invention or fulfill all the purposes of the invention. The use of a motor with an integrated WiFi interface enables the elimination of the setup box, resulting in a lower cost. Eliminating the setup box and any lines or wires associated with the setup box additionally eliminates the eye sore that they may pose. This, along with an elongated motor assembly used in some embodiments, enables the motor assembly to be made less noticeable by, for example, making the motor assembly easier to hide or camouflage. As one example of hiding the motor assembly, an elongated motor assembly, comprising an elongated casing surrounding the motor and the control board, is hidden inside of the window covering holder. As another example, the elongated motor assembly is integrated into other parts of the physical structure of the window covering assembly in a manner that makes the motor assembly less noticeable. Hiding or camouflaging the motor assembly makes the motorized window covering assembly correspondingly more attractive. Using a remote device (e.g., a laptop), an IP address can be assigned to each motor, enabling each motor to be individually addressed and controlled from any remote device located anywhere in the world with access to the internet. This enables an increased ability to control the motorized window assemblies. For example, a user in an office building control station can, using one remote device, or one server configured as a central control system, control any of the motorized window covering assemblies in the building. Some embodiments of the disclosed apparatus comprise a motor, a window covering holder coupled to the motor, and a control board communicably coupled to the motor. The control board includes a WiFi interface to receive control signals. The control board controls, by providing current or voltage, operation of the motor in accordance with the control signals received through the WiFi interface. The motor causes at least a portion of the window covering holder to move such that a window covering attached to the window covering holder would also move. The motor can be a DC motor, a brushed DC motor, a brushless DC motor, an AC motor, or a stepper motor. The control board can include a motor control unit having at least one control interface. The window covering can be attached to the window covering holder. The window covering can be a curtain, a blind, a drape, a screen, a shade, a roller, or a shutter. The control board provided current or voltage to control the operation of the motor can communicate digital signals. Some of the embodiments can further include a power supply board, a step-down transformer, or a rectifier, and can additionally include an RF interface communicably coupled to the control board. An RF device can send control signals which are received through the RF interface, and the control board can control the operation of the motor in accordance with the received control signals. The WiFi interface and the RF interface can be an integrated WiFi/RF module. In some embodiments, an elongated casing surrounds the motor and the control board. The window covering holder can be the elongated casing surrounding the motor and the control board. The window covering holder and the elongated casing can both have a cylindrical shape. A portion of the window covering holder can be hollow, and the elongated casing, including the motor and the control board that it surrounds, can be located inside of the hollow portion of the window covering holder. The hollow portion of the window covering holder can extend from a first end of the window covering holder to a second end of the window covering holder, and the elongated casing can extend from the first end of the window covering holder to the second end of the window covering holder. The second end of the window covering holder can have an end cap, and the second end of the casing can have an end cap. The elongated casing can be made of a composite material, for example plastic. The elongated casing can be made be for dissipating heat, absorbing noise, reducing weight, or preventing electrical conduction. Some embodiments comprise an elongated motor assembly and a window covering holder coupled to the elongated motor assembly. The elongated motor assembly includes a motor, a control board communicably coupled to the motor, and an elongated casing enclosing the motor and the control board. The control board controls operation of the motor in accordance with received control signals. The window covering holder and the elongated casing both have a cylindrical shape. A portion of the window covering holder is hollow, and the elongated motor assembly is located inside of the hollow portion of the window covering holder. The operation of the motor causes at least a portion of the window covering assembly to move such that a window covering attached to the window covering holder would also move. Some of the embodiments can include an RF interface communicably coupled to the control board. The received control signals, which can be sent by an RF device, can be received via the RF interface. Some embodiments are methods for controlling a WiFi motorized window covering assembly, the method comprising receiving control signals and controlling the operation of a motor in accordance with the received control signals. The control signals are received by a WiFi interface on a control board communicably coupled to a motor. An elongated casing surrounds the motor and the control board. The motor is mechanically coupled with a window covering holder. The operation of the motor causes at least a portion of the window covering holder to move such that a window covering attached to the window covering holder would also move. The control signals that are received by the WiFi interface can be generated by a remote device. The remote device can download an application to enable the remote device to generate the control signals that are received by the WiFi interface. The control signals can be transmitted through a network, or they can be received by the WiFi interface directly from the remote device. Some of the embodiments further comprise receiving, by an RF interface on the control board, control signals from an RF device. The WiFi interface and the RF interface can be an integrated WiFi/RF module. The remote device generated control signals can be received by a plurality of WiFi interfaces, each WiFi interface on a control board communicably coupled to a motor. Some embodiments comprise a plurality of WiFi motorized window covering assemblies, a network, a central control system, and at least one remote device. The central control system sends a common command to at least two of the plurality of WiFi motorized window covering assemblies. A user undertakes one sequence of steps that causes the central command system to send the common command. Some of the embodiments further comprise at least one RF device. While multiple embodiments are disclosed, still other embodiments of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which shows and describes illustrative embodiments of the invention. As will be realized, the invention is capable of modifications in various aspects, all without departing from the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not restrictive. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Embodiments of the present invention will be described and explained through the use of the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 illustrates a motor assembly; FIG. 2 illustrates a casing; FIG. 3 illustrates a motorized window covering assembly with an attached window covering; FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a control board; FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating operations for controlling a WiFi motorized window covering assembly; and FIG. 6 illustrates a network of WiFi/RF motorized window covering assemblies. The drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be expanded or reduced to help improve the understanding of the embodiments of the present invention. Similarly, some components and/or operations may be separated into different blocks or combined into a single block for the purposes of discussion of some of the embodiments of the present invention. Moreover, while the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are described in detail below. The intention, however, is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Various embodiments of the present invention are directed to apparatuses and methods of motorized window covering assemblies. More specifically, various embodiments of the present invention relate to apparatuses and methods of attractive motorized window covering assemblies, of low cost motorized window covering assemblies, of controllable motorized window covering assemblies, or of other features of motorized window covering assemblies. It is not necessary for all embodiments of the invention to have all the advantages of the invention or fulfill all the purposes of the invention. TERMINOLOGY Brief definitions of terms, abbreviations, and phrases used throughout this application are given below. The terms “connected” or “coupled” and related terms are used in an operational sense and are not necessarily limited to a direct physical connection or coupling. Thus, for example, two devices may be coupled directly, or via one or more intermediary media or devices. As another example, devices may be coupled in such a way that information can be passed there between, while not sharing any physical connection with one another. Based on the disclosure provided herein, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate a variety of ways in which connection or coupling exists in accordance with the aforementioned definition. The phrases “in some embodiments,” “according to various embodiments,” “in the embodiments shown,” “in one embodiment,” “in other embodiments,” “various embodiments,” “some embodiments,” and the like generally mean the particular feature, structure, or characteristic following the phrase is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention, and may be included in more than one embodiment of the present invention. In addition, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiments or to different embodiments. If the specification states a component or feature “may”, “can”, “could”, or “might” be included or have a characteristic, that particular component or feature is not required to be included or have the characteristic. The term “module” refers broadly to software, hardware, or firmware (or any combination thereof) components. Modules are typically functional components that can generate useful data or other output using specified input(s). A module may or may not be self-contained. An application program (also called an “application”) may include one or more modules, or a module can include one or more application programs. General Description FIG. 1 illustrates a motor assembly in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention. As illustrated in FIG. 1 , the motor assembly is an elongated motor assembly and includes a control board 105 , a WiFi/RF module 110 , a motor 115 , a casing 120 , a heat sink 125 , and a power supply board 130 . Other embodiments of the present invention can include some or all of these components. Still yet, additional components and/or modules can be included in some embodiments of the motor assembly. Control board 105 includes an interface module for transmitting and receiving data and/or commands for controlling motor 115 . The interface module is an integrated WiFi/RF module 110 . The WiFi/RF module 110 is configured to transmit and/or receive data, control signals, or commands through a network, such as network 605 in FIG. 6 , or directly to/from an RF device, such as RF device 625 in FIG. 6 , or a remote device, such as remote device 620 in FIG. 6 . The control signals received through the WiFi/RF module 110 are converted, by control board 105 , into a current or voltage to control the operation of the motor in accordance with the control signals. The current or voltage can communicate digital signals which represent the control signals and/or the commands for controlling the operation of the motor 115 . The digital signals can be received by one or more components or devices that convert the received digital signals into a second current or voltage that powers the motor such that motor operates in accordance with the received digital signals which represent the control signals. Alternatively, the control board 105 converted current or voltage can power the motor such that motor operates in accordance with the received control signals. The powering of the motor by the current or voltage can involve the current or voltage powering the motor directly, or can involve the current or voltage entering components, devices, or circuits such as rectifiers, transformers, step down transformers, waveform conditioning circuits, and/or waveform amplifying circuits and being transformed into a third current or voltage which can power the motor such that motor operates in accordance with the received control signals. The WiFi/RF module can be used to interface with wireless networks, remote devices, and/or RF devices, such as RF device 625 of FIG. 6 , which can be an RF remote control, or an RF remote using touch, Wii technology, or voice interface. Remote devices, such as remote device 620 in FIG. 6 , include smart phones, tablets, laptops, personal computers, computers, servers, and/or other devices used to control the operation of the motor. Using a remote device, an IP address can be assigned to each motor. Various embodiments allow the user to download one or more applications to a remote device to provide a user interface on the remote device to control the operation of the motor. Once a motor is assigned an IP address, it can send and/or receive data, control signals, or commands to/from any other device with an IP address, and the operation of the motor can be controlled according to any received control signals or commands. Using a remote device, a user can control the operation of the motor from anywhere in the world as long as the remote device has Internet access at that location. The remote device can send and/or receive data, control signals, or commands to/from the motor over a network, for example, a local area network, a wide area network, a cellular network, and/or the internet. The data, control signals, or commands can be sent/received over the network to/from a device that can relay the data, control signals, or commands over a wireless network to/from the WiFi module 110 . Once received through the WiFi/RF module 110 , the control board controls the operation of the motor in accordance with the received control signals or commands. Motor 115 can be any type of motor and can be chosen based on the desired application, cost, power requirements, availability, and/or other criteria. For example, the motor can be a DC motor, a brushed DC motor, a brushless DC motor, an AC motor, a stepper motor, and the like. Depending on the type of motor and application, a motor control module/unit can be communicably coupled to control board 105 . The motor control module/unit can provide the necessary interface signals for controlling motor 115 . Casing 120 is an elongated casing and can be used to surround control board 105 and motor 115 . Additionally, other components can be enclosed within casing 120 such as, but not limited to heat sink 125 , power supply board 130 , a step-down transformer, a rectifier, waveform conditioning circuits, waveform amplifying circuits, and/or other components. FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary casing. Casing 205 is an elongated casing and can have a variety of properties such as, but not limited to, preventing electrical conduction (i.e. being an electrical insulator), quick heat dissipation, noise absorption, and/or being light weight. Casing 205 can be made of one or more composite materials such as plastic. Casing 205 can have any elongated shape. For example, casing 205 can have a cylindrical shape. The cylindrically shaped elongated casing 205 has a circular cross section 210 . The elongated casing 205 can have an elongated shape where the cross section is a square, a rectangle, an oval, a triangle, a pentagon, a trapezoid, a hexagon, an octagon, or some other shape. In some embodiments, the shape of the elongated casing is chosen to optimize the ability to locate the motor assembly (e.g., the elongated casing 205 and an enclosed motor and control board) inside of a window covering holder, so as to hide the motor assembly from view. To enable the hiding of the motor assembly, the window covering holder can have a hollow portion inside of which the motor assembly is located. In some of the embodiments where the window covering holder has a cylindrical shape and a cross section that is a circle, the window covering holder can have a hollow portion that has a similar but smaller cross section and shape. In order to locate the motor assembly inside of this window covering holder, the motor assembly can have a similar and even smaller cross section and shape, sized so as to enable the elongated casing 205 , including an enclosed motor and circuit board, to fit in the hollow portion of the window covering holder. In some of the embodiments, the window covering holder can have a complex shape and can have a hollow portion that has, for example, a square or rectangular or irregularly shaped cross section. In each of these examples, the elongated casing can have a shape that is optimized to fit inside of the hollow portion of the window covering holder. In the case of the window covering holder having a hollow portion with a rectangular or square cross section, the casing can have a similar but smaller cross section sized so as to enable the elongated casing 205 , including an enclosed motor and circuit board, to fit in the hollow portion of the window covering holder. In the case of the window covering holder having a hollow portion with an irregularly shaped cross section, the elongated casing can have a shape and associated cross section chosen to optimize the ability to locate the motor assembly inside of the hollow portion of the window covering holder. FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary motorized window covering assembly with an attached window covering. Window covering holder 330 holds window covering 325 . Window covering holder 330 has a hollow portion, inside of which the motor assembly is located, the motor assembly comprising the elongated casing 320 , the enclosed motor 315 and the enclosed circuit board 305 , both the motor 315 and circuit board 305 enclosed in the elongated casing 320 . The circuit board includes WiFi/RF module 310 . The hollow portion of window covering holder 330 can extent a portion of the length of window covering holder 330 , or can extend the entire length of window covering holder 330 . The elongated casing 320 can extend a portion of the length of window covering holder 330 , or can extend the entire length of window covering holder 330 . The window covering holder 330 can have an end cap on one end, and the elongated casing 320 can similarly have an end cap on one end. In some embodiments, window covering holder 330 is the elongated casing enclosing motor 315 and control board 305 (i.e. there is no separate elongated casing and window covering holder, they are one and the same). Window covering holder 330 can hold the window covering by the window covering 325 being attached to the window covering holder 330 . The window covering 325 can be attached to the window covering holder 330 by an adhesive. The window covering 325 can be attached to the window covering holder 330 by a portion of the window covering 325 being inserted into a slot, hole, groove or a trench of window covering holder 330 . The window covering 325 can be attached to the window covering holder 330 with fasteners such as screws, nails, pins, clips, rivets, clamps, staples, and other types of fasteners. Window covering holder 330 can have various shapes and still be functional. As a non-limiting example, window covering holder 330 can be a curtain track and associated curtain carriers. The curtain track can accommodate a curtain carrier that rolls/glides in the track of the curtain track. The curtain carrier can have a hook for attaching to the window covering, an example of the window covering being a curtain. In this example, the operation of the motor causes a portion of the curtain holder (i.e. the curtain carrier) to move (i.e. to roll/glide in the track), such that a window covering (i.e. a curtain) attached to the window covering holder (i.e. a curtain hung on the curtain carrier hooks) would also move. As is well known to those skilled in the art, there are many different types of window covering holders and many different ways of attaching window coverings to those window cover holders. Some examples of window covering holders and methods of attaching window coverings to the window covering holder are provided to help make the disclosure more understandable, and the examples are not intended to be limiting in any way. One skilled in the art will be able to select a variety of window covering holders and, for each, an appropriate method of attaching a window covering to the window covering holder. FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary control board. An exemplary control board 405 comprises processor(s) 410 , main memory 420 , non-volatile memory 425 , WiFi/RF module 430 , and bus 415 . The WiFi/RF module 430 receives and/or transmits control signals, commands and/or data, the receiving and/or transmitting accomplishing communication between WiFi/RF module 430 and an RF device, such as RF device 625 of FIG. 6 , or a remote device, such as remote device 620 of FIG. 6 , or with both devices. The RF device or remote device can download an application to enable the device to communicate with the WiFi/RF module 430 . The received and/or transmitted control signals, commands and/or data can be communicated with the remote device through a network, such as network 605 in FIG. 6 , in which case the control signals, commands and/or data will be relayed between the WiFi module and the network by a device which communicates with WiFi/RF module 430 using a wireless network, an example of the device being a WiFi router. The received or transmitted control signals, commands and/or data can additionally be communicated directly with a remote device and/or an RF device. Bus 415 provides a communication means for communicating between main memory 420 , non-volatile memory 425 , WiFi/RF module 430 and/or processor(s) 410 . Any or all of main memory 420 , non-volatile memory 425 , and/or WiFi/RF module 430 can be integrated with processor(s) 410 . Bus 415 can be entirely on control board 405 , can be partially on control board 405 and partially integrated with processor(s) 410 , or can be entirely integrated with processor(s) 410 . A person having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that there are many options well known in the art for implementing bus 415 . Control board 405 further comprises main memory 420 . Main memory 420 can be any device, mechanism, or populated data structure for storing information and can encompass any type of, but is not limited to, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and dynamic memory. For example, main memory 420 can be a random access memory (RAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), flash memory including NAND or NOR flash, SDRAM, SIMM, DIMM, RDRAM, DDR RAM, or any other type of memory device. Main memory 420 can be a device communicably coupled to control board 405 or can be integrated with processor(s) 410 . Main memory 420 is coupled to bus 415 and stores information and instructions to be executed by processor(s) 410 . Main memory 420 can further be used for storing temporary variables or other intermediate information during execution of instructions by processor(s) 410 . Control board 405 further comprises non-volatile memory 425 . Non-volatile memory 425 , for example, can be a read only memory (ROM), EPROM, EEPROM, or a flash memory including NAND or NOR flash. Non-volatile memory 425 can be a device communicably coupled to control board 405 or can be integrated with processor(s) 410 . Non-volatile memory 425 is coupled to bus 415 and stores information and instructions to be executed by processor(s) 410 . Main memory 420 and non-volatile memory 425 can be separate memories, or can both be a single non-volatile memory (i.e. a single non-volatile memory provides the function of both main memory 420 and non-volatile memory 425 ). Control board 405 further comprises processor(s) 410 . The processor(s) 410 can be, or can include, one or more programmable general-purpose or special-purpose microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), programmable controllers, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), trusted platform modules (TPMs), or the like, or a combination of such devices. Any or all of main memory 420 , non-volatile memory 425 , and/or WiFi/RF module 430 can be integrated with processor(s) 410 . Bus 415 can be entirely on control board 405 , can be partially on control board 405 and partially integrated with processor(s) 410 , or can be entirely integrated with processor(s) 410 . Control board 405 can further be communicably coupled to other components such as, but not limited to, a WiFi module/interface, an RF module/interface, a power supply board, a step-down transformer, a rectifier, a waveform conditioning circuit or device, a waveform amplifying circuit or device, a mass storage device such as a hard disk drive or a solid-state drive, a removable storage media device such as a USB memory device, a thumb drive or a flash card, a capacitor, a resistor, or an inductor. Circuit board 405 and/or any device associated with circuit board 405 can additionally be connected to a heat sink. FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating exemplary operations for controlling a WiFi motorized window covering assembly. In accordance with some embodiments of the present invention, one or more of the operations illustrated in FIG. 5 can be performed by the RF device, the remote device, and/or the various components/devices comprising the motorized window covering assembly. As illustrated at operation 505 , an application is downloaded which enables the remote device to generate control signals. An example of the remote device is remote device 620 of FIG. 6 . The application can be additionally downloaded by the RF device. The application can be software or firmware and can be initially provided to the RF device or remote device by downloading it from a remote system. The software or firmware of the application can further be pre-installed on the RF device or remote device, or can be installed from a non-volatile storage device. The non-volatile storage device can be, for example, a CD ROM, a DVD, a Blu-ray disc, a hard disk drive, a solid-state drive, a removable storage media device such as a USB memory device, a thumb drive or a flash card. When the application is run by the RF device or the remote device, the application configures the device enabling it to send control signals to the WiFi and/or RF module/interface. Operation 510 transmits the control signals, through a network or directly, to a WiFi interface. An example of the network is network 605 of FIG. 6 . The WiFi interface is synonymous with the WiFi module (i.e. they are one and the same). The control signals can additionally be transmitted to the RF module/interface. The RF interface is similarly synonymous with the RF module. The remote device transmits the control signals, and the control signals are communicated to the WiFi module/interface. The control signals can be transmitted through a network, in which case the control signals will be relayed by a device, for example a WiFi router, over a wireless network to the WiFi module/interface. The control signals can additionally be transmitted directly from the remote device to the WiFi module/interface, the remote device transmitting electromagnetic waves that are directly received by the WiFi module/interface. The control signals can additionally be transmitted directly from the RF device to the RF module/interface, the RF device transmitting electromagnetic waves that are directly received by the RF module/interface. An example of the RF device is RF device 625 of FIG. 6 . Operation 515 receives, by the WiFi interface on a control board communicably coupled to a motor, control signals. The control signals can further be received by an RF interface or by an integrated WiFi/RF interface on a control board communicably coupled to a motor. The control signals can further be received by an RF interface, a WiFi interface, or an integrated WiFi/RF interface, the interface integrated with the processor(s) on the control board communicably coupled to the motor. Operation 520 controls the operation of the motor in accordance with the received control signals. The control board is communicably coupled to the motor, the communicable coupling enabling the control board to control the operation of the motor. The control board can control the operation of the motor by sending digital signals representing the received control signals or, alternatively, analog waveforms. The digital signals can be received by one or more components or devices that convert the received digital signals into a second current or voltage that powers the motor such that motor operates in accordance with the received control signals. The analog waveforms are a current or voltage that can power the motor such that motor operates in accordance with the received control signals. The powering of the motor by the current or voltage can involve the current or voltage entering components, devices, or circuits such as rectifiers, transformers, step down transformers, waveform conditioning circuits, and/or waveform amplifying circuits and being transformed into a third current or voltage which can power the motor such that motor operates in accordance with the received control signals. Operation 525 moves a window covering by the operation of the motor. The operation of the motor, being controlled by the control board in accordance with the received signals, converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. The motor is mechanically coupled to the window covering holder, and a portion of the mechanical energy of the motor is transferred to the window covering holder through this mechanical coupling, resulting in at least a portion of the window covering holder moving. As one non-limiting example, the window covering can be a blind and the blind can be attached to a cylindrically shaped window covering holder with adhesive. As the window covering holder spins around the central axis of the cylindrical window covering holder, the blind wraps around the holder, or unwraps from the holder, thereby raising or lowering the blind. As a second non-limiting example, the window covering can be a drape and the window covering holder can be a curtain track and associated curtain carriers. The curtain carrier can have a hook that is used to attach the drape to the curtain carrier. A portion of the mechanical energy of the motor is transferred through a mechanical coupling to the curtain carriers, the curtain carriers resultantly moving along the track of the curtain track. As the curtain carriers move, they open or close the attached curtain. Operation 530 receives, by an RF interface on the control board, control signals from an RF device. The RF interface can be a module on the control board, can be part of an integrated WiFi/RF interface on the control board, can be an RF interface integrated with the processor(s) on the control board, or can be part of an integrated WiFi/RF interface integrated with the processor(s) on the control board. FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary network of WiFi/RF motorized window covering assemblies. The exemplary network of WiFi/RF motorized window covering assemblies comprises network 605 , a plurality of WiFi/RF motorized window covering assemblies 610 , server 615 , remote device 620 , and RF device 625 . As long as remote device 620 and server 615 have access to the network, remote device 620 and/or server 615 can transmit and/or receive control signals, commands, and/or data though network 605 to/from the WiFi interface of an integrated WiFi/RF module of any or all of the plurality of WiFi/RF motorized window covering assemblies 610 . As long as a selected one of the plurality of WiFi/RF motorized window covering assemblies 610 is within the range of RF device 625 , RF device 625 can transmit and/or receive control signals, commands and/or data directly to/from the RF interface of the integrated WiFi/RF module of the selected one of the plurality of WiFi/RF motorized window covering assemblies 610 . Network 605 is an IP based communications link between the plurality of WiFi/RF motorized window covering assemblies 610 , remote device 620 , and server 615 . Network 605 can be a local area network, a wide area network, a cellular network, a WiFi network, the internet, or various other communications networks supporting IP based communications. In some cases, the communications link may be comprised of multiple networks, even multiple heterogeneous networks, such as one or more border networks, voice networks, broadband networks, service provider networks, Internet Service Provider (ISP) networks, and/or Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTNs), interconnected via gateways operable to facilitate communications between and among the various networks. Server 615 provides the function of a central control system by providing the ability to manage the plurality of WiFi/RF motorized window covering assemblies 610 . One or more applications can be downloaded which enable Server 615 to generate control signals to control the operation of the plurality of WiFi/RF motorized window covering assemblies 610 and/or to provide the function of a central control system. The application(s) can be software or firmware and can be initially provided to server 615 by downloading it from a remote system. The software or firmware of the application(s) can further be pre-installed on server 615 , or can be installed from a non-volatile storage device. The non-volatile storage device can be, for example, a CD ROM, a DVD, a Blu-ray disc, a hard disk drive, a solid-state drive, a removable storage media device such as a USB memory device, a thumb drive or a flash card. When the application(s) is run by server 615 , the application(s) configures server 615 enabling it to send control signals to control the operation of the plurality of WiFi/RF motorized window covering assemblies 610 and/or to provide the function of a central control system. The central control system can undertake various tasks or provide various functions that span or are optimized to support the plurality of WiFi/RF motorized window covering assemblies 610 . The central control system can, as one non-limiting example, track the current position of the window coverings attached to the plurality of WiFi/RF motorized window covering assemblies 610 . This can be accomplished by, for example, tracking the current position of the motor, the motor's current position corresponding to the window covering in a certain position The central control system can, as a second example, track the functionality status of the plurality of WiFi/RF motorized window covering assemblies 610 . The central control system can also provide functionality intended to optimize the control of the plurality of WiFi/RF motorized window covering assemblies 610 . For example, the system can provide the ability for a user to send a common command to each of the plurality of WiFi/RF motorized window covering assemblies 610 . Rather than the user having to repeat a sequence of steps each time the user sends a common command to each of the plurality of WiFi/RF motorized window covering assemblies 610 (e.g., a sequence of 3 steps repeated for each of 10 WiFi/RF motorized window covering assemblies for a total of 30 steps undertaken by the user in order to cause the common command to be sent to each of the 10 WiFi/RF motorized window covering assemblies), the central control system can provide functionality that enables the user to undertake one sequence of steps that causes the common command to be sent to each of the plurality of WiFi/RF motorized window covering assemblies 610 (e.g., the user undertakes a sequence of 5 steps which causes a common command to be sent to each of 10 WiFi/RF motorized window assemblies). Numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present invention. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art that embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without some of these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form. Embodiments of the present invention include various steps. The steps may be performed by hardware components or may be embodied in machine-executable instructions, which may be used to cause a general-purpose or special-purpose processor programmed with the instructions to perform the steps. Alternatively, the steps may be performed by a combination of hardware, software and/or firmware. Embodiments of the present invention may be provided as a computer program product, which may include a machine-readable medium having stored thereon instructions, which may be used to program a computer (or other electronic devices) to perform a process. The machine-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, floppy diskettes, optical disks, compact disc read-only memories (CD-ROMs), and magneto-optical disks, ROMs, random access memories (RAMs), erasable programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), magnetic or optical cards, flash memory, or other type of media/machine-readable medium suitable for storing electronic instructions. Moreover, embodiments of the present invention may also be downloaded as a computer program product or data to be used by a computer program product, wherein the program, data, and/or instructions may be transferred from a remote computer to a requesting computer by way of data signals embodied in a carrier wave or other propagation medium via a communication link (e.g., a modem or network connection). For other parts of the program, data, or instructions, this communication link may include external networks such as the telephony network (e.g., Public Switched Telephony Network, cellular, WiFi, and other voice and wireless networks) and/or the internet. In some cases, the communications link may be comprised of multiple networks, even multiple heterogeneous networks, such as one or more border networks, voice networks, broadband networks, service provider networks, Internet Service Provider (ISP) networks, and/or Public Switched Telephone Networks (PSTNs), interconnected via gateways operable to facilitate communications between and among the various networks. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the present invention provides novel apparatuses, methods, and arrangements for a motorized window covering holder. While detailed descriptions of one or more embodiments of the invention have been given above, various alternatives, modifications, and equivalents will be apparent to those skilled in the art without varying from the spirit of the invention. For example, while the embodiments described above refer to particular features, the scope of this invention also includes embodiments having different combinations of features and embodiments that do not include all of the described features. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and variations as fall within the scope of the claims, together with all equivalents thereof. Therefore, the above description should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention, which is defined by the appended claims.	Various embodiments relate to apparatuses and methods of attractive, low cost, controllable, or other featured motorized window covering assemblies. The use of a motor assembly with an integrated WiFi interface enables eliminating a setup box, resulting in lower cost. Eliminating the setup box and any associated wires further eliminates the eye sore that they may pose. These eliminations, along with an elongated motor assembly used in some embodiments, further enable the motor to be made less noticeable by, for example, making it easier to hide or camouflage. As one example, an elongated motor assembly, comprising an elongated casing surrounding the motor and the control board, is hidden inside a window covering holder. An IP address can be assigned to each motor, which enables addressing and controlling each motor individually from any remote device located anywhere with access to the internet.	4
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to strainers, and more particularly, to a strainer and handle adjustably affixable to various sizes and types of food containers such as cans. 2. Description of the Prior Art The prior art includes several strainers that may be attached to containers to facilitate the separation of liquids from solids therein. Heretofore, proposed strainers included different types of affixing means for securing the same to a container. However, at best the strainers are loosely affixed and may separate from the containers when used. Also, the size of containers that can be accommodated are limited. In the U.S. Pat. No. 1,241,448 to Sherman issued Sept. 25, 1917 a straining device that clips over the mouth of a container and is secured by a spring urging the clips against the rim thereof is disclosed. Also provided, is a handle member adapted to be used to manipulate the container. The strainer can easily become disengaged from the container by forcing the spring open if the contents in the container are heavy or if the strainer is accidentally slipped to one side thereon. Further included in the prior art is an adjustable strainer having a flat central portion including holes therein and a spring means for affixing the central portion to the mouth of a container as disclosed in the U.S. Pat. No. 3,289,849 to Livingston et al issued Dec. 6, 1966. A gripping surface is also provided but it is insufficient in size and shape to be used as a handle for maneuvering the container affixed thereto. The present invention overcomes the problems of the prior art by providing a flexible band element that is secured and locked around the sides of the container thereby securely affixing the strainer thereto and includes a handle element for permitting easy manipulation of the container. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Therefore, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide an adjustable container strainer and handle which may be used with various types and sizes of containers. A further object is to provide securing means which positively and firmly secures the adjustable container strainer and handle to a container. A still further object is to provide a handle element for permitting easy manipulation of the container without the possibility of the container becoming detached therefrom. Another object is to provide a deflector element which prevents draining liquids from spilling on the user. These objects, as well as further objects and advantages, of the present invention will become readily apparent after reading the description of a non-limiting illustrative embodiment and the accompanying drawings. An adjustable container strainer and handle according to the principles of the present invention includes a handle element, a strainer element affixed to the handle element, securing means for adjustably securing the strainer element over the mouth of a container permitting the straining of the contents therein by the tilting thereof. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In order that the present invention may be more fully understood it will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 illustrates a pictorial representation of the preferred embodiment of the present invention secured on to a typical container; FIG. 2 illustrates a sectional view of the preferred embodiment taken substantially along the line 2--2 of FIG. 1; and FIG. 3 illustrates a top view of the securing means. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to the figures, and more particularly, to FIG. 1 there is illustrated therein the preferred embodiment of the present invention, an adjustable container strainer and handle 10 secured on to a typical container 12. The adjustable container strainer and handle 10 includes a handle element 14 and a strainer element 16 having a preferably circular ring shaped frame 18 and straining screen material 20 disposed within the central opening 22 of the frame 18. The longitudinal axis of the handle element 14 is preferably perpendicular to the central axis of the strainer element 16. A deflector element 23 is affixed to the strainer element 16 adjacent to the handle element 14 protecting the user from draining liquids. Securing means 24 including a flexible band element 26 and an arm 28 having a tongue 29 are illustrated. The flexible band element 26 is adapted to circumscribe the outer walls 30 of the container 12 and is affixed on one end to the handle element 14 and on the other end to the arm 28 which is slidably disposed within an elongated cavity 32 within the handle element 14 as shown in FIG. 2. Locking means 33 including a multiplicity of protrusions 34 adapted to engage the arm member 28 and the tongue member 29 thereof thereagainst are affixed to the handle element 14. As the arm 28 is moved away from the strainer element 16 the band element 26 is tensioned around the container 12 as shown in FIG. 3. The arm 28 is then engaged by a protrusion 34 locking the same in position and securing the adjustable container strainer and handle 10 thereto. The container can be inverted or tilted thereby draining the liquid therefrom. The screen material 20 is preferably constructed of a fine meshed stainless steel. The handle element 14, the frame 18, and the deflector element 23 are preferably constructed of plastic. It will be understood that various changes in the details, materials, arrangements of parts and operating conditions which have been herein described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of the invention may be made by those skilled in the art within the principles and scope of the invention.	An adjustable container strainer and handle including means for securing the same to various food containers such as cans and a handle to permit easier handling thereof.	0
This application is a continuation-in-part of the parent application Ser. No. 07/988,800 filed on Dec. 10, 1992 now abandoned, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to specific types of pesticidal formulations which are emulsions in water (hereinafter referred to as EW formulations). The present invention particularly relates to EW pesticidal formulations containing the methyl ester of rosin their preparation and their application to pesticides having low or medium melting points. Solid pesticides having a low or medium melting point are generally commercialized as emulsifiable concentrate solutions. However, such formulations require considerable quantities of organic solvents and other ingredients, creating toxicological and ecotoxicological problems. Thus, the United States Environmental protection Agency has recently begun a review of the ingredients of pesticidal formulations other than the active ingredient. In Europe, the EEC Council is in an advanced stage of legislating into law volatile organic compounds (VOC) and to require the eco-labeling of formulations which contain such VOC's. Indeed, Canada and Germany already have a system of ecotoxic labelling. Rosin and its derivatives have been known since ancient times and they have found safe uses for a wide variety of products, including food and cosmetics. Uses in agriculture are also known as follows. Great Britain patent no. 1,044,663 describes the use of a rosin or its derivatives in organophosphorous insecticidal compositions, but said compositions require the use of organic solvents. Great Britain patent number 1,382,894 describes the use of rosin or its derivatives in carbamic ester compositions, but said compositions also require the use of organic solvents. The same can be said for the compositions described in Great Britain patent number 1,051,360 (Chemical Abstracts, 66: 54559v) and Soviet Union patent number 733,596 (Chemical Abstracts, 93: 127147d). Rosin or its derivatives have been reported to be a tackifier agent in pesticidal formulations, such as in Great Britain patent number 1,398,227; U.S. Pat. No. 4,211,566; and Soviet Union patent number 1,187,773 (Chemical Abstracts, 104: 10445a). In addition, rosin or its derivatives have also been reported in pesticidal powder formulations. Examples are: Japan Patent Kokai Publication number 76/19,132 (Chemical Abstracts, 84: 175194c); Japan Patent Kokai Publication number 63/250,308 (Chemical Abstracts, 111: 92336a); and Chinese patent publication number 1,031,467 (Chemical Abstracts, 113: 19497r). Rosin derivatives have been reported to improve the fungal resistance of polymers in Chemical Abstracts, 86: 156376p. European patent publication numbers 432,061 and 432,062 recently disclosed aqueous emulsions of a large variety of agrochemicals. However, said compositions did not require the use of rosin and still required the use of undesirable organic solvents. U.S. Pat. No. 2,291,205 describes a formulation of a liquid pesticide (pine oil) using a metal salt of rosin for a liquid active ingredient and not a solid one. What works well for a liquid pesticide may not necessarily work for a solid pesticide in an EW formulation. U.S. Pat. No. 2,490,925 describes a formulation where the rosin or rosin derivative is the active pesticide. In the present invention the rosin is used as a plasticizer. Thus, U.S. Pat. No. 2,490,925 is not relevant to the present invention. U.S. Pat. No. 4,957,533 describes the use of--among a large number of compounds--rosin derivatives as solvents to formulations of a special group of compounds. But this patent does not exemplify a single case where rosin derivatives are used. PCT Patent Number WO91/17,657 describes formulations of various pesticides using rosin as a plasticizer. However, most of the examples also use aromatic solvents. Only the examples with chlorpyrifos are relevant to the present inventions; and these examples are problematic. In Example K, if one increases the concentration of chlorpyrifos to the commercially useful concentration of 18-20%, will not work as there will then be no place for water. Example L also does not work as the use of 20% chlorpyrifos causes crystallization (as shown in the comparative Examples. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the present invention there is provided an EW pesticidal formulation comprising: (a) 190 g/l to 350 g/l of at least one pesticide selected from the group consisting of chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, and imazalil. (b) 150 g/l to 400 g/l of the methyl ester of rosin. (c) 30 g/l to 200 g/l of at least one surfactant; and (d) water to make up to one liter, but not less than 200 g/l. The present invention optionally contains at least one polar solvent completely or partially soluble in water in the concentration of up to 200 g/l. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In order that formulations of the present invention retain their ecological acceptability, it is preferable to use a surfactant in which the lipophillic part is safe natural product. Such surfactants are usually found in use in the food and cosmetic industries. The surfactants of the present invention are those with an H.L.B. range of from 7 to 17, preferably from 10 to 15. Examples of such surfactants are alkoxylated triglycerides and alkoxylated sorbitol fatty esters. Preferred surfactants are alkoxylated triglycerides such as ethoxylated castor oil, ethoxylated propoxylated castor oil, and alkoxylated sorbitan fatty esters; The novel formulations of the present invention may also contain: an antifreeze; an antifoam, such as polysyloxanes; an emulsion stabilizer; auxiliary additives. As conventional antifreeze agents can be mentioned agents such as propylene glycol, glycerol, diethyl-lene glycol, triethylene glycol, or urea. Examples of emulsion stabilizers are fumed and precipitated silica and alumino-silicates, bentonites and other swelling clays. Organic compounds such as polysachrides of the xantam gum type, the alginates, the carboxylated or hydroxylated methyl-celluloses, the synthetic macromolecules of the polyvinyl-prolidone, polyethylene glycol, polyvinylic alcohol type, may also be used as emulsion stabilizers. Auxiliary additives that may be used as oxidation and u.v. protectants, pH buffers, bactericides and A.I. stabilizers. The concentrated EW formulations which are the object of the present invention, may be prepared as follows: Mixing one or more molten pesticidal active ingredients with the plasticizer, adding one or more of the surfactants to the mixture and preparation of the emulsion following one of the standard methods of procedure. To this end one may use an apparatus such as high-sheer mixers, high pressure orifice homogenizers and the like. These concentrated water emulsions of the present invention are stable physically and chemically in a temperature range from -14° C. to 54° C., where no crystallization phenomena are observed during storage. They are also stable when diluted in water. These emulsions may also be used undiluted as ulv formulations or with low dilution (L.V. formulations). The advantage of the present invention is that commercially viable concentrations of stable EW formulations of the pesticide may be used--that is, without any formation of crystals. The present invention is also of particular mote, because the formulations related to it have a low degree of phytotoxicity compared to the commercial E.C. equivalents. They may also partially replace powder formulations, avoiding in this way all the dust problems vis-a-vis the user. The EW formulations of the present invention have the further advantages of being non-flammable and of being of low dermal toxicity and low skin irritation. Finally, the EW formulations of the present invention can be considered ecotoxicologically safe, since they are prepared with safe inert ingredients. The result is not only useful formulations, but also formulations which can stand up to the stringent requirements of the EPA in the United States and the stiff European control of volatile organic compounds. While the invention will now be described in connection with certain preferred embodiments in the following examples, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the invention to these particular embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included with the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Thus, the following examples, which include preferred embodiments, will serve to illustrate the practice of this invention, it being understood that the particulars shown are by way of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of preferred embodiments of the present invention only and are presented in the cause of providing what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of procedures as well as of the principles and conceptual aspects of the invention. EXAMPLE 1 To 210 g of molten endosulfan were added 190 g of Abalyn E (methyl ester of rosin ex Hercules) 100 gr of Soprophor 14-R (ethoxylated castor oil 60 EO ex R.P and 10 g of Epoxol 7-4 (epoxilated soybean oil--Swift). The mixture was then mixed until homogeneous. To 475 g of deionized water was added 5 g of Aerosil COK 84 (fumed silicon ex Degussa). A suspension was prepared in a homogenizer Ultron Turox 45 T. An emulsion was prepared afterwards adding progressively the aqueous suspension of Aerosil COK 84 into the organic mixture. 1 g of antifoam Silicon AF120 (ex AIDCHIM) is added during the operation. This operation lasts approximately 15 minutes with progressive increase of the agitation rate up to a maximum of 10,000 rpm. This emulsion had the following characteristics: It is stable in a range of temperatures from -14° C. to 54° C. It showed no crystallization with time. It remained stable when diluted in a rate of 5/100 (v/v) in CIPAC standard water D (no separated material or creamy settling is observed.). EXAMPLE 2 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated, using ethyl chloropyrifos as active ingredient, as follows: 255 g of molten chloropyrifos ethyl, 255 g of Hydrogal M (Methyl ester of hydrogenated rosins, ex. D.R.T), 100 g of Soprophor 14-R, 1.2 g of Epoxol 7-4, 1 g of Silicaid AF 100, 5 g of Aerosil COK 84 suspended in deionized water to make up 1 liter. This emulsion had the following characteristics: It is stable in a range of temperatures from -14° C. to 54° C. No crystallization with time. Stable when diluted at 5% v/v in CIPAC standard water D. EXAMPLE 3 The procedure described in Example 1 was repeated using 205 g of molten Imazalil, 180 g of Granolite M, 100 g of Servirox OEG 68.5, 1 g of antifoam Silicaid AF 100 and deionized water to make up to 1 liter of emulsion. This emulsion had the following characteristics: Stable in a range of temperatures from -14° C. to 54° C. No crystallization with time. Stable when diluted in a ration of 5% v/v in CIPAC standard water D. EXAMPLE 4 A trial to check the relative phytotoxicity was carried out with endosulfan 20EW (Example 1) and commercial endosulfan 35 EC. The trials were carried out with cucumbers in a greenhouse. The plants were sprayed once at 0.1% A.I. and the observation was done 6 days later. The results were as follows: ______________________________________ Level of phytotoxicity______________________________________EW 1EC-35 2Untreated 0______________________________________ Both formulations had some phytotoxicity, but the EW formulation of the present invention was less phytotoxic than the commercial EC. EXAMPLE 5 The formulation of Example 2 was used to form an oil in water emulsion by mixing the appropriate amount of formulation with water to apply 50 g of chloropyrifos per 1000 m 2 in a spray volume of 100 liters per 1000 m 2 . The results were compared with the results of commercial chloropyrifos 48 E.C. (Aromatic solvent). The emulsions were sprayed on vineyards against polychrosis botrann. In 20 bunches were counted the number of contaminated berries. The results, expressed as average number of infected spots per bunch and number of infected berries, are shown in the following Table: ______________________________________BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF VARIOUS FORMULATIONSOF CHLOROPYRIFOS AGAINST POLYCHROSISBOTRANA IN GRAPES Number of Number of Infected spots infected Berries______________________________________Chlorpyrifos EW 1.00 D 2.00 DChlorpyrifos aromatic 1.75 B 4.00 CDUntreated 7.25 A 34.00 A______________________________________ EXAMPLE 6 Following the method of Example 5, similar tests were run but against Pseudococcus s.p. i grapes. The results were as follows: ______________________________________ Number of Infected Bunches______________________________________Chlorpyrifos EW 0.25 cChlorpyrifos aromatic 2.00 bUntreated 17.75______________________________________ EXAMPLE 7 Insecticidal activity of chlorpyrifos formulations was tested at the Biological Institute on German cockroaches Blattella germanica (Dictyopera: Blattellidae) bred in the laboratory of the Ministry of Health in Jerusalem. The pyrinex formulations tested are: 1. Regular sanitary formulation of 480 g/l a.i. EC. 2. Chlorpyrifos 250 a.i. EW 3. Untreated Procedure Ceramic tiles were dipped into an 0.5% a.i. solution of the formulation tested. After the water and solvent had evaporated from the surface, 2 tiles were placed on top of each other, separated by a cardboard, inside a plastic test cubicle. The test cubicle was 16×33×38.5 cm, with 4 air-openings, a sleeve to introduce food and water, covered by a glass plate. Each exposure experiment lasted 48 hours, with 4 repetitions on 25 to 50 cockroaches. This procedure avoided forced contact between the cockroach and the formulation-coated tile. Results showing the activity of the different formulations are given in the Table below. TABLE__________________________________________________________________________BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF CHLORPYRIFOS AGAINSTDICTYOPTERNA BLATTELLIDAEPercent Mortality of the Roaches Number of Days After SprayingApplication 14 28 42 56 77 91 107__________________________________________________________________________Chlorpyrifos EW 100 98.9A 99.1A 93.4A 95.5A 93.0AB 51.4BChlorpyrifos (aromatic) 100 86.3B 57.6B 29.4BUntreated 0.9C 1.0C 0.0C 0.0C 0.0C 0.0C 0.0C__________________________________________________________________________ The closed prior art (WO 91/17,657) was checked out in the following comparative Example. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1 240 g of ethyl chlorpyrifos were melted together at 105° C. with 300 g of Staybelite 10 ester (glycerol ester of hydrogenerated rosin--ex Hercules). To the melt were added 30 g of Atlas G5000 (polyethylene glycol ether, HLB 16.9--ex ICI) and 30 g of Berol 822 (calcium dodecyl benzene sulfonate 60% A.l.--ex Berol). This was mixed until an homogeneous liquid is obtained. An emulsion was prepared using an Ultra-Turax T-45 homogenizer by slow adding the organic mixture into 400 gr of hot water. The emulsion was cooled to room temperature. The resulting product was a water in oil emulsion (invert) which of course--can't be diluted in water and sprayed. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2 The procedure of example 1 was repeated using 240 g of chlorpyrifos, 300 g of Staybelite 10 ester, 30 g of Atlas G5000 30 gr of Berol 822, 20 gr of Sopraphor 14-R (ethoxylated castor oil 60 mol E.O.--ex R.P.) and 380 g of water. The resulting emulsion was excellent but very viscuous, almost not pourable. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 3 The procedure of example 1 was repeated using 200 g of chlorpyrifos, 250 g of Staybelite 10 ester, 25 g of Atlas G5000 25 g of Berol 822, 15 gr of soprophor 14-R, 1 g of Kelzam (Xanthan gum--ex Kelco) and 485 g of water. This emulsion had the following characteristics: it is stable when stored for two weeks at 54° C. and at room temperature. It remained stable when diluted (CIPAC MT 36) e.g. no separated material, nor creamy settling was observed after standing of 24 h at 30° C. After one week storage of the concentrate at 0° C. crystallization of the active ingredient was observed in a large amount. The crystallization was not reversible when the emulsion stayed at room temperature. Such phenomenon is prohibitive especially in countries with cold climated when such temperatures are often reached. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 4 The procedure of example 1 was repeated using 200 g of Chlorpyrifos, 250 of Staybelite 10 ester, 25 g of Pluronic PE 6400 (ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block polymer--ex BASF), of water. Immediate oil separation was observed, the emulsion was thus unacceptable. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 5 The procedure of example 1 was repeated using 200 g of Chlorpyrifos, 20 g of Staybelite 10 ester, 30 g of Pluronic 6200 (ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block polymer--ex BASF), 120 g of Soprophor 14-R 450 g of water and 1 g of Kelzan. The resulting emulsion was very good. Nevertheless after one week at room temperature micro-crystals were observed, and the storage was discontinued. The product was unacceptable. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 6 The procedure of example 1 was repeated using 185 of chlorpyrifos, 300 of Dertoline G 1 (glycerol ester of rosin--ex d.r.t.), 140 g of Emulan El (castor oil ethoxylate 36 mol. E.O--ex BASF) and 375 g of water. The resulting emulsion was extremely viscuous. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 7 Concerning example K of WO 91/17,657 one can see that a 20% A.I. formulation is not applicable, indeed if the relation between the coformulants is respected there is no place for water, thus: ______________________________________Chlorpyrifos 20.0Rosin ester 70.0Non-ionic surfactant 3.6Dobenz - Ca 6.3 99.9%______________________________________	There is provided an EW pesticidal formulation comprising: (a) 190 g/l to 350 g/l of at least one pesticide selected from the group consisting of chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, and imazalil. (b) 150 g/l to 400 g/l of the methyl ester of rosin. (c) 30 g/l to 200 g/l of at least one surfactant. (d) water to make up to one liter, but not less than 200 g/l; and optionally containing a polar solvent completely or partially soluble in water. This affords formulations which have low irritations and surprisingly improved biological activity to target species.	0
RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/390,499 filed Jun. 20, 2002. This application is related to the following previously filed applications, each of which is incorporated by reference: This application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 10/320,960, filed Dec. 17, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,652,490, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 09/499,331, filed Feb. 4, 2000, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 09/312,335, filed May 14, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,379,333, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/057,718, filed Apr. 9, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,294. This application is also a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 09/717,148, filed Nov. 21, 2000, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 09/590,600 filed Jun. 9, 2000, now abandoned which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 09/312,335, filed May 14, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,379,333, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/057,718, filed Apr. 9, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,004,294. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The subject invention relates to a needle shield assembly constructed to safely shield the sharp distal tip of a needle, and restrict distal movement of the needle tip via a tilting or “canting” plate after the tip is shielded. 2. Background of the Invention Intravenous (IV) catheters are used for infusing fluid, such as normal saline solution, various medicaments and total parenteral nutrition, into a patient or withdrawing blood from a patient. Peripheral IV catheters tend to be relatively short, and are on the order of about one and one-half inches in length. A common type of IV catheter is an over the needle peripheral IV catheter. As its name implies, an over the needle catheter is mounted over an introducer needle having a sharp distal tip. The catheter and the introducer needle are assembled so that the distal tip of the introducer needle extends beyond the distal tip of the catheter with the bevel of the needle facing up away from the patient's skin. The catheter and introducer needle assembly are inserted at a shallow angle through the patient's skin into a peripheral blood vessel (i.e., a smaller blood vessel that is not connected directly to the heart but is one of the branches of the central blood vessels that is directly connected to the heart). In order to verify proper placement of the assembly in the blood vessel, the clinician confirms that there is flashback of blood in the needle and in a flashback chamber located at the proximal end of the needle. Typically, the flashback chamber is formed as part of the needle hub. Once proper placement is confirmed, the clinician applies pressure to the blood vessel by pressing down on the patient's skin near the distal tip of the introducer needle and the catheter. This finger pressure occludes further blood flow through the introducer needle. The clinician withdraws the introducer needle, leaving the catheter in place, and attaches a fluid-handling device to the catheter hub. Once the introducer needle is withdrawn from the catheter, it is deemed a “blood contaminated sharp” and must be properly handled. In recent years, there has been great concern over the contamination of clinicians with a patient's blood and a recognition that “blood contaminated sharps” must be immediately disposed. This concern has arisen, in part, to reduce the risks associated with spreading diseases that can be transmitted by the exchange of body fluids from an infected person to another person. Thus, it is desirable to avoid contact with the body fluid of an infected person. Various needle shields have been developed. Generally, such needle shields work for their intended purpose but could be improved. For example, some needle shields are bulky, difficult to use or require special features or techniques to be operative. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accord with one aspect of the invention, an over the needle catheter assembly includes a catheter adapter and a needle. The needle has a diameter and a distal tip, slidingly disposed within the catheter adapter. A needle shield assembly is slidably mounted on the needle. The needle shield assembly has an open distal end and an open proximal end though which the needle passes. A rigid plate, referred to as a “canting plate,” is disposed within the needle shield assembly and has an unactivated first position and an activated second position. In the second position, the canting plate restricts needle movement. Means for retaining the canting plate are provided. The canting plate retention means is in communication with the canting plate and responsive to proximal movement of the needle, whereby, when the needle tip is housed within the needle shield assembly, the canting plate retention means is actuated, causing distal movement of the needle to urge the canting plate from the unactivated first position to the activated second position. In accord with certain implementations of this aspect of the invention, the canting plate retention means comprises a spring, a retention arm, and a retention washer. The spring may be selected from the group consisting of a coil spring, a wave washer, and a leaf spring or the like. The needle shield assembly may have a plurality of canting plates responsive to the canting plate retention means. The canting plate retention means may include a canting plate retention arm and a retention washer attached to the canting plate and having a built-in spring. The retention washer may be housed entirely within the shield. The canting plate retention means may include an elastomeric washer and an alignment arm. The elastomeric washer may have a truncated distal end. The catheter adapter and the shield may be held together by an interlock. A static feature may be provided on the needle, wherein said interlock is released prior to or substantially simultaneous with the static feature on the needle contacting the shield proximal end. The length between the needle tip and the static feature is such that when said static feature contacts the shield proximal end, the needle tip is housed within the shield. The canting plate may contain a hole for passage of the needle and be located distally of the proximal end of the shield. The canting plate may be returned to an unactivated position when the needle is no longer urged in a distal direction. In accord with another aspect of the invention, the over the needle catheter, discussed above, may be used in accord with a method including pulling the needle proximally until the static feature contacts the needle shield's proximal end, confirming that the needle tip is within the shield, and urging the needle distally to cause the canting plate to lock to prevent further distal movement. In accord with one aspect of the invention, an apparatus is provided for shielding a needle including a housing. A needle shield assembly is movable from an unlocked position within the housing and a locked position outside the housing. The needle shield assembly includes a shield body having a sidewall, a proximal end and a distal end. A canting member is disposed within the shield body for movement from an aligned condition to an off-alignment condition. A spring is operably engaged to the shield body and the canting member, urging the canting member to the off-alignment condition. A retention arm is engaged to the shield body and is displaceable from an engaged position to a disengaged position. When the needle shield assembly is within the housing, the housing displaces the retention arm to the engaged position in which the retention arm engages the canting member and maintains the canting member in the aligned condition. When the needle shield is outside the housing, the retention arm moves to the disengaged position in which the retention arm disengages the canting member, and the canting member is displaced to the off-alignment condition by the spring. Certain implementations of this aspect of the invention provide the canting member is a canting plate. The spring may be a leaf spring integrally formed with the canting member. The shield body, canting plate and spring may be integrally formed. The shield body may include a retention washer disposed at the proximal end of the shield body, and the retention washer defines an opening through which the needle passes. The apparatus discussed above may be used with a needle including a feature having a diameter greater than the body of the needle. The opening in the retention washer is sized to permit the needle body to pass but to prevent the feature from passing therethrough. The shield body may include a retention arm that, when the needle shield assembly is within the housing, is biased radially inward to engage the canting member and, when the needle shield assembly is outside the housing, moves radially outward to disengage the canting member. The shield body may include a ledge, disposed opposite the retention arm, and abutting the canting member. The ledge may be integrally formed with the sidewall. In accord with another aspect of the invention, a needle shield assembly includes a shield body having a sidewall, a proximal end and a distal end. A member, such as an elastomeric washer, is disposed within the shield body and has a central cavity. The cavity is sized to frictionally engage the needle. A canting member is disposed within the shield body and movable between an aligned condition and an off-alignment condition. The member is selectively engaged to the canting member such that, as the needle is moved in a proximal direction with respect to the shield body, the needle displaces the member which, in turn, displaces the canting member to the off-alignment condition. Certain implementations of this aspect of the invention provide that the member is an elastomeric member and the canting member is a canting plate. Means may be provided for retaining the canting member in the aligned condition. An alignment arm is mounted to the shield body and abuts the canting member. The member is an elastomeric washer abutting the canting member and the proximal end of the shield body. The member is attached permanently and directly to the canting member. A ledge may be fixedly attached to the shield body, disposed distal to the canting member and abutting the canting member. An interlocking flange may be mounted at the distal end of the shield body and an adapter release may be slidably disposed within the shield body. The adapter release includes a release pin that engages the interlocking flange when the canting plate is in the aligned condition and biases the interlocking flange into engagement with a catheter adapter. In accord with another aspect of the invention, a catheter assembly is provided including a catheter adapter and a needle having a tip. A feature is attached to the needle at a selected distance from the tip. A needle shield assembly is slidably disposed about the needle. The needle shield assembly includes a sidewall, a proximal end and a distal end. An interlocking flange is mounted at the distal end of the shield body and biased radially outward. An adapter release is slidably disposed within the shield body for movement from a distal position to a proximal position. The adapter release includes a release pin that engages the interlocking flange when the adapter release is in the distal position. A canting plate is secured within the housing and includes an opening defined by an edge. The needle is slidably disposed within the opening. The canting plate is movable from an aligned position, in which the needle passes without interference from the edge, to an off alignment position, in which the edge binds the needle. A friction member is moveably disposed within the housing and frictionally engaged to the needle. When the adapter release is in the distal position, it biases the interlocking flange into engagement with the catheter adapter. Conversely, when the adapter release is in the proximal position, the interlocking flange is released from engagement with the catheter adapter. When the needle is displaced proximally with respect to the needle shield assembly, the friction member is displaced, causing the canting plate to move to the off alignment position. In accord with another aspect of the invention, a needle shield assembly is provided for a needle having a tip and a needle axis. Specifically, a housing has a proximal end and a distal end. A friction member is disposed within the housing and is frictionally engaged to the needle. A canting member is disposed within the housing and includes an edge that defines a member opening. The canting member is displaceable from a first position, in which the member opening is aligned with the needle axis, to a second position, in which the edge lockingly engages the needle. The friction member is operably engaged to the canting member such that movement of the friction member displaces the canting member to the second position. Certain implementations of this aspect of the invention provide that a retention washer is positioned at the proximal end of the housing and a hole having a selected hole size is disposed in the retention washer. In accord with another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for shielding a needle. A canting member is in operational engagement with a needle. The canting member is displaceable with respect to the needle, from a first position in which the canting member does not engage the needle, to a second position in which the canting member binds the needle. An actuating member is in frictional engagement with the needle. The needle is displaced with respect to the canting member such that the actuating member is displaced. The canting member is moved to the second position by the actuating member as it is displaced. Certain implementations of this aspect of the invention provide that the friction between the actuating member and the needle causes the actuating member to be displaced with the needle, or that the actuating member acts directly on the canting member. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The preferred embodiments are illustrated in the drawings in which like reference numerals refer to like elements and in which: FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an over the needle catheter assembly for use in accord with an aspect of the invention; FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of the invention shown in an unactuated condition, where the needle has been partly withdrawn through the catheter but the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle has yet to be withdrawn into the needle shield; FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of the needle shield in FIG. 2A in an actuated condition where the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle has been withdrawn proximally into the needle shield assembly; FIG. 3A is a perspective view of the needle shield as depicted in FIG. 2A in partial cross section; FIG. 3B is a perspective view of the needle shield as depicted in FIG. 2B in partial cross section; FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the invention, with the canting plate and spring integral to the shield, shown in an unactuated condition, where the needle has been partly withdrawn through the catheter but the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle has yet to be withdrawn into the needle shield; FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment in FIG. 4A in an actuated condition where the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle has been withdrawn proximally into the needle shield assembly; FIG. 5A is a cross-sectional perspective view of the needle shield of FIG. 4A ; FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional perspective view of the needle shield assembly depicted in FIG. 4B ; FIG. 6A is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the invention, with the canting plate, retention washer and spring integrally formed, shown in an unactuated condition, where the needle has been partly withdrawn through the catheter but the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle has yet to be withdrawn into the needle shield; FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment in FIG. 6A in an actuated condition where the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle has been withdrawn proximally into the needle shield assembly; FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional perspective view of the needle shield of FIG. 6A ; FIG. 7B is a perspective view of the needle shield assembly depicted in FIG. 6B in partial cross section; FIG. 8A is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the invention in which the canting plate is actuated by friction on the needle, shown in an unactuated condition, where the needle has been partly withdrawn through the catheter but the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle has yet to be withdrawn into the needle shield; FIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment in FIG. 8A where the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle has been withdrawn proximally into the needle shield assembly; FIG. 8C is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment in FIG. 8A where the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle is being urged distally and the canting plate is tilted to an actuated condition; FIG. 9A is a perspective view of the needle shield assembly depicted in FIG. 8A in partial cross section; FIG. 9B is a perspective view of the needle shield assembly depicted in FIG. 8B in partial cross section; FIG. 9C is a perspective view of the needle shield assembly depicted in FIG. 8C in partial cross section; FIG. 10A is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the invention in which the canting plate is actuated by friction on the needle and including an interlock, shown in an unactuated condition, where the needle has been partly withdrawn through the catheter but the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle has yet to be withdrawn into the needle shield; FIG. 10B is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment in FIG. 10A where the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle has been withdrawn proximally into the needle shield assembly and the catheter adapter has been partially removed; FIG. 10C is a cross sectional view of the embodiment of FIG. 10A where the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle has been withdrawn proximally into the needle shield assembly and the catheter adapter has been completely removed; FIG. 11A is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the invention in which the canting plate is actuated by friction on the needle, shown in an unactuated condition, where the needle has been partly withdrawn through the catheter but the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle has yet to be withdrawn into the shield; FIG. 11B is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment in FIG. 11A where the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle has been withdrawn proximally into the needle shield; FIG. 11C is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG. 11A where the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle is being urged distally and the canting plate is tilted to an actuated condition; FIG. 12A is a perspective view of a needle shield assembly depicted in FIG. 11A in partial cross-section; FIG. 12B is a perspective view of the needle shield assembly depicted in FIG. 11B in partial cross-section; FIG. 12C is a perspective view of the needle shield assembly depicted in FIG. 11C in partial cross-section; FIG. 13A is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the invention in which the canting plate is actuated by friction on the needle shown in an unactuated condition where the needle has been partly withdrawn through the catheter but the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle has yet to be withdrawn into the needle shield; FIG. 13B is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment in FIG. 13A where the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle has been withdrawn proximally into the needle shield assembly; FIG. 13C is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment in FIG. 13A where the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle is being urged distally and the canting plate is tilted in an actuated condition; FIG. 14A is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the invention in which the canting plate is actuated by friction on the needle, shown in an unactuated condition, where the needle has been partly withdrawn through the catheter but the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle has yet to be withdrawn into the shield; FIG. 14B is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment in FIG. 14A where the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle has been withdrawn proximally into the needle shield assembly; FIG. 14C is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment in FIG. 14A where the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle is being urged distally and the canting plate is tilted to an actuated condition; FIG. 15A is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the invention in which the canting plate is actuated by friction on the needle, and including a tether to connect a needle hub to the needle shield assembly, shown in an unactuated condition, where the needle has been partly withdrawn through the catheter but the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle has yet to be withdrawn completely into the needle shield; FIG. 15B is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG. 15A in which the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle has been withdrawn proximally into the needle shield assembly; FIG. 15C is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG. 15B in which the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle is being urged distally and the canting plate is tilted to an actuated condition; FIG. 16A is a perspective view of another embodiment of the invention in which the canting plate is actuated by friction on the needle, shown in an unactuated condition; FIG. 16B is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment in FIG. 17A where the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle has been withdrawn proximally into the needle shield assembly; FIG. 16C is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG. 17A in which the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle has been withdrawn proximally into the needle shield assembly and the canting plate has been urged to engage the needle to prevent further proximal movement; and FIG. 16D is a cross-sectional view of the embodiment of FIG. 17A in which the sharp distal tip of the introducer needle is being urged distally and the canting plate is tilted to an actuated condition. FIG. 17A is a perspective view in partial cross-section of another embodiment of the invention in which the canting plate is actuated by an angled guide on a clip, shown in an unactuated position. FIG. 17B is a rear perspective view of the embodiments depicted in FIG. 17A ; FIG. 17C is a front cross-sectional view of the embodiment in FIG. 17A shown in an actuated condition; FIG. 17D is a rear perspective view of the embodiment depicted in FIG. 17A in an actuated condition; FIG. 18A is a front perspective view of another embodiment of the invention in which the canting plate is actuated by an integral spring member shown in an unactuated condition; FIG. 18B is a side cross-sectional view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 18A in an unactuated condition; FIG. 18C is a front perspective view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 18A shown in an actuated condition; FIG. 18D is a cut-away side view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 18A in an actuated condition; FIG. 19A is a front perspective view of another embodiment of the invention in which the needle shield assembly is engaged with a catheter hub until the needle tip is withdrawn into the needle shield assembly, shown in an unactuated condition; FIG. 19B is a front perspective view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 19A in an actuated condition; FIG. 20A is a front perspective view in partial cut-away of another embodiment of the invention in which the canting plate is integrally formed with a retention washer and a tip trigger, shown in an unactuated condition; and FIG. 20B is a front perspective view of the embodiment shown in FIG. 20A in an actuated condition. DETAILED DESCRIPTION As used herein, the term “proximal” refers to a location on the catheter and needle shield assembly of this invention closest to the clinician using the device and farthest from the patient in connection with whom the device is used when the device is used in its normal operation. Conversely, the term “distal” refers to a location on the catheter and needle shield assembly of this invention farthest from the clinician using the device and closest to the patient in connection with whom the device is used when the device is used in its normal operation. A catheter assembly 100 may include a catheter adapter 8 having a catheter 108 attached at its distal end. Wings 130 may be provided on the adapter 8 . Before use and during insertion (as depicted in FIG. 1 ), a needle 30 is disposed within the catheter such that the tip or distal point 32 that extends out of the distal end of the catheter. The proximal end of the needle is attached to a needle hub 110 . A finger grip 120 may be incorporated into the needle hub 110 . Such a structure, in conjunction with the wings 130 , permits the caregiver to employ various technique for catheter insertion, as discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/865,915, filed May 25, 2001, incorporated herein by reference. A needle shield assembly 5 is disposed about the needle, between the needle hub 110 and the catheter adapter 8 , as shown in FIG. 1 . Alternatively, as shown in, inter alia, FIGS. 2A and 2B , the needle shield assembly 5 may be disposed completely within the catheter adapter and still practice aspects of the invention. It will be appreciated that embodiments of the invention may be implemented with either a needle shield assembly within the catheter adapter, or with a needle shield assembly disposed between the needle hub and the catheter adapter, or at other locations along the needle. Further, implementations of the invention may be employed with needles and sharps used in other devices, such as syringes and blood collection sets. As discussed more fully below, implementations of the needle shield assembly 5 are designed such that, after insertion of the over the needle catheter 108 into the patient, when the needle 30 is withdrawn, the tip 32 of the needle enters the needle shield assembly. At that point, the needle shield assembly locks onto the needle tip, preventing further displacement of the shield assembly along the needle. As such, the needle shield assembly cannot simply be slipped off the tip of the needle and removed. Additionally, when the needle shield assembly locks onto the needle, it prevents reemergence of the tip from the distal end of the needle shield assembly. To achieve this locking between the needle shield assembly 5 and the needle 30 , the needle shield assembly includes a tilting member or canting plate 40 whose movement is constrained with respect to the needle shield assembly. Preferably, the tilting member is a rigid plate contained within the needle shield assembly. A hole 42 in the canting plate is defined by an edge 43 . The needle passes through the hole 42 in the canting plate. In the unlocked condition (seen, e.g., in FIG. 2A ), the canting plate is retained in an aligned position with the needle by a retention system or canting plate retention means such that the needle passes through the canting plate without substantial interference. As discussed more fully below, the canting plate retention means may include combinations of fixed structures and movable elements, springs and/or friction members that cooperate to control the position of the canting plate. As the tip 32 of the needle is withdrawn into the needle shield assembly, the canting plate retention means is triggered, causing the canting plate to come “off alignment” or be “actuated.” The canting plate is tilted such that it binds against the exterior of the needle, preventing relative movement of the needle to the canting plate. Since the canting plate is also constrained with respect to the needle shield assembly, the needle and its tip are also constrained with respect to the needle shield assembly—thereby locking the needle tip within the needle shield assembly. A feature 35 may be provided on the needle to further prevent the needle shield assembly from slipping off the needle tip. A tether 400 may also be provided to prevent the needle shield assembly from slipping off the needle tip. As discussed below, the feature and the tether can also serve to withdraw the needle shield assembly from the catheter adapter 8 as the needle hub 110 is moved proximally. Once locked in place, the shielded needle may be disposed of. Retention Washer with Integral Spring Referring now to FIGS. 2A-3B , one implementation of the invention is shown. FIGS. 2A and 3A depict the needle 30 partially withdrawn into the needle shield assembly 5 , but before the needle shield assembly is actuated, or locked, onto the needle. FIGS. 2B and 3B depict the needle shield assembly after actuation, locked onto the needle. In the unlocked or unactuated condition ( FIGS. 2A and 3A ), the needle shield assembly 5 is positioned within the catheter adapter (or simply “adapter”) 8 . For the sake of clarity, the catheter 108 has been omitted. It will be appreciated that the catheter is secured to the distal end of the catheter adapter and the needle extends coaxially through the catheter before use, as seen in FIG. 1 . The adapter 8 includes an internal chamber forming a shield housing 6 in which the needle shield assembly 5 sits. The shield housing may also be a structure distinct from the adapter. The needle shield assembly has a shield body 10 that includes a sidewall 9 and a distal end 11 and proximal end 12 . Typically, the sidewall is cylindrical to fit snugly within the shield housing. The sidewall may have other shapes to achieve a fit within the catheter adapter. The shield ends 11 , 12 include a distal opening 13 at the distal end and a proximal opening 14 at the proximal end. The needle 30 has a distal needle point or tip 32 and an axis 99 and is disposed within the adapter 8 , extending through the shield assembly 5 before use. Specifically, the needle passes through the shield openings 13 , 14 , and extends out of the distal end 7 of adapter 8 , through an over-the-needle catheter 108 (not shown in FIGS. 2A-3B for the sake of clarity). The needle diameter is sized to pass through the distal opening 13 and the proximal opening 14 of the shield body 10 without interference. In accord with certain implementations of the invention, a static feature 35 is also provided on the needle 30 at a selected distance from the tip 32 . The static feature 35 is designed such that it is not capable of passage through the proximal opening 14 of shield body 10 , such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,558,651 and 5,215,528, both incorporated herein by reference. The static feature could be an increased diameter portion on the needle 30 (that is, an enlarged dimension, such as formed by a crimp, collar, enlarged diameter sleeve or ferrule), or a roughened surface that locks onto proximal end 12 of the needle shield assembly 5 . Other structures can be employed to restrict movement of the needle tip out of the proximal end of the shield (such as a tether, discussed below) and still practice aspects of the invention. The needle shield assembly 5 contains a shielding mechanism including a canting plate 40 to restrict axial movement of the needle 30 within the shield body 10 . The canting plate includes a hole 42 defined by an edge 43 through which the needle passes. The proximal end 12 of the needle shield assembly forms a retention washer 15 . The retention washer is attached at one end (the top as seen in FIG. 2A ) to the sidewall 9 . A spring 45 is attached at the other end of the retention washer. The spring engages canting plate, urging it to an off alignment position (that is, the actuated or locked position), as shown in FIGS. 2B and 3B . As shown, the retention washer and spring are integrally formed. It will be appreciated that these pieces could be separately formed and attached such as by welding or the like. The needle shield assembly 5 also includes a retention arm 16 . Preferably, the retention arm is a leaf spring, integrally formed with the sidewall 9 and including a lip 127 at its proximal end. Of course, other structures could be employed and practice aspects of the invention. The retention arm is biased radially outward from the needle shield assembly, as seen in FIG. 2B . When the needle shield assembly is disposed in the shield housing 6 , the shield housing forces the retention arm radially inward, as seen in FIG. 2A . As discussed below, the retention arm helps maintain the canting plate 40 in a needle aligned position (that is, the unactuated or unlocked position) while the needle shield assembly is in the shield housing. The needle shield assembly 5 includes a ledge 27 formed in the sidewall 9 , remote from the retention arm 16 . As shown, the ledge is formed by deforming a portion of the sidewall such that it projects radially inwardly. It will be appreciated that the ledge could be formed in other manners (such as by adhering a distinct ledge structure to the inside of the side wall, or by crimping or otherwise creating a bulge in the sidewall). Importantly, the ledge forms a stop that prevents a portion of the canting plate from moving with respect to the needle shield assembly. The operation of the needle shield assembly 5 of FIGS. 2A-3B will now be discussed. Referring to FIG. 2A , in the aligned or unlocked condition, the canting plate 40 is held in place by a retention system, specifically by the cooperation of the spring 45 , the lip 127 of the retention arm 16 and the ledge 27 . The spring urges the top of the canting plate in the distal direction (to the right in FIG. 2A ). When the needle shield assembly is positioned in the shield housing 6 of the catheter adapter 8 , the canting plate is prevented from rotating or displacing by the lip of the retention arm, which engages the top of the canting plate, and the ledge, which engages the bottom of the canting plate. The canting plate thus is maintained in the aligned condition and the needle may pass freely through the hole 42 in the canting plate without substantially engaging the edge 43 . After insertion into a patient's vein, the needle 30 is withdrawn through the catheter 108 and the catheter adapter 8 . The feature 35 on the needle engages the proximal end 12 of the needle shield assembly 5 . As shown in FIGS. 2B and 3B , the feature 35 on the needle does not fit through the hole 14 in the retention washer 15 . Consequently, as the caregiver pulls the needle through the catheter adapter 8 , the entire needle shield assembly 5 is pulled out of the shield housing 6 . Upon removal of the needle shield assembly, the retention arm 16 succumbs to its natural bias, moving radially outward such that the lip 127 disengages the top of the canting plate 40 . Once disengaged, the canting plate is free to rotate under the urging of the spring 45 . As the canting plate rotates, edge 43 of the hole 42 binds onto the exterior surface of the needle 30 . The canting plate is held in this locked condition by the cooperation of the needle, the ledge 127 and the spring 45 . Should the needle be pushed distally in an effort to cause the needle tip to reemerge from the needle shield assembly, the friction on the needle (urging the canting plate distally) and the ledge (preventing movement of the bottom of the canting plate) will cause the canting plate to tilt more severely with respect to the needle, increasing the binding force between the canting plate and the needle, thereby resisting such movement. It will also be appreciated that the feature 35 may be sized so that it does not fit through the hole 42 in the canting plate when the canting plate is off alignment. This will provide further resistance to re-emergence of the needle tip. As readily seen in FIG. 3A , the canting plate 40 may be a rigid disk with a hole 42 through the middle of it. As shown, the canting plate 40 is substantially circular in shape but could be any of various other shapes including square, rectangular, triangular, oval, symmetrical, asymmetrical, etc. The hole 42 in the center of the canting plate 40 is preferably substantially the same shape as the needle 30 that goes through it. However, other hole shapes could be employed, such as rectangular, triangular or oval shape or any of a variety of other shapes, and still practice aspects of the invention. Further, the canting plate need not be flat. It can be curved or stepped or otherwise shaped for any given application. The hole 42 in the canting plate 40 is sized to achieve adequate binding force on the needle 30 in view of the geometry of the needle and the geometry of the canting plate. Specifically, the hole should be at least larger than the largest diameter of the feature 35 (when the feature is an enlarged portion of the needle) and, in certain implementations, may increase to be around 100% larger than the diameter of the static feature 35 on the needle 30 . In certain other applications, it is preferred that the hole 42 is sized between just larger than the largest diameter of the static feature 35 on the needle 30 to a hole 42 about 10-30% larger than the largest diameter of the static feature 35 on the needle 30 . In yet other implementations, it is desirable that the hole be sized, in view of the geometry of the needle shield assembly, such that it engages the needle when the canting plate is tilted between 0° and 45° from perpendicular to the axis 99 . It will be appreciated that the canting angle may be selected based on the geometry and materials of the canting plate, the needle shield assembly and the needle and the desired binding force. When the needle shield assembly 5 is in the unlocked condition (and the canting plate is therefore aligned with the needle), the hole 42 in the canting plate 40 is aligned concentrically to the perimeter circular shape 46 of the body of the canting plate 40 . The plate 40 could also be designed to have an eccentric center hole 42 or a hole in any location on the canting plate 40 to achieve desirable binding forces. Further, the hole 42 may be positioned at the exterior or outer edge 46 of the canting plate such that it breaks the outer edge 46 . Such a structure will create a “slotted” style of canting plate 40 in accord with certain implementations of the invention. Such may be particularly desirable to permit side loading of the needle into the plate or for use with a guide-wire. The plate 40 has a thickness suitable for use in providing edges 43 to bind down on the needle surface 31 when the plate 40 is canted or off alignment. This thickness 43 , however, may vary depending on other parameters, such as the materials used, the specific geometry of the other parts of the needle shield assembly and the binding force desired. The canting plate 40 could be entirely housed within the shield body 10 or could be partially within and partially without the shield body 10 . A single canting plate 40 or a plurality of canting plates, could be used. In the case of a plurality of canting plates, they could be disposed immediately adjacent to each other, separated by a gap between them, or a combination of both. Canting Plate and Spring Integral to the Shield Turning to the implementation of the invention shown in FIGS. 4A-5B , the operation of the structure is similar to that depicted in FIGS. 2A-3B . In this implementation, however, the canting plate or member 40 and the retention washer 15 are integrally formed from the same piece of material as the shield body 10 of the needle shield assembly 5 . The canting plate is preferably made of stainless steel, or like material. The material that connects the canting plate 40 to the retention washer 15 serves as the spring 45 , urging the canting plate into an off alignment condition. Again, during and after actuation, proximal motion of the needle 30 with respect to the needle shield assembly 5 is halted by the interference between the static feature 35 on the needle 30 and the retention washer 15 . After actuation, distal motion of the needle 30 with respect to the needle shield assembly 5 is halted by the engagement of the canting plate 40 to the needle, as discussed above. It will be appreciated that no ledge 27 is required because the spring 45 , and its connection with the retention washer 15 , restrain the bottom edge of the canting plate from moving with respect to the needle shield assembly. Further, a tether could be employed instead of feature 35 to limit the relative movement of the needle hub and the catheter adapter. Canting Plate, Spring and Retention Washer Integral to Each Other Turning to the implementation of the invention shown in FIGS. 6A-7B , the canting plate 40 , the spring 45 and the retention washer 15 are integral to each other, but separate from the proximal end 12 of the needle shield assembly 5 . The retention washer is attached to the shield body 10 at the proximal end such as by welding, gluing or the like. As depicted, the retention washer is attached on the inner surface of the proximal end of the shield body, but it will be appreciated that the retention washer may be attached at the exterior surface as well. The operation of this implementation is otherwise similar to the prior implementations. Canting Plate with Friction Member Referring to FIGS. 8A-C and 9 A-C, this implementation of the invention employs a member 28 , frictionally engaged to the needle 30 , to retain the canting plate 40 in the aligned condition and to move the canting plate to an off-alignment condition when the needle is moved distally with respect to the needle shield assembly 5 . Specifically, the needle shield assembly 5 includes a canting plate 40 and a friction member 28 , such as an elastomeric washer. Other structures could be employed that frictionally engage the needle and contact the canting plate and still practice aspects of the invention. The elastomeric washer is preferably designed to fit slidably within the shield body 10 . The elastomeric washer 28 has a central cavity 29 extending from the proximal end 36 to the distal end 37 . The needle 30 passes through the cavity 29 with the washer 28 engaged in a frictional fit on the needle 30 . As the needle 30 moves distally and proximally through the elastomeric washer 28 , the friction between them causes the elastomeric washer 28 to want to move in concert with the needle 30 . The shield body 10 of the needle shield assembly 5 includes a proximal portion 12 defining a retention washer 15 . The shield body has a distal opening 13 and the retention washer has a proximal opening 14 . The proximal opening 14 is designed to be just larger than the diameter of the shaft of the needle 30 , but not large enough to permit the static feature 35 on the needle 30 to pass through. The retention washer 15 also serves as a backstop for the elastomeric washer 28 , securing it within the shield body behind the canting plate 40 . As the elastomeric washer 28 is being dragged proximally by the needle 30 , it will eventually bottom out on the retention washer 15 and will not be allowed further movement relative to the needle shield assembly see FIG. 8B ). The canting plate 40 is positioned distal of the elastomeric washer 28 and is contained axially by the needle 30 . Protruding inwardly from the shield body 10 is an alignment arm 19 . The alignment arm 19 defines a positive stop restricting the canting plate 40 from moving in a distal direction at that point. The opposing internal surface of the sidewall 9 of shield body 10 is smooth and offers no resistance to the potential distal motion of the canting plate 40 . Hence the alignment arm 19 defines a point at which the canting plate 40 will rotate. As with other implementations of the invention, when the canting plate is rotated far enough it will begin to bind on the needle shaft 30 in a manner similar to that previously described. In this instance, the alignment arm 19 and elastomeric washer 28 therefore serve as the canting plate retention means or retention system. The elastomeric washer 28 , in cooperation with the alignment arm 19 , induces the tilt or actuation of the canting plate 40 . Since the elastomeric washer 28 is frictionally fit to the needle shaft 30 , when the needle shaft 30 is driven distally with respect to the needle shield assembly 5 , the elastomeric washer 28 is dragged with it. As shown in FIG. 8C , the elastomeric washer 28 will bear on the canting plate 40 urging it distally as well. Since the canting plate is restrained only on one side (by retention arm 19 ), it will tilt and bind on the needle 30 . A cavity 128 is formed at the distal end of the washer 128 to deliver force from the washer to the periphery of the canting plate, encouraging the tilting. The elastomeric washer 28 could be a variety of lengths or shapes and still practice aspects of the invention. As shown in FIGS. 8A-C through 9 A-C, the washer has an hourglass shape. The washer could also be a simple flat disc, donut-shaped ring or the like. The particular shape of the washer can be selected by one skilled in the art based on the particular application. While the washer depicted in FIG. 8A is not attached to the canting plate 40 , it will be appreciated that the washer could be attached to the canting plate and still function. The cavity 48 created between the retention washer 15 and the alignment arm 19 can be any length suitable for permitting the elastomeric washer 28 to reside within the shield body 10 . The inner diameter of the elastomeric washer 28 (that is, the surface which is in contact with the needle shaft 30 ) can be smooth or textured. It can also have an array of fins or ribs or any of an assortment of features designed to regulate the friction created against the needle 30 . The elastomeric washer 28 can be cylindrical in nature and in contact with the entire surface of the canting plate 40 . The washer 28 could be truncated on its distal end 37 and aligned specifically to have its most distal portion in contact against the canting plate 40 in a position directly opposite of the alignment arm 19 to facilitate a more undiluted force against the canting plate 40 during distal motion of the needle 30 . In use, the needle tip 32 of the catheter assembly 100 is inserted into the patient's vein, positioning the catheter in the vein as well. The needle 30 is then withdrawn through the catheter 108 . The needle exerts a friction force on the elastomeric washer 28 , urging it proximally as the needle is drawn through the needle shield assembly 5 . As shown in FIGS. 8A-C , the elastomeric washer abuts the proximal end 12 of the needle shield assembly, stopping the friction member as the needle slides through the central cavity 29 . When the feature 35 on the needle contacts the proximal end 12 of the needle shield assembly (for example, the retention washer 15 ), the feature engages the proximal end, preventing further proximal movement of the needle with respect to the needle shield assembly. As the needle 30 is withdrawn further through the catheter adapter 8 , the needle shield assembly 5 is pulled out of the shield housing 6 , as shown in FIG. 8B (referred to as “bottoming out”). As the needle 30 is displaced distally with respect to the needle shield assembly 5 , the friction member 28 is urged by friction with the needle 30 in the distal direction. As the friction member engages the canting plate 40 , the canting plate is also urged distally. The alignment arm 19 , which abuts a portion of the canting plate, restrains that portion, causing the canting plate to tilt to an off alignment, or actuated, condition, as seen in FIG. 8C . As depicted in FIGS. 8C and 9C , the feature 35 engages the friction member, causing it to move distally and engage the canting plate. As seen in FIGS. 11C and 12C , the friction member can be more tightly fit on the needle such that it moves with the needle whether the feature engages the friction member or not. In either case, when the canting plate 40 is tilted, the edge 43 of the hole 42 in the canting plate then binds on the exterior of the needle, preventing further displacement of the needle 30 with respect to the canting plate 40 (and thus the needle shield assembly 5 ). The shield body 10 of the needle shield assembly is long enough to ensure that the tip 32 of the needle 30 does not reemerge from the distal end 11 of the needle shield assembly when the canting plate is actuated. Canting Plate with Rubber Washer and Interlock A further implementation of an aspect of the instant invention is illustrated in FIGS. 10A-B . An interlock 50 is included to lock the catheter adapter 8 to the shield body 10 until the needle 30 is in a shielded position. The static feature 35 on the needle is employed to activate an adapter release 55 , thereby disengaging the needle shield assembly 5 from the catheter adapter. The canting plate 40 is maintained in the aligned position by the elastomeric washer 28 , the ledge 27 and an alignment arm 227 . The ledge is fixedly attached to the needle shield assembly 5 . The alignment arm may be in the form of a leaf spring attached to the adapter release 55 . As shown in FIG. 10B , the static feature 35 on the needle 30 , prior to bottoming out on the proximal end 12 of the shield body or the retention washer 15 , engages the proximal wall 155 of a release pin 56 , dragging it from a distal position 57 to a proximal position 58 (compare FIGS. 10A and 10B ). The needle shield assembly 5 includes locking flanges 158 in the form of leaf springs attached near the distal end of the needle shield assembly and extending proximally. In their original, undeformed condition, the flanges extend relatively straight (that is, parallel to the axis of the needle shield assembly 5 ) ( FIG. 10C ). When assembled, the locking flanges 158 engage the collar 180 of the adapter 8 , preventing the collar (and thus the adapter) from coming out of the needle shield assembly. See FIG. 10A . When it is in the distal position 57 shown in FIG. 10A , the release pin 56 prevents the locking flanges 158 from displacing radially inward. As the release pin is moved to the proximal position 58 , it disengages the flanges 158 such that they are free to flex radially outwardly. Thus, as the catheter adapter 8 is displaced distally with respect to the needle shield assembly, the collar forces the locking flanges radially outwardly, as seen in FIG. 10B , thereby allowing the collar to slide passed the locking flanges. Consequently, the needle shield assembly 5 may slide off the adapter 8 . As depicted in the drawings, the distal opening 13 of the needle shield assembly 5 is open, even after the needle tip 32 is shielded. It will be appreciated that the length of the needle shield clips or other such mechanisms further may be employed to create a transverse barrier to further prevent reemergence. Further, static feature 35 is employed to resist slipping the needle shield assembly 5 off the tip 32 of the needle 30 . It will be appreciated that other structures, such as a tether, may be employed to prevent such removal. In use, the needle tip 32 of the catheter assembly 100 is inserted into the patient's vein, positioning the catheter 108 in the vein as well. The needle 30 is withdrawn through the catheter 108 and the catheter adapter 8 . The needle exerts a friction force on the washer 28 . The washer is retained in position by the proximal wall 155 of the adapter release 55 . When the feature 35 on the needle engages the proximal wall, it cannot fit through the opening in the wall, and pulls the adapter release proximally with respect to the shield body 10 . As the adapter release moves proximally, the alignment arm 227 deflects over the canting plate 40 . The alignment arm has an angled shape such that, when it is moved distally, it then tilts the canting plate to an off alignment condition. The adapter release continues to move within the shield body until the proximal wall 155 contacts the proximal end 12 of the shield body. At that point, further distal movement of the needle with respect to the needle shield assembly is prevented (see FIG. 10B ). As the adapter release 55 is moved from its distal position 57 to its proximal position 58 , the release pin 56 is withdrawn from engagement with the locking flange 158 . The locking flange is then free to displace radially outwardly as the collar 180 forces its way out of the needle shield assembly. As such, the needle shield assembly 5 can be separated from the adapter 8 . As the needle 30 is urged distally with respect to the needle shield assembly 5 , friction between washer 28 and the needle urges the washer distally as well. The washer engages the canting plate 40 , urging it distally. The canting plate is restrained at one edge by the ledge 27 . Consequently, as the needle is moved distally, the canting plate is tilted more, binding more firmly on the needle and preventing further movement of the needle with respect to the needle shield assembly 5 . Canting Plate with Spring Arm Retention Referring to FIGS. 11A-C and 12 A-C, this implementation of the invention is similar in operation to that depicted in FIGS. 8A-C and 9 A-C. However, in this implementation, a spring arm 427 is compressed radially inward before actuation to assist in maintaining the canting plate 40 in alignment before use. See FIG. 11A . The canting plate 40 is maintained in alignment before actuation by the cooperation of elastomeric washer 28 with retention arm 16 and ledge 27 . Before the needle shield assembly 5 is actuated, the needle 30 can be moved proximally and distally within the assembly. In use, the needle is withdrawn until the feature 35 contacts the retention washer 15 . Further movement of the needle causes the needle shield assembly 5 to pull out of the shield housing 6 in the adapter 8 . See FIG. 11C . At that point, the spring arm 427 moves radially outward to an unstressed condition. The ledge 27 therefore disengages the bottom edge of the canting plate 40 , allowing it to rotate. As the needle is urged distally with respect to the needle shield assembly 5 , it acts on the washer 28 , urging it distally as well. The washer engages the canting plate, in turn, urging it distally. The top edge of the canting plate is prevented from moving by retention arm 16 . Consequently, the canting plate is rotated onto and binds onto the needle 30 , preventing further proximal movement. See FIG. 11C . Single Bi-Directional Canting Plate FIGS. 13A through 13C depict another implementation of an aspect of the invention including a single canting plate 40 which binds onto the needle 30 , thereby preventing movement of the needle with respect to the needle shield assembly 5 in both the proximal and distal directions. The needle shield assembly includes a proximal retention arm 216 and a distal retention arm 116 integrally formed with the shield body 10 . A proximal ledge 227 and a distal ledge 327 are mounted on spring arm 427 . As depicted in FIG. 13A , the shield housing 6 of the adapter 8 compresses or flexes the spring arm radially inwardly, and into engagement with the canting plate 40 . An elastomeric washer 228 is attached to the canting plate and is frictionally engaged to the needle. A feature 35 is permanently attached to the needle. The retention washer 15 at the distal end of the needle shield assembly includes an opening 14 that is sized to permit movement of the needle therethrough but to prevent passage of the feature 35 . In use, the user inserts the needle tip 32 of the over-the-needle catheter assembly 10 into the patient's vein. Upon confirmation flashback, the user grasps the needle hub 110 , pulling the needle hub away from the catheter adapter 8 , thereby causing the needle 30 to be withdrawn through the catheter adapter 8 and the needle shield assembly 5 . See FIG. 13A . The needle continues to be withdrawn through the needle shield assembly until the feature 35 contacts the retention washer 15 . Further displacement of the needle causes the needle shield assembly 5 to be withdrawn from the shield housing 6 in the adapter 8 . See FIG. 13B . As the needle shield assembly is fully withdrawn from the shield housing in the catheter adapter, the spring arm 427 is free to rotate radially outward from the needle shield assembly. Consequently, the proximal ledge 227 and the distal ledge 327 disengage the canting plate 40 . See FIG. 13C . Consequently, the canting plate can be rotated. The upper edge of the canting plate is prevented from moving either distally or proximally by the retention arms 116 , 216 . Double Canting Plate Another implementation of the invention is disclosed in FIGS. 14A through 14C . The needle shield assembly 5 includes a distal retention arm 116 and a proximal retention arm 216 which are preferably integrally formed with the shield body 10 . As depicted, the retention arms are deformed radially inward, such as by bending. A distal canting plate 140 and a proximal canting plate 240 are disposed within the shield body. The canting plates are maintained in an aligned condition by the cooperation of the retention arms with distal ledge 327 and proximal ledge 227 and the elastomeric washer 28 , discussed below. The ledges 227 , 327 are mounted to a spring arm 527 . When the needle shield assembly is disposed within the shield housing 6 of adapter 8 , the spring arm 527 is biased radially inward such that the ledges 227 , 327 engage the canting plates 140 , 240 . A friction member, such as hourglass-shaped washer 28 , is disposed between the distal canting plate 40 and the proximal canting plate 240 within the shield body 10 . The elastomeric washer 28 is frictionally engaged to the needle. In certain implementations of this aspect of the invention, the elastomeric washer 28 may be compressed when disposed between the two canting plates as depicted in FIG. 14A . In such case, the washer is exerting a continuous biasing force on the canting plates which is resisted by the needle shield assembly. In use, needle tip 32 of the over-the-needle catheter assembly 100 is inserted into the patient's vein. Upon confirmation flashback, the needle 30 is withdrawn through the catheter 108 such that the needle passes through the needle shield assembly 5 . The distal canting plate 140 is maintained in alignment with the needle by the cooperation of the elastomeric washer 28 , the distal retention arm 116 and the distal ledge 327 . The proximal canting plate 240 is maintained in alignment by the cooperation of the elastomeric washer, the proximal retention arms 216 and the proximal ledge 227 despite urging of the washer 28 (which is seeking to follow the needle and, thus, being moved against the canting plates). Since the canting plates are in alignment with the needle, the needle passes freely through the openings in the canting plates. Upon further withdrawal of the needle, the feature 35 engages the retention washer 15 , causing the needle shield assembly 5 to be pulled out of the shield housing 6 in the adapter 8 . See FIG. 14B . Upon removal of the needle shield assembly from the catheter adapter, the spring arm 527 is free to expand radially outward from the shield body, such that the proximal ledge 227 disengages the proximal canting plate 240 and the distal ledge 327 disengages the distal canting plate 140 . This disengagement permits the canting plate to rotate. If the washer had been compressed, it will be free to expand, thereby causing immediate tilting of the canting plates. As the needle 30 is urged proximally with respect to the needle shield assembly 5 , the needle will urge the washer 28 distally which, in turn, will cause the proximal canting plate 240 to rotate, as seen in FIG. 14B . As the needle is urged distally with respect to the needle shield assembly, the washer 28 will move distally, urging the distal canting plate 140 to move distally. The distal retention arm 116 will prevent the distal canting plate 140 from translating distally within the needle shield body 10 , resulting in tilting of the distal canting plate and binding on the needle. See FIG. 14C . Dual Canting Plate with Tether Referring to FIGS. 15A through C, an implementation of the invention is depicted which employs a tether 400 to extract the needle shield assembly 5 from the shield housing 6 of the catheter adapter 8 . The tether is attached to the needle hub 110 and to the proximal end 12 of the needle shield assembly. As depicted in FIGS. 15A through C, the tether is attached to the retention washer 15 . Because the tether extracts the needle shield assembly from the catheter adapter, no feature 35 on the needle is required. In use, the needle tip 32 is inserted into the patient's vein, delivering the tip of the catheter 108 to the vein as well. The caregiver then withdraws the needle hub 110 while holding the catheter adapter 8 in place. See FIG. 15B . As the needle hub is moved proximally, the tether 400 extends until it is at its full length. As the needle hub is moved further proximally, the needle shield assembly 5 is pulled out of the shield housing 6 in the catheter adapter 8 . See FIG. 15B . The operation of this implementation is otherwise similar to the implementation depicted and described in connection with FIGS. 14A through 14C . Single Canting Plate and Tether Referring now to FIGS. 16A through 16D , an implementation of the invention similar to that depicted in FIGS. 13A through 13C is depicted. However, a tether 400 is used to extract the needle shield assembly 5 from the shield housing 6 in the catheter adapter 8 . Consequently, no feature 35 is required on the needle. A single canting plate 40 binds onto the needle 30 after actuation, thereby preventing movement of the needle with respect to the needle shield assembly in both the proximal and distal directions. The needle shield assembly 5 includes a proximal retention arm 216 and a distal retention arm 116 integrally formed with the shield body 10 . A proximal ledge 227 and a distal ledge 327 are mounted on spring arm 427 . As depicted in FIG. 16A , the shield housing 6 of the adapter 8 compresses or flexes the spring arm radially inwardly, and into engagement with the canting plate 40 . An elastomeric washer 228 is attached to the canting plate and is frictionally engaged to the needle. A feature 35 is permanently attached to the needle. In use, the user inserts the needle tip 32 of the over-the-needle catheter 100 into the patient's vein, thereby positioning the tip of the catheter 108 in the vein as well. Upon confirmation flashback, the user grasps the needle hub 110 , pulling the needle hub away from the catheter adapter 8 , thereby causing the needle 30 to be withdrawn through the catheter adapter 8 and the needle shield assembly 5 . See FIG. 16B . When the tether 400 is extended to its full length, further proximal movement of the needle hub begins withdrawing the needle shield assembly from the catheter adapter. See FIG. 16B . As the needle shield assembly is fully withdrawn from the shield housing in the catheter adapter, the spring arm 427 is free to rotate radially outward from the needle shield assembly. Consequently, the proximal ledge 227 and the distal ledge 327 disengage the canting plate 40 . See FIG. 16C . Consequently, the canting plate can be rotated. The upper edge of the canting plate is prevented from moving either distally or proximally by the retention arms 116 , 216 . Re-emergence of the needle is prevented by a binding force from the canting plate on the exterior wall of the needle 30 , as discussed in connection with FIGS. 13A-C . See FIG. 16D . Clip with Canting Slot Referring now to FIGS. 17A through 17D , an implementation of the invention is depicted in which a clip 130 is disposed within the housing of the needle shield assembly 5 . The clip is a substantially v-shaped member with a first leg 131 securely mounted to the housing. The second leg 132 is mounted to the first leg via a flexural hinge 133 . Slide tabs 134 are formed in the second leg to reduce the interference between the needle 30 and the second leg during actuation and slidingly engage the needle 30 . As shown in FIGS. 17A and 17B , before actuation, the clip 130 is compressed and maintained in the compressed condition by the presence of the needle within the needle shield 5 at a point aligned with the clip. A trap arm 730 is attached to the second leg 132 and engages a catheter adapter (not shown), preventing its removal from the needle shield assembly. As the needle is withdrawn, it ceases to engage the second leg such that the flexural hinge 133 springs open. See FIGS. 17C and 17D . The trap arm then moves out of engagement with the catheter adapter so that it can be removed from the needle shield assembly. A guide plate 140 is attached to the second leg 132 of the clip 130 . The guide plate includes a guide slot 141 . A canting pin 142 is attached to the canting plate 40 . The canting pin may be integrally formed with the canting plate. The canting pin is disposed within the guide slot 141 . In the unactuated condition, as shown in FIG. 17A , the position of the canting pin in the canting slot maintains the canting plate in an aligned condition with the needle 30 . Consequently, the needle may be withdrawn through the opening in the canting plate without interference. As the needle is withdrawn beyond the clip, the clip springs open, causing the guide plate to move accordingly. See FIGS. 17C and 17D . The movement of the guide plate results in the pin 142 being displaced in a distal direction. The bottom edge of the canting plate is prevented from translating proximally or distally because it is retained within a groove 740 in the needle shield assembly housing. As the pin 142 is moved distally, the canting plate is rotated into binding engagement with the needle. As the needle is urged distally with respect to the needle shield assembly, the engagement of the canting plate prevents the needle from re-emerging out of the needle shield assembly. The retention washer 15 prevents movement of the feature 35 (and therefore movement of the needle tip 32 ) out of the proximal end of the needle shield assembly. It will be appreciated that the feature could be removed and a tether provided to prevent the needle shield assembly from sliding off the tip of the needle. Integrated Washer and Floating Plate Referring now to FIGS. 18A through 18D , an implementation of the invention is depicted including a retention washer 15 integrally formed with an actuator arm 150 . An opening 14 is disposed in the retention washer. A lip may be formed about the opening 14 to ease the passage of the needle and to ensure relatively perpendicular alignment between the retention washer and the needle. The actuator arm includes a front wall 151 and a slide plate 152 . An aperture 153 is disposed in the front wall but may be eliminated in certain implementations. The canting plate 40 is maintained in position about the needle by a pair of u-shaped sleeves 154 . The sleeves are in a relatively close fit with the canting plate 40 but not so close that the canting plate cannot slide within the sleeves. Compare FIGS. 18B and 18D . The u-shaped sleeves are themselves attached to the arm 150 . An aperture 155 is disposed in the arm directly above the canting plate. In the unactuated condition, as seen in FIGS. 18A and 18B , the retention plate 15 and the arm 150 are flexed away from each other (that is, biased open) and maintained in this flexed condition by the presence of the needle 30 in the opening 14 of the retention washer, and the engagement of the needle with the plate 152 . After insertion of the catheter 108 into the patient's vein, the needle shield assembly 5 is moved toward the needle tip 32 (or, alternatively, the needle 30 is withdrawn through the needle shield assembly). As the needle moves proximally with respect to the needle shield assembly 5 , the tip 32 of the needle passes beyond the slide plate 152 such that the arm 150 and retention plate 15 can return to their unbiased condition, rotating toward each other, as seen in FIGS. 18C and 18D . In this unbiased or actuated condition, the u-shaped members 154 are displaced with respect to the retention washer 15 (specifically, the u-shaped members are rotated with respect to the retention plate). Compare FIG. 18B with FIG. 18D . As such, the canting plate 40 is also displaced with respect to the retention washer (and thus the needle). Effectively, the canting plate is tilted with respect to the needle and thereby engages the exterior of the needle. In the actuated condition, the top of the canting plate protrudes through the aperture 155 in the arm 150 . It will be appreciated that the arm 150 could be designed such that such an aperture 155 would not be required but this would result in a larger needle shield assembly 5 . Integrated Plate and Engagement Hooks Referring now to FIGS. 19A and 19B , an implementation of the invention is depicted that includes a mechanism for engaging a catheter adapter 8 until the needle tip 32 has been withdrawn into the needle shield assembly 5 , somewhat similar to the implementation depicted in FIGS. 4A-B . The needle shield assembly includes two engagement arms 190 (preferably in the form of leaf springs integrally formed with the shield body 10 ) that are biased radially outwardly from the body of the needle shield assembly. Hooks 191 are attached to the distal end of the engagement arms 190 . In the unactuated condition, the needle 30 is positioned between the hooks, thereby urging the hooks and the engagement arms radially outward. The hooks therefore are disposed within an annular groove 192 in the catheter adapter 8 . Consequently, the catheter adapter may not be displaced off of the needle shield assembly. As the needle is withdrawn from between the hooks, the engagement arms flex radially inward to their unstressed condition as seen in FIG. 19B . As such, the hooks 191 disengage the annular groove 192 . Consequently, the needle shield assembly 5 may now be removed from the catheter adapter 8 . The needle shield assembly 5 also includes a retention washer 15 integrally formed with a canting plate 40 and connected by a flexural hinge member 193 . The hinge member is a spring which urges the canting plate 40 into a canted condition. When assembled and before actuation (see FIG. 19A ), the canting plate is maintained in alignment with the needle by the cooperation of the force exerted by the flexural hinge 193 and interference with the proximal end of the catheter adapter 8 . Consequently, the needle 30 is free to pass through the canting plate without interference. As the needle shield assembly is disengaged from the catheter adapter and moves proximally out of the catheter adapter, the canting plate is free to succumb to the bias of the flexural hinge 193 and thus engage the exterior of the needle 30 (see FIG. 19B ). Integral Washer, Hinge and Canting Plate with Actuation Arm Referring now to FIGS. 20A and 20B , an implementation of the invention is depicted including a retention washer 15 integrally formed with a flexural hinge 193 which in turn integrally formed with a canting plate 40 which is in turn integrally formed with an actuation arm 150 . The retention washer is attached to the proximal end 12 of a shield body 10 . In the unactuated condition, the canting plate is maintained in alignment with the needle 30 by the cooperation of the force exerted by the flexural hinge 193 and the restraint exerted by actuation arm 150 . Specifically, the flexural hinge 193 acts as a spring urging the canting plate into a canted or engaging condition. This movement of the canting plate is prevented by the actuation arm which itself is engaged to the needle. See FIG. 20A . As the needle tip 32 is withdrawn, the actuation arm 150 comes out of engagement with the needle tip and is therefore free to move within the shield body 10 . Consequently, the canting plate 40 succumbs to the bias exerted by the flexural hinge 193 . As the canting plate is tilted out of alignment with the needle, it bindingly engages to the exterior of the needle. A cutout 159 may be provided on the actuation arm to permit movement of the actuation arm after passage of the needle tip without interference from the needle. As disclosed above, certain implementations of the invention employ a feature 35 on the needle 30 to limit motion of the needle shield assembly 5 with respect to the tip 32 of the needle. Other implementations employ a tether 400 to limit motion of the needle tip with respect to the needle shield assembly. It will be appreciated that in the various embodiments, the feature may be replaced with a tether (or the tether replaced with a feature) and still practice the invention. Further, the friction member is referred to, in certain implementations as an elastomeric washer. It will be appreciated that the friction member may be made of elastomers, or other materials having different properties and various shapes and still practice aspects of the invention. The preceding description is exemplary rather than limiting in nature. Variations and modifications to the disclosed examples may become apparent to those skilled in the art that do not necessarily depart from the purview and spirit of this invention. For example, implementations of the invention may be employed with other needles, such as anesthesia needles or syringes or blood sample collection sets. The scope of legal protection given to this invention can only be determined by studying the following claims.	A needle shield assembly with a needle having a distal tip and a static feature is provided. The needle shield assembly includes an adapter having an open distal terminus and an open proximal terminus to allow passage of the needle and a needle shield slidably associated with the adapter having an open distal end and an open proximal end where the open proximal end is sufficiently narrow to restrict proximal movement of the needle static feature causing the shield to move in a proximal direction when the needle is pulled proximally after the static feature has established contact with the needle shield proximal end. The assembly includes a canting plate having an unactivated first position and an activated second position that restricts needle movement. The canting plate is activated via a canting plate retention system in communication with the canting plate and responsive to proximal movement of the needle.	0
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to an injection molding machine comprising an injecting unit and a clamping unit, which are supported on a machine pedestal which has an approximately rectangular vertical projection, The machine also comprises an injection mold for consecutively ejecting usable moldings, rejects and sprues, sorting means, which are disposed under the injection mold and comprise a swivel plate, which is pivotally movable by means of a motor-driven swivel drive to two mutually oppositely inclined positions, in which the usable moldings, on the one hand, and the rejects and sprues, on the other hand, slip down on the swivel plate in mutually opposite directions, There are further provided receiving means, which extend under the delivery end of said swivel plate when it is in position for a delivery of usable moldings, and comprising a disintegrator, which includes a drive motor, a transmission, a cutting mechanism having a drive shaft, and a container for disintegrated material, wherein the delivery end of said plate is disposed over said disintegrator when said plate is in its position for a delivery of sprues. 2. Description of the Prior Art A known injection molding machine of the above outlined kind is disclosed in Published German Application 3637612 and in the corresponding U.S. patent application Ser. No. 116 218 and comprises a belt conveyor and a disintegrator, which consist of separate units and can be removed from the injection molding machine. But the functional elements of the sorting means are individually and permanently integrated in the machine pedestal because there is only a confined space between the injection mold and the disintegrator particularly in small injection molding machines. The sprues must be horizontally transported from the sorting means before they can be received by the cutting mechanism. It is also known from Published German Application 3126520 that the consecutively ejected moldings, on the one hand, and sprues and rejects, on the other hand, can be directed to different collecting containers by means of a sorting flap, which is actuated by drive means, which are permanently installed in the injection molding machine. In that case the sorting flap has a guiding function only in one guiding position and the sorting means and the collecting containers occupy the entire space below the injection mold. In another known injection molding machine (U.S. Pat. No. 3,776,675) the sorting means also occupy the entire space in the machine frame under the injection mold. The guide flap causes, the moldings, on the one hand, and the sprues, on the other hand, to move on sloping surfaces directly out of the machine pedestal. It is also known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,608,008 to provide a belt conveyor unit, which comprises a belt conveyor, a frame and drive means and which is removably mounted in the machine pedestal and is so arranged that the moldings are conveyed by said belt conveyor out of the machine pedestal at one end thereof on a path which is parallel to the longitudinal vertical plane of symmetry of the injection molding machine. But a separation of rejects from the usable moldings is not contemplated and is not possible. In a relatively large injection molding machine of a comparable kind the rejects and the usable moldings fall out of the mold in spaced apart regions (U.S. Pat. No. 4,321,027, column 1, lines 18 to 29 and column 2, lines 32 to 38). The rejects fall into a disintegrator, which can be moved out of the machine pedestal. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention so to improve an injection molding machine which is of the kind described first herinbefore that various financial resources of the potential customers and various production processes employed by them can better be taken into account because injection molding machines having different degrees of automation can economically be manufactured and can be converted to a higher degree of automation without a large expenditure of assembling work. That object is accomplished in that the disintegrator comprises a cutting mechanism, which is incorporated in a unit which can be removed out of the machine pedestal, and a motor-transmission block, which is incorporated in a motor-transmission unit and is disposed outside the vertical projection of the cutting mechanism, and the sorting means are incorporated in a sorting unit which can be removed out of the machine pedestal. In such an arrangement the handling of the parts of the machine will greatly be simplified. When the injection molding work is to be changed for the production of moldings which have a different shape or a different color, hardness, toughness and the like and that change requires the use of a different cutting mechanism or requires a cleaning of the cutting mechanism, it will no longer be necessary to remove the entire disintegrator but it will be sufficient to remove the cutting unit from the machine pedestal with a small amount of work. That advantage will also be afforded when a repair is required. In such an arrangement it will also be possible, particularly in a small injection molding machine, to accomodate the sorting means, the belt conveyor and the disintegrator in the machine pedestal in such an arrangement that cutting mechanisms which are suitable for a cutting of specific moldings in dependence on their shape, hardness and toughness can be used, e.g., cutting mechanisms operating at a relatively low speed and having a large overall axial length because the associated drive motor is disposed outside the vertical projection of the cutting mechanism. Because the sorting means and the cutting mechanism constitute respective units which can be removed from the machine pedestal, the downtimes will be much shorter as each unit can quickly be replaced. Besides, a customer who has relatively small financial resources can first purchase an injection molding machine having the lowest degree of automation without sorting means, conveying means and disintegrator but having only a collecting bin and as his financial resources increase that machine can be equipped in consecutive stages with said means. Machines having progressively increasing degrees of automation can be used by the customer, e.g., for the following production processes: Simple collection of unsorted moldings in a container; delivery of unsorted moldings by conveying means (belt conveyor); sorting of moldings and delivery of the usable moldings by the belt conveyor and collection of the rejects and sprues in a container; sorting of moldings, delivery of the usable moldings and disintegration of the rejects and sprues. The arrangement in accordance with the invention affords advantages also in production because the sorting means consist of a functional unit which can be tested for operability out of the injection molding machine before said unit is inserted into the machine pedestal or after it has been serviced or repaired. The sorting means can be preassembled outside the injection molding machine to constitute an independently operable unit, which can be inserted in a simple manner into the machine pedestal. The total assembling work which will be involved will be significantly less than in a manufacturing process in which the individual parts of the sorting means must individually be installed in the machine pedestal. Finally, the sorting unit may selectively be installed, with little assembling work, in the machine pedestal in such a manner that the pivotal axis of the sorting means is either parallel or at right angles to the vertical longitudinal plane of symmetry of the injection molding machine. In an improved embodiment the cutting mechanism is coupled to the motor-transmission unit by a plug coupling and is adapted to be removed from the machine pedestal through an exit opening and is arranged to be uncoupled from the motor-transmission unit as the cutting unit is thus removed, and the cutting unit is symmetrical to a vertical longitudinal center plane of the sorting unit. In that embodiment the cutting unit can be associated with the sorting unit within a small space. Rejects and sprues need not to be transversely conveyed from the sorting means but will directly fall from the sorting means into the cutting mechanism so that the cutting mechanism may have a simple design, which requires only a small space, and will automatically be coupled to and uncoupled from the associated motor-transmission unit. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic side elevation showing the injection molding machine. FIG. 2 is a rear elevation showing the injection molding machine of FIG. 1 without the belt conveyor. FIG. 3 is a horizontal sectional view taken on line III--III in FIG. 1. FIG. 4 is an enlarged fragmentary view showing a portion of FIG. 1. FIG. 5 is an enlarged fragmentary view showing a portion of FIG. 2 with the cutting mechanism uncoupled from the drive motor. FIGS. 6 and 7 are sectional views taken on line VI--VI in FIG. 8 with the sorting unit in respective positions for a delivery of rejects and sprues and for a delivery of usable moldings. FIG. 8 is a sectional view taken on line VIII--VIII in FIG. 1. FIG. 9 is a fragmentary view showing a portion of FIG. 8 with the housing of the sorting unit partly cut open. FIG. 10 is a top plan view showing the cutting mechanism of the disintegrator partly in a sectional view taken on a plane through the axis of the cutting mechanism. FIG. 11 is a view which is similar to FIG. 5 and shows the motor-transmission unit partly cut open. FIG. 12 is a top plan view showing the motor-transmission unit of the disintegrator. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The invention will now be described with reference to two illustrative embodiments shown in the drawings. In the injection molding machine an injecting unit S is supported by a sheet steel machine pedestal M, which is U-shaped in cross-section and has vertical longitudinal side walls 18c, 18d, which constitute the legs of the U and have inturned top edge flanges 18e, which are provided with track rails 33. Moldings which have been detected by the computer of the injection molding machine because one or more of their parameters is outside a predetermined range, are described herein as rejects. The machine also comprises a clamping unit F, which is shown in FIG. 1 and supported by the machine pedestal M. The clamping unit comprises an injection mold 13, which is provided with an ejector for consecutively ejecting usable moldings 73 and rejects 73', on the one hand, and sprues 73" (FIG. 6) on the other hand. Under the injection mold 13, sorting means are disposed in the machine pedestal M and comprise a swivel plate 36 which is non-rotatably connected to a horizontal swivel shaft 35 and has slide faces on both sides. The swivel plate 36 serves to separate the rejects 73' and the sprues 73" from the usable moldings 73. The sorting mechanism is incorporated in a sorting unit E and also comprises a motor-operated swivel drive 36a,36d for swiveling the plate in intervals of time between a first inclined position for a delivery of usable moldings 73 and a second inclined position for a delivery of rejects 73' and sprues 73". Said first position is shown in FIG. 7 and said second position is shown in FIGS. 1, 4, 6. In the inclined positions of the swivel plate 36 the usable moldings or rejects or sprues slide on the then upwardly facing slide face of the swivel plate 36 in mutually opposite directions and are thus separated from each other. The sorting unit E comprises a housing 36i and can be removed as an independently operable unit from the machine pedestal M and may be arranged in the parallelepipedic machine pedestal M with the swivel shaft 35 extending at right angles to the longitudal vertical plane of symmetry b--b of the injection molding machine. The housing 36i comprises two parallel vertical walls 36i', which carry the swivel bearings 35a for the swivel shaft 35, two section bars 36i" which connect the walls 36i' at their top, and an angle plate 78, which connects the walls 36i' at the bottom. The swivel plate 36 has a major portion extending above the swivel shaft 35. The slide surfaces of the swivel plate 36 are continued by the top surfaces of the angle plate 78, which is disposed under the swivel shaft 35 and is symmetrical to the vertical plane which contains the swivel shaft 35. Each wall 36i' is formed at its top edge with a horizontal supporting flange 36 l. The supporting flanges 36 l support the sorting unit E on stationary supporting elements 74. As is particularly apparent from FIG. 9 in conjunction with FIGS. 6 to 8, said supporting elements 74 are arranged in respective rows on vertical legs of supporting plates 70a', which are firmly connected to a stationary funnel T. The funnel T is constituted by sheet metal elements 70a, 36m, which are connected by fasteners 72', and is secured by additional fasteners 72 to the flanges 18e of the machine pedestal M. The swivel plate 36 is supported on supporting elements 36h. The following special features are embodied in the first illustrative embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 to 9: A belt conveyor 17 for conveying the moldings 73 on a path which is parallel to the plane of symmetry b--b is associated with the sorting unit. The belt conveyor 17 and its frame 17b are incorporated in a unit which can be removed from and inserted into the machine pedestal M. The disintegrator is composed of a motor-transmission unit A and a cutting mechanism, which is incorporated in a cutting unit G. When the fixing screws 170 have been loosened, the motor-transmission unit can be removed from the machine pedestal through the first exit opening 10 or the second exit opening 76. The cutting mechanism is detachably coupled to the motor-transmission unit A by a plug coupling. When a locking screw 169 (FIG. 5) has been loosened, the cutting unit G can axially be moved and the cutting mechanism will thus automatically be uncoupled from the motor-transmission unit A. In the illustrative embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 to 12 the motor-transmission unit comprises a motor-transmission block which and is supported by a leg 163 on a bottom plate 18f of the machine pedestal M. As particularly well seen in FIG. 5, the motor-transmission block passes through an aperture of the longitudinal side wall 18c of the pedestal M and is, to a substantial extent, situated externally of the pedestal M. During the uncoupling movement of the cutting unit G, the latter is guided on the leg 163. The cutting unit G can be centered on and locked to the leg 163 in working position. The motor-transmission block comprises a motor 120, the axis of which is at right angles to the shaft 131 of the cutting mechanism, and a transmission 124, which comprises a housing 124e, which contains a worm gear train having an output shaft 124a, which is coaxial to the drive shaft 131 of the cutting mechanism and is non-rotatably connected to a coupling socket 160a. The shafts 124a and 131 are oriented perpendicularly to the vertical longitudinal plane of symmetry b--b of the injection molding machine. The drive shaft 131 of the cutting mechanism is terminated by a gear 160b, which constitutes a male coupling member, which is slidably mounted in and peripherally interlocks with an internal gear of the coupling socket 160a (FIGS. 5, 11, 12). The worm 124c is driven via gears 124d. The worm wheel 124b is secured to the output shaft 124a. As is particularly apparent from FIGS. 5 to 7 and 11 the leg 163 is U-shaped in a top plan view and has inturned horizontal top flanges providing rail like supporting surfaces 163a. The cutting unit G comprises crossbeams 165, which are supported on and axially guided by the supporting surfaces 163a. The crossbeams 165 have vertical guide edges 20 (FIGS. 5 to 7), which slide on cut vertical edges 19 (FIGS. 6, 7, 12) of the sheet metal leg 163 (FIGS. 5, 6). The cutting unit can be secured by a fixing bar 166 and a screw to a stationary mounting bar 163b, which is secured to the leg 163. This is particularly apparent from FIGS. 4, 5. The cutting unit G is centered in working position by centering pins 167, which are secured to that crossbeam 165 of the cutting unit G that is nearer to the transmission, and to the mounting bar 163b. The centering pins 167 extend into centering bores of a centering bar 168 or of the mounting bar 163b. As the container 161 is slidably inserted, a tubular port 162a of the container 161 is sealingly introduced into a suction pipe 162, which is secured to the motor-transmission unit A. To produce a vacuum which is sufficient for a sucking of the disintegrated material, the interior spaces of the cutting unit G and of the container 161 for disintegrated material constitute a common evacuated space, which is reasonably sealed by means of strip-shaped cover plates 171, the crossbeam 165, the mounting bar 163b and a stiffening bar 163c. The motor-transmission block and the leg 163 of the motor-transmission unit A are interconnected by means of a vertical mounting plate 164 (FIG. 8), which is contained in and interlocks with the channel-shaped leg 163 so that the edges of the plate 164 engage the web and legs of the leg 163. The motor-transmission block is carried by and protrudes from the mounting plate 164. Adjacent to the disintegrator the longitudinal wall 18c of the machine pedestal M is formed with an exit opening 10, through which the cutting unit G and the leg 163 of the motor-transmission unit A can be removed out of the machine pedestal M when the fixing screws 170 have been loosened. The unit which comprises the belt conveyor 17 and the frame 17b can be removed from the machine pedestal M through the first exit opening 76 at the end of the machine pedestal M (FIGS. 1, 3). When the unit comprising the belt conveyor 17 has been removed the sorting unit E can also be removed as an independently operable unit through the first exit opening 76 or through the second exit opening 10 that is formed in the longitudinal wall 18c. The cutting unit G is designed to operate at a speed of 20 to 25 revolutions per minute. Two large cutters 130a for crushing large plastic pieces and also small cutters 130b are mounted on the drive shaft 131 of the cutting mechanism. The distance from each large cutter 130a to the adjacent bearing flange 128a equals the distance by which the large cutters 130a are spaced apart. All cutters 130a and 130b cooperate with stationary knife edges of diametrically arranged cutter blocks 133. As the cutters 130a, 130b rotate, they move through annular grooves formed in the stationary cutter blocks. The material which has been crushed, disintegrated and ground by the cutting mechanism flows into the container 161 for disintegrated material and is sucked off from there through the suction pipe 162, which applies a vacuum to the container 161. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 to 9 the swivel shaft 35 of the sorting unit E and the drive shaft 131 of the cutting unit G extend at right angles to the plane of symmetry b--b. The belt conveyor 17 conveys the usable moldings 73 parallel to the plane of symmetry b--b and can be removed from the machine pedestal through the first exit opening 76 provided at the end of the machine pedestal. The cutting unit G is symmetrical to the plane of symmetry b--b and can be removed out of the machine pedestal M through the second exit opening 10 formed in the longitudinal wall 18c. The motor-transmission block of the motor-transmission unit A is disposed outside the machine pedestal M. In series production the injection molding machine can be delivered in the arrangement shown in FIGS. 1 to 9 as desired without an appreciable additional expenditure. The sorting unit is locked in position in that the supporting elements 74 are received by apertures formed in the supporting flange 36 l or in the supporting means of the section rails 36i". When it is desired to remove the sorting unit E the latter is slightly off the supporting elements and is then first moved away from the supporting elements 74 in a direction which is parallel to the plane of symmetry b--b and is subsequently removed out of the machine pedestal M through the exit opening 76 or 10. The cutting mechanism is symmetrical to the center plane a--a (FIG. 9) of the sorting unit E so that the disintegrator has a simple design and the sorting unit and the disintegrator can be accommodated in a small space in such a manner that the rejects and sprues can directly fall from the swivel plate 36 into the cutting mechanism without a need for a transverse conveyance of the rejects and sprues from the sorting means.	An injection molding machine has a sorting device which is disposed under the injection mold and includes a swivel plate, which is pivotally movable by a motor-driven swivel drive to two mutually oppositely inclined positions for a delivery of usable moldings and for a delivery of rejects and sprues, respectively. In the position for a delivery of usable moldings, the delivery end of the swivel plate is disposed over an arrangement for receiving the usable moldings (belt conveyor). In the position for a delivery of rejects and sprues, the delivery end of the swivel plate is disposed over a disintegrator. The disintegrator includes a cutting mechanism, which constitutes a unit, which is removable out of the machine pedestal, and a motor-and-transmission block, which is disposed outside the vertical projection of the cutting mechanism. The sorting device is incorporated in a sorting unit, which is removable out of the machine pedestal.	1
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/791,289 filed Mar. 15, 2013, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] This invention is in the field of intravenous catheters, methods of using the catheters and a kit comprising the catheters. BACKGROUND [0003] Intravenous catheters are used for administration of intravenous medications, fluids and blood products routinely in emergency departments, hospitals and other patient care areas. Placing a peripheral venous catheter (PIV), is relatively easy in adults, but can be tedious, difficult (even for an experienced provider) and time consuming in infants and younger children as they have smaller and more fragile veins than adults and the veins are difficult to locate and stabilize while inserting and securing the catheter. [0004] Once placed, it is harder to maintain the catheter in place, due to its short length, constant movement of the extremity and non-cooperation from younger children. Under the age of 5 years, the mean duration of patency of catheters is less than two days and it is shorter for infants and neonates. Maintenance of patency of these catheters is important for reducing patient discomfort and need for restarting of the PIV. Fewer IV restarts can reduce pain and anxiety to the patient and its family members; conserve supplies and professional time for any busy hospital. [0005] When IV therapy is needed for a longer duration, peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICC) are used. These catheters require provider expertise on the part of the provider, ultrasound guidance and special catheter kits and may also require fluoroscopy. PICC line placement, especially in children, is time consuming and can be associated with similar complications as central venous catheters including thrombosis, infection and bleeding. Accordingly there is an ongoing need for a catheter that can be placed by clinical providers without the need special training and will last longer than traditional IV catheters. SUMMARY [0006] The invention is an extendable intravenous catheter. The catheter is configured as a conventional catheter for purposes of insertion and placement. However, the catheter may be lengthened after placement to extend farther into the vessel. [0007] The catheter includes a hub and an intravenous portion having fluid communication therethrough. The intravenous portion has a tip portion, an extendable portion and a proximal portion attached to the hub. The extendable portion has a retracted position and an extended position. An extender tool is insertable and removable from the catheter. The extender tool is dimensioned for passing through said hub, proximal portion and extendable portion but not through said opening in said tip portion such that said extenable portion may be extended to its extended position by inserting and applying sufficient pressure to said extender tool. [0008] In another embodiment, a wire is incorporated in the intravenous portion. The wire includes a coiled portion that supports maintenance of said intravenous portion of said catheter in said extended position [0009] In another embodiment, the wire has a receiver disposed in the tip portion. [0010] In another embodiment, this invention is a method of inserting a catheter into a patient comprising inserting into the patient an extendable catheter of the invention wherein the extendable portion is in its retracted position, inserting the extender tool into said catheter and exerting sufficient pressure on said extender tool to extend the catheter to its full length. [0011] In another embodiment, this invention is a kit comprising an extendable catheter of the invention and an extender tool. [0012] Further areas of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the preferred embodiment of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0013] Embodiments of the present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein: [0014] FIG. 1 shows a prior art intravenous catheter. [0015] FIG. 2 shows an extendable intravenous catheter of the present invention. [0016] FIG. 3 shows a coiled and unwound spring. [0017] FIG. 4 depicts an embodiment of the extender tool. [0018] FIG. 5 is a cut away side view of an embodiment of the extendable intravenous catheter. [0019] FIG. 6 is a cut away side view of an embodiment of the extendable intravenous catheter with the extender tool inserted. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0020] The following description of the preferred embodiment(s) is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses. [0021] FIG. 1 shows a prior art intravenous catheter without a needle. FIG. 2 shows an extendable intravenous catheter of the present invention 10 without a needle. The extendable intravenous catheter of the present invention 10 includes an intravenous portion 12 , which is further comprised of a tip portion 14 , an extendable portion 16 and a proximal portion 18 . The proximal portion 18 is attached to or integrally formed with a hub 20 . An entrance opening 22 in the hub 20 is in fluid communication with an outlet tip, outlet 24 because all of these portions are assembled together or integrally formed to create a continuous lumen from the hub entry to the tip outlet. This patent lumen will accommodate a needle for placement of the IV, followed by an extender to dispose the catheter in the vessel and finally throughput of fluid solutions containing therapeutic agents. [0022] The extendable portion 16 has a first position which is retracted and short relative to a second position, which is extended and long. [0023] In an embodiment, the intravenous portion 12 of the catheter 10 includes a wire 30 . Wire 30 has a retracted configuration 32 which is compacted in an axial direction and wound relatively tightly. The wire 30 has no memory for retaining this configuration 32 . The wire 30 may be extended to an extended position 34 , which is relatively less compacted axially, unwound and long. The metal or other material of which spring 30 is fabricated is selected for retaining the extended configuration 30 after having been placed in the extended configuration 34 . [0024] As is seen in cutaway side view 5 , in an embodiment of the invention, the entrance opening 22 and tip outlet 24 are in fluid communication through a patent lumen throughout the catheter 10 . The side wall 40 of the catheter 10 includes wire 30 . Wire 30 may be embedded in the side wall 40 , attached to an outer wall or an inner wall of said side wall 40 or sandwiched between laminated layers of said wall 40 as at layer 42 for example. In a preferred embodiment, the interior lumen of the catheter maintains a smooth wall. In an alternate embodiment (not shown), the wire 30 could be completely omitted, as long as the receiver 54 is sturdy enough to withstand axial force generated by the extender tool, and to maintain a lengthened position after being extended in situ. [0025] As can be seen in FIG. 4 , an extender tool 50 is provided. In the depicted embodiment, the extender tool 50 comprises a relatively stiff wire that includes a ball end 52 . Referring now to FIG. 5 , the wire 30 includes a receiver 54 . In the depicted embodiment, the receiver 54 is a loop in the end of the wire disposed proximate to the tip outlet 24 . The receiver loop 54 is dimensioned to have a diameter smaller than ball 52 at the end of extender 50 . [0026] The catheter of the invention can be constructed of any material that is biocompatible and hemocompatible. Suitable biomaterials include polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyurethane (PU). In an embodiment, the catheter will be constructed using PTFE because it has a greater rate of hemocompatibility than PVC or PU, as well as a longer duration period. [0027] In operation, the catheter with the extendable portion 16 in its retracted position has a needle placed therein, with the point of the needle extending through the tip outlet 24 . The IV is placed in the conventional manner. Once free flow of blood is obtained indicating the presence of the needle in the lumen of the vein, the needle is withdrawn and through the outlet opening 22 , the extender 50 is placed within the catheter 10 . Appropriate pressure is placed by the operator on the extender 50 in order to place its ball end 52 against receiver 54 of wire 30 and thereafter extend wire 30 and the intravenous catheter extendable portion 16 to move it from the retracted short position to the extended long position. Thereafter, the extender 50 is withdrawn. The wire 30 maintains its extended configuration 34 and supports the catheter in retaining its long, extended configuration for its in-dwelling duration. [0028] In the depicted embodiment, the wall 40 of the intravenous portion 12 of the catheter includes an accordion shape or corrugated configuration having its outer pleats substantially corresponding to the coiled portion of said wire 30 . Thus, the material of side wall 40 can contribute to the provision in the overall catheter of a first short retracted position and then an extended long position during its indwelling use. In the embodiment depicted, the wire 30 has a proximal end anchored substantially within or near said hub 20 . [0029] The catheter may be manufactured in various lengths and gauges depending on its intended use. The catheter gauge will be essentially identical to that of conventional, non-extendable catheters used for a given application. Selection and placement of the extendable catheter for a given application is well within the skill of the clinical provider. Typically the catheter will be extendable to about 3 to about 5 times its unextended length. For example, in certain embodiments, the catheter may have an unextended length of up to about 1.5 inches and an extended length of up to about 4.5 to about 7.5 inches within the patient. In other embodiments, the catheter will have a fully extended length between the lengths of a peripheral IV and that of a PICC. [0030] Just after birth, the average upper arm length is 4.1 inches, while at 5 years old the length is 7.5 inches. This particular invention is applicable for all ages but is particularly applicable to the younger age groups. The gauge and length of the catheter will depend on the age and size of the patient as determined by the provider. The catheter material will be biocompatible, and smooth on the outside when extended. Like a PICC, our catheter will be inserted peripherally, but it will require less training for nurses and a shorter insertion time. [0031] As various modifications could be made to the exemplary embodiments, as described above with reference to the corresponding illustrations, without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the foregoing description and shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative rather than limiting. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims appended hereto and their equivalents.	An intravenous catheter has a tip portion, an extendable portion and a proximal portion attached to a hub. The extendable portion has a refracted position and an extended position. A wire may be incorporated in the intravenous portion. The wire may have a receiver disposed in the tip portion. An extender tool is insertable and removable from the catheter. The extender is dimensioned to engage the receiver upon insertion into said catheter and lengthen the extendable portion of said catheter to said extended position when inserted.	0
RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/708,966 filed Aug. 16, 2005, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/240,449 filed May 25, 2006 (which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/684,666 filed May 25, 2005), which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/371,195 filed Mar. 7, 2006 (which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/659,722 filed Mar. 7, 2005) and a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/342,240 filed Jan. 27, 2006 (which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/648,327 filed Jan. 27, 2005), which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/225,607 filed Sep. 12, 2005 (which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/608,582 filed Sep. 10, 2004), which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/166,008 filed Jun. 24, 2005, which is (a) a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/631,892 filed Aug. 4, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,972,312 (which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/147,435, filed Aug. 4, 1999); (b) a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/351,292, filed Jan. 23, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,933,345 (which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/351,523, filed Jan. 23, 2002), which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 09/818,265, filed Mar. 26, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,716,919 (which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/192,083, filed Mar. 24, 2000); (c) a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/747,762, filed Dec. 21, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,911,518 (which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/171,888, filed Dec. 23, 1999); and (d) a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/186,318, filed Jun. 27, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,927,270 (which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/147,435, filed Jun. 27, 2001). The disclosures of the foregoing applications are incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] This invention relates to a process for functionalization of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane silanols and siloxides with olefinic groups, enhancing their physical, chemical, and electronic properties, and their suitability for incorporation into catalytic, metallic, polymeric, electronic, medical, cosmetic, and biological products. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Nanostructured chemicals are best exemplified by those based on low-cost Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (POSS) and Polyhedral Oligomeric Silicates (POS). POSS and POS systems contain hybrid (i.e. organic-inorganic) compositions in which the internal cage framework is primarily comprised of rigid inorganic silicon-oxygen bonds. The exterior of the nanostructure is covered by both reactive and nonreactive organic functionalities (R), which ensure compatibility and tailorability of the nanostructure with organic and inorganic materials. These and other properties and features of nanostructured chemicals are discussed in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,412,053 and 5,484,867, which are incorporated herein by reference. [0004] Current engineering methods produce POSS silanols bearing one through four silanol groups per cage. Control over the stereochemistry and silation of the silanols has been discussed extensively in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,660,823, and a significant number of POSS silanols and POSS siloxide anions have become items of commerce. [0005] Certain microelectronic, medical, catalytic, and biological applications could benefit from POSS silanols containing mixtures of R groups on the cage where one or more types of R group are greatly different in reactivity or properties (e.g. hydrophilic vs hydrophobic) from other R groups on the cage. Under such a scenario it would be desirable to maintain the silanol groups for bonding to metallic, biological, or polymeric surfaces, via covalent silation, hydrogen bonding, ion paring, or Van der Waals contact. Thus a need exists to provide POSS silanols bearing one or more different R groups on the same POSS silanol cage molecule. It is especially desirable to produce POSS cages with reactive olefinic groups R 2 which can participate in other chemistry than that available to the R 1 groups and the silanols or siloxides ( FIG. 1 ). [0006] A key to the utility of POSS molecules and their compatibility with man-made and organic materials and surfaces is that their dispersion is thermodynamically governed by the Gibbs free energy of mixing equation (ΔG=ΔH-TΔS). The nature of the R group and ability of the reactive groups on the POSS cage to react or interact with polymers and surfaces greatly contributes to a favorable enthalpic (ΔH) term while the entropic term (ΔS) is highly favorable when the cage size is monoscopic. [0007] Consequently a need exists for improvement upon the prior art of POSS cage compositions. An improved process yielding high purity and molecularly precise POSS silanols or POSS siloxides bearing combinations of hydrophobic and hydrophilic and saturated and unsaturated R groups on the same molecule is described. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0008] The present invention describes synthetic methods of preparing POSS or POS cage compositions bearing combinations of hydrophobic, hydrophilic, saturated, unsaturated, and biologically active R groups on the same molecule. [0009] A synthetic process that renders polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane silanols and siloxides rapidly, in high yield, and containing wholly olefinic groups, or mixtures of olefinic and aromatic or alkyl, or biologically compatible groups is provided. The process involves the use of hydroxide bases with silane coupling agents of the formula R 1 SiX 3 and R 2 SiX 3 to form POSS cages functionalized with silanols of the formula types [(R 1 SiO 1.5 ) 7 . x (R 2 SiO 1.5 ) x (HOSiO 1.5 ) 1 ] Σ8 , [(R 1 SiO 1.5 ) 6−x (R 2 SiO 1.5 ) x (R 1 HOSiO 1 ) 2−x (R 2 HOSiO 1 ) x ] Σ8 , [(R 1 SiO 1.5 ) 2−x (R 2 SiO 1.5 ) x (R 1 HOSiO 1 ) 4−x (R 2 HOSiO 1 ) x ] Σ6 , [(R 1 SiO 1.5 ) 4−x (R 2 SiO 1.5 ) 4−x (R 1 HOSiO 1 ) 3−x (R 2 HOSiO 1 ) x ] Σ7 where R 1 is an alkyl or aryl group and R 2 is an olefin. The olefin groups can be subsequently derivatized though oxidative addition reactions, reductive addition reactions, metathesis, or polymerization as a means to afford additional properties such as polarity, hydrophobicity, lubrication, and biological compatibility or to immobilize to the POSS cage while rendering the silanols or siloxides for surface modification, reactive silation, or association with metals or other materials. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0010] FIG. 1 shows a representative formula of a POSS cage bearing silanol/siloxide groups and two types of organic groups where the R 1 and R 2 groups are randomly incorporated into the cage. [0011] FIG. 2 shows a mass spectrum of products from Example 1. DEFINITION OF FORMULA REPRESENTATIONS FOR NANOSTRUCTURES [0012] For the purposes of understanding this invention's chemical compositions, the following definition for formula representations of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) and Polyhedral Oligomeric Silicate (POS) nanostructures is made. [0013] Polysilsesquioxanes are materials represented by the formula [RSiO 1.5 )] where represents molar degree of polymerization and R=represents an organic substituent (H, siloxy, cyclic or linear aliphatic or aromatic groups that may additionally contain reactive functionalities such as alcohols, esters, amines, ketones, olefins, ethers or halides or which may contain fluorinated groups, silicones, or aliphatic and aromatic groups). Polysilsesquioxanes may be either homoleptic or heteroleptic. The designation R includes R 1 and R 2 functionalities. Homoleptic systems contain only one type of R group while heteroleptic systems contain more than one type of R group. [0014] POSS and POS nanostructure compositions are represented by the formula: [(RSiO 1.5 ) n ] Σ# for homoleptic compositions [(RSiO 1.5 ) n (R′SiO 1.5 ) m ] Σ# for heteroleptic compositions (where R≠R′) [(RSiO 1.5 ) n (RXSiO 1.0 ) m ] Σ# for functionalized heteroleptic compositions (where R groups can be equivalent or inequivalent) [0015] In all of the above R is the same as defined above and X includes but is not limited to OH, ONa, OLi, OK, OCs, Cl, Br, I, alkoxide (OR), formate (OCH), acetate (OCOR), acid (OCOH), ester (OCOR), peroxide (OOR), amine (NR 2 ), isocyanate (NCO), and R. The symbols m and n refer to the stoichiometry of the composition. The symbol Σ indicates that the composition forms a nanostructure and the symbol # refers to the number of silicon atoms contained within the nanostructure. The value for # is usually the sum of m+n, where n ranges typically from 1 to 24 and m ranges typically from 1 to 12. It should be noted that Y# is not to be confused as a multiplier for determining stoichiometry, as it merely describes the overall nanostructural characteristics of the system (aka cage size). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0016] The present invention teaches a method for polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) or polyhedral oligomeric silicate (POS) synthesis that renders mixtures of dissimilar R groups on the cage. [0017] A key feature of the invention is the use of synergistically tolerant stoichlometric ratios of R 1 SiX 3 and R 2 SiX 3 silane coupling agents which allow for statistical incorporation of two types of organic groups (R 1 and R 2 ) into the same cage while preserving the POSS silanol/siloxide groups. Additionally, the ability to prepare cages with R-groups bearing unsaturated functionality allows for the further functionalization of the POSS cage. [0018] Preparative methods for POSS silanols have been described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,972,312 and in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/371,195, which are incorporated by reference. As described previously, the cage assembly synthesis process involves the use of hydroxide bases in reaction with silane coupling agents of the formula R 1 SiX 3 and R 2 SiX 3 to form POSS cages functionalized with silanols or siloxide groups. [0019] POSS silanols are preferred compositions as these offer the most versatility in application and derivatization chemistry. Preferred POSS silanol formula types include [(R 1 SiO 1.5 ) 7−x (R 2 SiO 1.5 ) x (HOSiO 1.5 ) 1 ] Σ8 , [(R 1 SiO 1.5 ) 6−x (R 2 SiO 1.5 ) x (R 1 HOSiO 1 ) 2−x (R 2 HOSiO 1 ) x ] Σ8 , [(R 1 SiO 1.5 ) 2−x (R 2 SiO 1.5 ) x (R 1 HOSiO 1 ) 4−x (R 2 HOSiO 1 ) x ] Σ6 , and [(R 1 SiO 1.5 ) 4 (R 2 SiO 1.5 ) 4−x (R 1 HOSiO 1 ) 3−x (R 2 HOSiO 1 ) x ] Σ7 where R 1 is an alkyl or aryl group and R 2 is an olefin. For the generation of POSS silanol/siloxides bearing a mixture of olefinic R 2 and aliphatic R 1 groups, a valuable tool in the utility of this process is to maintain an approximately 15:85 to 25:75, and preferably a 20:80 molar ratio of the two R 1 SiX 3 and R 2 SiX 3 silane coupling agents. This is particularly effective when incorporating vinyl and isobutyl groups into the same POSS cage. POSS silanol/siloxide cages in which all R groups are olefinic can also be prepared in a similar manner through variation of the ratio to the extreme of 100:0. The process is valid for all conceivable compositional ranges of R 1 SiX 3 and R 2 SiX 3 . [0020] Olefinic groups on POSS cages can be subsequently derivatized though any number of oxidation or addition reactions. These include metathesis (U.S. Pat. No. 5,942,638) or oxidation reactions (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,100,417 and 6,767,930), addition reactions (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,939,576 and 5,047,492), or polymerizations. This advancement in the art of POSS provides the ability to carry out chemical derivatization of the R groups while maintaining nonreactive R groups on the cage and reactive silanol/siloxide groups. General Process Variables Applicable to all Processes [0021] As is typical with chemical processes there are a number of variables that can be used to control the purity, selectivity, rate and mechanism of any process. Variables influencing the process include the size, polydispersity, and composition of the nanostructured chemicals, separation and isolation methods, and use of catalyst or cocatalysts, solvents and cosolvents. Additionally, kinetic and thermodynamic means of controlling the synthesis mechanism, rate, and product distribution are also known tools of the trade that can impact product quality and economics. [0022] The following examples are provided to demonstrate practice of the invention and in no way indicate limitation of the scope or range of the invention. POSS Olefinic Silanol/Siloxide Synthesis Example 1. Preparation of mixed R 1 and R 2 . POSS trisilanols [0023] In order to demonstrate the stoichiometic range for incorporation of R 1 and R 2 into a POSS cage the following series of formulations were preformed. A mixture of (R 1 SiX 3 ) I BuSi(OMe) 3 and (R 2 SiX 3 ) allylSi(OMe) 3 was added slowly to a slurry containing LiOH·H 2 O (3.3 g, 0.079 mol) in ethanol (75 mL) and water (1.0 mL, 0.055 mol). The reaction was refluxed for 2 days and then quenched by addition of solution of HCl (15 mL 37 wt.-% HCl) in ice slurry water (100 mL) and mixed thoroughly for 15 min. The desired mixed R group POSS cages were then extracted into an organic layer through the addition of pentane (100 mL), and aqueous NaCl. The organic layer was then washed with a 4 wt.-% HCl solution (3×100 mL), and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The desired products were collected as white solids and verified by MALDI-TOF and 1 H NMR spectroscopy. MALDI-TOF spectra include M/Z for the parent POSS formula and an associated sodium atom from the ablation matrix. See FIG. 2 . [0024] For R 2 =allyl (C 3 H 5 )=0 groups [(C 4 H 9 SiO 1.5 ) 4 (C 4 H 9 HOSiO 1 ) 3 ] Σ7 M/Z calculated 813 and found 813. [0025] For R 2 =allyl=1 group=[(C 4 H 9 SiO 1.5 ) 4 (C 3 H 5 HOSiO 1 ) 1 (C 4 H 9 HOSiO 1 ) 2 ] Σ7 M/Z calculated 797 and found 797. 1 H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl 3 , 25° C.)δ6.69(br s, 3 H, OH), 5.79 (m, 2 H, —CH═), 4.93 (m, 4 H, ═CH 2 ), 1.85 (m, 5 H, —CH—), 1.61 (m, 4 H, —CH 2 —CH═CH 2 ), 0.95 (m, 30 H, —CH 3 ), 0.59 (m, 10 H, CH 2 ). [0026] For R 2 =allyl=2 groups=[(C 4 H 9 SiO 1.5 ) 4 (C 3 H 5 HOSiO 1 ) 2 (C 4 H 9 HOSiO 1 ) 1 ] Σ7 M/Z calculated 781 and found 781. [0027] For R 2 =allyl=3 groups=[(C 4 H 9 SiO 1.5 ) 4 (C 3 H 5 HOSiO 1 ) 3 ] Σ7 M/Z calculated 766 and found 766. Example 2. Preparation of [((CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 )SiO 1.5 ) 4 ((CH 2 CH)(OH)SiO 1.0 ) 3 ] Σ7 [0028] Following a similar procedure to that given in Example 1, a 0.5 L flask was charged with 75 ml ethanol and 1 ml (0.055 mol) water. To this mixture was added 3.3 g (0.079 mol) of solid lithium hydroxide-monohydrate (LiOH-H 2 O) was added followed by addition of 15.3 ml of (R 1 ) iBuSi(OMe) 3 and 3.1 ml of (R 2 ) ViSi(OMe) 3 . The reaction was refluxed for 8 hours and subsequently quenched by adding 100 ml of an ice slurry containing 15 ml of concentrated (37%) HCl. The desired product was extracted into an organic layer by adding 100 ml of pentane and stirring for 30 minutes followed by addition of NaCl. The pentane layer was removed and washed three additional times with 100 ml of a 4 wt % HCL solution. The organic volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the desired product was isolated (9.6 g, 55.8%) as white solid in the compound was analyzed using MALDI-TOF-MS and identified as [((CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 )SiO 1.5 ) 4 ((CH 2 CH)(OH)SiO 1.0 ) 3 ] Σ7 . Example 3. Preparation of [(c-C 5 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 4 ((CH 2 CH)(OH)SiO 1 ) 1 ((c-C 5 H 9 )(OH)SiO 1 ) 2 ] Σ7 . [0029] Following a similar procedure to that given in Example 1, R 1 Cyclopentyltrichlorosilane (36.2 g, 0.178 mol) and methanol (112 mL) was added to a 2 L 3 neck flask fitted with mechanical stirrer and reflux condenser. LiOH.H 2 O (23 g, 0.548 mol) was then added slowly over a period of 1 h. After stirring for another 30 min, acetone (700 mL), R 2 vinyltrimethoxysilane (22.2 g, 0.15 mol), water (6.7 g) and LiOH.H 2 O (7 g, 0.167 mol) was added and heated to reflux with stirring. After 24 h refluxing the mixture was acidified while hot by pouring dropwise a solution of ice/water (1 L) and HCl (24.5 mL, 37%) into the stirred reaction vessel. Hexane (250 mL) was then added and was separated and removed under vacuum. The resulting white powder was washed with methanol and dried under reduced pressure to yield 11;3 g (35%) of the desired product. The product was characterized by multinuclear NMR. Example 4 . Preparation of [((c-C 6 H 9 )SiO1.5) 4 ((c-C 6 H 9 )(OH)SiO 1.0 ) 3 ] Σ7 : [0030] In a 500-mL flask containing a magnetic stir bar (R 2 ) Cyclohexenyltrimethoxysilane (30.2 g, 150 mmol), LiOH-H 2 O (3.15 g, 75 mmol, 3.5 eq), water (2.70 g, 150 mmol 7 eq), methanol (7.5 mL) and MEK.(150 mL) were combined. The flask was fitted with a reflux condenser and drying tube, and stirred while heating to reflux. After approximately 0.5 hr. the homogeneous reaction mixture began to deposit a white solid. After 24 hr the reaction mixture had deposited a large amount of white solid and appeared to be essentially heterogeneous. After 66 hrs the reaction mixture was then quenched into 1 N HCl (150 mL) and the heterogeneous quench mixture stirred for 1 hr. The white solid collected by vacuum filtration and then slurried with methanol, stirred for 2 hrs filtered and dried under to provide 16.56 g (80.7%) of the desired product. Example 5. Preparation of [((c-C 6 H 9 )CH 2 CH 2 SiO 1.5 ) 4 ((c- 6 H 9 )CH 2 CH 2 (OH)SiO 1.0 ) 3 ] Σ7 : [0031] In a 100-mL roundbottom flask containing a magnetic stir bar (R 2 ) [2-(3-cyclohexenyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane (10.0 g, 43.4 mmol), LiOHOH 2 O (0.83 g, 19.8 mmol, 3.2 eq), water (0.89 g, 49.6 mmol 8 eq), methanol (1 mL) and MEK (44 mL) were combined. The flask was fitted with a reflux condenser and drying tube and placed into an oil bath kept at 80° C. and stirred. The reaction mixture remained homogeneous. [0032] After 14 hr the reaction mixture was quenched into a solution of water (150 mL) and phosphoric acid (2.02 mL, 1.5 eq relative to LiOH·H 2 O). An oily phase separated and was stirred for 1 hr. Hexane/THF were added to the quench to give a homogeneous organic phase and the organic phase washed with successive portions of water and saturated brine. The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and then removed by rotary evaporation to provide a foamy solid which was dried by vacuum to provide 7.0 g (98%) of a mixture of the desired product [((c-C 6 H 9 )CH 2 CH 2 SiO 1.5 ) 4 ((c-C 6 H 9 )CH 2 CH 2 (OH)SiO 1.0 ) 3 ] Σ7 and desired polymeric resin [((c-C 6 H 9 )CH 2 CH 2 SiO 1.5 ) 4 ((c-C 6 H 9 )CH 2 CH 2 (OH)SiO 1.0 ) 3 ] Σ∞ in a 70:30 ratio. Example 6. Preparation of [((C 7 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 4 ((C 7 H 9 )(OH)SiO 1.0 ) 3 ] Σ7 : [0033] In a 100-mL roundbottom flask containing a magnetic stir bar (R 2 ) Norbornenyltrimethoxysilane [5-(bicycloheptenyl)triethoxysilane] (10.0 g, 39 mmol), LiOH·H 2 O (0.75 g, 17.8 mmol, 3.2 eq), water (0.80 g, 44.6 mmol 8 eq), methanol (1 mL) and MEK (39 mL) were combined. The flask was fitted with a reflux condenser and drying tube, placed into an oil bath kept at 80° C. and stirred. After approximately an hour the homogeneous reaction mixture began to deposit a white solid. After 14 hr the reaction mixture had deposited a large amount of white solid and appeared to be essentially heterogeneous. [0034] The reaction mixture was then quenched into a solution of water (150 mL) and phosphoric acid (1.82 mL, 1.5 eq relative to LiOH-H 2 O) and the heterogeneous quench mixture stirred for 1 hr. Hexane/THF were added to the quench to give a homogeneous organic phase and the organic phase washed with successive portions of water and saturated brine. The organic phase was separated, dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and then the solvent removed by rotary evaporation to provide a white solid which was stirred with acetone and collected by vacuum filtration to provide 5.4 g (93%) of the desired product. POSS Olefinic Silanol/Siloxide Derivatization Via Silation [0035] The following examples are provided to demonstrate chemically derivatizing the silanol/siloxide functionality on the olefinic POSS systems. Example 7. Preparation of [(c-C 5 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 6 ((CH 2 CH)SiO 1.5 ) 1 (H 2 N(CH 2 ) 3 SiO 1.5 ) 1 ] Σ8 via chemical derivatization of [(c-C 5 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 4 ((CH 2 CH)(OH)SiO 1 ) 1 ((c-C 5 H 9 )(OH)SiO 1 ) 2 ] Σ7 . [0036] [(c-C 5 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 4 ((CH 2 CH)(OH)SiO 1 ) 1 ((c-C 5 H 9 )(OH)SiO 1 ) 2 ] Σ7 (1 g) and ethanol (15 mL) were placed in a 100 mL round bottom flask and to it aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (0.521 g, 2.904×10 −3 mol) was added slowly with stirring. After reacting at room temperature for 24 h the white product was collected by filtration and washed with methanol to render 0.6 g (57%) of [(c-C 5 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 6 ((CH 2 CH)SiO 1.5 ) 1 (H 2 N(CH 2 ) 3 SiO 1 .5 ) 1 ] Σ8 . The product was characterized by multinuclear NMR. Example 8. Preparation of [((C 7 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 7 (CH 2 ═CCH 3 C(O)OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 )SiO 1.0 ) 1 ] Σ8 from [((C 7 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 4 ((C 7 H 9 )(OH)SiO 1.0 ) 3 ] Σ7 . [0037] A solution of 3-methacryloxypropyltrichlorosilane (0.5 g, 0.4 mL, 1.9 mmol, 1.01 eq) in THF (1.5 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of trisilanolnorbornene POSS ([((C 7 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 4 ((C 7 H 9 )(OH)SiO 1.0 ) 3 ] Σ7 ) (2.0 g, 1.9 mmol) and dry triethylamine (0.63 g, 0.87 mL, 6.2 mmol, 3.25 eq) in anhydrous THF (10 mL). A precipitate of Et 3 N·HCl formed upon addition of the chlorosilane. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was stirred for 14 hr. The reaction was transferred to a separatory funnel and diethylether (10 mL) added. The organic layer was washed with 1N acetic acid, water and saturated brine. The organic phase was dried over MgSO 4 , filtered and the solvent removed by rotary evaporation. The resulting white solid was washed with MeOH collected by vacuum filtration and dried to provide 1.5 g (65%) of the product as a white solid. Example 9. Preparation of [((c-C 6 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 7 ((CH 2 ═CCH 3 C(O)O(CH 2 ) 3 SiO 1.5 ) 1 ] Σ8 from ([((c-C 6 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 4 ((C 6 H 9 )(OH)SiO 1.0 ) 3 ] Σ7 : [0038] Dry triethylamine (1.77 g, 2.44 mL, 17.5 mmol, 3.5 eq) was added dropwise to a cold (0° C. solution of trisilanolcyclohexene ([((c-C 6 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 4 ((c-C 6 H 9 )(OH)SiO 1.0 ) 3 ] Σ7 ) (4.79 g, 5.0 mmol) and 3-methacryloxypropyltrichlorosilane (1.44 g, 1.15 mL, 5.5 mmol, 1.1 eq) in anhydrous THF (25 mL). A precipitate of Et 3 N·HCl formed upon addition of the Et 3 N. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and allowed to stir for 16 hr. The reaction was quenched with 1N HCl (10 mL) and hexane (10 mL) added. The mixture was stirred well and the organic phase separated and washed once with saturated brine. The solvent was removed by rotary evaporation to give a solid paste, which upon stirring with acetone (50 mL) and methanol (50 mL) gave a white solid which was collected by vacuum filtration, washed with methanol and dried to provide 4.01 g (72%) of the product as a white solid. Example 10. Preparation of [(C 4 H 9 SiO 1.5 ) 4 (C 3 H 5 SiO 1.5 ) 3 ((H 3 C) 2 HCOTiO 1.5 ) 1 ] Σ8 ). [0039] Ti(OCH(CH 3 ) 2 ) 4 (1.0 g, 3.5 mmol) was added under argon to a solution of [(C 4 H 9 SiO 1.5 ) 4 (C 3 H 5 HOSiO 1 ) 3 ] Σ7 (2.25 g, 3.0 mmol) dissolved in hexane (20 mL) and the reaction was left stirring for 2 h at 50° C. Evaporation of solvents in vacuo gave the product as a slightly sticky white solid (2.58 g, 2.8 mmol). Characterization was carried out by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 , 25° C.) δ 5.79 (m, 2 H, —CH═), 4.93 (m, 4 H, ═CH 2 ), 4.20 (br s, 1 H, OCH(CH 3 ) 2 ), 1.87 (m, 5 H, —CH—), 1.61 (m, 4 H, —CH 2 —CH═CH 2 ), 1.23 (m, 6 H, OCH(CH 3 ) 2 ), 0.96 (m, 30 H,CH 3 ), 0.60 (m, 10 H, CH 2 ). Example 11. Preparation of MCM-[(C 4 H 9 SiO 1.5 ) 4 (C 3 H 5 SiO 1.6 ) 3 ((H 3 C) 2 HCOTIO 1.5 ) 1 ] Σ8 ) Materials for Catalysis Application. [0040] MCM zeolite type catalyst materials were prepared under the same conditions with variation of the [(C 4 H 9 SiO 1.5 ) 4 (C 3 H 5 SiO 1.5 ) 3 ((H 3 C) 2 HCOTiO 1.5 ) 1 ] Σ8 )/tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) molar ratio. Water 6.0 g (0.33 mol) was mixed with 4.77 g NH 4 OH (30 wt.-% NH 3 ; 0.07 mol NH 3 ) and stirred for 1 min. To this solution was added 0.33 g cetyltrimethylammonium bromide CTABr (0.91 mol) and the solution was stirred for 0.5 h at room temperature. A mixture of [(C 4 H 9 SiO 1.5 ) 4 (C 3 H 5 SiO 1.5 ) 3 ((H 3 C) 2 HCOTiO 1.5 ) 1 ] Σ8 and TEOS were added in various ratios from 10-80 mole % POMS in order to alter the amount of Ti incorporated into the catalyst from 0.3-2.7 wt %. For example, [(C 4 H 9 SiO 1.5 ) 4 (C 3 H 5 SiO 1.5 ) 3 ((H 3 C) 2 HCOTiO 1.5 ) 1 ] Σ8 was added at a high loading of 80/20 POSS:TEOS mol % ratio, and low loading of 13/87 POSS:TEOS. The solution was stirred for 0.5 h at room temperature during which time a white precipitate slowly formed. The precipitate was aged in its supernatant at 80° C. for 4 days. The product was filtered, washed with water and dried in air at 80° C. A final washing for 6 h at 50° C. was carried out using a 5 g HCl (37 wt.-%)/150 g MeOH mixture followed by filtration, washing with MeOH and drying in air overnight at 80° C. The desired product was isolated in high yield as a white solid. Characterization was carried out by SEM, ICP, EDAX and BET analysis. The incorporation of Ti POMS into MCM was found to retain the original texture and structure of the initial MCM while favorably improving the mechanical and physical stability of the material. [0000] Mol % Wt % Ti by Surface Pore volume Average TEOS:[(C 4 H 9 SiO 1.5 ) 4 (C 3 H 5 SiO 1.5 ) 3 ((H 3 C) 2 HCOTiO 1.5 )1]Σ8 ICP analysis area m 2 /g cm 3 /g pore diam. 100:0 0 870.49 0.940 3.15 nm 87:13 0.39 335.45 0.329 3.15 nm 80:20 0.73 200.99 0.178 2.90 nm 50:50 2.68 19.51 0.018 3.32 nm POSS Oleilnic Silanol/Siloxide Derivatization Via Oxidation of R 2 [0041] The following examples are provided to demonstrate the ability to carryout chemical derivatization of the R 2 groups on the functionalized POSS cages. Example 12. Epoxidation of [((C 6 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 4 ((C 6 H 9 )(OH)SIO 1.0 ) 3 ] Σ7 : [0042] A 50 g sample of [((C 6 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 4 ((C 6 H 9 )(OH)SiO 1.0 ) 3 ] Σ7 was stirred into peracetic acid (200 ml) chloroform (500 ml), sodium bicarbonate (62.1 g) and sodium acetate (1.1 g) mixture and refluxed. After 2 hours the reaction was stopped by cooling. At room temperature water (700 ml) was added and the mixture stirred and filtered and was allowed to phase separate into an aqueous layer and organic layer. The organic layer was separated and treated with methanol (100 ml) to yield a white solid of epoxidized product. Note that MCPBA (metachloroperbenzoic acid) is also an acceptable oxidizing agent in place of the peracetic acid. Example 13. Epoxidation of [((CC 6 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 7 ((CH 2 ═CCH 3 C(O)O(CH 2 ) 3 SiO 1.5 ) 1 ] Σ8 : [0043] A solution of 35% peracetic acid (1.5 g, 7.0 mmol) in CHCl 3 (5 mL) was added dropwise to a refluxing mixture of methacrylcyclohexene POSS ([((c-C 6 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 7 ((CH 2 ═CCH 3 C(O)OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 )SiO 1.5 ) 1 ] Σ8 (2.2 g, 2.0 mmol), sodium bicarbonate (1.4 g), and sodium acetate (50 mg, 0.6 mmol) in chloroform (25 mL). After 40 min the progress of the reaction was checked by HPLC and found to be 75% complete. Additional peracetic acid (1.5 g, 7.0 mmol) and sodium bicarbonate (1.4 g) were added and the reaction progress checked 25 min after the second addition and found to be complete. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and water (100 ml) was added. After through stirring the organic phase was allowed to separate and the lower CHCl 3 layer isolated, filtered through a Celite® pad and concentrated to give a syrup. Addition of methanol (80 mL) and stirring provided a white solid which was collected by vacuum filtration and dried to provide 1.05 g (43%) of the epoxidized product. Note that MCPBA (metachloroperbenzoic acid) is also an acceptable oxidizing agent in place of the peracetic acid. Example 14. Preparation of [((OC 6 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 7 ((CH 2 ═CCH 3 C(O)O(CH 2 ) 3 SIO 1.5 ) 1 ] Σ8 from [((C 6 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 7 ((CH 2 ═CCH 3 C(O)O(CH 2 ) 3 SiO 1.5 ) 1 ] Σ8 . [0044] A 50 g sample of [((C 6 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 7 ((CH 2 ═CCH 3 C(O)O(CH 2 ) 3 SiO 1.5 ) 1 ] Σ8 was stirred into peracetic acid (200 ml) chloroform (500 ml), sodium bicarbonate (62.1 g) and sodium acetate (1.1 g) mixture and refluxed. After 2 hours the reaction was stopped by cooling. At room temperature water (700 ml) was added and the mixture stirred and filtered and was allowed to phase separate into, an aqueous layer and organic layer. The organic layer was separated and treated with methanol (100 ml) to yield a white solid of epoxidized product. Note that MCPBA (metachloroperbenzoic acid) is also an acceptable oxidizing agent in place of the peracetic acid. Example 15. Preparation of [(((OH) 2 C 6 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 7 (CH 2 ═CCH 3 C(O)O(CH 2 ) 3 SIO 1.5 ) 1 ] Σ8 from [((OC 6 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 7 ((CH 2 ═CCH 3 C(O)O(CH 2 ) 3 SIO 1.5 ) 1 ] Σ8 . [0045] Concentrated HClO 4 (0.1 mL, 1.2 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of methacrylepoxycyclohexane POSS ([((OC 6 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 7 ((CH 2 ═CCH 3 C(O)OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 )SiO 1.5 ) 1 ] Σ8 ) (9.80 g, 8.01 mmol) and water (5.00 g, 277 mmol) in THF (100 mL) at room temperature. After stirring 18 h, the solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue dissolved in 3:2 (vol:vol) methanol:ethyl acetate (30 mL). This solution was precipitated into MTBE (330 mL) at room temperature. The white solid that precipitated was collected by vacuum filtration and dried under vacuum at 35° C. overnight. The final product is insoluble in hydrocarbon solvents and has very limited solubility in ethyl acetate, THF, and acetonitrile yet is highly soluble in methanol and DMSO. POSS Olefinic Derivatization of R 2 [0046] The following examples are provided to demonstrate the ability to carry out chemical derivatization of the R 2 groups on functionalized POSS cages. The procedures are in no way limiting yet provide examples of how chemical derivatization of the R groups can be utilized to change solubility and physical properties of POSS as well as function. Example 16. Hydrosilylation of [(C 4 H 9 SiO 1.5 ) 4 (C 3 H 5 SiO 1.5 ) 3 ((H 3 C) 2 HCOTiO 1.5 ) 1 ] Σ8 . [0047] [(C 4 H 9 SiO 1.5 ) 4 (C 3 H 5 SiO 1.5 ) 3 ((H 3 C) 2 HCOTiO 1.5 ) 1 ] Σ8 (2.3 g, 2.5 mmol) was dissolved in argon purged toluene (6 mL) and (CH 3 CH 2 O) 3 SiH (600 μL, 3.2 mmol) was added followed by 20 mg of platinum-divinyltetramethyldisiloxane complex in xylene. The reaction was stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature followed by heating to 60° C. for 8 hours. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to render [(C 4 H 9 SiO 1.5 ) 4 ((CH 3 CH 2 O) 3 SiC 3 H 6 SiO 1.5 ) 3 ((H 3 C) 2 HCOTiO 1.5 ) 1 ] Σ8 as a yellow solid (2.1 g). The product was characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy 1 H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl 3 , 25° C.) δ 5.75 (m, 2 H, —CH═), 4.90 (m, 4 H, ═CH 2 ), 4.40 (br s, 1 H, OCH(CH 3 ) 2 ), 3.82 (m, 6 H, —Si(OCH 2 CH 3 ) 3 ), 1.84 (m, 5 H, —CH—), 1.58 (m, 4 H, —CH 4 —CH═CH 2 ), 1.41-1.21 (m, 15 H, CH 2 , —Si(OCH 2 CH 3 ) 3 , OCH(CH 3 ) 2 ), 0.95 (m, 30 H, CH 3 ), 0.59 (m, 10 H, CH 2 ). Example 17. General Procedure for Hydroformylation of Olefinic POSS. [0048] A solution of PtCl 2 (Sixantphos), (0.016 g, 0.019 mmol) and SnCl 2 (0.0036 g, 0.019 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (5 mL) was stirred for 1 hour, than transferred into a stainless steel autoclave (100 mL internal volume). Additional CH 2 CI 2 (15 mL) was added, followed by heating of the autoclave to 60° C. and subsequent inlet of synthesis gas (CO/H 2 ratio 1:1) to 40 bar. The autoclave was allowed to equilibrate for one hour, than a solution of silsesquioxane in CH 2 CI 2 (total volume, 10 mL) was added, and the reaction was run at 60° C./40 bar for 17 hours. The autoclave was cooled in ice and depressurized, after which the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness. Pentane (20 mL) was added, and the catalyst was filtered off. Evaporation of the filtrate gave the hydroformylated POSS product. The products were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Other hydroformylation catalysts such as [Rh(Acac)/(CO) 2 ]/Xantphos can also be utilized. [0000] mmol Aldehyde Linear:Branched POSS Formula used selectivity ratio Remarks [(C 4 H 9 SiO 1.5 ) 5 (C 3 H 5 SiO 1.5 ) 3 ] Σ8 3.0 100% 15:1 Well defined [(C 4 H 9 SiO 1.5 ) 5 (C 2 H 3 SiO 1.5 ) 3 ] Σ8 3.0 100% >15:1 Well defined ([(C 4 H 9 )SiO 1.5 ) 4 ((C 4 H 9 )(OSi(CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 )SiO 1 ) 3 ] Σ10 3.4 100% Linear only Well defined [0049] While certain representative embodiments and details have been shown for purposes of illustrating the invention, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes in the methods and apparatus disclosed herein may be made without departing from the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims.	A synthetic process for polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) and polyhedral oligomeric silicates (POS) produces silanol and siloxide molecules containing both olefinic groups and alkyl or aromatic groups. Olefin-bearing POSS silanol/siloxides are derivatized into a variety of chemical species while retaining the ability to further derivatize the silanol/siloxide.	2
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/942,649 filed on Jul. 15, 2013, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, which is a 35 U.S.C. §111(a) continuation of PCT international application number PCT/US2012/021919 filed on Jan. 19, 2012, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, which claims priority to, and the benefit of, U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/434,014 filed on Jan. 19, 2011, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Priority is claimed to each of the foregoing applications. [0002] The above-referenced PCT international application was published as PCT International Publication No. WO 2012/100090 on Jul. 26, 2012 and republished on Sep. 13, 2012, and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT [0003] Not Applicable INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED IN COMPUTER PROGRAM APPENDIX [0004] Appendix A referenced herein is a computer program listing in a text file entitled “UC_2011_037_2_US_source_code_listing.txt” created on Jun. 25, 2013 and having a 27 kb file size. The computer program code, which exceeds 300 lines, is submitted as a computer program listing appendix through EFS-Web and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. NOTICE OF MATERIAL SUBJECT TO COPYRIGHT PROTECTION [0005] A portion of the material in this patent document is subject to copyright protection under the copyright laws of the United States and of other countries. The owner of the copyright rights has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the United States Patent and Trademark Office publicly available file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever. The copyright owner does not hereby waive any of its rights to have this patent document maintained in secrecy, including without limitation its rights pursuant to 37 C.F.R. §1.14. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0006] 1. Field of the Invention [0007] This invention pertains generally to tissue oximetry, and more particularly to tissue oximetry and perfusion imaging. [0008] 2. Description of Related Art [0009] Patients' skin integrity has long been an issue of concern for nurses and in nursing homes. Maintenance of skin integrity has been identified by the American Nurses Association as an important indicator of quality nursing care. Meanwhile, ulcers, and specifically venous and pressure ulcers, remain major health problems, particularly for hospitalized older adults. Detecting early wound formation is an extremely challenging and expensive problem. [0010] When age is considered along with other risk factors, the incidences of these ulcers are significantly increased. Overall incidence of pressure ulcers for hospitalized patients ranges from 2.7% to 29.5%, and rates of greater than 50% have been reported for patients in intensive care settings. In a multicenter cohort retrospective study of 1,803 older adults discharged from acute care hospitals with selected diagnoses, 13.2% (i.e., 164 patients) demonstrated an incidence of stage I ulcers. Of those 164 patients, 38 (16%) had ulcers that progressed to a more advanced stage. [0011] Pressure ulcers additionally have been associated with an increased risk of death within one year after hospital discharge. The estimated cost of treating pressure ulcers ranges from $5,000 to $40,000 for each ulcer, depending on severity. Meanwhile, venous ulcers can also cause significant health problems for hospitalized patients, especially in older adults. As many as 3% of the population suffer from leg ulcers, while this figure rises to 20% in those over 80 years of age. The average cost of treating a venous ulcer is estimated at $10,000, and can easily rise as high as $20,000 without effective treatment and early diagnosis. [0012] Once a patient has been afflicted by a venous ulcer, the likelihood of the wound recurring is also extremely high, and ranges from 54% to 78%. This means that venous ulcers can have severely negative effects on those who suffer from them, significantly reducing quality of life and requiring extensive treatment. The impact of venous ulcers is often underestimated, despite accounting for as much as 2.5% of the total health care budget. [0013] The high cost and incidence rates of venous ulcers, coupled with the difficulty in treating them, mark an extremely good opportunity to introduce a low cost, non-invasive system capable of early detection. While traditional laser Doppler systems are able to deliver relatively accurate and reliable information, they cannot be used for continuous monitoring of patients, since they require bulky and extremely expensive equipment. Such solutions that are too expensive or difficult to deploy significantly limit adoption. [0014] Hence, there is a need to develop a monitoring and preventive solution to scan the tissue and measure tissue perfusion status as a measure for the level of oxygen distribution and penetration throughout the tissue as an indicator of tissue health. Accordingly, an object of the present invention is the use of photoplethysmographic in conjunction with pressure sensor signals to monitor perfusion levels of patients suffering from or at risk of venous ulcers. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0015] The systems and methods of the present invention include a compact perfusion scanner configured to scan and map tissue blood perfusion as a mean to detect and monitor the development of ulcers. The device incorporates a platform, a digital signal processing unit, a serial connection to a computer, pressure sensor, pressure metering system, an LED and photodiode sensor pair and a data explorer visual interface. [0016] The systems and methods of the present invention provide effective preventive measures by enabling early detection of ulcer formation or inflammatory pressure that would otherwise have not been detected for an extended period, thus increasing risk of infection and higher stage ulcer development. [0017] In a preferred embodiment, the compact perfusion scanner and method of characterizing tissue health status according to the present invention incorporates pressure sensing components in conjunction with the optical sensors to monitor the level of applied pressure on target tissue for precise skin/tissue blood perfusion measurements and oximetry. The systems and methods of the present invention enable new capabilities including but not limited to: measurement capabilities such as perfusion imaging and perfusion mapping (geometric and temporal), signal processing and pattern recognition, automatic assurance of usage via usage tracking and pressure imaging, as well as data fusion. [0018] One particular benefit of the sensor-enhanced system of the present invention is the ability to better manage each individual patient, resulting in a timelier and more efficient practice in hospitals and even nursing homes. This is applicable to patients with a history of chronic wounds, diabetic foot ulcers, pressure ulcers or post-operative wounds. [0019] In addition, alterations in signal content may be integrated with the activity level of the patient, the position of patient's body and standardized assessments of symptoms. By maintaining the data collected in these patients in a signal database, pattern classification, search, and pattern matching algorithms may be used to better map symptoms with alterations in skin characteristics and ulcer development. [0020] An aspect is an apparatus for monitoring perfusion oxygenation of a target tissue region of a patient, comprising: a scanner comprising: a planar sensor array; the sensor array configured to be positioned in contact with a surface of the target tissue region; the sensor array comprising one or more LED's configured to emit light into the target tissue region at a wavelength keyed for hemoglobin; the sensor array comprising one or more photodiodes configured to detect light reflected from the LED's; and a data acquisition controller coupled to the one or more LED's and to the one or more photodiodes for controlling the emission and reception of light from the sensor array to obtain perfusion oxygenation data associated with the target tissue region. [0021] Another aspect is a system for monitoring perfusion oxygenation of a target tissue region of a patient, comprising: (a) a scanner comprising: a planar sensor array; the sensor array configured to be positioned in contact with a surface of the target tissue region; the sensor array comprising one or more light sources configured to emit light into the target tissue region at a wavelength keyed for hemoglobin; the sensor array comprising one or more sensors configured to detect light reflected from the light sources; a pressure sensor coupled to the sensor array; the pressure sensor configured to obtain pressure readings of the sensor array's contact with a surface of the target tissue region; and (b) a data acquisition controller coupled to the one or more sensors and for controlling the emission and reception of light from the sensor array to obtain perfusion oxygenation data associated with the target tissue; and (c) a processing module coupled to the data acquisition controller; (d) the processing module configured to control sampling of the pressure sensor and sensor array for simultaneous acquisition of perfusion oxygenation data and pressure sensor data to ensure proper contact of the scanner with the surface of the target tissue region. [0022] A further aspect is a method for performing real-time monitoring of perfusion oxygenation of a target tissue region of a patient, comprising: positioning a sensor array in contact with a surface of the target tissue region; emitting light from lights sources in the sensor array into the target tissue region at a wavelength keyed for hemoglobin; receiving light reflected from the light sources; obtaining pressure data associated with the sensor array's contact with a surface of the target tissue region; obtaining perfusion oxygenation data associated with the target tissue region; and sampling the perfusion oxygenation data and pressure data to ensure proper contact of the sensor array with the surface of the target tissue region. [0023] It is appreciated that the systems and methods of the present invention are not limited to the specific condition of ulcer or wound, but may have broad application in all forms of wound management, such as skin diseases or treatments. [0024] Further aspects of the invention will be brought out in the following portions of the specification, wherein the detailed description is for the purpose of fully disclosing preferred embodiments of the invention without placing limitations thereon. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S) [0025] The invention will be more fully understood by reference to the following drawings which are for illustrative purposes only: [0026] FIG. 1 shows a preferred embodiment of a perfusion oxygenation monitoring (POM) system for analyzing a region of tissue in accordance with the present invention [0027] FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate front and right perspective views of the perfusion hardware printed circuit board of the present invention. [0028] FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary LED emitter in accordance with the present invention. [0029] FIG. 4 illustrates LED driver circuit in accordance with the present invention. [0030] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary photodiode read circuit configured for reading the signal from photodiode sensor array. [0031] FIG. 6 illustrates a calibration setup for calibration of the pressure sensor. [0032] FIG. 7 shows a plot of results from the pressure verification trials of weights of 50 g, 100 g, 200 g and 500 g on a single sensor. [0033] FIG. 8 is a plot showing measured pressure response curve, interpolated curve (exponential), and the point where the pressure sensor is specified to saturate. [0034] FIG. 9 shows results from pressure verification trials on a second 1-pound sensor. [0035] FIG. 10 is a plot showing raw pressure response curves, and various fits. [0036] FIG. 11 illustrates a PC setup for running the perfusion oxygenation monitoring (POM) system of the present invention. [0037] FIG. 12 shows a screenshot of the hardware configuration module interface in accordance with the present invention. [0038] FIG. 13 shows a screenshot of the graphical user interface in accordance with the present invention. [0039] FIG. 14 shows an exemplary interpolation performed via a Kriging algorithm. [0040] FIG. 15 shows a schematic diagram of a marker pattern used for testing the feature extraction module. [0041] FIG. 16 illustrates the setup of FIG. 15 overlaid on an image. [0042] FIG. 17 illustrates a block diagram of a method for outputting a mapped and interpolated perfusion image. [0043] FIG. 18 shows an example of heterodyning used to help eliminate in-band noise in accordance with the present invention. [0044] FIG. 19 is a plot of the theoretical response of the subtraction method of FIG. 18 in relation to noise and correction frequency. [0045] FIG. 20 is a plot of the frequency response of the subtraction method shown on a dB scale. [0046] FIG. 21 shows results from employing noise subtraction on a high frequency LED drive signal, and averaging several LED drive periods to obtain similar data rates as before. [0047] FIG. 22 illustrates a zoomed view of FIG. 21 . [0048] FIG. 23 shows a sample of the time domain signals used for comparison of neck and thumb tissue measurements. [0049] FIG. 24 shows the frequency domain representation of the measured signals. [0050] FIG. 25 shows results from extracted plethysmograph signals of the forehead. [0051] FIG. 26 shows a comparison of readings of extracted plethysmograph signals from under the knuckle on the thumb. [0052] FIG. 27 shows results from varying pressure using the reflectance sensor on the neck. [0053] FIG. 28 shows the results from both over and to the side of the black tape. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0054] FIG. 1 shows a preferred embodiment of a perfusion oxygenation monitoring (POM) system 10 for analyzing a region of tissue 52 of a patient 18 in accordance with the present invention. System 10 generally comprises six primary components: red/infrared LED array 44 , photodiode array 46 , pressure sensor 50 , pressure metering system 48 (which includes amplification and filtering circuitry), data acquisition unit 40 , digital signal processing module 12 and application module 14 having a user interface. [0055] The system 10 comprises sensing hardware component 16 that includes arrays of emitters/sensors ( 44 , 46 , 50 ) and data acquisition unit 40 , preferably in a handheld enclosure (not shown). The LED array 44 and photodiode arrays 46 coupled to the data acquisition unit 40 (e.g. through cabling or wireless connection) can be physically configured in a variety of arrays. The data acquisition unit 40 is preferably capable of interfacing with a large number of individual LEDs and photodiodes. Signal amplification and filtering unit 49 may be used to condition the photodiode signal/data prior to being received by the data acquisition unit 40 . In a preferred embodiment, the photodiode signal amplification and filtering unit 49 may comprise a photodiode read circuit 120 shown in FIG. 5 and described in further detail below. [0056] Sensing/scanning hardware component 16 may also include an intensity controller 42 for controlling the output of LED array 44 . Intensity controller 42 preferably comprises LED driver circuit 100 shown in FIG. 4 , and described in further detail below. [0057] The data acquisition system 40 also interfaces with application module 14 on PC 154 (see FIG. 11 ), allowing a user to configure the LED array 44 signaling as well as sampling rate of the signal from photodiode array 46 via a hardware configuration module 34 that is viewed through the graphical user interface 36 . Data acquired from DAC 40 is preferably stored in a database 32 for subsequent processing. [0058] The pressure sensor 50 is configured to measure the pressure applied from the hardware package 16 on to the patient's tissue, such that pressure readings may be acquired to maintain consistent and appropriate pressure to the skin 52 while measurements are being taken. The pressure sensor 50 may be coupled to pre-conditioning or metering circuitry 48 that includes amplification and filtering circuitry to process the signal prior to being received by the data acquisition controller 40 . [0059] The LED arrays 44 are configured to project light at wavelengths keyed for hemoglobin in the target tissue 52 , and the photodiode sensor arrays 46 measure the amount of light that passes through tissue 52 . [0060] The signal processing module 12 then further processes and filters the acquired data via processing scripts 24 and filtering module 22 . The signal processing module 12 further comprises a feature extraction module 28 , which may be output to visual interface 36 for further processing and visualization. A perfusion data module 26 converts data into a Plethysmograph waveform, which may be displayed on a monitor or the like (not shown). The interface 36 and processing module 12 may also be configured to output an overlay image of the tissue and captured perfusion data 26 . [0061] In order to produce the wavelengths of light corresponding to deoxy and oxyhemoglobin absorption, the system 12 preferably uses light emitting diodes for the emitting source array 44 . In a preferred embodiment, the system 10 incorporates the DLED-660/880-CSL-2 dual optical emitter combinations from OSI Optoelectronics. This dual emitter combines a red (660 nm) and infrared (880 nm) LED into a single package. Each red/infrared LED pair requires a 20 mA current source and have a 2.4/2.0V forward voltage respectively. It is appreciated that other light sources may also be used. [0062] In order to measure a photoplethysmograph, the light reflected from the LED array 44 is detected by the photodiode array 46 . In a preferred embodiment, the PIN-8.0-CSL photodiode from OSI Optoelectronics is used. This photodiode has a spectral range of 350 nm to 1100 nm and has a responsivity of 0.33 and 0.55 to 660 nm and 900 nm light respectively. [0063] FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate front and right perspective views of the perfusion hardware printed circuit board (PCB) 60 . PCB 60 comprises LED array 44 of two LED pairs 64 spaced between two arrays 46 of photodiodes 62 . The board 60 also comprises pressure sensor 50 to monitor the applied pressure on the target tissue 52 . [0064] As shown in FIG. 2A , the optical sensors (e.g. LED array 44 and photodiode array 46 ) are located on the front side 66 of the PCB 60 and are configured to face and press onto (either directly or adjacently with respect to transparent cover (not shown)) the target tissue 52 . [0065] Referring to FIG. 2B , driving circuitry, e.g. connector head 70 , are located on the back side 68 of the PCB 60 safely out of contact with the test subject, and the front of the PCB (right) which houses the sensor portion of the array. The arrays 44 , 46 are located such that connector head 70 and corresponding leads 72 and cables 74 (which couple to the data acquisition unit 40 ) do not interfere with using the device. [0066] The arrays 44 , 46 are shown in FIG. 2A as two LED's 64 positioned between four photodiodes 62 . However, it is appreciated that the array may comprise any number of and planar configuration of at least one LED emitter 64 and one photodiode receiver. [0067] FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary LED emitter 64 (OSI Optoelectronics DLED-660/880 CSL-2) having 660 nm red emitter 84 and 880 nm Infrared emitter 82 . [0068] FIG. 4 illustrates LED driver circuit 100 in accordance with the present invention. LED driver circuit 100 is configured to allow the red LED 88 and infrared LED 82 in the LED package 64 to be driven independently, even though the LEDs are common anode, sharing a V DD connection via leads 80 . [0069] Driver circuit 100 includes a low-noise amplifier 110 coupled to the LED 64 . In a preferred embodiment, the amplifier 110 comprises a LT6200 chip from Linear Technologies. However, it is appreciated that other amplifiers available in the art may also be employed. LED driver circuit 100 further comprises a p-channel MOS field-effect transistor (FET) 112 (e.g. MTM76110 by Panasonic), which provides negative feedback. As voltage is increased at the input, so is the voltage across the 50 ohm resistor 102 . This results in larger current draw, which goes through the LED 64 , making it brighter. At 2V, approximately 40 mA is drawn through the LED 64 , providing optimal brightness. If the voltage at the input is increased too far, the voltage drop across the LED 64 will be insufficient to turn it off, but there will still be a large amount of current flowing through the LED 64 and resistor 102 , resulting in large heat buildup. For this reason, the input voltage is ideally kept below 3V to minimize overheating and prevent component damage. If the input to the op-amp 110 is floated while the amp 110 is powered, a 100 k pull-down resistor 104 at the input and 1 k load resistor 108 at the output ensure that the circuit 100 remains off. The 1 k load resistor 108 also ensures that the amp 110 is able to provide rail to rail output voltage. The 1 uF capacitor 114 ensures that the output remains stable, but provides enough bandwidth for fast LED 64 switching. To provide further stabilization, the driver circuit 100 may be modified to include Miller compensation on the capacitor 114 . This change improves the phase margin for the driver circuit 100 at low frequencies, allowing more reliable operation. [0070] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary photodiode read circuit 120 configured for reading the signal from photodiode sensor array 46 . In a preferred embodiment, the photodiode 62 may comprise an OSI Optoelectronics PIN-8.0-DPI photodiode, PIN-4.0 DPI photodiode, or alternatively PIN-0.8-DPI photodiode which has lower capacitance for the same reverse bias voltage. [0071] The photodiode read circuit 120 operates via a simple current to voltage op-amp 124 as shown in FIG. 14 . The positive input pin of the op-amp 124 (e.g. LT6200 from Linear Technologies) is driven by a voltage divider 122 , providing 2.5V (half of V DD ). The negative pin is hooked up to the photodiode 62 , which is reverse biased, and through feedback to the output of the amplifier 124 . [0072] The feedback is controlled by a simple low pass filter 126 with a 2.7 pF capacitor 129 and a 100 kilo-ohm resistor 130 . The 0.1 uF capacitor 128 is used to decouple the voltage divider from ground. The circuit amplifies the current output of the photodiode and converts it to voltage, allowing the data acquisition unit to read the voltage via its voltage input module. [0073] It is appreciated that the individual components of the LED driver circuit 100 and photodiode read circuit 120 are shown for exemplary purposes only, and that other models, or types of components may be used as desired. [0074] In one embodiment of the present invention, the data acquisition controller 40 comprises National Instruments CompactRIO 9014 real-time controller coupled with an NI 9104 3M gate FPGA chassis. The data acquisition controller 40 interfaces with the LED arrays 44 and photodiodes 46 using three sets of modules for current output, current input, and voltage input. [0075] In one embodiment, the controller 40 comprises a processor, real-time operating system, memory, and supports additional storage via USB (all not shown). The controller 40 may also include an Ethernet port (not shown) for connection to the user interface PC 154 . The controller 40 comprises an FPGA backplane, current output module (e.g. NI 9263), current input module (e.g. NI 9203), and voltage input module (e.g. NI 9205) allowing multiple voltage inputs from photodiode/amplifier modules. [0076] The POM system 10 preferably employs a pressure sensor 50 to measure pressure and ensure consistent results (e.g. 1 lb. Flexiforce sensor). Due to the confounding effect varying pressure can have on plethysmograph measurements, readings from the pressure sensor 50 provide a metric from which the user can apply the sensor hardware 16 to the patient's skin 52 . [0077] The pressure sensor 50 is preferably attached behind the LED array 44 , and measures the pressure used in applying it to a target location. The pressure sensor 50 is preferably configured to deliver accurate measurements of pressure in a specified range, e.g. a range from zero to approximately one pound, which encompasses the range of pressures that can reasonably be applied when using the POM sensing hardware 16 . [0078] The pressure sensor 50 is used to guide the user into operating the scanner 16 more consistently, so that the sensor/scanner 16 is positioned in a similar manner every measurement. The oximetry data that is taken is thus verified to be accurately taken by readings from the pressure sensor 50 . [0079] In a preferred embodiment, the pressure sensor 50 is calibrated in order to ensure that the pressure sensor gives repeatable, well understood measurements that can be directly translated into raw pressure values. FIG. 6 illustrates a calibration setup 140 for calibration of the pressure sensor 50 . A rubber pressure applicator 144 was filed down to a flat surface, and used to distribute the weight on the pressure sensitive region of the Flexiforce sensor 50 . A weight 142 was used to distribute weight over the active region of the sensor 50 . An experiment was conducted using 4 weights in a range from 50 g to 500 g. Pressure was applied directly to the pressure sensor 50 via applicator 144 , and its outputs recorded. [0080] The results in FIGS. 7-10 show a nonlinear but steady trend, which data can be used to translate any future measurement from the pressure sensor into an absolute pressure value. [0081] FIG. 7 shows a plot of results from the pressure verification trials of weights of 50 g, 100 g, 200 g and 500 g on a single sensor. FIG. 8 is a plot showing measured pressure response curve, interpolated curve (exponential), and the point where the pressure sensor is specified to saturate. FIG. 9 shows results from pressure verification trials on a second 1-pound sensor. For this experiment, additional intermediate weight levels (e.g. 150 g and 300 g) were applied. FIG. 10 is a plot showing raw pressure response curves, and various fits. The exponential fit serves as the best fit for both sensors tested. [0082] While the system 10 optimally uses data from the pressure sensor 50 to verify proper disposition of the scanner on the target tissue site 52 , it is appreciated that in an alternative embodiment the user may simply forego pressure monitoring and monitor pressure manually (e.g. tactile feel or simply placing the scanner 16 on the tissue site 52 under gravity). [0083] Referring to FIG. 11 , the user preferably interacts with the data acquisition and control unit 40 through a PC 154 running the processing module 12 and application module 14 comprising graphic user interface 36 (e.g. LabVIEW or the like). In a preferred embodiment, the PC 154 communicates with the data acquisition unit 40 over via an Ethernet connection (not shown). Alternatively, PC 154 communicates with the data acquisition unit 40 via a wireless connection (not shown) such as WIFI, Bluetooth, etc. Data files generated on the data acquisition unit 40 may also be transferred to the PC 154 over an FTP connection for temporary storage and further processing. [0084] With respect to the PC 154 interface shown in FIG. 11 , the individual LED's 64 of LED array 44 project light at wavelengths keyed for hemoglobin, and the photodiode sensors 62 measure the amount of light that passes through and is reflected from tissue 52 . The data acquisition unit 40 generally comprises a digital TTL output 152 coupled to the LED's 64 and analog DC input 150 for photodiodes 62 . The signal processing module 12 then further processes and filters this data, which is then transmitted to the graphical user interface 36 for further processing and visualization. The data may then be converted into a Plethysmograph waveform to be displayed. [0085] FIG. 12 shows a screenshot 160 of the hardware configuration module 34 interface. Inputs can be selected for adjusting the LED array 44 parameters in fields 166 , voltage channel settings in fields 164 , current channel settings in fields 162 , in addition to other parameters such as the sampling period, pressure sampling period, etc. [0086] FIG. 13 shows a screenshot 170 of the graphical user interface 36 that also serves as data management and explorer to allow a user to easily read the perfusion sensors, and observe a variety of signals. The screenshot 170 shows integration of the data captured from blood oximetry sensors (photodiode array 46 and LED array 44 ), from pressure sensor 50 , and the tracking/position data captured by the scanning the photodiode array 46 and LED array 44 . The screenshot 170 shows a first window 172 that displays the Plethysmograph waveform (2 seconds shown in FIG. 13 ), and a second window 174 showing the absolute x and y axis movement that has been performed with the scanner. The graphical user interface 36 is also able to map this to the measured SPO 2 data (e.g. via toggling one of the display windows 172 and 174 ). The bar 176 on the right of the screenshot 170 is the pressure gauge from pressure sensor 50 readings, showing approximately half of maximum pressure being applied. The gauge 176 preferably displays how much pressure the user is applying versus the maximum measurable pressure in a color coded bar (as more pressure is applied the bar changes from blue to green to red). The gauge 176 is preferably mapped to optimum pressure values for different locations. [0087] In order to provide a more informative map of perfusion in a local region, interpolation of blood oximeter data may be conducted using sensor tracking data. The optical oximeter sensor 16 provides absolute SPO 2 readings, giving the percent of blood that is oxygenated. This information, when associated with the location it was taken from, can be used to generate a map of blood oxygenation. In a preferred embodiment, the LED array 44 used for generating SPO 2 readings is also used for determining location. However, it is appreciated that another optical sensor, e.g. laser (not shown), may be used to obtain location readings independently of the LED SPO 2 readings. In such configuration, a low-power laser (similar to a laser-tracking mouse) is used to image a small area at very fast intervals, and then detects movement by how that image has shifted. This information is then converted to two dimensional ‘X’ and ‘Y’ position and displacement measurements. [0088] In a preferred embodiment, interpolation is performed via a Kriging algorithm, and data points are mapped using the oximeter sensor 16 to track movement of the sensor 16 over the test area. Kriging is a linear least squares interpolation method often used for spatially dependent information. The interpolation is used to fill in the blank spots that a scan may have missed with estimated values. The interpolated data is compiled into a color coded image, and displayed to the user. This allows an accurate, anisotropic interpolation of the raw data, which makes the end result much easier to visualize. An example interpolation is shown in FIG. 14 . Movement of the sensor hardware 16 was mostly one dimensional in this example, resulting in a linear trend across the x axis. This is due to the low variance of points in that direction (note the total displacement of approximately 40 in the X direction compared to 1400 in the Y). [0089] To aid in visualizing the collected blood oximetry data, the processing software 12 preferably includes a feature extraction module 28 that that can detect markers on a picture, and then properly align and overlay blood oximetry data 26 (see FIGS. 1, 17 ). In a preferred method, the feature extraction module 28 takes images (e.g. pictures taken from a camera of the scan site), and superimposes the perfusion data directly over where it was taken from. [0090] FIG. 15 shows a schematic diagram of a marker pattern 200 used for testing the feature extraction module 28 . FIG. 16 illustrates the setup of FIG. 15 overlaid on an image 205 . Three markers ( 202 , 204 and 206 ) were used as delimiting points for a given scan area 208 . A first marker 202 was used to determine rotation angle for the image. A second marker 206 was used to determine the left boundary (image position) for the image. A third marker 204 was used to determine the width of the image. The markers ( 202 , 204 and 206 ) can be any color, but green is the ideal color, as it is easily distinguished from all skin tones. For a clear illustration of the feature extraction software, small plastic green boxes were used to represent points 202 , 204 , and 206 (see FIG. 16 ), and the image 205 was quickly edited to place three of them in a likely pattern. Aside from this manipulation, all other images were generated on the fly by the software. A grid 208 was used as sample data, to more clearly illustrate what is being done by the tool. [0091] In one embodiment a mobile application (not shown) may be used to facilitate easy capture and integration of pictures for the processing software 12 . The application allows a user to quickly take a picture with a mobile device (e.g. smartphone, or the like) and have it automatically sent over Bluetooth for capture by the processing software 12 . The picture may then be integrated with the mapping system. [0092] FIG. 17 illustrates a block diagram of a method 220 for outputting a mapped and interpolated perfusion image (e.g. with processing module 12 ). An example of code for carrying out method 220 may be found in the Source Code Appendix attached hereto. It is appreciated that the provided code is merely one example of how to perform the methods of the present invention. [0093] Acquired data from the data acquisition unit 40 (which may be stored on server 32 ) is first extracted at step 222 (via processing scripts 24 ). This extracted data is then used for simultaneously extracting location data, perfusion data and pressure data from each measurement point. The processing software 12 may simultaneously sample location, perfusion, and pressure readings (e.g. at 3 Hz interval), in order to creating a matching set of pressure, position, and blood oxygen measurements at each interval. [0094] In order to generate useful information and metrics from the raw data recorded by the perfusion module 228 , a number of algorithms are used. [0095] At step 230 , features are extracted from the data (e.g. via the feature extraction module 28 ). Position data corresponding to the hardware sensor 16 location is then mapped at step 232 . After a scan has been completed, the oximetry data is mapped at step 234 to appropriate coordinates corresponding to the obtained sensor position data from step 232 . At step 236 , the mapped data is interpolated (e.g. using the Kriging algorithm shown in FIG. 14 ). The interpolated data may be compiled into a color coded image, and displayed to the user, and/or the perfusion data may then overlayed on a background image (e.g. image 205 ) of the scan site as described in FIGS. 15 and 16 . [0096] On the perfusion side, RF noise filtering is then performed on the extracted data at step 224 . Motion noise is then removed at step 226 to obtain the perfusion data at step 228 . Steps 224 and 226 may be performed via filtering module 22 . [0097] In a preferred method illustrated in FIG. 18 , heterodyning is used to help eliminate in-band noise. The data recorded from when the LED arrays 44 are off is subtracted from adjacent data from when LED arrays 44 are on (subtraction method). This creates high frequency noise, but removes low frequency in band noise, which is a larger issue. The additional high frequency noise that is introduced is then filtered out by a low pass filter. The algorithms are configurable to allow the preservation of high frequency information of the PPG signals. [0098] As illustrated in FIG. 18 , relevant noise information from the areas marked 1 and 2 is used to calculate the noise that appears in area 3 . This may be done by either the single-sided method or the doubled-sided method. [0099] For the single sided method, only the preceding noise information from area 1 is used, and the relevant noise level is assumed to be the same in area 1 and 3 . For the double sided method, noise from areas 1 and 2 is averaged. Finally, interpolation of the noise at 3 is attempted via interpolation, using the data from all available noise periods, preceding and following the target data point ( 3 ). The measurement data is averaged in these areas to generate a single point for each LED 64 pulse. The result is then low-pass filtered at the end to remove high frequency noise. [0100] FIG. 19 is a plot of the theoretical response of the subtraction method of FIG. 18 in relation to noise and correction frequency, determined by adding sinusoidal noise of a wide range of frequencies to a square wave signal, applying the noise cancellation method (correction method), and measuring the ratio of remaining noise to original noise. Measurements were averaged across all phases for a given frequency. FIG. 20 is a plot of the frequency response of the subtraction method shown on a dB scale. [0101] For the frequency response plots shown in FIGS. 19 and 20 , the frequency is normalized to the frequency of the simulated LED drive signal, with 1 meaning the noise is the same frequency as the drive signal and 2 meaning it is double the drive frequency, and so forth. [0102] FIGS. 21 and 22 are plots showing the extracted plethysmograph signals employing the aforementioned noise cancelation (subtraction) method of FIG. 18 on a high frequency LED drive signal compared to the scenario when no noise cancellation technique is performed. FIG. 21 shows results from employing noise subtraction on a high frequency LED drive signal, and averaging several LED drive periods to obtain similar data rates as before. Note the successful noise reduction at around 1.5 s. FIG. 22 is a zoomed version of FIG. 21 , showing the noise spike that is removed by differential noise subtraction. These plots show that the noise subtraction method of the present invention is effective in removing in band noise. [0103] Frequency domain analysis/experiments were performed with the frequency domain signals of the plethysmograph measurements. The experiments revealed not only high magnitude elements at the heart rate frequency, but also its harmonics. This appears fairly consistent between locations. [0104] In order to verify that the harmonics shown in the frequency domain were not the result of noise or jitter, but represented real components of the pulse waveform, a sinusoid wave was constructed. The sinusoid was created by summing sinusoids at the frequency for each separate pulse waveform peak. This superposition was intended to model the effects of frequency jitter in the waveform, while removing any frequency components due to the pulse waveform shape. [0105] A comparison of signals is shown in FIGS. 23 and 24 . FIG. 23 shows a sample of the time domain signals used for comparison. Neck measurements were compared to thumb measurements, taken at equal pressure. FIG. 24 shows the frequency domain representation of the measured signals. Note the second harmonic at 128 BPM (2.13 Hz), the third harmonic at 207 BPM (3.45 Hz), etc. The results demonstrate that the harmonics shown below are indeed intrinsic to the pulse waveform, and are not the result of noise or frequency jitter. [0106] Experiments were performed on number of body locations, including neck, thumb and forehead using the perfusion system 10 of the present invention. Samples of extracted plethysmograph signals are reported in FIGS. 25-27 , which clearly show that perfusion system successfully removes the motion and ambient noises and extracts the plethysmograph signal from different body location. [0107] FIG. 25 shows results from extracted plethysmograph signals of the forehead. Pressure values are given in terms of resistance measured using the pressure sensor. Smaller resistances indicate higher applied pressures. [0108] FIG. 26 shows a comparison of readings of extracted plethysmograph signals from under the knuckle on the thumb. All factors except pressure were held constant between measurements. A moderate pressure clearly results in a better waveform. [0109] FIG. 27 shows results from varying pressure using the reflectance sensor on the neck. The following experiments show the importance of the integration and fusion of applied pressure with perfusion signal in this system, since the pressure with which the sensor array is applied to the target tissue has a major impact on the perfusion readings as shown in the following figures. It appears that the neck and thumb give best results when moderate (0.15M to 70 k-ohm) pressure is applied, while the forehead yield best results with low pressure (above 0.15M-ohm). This may be a result of the neck and thumb being softer tissue than the forehead. [0110] The perfusion system 10 was also tested on a black tape, as a means to mark locations on tissue. Black tape was used to test as a marker on the skin. The sensor was used to measure signals on the tape, and just to the side of it. An impression on the skin can be seen where the reflectance sensor was used off the tape. [0111] FIG. 28 shows the results from both over and to the side of the black tape. The results show that using a simple piece of black tape is effective in causing large signal differences, and could therefore be used as a marker for specific body locations. [0112] Embodiments of the present invention may be described with reference to flowchart illustrations of methods and systems according to embodiments of the invention, and/or algorithms, formulae, or other computational depictions, which may also be implemented as computer program products. In this regard, each block or step of a flowchart, and combinations of blocks (and/or steps) in a flowchart, algorithm, formula, or computational depiction can be implemented by various means, such as hardware, firmware, and/or software including one or more computer program instructions embodied in computer-readable program code logic. As will be appreciated, any such computer program instructions may be loaded onto a computer, including without limitation a general purpose computer or special purpose computer, or other programmable processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the computer program instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable processing apparatus create means for implementing the functions specified in the block(s) of the flowchart(s). [0113] Accordingly, blocks of the flowcharts, algorithms, formulae, or computational depictions support combinations of means for performing the specified functions, combinations of steps for performing the specified functions, and computer program instructions, such as embodied in computer-readable program code logic means, for performing the specified functions. It will also be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations, algorithms, formulae, or computational depictions and combinations thereof described herein, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based computer systems which perform the specified functions or steps, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer-readable program code logic means. [0114] Furthermore, these computer program instructions, such as embodied in computer-readable program code logic, may also be stored in a computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufacture including instruction means which implement the function specified in the block(s) of the flowchart(s). The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable processing apparatus to produce a computer-implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable processing apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions specified in the block(s) of the flowchart(s), algorithm(s), formula(e), or computational depiction(s). [0115] From the discussion above it will be appreciated that the invention can be embodied in various ways, including the following: [0116] 1. An apparatus for monitoring perfusion oxygenation of a target tissue region of a patient, comprising: a scanner comprising: a planar sensor array; the sensor array configured to be positioned in contact with a surface of the target tissue region; the sensor array comprising one or more LED's configured to emit light into the target tissue region at a wavelength keyed for hemoglobin; the sensor array comprising one or more photodiodes configured to detect light reflected from the LED's; and a data acquisition controller coupled to the one or more LED's and to the one or more photodiodes for controlling the emission and reception of light from the sensor array to obtain perfusion oxygenation data associated with the target tissue region. [0117] 2. The apparatus of embodiment 1, the scanner further comprising: a pressure sensor coupled to the sensor array; the pressure sensor configured to obtain pressure readings of the sensor array's contact with a surface of the target tissue region; wherein the scanner is configured to obtain pressure sensor readings while obtaining perfusion oxygenation data to ensure proper contact of the scanner with the surface of the target tissue region. [0118] 3. The apparatus of embodiment 2: wherein the pressure sensors and sensor array are connected to a first side of a printed circuit board (PCB); and wherein the data acquisition controller is connected to the PCB on a second side opposite said first side. [0119] 4. The apparatus of embodiment 1, wherein each LED comprises dual emitters configured for emitting red (660 nm) and infrared (880 nm) light. [0120] 5. The apparatus of embodiment 4: wherein the one or more of the LED's are coupled driver circuit; and wherein the driver circuit is configured to allow the red LED emitter and infrared LED emitter to be driven independently while sharing a common anode. [0121] 6. The apparatus of embodiment 5, wherein the driver circuit comprises an amplifier; and a field-effect transistor configured for providing negative feedback. [0122] 7. The apparatus of embodiment 2, further comprising: a processing module coupled to the data acquisition controller; the processing module configured to control sampling of the pressure sensor and sensor array for simultaneous acquisition of pressure sensor data and perfusion oxygenation data. [0123] 8. The apparatus of embodiment 7, wherein the processing module is configured to obtain readings from the sensor array to obtain position data of the scanner. [0124] 9. The apparatus of embodiment 8, wherein the processing module is configured to generate a perfusion oxygenation map of the target tissue. [0125] 10. The apparatus of embodiment 8, wherein the processing module is configured to control sampling of the pressure sensor and sensor array for simultaneous acquisition of two or more data parameters selected from the group consisting of pressure sensor data, perfusion oxygenation data, and position data, to simultaneously display said two or more data parameters. [0126] 11. A system for monitoring perfusion oxygenation of a target tissue region of a patient, comprising: (a) a scanner comprising: a planar sensor array; the sensor array configured to be positioned in contact with a surface of the target tissue region; the sensor array comprising one or more light sources configured to emit light into the target tissue region at a wavelength keyed for hemoglobin; the sensor array comprising one or more sensors configured to detect light reflected from the light sources; a pressure sensor coupled to the sensor array; the pressure sensor configured to obtain pressure readings of the sensor array's contact with a surface of the target tissue region; and (b) a data acquisition controller coupled to the one or more sensors and for controlling the emission and reception of light from the sensor array to obtain perfusion oxygenation data associated with the target tissue; and (c) a processing module coupled to the data acquisition controller; (d) the processing module configured to control sampling of the pressure sensor and sensor array for simultaneous acquisition of perfusion oxygenation data and pressure sensor data to ensure proper contact of the scanner with the surface of the target tissue region. [0127] 12. The system of embodiment 11: wherein the sensor array comprises one or more LED's configured to emit light into the target tissue region at a wavelength keyed for hemoglobin; and wherein the sensor array comprises one or more photodiodes configured to detect light reflected from the LED's. [0128] 13. The system of embodiment 12: wherein each of the one or more LED's comprises dual emitters configured for emitting red (660 nm) and infrared (880 nm) light; wherein the one or more LED's are coupled to the driver circuit; and wherein the driver circuit is configured to allow the red LED emitter and the infrared LED emitter to be driven independently while sharing a common anode [0129] 14. The system of embodiment 11, further comprising: a graphical user interface; wherein the graphical user interface is configured to display the perfusion oxygenation data and pressure sensor data. [0130] 15. The system of embodiment 14, the processing module is further configured to obtain readings from the sensor array to obtain position data of the scanner. [0131] 16. The system of embodiment 15, wherein the processing module is further configured to interpolate the position data to generate a perfusion oxygenation map of the target tissue. [0132] 17. The system of embodiment 16, wherein the processing module is configured to control sampling of the pressure sensor and sensor array for simultaneous acquisition of two or more data parameters selected from the group consisting of pressure sensor data, perfusion oxygenation data, and position data, to simultaneously display the two or more data parameters. [0133] 18. The system of embodiment 16, wherein the processing module is configured to receive an image of the target tissue, and overlay the perfusion oxygenation map over the image. [0134] 19. The system of embodiment 14, wherein the graphical user interface is configured to allow user input to manipulate settings of the sensor array and pressure sensor. [0135] 20. The system of embodiment 11, wherein the processing module further comprises: a filtering module; the filtering module configure to filter in-band noise by subtracting data recorded when the one or more light sources are in an “off” state from data recorded when the one or more light sources are in an “on” state. [0136] 21. A method for performing real-time monitoring of perfusion oxygenation of a target tissue region of a patient, comprising: positioning a sensor array in contact with a surface of the target tissue region; emitting light from lights sources in the sensor array into the target tissue region at a wavelength keyed for hemoglobin; receiving light reflected from the light sources; obtaining pressure data associated with the sensor array's contact with a surface of the target tissue region; obtaining perfusion oxygenation data associated with the target tissue region; and sampling the perfusion oxygenation data and pressure data to ensure proper contact of the sensor array with the surface of the target tissue region. [0137] 22. A method as recited in embodiment 21: wherein the sensor array comprises one or more LED's configured to emit light into the target tissue region at a wavelength keyed for hemoglobin; and wherein the sensor array comprises one or more photodiodes configured to detect light reflected from the LED's. [0138] 23. A method as recited in embodiment 22: wherein each of the one or more LED's comprises dual emitters configured for emitting red (660 nm) and infrared (880 nm) light; the method further comprising independently driving the red LED emitter and infrared LED emitter while the red LED emitter and infrared LED emitter share a common anode. [0139] 24. A method as recited in embodiment 21, further comprising: simultaneously displaying the perfusion oxygenation data and pressure sensor data. [0140] 25. A method as recited in embodiment 21, further comprising: acquiring readings from the sensor array to obtain position data of the scanner. [0141] 26. A method as recited in embodiment 25, further comprising: interpolating the position data to generate a perfusion oxygenation map of the target tissue. [0142] 27. A method as recited in embodiment 26, wherein interpolating the position data comprises applying a Kriging algorithm to the acquired position data. [0143] 28. A method as recited in embodiment 26, further comprising: sampling of the pressure sensor and sensor array for simultaneous acquisition of pressure sensor data, perfusion oxygenation data, and position data; and simultaneously displaying the pressure sensor data, perfusion oxygenation data, and position data. [0144] 29. A method as recited in embodiment 26, further comprising: receiving an image of the target tissue; and overlaying the perfusion oxygenation map over the image. [0145] 30. A method as recited in embodiment 21, further comprising: providing a graphical user interface to allow user input; and manipulating sampling settings of the sensor array and pressure sensor according to said user input. [0146] 31. A method as recited in embodiment 21, further comprising: cycling the one or more light sources between a period when the one or more light sources are on, and a period when the one or more light sources are in an “off” state; and filtering in-band noise by subtracting data recorded from when the one or more light sources are off from data from when the one or more light sources are in an “on” state. [0147] Although the description above contains many details, these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention but as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferred embodiments of this invention. Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of the present invention fully encompasses other embodiments which may become obvious to those skilled in the art, and that the scope of the present invention is accordingly to be limited by nothing other than the appended claims, in which reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless explicitly so stated, but rather “one or more.” All structural, chemical, and functional equivalents to the elements of the above-described preferred embodiment that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the present claims. Moreover, it is not necessary for a device or method to address each and every problem sought to be solved by the present invention, for it to be encompassed by the present claims. Furthermore, no element, component, or method step in the present disclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether the element, component, or method step is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for.” SOURCE CODE APPENDIX [0148] Appendix A contains source code that is submitted by way of example, and not of limitation, as an embodiment of signal processing in the present invention. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that signal processing can be performed in various other ways, which would be readily understood from the description herein, and that the signal processing methods are not limited to those illustrated in Appendix A.	A compact perfusion scanner and method of characterizing tissue health status are disclosed that incorporate pressure sensing components in conjunction with the optical sensors to monitor the level of applied pressure on target tissue for precise skin/tissue blood perfusion measurements and oximetry. The systems and methods allow perfusion imaging and perfusion mapping (geometric and temporal), signal processing and pattern recognition, noise cancelling and data fusion of perfusion data, scanner position and pressure readings.	0
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] 1. Field of the Invention [0002] The invention relates to a locking mechanism for a motor vehicle comprising a closing aid. [0003] 2. Description of the Related State of the Art [0004] A locking mechanism for a door or a hatch of a motor vehicle comprises a rotatably mounted rotary catch (also referred to as a rotary latch) for receiving a locking bolt (also referred to as a striker). The locking mechanism moreover comprises a pawl with which the rotary catch can be engaged for retaining the locking bolt. [0005] The rotary catch of a motor vehicle locking mechanism usually comprises a fork-shaped inlet slot (also referred to as inlet opening) which is formed by a load arm and a catching arm and which the locking bolt of a vehicle door or hatch, e.g. a hood or a trunk lid, enters when the door or hatch is closed. The locking bolt or striker then turns the rotary catch from an opened position in the direction of the closed position until the pawl engages the rotary catch. This position is referred to as the catching position. The locking bolt then cannot leave the inlet slot of the rotary catch. [0006] Furthermore, a locking mechanism can comprise a blocking lever capable of blocking the pawl in its catching position. The blocking lever has to be pivoted or turned out of its blocking position in order disengage the locking mechanism. The pawl is able to leave its catching position for opening the locking mechanism, if the blocking lever has been removed from its blocking position. [0007] A locking mechanism is known from US 2010 052 336 A1 in which the rotary catch is capable of introducing an opening moment into the pawl if the latter is in its catching position and engages the rotary catch. Such a locking mechanism requires a blocking lever in order to be able to engage the locking mechanism. The locking mechanism can be opened with little effort. [0008] There are motor vehicle locking mechanisms with two catching positions, i.e. a preliminary catching position and a main catching position. The preliminary catching position serves for rotary catching the respective door or hatch when the latter does not reach the main catching position during the closing process. If, starting from the preliminary catching position, the rotary catch is turned further correspondingly, it will finally reach the main catching position. [0009] A locking mechanism may comprise a motor driven closing aid (also referred to as a closing auxiliary unit) which moves the rotary catch from its preliminary catching position to its main catching position. Such a locking mechanism is known from U.S. Pat. No. 7,059,640 B2, US 2009/0100886 A1 and US 2008/0271503 A1. [0010] As a matter of principle, a locking mechanism comprises a releasing lever which is actuated in order to open or disengage a locking mechanism. Such a releasing lever is typically connected to a handle of a door or hatch. If the handle is actuated, the releasing lever is actuated, or pivoted, in order to disengage the locking mechanism and thus open the lock. [0011] To close a door or a hatch comes with a seal load. To move the locking mechanism from its preliminary catching position to its main locking position increases the seal load. SUMMERY OF THE INVENTION [0012] It is an object of the invention to provide a locking mechanism for a motor vehicle comprising a locking mechanism and a motor driven closing aid. [0013] Another object of the invention is to provide a locking mechanism for a motor vehicle having a reduced number of components. [0014] Another object of the invention is to provide a locking mechanism for a motor vehicle having a reduced package size and/or a reduced overall mass. [0015] Another object of the invention is to provide a locking mechanism allowing to open the locking mechanism independent from the electrically driven closing aid. [0016] Another object of the invention is to avoid a malfunction of a locking mechanism which comprises an electrically driven closing aid. [0017] Another object of the invention is to provide a locking mechanism comprising an electrically driven closing aid which trade travel for force in parallel with the rise in a striker seal load. [0018] In order to solve at least one of the objects of the invention, a locking mechanism for a motor vehicle comprises an electrically driven closing aid which can move a rotary catch of the locking mechanism from a preliminary catching position to a main catching position when the closing aid is in an engaging position. It is possible to move the closing aid from its engaging position to a disengaging position and vice versa. The closing aid cannot move the rotary catch of the locking mechanism from its preliminary catching position to its main catching position when the closing aid is in its disengaging position. [0019] Since it is possible to move the closing aid to a disengaging position, it is possible to open the locking mechanism of the locking mechanism independent from the motor driven closing aid. A malfunction is thereby avoided. [0020] The invention further refers to a locking mechanism for a motor vehicle comprising an electrically driven closing aid wherein the closing aid comprises a rotatably mounted closing aid lever and a salient which can catch and move a salient of the rotary catch by rotary movement in order to move the rotary catch from a preliminary catching position to a main catching position. [0021] In this way, there is an interface between the rotary catch and the closing aid which is designed to trade travel for force in parallel with the rise in striker seal load. Further, the locking mechanism comprises a reduced number of parts. [0022] In an embodiment of the invention, it is possible to turn the axis 10 around the shaft 11 manually. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0023] Additional measures and advantages of the invention can be derived from the sub-claims, from the following description and/or from the drawings which illustrate an exemplary embodiment of the invention. [0024] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a locking mechanism in its main locking position in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention; [0025] FIG. 2 is a top view of the locking mechanism in its opened position in accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the invention; [0026] FIG. 3 is a top view of the locking mechanism in its preliminary catching position in accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the invention; [0027] FIG. 4 is a top view of the locking mechanism in an overtravel position in accordance with the exemplary embodiment of the invention; [0028] FIG. 5 is a top view of the locking mechanism in the disengaging position of the closing aid. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0029] As shown in FIG. 1 , the locking mechanism comprises a rotary catch 1 , a pawl 2 and a blocking lever 3 . Rotary catch 1 , pawl 2 and blocking lever 3 are rotatably mounted on a metal plate 4 . The rotary catch 1 can rotate around its axis 6 . The pawl 2 can rotate around its axis 7 . The blocking lever 3 can rotate around its axis 8 . The rotary catch 1 comprises a fork-shaped inlet slot 5 which a locking bolt (not shown) enters when the corresponding door or hatch is closed. The locking bolt then turns the rotary catch 1 from an opened position in the direction of the closed position until the pawl 2 engages the rotary catch 1 . FIG. 1 shows the locking mechanism in its main catching position. [0030] In the main catching position respectively main locking position as shown in FIG. 1 , the rotary catch 1 introduces an opening moment into the pawl 2 . Since the pawl 2 is blocked by the blocking lever 3 , the pawl 2 rests in its catching position. Thus, the blocking lever 3 has to be pivoted out of its blocking position in order disengage the locking mechanism. [0031] A closing aid of the locking mechanism comprises a closing aid lever 9 which can rotate around its axis 10 . The axis 10 of the closing aid lever 9 is rotatably mounted and can rotate around the shaft 11 . The shaft 11 is situated beside the center of the axis 10 . In other words, there is a distance respectively clearance between the center of the axis 10 and the shaft 11 . For this reason, rotation of the axis 10 around its shaft 11 comes with a displacement of the axis 10 . The axis 10 is displaceable in order to move the closing aid lever 9 from an engaging position to a disengaging position and vice versa. [0032] In the engaging position, the closing aid lever 9 can move the rotary latch 1 to its main catching position. In the disengaging position, the closing aid lever 9 cannot move the rotary latch 1 to its main catching position. In the FIGS. 1 to 4 , the closing aid lever 9 is in an engaging position. FIG. 5 shows the closing aid lever 9 in a disengaging position. [0033] A cog wheel 12 is attached to the shaft 11 (not shown in the FIGS. 2-5 ). A worm gear 13 of a motor 14 engages the cog wheel and can rotate the cog wheel and can thus rotate the shaft 11 in order to displace the axis 10 . One end of an inner cable 15 of a Bowden cable is connected to an end of an arm 16 of the closing aid lever 9 . The further end of the inner cable 15 of the Bowden cable is connected to an electric drive 17 . One end of the hollow outer cable 18 of the Bowden cable is fastened at the metal plate 4 in an appropriate manner so that it is possible to transmit mechanical force by the movement of the inner cable relative to the hollow outer cable housing. The electric drive 17 can move the inner cable 15 in order to rotate the closing aid lever 9 in a clockwise manner. In this way, a salient 19 of the closing aid lever 9 can catch a salient 20 of the rotary catch 1 in order to move the rotary catch 1 in its main catching position when the closing aid lever 9 is in its engaging position. [0034] The Bowden cable can be replaced by a rod which is connected with the arm 16 as well as with the electrical drive 17 . [0035] FIG. 2 shows in part the locking mechanism of FIG. 1 in its opened position. A striker of a door or a hatch can enter the inlet slot 5 of the rotary catch 1 in order to rotate the rotary catch 1 in a counter clockwise manner around its axis 6 towards its preliminary catching position as shown in FIG. 3 . The pawl 2 rests against an end portion of the catching arm 21 of the rotary catch 1 for example due to a pre-stressed spring (not shown). The blocking lever 3 rests against an end portion of the pawl 2 for example due to a pre-stressed spring (not shown). The closing aid lever 9 and the inner cable 15 of the Bowden cable form an acute angle α with a measure between 30° and 60°, preferably between 40° and 50°. [0036] FIG. 3 shows the locking mechanism of FIG. 1 in its preliminary catching position. The catching arm 21 of the rotary catch 1 rests against the sloped stopping surface 22 of the pawl 2 for example due to a pre-stressed spring (not shown) and/or due to a seal load. As a result, the rotary catch cannot rotate in its opened position in a clockwise manner around its axis 6 . The pawl 2 rests against the stopping surface 23 of the blocking lever in such a manner that the pawl 2 cannot leave its catching position. The stopping surface 22 of the pawl 2 is slopped in such a manner that the rotary catch 1 introduces an opening moment into the pawl 2 in its catching position. In FIG. 3 , the closing aid lever 9 is in its engaging position since the salient 19 of the closing aid lever 9 can catch the salient 20 of the rotary catch 1 . The preliminary catching position comes with an increased acute angle α in comparison with the opened position. The acute angle α is less than 90°. [0037] When for example a sensor like a position switch (not shown) detects that the locking mechanism is in its preliminary catching position, the sensor signals to activate the electric drive 17 . As a result, the closing aid lever 9 rotates in a clockwise manner around its axis 10 . Then, the salient 19 of the closing aid lever 9 catches the salient 20 of the rotary catch 1 and moves the salient 20 in such a manner that the rotary catch 1 rotates in a counter clockwise manner until the locking mechanism arrives at the position shown in FIG. 4 . The salient 20 and the salient 19 form an interface between the closing aid lever 9 and the rotary catch 1 . The geometry of the interface between the closing aid lever 9 and the rotary catch 1 is in this way designed to trade travel for force in parallel with the rise in striker seal load. [0038] When the rotary catch 1 reaches the preliminary catching position, a sensor like a position switch notifies the reached position and controls the further operation: The blocking lever 3 leaves its blocking position and load arm of the rotary catch 1 over travels the pawl 2 . The geometry reaches a by pass state so that the system is not overly stressed. [0039] As shown in FIG. 4 , the rotary catch 1 arrived at an overtravel position. This means that the rotary 1 has to rotate back in a clockwise manner until the load arm 24 of the rotary catch 1 rests against the stopping surface 22 of the pawl 2 in order to arrive at its main locking position. The pawl 2 cannot leave its catching position since the pawl 2 rests against the stopping surface 23 of the blocking lever 3 . Preferably, such an overtravel position is possible in order to be sure that the locking mechanism can always arrive at its main catching position. [0040] Starting from the opened position, the acute angle α increases as explained. As soon as the locking mechanism arrives at its main catching position, the angle α is preferably approximately 90°. [0041] A seal load (resulting from a compressed seal of the corresponding door or hatch) is higher in the main catching position than in the preliminary catching position of the locking mechanism. For this reason, the angle α is at the beginning as shown in FIG. 2 an acute angle which may increase up to 90° and is in the overtravel position preferably about 90° or a little bit more than 90° as shown in FIG. 4 . The increase of the angle comes with a favorable lever ratio in order to overcome the rise in striker seal load since the distance between the center of the axis 10 and the end portion of the salient 19 is small compared with the distance between the center of the axis 10 and the fastening position of the inner cable 15 at the arm 16 . [0042] The axis 10 comprises preferably a nose 25 away from its center. The nose 25 extends into a recess of the cog wheel. As a result, there is interlocking connection respectively positive fit connection between the cog wheel and the axis 10 in order to avoid a malfunction. [0043] However, when a releasing lever is actuated in order to open or to disengage the locking mechanism during the clinching, a sensor detecting the actuation signals activates the electrical motor 14 . As a consequence, the axis 10 rotates around the shaft 11 and moves the closing aid lever 9 from its engaging position to its disengaged position. In other words, the closing aid lever may rotate when the release chain is operated in order to bring the closing aid in the disengaging position. This operation can be controlled by one or more sensors (not shown). For this reason, it is always possible to open the locking mechanism independent from the further motion of closing aid and the position of the rotary catch 1 . [0044] FIG. 5 shows the disengaging position of the closing aid lever 9 . Due to the displacement of the closing aid lever 9 , the salient 19 of the closing aid lever 9 cannot catch the salient 20 of the rotary catch 1 . For this reason, it is possible to activate a releasing lever independent from the motion of the closing aid. As soon as the blocking lever 3 is removed from its blocking position, the pawl 2 leaves its catching position as shown in FIG. 5 . Then, the rotary catch 1 can rotate in a clockwise manner in order to arrive at the position as shown in FIG. 2 as soon as the closing aid arrived at its disengaging position and/or as soon the closing aid lever 9 is in the position shown in FIG. 2 . [0045] The locking mechanism comprises a releasing lever (not shown) which is actuated in order to open or disengage a locking mechanism. The releasing lever is connected to a handle of a door or hatch and/or to an electrical drive (not shown). If the handle respectively the electrical drive is actuated, the releasing lever is actuated, or pivoted, in order to catch and rotate the arm 26 of the blocking lever 3 for removing the blocking lever 3 from its blocking position.	The invention relates to a locking mechanism for a motor vehicle comprising a closing aid. The locking mechanism comprises an electrically driven closing aid which can move a rotary catch of the locking mechanism from a preliminary catching position to a main catching position when the closing aid is in an engaging position. It is possible to move the closing aid from its engaging position to a disengaging position and vice versa. The closing aid cannot move the rotary catch of the locking mechanism from its preliminary catching position to its main catching position when the closing aid is in its disengaging position. Since it is possible to move the closing aid to a disengaging position, it is possible to open the locking mechanism of the locking mechanism independent from the motor driven closing aid. A malfunction is thereby avoided.	4
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/842,030, filed on May 7, 2004, the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Freedom from pain is essential for normal thumb function. Although the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of the thumb is described as a saddle joint, it is actually formed by apposed saddles, one astride the other, each one's longitudinal axis perpendicular to the other. Such a relationship creates a joint where two primary planes of motion, flexion-extension and adduction-abduction, are perpendicular to one another. With rotary movement such as opposition and circumduction, the surfaces are twisted into a less congruous relationship, causing tightening of the joint capsule and thereby increasing joint stability, provided all ligaments are competent. Idiopathic hypermobility of the thumb basal joint is not uncommon, particularly in women, and would seem to be a major factor in producing the arthrosis which so frequently afflicts the CMC joint. Trauma, acute or recurrent, causing partial tears or stretching of the ligaments, likewise will produce varying degrees of hypermobility. Undetected articular damage may also accompany such trauma, thereby compounding the pathological process. When painful hypermobility is present, restoration of ligament stability will not only relieve the pain and stabilize the joint, but, when done prior to the onset of articular damage, may prevent or at least retard subsequent joint degeneration. A ligament reconstruction procedure for painful, unstable thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint is presented in an article entitled “Ligament Reconstruction for the Painful Carpometacarpal (CMC) Joint,” by Eaton, and Littler, which appears in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Vol. 55-A, No. 8, pp. 1655-1666, December, 1973. For more advanced arthrosis, ligament reconstruction is not sufficient. Advanced arthrosis is generally recognized by the obvious dorsal subluxation of the metacarpal base. As the base of the thumb metacarpal subluxates dorsally, there is a reciprocal flexion-abduction of the metacarpal shaft, and frequently flexion-adduction contracture of the entire thumb ray. Carried to the extreme deformity, the metacarpophalangeal joint compensates for the metacarpal flexion-adduction position by hyperextending and the joint may become fixed in this hyperextended position. These sequential compensation deformities must be recognized and corrected at the same time as reconstruction of the basal joint is carried out. Heretofore, deformities of the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint have been undertaken utilizing a trapezium prosthesis, and implanting the prosthesis following removal of the diseased trapezium bone. One known prosthesis comprises an integral elastomeric member, preferably of a flexible silicone material, having a cylindrical base portion from one end of which extends a triangular cross-sectioned tapered projection adapted to be imbedded into the reamed-out channel in the thumb metacarpal bone. In view of the very slippery, low coefficient surface of the material of the prosthesis, and the fact that the elastomeric material of the prosthesis is difficult to handle and will not hold a stitch, when implanted, the prior art prosthesis has a tendency to slip out of place in that the opposite end of the cylindrical portion of the prosthesis merely rests against the adjacent navicular. Furthermore, when implanted, the amount of force applied by the patient, in a pinching direction of the hand, must be limited in order to prevent inadvertent popping out of the prior art prosthesis. Still further, in order to insure as close a fit as possible, in order to minimize slipping out of position of the prosthesis, several different sizes of prosthesis must be manufactured, and by trial and error implanted into the patient's hand. Another form of known prosthesis or trapezium prosthesis is of the general shape of the prior art device described above with the addition of several elastomeric tails or extending elements which are looped around a structure of the palmer aspect of the hand in an attempt to keep the prosthesis from dislocating dorsally. As is readily apparent, considering the type of material which must be employed for an implantable prosthesis, the tails or extending elements are extremely fragile, and tend to wear and break thereby losing the fixation sought to be obtained. In addition, it is difficult to firmly secure the elastomeric tails to the hand structure, thereby resulting in the patient having to limit the use of his hand with reference to the application of hand grip forces. Accordingly, there is room for improvement within the art. OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention to provide a trapezium implant of increased strength and longevity. It is an object of the invention to provide a trapezium implant that is less likely to become dislodged from its proper positioning. It is an object of the invention to provide a trapezium implant that is easy to implant and firmly position. These and other objects of the invention are achieved by an implant for the trapezium of the thumb carpometacarpal joint comprising an integral, elastomeric member including a body portion having: an elongated, longitudinally extending tapered portion extending from one end of the body portion; and a tapered neck. These and other objects of the invention are achieved by a method of reconstructing the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of a thumb, including the steps of: a) implanting an implant having an elongated tapered portion and a tapered neck into the joint; b) stripping away a portion of tendon, leaving the distal attachment intact adjacent the implant; c) wrapping the split tendon around the tapered neck of the implant to a point intersecting the remaining tendon at the palm side of the hand, and suturing the split tendon to the remaining tendon. These and other objects of the invention are achieved by a method of reconstructing the carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of a thumb, including the steps of: a) implanting an implant having an elongated tapered portion and a tapered neck into the joint; b) providing a securing element; c) attaching the securing element to a tendon; d) wrapping the securing element around the tapered neck of the implant to a point intersecting the tendon at the palm side of the hand, and attaching the securing element to the tendon. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of a trapezium prosthesis according to the subject invention; FIG. 2 is a side view of of an exemplary embodiment of a trapezium prosthesis according to the subject invention; FIG. 3 is a top view of a thumb and the surgically implanted exemplary embodiment of the trapezium prosthesis according to the subject invention; and FIG. 4 schematically illustrates the completed surgically implanted exemplary embodiment of the trapezium prosthesis as firmly fixed in place in an exemplary method by the use of a portion of the patient's natural tendon. FIG. 5 schematically illustrates the completed surgically implanted second exemplary embodiment of the trapezium prosthesis as firmly fixed in place in an exemplary method by the use of a tendon substitute. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION With reference to the figures, an exemplary embodiment of a trapezium prosthesis/implant for the thumb that meets and achieves all the above-mentioned objects of the invention will now be described. Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 , the exemplary embodiment of the trapezium implant according to the invention is generally designated by the numeral 10 and comprises an integral elastomeric member, preferably a silastic material such as silicone rubber, and which is inherently flexible and physiologically inert. The implant 10 includes a body portion 12 having tapered conical portions 15 and 17 separated by a tapered neck 20 . Tapered portions 15 and 17 have end faces 14 and 16 , respectively. Integrally formed and projecting from the end face 14 is an elongated, longitudinally extended tapered portion 18 which extends along the longitudinal axis L of implant 10 . Tapered portion 18 will have a length d 2 that is typically equal to 3 (three) times the length d 1 of body portion 12 so as to assure the overall integrity of the reconstructed joint. Tapered portion 18 should preferably have a substantially constantly decreasing taper (at least in the area of end 19 ), unlike the more variable taper shown in the implant depicted in U.S. Pat. No. 3,924,276, whose contents are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. The end 19 of the tapered portion 18 is blunted, preferably with a generally hemispherical tip only at its end, unlike the more pointed configuration shown in the '276 patent. The tapered portion 18 has a preferably generally annular (i.e., circular) cross-section to reduce residual stresses in implant 10 . However, polygonal cross-sections, such as triangular cross-sections described above, may be used. Additionally, the proximal end of tapered portion 18 should merge into end face 14 of tapered portion 15 via a sweeping curve, typically having a radius r of approximately 3/32 inches. A sweeping curve, rather than a sharp projection such as shown in the '276 patent or other prior art trapezium implants, assures the structural integrity of the overall implant. The opposite end face 16 of body portion 12 has a slightly concave depression 11 in order to more effectively cooperate with the navicular or scaphoid bone 40 (see FIGS. 3 and 4 ), as will be more particularly described hereinafter. As previously mentioned, extending transverse to the longitudinal axis L of the implant 10 , and more particularly radially through the body portion 12 is a tapered neck 20 . Tapered neck 20 will preferably have a circular cross-section. The diameter of the tapered neck 20 is suitably dimensioned relative to the size of the body portion 12 and the material from which it is made to prevent breaking of the implant 10 , and yet small enough to fully accommodate the portion of the tendon which is to be wrapped there around, as will be described below. Rims 13 of tapered portions 15 , 17 should preferably be rounded, rather than squared to reduce residual stresses in implant 10 and increase its overall strength and longevity. FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate steps in the method of applicant's invention. As shown in FIG. 3 , in the subject process of reconstructing the thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint 34 following the surgical removal of the diseased trapezium, the surgeon then performs the step of hollowing out the lining of the marrow cavity of the metacarpal bone 36 utilizing conventional techniques and conventional apparatus such as an electric reaming device in order to define any elongated cavity 38 in the metacarpal bone 36 . The implant 10 , and more particularly the elongated extended portion 18 , is inserted into the cavity 38 . The base or end face 16 of the implant 10 should fit in good contact circumferentially with the cortex or outer portion of the thumb metacarpal 36 so that it has even pressure around the entire contact surface. Likewise the opposite end face 16 , with its slightly concave depression 11 , should fit in good firm contact with the navicular or scaphoid 40 . In some cases, it may also be desirable to sculpt the lower 5 mm of the trapezoid (not shown) to permit the lower portion of the implant 10 to sit atop the scaphoid 40 while not interfering with the scaphotrapezoid joint (not shown). Reference should be made to U.S. Pat. No. 5,913,818, commonly assigned with this patent application and incorporated by reference herein, for a depiction of the relationship of the trapezoid to the scaphoid. The next step in the preferred method is to obtain a strip of adjacent tendon, for which is suggested the use of the abductor pollicis longus (APL) tendon or the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) tendon. Through conventional technique, two incisions are made above the wrist, and the main tendon body 50 is partially cut across its width as at 52 , and stripped along the longitudinal line 54 to obtain a strip 56 of about 6 centimeters in length. However, the doctor has great flexibility in this regard. This segment 56 is tunneled under the skin to emerge at the wrist in the vicinity of the metacarpal joint, after which the free end of the tendon strip 56 is directed around the tapered neck 20 of the implant 10 (see FIG. 4 ) and then penetrated through the residual capsule attached to the metacarpal 36 at a point which is perpendicular to the plane of the thumb nail 32 , and then the tendon strip 56 is passed to the remaining main tendon body, as at point 58 , at the palm side of the new reconstructed joint. The strip 56 is fixed, such as by means of two stitches, to the main tendon body 50 on the dorsal side of the hand, at the point where it wraps around the tapered neck 20 the implant 10 on the dorsal of the wrist, and then likewise the implant 10 is pulled into place by pulling on the ligament, thereby seating it into its socket, and then a second suture is placed between this new ligament and the main tendon body 50 . The free tail 60 usually represents about 4 centimeters, and this free tail is then interwoven across and around the implant 10 to form a new capsule for the metacarpal joint. The use of a tendon as a building material to weave a new capsule provides an extremely strong and durable construction, since it is thicker than the natural capsule, and of course, since it is the patient's own tissue it cannot and will not be rejected. It will adhere to any normal tissue, and it will not adhere to the elastomeric material of the implant 10 . Of course, the tendon does not have to adhere to the implant 10 since it passes around the tapered neck 20 of the implant 10 and therefore firmly secured to the implant 10 . In some patients, where there is sufficient quality capsular tissue, suture (not shown) may be passed around the tapered neck 20 and sewn to the capsule to provide implant 10 stabilization; tendon will not have to be used. While the preferred method according to the invention is to use, for example, a portion of the patient's APL or FCR tendon to keep implant 10 in position, the method is not so limited. First, connective tissue may be harvested from any other suitable location on the patient as is well known in the art. Second, and less preferable, allograft may be used after the proper tissue matching and pathogen purification protocols are followed. Third, organically derived acellular matrices, which do not pose tissue matching due to their processing, may be used. Examples of such matrices, used in other applications can be found in, for example, US Pub. 2002/072806; U.S. Pat. No. 6,206,931. However, a preferred acellular matrix would comprise Graftjacket® acellular matrix, sold by Wright Medical Technology, Inc., of Arlington, Tenn., and manufactured according to U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,865,871; 5,024,830; and 5,336,616. This product consists of a selectively preserved extracellular protein matrix that is devoid of certain viable cells which normally express major histocompatibility complex antigenic determinants and other antigens which would be recognized as foreign by the recipient. This extracellular protein matrix is made up of collagen and other proteins and provides a structural template which may be repopulated with new viable cells that would not be rejected by the host. With this material complications following implantation (including but not limited to immunorejection, contracture, calcification, occlusion, and infection) are significantly reduced relative to current implant procedures and materials. Finally, synthetic porous materials capable of connective tissue in-growth may be used. See e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,258,040. Any of these exemplary materials, comprising a tendon substitute, may be fixed to the existing tendon using any known method and then wrapped around implant 10 as described above. This is shown in FIG. 5 . For example, material M is sutured to the distal portion 50 ′ of tendon 50 using suture S. Then, material M is manipulated as tendon strip 56 described above was to secure implant M in position. Therefore, using either the patient's natural tendon or a tendon substitute as a securing element in combination with implant 10 , the resulting reconstructed metacarpal joint is significantly stronger, more durable, and easier to implant than prior art reconstructed joints using conventional prosthesis. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,924,276, several shortcomings are inherent in the design. First, the radial aperture causes the overall implant to be weaker. Second, there is the additional step of properly aligning the aperture. Third, there is the overall difficulty in threading the tendon through the aperture. None of such steps or difficulties are present in the inventive design while all the benefits of the '276 patent are achieved if not exceeded, e.g., grip strength. To those skilled in the art to which this invention relates, many changes in construction and widely different embodiments and applications of the subject process and device will suggest themselves without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The disclosures and descriptions herein are purely illustrative and are not intended to be in any sense limiting.	An implant for the trapezium of the thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint comprising an integral elastomeric member configured to include a body portion having a tapered neck, having extending from one end thereof an elongated, longitudinally extending tapered portion adapted to be embedded into a reamed out-channel in the thumb metacarpal bone. After implantation, in the preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, a segment of a nearby tendon, for example, the APL or FCR tendons, may be wrapped around the tapered neck of the implant to secure it in position, thereby forming a reinforced structure to inhibit dislocation of the prosthesis. However, in other methods, various other securing elements, including, but not limited to acellular matrices, may be used to retain the implant in position.	0
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This patent application is a continuation of the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/594,331, filed on Jun. 15, 2000 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,746,648. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Area of the Art The present invention relates generally to reagent handling methods and systems used in conjunction with immunodiagnostic instruments, and more specifically to methods and systems for transporting and sorting multiple reagent packs and reagent packs used in conjunction with the systems. 2. Description of the Prior Art Throughout this application, various references are referred to within parentheses. Disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains. Full bibliographic citation for these references may be found at the end of this application, preceding the claims. Immunodiagnostic instruments are widely used in clinical chemistry sampling and analyzing applications, and often are involved in the processing of multiple reagent packs for performing various assays. Many times it is required that the system be capable of receiving and storing multiple reagent packs in a refrigerated environment in such a manner that each stored pack can be randomly accessed and brought from storage into a position for pipetting. It is desirable for this to be accomplished in such a manner that requires minimal footwork and a degree of freedom. The following references are found to be pertinent to the field of the present invention: U.S. Pat. No. 4,483,927, issued to Takekawa on Nov. 20, 1984, disclosed a conventional automatic chemical analyzer. It includes a reagent delivery unit having a plurality of reagent bottles and a syringe type dispenser for delivering given amounts of reagents into a plurality of empty reaction vessels set in a cassette, and a reaction vessel supply unit for holding a plurality of cassettes and for supplying successively the reaction vessels. U.S. Pat. No. 4,678,752, issued to Thorne et al. on Jul. 7, 1987, disclosed a conventional automatic random access analyzer. It includes an elongate rack having a plurality of slots aligned in substantially parallel arrangement along the longitudinal axis of the rack for removably positioning reagent packages, an introduction station for receiving the plurality of reagent packages, each having a plurality of receptacles, a liquid transfer station for transferring the receptacles, a storage area for storing the plurality of reagent packages, and a shuttle system for transporting individual reagent packages. U.S. Pat. No. 4,764,342, issued to Kelln et al. on Aug. 16, 1988, disclosed a conventional reagent handling system. It includes a transport mechanism interengageable with a coupling structure for disposing a series of reagent containers for movement past a reagent station. U.S. Pat. No. 5,314,825, issued to Weyrauch et al. on May 24, 1994, disclosed a chemical analyzer. It includes a turntable rotatably mounted about a vertical axis and having a plurality of equiangularly spaced radial compartments for releasably mounting a plurality of individually disposable cuvettes, and a sample/reagent tray rotatably mounted about an axis parallel to the turntable axis. U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,549, issued to Maclndoe, Jr. on Jul. 26, 1994, disclosed an assay module transport apparatus for use in an automated analytical instrument. It includes an assay module supply unit for holding magazines with open-faced vessels, each having a layer of material covering its open face, an assay module ejector mechanism having a slider block and a pusher rod mounted on the leading end of the slider block for pushing an assay module from an assay module supply unit onto an assay module receiving platform, an assay module transfer mechanism for transferring the assay module from the assay module receiving platform to a testing system, and a cutter assembly for cutting the layer of material covering the open-faced vessels. U.S. Pat. No. 5,578,272, issued to Koch et al. on Nov. 26, 1996, disclosed a reagent kit for use in an automatic analytical apparatus. The reagent kit includes a casing which has a bottom, sidewalls, a removable lid, and at least one individually removable reagent container. The lid defines at least one opening which is of sufficient dimension for circulating air through the interior of the casing and around the reagent container. U.S. Pat. No. 5,609,822, issued to Carey et al. on Mar. 11, 1997, disclosed a reagent handling system and reagent pack for keeping fluids with or without suspensions, mixed or suspended upon rocking. It includes a tray for slidably retaining a plurality of reagent pack slides in a side by side configuration along an axis, and an inclination drive and hinge mechanically connected to the tray for selectably inclining the tray about the axis and the hinge. U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,074, issued to Katzman on May 12, 1998, disclosed a reagent segment for feeding reagent to the multiple capillaries of the automated capillary electrophoresis apparatus. The reagent segment has an elongated body with an elongated and continuous open trough, a drainage zone in a floor of the trough, and a fill section in the trough sufficiently wide to receive a dispenser probe. U.S. Pat. No. 5,788,928, issued to Carey et al. on Aug. 4, 1998, disclosed a reagent handling system and reagent packs for keeping fluids with or without suspensions, mixed or suspended upon rocking. The reagent pack has mixing baffles operative to cause mixing of fluids within the reagent pack, where the baffles are disposed in proximity and opposing each other so that a throat region having a pair of converging, then diverging, walls is defined between a pair of baffles. U.S. Pat. No. 5,955,373, issued to Hutchins et al. on Sep. 21, 1999, disclosed an environmentally controlled system for processing chemical products. It includes a plurality of interchangeable units connected in an array arranged to sequentially receive the products. Each unit has a work station covered by a canopy having at least one open end connected with an open end of an adjacent unit. The interconnected units form an enclosed chamber encompassing the work stations and covered by the interconnected canopies. U.S. Pat. No. 5,985,214, issued to Stylli et al. on Nov. 16, 1999, disclosed an automated and integrated system for rapidly identifying useful chemicals in liquid samples, and, more particularly, for automated screening of chemicals with biological activity in liquid samples. The system includes at least one multi-lane sample transporter for transporting the addressable chemical wells between the storage and the sample distribution modules and optionally having programmable control of transport of the selected addressable chemical wells. The addressable wells are commonly organized or integrated into a plurality of addressable plates. One of the disadvantages of many conventional reagent transporting and storage systems used in conjunction with automated chemical analyzers is that they do not provide a refrigerated environment for receiving and storing multiple reagent packs in such a manner that each stored pack can be randomly accessed and brought from the storage position to the pipetting position. Another disadvantage of many conventional reagent transporting and storage systems is that they have only limited capacities in that they often can service only one single pipetter. They are unable to leave a reagent pack in a pipetting position while moving another reagent pack to another pipetter. Therefore, it is desirable to provide a new method and system for transporting and sorting multiple reagent packs which can be used in conjunction with immunodiagnostic instruments and also overcome the disadvantages of conventional systems for handling reagent packs. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to a new method and system for transporting and sorting multiple reagent packs used in conjunction with an immunodiagnostic instrument, and is also directed to new reagent packs used in conjunction with the new system. It is one of the primary objects of the present invention to provide a new method and system for transporting and sorting multiple reagent packs used in conjunction with an immunodiagnostic instrument, with the capacity of providing a refrigerated environment for receiving and storing multiple reagent packs in such a manner that each stored pack can be randomly accessed and brought from the storage position to the pipetting position. It is also a primary object of the present invention to provide a new method and system for transporting and storing multiple reagent packs used in conjunction with an immunodiagnostic instrument, with the capacity of servicing multiple pipetting stations by leaving one reagent pack in one pipetting station while moving another reagent pack to another pipetting station. It is another one of the primary objects of the present invention to provide a new reagent pack to be used in conjunction with the new transporting and sorting system. Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention provides a transporting and storing system to be used in conjunction with an immunodiagnostic instrument. The transporting and storing system of the present invention includes a multiplicity of reagent packs; a gantry movably mounted on a rack structure for carrying a gripper mechanism, wherein the gripper mechanism has gripping jaws for engagement with the reagent pack; a power assembly for actuating the respective movement of the gantry, the gripper mechanism and the gripping jaws; a storage nest having a multiplicity of compartments, each adapted for storing a one of the respective reagent packs; and a pipetting nest having a multiplicity of compartment, each adapted for retaining a respective one of the reagent packs for simultaneous pipetting. The transporting and storing system of the present invention also includes at least one transport route for allowing movement of the gripper mechanism carried by the gantry for transporting the reagent packs between the storage nest and the pipetting nest. The transporting and storing system of the present invention further includes the means for positioning and positively retaining the reagent pack by the gripper mechanism, including complementary features on the reagent pack and the gripping jaws, for causing the reagent pack to be slightly lifted up or dropped down when engaged or disengaged by the gripping jaws and moved out or in of the storage compartment. In addition, the transporting and storing system of the present invention includes the means for maintaining precise pipetting position of the reagent pack, including spring-loaded members located in the pipetting compartment, for limiting the movement of the reagent pack during pipetting. Another aspect of the present invention provides a transporting and storing method. The method of the present invention includes the steps of: providing a gripper mechanism having a pair of generally oppositely disposed and synchronically movable gripping jaws, each having an inner side for engagement with one of the reagent packs; mounting a gantry on a rack structure to move horizontally for carrying the gripper mechanism, such that it is vertically movable on the gantry and horizontally moveable with the gantry; aligning a multiplicity of storage compartments in vertical columns and horizontal rows for storing the reagent packs respectively; and aligning a multiplicity of pipetting compartment in at least one horizontal row for simultaneous pipetting, while leaving at least one vertical transport route between two adjacent and spaced apart columns of the compartments for allowing the vertical movement of the gripper mechanism, and at least one horizontal transport route between two adjacent and spaced apart rows of the compartments for allowing the horizontal movement of the gripper mechanism carried by the gantry, for transporting the reagent packs between the storage compartments and the pipetting compartments. The transporting and storing method of the present invention also includes the steps of moving the gripper mechanism along the at least one vertical route and the at least one horizontal route to transport the reagent packs between the storage compartments and the pipetting compartments, and while leaving one of the reagent packs in a respective one of the pipetting compartment for pipetting, moving the gripper mechanism to transport another one of the reagent packs to another one of the pipetting compartments for simultaneous pipetting. The transporting and storing method of the present invention further includes the steps of positioning and positively retaining the reagent pack with the gripper mechanism by utilizing holes with a tapered conical opening on the reagent pack and complementary conical pins on the gripping jaws, such that the reagent packs are slightly lifted up when being moved in and out of their respective the storage compartments to avoid direct contact therebetween, and maintaining precise pipetting position of the reagent pack by utilizing spring-loaded v-shaped members located in the pipetting compartments for limiting the movement of the reagent pack during pipetting. A further aspect of the present invention provides a reagent pack used in conjunction with a transporting and storing system for an immunodiagnostic instrument, where the transporting and storing system has a gripper mechanism with inwardly protruding pins for positioning and positively retaining the reagent pack. The reagent pack of the present invention has an elongated body having sufficient thickness for having at least one well, where the elongated body has a slim profile with a wide middle portion, a narrow front portion with a pointed front end, and a narrow ear portion with a rounded rear end having two generally opposite outer sides. The reagent pack of the present invention also has the means for facilitating the position and the positive retention of the reagent pack by the gripper mechanism, including complementary holes on the outer sides of the elongated body for engagement with the inwardly protruding pins of the gripping mechanism of the transporting and storing system. As explained in greater detail below, the new system of the present invention is well suited for receiving and storing multiple reagent packs in a refrigerated environment in such a manner that each stored reagent pack can be randomly accessed and brought from the storage to a pipetting position. This is accomplished in such a manner that requires minimal footwork and a degree of freedom. The invention is defined in its fullest scope in the appended claims and is described below in its preferred embodiments. DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES The above-mentioned and other features of this invention and the manner of obtaining them will become more apparent, and will be best understood by reference to the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. These drawings depict only a typical embodiment of the invention and do not therefore limit its scope. They serve to add specificity and detail, in which: FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a reagent pack and the gripper mechanism of the transporting and storing system of the present invention, showing the alignment pins of the gripper mechanism disengaged from the reagent pack; FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a reagent pack and the gripper mechanism of the transporting and storing system of the present invention, showing the alignment pins of the gripper mechanism engaged with the reagent pack; FIG. 3 is a top view of the gripper mechanism of the transporting and storing system of the present invention, showing the conical shaped alignment pins; FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the gripper mechanism, the storage nest and the pipetting nest of the transporting and storing system of the present invention, showing the gripper mechanism at its initial position; FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the gripper mechanism, the storage nest and the pipetting nest of the transporting and storing system of the present invention, showing the first step of the transporting and storing method of the present invention where the gripper mechanism moves in a horizontal transport route of the storage nest to a desired column of reagent packs held in the storage nest; FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the gripper mechanism, the storage nest and the pipetting nest of the transporting and storing system of the present invention, showing the second step of the transporting and storing method of the present invention where the gripper mechanism moves in a vertical transport route of the storage nest to a desired reagent pack held in a compartment of the storage nest; FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the gripper mechanism, the storage nest and the pipetting nest of the transporting and storing system of the present invention, showing the third step of the transporting and storing method of the present invention where the gripper mechanism engages and lifts up the desired reagent pack from the bottom of the compartment of the storage nest; FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the gripper mechanism, the storage nest and the pipetting nest of the transporting and storing system of the present invention, showing the fourth step of the transporting and storing method of the present invention where the gripper mechanism moves the reagent pack out of the compartment of the storage nest; FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the gripper mechanism, the storage nest and the pipetting nest of the transporting and storing system of the present invention, showing the fifth step of the transporting and storing method of the present invention where the gripper mechanism moves the reagent pack to a nearby vertical transport route of the storage nest; FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the gripper mechanism, the storage nest and the pipetting nest of the transporting and storing system of the present invention, showing the sixth step of the transporting and storing method of the present invention where the gripper mechanism moves the reagent pack in the vertical transport route of the storage nest up to the horizontal transport route; FIG. 11 is a perspective view of the gripper mechanism, the storage nest and the pipetting nest of the transporting and storing system of the present invention, showing the seventh step of the transporting and storing method of the present invention where the gripper mechanism moves the reagent pack in the horizontal transport route of the storage nest to a vertical transport route next to an available compartment of the pipetting nest; FIG. 12 is a perspective view of the gripper mechanism, the storage nest and the pipetting nest of the transporting and storing system of the present invention, showing the eighth step of the transporting and storing method of the present invention where the gripper mechanism moves the reagent pack in the vertical transport route next to the available compartment of the pipetting nest to a position close to the available compartment of the pipetting nest; FIG. 13 is a perspective view of the gripper mechanism, the storage nest and the pipetting nest of the transporting and storing system of the present invention, showing the ninth step of the transporting and storing method of the present invention where the gripper mechanism moves the reagent pack horizontally into the compartment of the pipetting nest to engage with the spring-loaded v-blocks thereof; FIG. 14 is a perspective view of the gripper mechanism, the storage nest and the pipetting nest of the transporting and storing system of the present invention, showing the tenth step of the transporting and storing method of the present invention where the gripper mechanism is disengaged from the reagent pack which is retained by the spring-loaded v-blocks and settled onto the bottom of the compartment of the pipetting nest; FIG. 15 is a perspective view of the gripper mechanism, the storage nest and the pipetting nest of the transporting and storing system of the present invention, showing the eleventh step of the transporting and storing method of the present invention where the disengaged gripper mechanism moves vertically to a horizontal transport route for returning to its initial position. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a new method and system for transporting and sorting multiple reagent packs used in conjunction with an immunodiagnostic instrument. Referring to FIGS. 1 through 4 , the transporting and storing system of the present invention includes a reagent pack 1 . The reagent pack 1 has an elongated body having a sufficient thickness and a slim profile with a wide middle portion, a narrow front portion with a pointed front end, and a narrow rear portion with a rounded rear end. One or more wells are provided on the elongated body for containing reagents, samples and/or other fluids. On the outer sides of the rear portion, a gripper mechanism 4 is provided as part of a means for positioning of and positively retaining the reagent pack. In a preferred embodiment, the facilitating means includes three conically tapered holes 2 and 3 . One conically tapered hole 2 is located at one outer side of the rear portion and the other two conically tapered holes 3 are located at the other (substantially opposite) outer side of the rear portion of the reagent pack 1 . In a preferred embodiment, the conically tapered holes are circular, or they can form elongated slots, or a combination of both. The gripper mechanism 4 of the transporting and storing system of the present invention may be pneumatic or another kind, and is vertically movably supported on a gantry 5 , which in turn is horizontally movably supported by a rack structure. The gripper mechanism 4 includes a pair of opposite gripping jaws 15 with synchronized motion. Of course, the motion may be accomplished by utilizing other types of arrangement and power sources which are not limited to pneumatic power. The complementary part of the means for positioning of and positively retaining the reagent pack 1 is provided on the inner sides of the gripping jaws 15 . In the preferred embodiment, the complementary part includes three conically shaped pins 6 . One conically shaped pin 6 is located at the inner side of one of the gripper jaws 15 for engagement with the conically tapered hole 2 of the reagent pack 1 , and the other two conically shaped pins 6 are located at the inner side of the opposite gripper jaw 15 for engagement with the conically tapered holes 3 of the reagent pack 1 . Of course, the holes 2 and 3 and the pins 6 of the complementary means for positioning and positively retaining the reagent packs by the gripper mechanism may be of other shapes, such as spherical, prismical, etc. What is important is that the entrance of the holes 2 and 3 on the reagent pack 1 are tapered (e.g., with a beveled larger opening), thereby increasing the tolerance of the gripper mechanism 4 with regard to the position of the reagent pack 1 , and allowing for engagement between the pins 6 and the holes 2 and 3 , respectively, even when the reagent pack 1 is not precisely positioned. A slightly misaligned reagent pack 1 can still be engaged by the pins 6 because the tapered recess of the holes 2 and 3 provides an increased engagement area for the pins 6 . Once the pins 6 begin engagement with the tapered recess of the holes 2 and 3 , the compression of the gripping jaws 15 will force the pins 6 to further extend into the holes 2 and 3 , respectively, thereby causing the reagent pack 1 to be aligned with the gripper mechanism 4 . Of course, the amount of misalignment tolerable by the gripper mechanism depends on the amount of taper in the conically tapered holes 2 and 3 . In addition, in a preferred embodiment, each pin 6 has a straight cylindrical section at its end. This feature ensures positive retention of the reagent pack by the gripper mechanism 4 in the event that there is a loss in the power to the system, which may result in a loss of compression force of the gripping jaws 15 needed for engagement of the jaws 15 with the reagent pack 1 . With the cylindrical section of the pins 6 being extended into the holes 2 and 3 , the reagent pack 1 will be hanging on the pins 6 of the gripper mechanism, 4 even when it is not compressed by the gripping jaws 15 . Furthermore, when the gripper mechanism 4 is engaged with the reagent pack 1 , the three pins 6 define a plane which precisely orients the reagent pack 1 during transportation by the gantry 5 from one position to another. In an alternative embodiment, the gripper mechanism 4 contains conically tapered holes which engage pins located on the reagent pack 1 . In other respects, the operation of the gripper mechanism and reagent pack for this embodiment is the same. The transporting and storing system of the present invention also includes a multi-unit storage nest 7 having a plurality of vertically and horizontally spaced compartments 8 , each adapted to receive and hold a reagent pack 1 . Additionally, the system includes a pipetting nest 9 also having multiple compartments 10 for positioning a reagent pack 1 for pipetting. Both nests 7 and 9 are designed to hold the reagent pack within the tolerance limits but without rigidly defining its position, as will be described in detail below. Referring to FIG. 4 , the storage nest 7 has a multiplicity of compartments 8 arranged in multiple vertical columns, where the respective compartments in the multiple columns are also aligned in horizontal rows, thereby forming a two-dimensional matrix, such that when the reagent packs 1 are held in the storage nest 7 , they are aligned in vertical columns and horizontal rows. One or more empty or open vertical “transport routes” (with no compartment) are provided to allow the gripper mechanism 4 to transport the reagent packs 1 vertically within the storage nest 7 and between the storage nest 7 and the pipetting nest 9 . Similarly, one or more empty or open horizontal “transport routes” are also provided to allow the gripper mechanism 4 to transport the reagent packs 1 horizontally. Each compartment 8 of the storage nest 7 has a flat bottom 12 and two substantially opposite and vertical sidewalls 13 . The clearance between the retaining sidewalls 13 of the compartment 8 and the reagent pack 1 held therein provides limits to the horizontal motion of the reagent pack 1 . When a reagent pack 1 is sent into a compartment 8 by the gripper mechanism 4 , a small gap is intentionally maintained between the flat bottom 12 of the compartment 8 and the bottom of the reagent pack 1 , as long as the pins 6 of the gripper mechanism 4 are still engaged with the holes 2 and 3 of the reagent pack 1 . With this arrangement, any direct contact between the flat bottom 12 of the compartment 8 and the bottom of the reagent pack 1 is avoided, as the reagent pack 1 is sent into the compartment 8 of the storage nest 7 , thereby eliminating interference therebetween that is a result of mechanical part tolerances. Once the reagent pack 1 is positioned within the compartment 8 between the two sidewalls 13 and above the flat bottom 12 , the pins 6 of the gripper mechanism 1 are synchronously disengaged from the holes 2 and 3 of the reagent pack 1 , which allows the reagent pack 1 to drop down the distance of the small gap and rest on the flat bottom 12 of the compartment 8 . When the reagent pack 1 needs to be removed from the compartment 8 , the gripping jaws 15 of the gripper mechanism 4 are moved in to be adjacent to the rear end of the reagent pack 1 and are ready to retrieve the reagent pack 1 . However, the pins 6 of the gripper mechanism 4 are intentionally positioned slightly higher than the center of the holes 2 and 3 of the reagent pack 1 but still within the range of tapered openings of the holes 2 and 3 , such that when the gripping jaws 15 are compressed, the pins 6 are engaged with and guided by the tapered surfaces to finally align with and insert into the holes 2 and 3 and, during this process of engagement, causes the reagent pack 1 to be lifted up slightly, such that the same small gap is left between the bottom of the reagent pack 1 and the flat bottom 12 of the compartment 8 . This arrangement prevents any direct contact between the flat bottom 12 of the compartment 8 and the bottom of the reagent pack 1 and thereby eliminates any interference therebetween as the reagent pack 1 is retrieved from the compartment 8 of the storage nest 7 . The pipetting nest 9 has a multiplicity of compartments 10 aligned in a horizontal row. Each compartment 10 has a spring-loaded v-block 11 for engaging the pointed front end of the reagent pack 1 for its precise positioning. This is because, during pipetting, the reagent pack 1 has to be positioned with a relatively high precision and it has to be retained both horizontally and vertically. When the pins 6 of the gripper mechanism 4 are engaging the reagent pack 1 , the v-block 11 translates to a position defined by the retained reagent pack 1 . When the pins 6 are disengaged from the reagent pack 1 , the v-block 11 springs back against rigid stops, which are placed at a distance that is slightly greater than the length of the pack 1 . As a result, the reagent pack 1 moves into a position within the limits defined by the v-block 11 . The v-block 11 limits the motion of the reagent pack 1 when a pipetter tip is withdrawn from the pack as the elastomeric seal of the reagent pack 1 creates a drag, which tends to cause the reagent pack 1 to be lifted up. After the pipetter tip is withdrawn, the reagent pack 1 is free to fall back down into its position in the compartment 10 of the pipetting nest 9 , which prevents the pipetter tip from contacting the bottom of the wells of the reagent pack 1 during future assays. Referring to FIGS. 4 through 15 , the transporting and storing method of the present invention includes the following steps: 1. Starting from its initial position, as shown in FIG. 4 , the gantry 5 with the gripper mechanism 4 moves horizontally through a horizontal transport route 14 a , positions itself over the desired column of reagent packs 1 , and opens its gripping jaws 15 , as shown in FIG. 5 . 2. The gripper mechanism 4 moves down vertically until it reaches the desired reagent pack 1 . It stops when the pins 6 of the gripping jaws 15 are positioned at approximately 0.03 inch above the center of the holes 2 and 3 of the reagent pack 1 , as shown in FIG. 6 . 3. The gripper mechanism 4 is actuated and the gripping jaws 15 move synchronously towards each other until the pins 6 are fully engaged with the holes 2 and 3 of the reagent pack 1 . As a result, the reagent pack 1 is raised an amount necessary to compensate for position error caused by tolerance accumulation at a position defined by the pins 6 above the flat bottom 12 of the compartment 8 of the storage nest 7 , as shown in FIG. 7 . 4. The gripper mechanism 4 moves vertically until the bottom of the reagent pack 1 is just above the sidewalls 13 of the compartment 8 of the storage nest 7 , as shown in FIG. 8 . 5. The gripper mechanism 4 then moves the reagent pack 1 horizontally to a nearest vertical transport route 16 a , as shown in FIG. 9 . 6. The gripper mechanism 4 moves the reagent pack 1 vertically up in the vertical transport route to the horizontal transport route 14 a , as shown in FIG. 10 . 7. The gripper mechanism 4 moves the reagent pack 1 horizontally in the horizontal row to a vertical transport route next to one of the available compartments 10 of the pipetting nest 9 , as shown in FIG. 11 . 8. The gripper mechanism 4 moves vertically in the transport route next to the available compartment 10 of the pipetting nest 9 until the bottom of the reagent pack 1 is above the bottom of the compartment 10 , as shown in FIG. 12 . 9. The gripper mechanism 4 moves the reagent pack 1 horizontally into the compartment 10 of the pipetting nest 9 and deflects the spring-loaded v-blocks 11 until the reagent pack 1 is centered in the compartment 10 of the pipetting nest 9 , as shown in FIG. 13 . 10. The gripper mechanism 4 reverses and its pins 6 disengage from the reagent pack 1 . The v-blocks 11 return to their hard stops and align the reagent pack 1 to its precise pipetting position. The reagent pack 1 lowers down a small distance under gravity to come to rest on the bottom of the compartment 10 of the pipetting nest, as shown in FIG. 14 . 11. The gripper mechanism 4 moves vertically down to the horizontal transport route 14 a to return to its initial position, as shown in FIG. 15 . 12. While one reagent pack 1 is retained in one of the compartments 10 of the pipetting nest 9 for the pipetting procedure, the gripper mechanism 4 may repeat the above steps to transport another one of the reagent packs 1 from the storage nest 7 to another available compartment 10 of the pipetting nest 9 for simultaneous pipetting. One of the novel features of the transporting and storing system and method of the present invention is the ability to transport a single desired pack from a storage to a pipetting position and to service multiple pipetting positions with a single transport system. Another novel feature of the transporting and storing system and method of the present invention is the combination of the conically tapered holes on the reagent pack and the complementary matching pins on the gripper mechanism for positioning and positively retaining the reagent pack while transporting it from the storage position to the pipetting position. It is to be understood that the form of the system depicted in FIGS. 1 through 15 has been chosen only for the purpose of describing a particular embodiment and function of the invention, and that the arrangement of the invention can be addressed in various ways and incorporated in other types of devices, all of which will be evident to those skilled in the art. It is also to be understood that the particular arrangement of the transporting and storing system of the present invention may vary depending on the immunodiagnostic instrument it is incorporated or working together with, but that the determination of necessary variation is well within the skill in the art in view of the instant disclosure. Suitable components that are commercially available would be known to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of this disclosure. The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its essential characteristics. The described embodiment is to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not as restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of the equivalence of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.	A new method and system for transporting and sorting multiple reagent packs used in conjunction with an immunodiagnostic instrument is provided. The new system includes a multiplicity of reagent packs; a gantry movably mounted on a rack structure for carrying a gripper mechanism, wherein the gripper mechanism has gripping jaws for engagement with the reagent pack; a power assembly for actuating the respective movement of the gantry, the gripper mechanism and the gripping jaws; a storage nest having a multiplicity of compartments, each adapted for storing a one of the respective reagent packs; and a pipetting nest having a multiplicity of compartment, each adapted for retaining a respective one of the reagent packs for simultaneous pipetting. Methods of using the system and a novel reagent pack used in connection with the new system are also provided.	8
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to apparatus for use in measuring the slope of pipelines and more particularly to apparatus employing a fluid filled conduit having pressure sensing transducers attached to its opposite ends. One end of the fluid filled conduit, having a pressure sensing transducer attached thereto, is adapted to be pulled through the pipeline. Means are also provided to compare the output signals of the pressure sensing transducers to yield an elevation differential output. 2. Description of the Prior Art Attention is directed to the Moore U.S. Pat. No. 2,709,920, issued June 7, 1955 and illustrating apparatus for determination of the elevation of a pipeline and including a flexible fluid conduit which is to be pulled through a pipeline and including a relief valve attached to that end of the conduit intended to be pulled through the pipeline. A pressure gauge is attached to the opposite end of the conduit. In operation, as the pressure relief valve is pulled through the pipeline, fluid in the conduit is exhausted through the relief valve and the pressure in that end of the conduit remains approximately constant. Determination of the difference between the pressure indicated by the pressure gauge and the known pressure at the pressure relief valve will yield the height difference between the pressure gauge and the end of the conduit conveyed through the pipeline. The structure shown in the Moore patent has the disadvantage that fluid must be continuously supplied to the fluid filled conduit and the mechanical pressure relief valve is not sufficiently sensitive to accurately indicate the slope of a pipeline. Attention is also directed to the Gearhart U.S. Pat. No. ,3,815,424, issued June 11, 1974; the Rosa et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,835,707, issued Sept. 17, 1974; the Bowditch et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,026,156, issued May 31, 1977; and the Meents et al. U.S. Pat. No. 2,851,799, issued Sept. 16, 1958. Attention is also directed to the Nilsson U.S. Pat. No. 3,779,084, issued Dec. 18, 1973; and the Harland U.S. Pat. No. 3,724,278, issued Apr. 3, 1973. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention includes apparatus for determining elevation including an elongated conduit adapted to be filled with liquid and having opposite ends, and a first pressure sensing transducer connected to one end of the conduit for measuring the fluid pressure in that end and including means for producing a first pressure indicative signal. The apparatus further includes a second pressure sensing transducer connected to the other end of the conduit for measuring the pressure of fluid in the conduit at the other end and including means for producing a second pressure indicative signal, and means for processing the output signals of the pressure sensing transducers to produce an elevation differential readout. One of the principal features of the invention is the provision in the apparatus for measuring elevation, of a rotatable spool, the conduit being wound on the spool and being removable from the spool by rotating the spool, and means for measuring the length of the conduit removed from the spool. Another of the principal features of the invention is the provision in the apparatus for measuring elevation, of a first elongated tube housing the elongated conduit and a plurality of electrical wires each being connected to one of the pressure sensing transducers. Another of the principal features of the invention is the provision in the means for processing the output signals of the pressure sensing transducers of a subtraction circuit and means for quanticizing the output differential between the two pressure transducers to produce an elevation readout. Other features and advantages of the invention will become known by reference to the following description, to the appended claims, and to the drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an elevation view illustrating the elevation measuring apparatus of the invention with portions broken away and with the components of the apparatus shown in a typical position for measuring the elevation of a portion of a pipeline. FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross section elevation view of a portion of the tubing of the elevation measuring apparatus shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the elevation measuring apparatus shown in FIG. 1 and illustrating the circuitry of that apparatus. FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an alternative power source for the pressure transducers of the invention. FIG. 5 is a schematic view of an alternative movable pressure sensitive transducer. Before describing at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Ilustrated in FIG. 1 is an elevation measuring apparatus which can be employed for purposes of example but not by way of limitation, in measuring the slope of pipelines such as sewer lines and for determining the relative height of each incremental portion of the sewer line along its entire length. The elevation measuring apparatus of the invention can accordingly provide a means for accurately detecting improper slopes in portions of sewer lines and other pipelines to thereby facilitate correction of the slope of that portion of the sewer line. The elevation measuring apparatus of the invention generally includes a tubing 10 which can be pulled through the sewer line 12 or other pipeline and which includes a fluid filled conduit 14 (FIG. 2) enclosed therein. A movable pressure sensing transducer 16 is attached to one end of the tubing 10 in fluid communication with the fluid filled conduit, and the pressure sensing transducer 16 and the tubing 10 are intended to be pulled through the sewer line. A second pressure sensing transducer 18, functional as a reference, is attached to the opposite end of the fluid filled conduit 14. The vertical distance between the movable pressure sensing transducer 16 and the reference pressure sensing transducer 18 is directly proportional to the pressure differential in the opposite ends of the fluid filled conduit 14. Accordingly, by measuring the pressure in the opposite ends of the fluid filled conduit 14, the vertical height difference between the opposite ends of the conduit 14 can be measured. By further measuring the amount of tubing which is fed into the pipeline 12 it is possible to accurately determine the vertical position of each portion of the pipeline as the pressure sensing transducer 16 is pulled through the pipeline. More specifically, the illustrated construction of the invention includes a hollow metal protective cylinder 20 attached to one end of the tubing 10 and surrounding the pressure sensing transducer 16 and being adapted to rest on the bottom of the pipe 12. A towing line 22 is attached to the leading end of the cylinder 20 and is provided to pull the cylinder 20 through the pipeline. The cylinder 20 is of sufficient weight that, as it is pulled through the pipeline 12, it will engage the bottom of the pipe. The pressure sensing transducer 16 is supported in the hollow metal cylinder 20 by a support member 24 which is integrally connected to the wall 26 of the hollow metal cylinder and extends radially inwardly thereform. While various arrangements can be provided, in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the tube 10 is comprised of an outer protective flexible tubing surrounding the fluid filled conduit 14. Four electrical wires connected to the pressure sensing transducer 16 are also housed within the outer protective tubing between the fluid filled conduit 14 and the outer tubing. Means are also provided for supporting an extended length of the tubing 10 in a manner such that the tubing can be conveniently fed into the sewer pipe 12. While various arrangements can be provided, in the illustrated construction, the tubing 10 is supported in wound relation on a large cylindrical spool or reel 36 in a single helical layer. The spool 36 includes a large outer cylinder 38 having an outer surface for supporting the tubing 10, the cylinder 38 being closed at its opposite ends by circular end plates 40 and 42. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the cylinder 38 is of a sufficient diameter that at least 250 feet of tubing can be wound in a single layer thereon. The spool 36 also includes a smaller diameter inner cylinder 44 having opposite ends supported in concentric relation within outer cylinder 38. The spool 36 is supported for rotation about its longitudinal axis by a pair of hubs 50 and 52 and by a pair of supporting shafts 54 and 56, respectively. The hub 52 includes an annular ring 51 extending inwardly with respect to end plate 42, the annular ring 51 being received in a circular hole 48 in the end plate 42 and the annular ring 51 including an annular slot 49 therein for receiving the end of the inner cylinder 44. The hub 50 similarly includes an annular ring 53 extending inwardly with respect to end plate 40, the annular ring 53 being received in a circular hole 46 in the end plate 40, and the annular ring 53 including an annular slot 49 therein for receiving the end of the inner cylinder 44. The supporting shaft 54 extends axially outwardly from the hub 52 and is fixed to the hub 52 for rotation with the spool 36. The shaft 54 is rotatably supported by a support bracket 58. The other support shaft 56 comprises a hollow tube extending through the hub 50, having one end in communication with the central chamber 60 of the inner cylinder 44, and having another end extending axially outwardly from the hub 50 and supported by a support bracket 62. Though the spool 36 is shown in FIG. 1 as being rotatable about a horizontal axis, it could similarly be rotatable about a vertical axis. The spool 36 also houses a cylindrical fluid reservoir 64 disposed within the inner cylinder 44 and adjacent one of its ends such that one of the end walls of the cylindrical fluid resservoir 64 is formed by the hub 52. The tubing 10 extends through a bore 66 in one end of the outer cylinder 38 and is journalled by means of a tubing connection 68 to the inner cylinder 44. The fluid filled conduit 14 further extends through a fluid coupling 70 into the fluid reservoir 64. The reference pressure sensing transducer 18 is connected to the fluid reservoir 64 and is in fluid communication with the fluid in the reservoir 64 such that it measures the pressure of the fluid in the reservoir adjacent the axis of rotation of the spool 36. While the pressure sensing transducer 18 can be supported in various ways, in the illustrated construction, the pressure sensing transducer 18 is positioned within the spool 36 in axial alignment with the axis of rotation of the spool 36 and is rigidly attached to the end wall 72 of the reservoir 64. Fluid communication between the reservoir 64 and the pressure sensing transducer 18 is provided by a fluid conduit 74 extending through the end wall 72. As previously stated, the pressure sensing transducers 16 and 18 are intended to sense the pressure in the opposite ends of the fluid filled conduit 14. In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the pressure sensing transducers may comprise Model 1710 pressure transducers manufactured by Foxboro/I.C.T., Inc., San Jose, Calif. While various arrangements can be provided, in the illustrated construction, the remote pressure sensing transducer 16 is energized by a constant current source 76 (FIG. 3) connected through leads 78 and a slip ring assembly 80 supported on the outwardly extending end of the supporting tube 56 and by leads 82 extending through the tube 56 and through the tubing 10 to the pressure sensing transducer 16. The slip ring assembly can conveniently comprise a Model 58 slip ring assembly produced by Michigan Scientific Corporation of Milford, Mich. The reference pressure sensing transducer 18 is similarly energized by a second current source 84 connected through leads 86, the slip ring assembly 80, and through leads 88 to the pressure sensing transducer 18. While various means can be used to provide a constant current source, in one embodiment of the invention each of the constant current sources 76 and 84 can comprise Model 930 power supplies produced by Calex Manufacturing Company of Pleasant Hill, Calif. By providing a constant current source means for energizing the pressure sensing transducer, the differences in the resistance caused by the variance in the temperature of the lead wires and in the lengths of wires connecting the pressure sensing transducers 16 and 18 to the current source can be reduced and the accuracy of the pressure sensing transducers increased. Resistance changes in the wires might otherwise have an appreciable effect on the output of the pressure sensing transducers. As an alternative to the use of a constant current source as a means of energizing the remote pressure sensing transducer 16, the pressure sensing transducer could be provided with a voltage regulator 90 as illustrated in FIG. 5 and the current source can be replaced with a voltage source 92 as illustrated in FIG. 4. A similar arrangement could also be provided for energizing the pressure sensing transducer 18. Means are also provided for comparing the pressures measured at the opposite ends of the fluid filled tube 14 by the pressure sensing transducers 16 and 18 and for converting that result to a digital readout of the height difference between the pressure sensing transducers 16 and 18. While various arrangements can be provided, in the illustrated construction, the comparing means includes a conventional subtraction circuit 100 which is coupled to the input of a DC input digital voltmeter 102 in turn calibrated to indicate the vertical height difference between the pressure sensing transducers 16 and 18. More particularly, the pressure sensing transducer 16 is connected through leads 104, through the slip ring assembly 80, and through leads 106 to the subtraction circuit 100. Similarly, the transducer 18 is connected by leads 108, the slip ring assembly 80, and leads 110 to the subtraction circuit 100. Means are further provided for reducing the sensitivity of the subtraction circuit 100 to the variation in the resistance in the lead wires occasional by the difference in length. While various arrangements can be provided, in the illustrated construction, the leads 106 are connected through an instrumentation amplifier 114 to the subtraction circuit 100, the instrumentation amplifier 114 being intended to amplify the output of the transducer 16 and to isolate the resistance changes in the leads by virtue of the extremely high input impedence of the instrumentation amplifier. The leads 110 are similarly connected through an instrumentation amplifier 116 to the subtraction circuit 100. Each of the instrumentation amplifiers 114 and 116 may conveniently comprise a model 3629 CM amplifier manufactured by Burr-Brown Research Corporation of Tucson, Ariz. The output of the instrumentation amplifier 114 is connected through resistor 118 to the negative terminal of an operational amplifier 122. The output of the instrumentation amplifier 116 is connected through a resistor 120 to the positive terminal of the operational amplifier 122. The positive terminal of the operational amplifier 122 is also connected through a resistor 121 to a ground. In the illustrated construction the operational amplifier 122 may comprise a model AD308H operational amplifier produced by Analog Devices, Incorporated of Norwood, Mass. In this arrangement, the magnitude of the signal produced by one of the pressure sensing transducers 16 and 18 and conveyed through one of the instrumentation anplifiers 114 and 116 is subtracted from the output signal produced by the other pressure sensing transducer and conveyed through the other instrumentation amplifier. The operational amplifier 122 of the subtraction circuit 100 is suitably connected to the digital voltmeter 102 which is calibrated to provide a readout proportional to the vertical height difference between the pressure transducers 116 and 118. In a preferred embodiment the DC digital voltmeter 102 may comprise a Model AD2027 DC input digital voltmeter manufactured by Analog Devices, Incorporated, Norwood, Mass. Means are also provided for calibrating the output of the operational amplifier 122 of the subtraction circuit such that the ouput of the DC digital voltmeter 102 will accurately indicate the vertical height difference between the pressure transducers 16 and 18. Such calibrating means can include an adjustable resistor 124 suitably connected between the negative terminal input of the operational amplifier 122 and its output. In operation, calibration of the voltmeter 102 can be accomplished by positioning the pressure sensing transducer 18 and adjusting the resistor 124 such that the digital voltmeter 102 indicates the pre-established height difference between pressure sensing transducers 16 and 18. Means are also provided for balancing the outputs of the high impedence instrumentation amplifiers 114 and 116 such that the digital voltmeter 102 yields a zero output when the pressure transducers are horizontally aligned. The zero adjust balancing means 125 (FIG. 3) includes a positive DC voltage source (not shown) and a negative DC voltage source (not shown) connected by a resistor 126. The zero adjust balancing means 125 also includes means indicated as element 131, for adjustably connecting the output of the high impedence amplifier 114 to the resistor 126. Means are also provided for indicating the length of tubing 10 which has been fed into the pipe 12 to thereby permit measurement of the position of the pressure sensing transducer 16 in the pipe 12 as it moves through the pipe 12. By providing means for indicating the position of transducer 16 in the pipe, the elevation and slope of each incremental portion of the pipe can be determined. While various arrangements can be provided, in the construction illustrated in FIG. 3 an incremental shaft position encoder device 130 is attached to the outwardly extending end of the shaft 54. The shaft position encoder 130 may comprise a Vernitech optical type incremental shaft position encoder device Model OADC-1l/64P/INC with up-down separator option, manufactured by Vernitech Division of Vernitron Corporation, Deer Park, N.Y. The incremental shaft position encoder is suitably connected through a count-up line 132 and a count-down line 134 to up-down counter logic 136 which may be suitably comprised of a No. CD40192B Up-Down Counter Logic devices manufactured by RCA Corporation, Summerville, N.J. The up-down counter device 136 is similarly suitably connected to a digital output eans 138 including a plurality of digital display devices Model 739-0462-601 manufactured by Dialight Company of Brooklyn, N.Y. In operation of the elevation measuring apparatus descibed above, as the tubing 10 is fed through the pipeline 12, rotation of the spool or reel 36 and consequent rotation of the shaft 54 will cause the shaft encoder 130 to send signal pulses to the up-down counter logic device 136. The up-down counter logic device 136 will in turn cause a digital output of digital output means 138. Rotation of the shaft 54 in the opposite direction will cause the up-down counter logic 136 to cause the digital output means 138 to have a decreasing numerical display. Various of the features of the invention are set forth in the following claims.	Disclosed herein is apparatus for measuring elevation and including an elongated conduit adapted to be filled with liquid and having opposite ends, and a first pressure sensing transducer connected to one end of the conduit for measuring the fluid pressure in that end and including means for producing a first pressure indicative signal. The elevation measuring apparatus further includes a second pressure sensing transducer in fluid communication with the other end of the conduit for measuring the pressure of fluid at that end and including means for producing a second pressure indicative signal, and means for processing the output signals of the pressure sensing transducers, to produce an elevation differential readout.	6
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation of, and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/919,679 (Attorney Docket No. 2004P13900 US) filed 17 Aug. 2004, which claims priority to and incorporates by reference herein in its entirety, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/497,782 (Attorney Docket No. 2003P12767US), filed 26 Aug. 2003. BACKGROUND [0002] Industrial automation has increased in scope and refinement with time. In general, industrial automation has focused on continuous processes comprising a plurality of interacting machines. Heretofore, automation has not fully developed using automation for process improvement relating to production and/or reliability related to discrete machines in certain applications. [0003] United States Patent Application No. 20030120472 (Lind), which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, allegedly cites a “process for simulating one or more components for a user is disclosed. The process may include creating an engineering model of a component, receiving selection data for configuring the component from a user, and creating a web-based model of the component based on the selection data and the engineering model. Further, the process may include performing a simulation of the web-based model in a simulation environment and providing, to the user, feedback data reflecting characteristics of the web-based model during the simulation.” See Abstract. [0004] United States Patent Application No. 20020059320 (Tamara), which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, allegedly cites a “plurality of work machines is connected by first communication device such that reciprocal communications are possible. One or a plurality of main work machines out of the plurality of work machines are connected to a server by second communication device such that reciprocal communications are possible. Each work machine is provided with work machine information detection device for detecting work machine information. The server is provided with a database which stores data for managing the work machines, and management information production device for producing management information based on the work machine information and on data stored in the database. In conjunction with the progress of work by the plurality of work machines, work machine information is detected by the work machine information detection device provided in the work machines, and that detected work machine information is transmitted to the main work machine via the first communication device. The main work machine transmits the transmitted work machine information to the server via the second communication device. The server produces management information, based on the transmitted work machine information and on data stored in the database, and transmits that management information so produced to the main work machine via the second communication device. The main work machine manages the work machines based on the management information so transmitted.” See Abstract. SUMMARY [0005] Certain exemplary embodiments can comprise obtaining and analyzing data from at least one discrete machine, automatically determining relationships related to the data, taking corrective action to improve machine operation and/or maintenance, automatically and heuristically predicting a failure associated with the machine and/or recommending preventative maintenance in advance of the failure, and/or automating and analyzing mining shovels, etc. [0006] Certain exemplary embodiments comprise a method comprising at a remote server, receiving representative data obtained from a set of sensors associated with a machine, said representative data transmitted responsive to a transmission rate selected by a wirelessly receiving user; and storing said received representative data in a memory device. [0007] Certain exemplary embodiments comprise a method comprising at an information device, receiving representative data from a memory device, said representative data generated by a set of sensors associated with a machine, said representative data transmitted responsive to a transmission rate selected by a wirelessly receiving user; and rendering at least one report responsive to said representative data. [0008] Certain exemplary embodiments comprise receiving a plurality of values for a plurality of machine variables associated with one or more machine components; analyzing at least two variables from the plurality of machine variables, to determine a performance of the one or more machine components; and rendering a report that indicates the determined performance of the machine components BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0009] A wide variety of potential embodiments will be more readily understood through the following detailed description, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: [0010] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a machine data management system 1000 ; [0011] FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a machine data management method 2000 ; [0012] FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a machine data management method 3000 ; [0013] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of an information device 4000 ; [0014] FIGS. 5 a , 5 b , and 5 c are an exemplary embodiment of a partial log file layout for data associated with a mining shovel; [0015] FIG. 6 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical trend chart of electrical data for a crowd motor of a mining shovel; [0016] FIG. 7 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical rendering of gauges displaying electrical data of a crowd motor of a mining shovel; [0017] FIG. 8 is an exemplary user interface showing a relationship between speed and torque of a crowd motor of a mining shovel; [0018] FIG. 9 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical rendering of gauges displaying temperatures related to a mining shovel crowd; [0019] FIG. 10 is an exemplary user interface showing information related to driver operation of a mining shovel; [0020] FIG. 11 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical trend chart of electrical data for a hoist motor of a mining shovel; [0021] FIG. 12 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical rendering of gauges displaying electrical data for a hoist motor of a mining shovel; [0022] FIG. 13 is an exemplary user interface showing a relationship between speed and torque of a hoist motor of a mining shovel; [0023] FIG. 14 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical rendering of gauges displaying temperatures related to a mining shovel hoist; [0024] FIG. 15 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical trend chart of electrical data related to a mining shovel; [0025] FIG. 16 is an exemplary user interface showing information related to mining shovel operations; [0026] FIG. 17 is an exemplary user interface showing position information related to a mining shovel; [0027] FIG. 18 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical rendering of gauges displaying pressures of mining shovel components; [0028] FIG. 19 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical rendering of gauges displaying temperatures of mining shovel components; [0029] FIG. 20 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical rendering of gauges displaying electrical data of hoist, crowd, and swing motors of a mining shovel; [0030] FIG. 21 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical trend chart of motion data related to a mining shovel; [0031] FIG. 22 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical trend chart of production data related to a mining shovel; [0032] FIG. 23 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical rendering of gauges displaying production data of a mining shovel; [0033] FIG. 24 is an exemplary user interface providing operating statuses of mining shovel components; [0034] FIG. 25 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical trend chart of electrical data for a swing motor of a mining shovel; [0035] FIG. 26 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical rendering of gauges displaying electrical data for a swing motor of a mining shovel; [0036] FIG. 27 is an exemplary user interface showing a relationship between speed and torque of a swing motor of a mining shovel; and [0037] FIG. 28 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical rendering of gauges displaying temperatures related to a mining shovel swing. DEFINITIONS [0038] When the following terms are used herein, the accompanying definitions apply: Active X—a set of technologies developed by Microsoft Corp. of Redmond, Wash. Active X technologies are adapted to allow software components to interact with one another in a networked environment, such as the Internet. Active X controls can be automatically downloaded and executed by a Web browser. activity—performance of a function. analogous—logically representative of and/or similar to. analysis—evaluation. automatic—performed via an information device in a manner essentially independent of influence or control by a user. communicate—to exchange information. [0045] communicative coupling—linking in a manner that facilitates communications. component—a part. condition—existing circumstance. connection—a physical and/or logical link between two or more points in a system. For example, a wire, an optical fiber, a wireless link, and/or a virtual circuit, etc. correlating—mathematically determining relationships between two or more non-time variables. For example, correlating can comprise a gamma association calculation, Pearson association calculation, tests of significance, linear regression, multiple linear regression, polynomial regression, non-linear regression, partial correlation, semi-partial correlation multicollinearity, suppression, trend analysis, curvilinear regression, exponential regression, cross-validation, logistic regression, canonical analysis, factor analysis, and/or analysis of variance techniques, etc. cycle time—a time period associated with loading a haulage machine with an electric mining shovel. data—numbers, characters, symbols etc., that have no “knowledge level” meaning. Rules for composing data are “syntax” rules. Data handling can be automated. database—one or more structured sets of persistent data, usually associated with software to update and query the data. A simple database might be a single file containing many records, each of which is structured using the same set of fields. A database can comprise a map wherein various identifiers are organized according to various factors, such as identity, physical location, location on a network, function, etc. detect—sense or perceive. determine—ascertain. deviation—a variation relative to a standard, expected value, and/or expected range of values. digging—excavating and/or scooping. dispatch data—information associated with scheduling personnel and/or machinery. dispatcher—a person, group of personnel, and/or software assigned to schedule personnel and/or machinery. For example, a dispatcher can schedule haulage machines to serve a particular electric mining shovel. earthen—related to the earth. electrical—pertaining to electricity. electrical component—a device and/or system associated with a machine using, switching, and/or transporting electricity. An electrical component can be an electric motor, transformer, starter, silicon controlled rectifier, variable frequency controller, conductive wire, electrical breaker, fuse, switch, electrical receptacle, bus, and/or transmission cable, etc. electrical performance—performance related to an electrical component of a machine. For example, electrical performance can relate to a power supply, power consumption, current flow, energy consumption, electric motor functionality, speed controller, starter, motor-generator set, and/or electrical wiring, etc. electric mining shovel—an electrically-powered device adapted to hold, and/or move earthen materials. electric mining shovel component—a part of an electric mining shovel. A part of an electric mining shovel can be a stick, a mast, a cab, a track, a bucket, a pulley, a hoist, and/or a motor-generator set, etc. electric mining shovel system—a plurality of components comprising an electric mining shovel. An electric mining shovel system can comprise an electric mining shovel, electric mining shovel operator, dispatch entity, mine in which the electric mining shovel digs, and/or material haulage machine (e.g. a mine haul truck), etc. electrical—pertaining to electricity. electrical variable—a sensed reading relating to an electrical component. For example, an electrical power measurement, an electrical voltage measurement, an electrical torque measurement, an electrical motor speed measurement, an electrical rotor current measurement, and/or an electrical transformer temperature measurement, etc. environmental variable—a variable concerning a situation around a machine. For example, in the case of an electric mining shovel, an environmental variable can be a condition of material under excavation, weather condition, and/or condition of an electrical power supply line, etc. equipment scheduling information—data associated with a plan for machinery such as locating, operating, storing, and/or maintaining, etc. expected—anticipated. export—to send and/or transform data from a first format to a second format. failed component—a part no longer capable of functioning according to design. failure—a cessation of proper functioning or performance. format—an arrangement of data for storage or display. generate—produce. graphical—a pictorial and/or charted representation. heuristic rule—an empirical rule based upon experience, a simplification, and/or an educated guess that reduces and/or limits the search for solutions in domains that can be difficult and/or poorly understood. hoist—a system comprising motor adapted to at least vertically move a bucket of a mining shovel. identification—evidence of identity; something that identifies a person or thing. inactive—idle. initialization file—a file comprising information identifying a machine and the transmission of sensor data from the machine. information—data that has been organized to express concepts. It is generally possible to automate certain tasks involving the management, organization, transformation, and/or presentation of information. information device—any general purpose and/or special purpose computer, such as a personal computer, video game system (e.g., PlayStation, Nintendo Gameboy, X-Box, etc.), workstation, server, minicomputer, mainframe, supercomputer, computer terminal, laptop, wearable computer, and/or Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), mobile terminal, Bluetooth device, communicator, “smart” phone (such as a Handspring Treo-like device), messaging service (e.g., Blackberry) receiver, pager, facsimile, cellular telephone, a traditional telephone, telephonic device, a programmed microprocessor or microcontroller and/or peripheral integrated circuit elements, an ASIC or other integrated circuit, a hardware electronic logic circuit such as a discrete element circuit, and/or a programmable logic device such as a PLD, PLA, FPGA, or PAL, or the like, etc. In general any device on which resides a finite state machine capable of implementing at least a portion of a method, structure, and/or or graphical user interface described herein may be used as an information device. An information device can include well-known components such as one or more network interfaces, one or more processors, one or more memories containing instructions, and/or one or more input/output (I/O) devices, etc. Input/Output (I/O) device—the input/output (I/O) device of the information device can be any sensory-oriented input and/or output device, such as an audio, visual, haptic, olfactory, and/or taste-oriented device, including, for example, a monitor, display, projector, overhead display, keyboard, keypad, mouse, trackball, joystick, gamepad, wheel, touchpad, touch panel, pointing device, microphone, speaker, video camera, camera, scanner, printer, haptic device, vibrator, tactile simulator, and/or tactile pad, potentially including a port to which an I/O device can be attached or connected. load—an amount of mined earthen material associated with a bucket and/or truck, etc. load cycle—a time interval beginning when a mine shovel digs earthen material and ending when a bucket of the mining shovel is emptied into a haulage machine. log file—an organized record of information and/or events. machine performance variable—a property associated with an activity of a machine. For example, in the case of an electric mining shovel, a machine performance variable can be machine position, tons loaded per bucket, tons loaded per truck, tons loaded per time period, trucks loaded per time period, machine downtime, electrical downtime, and/or mechanical downtime, etc. Machine Search Language engine—machine readable instructions adapted to query information stored in an organized manner. For example, a machine search language engine can search information stored in a database. maintenance—an activity relating to restoring and/or preserving performance of a device and/or system. maintenance activity—an activity relating to restoring and/or preserving performance of a device and/or system. maintenance entity—a person and/or information device adapted restore and/or preserve performance associated with a device or system. management entity—a person and/or information device adapted to handle, supervise, control, direct, and/or govern activities associated with a machine. material—any substance that can be excavated and/or scooped. maximum acceptable value—a greatest amount in a predetermined range. measurement—a value of a variable, the value determined by manual and/or automatic observation. mechanical component—a device and/or system associated with a machine that is not primarily associated with using, switching, and/or transporting electricity. A mechanical component can be a bearing, cable, cable reel, gear, track pad, sprocket, chain, shaft, pump casing, gearbox, lubrication system, drum, brake, wear pad, bucket, bucket tooth, cable, and/or power transmission coupling, etc. mechanical performance—performance related to a mechanical component or system. For example, mechanical performance can relate to a bearing, gearbox, lubrication system, drum, brake, wear pad, bucket, bucket tooth, cable, power transmission coupling, and/or pump, etc. mechanical variable—a sensed reading relating to a mechanical component. For example, a bearing temperature measurement, an air pressure measurement, machine load reactions, and/or lubrication system pressure measurements, etc. memory device—any device capable of storing analog or digital information, for example, a non-volatile memory, volatile memory, Random Access Memory, RAM, Read Only Memory, ROM, flash memory, magnetic media, a hard disk, a floppy disk, a magnetic tape, an optical media, an optical disk, a compact disk, a CD, a digital versatile disk, a DVD, and/or a raid array, etc. The memory device can be coupled to a processor and can store instructions adapted to be executed by the processor according to an embodiment disclosed herein. metric—a measurement, deviation, and/or calculated value related to a measurement and/or deviation, etc. Microsoft Access format—information formatted according to a standard associated with the Microsoft Corp. of Redmond, Wash. Microsoft Excel format—information formatted according to a standard associated with the Microsoft Corp. of Redmond, Wash. mine—a site from which earthen materials can be extracted. mine dispatch entity—a person and/or information device adapted to monitor, schedule, and/or control activities and/or personnel associated with an earthen materials extraction operation. mine dispatcher—an entity performing scheduling and/or monitoring of equipment and/or personnel in an earthen materials extraction operation. mine dispatch system—a collection of mechanisms, devices, instructions, and/or personnel adapted to schedule and/or monitor equipment and/or personnel in an earthen materials extraction operation. minimum acceptable value—a smallest amount in a predetermined range. min/max pointer—a graphical rendering of a low and high operating range of a process variable associated with the electric mining shovel. motion gauge—a graphical rendering of a gauge associated with an electrical mining shovel. motion strip chart—a graphical rendering of a stream of process data displayed as a function of time. motion XV plot—a graphical rendering of a stream of process data displayed as a function of a non-time variable. non-binary—represented by more than two values. For example, a weight of 45 tons is non-binary; by contrast, a value, such as zero, representing a machine in an off state can be binary if an on state is solely represented by a different single value. non-digging activities—activities not involving excavating or scooping. For example, in the case of an electric mining shovel, non-digging can comprise bank cleanup, scraping, operator training, and/or repositioning an electrical cable, etc. non-load—not related to a load or quantity of material. non-positional—not related to a physical location. notify—to advise and/or remind. operational variable—a variable related to operating a machine. For example, an operation variable can be a technique used by an operator to accomplish a task with a first machine (e.g. a path used to lift a load in an electric mining shovel bucket), technique of an operator of a second machine used in conjunction with the first machine (e.g. how a mine haul truck spots relative to the electric mining shovel), practice of scheduling machines and/or personnel by a machine dispatch entity, number of second machines assigned in conjunction with the first machine, characteristics of second machines assigned in conjunction with the first machine (e.g. size, load capacity, dimensions, brand, and/or horsepower, etc.), production time period length, operator rest break length, scheduled production time for the machine, a cycle time, and/or a material weight, etc. operator—one observing and/or controlling a machine or device. pan—to move a rendering to follow an object or create a panoramic effect. panel—a surface containing switches and dials and meters for controlling a device. part—component. performance—an assessment. Performance can be measured by a characteristic related to an activity. position—location relative to a reference point. predetermined standard—a value and/or range established in advance. processor—a hardware, firmware, and/or software machine and/or virtual machine comprising a set of machine-readable instructions adaptable to perform a specific task. A processor acts upon information by manipulating, analyzing, modifying, converting, transmitting the information to another processor or an information device, and/or routing the information to an output device. production data—information indicative of a measure relating to an activity involving operation of a machine. For example, bucket load weight, truck load weight, last truck load weight, total weight during a defined production time period, operator reaction, and/or cycle timer associated with the electric mining shovel, etc. propelled motion—a linear and/or curvilinear movement of a machine from a first point to a second point. query—obtain information from a database responsive to a structured request. real-time—substantially contemporaneous to a current time. For example, a real-time transmission of information can be initiated and/or completed within about 120, 60, 30, 15, 10, 5, and/or 2, etc. seconds of receiving a request for the information. remote—in a distinctly different location. rendered—made perceptible to a human. For example data, commands, text, graphics, audio, video, animation, and/or hyperlinks, etc. can be rendered. Rendering can be via any visual and/or audio means, such as via a display, a monitor, electric paper, an ocular implant, a speaker, and/or a cochlear implant, etc. report—a presentation of information in a predetermined format. representative data—a plurality of measurement data associated with defined times. For example, representative data can be a plurality of readings from sensor taken over time period. reset—a control adapted to clear and/or change a threshold. save—retain data in a memory device. schedule—plan for performing work. schematic model—a logical rendering representative of a device and/or system. search—a thorough examination or investigation. search control—one or more sets of machine readable instructions adapted to query a database in a predetermined manner responsive to a user selection. select—choose. sensor—a device adapted to measure a property. For example, a sensor can measure pressure, temperature, flow, mass, heat, light, sound, humidity, proximity, position, velocity, vibration, voltage, current, capacitance, resistance, inductance, and/or electro-magnetic radiation, etc. server—an information device and/or software that provides some service for other connected information devices via a network. shovel motion control variable—a sensed reading relating to motion control in a mining shovel. For example, a hoist rope length, a stick extension, and/or a swing angle, etc. source—an origin of data. For example, a source can be a sensor, wireless transceiver, memory device, information device, and/or user, etc. statistical metric—a calculated value related to a plurality of data points. Examples include an average, mean, median, mode, minimum, maximum, integral, local minimum, weighted average, standard deviation, variance, control chart range, statistical analysis of variance parameter, statistical hypothesis testing value, and/or a deviation from a standard value, etc. status—information relating to a descriptive characteristic of a device and or system. For example, a status can be on, off, and/or in fault, etc. store—save information on a memory device. subset—a portion of a plurality. time period—an interval of time. transmit—send a signal. A signal can be sent, for example, via a wire or a wireless medium. transmission rate—a rate associated with a sampling and/or transfer of data, and not a modulation frequency. Units can be, for example, bits per second, symbols per second, and/or samples per second. user—a person interfacing with an information device. user interface—any device for rendering information to a user and/or requesting information from the user. A user interface includes at least one of textual, graphical, audio, video, animation, and/or haptic elements. user selected—stated, provided, and/or determined by a user. validate—to establish the soundness of, e.g. to determine whether a communications link is operational. value—an assigned or calculated numerical quantity. variable—a property capable of assuming any of an associated set of values. velocity—speed. visualize—to make visible. visually-renderable—adapted to be rendered on a visual means such as a display, monitor, paper, and/or electric paper, etc. wireless—any means to transmit a signal that does not require the use of a wire connecting a transmitter and a receiver, such as radio waves, electromagnetic signals at any frequency, lasers, microwaves, etc., but excluding purely visual signaling, such as semaphore, smoke signals, sign language, etc. wirelessly receiving user—a user that acquires, directly or indirectly, wirelessly transmitted information. wireless transmitter—a device adapted to transfer a signal from a source to a destination without the use of wires. zoom—magnify a rendering. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0166] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a machine data management system 1000 . Machine data management system 1000 can comprise a machine 1100 . In certain exemplary embodiments, machine 1100 can be a mining shovel such as an electric mining shovel, blast hole drill, truck, locomotive, automobile, front end loader, bucket wheel excavator, pump, fan, compressor, and/or industrial process machine, etc. Machine 1100 can be powered by one or more diesel engines, gasoline engines, and/or electric motors, etc. [0167] Machine 1100 can comprise a plurality of sensors 1120 , 1130 , 1140 . Any of sensors 1120 , 1130 , 1140 can measure, for example: time, pressure, temperature, flow, mass, heat, flux, light, sound, humidity, proximity, position, velocity, acceleration, vibration, voltage, current, capacitance, resistance, inductance, and/or electro-magnetic radiation, etc., and/or a change of any of those properties with respect to time, position, area, etc. Sensors 1120 , 1130 , 1140 can provide information at a data rate and/or frequency of, for example, between 0.1 and 500 readings per second, including all subranges and all values therebetween, such as for example, 100, 88, 61, 49, 23, 1, 0.5, and/or 0.1, etc. readings per second. Any of sensors 1120 , 1130 , 1140 can be communicatively coupled to an information device 1160 . [0168] Information obtained from sensors 1120 , 1130 , 1140 related to machine 1100 can be analyzed while machine 1100 is operating. Information from 1120 , 1130 , 1140 can relate to performance of at least one of the measurable parts of the electrical system, performance of at least one of the measurable parts of the mechanical system, performance of one or more operators, and/or performance of one or more dispatch entities associated with machine 1100 , etc. [0169] The dispatch entity can be associated with a dispatch system. The dispatch system can be an information system associated with the machine. The dispatch system can collect data from many diverse machines and formulate reports of production associated with machine 1100 , personnel and/or management entities associated with the production, a location receiving the production, and/or production movement times, etc. Certain exemplary embodiments can collect information related to machine 1100 through operator input codes. [0170] Information device 1160 can comprise a user interface 1170 and/or a user program 1180 . User program 1180 can, for example, be adapted to obtain, store, and/or accumulate information related to machine 1100 . For example, user program 1180 can store, process, calculate, and/or analyze information provided by sensors 1120 , 1130 , 1140 as machine 1100 operates and/or functions, etc. User interface 1170 can be adapted to receive user input and/or render output to a user, such as information provided by and/or derived from sensors 1120 , 1130 , 1140 as machine 1100 operates and/or functions, etc. [0171] Information device 1160 can be adapted to process information related to any of sensors 1120 , 1130 , 1140 . For example, information device 1160 can detect and/or anticipate a problem related to machine 1100 . Information device 1160 can be adapted to notify a user with information regarding machine 1100 . [0172] Any of sensors 1120 , 1130 , 1140 , and/or information device 1160 can be communicatively coupled to a wireless transmitter and/or transceiver 1150 . Wireless transceiver 1150 can be adapted to communicate data related to machine 1100 to a second wireless receiver and/or transceiver 1200 . Data related to machine 1100 can comprise electrical measurements and/or variables such as voltages, currents, resistances, and/or inductances, etc.; mechanical measurements and/or variables such as torques, shaft speeds, and/or accelerations, etc.; temperature measurements and/or variables such as from a motor, bearing, and/or transformer, etc.; pressure measurements and/or variables such as air and/or lubrication pressures; production data and/or variables (e.g. weight and/or load related data) such as dipper load, truck load, last truck load, shift total weight; and/or time measurements; motion control measurements and/or variables such as, for certain movable machine components, power, torque, speed, and/or rotor currents; etc. [0173] A network 1300 can communicatively couple wireless transceiver 1200 to devices such as an information device 1500 and/or a server 1400 . Server 1400 can be adapted to receive information transmitted from machine 1100 via wireless transceiver 1150 and wireless transceiver 1200 . Server 1400 can be communicatively coupled to a memory device 1600 . Memory device 1600 can be adapted to store information from machine 1100 . Memory device 1600 can store information, for example, in a format compatible with a database standard such as XML, Microsoft SQL, Microsoft Access, MySQL, Oracle, FileMaker, Sybase, and/or DB2, etc. [0174] Server 1400 can comprise an input processor 1425 and a storage processor 1450 . Input processor 1425 can be adapted to receive representative data, such as data generated by sensors 1120 , 1130 , 1140 , from wireless transceiver 1200 . The representative data can be transmitted responsive to a transmission rate selected by a wirelessly receiving user. Storage processor 1450 can be adapted to store representative data generated from sensors 1120 , 1130 , 1140 on memory device 1600 . [0175] Information device 1500 can be adapted to obtain and/or receive information from server 1400 related to machine 1100 . Information device 1500 can comprise a user interface 1560 and/or a client program 1540 . Client program 1540 can, for example, be adapted to obtain and/or accumulate information related to operating and/or maintaining machine 1100 . Client program 1540 can be adapted to notify a user via user interface 1560 with information indicative of a current or pending failure related to machine 1100 . Information device 1500 can communicate with machine 1100 via wireless transceiver 1200 and wireless transceiver 1150 . Information device 1500 can notify and/or render information for the user via user interface 1520 . [0176] Information device 1500 can comprise an input processor 1525 and a report processor 1575 . In certain exemplary embodiments, input processor 1525 can be adapted to receive representative data, such as data generated by and/or derived from sensors 1120 , 1130 , 1140 . The representative data can be transmitted responsive to a data transmission rate selected by a wirelessly receiving user. Report processor 1575 can be adapted to render at least one report responsive to received and/or representative data, such as data obtained from, for example, memory device 1600 . [0177] FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a data management method 2000 for a machine. Data management method 2000 can be used for reporting, improving, optimizing, predicting, and/or analyzing operations related to activities such as mining, driving, and/or manufacturing, etc. At activity 2100 , data can be received at an information device associated with the machine. In certain exemplary embodiments, the information device can be local to the machine. The information device can be adapted to store, process, filter, correlate, transform, compress, analyze, report, render, and/or transfer the data to a first wireless transceiver, etc. [0178] In certain exemplary embodiments, the information device can be remote from the machine. The information device can receive data transmitted via a first wireless transceiver associated with the machine and a second wireless transceiver remote from the machine. The information device can be adapted to receive the data indirectly via a memory device. The information device can be adapted to integrate information from a plurality of sources into a database. Integrating information can comprise associating data values from a plurality of sources to a common timeclock. [0179] In certain exemplary embodiments the data can comprise an initialization file. The initialization file can be transmitted to and/or received by a server that can be remote from the machine. The initialization file can comprise identification information related to the machine. The initialization file can comprise, for example, a moniker associated with the machine, a type of the machine, an address of the machine, information related to the transmission rate of data originating at the machine, transmission scan interval, log directory, time of day to start a log file, and/or information identifying the order in which data is sent and/or identification information relating to sensors associated with the machine from which data originates. [0180] In certain exemplary embodiments, data can be received from a machine dispatch entity that can comprise information related to the actions of a machine dispatcher, haulage machines associated with an excavation machine, equipment scheduling, personnel scheduling, maintenance schedules, historical production data, and/or production objectives, etc. [0181] At activity 2200 , the data can be transmitted. The data can be transmitted via the first wireless transceiver to the second wireless transceiver. The second wireless transceiver can transmit the information via a wired and/or wireless connection to at least one wirelessly receiving information device to be stored, viewed, and/or analyzed by at least one wirelessly receiving user and/or information device. In certain exemplary embodiments, transmitted data can be routed and/or received by a remote server communicatively coupled to, for example, the second wireless transceiver via a network. [0182] In certain exemplary embodiments, the data can comprise information relating to a status of the machine. The status of the machine can comprise, for example, properly operating, shut down, undergoing scheduled maintenance, operating but not producing a product, and/or relocating, etc. The status of the machine can be provided to and/or viewed by the user via a user interface. [0183] At activity 2300 , a transmission rate can be received at an apparatus and/or system associated with the machine and adapted to adjust transmissions from the machine responsive to the transmission rate. The transmission rate can be received from a second information device remote from the machine and/or the wirelessly receiving user. The transmission rate can be related to a transmission rate between at least the first wireless transceiver and the second wireless transceiver, and/or a sampling rate associated with data supplied from at least one sensor to the first wireless transceiver. The user can specify a transmission rate via a rendered user interface on an information device. In certain exemplary embodiments, the transmission rate can be selected via the rendered user via, for example, a pull down menu, radio button, and/or data entry cell, etc. [0184] At activity 2400 , a data communication can be validated. For example, the first wireless transceiver can query and/or test transmissions from the second wireless receiver in order to find, correct, and/or report errors in at least one data transmission. In certain exemplary embodiments, a user can be provided with a status related to the data communication via a user interface based rendering. [0185] At activity 2500 , data can be Stored pursuant to receipt by an information device. The information device can store the data in a memory device. The data can be stored in a plurality of formats such as SQL, MySQL, Microsoft Access, Oracle, FileMaker, Excel, SYLK, ASCII, Sybase, XML, and/or DB2, etc. [0186] At activity 2600 , data can be compared to a standard. The standard can be a predetermined value, limit, data point, and/or pattern of data related to the machine. Comparing data to a standard can, for example, determine a past, present, or impending mechanical failure; electrical failure; operator error; operator performance; and/or supervisor performance, etc. [0187] At activity 2650 , a failure can be detected. The failure can be associated with a mechanical and/or electrical component of the machine. For example, the mechanical failure can relate to a bearing, wear pad, engine, gear, and/or valve, etc. The electrical failure can relate to a connecting wire, motor, motor controller, starter, motor controller, transformer, capacitor, diode, resistor, and/or integrated circuit, etc. [0188] At activity 2700 , a user can be alerted. The user can be local to the machine and/or operating the machine. In certain exemplary embodiments, the user can be the wirelessly receiving user, the dispatch entity, a management entity, and/or a maintenance entity. The user can be automatically notified to schedule and/or perform a maintenance activity associated with the machine. [0189] At activity 2800 , data can be queried. The data related to the machine can be parsed and or extracted from a memory device. The data can be compared to a predetermined threshold and/or pattern. The data can be summarized and/or reported subsequent to the query. Querying the data can allow the wirelessly receiving user to manipulate and/or analyze the data related to the machine. In certain exemplary embodiments the data can be queried using a Machine Search Language engine. [0190] Certain exemplary embodiments can monitor the machine while the machine is operating. Machine analysis functions can evaluate events associated with the machine. Machine analysis functions can determine causes of events and/or conditions that precede one or more events, such as a failure. Received data can be analyzed to detect average, below average, and/or above average performance associated with the machine. The information associated with the machine can be correlated with the dispatch system. In certain exemplary embodiments, applications can be customized towards individualized needs of operational units associated with the machine, such as a mine. [0191] Certain exemplary embodiments can be adapted to remotely visualize operations associated with the machine from a perspective approximating that of an operator of the machine. Continuous monitoring and logging can take away “right timing” constraints on making direct observations of the machine. That is, performance can be logged and reviewed at a later time. [0192] At activity 2850 , a report can be rendered. The report can comprise a summary of the data and/or exceptions noted during an analysis of the data. The report can comprise information related to, for example, actual torques, speeds, operator control positions, dispatch data, production, energy use associated with the machine, machine position, machine motion, and/or cycle times associated with the machine, etc. The report can comprise information related to the operation of the machine. For example, wherein the machine is a mining shovel, the report can comprise information related to the mining shovel digging, operating but not digging, propelling, idling, offline, total tons produced in a predetermined time period, total haulage machines loaded in the predetermined time period, average cycle time, average tons mined, and/or average haulage machine loads transferred, etc. The report can provide operating and/or maintenance entities with information related to the machine; recommend a course of action related to the operation and/or maintenance of the machine; historical and/or predictive information; trends in data, machine production data; and/or at least one deviation from an expected condition as calculated based upon the data; etc. [0193] In certain exemplary embodiments, the data can be rendered and/or updated via a user interface in real-time with respect to the sensing of the physical properties underlying the data, and/or the generation, collection, and/or transmission of the data from the machine. The user interface can be automatically updated responsive to updates and/or changes to the data as received from the machine. In certain exemplary embodiments data can be rendered via the user interface from a user selected subset of sensors of a plurality of sensors associated with the machine. In certain exemplary embodiments data can be rendered via the user interface from a user selected subset of data point, such as, for example, every 8 th data point, every data point having a value outside a predetermined limit, every data point corresponding to a predetermined event, etc. The user can select a time period over which historical data can be rendered via the user interface. In this manner the user can analyze historical events in order to determine trends and/or assist in improving machine operations and/or maintenance. [0194] In certain exemplary embodiments data from the machine can be rendered via the user interface which can comprise a 2-dimensional, 3-dimensional, and/or 4-dimensional (e.g., animated, or otherwise time-coupled) schematic model of the machine. The schematic model of the machine can assist the user in visualizing certain variables and/or their effects related to the machine. The schematic model of the machine can reflect a position of the machine relative to a fixed location, geographical position, and/or relative to another machine, etc. The schematic model can comprise proportionally accurate graphics and/or quantitative and/or qualitative indicators of conditions associated with one or more machine components. For a mining shovel, for example, the plurality of machine components can comprise hoist rope length, stick extension, and/or swing angles, etc. The rendering can comprise graphical indicators of joystick positions and the status displays that an operating entity can sense while running the machine. In this way, the rendering can be adapted to show a mechanical response of the machine under a given set of conditions and/or how the operating entity judges the mechanical response. The rendering can comprise an electrical response of the machine and/or how the operating entity judges the electrical response. In certain exemplary embodiments, data rendered from the machine can comprise GPS based positioning information related to the machine. The data can comprise information related to a survey. For example, in a mining operation, mine survey information can be integrated with positioning information related to the machine. [0195] The rendering can comprise production information related to the machine. In the case wherein the machine is an electric mining shovel, production information can comprise a bucket load, haulage machine load, last haulage machine load, shift total, and/or cycle timer value, etc. The rendering can comprise electrical information such as, for example, readings from line gauges, power gauges, line strip charts, power strip charts, and/or temperature sensors related to an electrical component such as a transformer, etc. The rendering can comprise mechanical information such as, for example, readings from temperature sensors related to a mechanical component such as a bearing, air pressure sensors, lubrication system pressure sensors, and/or vibration sensors, etc. [0196] In certain exemplary embodiments data can be rendered via a user interface in one or more of a plurality of display formats. For example, data can be rendered on a motion strip chart, motion XY plot, and/or motion gauge, etc. Data can be rendered on a chart comprising a minimum and/or maximum pointer associated with the data. The minimum and/or maximum pointer can provide a comparison of a value of a process variable with a predetermined value thereby potentially suggesting that some form of intervention be undertaken. Certain exemplary embodiments can comprise a feature adapted to allow the minimum and/or maximum to be reset and/or changed. For example, the minimum and/or maximum can be changed as a result of experience and/or a change in design and/or operation of the machine. The minimum and/or maximum can be changed by, for example, an operating entity, management entity, and/or engineering entity, etc. [0197] The rendering can comprise elements of graphic user interface, such as menu selections, buttons, command-keys, etc., adapted to save, print, change cursors, and/or zoom, etc. Certain exemplary embodiments can be adapted to allow the user to select a subset of sensors and/or data associated with the machine to be rendered. Certain exemplary embodiments can be adapted to allow the user to select a time range over which the data is rendered. Certain exemplary embodiments can be adapted to provide the user with an ability to load and play log files via the rendering. Rendering commands can include step forward, forward, fast forward, stop, step back, play back, and/or fast back, etc. Additional features can be provided for log positioning. Certain exemplary embodiments can comprise a drop down box adapted to accept a user selection of time intervals and/or a start time. [0198] At activity 2900 , data can be exported. Data can be exported from a memory device. Data can be exported in a plurality of formats. For example, data formatted as a SQL database can be exported in a Microsoft Access database format, an ASCII format, and/or a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet format, etc. [0199] FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a machine data management method 3000 . At activity 3100 , data can be received at a server and/or an information device. The data can comprise a plurality of values for a plurality of machine system variables associated with one or more machine system components. The plurality of machine system variables can comprise operational variables, environmental variables, variables related to maintenance, variables related to mechanical performance of the machine, and/or variables related to electrical performance of the machine, etc. In certain exemplary embodiments, the machine can be an electric mining shovel. The plurality of machine system variables can comprise at least one operational variable. In certain exemplary embodiments, the at least one operational variable can be related to digging earthen material. In certain exemplary embodiments, the at least one operational variable can comprise non-binary values. [0200] At activity 3200 , variables from the machine data can be correlated. For example, values for two of the plurality of machine system variables can be mathematically analyzed in order to determine a correlation between those variables. Determining a correlation between variables can, for example, provide insights into improving machine operations and/or reducing machine downtime. [0201] At activity 3300 , a metric can be determined. The metric can be a statistical metric related to least one of the machine system variables. The metric can be, for example, a mean, average, mode, maximum, minimum, standard deviation, variance, control chart range, statistical analysis of variance parameter, statistical hypothesis testing value, and/or a deviation from a standard value, etc. Determining the metric can provide information adapted to improve machine operation, improve performance of a machine operating entity, improve performance of a machine dispatching entity, improve machine maintenance, and/or reduce machine downtime, etc. [0202] At activity 3400 , the server and/or information device can determine a trend related to at least one of the machine system variables. The trend can be relative to time and/or another machine system variable. Determining the trend can provide information adapted to improve machine design, improve machine operation, improve performance of a machine operating entity, improve performance of a machine dispatching entity, improve machine maintenance, and/or reduce machine downtime, etc. [0203] At activity 3500 , values for one or more variables can be compared. In certain exemplary embodiments, values for a variable can be compared to a predetermined standard. For example, a bearing vibration reading can be compared to a predetermined standard vibration amplitude, pattern, phase, velocity, acceleration, etc., the predetermined standard representing a value indicative of an impending failure. Predicting an impending bearing failure can allow proactive, predictive, and/or preventive maintenance rather than reactive maintenance. As another example, a production achieved via the machine can be compared with a predetermined minimum threshold. If the production achieved is less than the predetermined minimum, a management entity can be notified in order to initiate corrective actions. If the production achieved is above the predetermined minimum by a predetermined amount and/or percentage, the management entity can be notified to provide a reward and/or investigate the causes of the production achieved. [0204] As yet another example, an operating temperature for an electric motor controller can be compared to a predetermined maximum. If the operating temperature exceeds the predetermined maximum, a maintenance entity can be notified that a cooling system has failed and/or is non-functional. Repairing the cooling system promptly can help prevent a failure of the electric motor controller due to overheating. As still another example, an electric mining shovel idle time while operating can be compared to a predetermined maximum threshold. If the electric mining shovel idle time exceeds the predetermined maximum threshold, a mine dispatch entity can be notified that at least one additional haulage machine should be assigned to the electric mining shovel in order to improve mine production. [0205] As still another example, a lubrication system pressure and/or use can be compared to predetermined settings. If the lubrication system is down or not performing properly, an operational and/or maintenance entity can be notified. Tracking and/or comparing lubrication system characteristics can be useful in predicting and/or preventing failures associated with inadequate lubrication. [0206] As a further example, machine productivity can be compared to a predetermined standard. For example, in a mining operation for predetermined production period, tons mined can be compared to a historical statistical metric associated with the machine. The machine productivity comparison can provide a management entity with information that can be adapted to improve performance related to a machine operator, a dispatch entity, a maintenance entity, and/or an operator associated with a related machine. [0207] At activity 3600 , variables associated with the machine can be analyzed. In certain exemplary embodiments, two correlated variables associated with the machine can be analyzed. In embodiments wherein the machine is an electric mining shovel, the two correlated variables can be non-load-related and/or non-positional variables related to the electric mining shovel. [0208] Analyzing variables associated with the machine can comprise utilizing a pattern classification and/or recognition algorithm such as a decision tree, Bayesian network, neural network, Gaussian process, independent component analysis, self-organized map, and/or support vector machine, etc. The algorithm can facilitate performing tasks such as pattern recognition, data mining, classification, and/or process modeling, etc. The algorithm can be adapted to improve performance and/or change its behavior responsive to past and/or present results encountered by the algorithm. The algorithm can be adaptively trained by presenting it examples of input and a corresponding desired output. For example, the input might be a plurality of sensor readings associated with a machine component and an experienced output a failure of a machine component. The algorithm can be trained using synthetic data and/or providing data related to the component prior to previously occurring failures. The algorithm can be applied to almost any problem that can be regarded as pattern recognition in some form. In certain exemplary embodiments, the algorithm can be implemented in software, firmware, and/or hardware, etc. [0209] Certain exemplary embodiments can comprise analyzing a vibration related to the machine based on values from at least one vibration sensor. The values can relate, for example, to a time domain, frequency domain, phase domain, and/or relative location domain, etc. The values can be presented to the pattern recognition algorithm to find patterns associated with impending failures. The values can be normalized, for example, with respect to a frequency and/or phase of rotation associated with the machine. The values can be used to obtain dynamic information usable in detecting and/or classifying failures. [0210] Failures associated with the machine can be preceded by a condition such as, for example, a changing tolerance, imbalance, and/or bearing wear, etc. The condition can result in a characteristic vibration signature associated with an impending failure. In certain exemplary embodiments, the characteristic vibration signature can be discernable from other random and/or definable patterns within and/or potentially within the values. [0211] Certain exemplary embodiments can utilize frequency normalization of the values. For example, frequency variables associated with power spectral densities can be scaled to predetermined frequencies. Scaling frequency variables can provide clearer representations of certain spectral patterns. [0212] Vibration sensor readings can be sampled and processed at constant and/or variable time intervals. Certain exemplary embodiments can demodulate the vibration sensor readings. In certain exemplary embodiments, a frequency spectrum can be computed via a Fourier transform technique. The pattern recognition algorithm can be adapted to recognize patterns in the frequency spectrum to predict an impending machine component failure. [0213] The pattern recognition algorithm can comprise a plurality of heuristic rules, which can comprise, for example, descriptive characteristics of vibration patterns associated with a failure of the component of the machine. The heuristic rules can comprise links identifying likely causes, diagnostic procedures, and/or effects related to the failure. For example, the heuristic rules can be adapted to adjust maintenance, machine, and/or personnel schedules responsive to detecting an impending failure. [0214] Activity 3600 can comprise, for example, predicting machine performance, predicting a failure related to the machine, predicting a failure related to a machine component, predicting a failure related to a mechanical machine component, and/or predicting a failure related to an electrical machine component. [0215] At activity 3700 , a report can be generated. The report can comprise, for example, a machine performance variable; information related to performance of a dispatch entity, such as a mine dispatch entity; information related to performance of a machine mechanical component; information related to performance of an machine electrical component; information related to activities involving the machine, such as digging activities in the case of an electric mining shovel; information related to non-digging activities involving the machine, such as operator training; and/or information related to propelled motion of the machine; etc. [0216] At activity 3800 , a management entity associated with the machine can be notified of information related to the machine. The management entity can be notified of certain comparisons associated with activity 3500 and/or results associated with activity 3600 . Notifying the management entity can allow for corrective action to be taken to avoid lower than desired performance. Notifying the management entity can provide the management entity with information usable to improve performance related to the machine. [0217] At activity 3900 , a maintenance entity associated with the machine can be notified. Notifying the maintenance entity can provide for prompt repair and/or prompt scheduling of a repair associated with the machine. Information obtained via activity 3600 can provide information usable in improving preventative maintenance related to the machine. [0218] FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of an information device 4000 , which in certain operative embodiments can comprise, for example, information device 1160 , server 1400 , and information device 1500 of FIG. 1 . Information device 4000 can comprise any of numerous well-known components, such as for example, one or more network interfaces 4100 , one or more processors 4200 , one or more memories 4300 containing instructions 4400 , one or more input/output (I/O) devices 4500 , and/or one or more user interfaces 4600 coupled to I/O device 4500 , etc. [0219] In certain exemplary embodiments, via one or more user interfaces 4600 , such as a graphical user interface, a user can view a rendering of information related to a machine. [0220] FIGS. 5 a , 5 b , and 5 c are an exemplary embodiment of a partial log file layout for data associated with a mining shovel. Data comprised in the log file can be saved for analytical purposes. [0221] FIG. 6 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical trend chart of electrical data for a crowd motor of a mining shovel. The crowd motor is adaptable to provide motion to a bucket of the mining shovel toward, to “crowd”, material holdable by the bucket. [0222] FIG. 7 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical rendering of gauges displaying electrical data of a crowd motor of a mining shovel. Data used in generating the graphical rendering can be saved for analytical purposes. The graphical rendering be rendered approximately in real-time. [0223] FIG. 8 is an exemplary user interface showing a relationship between speed and torque of a crowd motor of a mining shovel. [0224] FIG. 9 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical rendering of gauges displaying temperatures related to a mining shovel crowd. Data used in generating the graphical rendering can be saved for analytical purposes. The graphical rendering be rendered approximately in real-time. [0225] FIG. 10 is an exemplary user interface showing information related to driver operation of a mining shovel. The graphical rendering be rendered approximately in real-time. [0226] FIG. 11 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical trend chart of electrical data for a hoist motor of a mining shovel. [0227] FIG. 12 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical rendering of gauges displaying electrical data for a hoist motor of a mining shovel. Data used in generating the graphical rendering can be saved for analytical purposes. The graphical rendering be rendered approximately in real-time. [0228] FIG. 13 is an exemplary user interface showing a relationship between speed and torque of a hoist motor of a mining shovel. [0229] FIG. 14 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical rendering of gauges displaying temperatures related to a mining shovel hoist. Data used in generating the graphical rendering can be saved for analytical purposes. Maximum and/or minimum thresholds can be set for purposes of generating alarms and/or flagging data. The graphical rendering be rendered approximately in real-time. [0230] FIG. 15 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical trend chart of electrical data related to a mining shovel. [0231] FIG. 16 is an exemplary user interface showing information related to mining shovel operations. [0232] FIG. 17 is an exemplary user interface showing position information related to a mining shovel. [0233] FIG. 18 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical rendering of gauges displaying pressures of mining shovel components. Data used in generating the graphical rendering can be saved for analytical purposes. The graphical rendering be rendered approximately in real-time. [0234] FIG. 19 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical rendering of gauges displaying temperatures of mining shovel components. [0235] FIG. 20 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical rendering of gauges displaying electrical data of hoist, crowd, and swing motors of a mining shovel. [0236] FIG. 21 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical trend chart of motion data related to a mining shovel. [0237] FIG. 22 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical trend chart of production data related to a mining shovel. [0238] FIG. 23 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical rendering of gauges displaying production data of a mining shovel. [0239] FIG. 24 is an exemplary user interface providing operating statuses of mining shovel components. [0240] FIG. 25 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical trend chart of electrical data for a swing motor of a mining shovel. [0241] FIG. 26 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical rendering of gauges displaying electrical data for a swing motor of a mining shovel. [0242] FIG. 27 is an exemplary user interface showing a relationship between speed and torque of a swing motor of a mining shovel. [0243] FIG. 28 is an exemplary user interface showing a graphical rendering of gauges displaying temperatures related to a mining shovel swing. Still other embodiments will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from reading the above-recited detailed description and drawings of certain exemplary embodiments. It should be understood that numerous variations, modifications, and additional embodiments are possible, and accordingly, all such variations, modifications, and embodiments are to be regarded as being within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. For example, regardless of the content of any portion (e.g., title, field, background, summary, abstract, drawing figure, etc.) of this application, unless clearly specified to the contrary, there is no requirement for the inclusion in any claim of the application of any particular described or illustrated activity or element, any particular sequence of such activities, or any particular interrelationship of such elements. Moreover, any activity can be repeated, any activity can be performed by multiple entities, and/or any element can be duplicated. Further, any activity or element can be excluded, the sequence of activities can vary, and/or the interrelationship of elements can vary. Accordingly, the descriptions and drawings are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive. Moreover, when any number or range is described herein, unless clearly stated otherwise, that number or range is approximate. When any range is described herein, unless clearly stated otherwise, that range includes all values therein and all subranges therein. Any information in any material (e.g., a United States patent, United States patent application, book, article, etc.) that has been incorporated by reference herein, is only incorporated by reference to the extent that no conflict exists between such information and the other statements and drawings set forth herein. In the event of such conflict, including a conflict that would render a claim invalid, then any such conflicting information in such incorporated by reference material is specifically not incorporated by reference herein.	Certain exemplary embodiments can comprise obtaining and analyzing data from at least one discrete machine, automatically determining relationships related to the data, taking corrective action to improve machine operation and/or maintenance, automatically and heuristically predicting a failure associated with the machine and/or recommending preventative maintenance in advance of the failure, and/or automating and analyzing mining shovels, etc.	4
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of a U.S. provisional patent application filed on Dec. 7, 2010 in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and assigned Ser. No. 61/420,682, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] 1. Field of the Invention [0003] The present invention relates to Device Management (DM) in a communication system. More particularly, the present invention relates to techniques for sessionless reporting by a DM Client. [0004] 2. Description of the Related Art [0005] With the growth in ubiquitous communications technologies and systems, devices are increasing in functionality and complexity. However, with the increase in the functionality and complexity of the devices, a need for the management of the devices has developed. To address that need, the Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) established a Device Management (DM) Working Group to specify protocols and mechanisms that achieve management of devices. The OMA-DM Working Group has developed the OMA-DM specification, which defines a two-way protocol between a DM Server and a DM Client associated with a device that is used for remote management of the device. Hereafter, a device associated with a DM Client may be referred to as an OMA-DM device. Historically, the devices have been wireless devices, but of late, OMA-DM has begun addressing the remote management needs of all types of devices. Examples of OMA-DM include the setting of initial configuration information in devices, the subsequent installation and update of persistent information in devices, the retrieval of management information from devices, and the processing of events and alarms generated by devices. [0006] An instance of an interaction between a DM sever and a DM Client is referred to as a DM session and may be initiated by either the DM Client or the DM Server. The DM Client is typically embedded at the device and the DM Server manages the device by invoking one or more commands on the DM Client. The DM Client processes the one or more commands and communicates a response back to the DM Server. Communication between the DM Server and the DM Client is implemented via the exchange of Synchronization Markup Language (SyncML) messages. SyncML is based on Extensible Markup Language (XML). The structure of the SyncML messages is defined by the SyncML Document Type Definition (DTD), which is defined by the OMA. [0007] An example of a communication system employing OMA-DM is described below with reference to FIG. 1 . [0008] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary communication system employing OMA-DM according to the related art. [0009] Referring to FIG. 1 , the exemplary communication system employing OMA-DM may include a wired network 100 , a wireless network 102 , a wired device 110 , a wireless device 112 , a DM Server 120 , and a DM Authority 130 . Each of the wired device 110 and the wireless device 112 has associated therewith a DM Client (not shown). In addition, the DM Authority 130 may be an Operations Support System (OSS). In FIG. 1 , solid lines represent physical connectivity and dotted lines represent logical connectivity. [0010] The exemplary communication system employing OMA-DM illustrated in FIG. 1 is merely one of a number of possible implementations. For example, one of the wired network 100 and the wireless network 102 may be omitted. Alternatively, the wired network 100 and the wireless network 102 may be combined. Further, while the DM Server 120 and the DM Authority 130 are shown as connected to the wired network 100 , one or both of the DM Server 120 and the DM Authority 130 may alternatively be connected to the wireless network 102 . [0011] To facilitate OMA-DM in the communication system illustrated in FIG. 1 , a two-way protocol based on the OMA-DM specification is utilized between the DM Server 120 and the DM Client associated with wireless device 112 , and between the DM Server 120 and the DM Client associated with the wired device 110 . The DM Authority 130 may direct the DM operations of the DM Client associated with each of the wired device 110 and wireless device 112 via the DM Server 120 . Only the interaction between the DM Server 120 and a DM Client associated with each of the wired device 110 and wireless device 112 , is within the scope of the OMA-DM specification. [0012] An example of a DM Server initiated DM session with a DM Client is described below with reference to FIG. 2 . [0013] FIG. 2 is a signal diagram for a DM Server initiated DM session with a DM Client in a communication system according to the related art. [0014] Referring to FIG. 2 , the DM Server initiated DM session between a DM Server 202 and a DM Client 204 includes two phases. The first phase is a setup phase 210 and the second phase is a management phase 220 . The setup phase 210 includes an exchange of information for authentication and device information. The exchange of information in the setup phase 210 includes one instance of each of three packages, namely Package 0 ( 212 ), Package 1 ( 214 ), and Package 2 ( 216 ). Package 0 ( 212 ) is communicated from DM Server 202 to DM Client 204 and is referred to as a Notification Message. Package 1 ( 214 ) is communicated from DM Client 204 to DM Server 202 . Package 1 ( 214 ) includes client initialization information and device information. The client initialization information includes client credentials. Package 2 ( 216 ) is sent from DM Server 202 to DM Client 204 . Package 2 ( 216 ) includes server initialization information and an initial management operation. The server initialization information includes one or more server credentials. [0015] The management phase 220 includes the exchange of one or more instances of two types of packages, namely Package 3 ( 222 ), and Package 4 ( 224 ). Package 3 ( 222 ) is communicated from DM Client 204 to DM Server 202 . Package 3 ( 222 ) includes client response information to the management operation triggered by Package 2 ( 216 ). Package 4 ( 224 ) is communicated from DM Server 202 to DM Client 204 . Package 4 ( 224 ) includes at least one of an additional management operation and one or more additional user interaction commands, if the DM session is continued beyond the Package 2 message 216 . Additional cycles of a Package 3 message 222 and a Package 4 message 224 may be transmitted between the DM Server 202 and DM Client 204 until the DM session is terminated. [0016] The OMA-DM protocol supports the notion of DM bootstrapping. DM bootstrapping is the process by which a DM Client transitions from an un-provisioned, empty state, to a state where it is able to initiate a DM session with an authorized DM Server. A DM Client that has already been bootstrapped can be further bootstrapped to enable the DM Client to initiate a DM session with a new DM Server. An example of the OMA-DM architecture is described below with reference to FIG. 3 . [0017] FIG. 3 illustrates an OMA-DM architecture according to the related art. [0018] Referring to FIG. 3 , the OMA-DM architecture includes a DM Server 340 , a DM Client 310 and DM standard Management Objects (MOs) 320 . The DM Client 310 and the DM standard MOs 320 are co-located in a device 300 . The OMA-DM architecture may include additional structural elements. However, a description of additional structural elements of the OMA-DM architecture is omitted for conciseness. [0019] The DM Server 340 and DM Client 310 , which have been described above, communicate via interfaces DM-1 330 and DM-2 332 . DM Client 310 communicates via interface DM-5 334 with the DM Standard MOs 320 . [0020] The DM protocol defines three standard Management Objects (MOs) 320 that all implementations of a DM Client 310 must support. These DM standard MOs 320 include DMAccount (DMAcc) MO 322 , Device Information (DevInfo) MO 324 and Device Details (DevDetail) MO 326 . [0021] The DMAcc MO 322 is used to manage information pertaining to bootstrapped DM Server 340 . There is a single instance of the DMAcc MO 322 for each bootstrapped DM Server 340 . For each DM Server 340 that has been successfully bootstrapped for DM device 310 , the corresponding DMAcc MO 322 maintains information on a DM Server IDentifier (ID), connectivity information, server address, server and client credentials, etc. The DevInfo MO 324 provides basic information about the device 300 associated with the DM Client 310 . The basic information includes a device ID, a device manufacturer ID, a model ID, and language settings. The DevDetail MO 326 provides additional information about the device 300 associated with the DM Client 310 . The additional information includes device type, Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM), hardware version, firmware version, software version, an indication of whether the device 300 supports optional features (e.g., large-object handling capability), maximum depth of the management tree, maximum total length of any Uniform Resource ID (URI), and maximum total length of any URI segment. [0022] The OMA-DM standard specifies that OMA-DM MOs be represented as a tree of named nodes. An example of an OMA DMAcc MO node tree according to the related art is provided in FIG. 4 as an example of an OMA-DM MO node tree. [0023] FIG. 4 illustrates a DMAcc MO node tree according to the related art. [0024] Referring to FIG. 4 , a pictorial description of a tree of named nodes of a DMAcc MO of the related art is shown. The nodes depicted in FIG. 4 are outside the scope of the present disclosure and therefore a description of each node is omitted herein for conciseness. A description of each node depicted in FIG. 4 can be found in section 5.3.1 of version 1.2.1 of the OMA-DM Standardized Objects, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. [0025] Each node in a MO is the potential target for invoking a management operation from the DM Server. In order to perform some remote management action, the DM Server executes an operation on the corresponding node. Nodes are addressed using a URI. The URI of a node is the concatenation of the names of all the nodes from the root of the management tree, using ‘I’ as the delimiter. For example, the URI of the “Name” node of the DMAcc MO shown in FIG. 4 is “Node:<x>/Name”. [0026] Recently the OMA has set up a Task Force dedicated to Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication. The Task Force has observed that the current assumption about OMA-DM devices is that the OMA-DM devices have significant memory and processing power, and are connected to a fixed or wireless network. However, many of the OMA-DM devices currently being deployed in M2M solutions are microcontrollers with limited capabilities. For such microcontrollers, the OMA-DM of the related art is too heavy. To address this shortcoming, OMA-DM should be extended in terms of protocol, MOs, other network bearers, etc., to support restricted capability OMA-DM devices. Thus, there is a need for a new lightweight DM to support M2M capability-limited OMA-DM devices. [0027] As described above, the OMA-DM Transaction Model of the related art is essentially a secure request/response protocol between a DM Server and a DM Client that runs within the context of a DM session. Once a DM session is established, the DM Server alternately sends commands to the DM Client and receives responses from the DM Client. The DM Client also informs the DM Sever about events that have occurred on the device, via unsolicited alerts. As described above, all the reporting from the DM Client to the DM Server is done within the context of a DM Session, in either Package 1 or Package 3. However, with OMA-DM version 1.3, the concept of Sessionless DM has been introduced. This allows a DM Server to send messages to previously bootstrapped DM Clients, outside the context of a DM session. The DM Client processes these messages but does not send back a response. [0028] To extend OMA-DM to support M2M capability-limited OMA-DM devices, the Sessionless DM concept may be exploited. Accordingly, there is a need for a technique that exploits the Sessionless DM concept in order to support M2M capability-limited OMA-DM devices. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0029] An aspect of the present invention is to address at least the above-mentioned problems and/or disadvantages and to provide at least the advantages described below. Accordingly, an aspect of the present invention is to provide techniques for sessionless reporting by a Device Management (DM) Client [0030] In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, a device for performing sessionless reporting is provided. The device includes a memory for storing code of a DM Client and a Sessionless Report Configuration Management Object (MO), the Sessionless Report Configuration MO including one or more nodes, a processor for executing the code of the DM Client stored in the memory, a communications unit for sending and receiving information for the DM Client, and the DM Client for sending one or more sessionless reports to a DM server, and, while awaiting acknowledgement of the one or more sessionless reports from the DM Server in a subsequent DM Session, for controlling sessionless reporting based on criteria specified in at least one node included in the Sessionless Report Configuration MO. [0031] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method for a DM Client to perform sessionless reporting is provided. The method includes sending one or more sessionless reports to a DM server, while awaiting acknowledgement of the one or more sessionless reports from the DM Server in a subsequent DM Session, controlling sessionless reporting based on criteria specified in at least one node included in a Sessionless Report Configuration MO. [0032] In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, at least one non-transitory processor readable medium is provided for storing a computer program of instructions configured to be readable by at least one processor for instructing the at least one processor to execute a computer process for performing the method as recited above. [0033] Other aspects, advantages, and salient features of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which, taken in conjunction with the annexed drawings, discloses exemplary embodiments of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0034] The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: [0035] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary communication system employing Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)-Device Management (DM) according to the related art; [0036] FIG. 2 is a signal diagram for a DM Server initiated DM session with a DM Client in a communication system according to the related art; [0037] FIG. 3 illustrates an OMA-DM architecture according to the related art; [0038] FIG. 4 illustrates DMAccount (DMAcc) Management Object (MO) node tree according to the related art; [0039] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of sessionless reporting by a DM Client according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; [0040] FIG. 6 illustrates a Sessionless Report Configuration MO node tree according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; [0041] FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a device including a DM Client according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and [0042] FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a DM Server according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. [0043] Throughout the drawings, like reference numerals will be understood to refer to like parts, components, and structures. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS [0044] The following description with reference to the accompanying drawings is provided to assist in a comprehensive understanding of exemplary embodiments of the invention as defined by the claims and their equivalents. It includes various specific details to assist in that understanding but these are to be regarded as merely exemplary. Accordingly, those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that various changes and modifications of the embodiments described herein can be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. In addition, descriptions of well-known functions and constructions are omitted for clarity and conciseness. [0045] The terms and words used in the following description and claims are not limited to the bibliographical meanings, but, are merely used by the inventor to enable a clear and consistent understanding of the invention. Accordingly, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the following description of exemplary embodiments of the present invention are provided for illustration purpose only and not for the purpose of limiting the invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents. [0046] It is to be understood that the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a component surface” includes reference to one or more of such surfaces. [0047] By the term “substantially” it is meant that the recited characteristic, parameter, or value need not be achieved exactly, but that deviations or variations, including for example, tolerances, measurement error, measurement accuracy limitations and other factors known to those of skill in the art, may occur in amounts that do not preclude the effect the characteristic was intended to provide. [0048] Exemplary embodiments of the present invention described below relate to sessionless reporting by a Device Management (DM) Client. More particularly, exemplary embodiments of the present invention described below relate to techniques for a lightweight reporting mechanism that can be employed by Open Mobile Alliance (OMA)-DM Clients running on resource constrained devices and that allow the DM Clients to send data (e.g., alerts, periodic measurement results, etc.) to a DM Server outside the context of a DM session. While the techniques for sessionless reporting by a DM Client may be described below in the context of OMA-DM, the present invention is not limited thereto and is similarly applicable to other DM. [0049] It is noted that when the term “device” or “OMA-DM device” is referred to, each of the terms “device” and “OMA-DM device” may be inclusive of an associated DM Client running on the device. Further, it is noted that while exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described in the context of a single DM Server and a single device, any number of DM Servers and/or devices may be utilized. [0050] It should be understood that the following description may refer to terms utilized in various standards merely for simplicity in explanation. For example, the following description may refer to terms utilized in one of the OMA standards, such as the OMA-DM standard. However, this description should not be interpreted as being limited to such standards. Independent of the mechanism used for sessionless reporting by a DM Client, it is advantageous for that ability to conform to a standardized mechanism. OMA-DM Transaction Model [0051] Described below are enhancements to OMA-DM transaction model in order to allow a DM Client to report data (e.g., periodic measurements, alerts, data associated with a previously issued command etc.) to a DM Server outside the context of a DM Session, according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention. Hereafter, this message may be referred to as a sessionless report message. The enhancements to the OMA-DM transaction model may be useful in addressing resource constrained Machine-to-Machine (M2M) devices because it may allow communication from the DM Client to the DM Server with minimal overhead. [0052] An example of sessionless reporting by a DM Client is described below with reference to FIG. 5 . [0053] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of sessionless reporting by a DM Client according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. [0054] Referring to FIG. 5 , a DM Client 500 communicates a sessionless report 510 to a DM server 502 . The trigger that causes the DM Client 500 to issue and send the sessionless report 510 to the DM server 502 is outside the scope of the present disclosure and thus will not be discussed herein. The sessionless report 510 may be one of two types, namely a first type in which the DM Client 500 is not expecting an acknowledgement of the sessionless report 510 from the DM server 502 , and a second type in which the DM Client 500 is expecting an acknowledgement 530 of the sessionless report 510 from the DM Server 502 . With respect to the first type of sessionless report message 510 , once the DM Client 500 communicates the sessionless report 510 to the DM Server 502 , the DM Client 500 takes no further action. [0055] With respect to the second type of sessionless report 510 , after the DM Client 500 communicates the sessionless report 510 to the DM Server 502 , the DM Client 500 awaits for receipt of an acknowledgement 530 of the sessionless report 510 from the DM Server 502 during a subsequent DM session 520 . Herein, while one sessionless report 510 is described herein and illustrated in FIG. 5 for convenience in explanation, there may be more than one sessionless report 510 sent from the DM Client 500 to the DM Server 502 . [0056] The sessionless report 510 communicated from the DM Client 500 to the DM Server 502 may differ from a Package 1 and Package 3 message of the related art in one or more of the following six ways. [0057] First, the sessionless report 510 may use a Session Alert Code other than 1200 (i.e., Server Initiated Management) and 1201 (i.e., Client Initiated Management). In one exemplary embodiment, the Session Alert Code value that is used is 1202 . The value 1202 is reserved for future use in the related art. [0058] Second, the sessionless report 510 may not contain Device Information (DevInfo) data. [0059] Third, status blocks, if present in the sessionless report 510 , may contain both a Session Identifier (ID) as well as a Command ID. [0060] Fourth, the sessionless report 510 may contain a timestamp value, which indicates the time at which the sessionless report 510 was issued. [0061] Fifth, the sessionless report 510 may indicate an overall severity level. [0062] Sixth, the sessionless report 510 may contain a Correlation Tag, which is a string value that is generated by the DM Client 500 and is guaranteed to be unique within the DM Client 500 . At some later time, when a DM Session 520 is established between the DM Server 502 and the DM Client 500 , the Correlation Tag may be included in a message that is sent from the DM Server 502 to the DM Client 500 . This is taken as an implicit acknowledgement 530 by the DM Client 500 that the sessionless report 510 was successfully processed by the DM Server 502 . Sessionless Report Configuration Management Object (MO) [0063] In one exemplary embodiment, a new MO may be defined that includes a parent node and leaf nodes pertaining to buffering and retry behavior of a DM Client for sessionless report messages. For convenience in explanation, the new MO is referred to herein as a Sessionless Report Configuration MO. However, the specific MO name (e.g., Sessionless Report Configuration MO) is merely illustrative; it is the function of the respective MO that corresponds to exemplary embodiments of the present invention. [0064] The Sessionless Report Configuration MO according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention is described below with reference to FIG. 6 . [0065] FIG. 6 illustrates a Sessionless Report Configuration MO node tree according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. [0066] Referring to FIG. 6 , the Sessionless Report Configuration MO 600 tree includes one or more new nodes for sessionless reporting. The Sessionless Report Configuration MO 600 may be added to the Management Tree in any of various locations. Also, one or more MOs may provide references to pertinent instances of the Sessionless Report Configuration MO 600 . [0067] The one or more new nodes for sessionless reporting may include a MO Root (MORoot) node 601 , a Wait For Acknowledgement (WaitForAck) node 602 , a Retry Timer (RetryTimer) node 603 , a Maximum Reports (MaxReports) node 604 , a Discard Criteria (DiscardCriteria) node 605 , and an Extension (Ext) node 606 . The specific node names (e.g., MORoot, WaitForAck, RetryTimer, MaxReports, DiscardCriteria, and Ext) are merely illustrative; it is the function of the respective node that corresponds to exemplary embodiments of the present invention. [0068] The MORoot node 601 is a placeholder node that is the root node for the Sessionless Report Configuration MO 600 . In particular, the MORoot node 601 is a parent node for all leaf nodes pertaining to sessionless reporting, including each of the WaitForAck node 602 , RetryTimer node 603 , MaxReports node 604 , and DiscardCriteria node 605 ; and Ext node 606 . The parent node of MORoot node 601 defines the location of the Sessionless Report Configuration MO 600 in the Management Tree. The MORoot node 601 may include the properties shown in Table 1. [0000] TABLE 1A Minimum Access Status Occurrence Format Types Required One Node Get [0069] Alternatively, the MORoot node 601 may include the properties shown in Table 1B. [0000] TABLE 1B Minimum Access Status Occurrence Format Types Optional ZeroOrOne Node Get [0070] The WaitForAck node 602 is leaf node that indicates whether or not the DM Client should buffer the report message until the DM Client receives a message from the DM Server, in a subsequent DM session with the DM Server, which contains the original Correlation Tag. Acknowledgement of the original Correlation Tag implies that the DM Server received the original sessionless report. If the value of this node is false, the DM Client does not maintain any state information pertaining to the sessionless report. Herein, it is noted that the WaitForAck node 602 may be omitted from the Sessionless Report Configuration MO 600 and that another mechanism may be relied upon to address whether or not the DM Client should buffer the report message until the DM Client receives an acknowledgement from the DM Server. [0071] The WaitForAck node 602 is located in the Sessionless Report Configuration MO 600 at Node: <MORoot>/WaitForAck. The WaitForAck node 602 may include the properties shown in Table 2. [0000] TABLE 2 Minimum Access Status Occurrence Format Types Required One Boolean Get, Replace [0072] The RetryTimer node 603 is a leaf node that indicates the time duration, in seconds, for which the DM Client should wait for the delayed acknowledgement of the sessionless report from the DM Server. The delayed acknowledgement may be a message that includes the original Correlation Tag. If the DM Client does not receive the acknowledgement within the specified time, it resends corresponding sessionless report. If this node is not present, the DM Client will wait indefinitely for the delayed acknowledgement from the DM Server. If the WaitForAck node 602 is implemented and the value of the WaitForAck node 602 is false, the RetryTimer node 603 should not be present. The RetryTimer node 603 is located in the Sessionless Report Configuration MO 600 at Node: <MORoot>/RetryTimer. The RetryTimer node 603 may include the properties shown in Table 3A. [0000] TABLE 3A Minimum Access Status Occurrence Format Types Required ZeroOrOne Integer Get, Replace [0073] Alternatively, RetryTimer node 603 may include the properties shown in Table 3B. [0000] TABLE 3B Minimum Access Status Occurrence Format Types Optional ZeroOrOne Integer Get, Replace [0074] The MaxReports node 604 is a leaf node that indicates a threshold corresponding to the maximum number of sessionless reports that can be buffered by the DM Client, while awaiting acknowledgement from the DM Server in subsequent DM Session(s). Once the number of sessionless reports that are buffered by the DM Client reaches this threshold, the DM Client should start discarding the older reports. The MaxReports node 604 is located in the Sessionless Report Configuration MO 600 at Node: <MORoot>/MaxReports. The MaxReports node 604 may include the properties shown in Table 4. [0000] TABLE 4 Minimum Access Status Occurrence Format Types Required ZeroOrOne Integer Get, Replace [0075] The DiscardCriteria node 605 is a leaf node that indicates the criteria for discarding sessionless reports that have not been acknowledged by the DM Server in a subsequent DM Session when the MaxReports threshold is reached. The permitted values of the DiscardCriteria node 605 are shown in Table 5. [0000] TABLE 5 0 The DM Client should only discard sessionless reports in chronological order (i.e., the oldest sessionless report is the first sessionless report discarded, and so on). 1 The DM Client should discard sessionless reports based on the severity level of the report, with least severe reports being discarded before more severe reports. For example, the order of deletion, in deceasing order of preference, may be: Indeterminate, Harmless, Informational, Warning, Minor, Critical, and Fatal. Within the same severity level, sessionless reports should be discarded in chronological order (i.e., the oldest sessionless report within the same severity level is the first sessionless report discarded, and so on). [0076] If the DiscardCriteria node 605 is absent, its value may default to 0. The DiscardCriteria node 606 is located in the Sessionless Report Configuration MO 600 at Node: <MORoot>/DiscardCriteria. The DiscardCriteria node 605 may include the properties shown in Table 6. [0000] TABLE 6 Minimum Access Status Occurrence Format Types Required ZeroOrOne Integer Get, Replace [0077] The Ext node 606 is an interior node that is for vendor-specific extensions to the Sessionless Report Configuration MO 600 . The Ext node 606 is located at Node: <MORoot>/Ext. The Ext node 606 may include the properties shown in Table 7. [0000] TABLE 7 Minimum Access Status Occurrence Format Types Optional ZeroOrOne Node Get [0078] A structure of a device including a DM Client according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to FIG. 7 . [0079] FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a device including a DM Client according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. [0080] Referring to FIG. 7 , the device 700 includes a DM Client 710 , a processor 720 , a memory 730 , and a communications unit 740 . The device 700 may include any number of additional structural elements. However, a description of additional structural elements of device 700 is omitted for conciseness. [0081] The DM Client 710 may be implemented as code that is executed by the processor 720 or may be implemented as hardware. The term “code” may be used herein to represent one or more of executable instructions, operand data, configuration parameters, and other information stored in memory 730 of the device 700 . The operations of the DM Client 710 include any of the operations explicitly or implicitly described above as being performed by a DM Client. [0082] The processor 720 is used to process general operations of the device 700 and may be used to execute the code of the DM Client 710 . [0083] The memory 730 may store the code of the DM Client 710 in addition to one or more of executable instructions, operand data, configuration parameters, and other information stored of the device 700 . Depending on the exact configuration and type of device, the memory 730 may be volatile (such as Random Access Memory (RAM)), non-volatile (such as Read Only Memory (ROM), flash memory, etc.) or some combination of thereof. [0084] The communications unit 740 sends and receives data between the DM Client 710 and other entities, such as a DM server, etc. The communications unit 740 may include any number of transceivers, receivers, and transmitters of any number of types, such as wired, wireless, etc. [0085] A structure of a DM Server according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to FIG. 8 . [0086] FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a DM Server according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. [0087] Referring to FIG. 8 , the DM Server 800 includes a processor 810 , a memory 820 , and a communications unit 830 . The DM Server 800 may include any number of additional structural elements. However, a description of additional structural elements of the DM Server 800 is omitted for conciseness. [0088] The processor 810 is used to process general operations of the DM Server 800 and may be used to execute code to perform any of the functions/operations/algorithms/roles explicitly or implicitly described herein as being performed by a DM Server. Further, the processor 810 may communicate with and/or control the memory 820 and/or the communications unit 830 . The term “code” may be used herein to represent one or more of executable instructions, operand data, configuration parameters, and other information stored in memory 820 . [0089] The memory 820 may store code that is processed by the processor 810 to execute any of the functions/operations/algorithms/roles explicitly or implicitly described herein as being performed by a DM Server. In addition, one or more of other executable instructions, operand data, configuration parameters, and other information may be stored in the memory 820 . Depending on the exact configuration of the DM Server 800 , the memory 820 may be volatile (such as Random Access Memory (RAM)), non-volatile (e.g., Read Only Memory (ROM), flash memory, etc.) or some combination thereof. [0090] The communications unit 830 transmits and receives data between one or more of a DM device and other entities. The communications unit 830 may include any number of transceivers, receivers, and transmitters of any number of types, such as wired, wireless, etc. [0091] At this point it should be noted that the exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure as described above typically involve the processing of input data and the generation of output data to some extent. This input data processing and output data generation may be implemented in hardware, or software in combination with hardware. For example, specific electronic components may be employed in a mobile device or similar or related circuitry for implementing the functions associated with the exemplary embodiments of the present invention as described above. Alternatively, one or more processors operating in accordance with stored instructions (i.e., code) may implement the functions associated with the exemplary embodiments of the present invention as described above. If such is the case, it is within the scope of the present disclosure that such instructions may be stored on one or more non-transitory processor readable mediums. Examples of the non-transitory processor readable mediums include ROM, RAM, Compact Disc (CD)-ROMs, magnetic tapes, floppy disks, and optical data storage devices. The non-transitory processor readable mediums can also be distributed over network coupled computer systems so that the instructions are stored and executed in a distributed fashion. Also, functional computer programs, instructions, and instruction segments for accomplishing the present invention can be easily construed by programmers skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains. [0092] While the invention has been shown and described with reference to certain exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.	A device and method for performing sessionless reporting are provided. The device includes a memory for storing code of a Device Management (DM) Client and a Sessionless Report Configuration Management Object (MO), the Sessionless Report Configuration MO including one or more nodes, a processor for executing the code of the DM Client stored in the memory, a communications unit for sending and receiving information for the DM Client, and the DM Client for sending one or more sessionless reports to a DM server, and, while awaiting acknowledgement of the one or more sessionless reports from the DM Server in a subsequent DM Session, for controlling sessionless reporting based on criteria specified in at least one node included in the Sessionless Report Configuration MO.	7
FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for retrieving metadata for use in a content guide. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] An increasing number of set-top boxes (STBs) are hybrid boxes that have both a broadcast capability (e.g. cable and/or satellite and/or terrestrial television (TV)) and an IP capability (e.g. IPTV). [0003] In a digital TV environment, the TV platform operator typically manages a bouquet of services, and is generally responsible for operating an infrastructure capable of delivering audio/visual (AV) content to the subscribers, often protected by a Conditional Access (CA) solution. The TV platform operator typically: receives content from one or more content providers who manage one or more TV channels in the TV bouquet; ensures the programs' and/or the channels' security (if Conditional Access protection is used); and inserts the content into the broadcast system (satellite, terrestrial, cable, IPTV, etc.) for reception by the subscribers. [0004] An Electronic Program Guide (EPG) application available via an end user digital TV device (e.g. a STB or integrated receiver decoder (IRD)) is an on-screen guide to scheduled broadcast television programs, that allows a viewer to navigate, select and discover content by time, title, channel, genre, etc. using a remote control, a keyboard, a touch screen/pad, an inertia driven device (e.g. a Wii Remote) or even a telephone keypad. [0005] Such an EPG comprises a graphical user interface, which enables browsing the list of channels made available in the digital TV bouquet. For example, the information is typically displayed in a grid with an option to select to receive more information on each program available in the selected time slot. The grid is typically extends over a number of pages (with a predetermined number of channels per page) and is typically arranged by slot times (with a predetermined number of slot times per page, e.g. from now 1 PM until tonight 8 PM). A subscriber can browse the EPG pages (up/down) and by selecting one particular entry in the EPG grid, the subscriber can select to display descriptive information about the selected item, such as a programme synopsis, actors, directors, year of production etc. (in another dedicated part of the user interface or in a new window). The list of channels may also comprise the programs on offer from sub-channels, such as pay-per-view (PPV) and video-on-demand (VOD) services. Depending on the metadata broadcast with the programmes, some EPGs allow subscribers to navigate channel listings up to 14 days into the future. EPG metadata is typically sent within the broadcast transport stream (e.g. as Service Information (SI) as specified in the Digital Video Broadcasting [0006] Service Information (DVB-SI) standard (“Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Specification for Service Information (SI) in DVB systems”, ETSI EN 300 468)) or alongside the broadcast stream in a dedicated data channel (e.g. Really Simple Syndication (RSS) channels (RSS 2.0 Specification, www.rssboard.org)). [0007] International Patent Application WO 2006/004170 of NDS Limited provides a solution for introducing additional content information related to events broadcast by a TV operator: it can be provided to subscribers without having an impact on the regular metadata broadcast by the TV operator and therefore without affecting the TV operator's broadcasting infrastructure. The EPG provided by a TV operator, the metadata used to construct the EPG and the method of transmitting the EPG to subscribers all remain the same. A search engine, under the control of the platform operator is used to feed the STB with additional metadata. [0008] International Patent Application WO 02/41542 of Nokia Corporation describes a digital television system that includes service provider equipment for transmitting a digital television broadcast; and a set-top box for decoding the digital television broadcast and displaying the decoded broadcast on an analogue television. A processor arranged in the set-top box includes an agent or program for: receiving information transmitted with the digital television broadcast; searching the Internet for links based on the information; and displaying the list of links in response to a user input. [0009] U.S. Pat. No. 6,005,565 to Legall et al. describes a search tool that enables a user to search an electronic program guide (EPG) and the Internet with one search. The search tool performs the search and modifies the display of the [0010] EPG to identify programs identified by the search. A user can then view the EPG and select broadcasts of programs to display as well as proceed to the websites indicated by selecting corresponding elements on the display. [0011] US published Patent Application US 2003/0226147 of Richmond et al. describes performing an Internet search based on a keyword obtained from an EPG. [0012] The term “search engine” refers to a software program that searches the internet to find documents containing one or more specified keywords, and returns a list of documents in which the keywords were found. Broad-based search engines such as Google (www.google.com) or Yahoo (www.yahoo.com) fetch very large numbers of documents using a Web crawler. Another program called an indexer then reads these documents and creates a search index based on words contained in each document. Each search engine uses a proprietary algorithm to create its indexes so that, ideally, only meaningful results are returned for each query. [0013] Vertical search engines, on the other hand, send crawlers out to a highly refined database, and therefore the indexes of vertical search engines contain information about a specific topic. As a result, vertical search engines are more valuable to people interested in a particular area. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0014] The amount of metadata used to populate an EPG is growing rapidly in part because of the increasing number channels that are accessible with the hybrid STBs as described previously but also because EPGs are increasingly giving end users access not only to broadcast content but also to additional content such as VOD content, downloadable content (e.g. Pull-VOD content), user generated content (UGC) etc. Consequently, it is becoming more and more complex to collate and organize such a large amount of data and to ensure that the data is accurate, reliable and of good quality. [0015] The metadata types related to any particular program are specified in specifications such as DVB-SI, DVB-IPI and PSIP. The ability to add additional metadata types requires additional bandwidth for carrying the additional metadata which increases the cost of the overall infrastructure. A dedicated data channel for additional metadata is a possibility but relies on a pre-determined data format (on the server side) which must be understood on STB side (e.g. HTML). [0016] As mentioned previously, feeding an EPG with data sourced from the internet is known. However, getting relevant results is difficult since an internet search engine (e.g. Google (www.google.com)) returns search results using a ranking algorithm that is based on Internet traffic and Internet page link structure and does not, as a default, provide only those results that can be consumed on a television display device. Therefore, when searching for a movie, the first search result provided by such a search engine is typically the URL of the internet home page of that movie, which is likely not to be suitable for use by the device. The device displaying the EPG would then have to retrieve the webpage targeted by the URL and then browse that page in order to retrieve any links on the page that can be used on the device. [0017] There is provided according to an embodiment of the present invention a method for retrieving metadata for use in a content guide, the method including: crawling one or more crawlable data sources; storing metadata extracted from the one or more crawlable data sources in an indexed cache; receiving a search request from a client according to search criteria, the search request requesting metadata for use in the content guide; searching a subset of the indexed cache according to the search criteria; extracting metadata from the indexed cache as results of the searching; identifying relevant metadata in the results, the relevant metadata including metadata suitable for use by the client in the content guide; and transmitting the relevant metadata to the client for use in the content guide. [0018] In some embodiments, the one or more crawlable data sources comprise one or more web pages. [0019] In some embodiments, the method further includes storing the one or more web pages in the indexed cache; and extracting one or more web pages from the indexed cache as results of the searching. [0020] In further embodiments, the one or more crawlable data sources further includes one or more local data sources within a network to which the client has access. [0021] In other embodiments, the method further includes identifying advertisements for display in the content guide in dependence on the relevant metadata; and transmitting the advertisements to the client with the relevant metadata. [0022] In some embodiments, the identifying advertisements is further dependent on one or more of the search criteria, the client, a history of search requests received, and advertisements previously identified and transmitted to the client. [0023] In further embodiments, the search criteria specifies the subset of the indexed cache. [0024] In other embodiments, the search criteria is established from the relevant metadata. [0025] In further embodiments, the method further includes receiving a further search request according to further search criteria, the further search request requesting content related to content selected using the content guide. [0026] In some embodiments, the further search criteria is established from the relevant metadata. [0027] In other embodiments, the further search criteria is specified by a user of the content guide. [0028] There is also provided in accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention a method for retrieving metadata for use in a content guide installed on a client device, the method including: sending a search request according to search criteria to a search server, the search request requesting data for use in the content guide, wherein the search server is operable to crawl one or more crawlable data sources, store metadata extracted from the one or more crawlable data sources in an indexed cache, search a subset of the indexed cache according to the search criteria, extract metadata from the indexed cache as results of the searching, identify relevant metadata in the results, the relevant metadata including metadata suitable for use in the content guide, and transmit the relevant metadata to the client device; receiving the relevant metadata from the search server; and presenting the relevant metadata in a content guide. [0029] In some embodiments, the one or more crawlable data sources include one or more web pages. [0030] In other embodiments, the search server is operable to store the one or more web pages in the indexed cache; and extract one or more web pages from the indexed cache as results of the searching. [0031] In other embodiments, the method further includes publishing content available within a network to which the client has access, wherein the search server is further operable to crawl the content and store the content in the indexed cache, wherein the content can be included in the search by the search server in response to the search request. [0032] In some embodiments, the method further includes publishing the content directly to the search server. [0033] In other embodiments, the method further includes publishing the content to a web page crawled by the search server. [0034] In other embodiments, the method further includes: crawling content available within a network to which the client has access; storing the content in a local indexed cache; searching a subset of the local indexed cache according to the search criteria; extracting content from the local indexed cache as local results of the searching; identifying relevant local metadata in the local results; merging the relevant local metadata with the relevant metadata; and presenting the local relevant metadata and the relevant metadata in a content guide. [0035] In some embodiments, the indexed cache includes the local indexed cache. [0036] There is also provided in accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention apparatus for retrieving metadata for use in a content guide, the apparatus including: crawling means for crawling one or more crawlable data sources; indexed storage means for storing metadata extracted from the one or more crawlable data sources; searching means for receiving a search request from a client according to search criteria, the search request requesting metadata for use in the content guide, and for searching a subset of the indexed storage means according to the search criteria; and extraction means for extracting metadata from the indexed storage means as results of the searching, and for identifying relevant metadata in the results, the relevant metadata including metadata suitable for use by the client in the content guide; wherein the searching means is operable to transmit the relevant metadata to the client for use in the content guide. [0037] There is also provided in accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention a search engine for retrieving metadata for use in a content guide, the search engine including: a global search engine operable to crawl one or more crawlable data sources; an indexed cache operable to store metadata extracted from the one or more crawlable data sources; a vertical search engine operable to receive a search request from a client according to search criteria, the search request requesting metadata for use in the content guide, and further operable to search a subset of the indexed cache according to the search criteria; and a snippet generator operable to extract metadata from the indexed cache as results of the searching, and further operable to identify relevant metadata in the results, the relevant metadata including metadata suitable for use by the client in the content guide; wherein the searching means is further operable to transmit the relevant metadata to the client for use in the content guide. [0038] There is also provided in accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention a client device including: presentation means for presenting a content guide to a user; searching means for receiving a search request according to search criteria from the presentation means, and sending the search request to a search server, the search request requesting data for use in the content guide, wherein the search server is operable to crawl one or more crawlable data sources, store metadata extracted from the one or more crawlable data sources in an indexed cache, search a subset of the indexed cache according to the search criteria, extract metadata from the indexed cache as results of the searching, identify relevant metadata in the results, the relevant metadata including metadata suitable for use in the content guide, and transmit the relevant metadata to the client device; and receiving means for receiving the relevant metadata from the search server, and wherein the presentation means is operable to present the relevant metadata in the content guide. [0039] There is also provided in accordance with a further embodiment of the present invention a client device including: a guide presenter operable to present a content guide to a user; and a guide engine operable to receive a search request according to search criteria from the guide presenter, and send the search request to a search server, the search request requesting data for use in the content guide, wherein the search server is operable to crawl one or more crawlable data sources, store metadata extracted from the one or more crawlable data sources in an indexed cache, search a subset of the indexed cache according to the search criteria, extract metadata from the indexed cache as results of the searching, identify relevant metadata in the results, the relevant metadata including metadata suitable for use in the content guide, and transmit the relevant metadata to the client device; wherein the guide engine is further operable to receive the relevant metadata from the search server, and send the relevant metadata to the guide presenter, and wherein the guide presenter is further operable to present the relevant metadata in the content guide. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0040] The present invention will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the drawings in which: [0041] FIG. 1 is a partly pictorial, partly block diagram illustration of a Universal Programme Guide (UPG) system constructed and operative in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; [0042] FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustration of a Universal Program Guide system architecture constructed and operative in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; [0043] FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustration of a Universal Program Guide system architecture constructed and operative in accordance with further embodiments of the present invention; [0044] FIG. 2C is a block diagram illustration of a Universal Program Guide system architecture constructed and operative in accordance with further embodiments of the present invention; [0045] FIG. 2D is a block diagram illustration of a Universal Program Guide system architecture constructed and operative in accordance with further embodiments of the present invention; [0046] FIG. 2E is a block diagram illustration of a Universal Program Guide system architecture constructed and operative in accordance with further embodiments of the present invention; [0047] FIG. 2F is a block diagram illustration of a Universal Program Guide system architecture constructed and operative in accordance with further embodiments of the present invention; [0048] FIGS. 3A and 3B show a series of examples of UPG screenshots in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; [0049] FIG. 4 is an information flow diagram for a UPG constructed and operative in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; [0050] FIGS. 5A and 5B comprise information flow diagrams showing the information flows during a search request to a UPG constructed and operative in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; [0051] FIG. 6 is block diagram of device architecture constructed and operative in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; [0052] FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a device embedding UPG modules constructed and operative in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; [0053] FIG. 8 is an illustration of a query tree built by a vertical search engine according to embodiments of the present invention; [0054] FIG. 9 is an abstract representation of content managed in a UPG system constructive and operated in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; and [0055] FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustration of a vertical search engine architecture constructed and operative in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS [0056] Embodiments of the present invention will now be described in the context of a content guide or Universal Program Guide (UPG). A UPG has some or all of the following properties: Multimedia content displayed within the UPG may come from multiple sources, such as, by way of non-limiting example: satellite TV, digital terrestrial TV (DTT), cable TV, IPTV, video on demand (VOD), user generated content (UGC) from the internet etc. Multiple types of content may be displayed, such as, by way of non-limiting example: broadcast channel audio/video content, on demand audio/video content, user generated contents (e.g. audio/video, images, animations) etc. The UPG gives easy access to associated content, i.e. similar content, and/or the UPG can suggest relevant alternative content when possible (DVD, T-shirts, etc.); A user is able to define his own “virtual channels” which combine, such as, by way of non-limiting example: broadcast content and/or on demand content from TV bouquets and/or internet content; All/several content sources are merged together in one global source within the UPG; and The description of content may come from multiple and independent sources. [0063] Reference is now made to FIG. 1 , which depicts a home network 101 , comprising a STB 103 . STB 103 is interfaced with: Others devices 105 in the home network 101 (e.g. a PC); Other users/devices 110 via the Internet 120 (e.g. another STB, a PC, a mobile phone etc.); A dedicated UPG Search Engine 130 via internet 120 ; EPG Web Content providers (EPG server A; EPG server B; and EPG server C) 140 via internet 120 ; Internet content Servers (community server) 150 via internet 120 (e.g. servers operated by internet websites providing, for example, user generated content, such as MySpace.com, YouTube.com etc.); One (or more) broadcast TV operators 160 (e.g. cable, satellite, terrestrial) and One (ore more) IPTV operators 170 via internet 120 . [0071] STB 103 is operable to receive broadcast TV programs from either broadcast TV operator 160 or from IPTV operator 170 . STB 103 offers users the ability to navigate through a list content via a UPG. [0072] Reference is now made to FIG. 2A . The UPG client 100 (which is a component of STB 103 in the present embodiment) is made of two components: UPG Presenter 101 (used for application display and user interaction with UPG client 100 ) and the UPG engine 102 (used by UPG client 100 to communicate with other parts of the UPG system). When a user selects a menu or an action via an application displayed on TV screen (associated with STB 103 ) by the UPG Presenter 101 , a request is sent via the UPG engine 102 to the dedicated UPG Search Engine 130 . In the present embodiment, a request/response process takes place over Internet 120 (e.g. using TCP/IP). [0073] The UPG Search Engine 130 is made of several components: A global search engine 134 (e.g. google.com) which crawls the web via the Internet 120 in order to index web pages/content. For example, EPG servers 140 , under the control of a TV operator (or any independent third party) publish metadata on the Internet that describes content available within a TV bouquet. Once published on the Internet by the EPG servers, this metadata is available to global search engine 134 . Also, metadata is published on the Internet by web content servers 150 that is also available to global search engine 134 (although not shown). An Internet cache 137 (e.g. Google Cache) which keeps a copy of each web page crawled and indexed by the global search engine 134 . This copy of the original web page may be provided later to any component of the system (or external component) without having to contact the original server that hosts the web page. In alternative embodiments, the global search engine 134 only extracts and indexes metadata from the crawled webpages and stores the metadata in interne cache 137 . A Vertical Search Engine 133 (e.g. Google Co-op (www.google.com/coop/)), which is customized, for example, for use in the context of digital TV. The VSE 133 interfaces with STB 103 , and receives the search request. VSE 133 is able to perform “custom searches” within the index of the global search engine 134 . “Custom searches” means (but is not limited to) the ability to restrict the scope of the search of the global index to a predefined list of web sites (or even parts of a web site), the ability to influence the ranking algorithm used to choose the results, the ability to reorder the results, and the ability to impose some rules for snippet generation (which will be described in more detail below). This custom search mechanism guarantees the relevance of the search results to the digital TV context. VSE 133 customization includes a list of Internet content servers 150 and EPG servers 140 to be taken into account in the search. Vertical Search Engine 133 is also stores incoming search requests representing the “inside UPG” navigation made by the user. By using such a search history database, Vertical Search Engine 133 is capable of adapting the relevance and ranking of the “custom search” results to better match end user expectations. The Vertical Search Engine typically: defines of a list of content provider web sites list to be used as the index sources for performing the searches. Some content providers may be the TV operators themselves who publish metadata on available broadcast or other on demand content. It is to be noted that the publication of such metadata may also be performed by independent third parties. defines a ranking to be applied to the index sources in order to manage a list of relevant search results to be returned to end user devices. For example, content managed by one of the TV Operators has the highest ranking level while content provided for free by a third party has an inferior ranking level so that in the list of search results, the TV Operator content is returned as having the higher ranking. sends back the results to the device using a metadata format suitable for the user device. [0080] On the end user device side, the UPG engine 102 supports the ranking level as a way to browse results with various depth layers. In this way, the display of content information is managed on screen for the end user. The UPG can then be used to browse several sources of content (e.g. TV broadcast content, Pay Per View services, VOD service managed by the digital TV operator, VOD service managed by a third party, content available on Internet including user generated content etc.) with ranking levels that are defined by the entity in charge of the UPG Search Engine. A snippet generator 131 : A snippet is a summary generated on a per document basis for each web page that is crawled and indexed by global search engine 134 . For example, when an ordinary search is carried out using an internet search engine such as Google, the search engine returns a list of search results and each search result is accompanied by a snippet comprising a small amount of textual description extracted from the cached search result along with a link for accessing the source document on the web site that was originally crawled by the search engine. For each result of the custom search, snippet generator 131 extracts relevant information from the document stored within Internet cache 137 (based on rules imposed by vertical search engine 133 ) and creates a snippet which, in the present embodiment, is compliant with the eXternal Data Representation (XDR) format (a 1995 standard of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) that allows data to be wrapped in an architecture independent manner so that the data can be transferred between heterogeneous computer systems). The rules provided by VSE 133 to snippet generator 131 include (but are not limited to) instructions on the way to find relevant information depending on the original web site, the web page structure, the type of the web page, and the XDR format suitable for UPG engine 102 . The snippet metadata is used to populate the UPG with relevant information to help the user of the UPG select content to consume. (Optional) Ads Inserter 135 , which selects advertisements to display in the UPG depending on different input parameters like (but not limited to) the search criteria, the search results, the VSE parameters, search history database content, previous selected advertisements, target device type and so forth. These advertisements may have many different formats such as (but not limited to) text, html, xml, image, video, animations etc. [0083] In the present embodiment, snippets comply with the XDR format because: Original metadata indexed by VSE 133 may not always be suitable for consumption by UPG Engine 102 ; Computation power is not an issue in a Web Services infrastructure while it may be an issue on the end user side since device computation power may be restricted; It helps to avoid the overloading of traffic between STB 103 and UPG Search engine 130 with unwanted metadata; a Server Centric approach for maintenance is more efficient for situations where an EPG metadata source is updated (enabling a server upgrade instead of a software download for each end user device); it enables the snippet generator to be device and/or user profile specific; a single container format is used for returning the responses from the indexed documents that match the query, the documents themselves potentially originating from multiple and/or independent sources. [0090] Reference is now made to FIG. 2B , which depicts an alternative embodiment of the present invention that supports the search of local content available within home network 101 . The local content identifier 20 can discover local content available within home network 101 and publishes metadata associated with that local content to Global search engine 134 . VSE 133 customizes the search request in order to include this local content metadata in the scope of the search. This embodiment can be extended further to include metadata published by other users. The publication of local content metadata may be done directly through an interface provided by global search engine 134 , or by publishing such metadata on a dedicated Internet web site crawled by global search engine 134 . [0091] Reference is now made to FIG. 2C , which depicts an alternative embodiment of the present invention that supports the search of local content available within home network 101 . In this alternative embodiment, local content metadata is not published to global search engine 134 . Rather, a local search engine 21 discovers, crawls and indexes all the content available within home network 101 . The local search engine 21 manages a local index which can be used to perform custom searches (using the same (or similar) mechanisms as VSE 133 ) that are relevant to the digital TV context. UPG engine 102 sends each search request to local search engine 21 . The local search engine 21 performs the searches within its local index and simultaneously sends the request to VSE 133 . Finally, the local search engine 21 merges the results coming from the local index and the VSE 133 and sends them back to UPG engine 102 . [0092] Reference is now made to FIG. 2D , which depicts an alternative embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, VSE 133 crawls internet 120 (and/or local content) in order to build internet cache 137 . VSE 133 crawls a subset of internet 120 and therefore only a subset of internet 120 is indexed and cached. VSE 133 can either cache the original crawled document and produce a snippet with relevant metadata on request; or VSE 133 can cache only the relevant metadata from the crawled document that is to be used when generating the snippet. [0093] Reference is now made to FIG. 2E , which depicts an alternative embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, like in the embodiment described above in relation to FIG. 2D , VSE 133 crawls internet 120 (and/or local content) in order to build internet cache 137 but the responses returned by VSE 133 are modified by an Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation (XSLT) proxy 138 . (XSLT is an XML-based language developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and used for the transformation of XML documents into other XML or “human-readable” documents.) By using XSLT proxy 138 , only a subset of metadata expected by a client device is returned without overloading the response with unwanted metadata that is not suitable for the client device. In this way, a single centralized source of information can be used and customized at the proxy level on a per device basis. In the present embodiment, XSLT proxy 138 is implemented using the HTTP Server of the Apache Software Foundation (httpd.apache.org), together with PHP and XSLT modules. [0094] Reference is now made to FIG. 2F , which depicts an extension to the embodiment described above in relation to FIG. 2E . In this extension, an XSLT proxy cache 139 is provided and in operative association with XSLT proxy 138 . For popular search requests whose responses are not accompanied by advertisements, the response can be served directly from the XSLT proxy cache 139 . This reduces the amount of VSE traffic. [0095] Referring now to FIG. 10 , an example of an architecture of UPG search engine 130 according to embodiments of the present invention will now be described. [0096] VSE 133 crawls remote web sources (e.g. EPG servers 140 , internet content servers 150 , other users/devices 110 ) and/or local sources (e.g. devices within home network 101 such as home devices 105 ). The web source documents and local source documents are parsed and indexed by index builder 132 , which produces entries in internet cache 137 and index 190 . Search requests are received via front end 191 , which passes the search request on to query processor 136 . Query processor 136 processes the search request, searches index 190 for relevant documents and instructs snippet generator 131 which information to extract from internet cache 137 . [0097] Reference is now made to FIG. 3A , which shows a first example of a UPG screenshot. A grid 301 is displayed on screen: in the present embodiment, six channels (channels 4 to 9 ) are shown. The programs broadcast on each of the channels during the period 9h30 to 11h are shown in grid 301 . Grid 301 is provided with information according to the methods described previously. In the present embodiment, advertisements are displayed in a sponsored link box 301 above grid 301 . When a user browses the UPG (e.g. by navigating up or down a page), the advertisements displayed in sponsored links box 303 may change according to the request sent to the Search Engine. The advertisements may be text-only information, text information with a still picture, any combination of the above optionally with a link for launching another portion of the UPG application that can display more information in relation to the advertisement, (e.g. an HTML page). [0098] Reference is now made to FIG. 3B , which shows a second example of a UPG screenshot. In this example, the grid comprises one row with a plurality of columns corresponding to the number of TV channels available in the digital TV bouquet. A horizontal bar is used to browse the list of channels (left/right arrows). [0099] The UPG display is not full screen, rather A/V content previously selected by the end user may still be displayed in the background graphic area. The sponsored link/advertisement in this case is displayed via a widget window 350 . [0100] From the UPG application, a search on demand feature is offered to the user, which can search for content according to criteria. This feature can be executed in a seamless way from the perspective of the end user when the end user elects to get more information about a particular event in the UPG (e.g. a trailer, movie poster, picture gallery, UGC, merchandise etc.) From the extended list of information, the user can then search for more content related to the selected event. All requests used for achieving those features are based on the Search Engine capabilities: Search applied on a particular Content Provider by adding a constraint such as site: www.imdb.com in order to restrict the search to a particular Web Site. Then the Search Engine returns URLs related to the selected events, the snippet generator being in charge to return the subset of metadata extracted from the cached imdb.com pages for the responses. Search with ranking: when searching for content related to a selected event, the search request is posted to the UPG Search Engine 130 . The search results are then ordered by ranking. Such a ranking strategy is managed on the UPG Search Engine 130 side and is defined by the TV Platform operator. For example, ranking could be such that: the first results in the list comprise content distributed by the TV Operator in the digital TV bouquet for free or as part of the subscription(s). Then, VOD content offered by the TV Operator could be at the second ranking level with VOD content offered by third parties (e.g. partners of the digital TV Operator) at a third level, user-generated content (UGC) at a fourth ranking level, etc. [0103] Reference is now made to FIG. 4 . From the UPG main application 401 , the user can navigate to the UPG grid 403 and then get extended information 405 about a particular event selected from the grid: such extended information is obtained from the UPG Search Engine by posting a request for the selected event and restricting the search by Content Provider (as described in more detail previously). Then, the UPG offers the user the ability to perform a further search to obtain content related to the selected event: this search is based on the “Search with ranking” method described in more detail previously. By reusing metadata associated with the display of the detailed/extended information screen 405 , the user is provided with a list of criteria 407 that can be used to set the search criteria that is to be sent to the Search Engine for obtaining the related content search results. This is useful since no user input is required (save for the choice of search criteria to be used, the criteria having been automatically populated by the UPG). One way to provide the list of criteria is similar to the mechanism described in International Patent Application WO 2006/004170 of NDS Limited based. However, in the present embodiment, a subset of the proposed criteria is used and said criteria are not retrieved from EIT but from the detailed metadata as returned by the Search Engine. [0104] From the UPG main application 401 , the user can also perform a search on demand 409 , which offers the user the ability to: Select the Category for the search (e.g. from: ALL, digital TV bouquet, VOD, user-generated content, local content, etc.); Select a genre for the search (e.g. from: ALL, audio, video, merchandise etc.); Enter a textual description of the search criteria in an input textbox (e.g. the end device is provided with a keyboard or a Remote Control where Alpha numeric key can be used to input text similar to text input on a mobile phone. Speech recognition is also a possible mechanism for inputting the textual description). The “search with ranking” method described previously is then used to return search results 411 to the end user. [0108] Reference is now made to FIGS. 5A and 5B , which are information flow diagrams showing the information flows during a UPG search request. [0109] The end user enters the UPG by choosing one of the possible entry points (e.g. a TV (broadcast) event, a VOD asset, an item of UGC, a UPG grid search request etc.) (step 501 ). The UPG presenter sends a request for event metadata to the UPG engine (step 503 ). The UPG Engine transforms this request into an HTTP request and transmits the HTTP request to the UPG Search Engine (step 505 ). The UPG search engine (which comprises the Vertical Search Engine, the snippet generator, and optionally the Ads inserter) performs the request within the global index using additional parameters to specify the VSE context (e.g. site restriction) and returns the results as an HTTP response to the UPG engine (step 523 ). The result is received by the UPG engine, parsed (step 525 ). Then the UPG listing is generated and transmitted to the UPG Presenter (step 527 ) and displayed to the end user (step 529 ). [0110] Reference is now specifically made to FIG. 5B , which shows a flowchart of exchanges within the UPG Search Engine for search request management and XDR snippet generation. It will be recalled that the Vertical Search engine (VSE) receives the HTTP search request from the UPG engine (step 505 ). The VSE then performs the search within the global index (step 507 ). The VSE is typically customized in order to return only relevant results for the TV context. For example, in the present embodiment VSE customization restricts the scope of the search within the global index to a predefined Web site (www.xxyyzz.com). The global index sends back to the VSE the URLs of content (i.e. locators that are understandable by the end user device) which match the search criteria (criteria X) and the VSE customization (step 509 ). The VSE then requests that the snippet generator produce an XDR compliant content description for each item of content listed in the search results (step 511 ). In order to build this summary, the snippet generator retrieves the document (e.g. web page) from the Internet cache, analyses it, and identifies the relevant information based on rules provided by the VSE (steps 513 / 515 ). The XDR compliant snippets are then returned to the VSE (step 517 ). Then, the VSE requests the Ads Inserter to return advertisements by providing criteria based on the snippets, initial UPG request and the target (e.g. the device running the UPG or the end user's profile) (steps 519 / 521 ). Finally, the VSE returns the HTTP response to the UPG engine with content URLs and snippets compliant with the XDR format (step 523 ). [0111] Reference is now made to FIG. 6 , which shows an end user device architecture (e.g. a STB) according to embodiments of the present information. The UPG Presenter is the end user application that runs over an interactivity engine such as a browser, a Flash engine, a Java engine or a Game engine. A user API is provided as the middleware entry points in order to use the Business Logic components implemented in the middleware. The middleware is typically agnostic of the interactivity engine running on top of it. In the present invention, the middleware also comprises the UPG Engine that exchanges search requests/responses with the Search Engine. [0112] Reference is now made to FIG. 7 , which shows the UPG system architecture according to embodiments of the present invention. Step 1 : Request [0113] When an end user interacts with the UPG presenter (in order to obtain detailed information about TV events for a particular channel (e.g. Channel 1 )), the UPG presenter then sends a request to the UI engine. Step 2 : Forward Request [0114] The UI engine forwards the request to a UPG object module. In the present embodiment, the request requests the next four TV events to be broadcast on Channel 1 (e.g. GET_EVENTS(BBC1,4)). Step 3 : XDR Request [0115] The UPG object module then builds the query terms of the XDR request from the received request. In the present embodiment certain criteria are automatically added to the query (e.g. the date and the preferred language for the metadata, which is useful for filtering the search results in the appropriate language when content is available in multiple languages.) The XDR request (e.g. (channelname:BBC1 and startdate>=“2006/12/31 15:00:00”)&lang=EN) is then forwarded to the UPG Core module with an indication that four results are expected. Step 4 : XDR Request [0116] The UPG Core Module posts the XDR request (e.g. an HTTP request) to UPG access module with optional HTTP header elements (e.g. cookies). In the present embodiment, a further criteria is added to the query: the maximum number of results expected. Although the request received from the upper layer was for four TV events, the maximum number of results is set to a higher value. An example of a typical search request posted to the UPG access module is: [0000] http://www.ndsyse. com/tv?_q=(channelname:BBC1&startdate>=“2006/12/3115 :00:0 0”)&lang=EN&results=20. Step 5 : XDR Response [0117] An XDR response (e.g. an HTTP response) is received and the XML body is forwarded to the UPG core module. Step 6 : XDR Decode [0118] The XML document is forwarded to the UPG XDR parser for decoding. The XDR parser analyzes the number of TV events returned, the advertisements associated with the search and suggestions for related assets (e.g. VOD, UGC, etc.) Step 7 : Ranking and Results Management [0119] The UPG Ranking Manager applies a ranking strategy to the results, i.e. from the responses, it extracts the suggested advertisements and suggested associated content. Step 8 : XDR Metadata [0120] The UPG Core Module receives from the UPG XDR parser the list of [0121] TV events matching the request together with the associated content (e.g. advertisements, VOD, UGC, etc.) Step 9 : XDR Metadata Caching [0122] The results are cached in UPG XDR cache. Step 10 : Return XDR Metadata [0123] Metadata associated with the first four TV events is returned to the UPG object module. Step 11 : Return Results [0124] The search results are returned to the UPG engine. Step 12 : Results Display [0125] The search results are returned to the UPG presenter and displayed to the user, optionally with the advertisements and related content suggestions. [0126] An example of a query language used by VSE 133 in embodiments of the present invention will now be described. When receiving a search request, the VSE 133 query parses the search request into an XML object representing a query tree. Then, the query tree is expanded by query expansion modules to enrich it (synonym, semantic) or to interpret it. A new query tree is thereby generated. Custom query processing modules can then modify the query tree before it is sent to the index server to be executed. [0127] Then, each tree leaf is associated with a collection of documents for which the corresponding predicate is true, thus producing a list of documents which are combined according to the operators (e.g. AND, OR, etc.) found in the inner nodes of the query tree. Document lists are then combined up to the root node of the tree in order to obtain a results set for the query. At the same time, documents lists are combined and a score value is computed for each predicate. The score values are then merged together to compute the overall document score. The final ranking score is added to two other score values that are assigned globally to each matching document: A proximity bonus (depending on the relative position of the search query terms in the document); and A static score assigned to the document when it has been indexed (e.g. a bonus value is given to documents in the index known to be popular). [0130] Referring now to FIG. 8 , a user has submitted a search for TV programs broadcast on Channel 1 containing the word ‘sport’ or TV programs broadcast on BBC2 containing the word ‘news’, and broadcast on 31 Dec. 2006. The corresponding query “(((channelname:BBC1 sport) OR (channelname:BBC2 news)) AND date:2006/12/31)” is expanded in a query tree as shown in FIG. 8 . [0131] A basic score computation example is a combination of the score class of the search term predicate (as defined in the original document when it was indexed) and the weight of the predicate in the query (e.g. the frequency of the query term). [0132] The query operators used in the query (e.g. OR, AND etc.) may also affect the score (addition, multiplication, minimum, maximum etc.). [0133] Indexing documents may also affect the score computation: when a search predicate matches an index field, the score value may be increase by a formula associated with this search field (in this way, search results with a genre defined as ‘sport’ can be presented before search results with ‘sport’ in the description). [0134] Reference is now made to FIG. 9 , which shows a representation of content access in the UPG system. All content types and categories can be accessed in a seamless way including via a classical grid based model as described above in relation to FIGS. 3A and 3B . Access to the UPG is based on an entry point. An entry point item can be, but is not limited to: a TV event (i.e. TV broadcast event), a VOD asset, an item of UGC, a UPG grid search request etc. For an entry point, the UPG system can obtain material related to the entry point, e.g. poster URL, trailer URL, images gallery (list of still picture URLs) etc.; and related advertisements. The UPG system can also access associated/related content, classified by the ranking methods described above. Each item of associated content may also be provided with its own set of related content as well as with related advertisements. [0135] In alternative embodiments, the overall architecture described above is used to build an archive UPG, i.e. a UPG used to browse past events that are no longer available in the digital TV Bouquet. As explained, by way of non-limiting example, in International Patent Application published as WO 2008/012488, by using a P2P system between end user devices such as a STB, it is possible for a user missing a broadcast event to recover it from another user's device via the P2P network. The present invention could be used to get old information related to the digital TV Bouquet by using Web archive metadata stored by the Search Engine. [0136] It is appreciated that software components of the present invention may, if desired, be implemented in ROM (read only memory) form. The software components may, generally, be implemented in hardware, if desired, using conventional techniques. It is further appreciated that the software components may be instantiated, for example: as a computer program product; on a tangible medium; or as a signal interpretable by an appropriate computer. [0137] It will be appreciated that various features of the invention which are, for clarity, described in the contexts of separate embodiments may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination. [0138] It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited by what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.	A method for retrieving metadata for use in a content guide is disclosed. The method includes: crawling one or more crawlable data sources; storing metadata extracted from the one or more crawlable data sources in an indexed cache; receiving a search request from a client according to search criteria, the search request requesting metadata for use in the content guide; searching a subset of the indexed cache according to the search criteria; extracting metadata from the indexed cache as results of the searching; identifying relevant metadata in the results, the relevant metadata including metadata suitable for use by the client in the content guide; and transmitting the relevant metadata to the client for use in the content guide.	7
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/481,244, filed Jan. 11, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,220,977, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/291,442, filed Apr. 13, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,152,841, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/837,542, filed Apr. 21, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,921,874, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference and made a part of this disclosure. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to the game of darts. More specifically, the present invention relates to a device for maintaining projectile-type darts in which various tools of different types and distinct functions are uniquely combined to facilitate quick and efficient maintenance of such darts under competitive conditions, including such functions as grooming of the fins or flights, tightening of the shaft, removal of the shaft when broken, sharpening of the tip when required, and removal of the tip when necessary. 2. Description of the Related Art A game dart is essentially a hand thrown fin stabilized projectile which includes four major sections, including a sharpened tip at the distal end, a head, and a shaft at the proximal end, the shaft having fins made of feather-like materials, metallic foil, plastic or the like, supported thereon which act as aerodynamic stabilizers. The head may also be denoted the barrel. The fins in combination are referred to as a flight. The sharp tip is attached to the distal end of the head and the shaft is attached to the proximal end of the head. While early darts actually used feather materials for construction of the flights, modem darts now primarily use various synthetic materials which have been proven to maintain a preselected aerodynamic shape and alignment. Typically, the flights are now made from mylar, metallic foil, and synthetic plastics of various types. Through use the flights generally sustain age which affects the aerodynamic performance of the darts resulting in reduced accuracy and consistency of flight. What is needed is a device which is capable of grooming the flights to restore and maintain the aerodynamic performance of the darts, while also having the capability to repair all sections of the darts in a relatively quick manner, without distracting the user, since the user is usually functioning under intense competitive conditions. In particular, a typical user of such darts requires heavy concentration on his or her own actions and score while remaining intent on the actions of the opposing side during their turn(s). Thus, a unique combination of tools in a single compact unit will permit the user to maintain the darts with minimum distraction from the game. As noted, the dart projectiles themselves have a sharp point at the distal end of the tip. These sharpened points of the darts are typically made of a metallic material. These dart points become dull during use of the darts when they hit objects such as dividing wires (i.e. wires which divide numbered segments on a dart board), other darts, or bounce out onto a hard surface. In order to resharpen the dart tips to a sharp point a stone-type sharpening tool having an abrasive sharpening surface is commonly used. Although the traditional-type darts with metallic tips are used with a bristle-type dart board, with the advent of electronics a new type of dart tip and board has emerged. There now exists an electronic dart board typically made of a plastic material and having a multiplicity of electronically sensitive apertures. These new dart boards contain electronic systems, so that the score of the game is automatically recorded and tallied when a dart enters an aperture in the board. Such boards are also made without the electronic features, whereby scores are manually tallied. These new dart boards require the player to use special dart tips made of plastic, so as not to damage the board or the electronic circuitry in the board. The plastic dart tips are typically attached to the dart head by screwing a threaded portion of the dart tip into a correspondingly threaded aperture in the dart head. However, in order to securely attach the dart tips, the tips must be sufficiently tightened into the dart head. The plastic dart tips typically have indentations on the proximal surface so that a wrench-type tool can be used to grip the tip to screw it into the dart head. Various types of wrench-type configurations may be used. The indentations on the surface of the plastic tips typically may have either a star-type configuration or a configuration having two or more flat surfaces. When two flat surfaces are used, they are generally parallel to each other. Other combinations of surfaces may include conventional wrench-type shapes including rectangular or hexagonal configurations or the like. In either instance, the wrench utilized for removal or tightening the tip portion will have a corresponding similar configuration, such as star-type or the like. The star-type configuration is such that when viewed from the top of the tip, it appears that the indentations in the surface of the tip form a star-type pattern. The dart tip removal tool is typically generally slid over the distal end of the tip and fits over the proximal end portion of the tip, and has corresponding protrusions which engage the indentations on the tip, thus securely holding the tip in place. The wrench type configuration is such that when the tip is viewed from the front, there are two flat indentations in the proximal surface of the dart tip. Again, the tip removal tool for this configuration fits over the proximal end portion of the dart tip and has corresponding parallel surfaces which engage the parallel sides on the dart tip to hold the dart in place. Other wrench type configurations operate in a similar manner. The plastic tips for the darts must be changed on a regular basis so that they function properly with the new electronic boards. Since the tips are made of plastic they are easily broken or deformed during normal use or by dropping onto a hard surface. Although, as described, there are tools for removing such tips, such tools are typically a thin sheet of metal and do not adequately hold the dart tip securely when loosening or tightening. Thus the indentations on the dart tips may become stripped and the threaded portions on the dart tips become damaged since the tips are not held securely in place while they are screwed into the dart head. Numerous innovations for dart tools have been provided in the prior art that are adapted to be used. Even though these innovations may be suitable for the specific individual purposes to which they address, they would not be suitable for the purposes of the present invention as heretofore described. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is a hand held device having a double bladed tool which conditions the flights by removing or reducing nicks and notches which occur through use. The present invention has a handle attached to a plurality of blades extending radially outward from the handle. A recess is formed between the blades. The blades are positioned to accept the flights of the dart. In use, a flight is slid through a recess in the blades which are squeezed together by the user. This action removes or compresses a small portion of the flight which restores the flight to a flightworthy condition. The types of problems encountered in the prior art are maintenance of game darts including; restoring aerodynamic surfaces of dart flights by removing nicks and notches in the flights, removing broken shafts and tightening shafts. The present invention solves the problem of restoring aerodynamic surfaces of dart flights by removing or reducing nicks and notches in flights by reshaping the flight until the nicks and notches are removed or reduced. The present invention solves the problem of removing broken shafts by providing a tool which engages the broken shaft end and permits turning the shaft so as to unscrew it from the head, or holding the shaft and turning the head. The tool has at least a pair of posts which are sharpened. Preferably, a plurality of sharpened posts (i.e. spikes) is provided, each having a slanted acute angular orientation toward the direction of unthreading of the broken shaft or tip. Such sharpened posts- or spikes- may be provided along the peripheral edge of a support post, or alternatively over the entire surface of the support post. The sharpened ends of the posts are inserted into the broken end of the shaft so as to pierce the relatively irregular broken surface of the shaft. The posts are recessed within the tool to permit safe pocket storage. The present invention solves the problem of tightening shafts by providing a post which is inserted into a shaft hole and in cooperation with the tool provides leverage for tightening or loosening shafts. Innovations within the prior art are rapidly being exploited as dart throwing increases in popularity. The present invention fills a long felt need for a device which restores the aerodynamic properties of the flights. In keeping with these objects, and with others which will become apparent hereinafter, one feature of the present invention resides, briefly stated, in a flight straightener. When the dart tool is designed in accordance with the present invention, the flights are restored to a flight worthy aerodynamic condition. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a flight straightener having a flight straightener top. In accordance with another feature of the present invention, the flight straightener has a flight straightener top and a flight straightener bottom. Another feature of the present invention is that the flight straightener top has a flight straightener top front which has a flight straightener top front right corner and a flight straightener top front left corner. Yet another feature of the present invention is that the flight straightener bottom has a flight straightener bottom front which has a flight straightener bottom front right corner and a flight straightener bottom left corner. Still another feature of the present invention is that the first dart tool has a first housing which contains a first sharpener a first sharpener opening and a third sharpener. Yet still another feature of the present invention is that the this sharpener has a third sharpener opening, and a third sharpener shaft connector remover. Still yet another feature of the present invention is that a second dart tool has a second housing. Another feature of the present invention is that the second housing has a second housing channel, second housing post, second sharpener, and a second sharpener opening. Still yet another feature of the present invention is that a flight straightener top and flight straightener bottom, in an operable position, are parallel to the flight. Another feature e present is that a flight straightener top and flight straightener bottom have peripheral edges which are not sharpened, functioning to permit safe use and pocket storage. Still yet another feature of the present invention is that a flight straightener top flight straightener bottom do not require a shield to protect the user when the first dart tool ( 110 ) is stored and during use. An alternative embodiment of the present invention is a dart tool for maintaining such projectile-type darts, each having a head portion, a tip portion and a shaft portion, the shaft portion having flight stabilizing devices supported thereon to form a flight. The present dart tool has the added feature of a tool for removing a dart tip portion that is threadedly attached in the head portion of the dart. The dart tool has a flight straightener which is attached to the housing. There is a top flight straightener and a bottom flight straightener each having a flat surface and a peripheral edge, which are squeezed together by a user while a dart flight is slid between the top and bottom, whereby the surface of the flight is smoothed and/or material is scraped therefrom. The dart tool has the added feature of having a wrench-type device for threadedly removing a tip portion from the head portion. One wrench-type device includes parallel flat surfaces to fix the position of the tip portion, and a second wrench-type device includes a star-type device for threadedly removing a star-type-tip portion from the head portion. Still another wrench-type device has parallel surfaces similar to the first mentioned wrench-type device, but is dimensioned to accommodate darts of lesser dimension. Each type of wrench is included in the dart tool. Furthermore, a dart shaft removal device is incorporated in the dart tool for tightening or loosening dart shafts and may also be used to remove broken portions of a dart shaft or dart tip, usually plastic, from the dart head. An added feature of the dart tool is a dart shaft holder which is incorporated into the housing of the dart tool by which a dart shaft is held in place while the user tightens or loosens a dart head. Preferably, the dart shaft holder is a channel in the housing which cradles a dart shaft, and a post is securely attached within the channel and extends upwardly therefrom whereby the post is positioned in an aperture provided in the dart shaft to hold the dart shaft in the channel fixed from rotation. The channel may be optionally coated with a non-abrasive material such as plastic, leather, rubber, nylon and fabric cloth, so that the dart head will not be scratched by the surface of the housing. In addition, there are multiple spikes protruding outward from the top of the post for gripping a broken shaft or broken tip broken at the level at the dart head. These spikes may be placed anywhere on the top of the post and are preferably angled in a direction opposite the threading direction of the shaft or tip to increase the grip the spikes have on a broken shaft or tip when in use. The spikes are preferably provided over the entire top surface of the free end of the post, but may also be provided along a peripheral edge of the post. The dart tool of the present invention solves the problem of removing old or worn plastic dart tips from the dart head by providing a device for holding the tip securely to eliminate slippage and unwanted movement. The dart tool of the present invention solves the problem of having to carry multiple separate tools to accomplish the task of removing various types of plastic dart tips, repair damaged flights, and sharpen steel tipped darts. The dart tool of the present invention conveniently combines a plurality of dart maintenance devices, applicable to darts of various types such as metal darts, plastic darts, etc. Because of its compact structure and its multiple functions, it can be readily incorporated into well known multi-function tools such as Swiss army-type knives or tools marketed under the registered trademark LEATHERMAN. The novel features which are considered characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to its construction and its method of operation, together with additional objects and advantages thereof, will be best understood from the following description of the specific embodiments when read and understood in connection with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Preferred embodiments of the invention are described hereinbelow with reference to the drawings, wherein; FIG. 1 is a side view of a first dart tool; FIG. 2 is a front view of the dart tool shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a top view of the dart tool shown in FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is a side view of a second dart tool; FIG. 5 is a front view of the second dart tool shown in FIG.4; FIG. 6 is a rear view of the second dart tool shown in FIG.4; FIG. 7 is a top view of the dart tool shown in FIG.4; FIG. 8 is a top view of a third sharpener; FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of the third sharpener shown in FIG.8, taken along lines 9 — 9 of FIG. 8; FIG. 10 a right side perspective view from above, of the dart tool constructed according to the invention illustrating an exemplary dart positioned to be inserted into the point sharpener of the tool; FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 11 — 11 of FIG. 10, illustrating the multi-functional features of the dart tool of FIG. 10; FIG. 12 is a plan view of the flight straightener device with a damaged flight positioned therein for repair; FIG. 13 is a cross sectional view taken along lines 13 — 13 of FIG. 12, illustrating a damaged portion of the flight shown in FIG. 12 prior to engagement by the flight straightener blade; FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 13 after engagement of the damaged flight by the flight straightener blade of the flight straightener device of FIG. 10; FIG. 15 is a rear elevational view of the dart tool of the invention, illustrating a multi-sized wrench-type dart tip removing device; FIG. 16 is a left side perspective view from above of an exemplary wrench shaped plastic dart tip; FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view of the rear portion of the dart tool shown in FIG. 11, taken along lines 17 — 17 of FIG. 15, illustrating the wrench-type dart tip removing device of FIG. 15, with a representative smaller sized dart positioned therein for tip removing purposes; FIG. 18 is a front elevational view of the dart tool of FIG. 10, illustrating an alternative embodiment of the star-type dart tip removing device; FIG. 19 is a right side perspective view from above, of an exemplary star shaped plastic dart tip; FIG. 20 is a cross-sectional view of the front portion of the dart tool shown in FIG. 11, taken along lines 20 — 20 of FIG. 18, illustrating the star type dart tip removing device of FIG. 17 with a representative dart positioned therein for tip removal purposes; FIG. 21 is a left side elevational view of the dart tool of FIG. 10, illustrating the dart shaft removing device of the invention; FIG. 22 is an elevational view of the dart shaft removing device of FIG. 21, illustrating the angled pointed spikes adapted for pierced engagement of the broken shaft for removal purposes; FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view of the dart shaft removing device of FIGS. 21 and 22, illustrating removal of a remaining threaded portion of a plastic dart shaft which has been broken at the level of the dart head; FIG. 24 is a cross-sectional view of a dart shaft removing device being used in a similar manner as shown in FIG. 23, illustrating removal of a threaded portion of a dart tip which has been broken at the level of the dart head; and FIG. 25 is a partial cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the dart shaft removal device for use with metal shafts, wherein the post is inserted into an aperture provided on the dart shaft for leveraged rotation of the threaded dart shaft from the dart head. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Firstly, reference is made to FIG. 1 which is a side view of a first dart tool 110 and FIG. 2 which is a front view of a first dart tool 110 . The first dart tool 110 comprises a hollow first housing. The first dart tool 110 further comprises a flight straightener 114 which is securely attached at a rear end to the first housing 112 . The first housing 112 and the flight straightener 114 are constructed from a material selected from a group consisting of metal, metal alloy, plastic, plastic composite, epoxy, fiberglass, and carbon-graphite. The flight straightener 114 comprises a flight straightener top 114 T which comprises a flight straightener top front 114 TA having a flight straightener top front right corner 114 TAR and a flight straightener top front left corner 114 TAL. The flight straightener top front right corner 114 TAR and the flight straightener top front left corner 114 TAL and the flight straightener bottom front right corner 114 BAR and the flight straightener bottom front left corner 114 BAL are rounded as shown in FIG. 7 to prevent damage to the flight during use. The flight straightener 114 further comprises a flight straightener bottom 114 B which comprises a flight straightener bottom front 114 BA having a flight straightener bottom front right corner 114 BAR and a flight straightener bottom front left corner 114 BAL. A damaged flight is shown in FIG. 12 positioned between the flight straightener top 114 T and flight straightener bottom 114 B. FIG. 13 illustrates the damaged portion 352 of the flight between the flight straightener blades. In operation a flight 350 , having at least one edge, is inserted between the flight straightener top 114 T and flight straightener bottom 114 B such that the flight straightener top 114 T and the flight straightener bottom 114 B straddles at least one edge of the flight. FIG. 14 shows how the user moves the first dart tool 110 generally parallel to at least one edge while squeezing the flight straightener bottom 114 B and the flight straightener top 114 T together. This motion alternatively smoothes and scrapes material from the surface of the flight. Referring again to FIGS. 1 and 2, alternatively, the flight is inserted between the flight straightener top 114 T and the flight straightener bottom 114 B such that the flight straightener top 114 T and the flight straightener bottom 114 B are generally perpendicular to at least one edge of the flight. The user moves the first dart tool 110 generally perpendicularly and outwardly to at least one edge while squeezing the flight straightener bottom 114 B and the flight straightener top 114 T together. This motion smoothes the surface of the flight. The center of the flight may be repaired in addition to the outer peripheral edge. The flight is inserted between the flight straightener top 114 T and flight straightener bottom 114 B. The flight straightener is brought toward the center of the flight where the top and bottom straighteners are en pressed together as shown in FIG. 14 The user then moves the tool along the length of the center portion of the flight that is damaged. This motion smoothes and flattens the center portion of the flight that is damaged. This motion may result in filaments of flight material attached to at least one edge of the flight at one end of the opposite end and extending beyond at least one edge of the flight. These filaments can cause degradation of aerodynamic flight. The filaments are removed by inserting the filaments between the flight straightener top 114 T and the flight straightener bottom 114 B such that the flight straightener top 114 T and the flight straightener bottom 114 B are generally perpendicular to at least one edge. The insertion is stopped when the flight straighter top front 114 TA and flight straightener bottom front 114 BA are positioned at the inner end of the filament. When the user squeezes the flight straightener top 114 T and the flight straightener bottom 114 B together and pulls the first dart tool 110 generally perpendicularly and outwardly to at least one edge of the flight the filaments are removed. The flight straightener top 114 T and flight straightener bottom 114 B have peripheral edges having a shape selected from a group consisting of not sharpened, rounded and square which functions to protect adjacent fins, a dart shaft, and the user. The first dart tool 110 still further comprises a first sharpener 116 securely positioned within the first housing 112 . The first sharpener 116 comprises a first sharpener opening 116 A in which a user sharpens a dart point. The first sharpener 116 is constructed of a material selected from a group consisting of stone, diamond cutting material, cubic zirconium, stone composites, and composites. Secondly, reference is now made to FIG. 3 which is a top view of a first dart tool 110 . The first dart tool 110 comprises a hollow first housing. The first dart tool 110 further comprises a flight straightener 114 which is securely attached at a rear distal end to the first housing 112 . The flight straightener 114 comprises a flight straightener top 114 T which comprises a flight straightener top front 114 TA having a flight straightener top front right corner 114 TAR and a flight straightener top front left corner 114 TAL. Thirdly, referring to FIG. 4 which is a side view of a second dart tool 210 , FIG. 5 which is a front view of the second dart tool 210 , FIG. 6 which is a rear view of the second dart tool 210 and FIG. 7 which is a top view of the first dart tool 210 all together. The second dart tool 210 comprises a second housing 212 which comprises a second housing channel 212 A functioning to cradle a dart shaft therein. A second housing post 212 B is securely attached within the second housing channel 212 A extending upwardly therefrom. The second housing post 212 B is positioned in an opening in a dart shaft functioning to hold the dart shaft in place while a user tightens or loosens a dart head. A second sharpener 216 is positioned within the second housing 212 . The second sharpener 216 comprises a second sharpener opening 216 A. The second sharpener 216 is constructed from stone. The second dart tool 210 further comprises a flight straightener 114 securely attached at a rear distal end to the second housing 212 . The flight straightener 114 comprises a flight straightener top 114 T which comprises a flight straightener top front 114 TA having a flight straightener top front right corner 114 TAR and a flight straightener top front left corner 114 TAL, The flight straightener 114 further comprises a flight straightener bottom 114 B which comprises a flight straightener bottom front 114 BA having a flight straightener bottom front right corner 114 BAR and a flight straightener bottom front left corner 114 BAL. The flight straightener top front right corner 114 TAR and the flight straightener top front left corner 114 TAL and the flight straightener bottom front right corner 114 BAR and the flight straightener bottom front left corner 114 BAL are rounded functioning to prevent damage to the flight during use. The second housing 212 and the flight straightener 114 are constructed from a material selected from a group consisting of metal, metal alloy, plastic, plastic composite, expoy, fiberglass, and carbon-graphite. Reference is now made to FIG. 8 which is a top view of a third sharpener 316 and FIG. 9 which is a cross sectional view of a third sharpener 316 along line 9 — 9 . The third sharpener 316 comprises a cylindrical third sharpener opening 316 A and a third sharpener shaft connector remover 316 B positioned within the third sharper opening 316 A. The third sharpener 316 is constructed from stone. The third sharper shaft connector remover 316 B comprises a third sharpener shaft connector remover plate 316 BA having at least two third sharpener shaft connector remover spikes 316 BB positioned round a periphery extending upwardly therefrom. The third sharpener shaft connector remover 316 B functions to remove a broken plastic dart shaft connector from a dart head. There are at least two third sharpener shaft connector remover spikes 316 BB recessed within the third sharpener 316 permitting the third sharpener 316 to be inserted into a user's pocket without incurring a prick from the at least two third sharpener shaft connector remover spikes 316 BB. The foregoing description can be found in my pending application Ser. No. 481,244, filed Jan. 11, 2000, which is a continuation of my application Ser. No. 291,442, filed Apr. 13, 1999, which is a continuation-in-part of my application Ser. No. 837,542, filed Apr. 21, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,921,874, issued Jul. 13, 1999, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein and made part of this disclosure. Referring to FIGS. 10 and 11 there is shown a dart tool 400 which is an alternative embodiment of the dart tool shown in the previous Figs. Plastic dart tip remover device 402 is combined in the tool 400 . FIG. 10 shows an exemplary dart 404 with tip 419 in preparation for sharpening in the sharpening device of the tool 400 . The alternative embodiment 400 includes flight straightener 380 top and flight straightener bottom 382 positioned generally parallel to each other for reception of a flight therebetween. The flight straighteners are connected to a housing 384 that is cylindrical in shape and is at least partially filled with a solid support material 387 , preferably metal for strength. The flight straighteners preferably have a square profile shape along the peripheral edge as shown at 381 in FIG. 10 . Alternatively, the profile shape of the peripheral edge may be sharpened, not sharpened, or rounded. A dart tip sharpener 386 is preferably made from a sharpening stone material and is positioned adjacent the metal support section 387 inserted into the opposite side of housing 384 as best shown in FIG. 11 . FIG. 11 shows a shaft removing device 406 with a post 407 having a plurality of points 408 on the end of the shaft remover 406 . The post 407 is preferably positioned in the center of a semi-circular channel 410 extending vertically from the top to the bottom of the housing 384 . The channel 410 is such a depth and width so that it securely holds a dart shaft in place when the dart shaft is being removed. In another alternative embodiment as shown in FIG. 25, a non-marking material such as plastic coating 422 may be attached to the surface of the semi-circular channel in the housing so as to provide a surface that does not damage the dart shaft. The non-marking material may be made of plastic, rubber, nylon, cloth or leather. FIG. 21 shows the spikes 408 on the post 407 . The spikes 408 generally point in a direction away from the base 412 of the shaft removal device 406 . Preferably, spikes 408 are positioned along the periphery of the free end of post 407 . Alternatively, they may be positioned over the entire upper surface of the free end of post 407 . FIG. 22 shows one preferred embodiment of the spikes 408 on the post 407 . The spikes 408 on the post 407 are preferably slanted at an acute angle in a rightward direction as shown to facilitate effective removal by unthreading of the broken portions of the dart shafts or tips with the shaft removal device 406 . This slanting of spikes 408 is made possible by the fact that the tool is intended only for unthreading of a broken tip or shaft, and not for threading of such broken piece. The direction of slant of spikes 408 should be opposite the direction of threading of the shaft so that the spikes may penetrate and grip the broken piece to unthread it from the dart head. Thereafter, the broken portion of the dart shaft will be removed by turning the dart head in the unthreading direction to engage the points of the dart shaft removal device 406 with the broken portion of the dart shaft as shown. The angled configuration of the spikes 408 facilitates better engagement and gripping of the broken dart shaft for rotation since the slanted orientation of the spikes actually causes an inward force provided by a user to have a rotational force component which enhances the user provided torque to remove the broken piece. As noted, spikes 408 can be included in various arrangements, i.e., over the entire upper surface of post 407 or around the peripheral edge. FIG. 23 shows the broken shaft remover device 406 engaging the broken portion of the dart shaft 414 that is broken at the level of the dart head 416 . Alternatively, FIG. 24 shows the dart shaft removal device 406 as it may be used in the same manner to remove broken portions of plastic dart tips 420 broken at the level of the dart head 416 . The number of spikes 408 to grip the broken shaft 414 is not limited to any particular number, nor only to the peripheral edge of the post 407 . Multiple rows of such spikes 408 may be positioned around the periphery of the post 407 as shown, and may also be distributed over the entire surface of the free end of post 407 to provide increased engagement of the broken shaft 414 , with improved gripping action. FIG. 25 shows the post 407 of dart shaft removal device inserted into an aperture 418 extending through a dart shaft 420 made of metal. To use the dart shaft removal device for a metal shaft, the dart removal device is inserted into the aperture 418 of the shaft 420 so that the shaft 420 is held securely in place and the dart head 416 can then be unscrewed in a counterclockwise direction to unthread the dart head 416 from the dart shaft 420 . Referring again to FIG. 11, the dart tool combines a wrench device 402 for removing a replaceable dart tip from the dart head. Since plastic dart tips on certain darts need to be removed from time to time, the tips are configured to have an outer surface profile made for engaged mating reception within the wrench device 402 . The outer surface of the tip may include multiple flats or dimpled recesses for engaged relation with the wrench device 402 , such that upon engagement, the wrench device may be turned to unscrew the dart tip from the dart head, or alternatively, the wrench device may be held fixed while the dart head is rotated in the unthreading direction. The preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 11 . Metal insert 387 is proportioned within housing 384 on one side thereof and dart tip sharpener 386 is positioned on the other side as shown, opposite the metal insert. Housing 384 includes a first aperture 422 which communicates with a first wrench-type device 428 , 432 defined by metal insert 387 . On the opposite side of housing 384 , aperture 442 communicates with a second wrench-type device in the form of a star wrench 444 , defined within metal insert 387 . Apertures 422 and 442 are of sufficient dimension and shape to accommodate entry of a dart head for entry into the respective wrench-type device. In FIG. 11, wrench-type device 428 , 432 includes two distinct wrench sections, as shown, to receive and rotate dart heads of respective different dimensions. The first wrench device 428 includes two parallel walls 428 as shown in FIG. 15 to accommodate reception of corresponding flat surfaces on a dart tip portion therebetween. Positioned inwardly of walls 428 are two parallel walls 432 which are spaced closer together from walls 428 to accommodate correspondingly dimensioned flat surfaces on the tip portion of a smaller dart. In operation, dart tips of two distinct sizes may be inserted into aperture 422 and gripped between the respective walls 428 , 432 for rotational removal from respective heads. Referring again to FIG. 11, aperture 442 communicates with star-shaped wrench 444 defined by metal insert 387 . Star-type wrench 444 is best shown in FIG. 18 and includes axial opening 450 having a plurality of radial fins 448 extending inwardly thereof and dimensioned and configured for entry into correspondingly positioned and dimensioned slots on the outer surface of a dart tip. Thus, when a dart tip is inserted into aperture 442 , and made to be aligned for entry of fins 448 into the slots thereon, the dart tip will be gripped for manual threaded removal from the head of the dart. The preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIG. 11 FIG. 15 shows a rear view of a wrench type device 422 having an aperture 424 on one side of the housing 426 that is slightly larger than the circumference of the dart head 416 so as to permit entry therein. The aperture 424 extends through the wall of the housing 426 and is configured in such a way as to receive a dart tip for entry into wrench-type device 428 . FIG. 16 shows an exemplary partial perspective view of a dart tip 434 contemplated for use with the wrench-type tool of the present invention. The wrench type dart tip 434 has a conical shape 436 that decreases in diameter approaching the distal pointed tip 438 . On the sides of the dart tip 434 there are two parallel flat sections 440 which form the wrench-type surfaces. The dart tip 434 is shown fully screwed into the dart head 416 . FIG. 17 shows a smaller dart tip 434 in the wrench type dart tip remover device 422 . The dart tip 434 is shown in engagement with the smaller parallel walls 432 inside the wrench-type removal device 422 . Since dart tips generally have two types of outer surfaces, namely a wrench-type surface with flat parallel surfaces, or a star-type tip, thus two types of removal wrenches are typically required. However, in the present invention the two wrenches are combined into one tool for easy access. Referring to FIG. 11, the opposite side of the aperture 424 of the wrench tip remover 422 extends completely through housing 384 to the front of the tool 400 . The aperture or opening 442 on the front side forms the star type device 444 for removing the star shaped dart point 446 . The star opening 442 is only slightly larger than the dart head 416 so as to limit side to side motion of the head but still allow easy insertion and for exiting. Referring to FIG. 18, a plurality of fins 448 extend out from the inner surface 450 of the star-type wrench 444 to grip the a dart tip point 446 . The fins 448 extend outward from the inside surface 450 toward the center of the aperture 442 . The length of the fins 448 is such that a dart tip 446 may engage the points on the outer recesses 452 in the dart tip 446 . The fins 448 are such that both the larger and smaller star shaped dart tips 446 can be removed using the star wrench 444 . In the preferred embodiment, there are four fins 448 spaced equally apart from each other in the aperture 442 . FIG. 19 shows an exemplary partial perspective view of the star-type dart tip 446 . The star-type dart tip 446 has a plurality of recesses 454 on the surface 456 of the dart to engage a corresponding number of fins 448 in the star-type wrench device 444 . The dart tip 446 is shown as being fully screwed into the dart head 416 . FIG. 20 shows the star-type wrench 444 engaging a star-type dart tip 446 . The fins 448 are shown to extend into the recesses 454 in the surface of the dart tip 446 . The dart tip 446 is now held securely in place so that the dart head 416 may be unscrewed from the dart tip 446 . It will be understood that each of the elements described above, or two or more together, may also find a useful application in other types of constructions differing from the type described above. Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of the present invention that others can, by applying current knowledge, readily adapt it for various applications without omitting features that, from the standpoint of prior art, fairly constitute essential characteristics of the generic or specific of this invention. While the invention has been illustrated and described as embodied in a dart tool it is not intended to be limited to the details shown, since it will be understood that various omissions, modifications, substitutions and changes in the forms and details of the device illustrated and in its operation can be made by those skilled in the art without departing in any way from the spirit of the present invention as described and defined by the following claims.	A first dart tool 110 having a hollow first housing 112 . The first dart tool 110 has a flight straightener 114 securely attached to the first housing 112 . The flight straightener 114 has a flight straightener top 114 T which has a flight straightener top front 114 TA having a flight straightener top front right corner 114 TAR and a flight straightener top front left corner 114 TAL. The flight straightener 114 further has a flight straightener bottom 114 B which has a flight straightener bottom front 114 BA having a flight straightener bottom front right corner 114 BAR and a flight straightener bottom front left corner 114 BAL. A first sharpener 116 is securely positioned within the first housing 112 . An alternative embodiment of the dart tool includes a unique combination of flight straighteners, tip sharpener and wrench-type devices for removal of metal and plastic types of several sizes, as well as a device for removal of broken plastic shafts and tips. A housing is provided having a flight straightener, a tip sharpener, and an adjacent metal insert which includes a through hole which defines wrenches of several types and sizes for ready tip removal. A channel is provided in the housing to receive a shaft for removal. Positioned within the channel is a post which is insertable into an aperture of the shaft to rotationally fix the shaft for threaded removal. The post includes a plurality of sharp tips at the free end for gripping the surface of a broken shaft or tip for threaded removal. The unique collection of multi-type tools in a single unit permits the player to concentrate effectively while quickly maintaining the darts with a readily accessible combination of tools.	1
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates in general to staircases, and in particular to a metal staircase for use in buildings with two or more floors. 2. Description of the Prior Art Essentially all multiple floor buildings must have one or more staircases. In buildings with two or more floors, the staircases are primarily for emergency use, and are not often used by occupants of the building. Since they are normally not visible, the architects desire an inexpensive nonornamental staircase that meets building code requirements. The buildings will have reinforced concrete floors or structural steel frames with deck and concrete fill. The staircases will have a metal frame, usually with concrete poured in each step and at the landings after erection. The most commonly used method in construction consists of constructing at a factory a lower flight assembly and an upper flight assembly for each section of the staircase between floors. If the staircase is a right hand staircase, with the wall on the right as the user ascends, then the lower flight assembly will consist of a pair of stringers with steps welded between. Just past the top step, the right hand stringer for the lower flight assembly will have a horizontal channel member extending forwardly to form one side of the landing. The upper flight assembly will have a horizontal channel member extending from the bottom of its right stringer to form the other side of the landing. To erect a section between floors, both the upper and lower flights must be suspended in place. A back channel member is then attached to the horizontal members to form the landing. Then a header member is installed to support the center part of the stair flight. The flight assemblies are secured together and a plate is placed over the landing members to define a landing. This is a cumbersome and time consuming operation since two flight assemblies have to be suspended at the same time. Because of the horizontal channel members being secured to the flight assemblies at the factory, the upper and lower flight assemblies cannot be interchanged. If the building requires two staircases, one right hand and the other left hand, the flight assemblies for the right hand staircase cannot be interchanged with the flight assemblies for the left hand staircase. This requires an additional number of noninterchangeable parts, thus adding to the cost of the staircases. Recently, staircases have been made by first constructing the landing, then securing the upper and lower flight assemblies to it. However, the connection means are complex and the flight assemblies are not interchangeable. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is accordingly a general object of this invention to provide an improved staircase and method for construction. It is a further object of this invention to provide an improved staircase and method for construction in which the lower flight assembly can be welded into position before positioning the upper flight assembly. It is a further object of this invention to provide an improved staircase and method for construction in which the upper and lower flight assemblies can be interchanged and used with either a right hand or left hand staircase. It is a further object of this invention to provide a staircase and method for construction having improved connection means for connecting the flight assemblies to the floor and the landing that provides adequate support and is easy to install. In accordance with these objects, the method includes a step of constructing a rectangular landing frame. The landing frame is first suspended from the building structure between floors. Identical designed flight assemblies are constructed at a manufacturing facility. Each flight assembly comprises two stringers and a plurality of steps. Upper and lower connection means are secured to each stringer. The connection means comprises rectangular bars welded to the inside of each stringer at the top and the bottom, each bar protruding outward horizontally. The lower flight assembly is brought into position between the suspended landing and the floor and secured with connection means. The upper flight assembly is brought into position and secured to the upper floor and the landing with connection means of the same design. Preferably, the header, or front member of the landing frame comprises a rectangular tube. The connection bars are welded to this tube, and floor structure. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of portions of a staircase in accordance with the invention. FIG. 2 is an enlarged perspective view, partially broken away, of part of the staircase of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the landing frame of the staircase of FIG. 1, with the upper and lower flight assemblies deleted. FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the staircase of FIG. 1, taken along the line IV--IV of FIG. 3. FIG. 5 is a top plan view of a portion of the staircase of FIG. 1. FIG. 6 is a vertical sectional view of the staircase of FIG. 1, taken along the line VI--VI of FIG. 4, with the upper flight assembly shown in phantom. FIG. 7 is a sectional view of the staircase of FIG. 1, taken along the line VII--VII of FIG. 1. FIG. 8 is a sectional view of the staircase of FIG. 1, taken along the line VI--VI of FIG. 4, but with the flight assembly shown detached to show the method of installation. FIG. 9 is a sectional view of the staircase of FIG. 1 taken along the line IX--IX of FIG. 4, but with the flight assembly shown detached to show the method of installation. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIGS. 1 and 3, a typical building is shown under construction. Several floors 11 of reinforced concrete or structural steel will be poured or erected before beginning to erect the staircase. Support columns 13 will be located at various points. Horizontal beams 14, thicker than floor 11, are positioned between the vertical columns 13. In pouring the floor 11, rectangular openings 15 will be left for providing the shaft in which the staircase is to be erected. Also, during pouring, a shoulder 17 will be formed in one side of the upper edge or lip of floor 11, or the beam 14, surrounding opening 15. Referring also to FIG. 7, four individual metal bases 19 will be embedded in the horizontal surface of the shoulders 17. Two bases 19 will be positioned on opposite sides, and two bases 19 will be located adjacent each other in the middle. The bases 19 could be of many different configurations. Also during pouring, four brackets 21 will be embedded in the lower surface of the beams 14 bordering opening 15. As shown in FIG. 3, a rod 23 is welded to each of the welded brackets 21. Rods 23 have threaded lower ends for receiving hanger brackets 25. A landing frame 27 for each floor is constructed at a manufacturing facility and shipped to the construction site. Each landing frame 27 will be constructed as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. Each landing frame 27 is rectangular, having three channel members 29, 31 and 33 welded together with the channels facing outward. Channel members 29 and 33 form the sides of the landing frame 27, and channel member 31 forms the back of the landing frame 27. Each side channel member 29, 33 has a closure plate 34 (FIG. 4) shop welded to its front end. A straight member comprising a section of rectangular tubing 35 is welded between side channel members 29 and 33 at the front. Header tube 35 is parallel with the back channel member 31 and perpendicular to the side channel 29 and 33. With 10 inch channel members 29, 31, and 33, the bottom of tube 35 is flush with the bottoms of the channel members 29, 31 and 33. Tube 35 is of considerably less height than the height of channel members 29, 31, 33; for example, the tube 35 may be 31/2 inches high, while the channel members may be 10 inches high. Tube 35 is set back from the front edge of the channel members 29 and 33 a short distance. As shown in FIG. 4, an angle member 37 is welded to the inside of tube 35 and to the insides of channel members 29, 31, and 33. Angle member 37 forms a support for a pan or cover plate 39 that is welded to the landing frame 27 at the construction site. A plurality of angle bars 41 extend across the bottom of plate 39 perpendicular to tube 35 for support. Angle bars 41 are shorter than the plate 39 so that the plate and bar assembly can fit inside the space between the angle members 37. Referring to FIG. 1, upper and lower flight assemblies 43, 45 for each floor are manufactured at the manufacturing facility and brought to the site. The upper and lower flight assemblies 43, 45 are designed identical, each having a right hand beam or stringer 47, and a left hand beam or stringer 49. Each stringer 47 and 49 has a closure plate 48 shop welded to its ends with a plurality of steps 51 welded between the stringers 47, and 49. Each step 51 comprises a tread 50 and vertical riser 52. "Right hand" and "left hand" refer herein to the position when one is ascending the stairs. Connection means for connecting the flight assemblies 43, 45 to the landing frame 27 and to the floor bases 19 are secured to the stringers 47, 49, at the manufacturing facility. The connection means comprises a pair of upper bars 53, 55 and a pair of lower bars 57, and 59. Referring to FIG. 5, the left hand upper bar 55 is welded to the inside of the left hand stringer 49, at the top and protruding horizontally outward. The right hand bar 53 is welded to the inside of the right hand stringer 47 near the top and protruding horizontally outward. The left hand lower bar 59 is welded to the inside of the left hand stringer 49, near the bottom and protruding horizontally outward. The right hand lower bar 57 is welded to the inside of the right hand stringer 47 near the bottom and protruding horizontally outward. Each bar 53, 55, 57 and 59 is welded to its respective stringer on the top, the lower side, and the back side of the bar to provide adequate strength. Each bar is about five inches long, with two inches welded to the stringer, and three inches protruding outward. The width of each bar is substantially less than the width of the staircase; it being about 11/4 inches, as opposed to a staircase width of four feet or so. The bars are square in transverse cross-section. As shown in FIG. 6, a filler plate 60 is welded to the top riser 52 below the upper bars 53, 55. Filler plate 60 extends across the width of the flight assembly and protrudes horizontally past the ends of the stringers 47, 49 about one half as far as the bars 53, 55. As shown in FIG. 9, another filler plate 60 protrudes horizontally outward also about one half as far as the lower bars 57, 59. The hand rail 61, as shown in FIG. 1, is welded to the stringers 43, 45 at the site, after they have been erected. In erecting the staircase, the landing frame 27 is brought to the site with plate 39 detached. It is hoisted into position between floors 11, then hanger rods 23 are attached to the hanger bracket 25, 31 and 33, which are shop welded to channel members 29. Then plate 39 is placed into position and welded to the landing frame 27. After the landing frame 27 is suspended, the lower stringer 45 is hoisted into position, as shown in FIG. 1, by placing the lower bars 57, 59 on the bases 19 (FIG. 3 and 7) on the lower floor 11. For leveling, a plurality of shims 62 may be placed on top of the bases 19, below the contact bars 57, 59. Shims 62 are considered to be an integral part of bases 19 after welding. Upper bars 53, are placed on the landing frame tube 35. FIG. 8 shows the lower flight assembly being moved into position, the final position being shown in FIG. 6. In the final position, as shown in FIG. 7, a clearance exists between the lower ends of the stringers 47, 49 and the floor 11. A clearance exists at the top, as shown in FIG. 6, between tube 35 and the upper ends of the stringers 47, 49. These clearances allow the flight assembly 43 to be shifted to some extent to account for variations in floor 11. The upper and lower clearances are closed off below by filler plates 60. The lower bars 57, 59, are welded to the shims 62 and to the bases 19, while the upper bars 53 and 55 are welded to tube 35. The weld on the left hand upper bar 55 is shown in FIG. 2. The closure plates 48 on the upper ends of stringers 47 and 49 will abut the closure plates 34 on the ends of channel members 29 and 33. These closure plates 34 and 48 are also welded to each other in the field. The upper flight assembly 43 is then hoisted into place. The lower bars 57, 59 are placed on tube 35 adjacent the lower stringer 45. The upper bars 53, 55 are placed on shims 62 and bases 19. Bars 53, 55, 57 and 59 are then welded in place. FIG. 8 shows the lower end of the upper flight assembly 43 being moved into position, and FIG. 7 shows the upper end of the upper flight assembly in place. Then, as shown in FIG. 2, a second filler plate 63 is welded between the base of the left hand stringer 49 of the upper flight assembly 43, and the top of the left hand stringer 49 of the lower flight assembly 45. A third filler plate 65 is welded to tube 35 between bars 55 and 57, as shown in FIG. 2. The closure plate 48 on the bottoms of stringers 47 and 49 are welded to closure plate 34. Once the entire staircase is welded into place, concrete can be poured into the steps, over plate 39, and into shoulder 17. Filler plates 60, 63 and 65 do not provide structural support but prevent concrete from pouring through and dropping below the staircase. Subsequently, a wall will be installed to enclose the staircase to define a shaft through the opening 15. Although there may be some differences in several floors of a building for architectural features, the staircases for each foor will have identical design. If the landing is selected to be positioned midway between floors, the upper and lower flight assemblies 43 and 45 can be interchanged. In any case, the flight assemblies can be used either with a right hand staircase as shown, or with a left hand staircase. The landing frames 27 are also interchangeable. It should be apparent that an invention having significant advantages has been provided. The method of erection by using rectangular bars allows fast positioning, welding and structural strength. The flight assemblies are interchangeable with each other and can be used with right hand or left hand staircases. While the invention has been shown in only one of its forms, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that it is not so limited but is susceptible to various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit thereof.	A staircase for use particularly in buildings with two or more floors. The method of construction includes the step of first suspending a landing frame between floors. The landing frame has at least one straight side for connection to the flight assemblies. The flight assemblies are identical in design, with the steps welded between two stringers. The flight assemblies include bars mounted to the inside of each stringer at the top and bottom to locate the flight assemblies. These bars locate and structurally support the flight assemblies between the floor and the landing.	4
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation-in-part of my earlier applications Ser. No. 310,416 and 310,414 both filed Oct. 9, 1981. This invention relates to a process for finishing a non-woven fabric suitable for use as a surgeon's gown, surgical drape, isolation gown, instrument wrap or the like where reduction of infection and a barrier to liquid penetration and contamination is desired. The finish of my invention becomes substantive on the fabric and serves to destroy migrating and cross-contaminating bacteria, fungi and algae. Such fabric is highly repellent to water, saline solution, body fluids and solvents, including isopropanol, is bioactive and serves to lower the amount of microbial contamination while providing a barrier to liquid contamination. One preferred use is a hospital gown of the single use or "throw away" type. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A need exists for a hospital gown, instrument wrap or like product that is water and solvent repellent, kills bacteria but is itself non-toxic, that provides permanent antimicrobial capacity yet the antimicrobial agent itself is not extracted from the fabric in use, and that maintains its microbiocidal and repellency effectiveness over a period of time but is not inhibited by sterilization, storage or handling. A particularly useful antimicrobial agent is DC-Q9-5700 available from Dow Corning Corporation of Midland, Michigan. The material is a silicone quaternary amine, chemically 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyloctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, and is typically supplied in a 42% solids solution in methanol. This material has been used to protect textiles and inhibit odor-causing bacteria and fungi which contamination may result in odor problems, discoloration and deterioration of these textiles. Application of this type of silicone quaternary amine onto the surface of textiles has been found to inhibit the growth of microorganisms and to aid in the control of the above-mentioned problems. As such it is authorized by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States Government for use on textile surfaces (EPA No. 34292-1) and it has also been accepted by the Food and Drug Administration of the U.S. Government for use in medical devices for use association with humans and animals. Surgical drapes, hospital gowns, instrument wraps and like materials are typically made of non-woven textiles or other non-woven type materials. When such silicone quaternary amines are applied to a non-woven substrate it was found that the substrate was rendered partially hydrophobic, but not sufficient to repel body fluids, alcohol and like liquids typically present in a hospital environment. The requirements for a successful medical fabric or substrate include the following: 1. Bioactivity--the substrate must be bioactive, that is it must achieve a 95% or better bactericidal effect within one hour. In other words, the material is bacteriocidal and not merely bacteriostatic as is the case with the treated wearing apparel discussed above. 2. Non-leachability--the bioactive/bactericidal material must remain on the substrate and not be leached from the substrate, but if leaching occurs it must be virtually undetectable, i.e. only less than 70 parts per billion (70 ppb) from a 11/2 inch×11/2 inch swatch according to test procedures, described in more detail below. Non-leachability or substantial non-leachability is a factor of the fabric sample or swatch size being tested. 3. International Nonwovens and Disposables Association--The fabric must be water repellent as measured by (INDA) test IST 80.7-70 (R77), referred to herein as the mason jar test. In this test a swatch of sample fabric is placed over the mouth of a mason jar containing sufficient normal saline (0.9% NaCl) that when the jar is inverted a 4.5" head of water results. The top ring is screwed onto the jar, the jar is inverted and placed on a glass plate. The inverted jar is observed and the time is measured until the jar leaks. The minimum time for a successful sample is 30 minutes for an instrument wrap fabric, and 45 minutes for a hospital gown fabric. In any event, an average time for successful fabrics is at least one hour after which the test is stopped. 4. Spray rating, a measure of water repellency--the subject fabric should be rated to have a minimum value of 75 according to the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) spray rating test 22-1971. In this test the fabric is held tightly on a metal hoop and sprayed with 250 ml. of water. The fabric is then rated by comparison of the sprayed fabric with pictures on a standard chart. 5. Alcohol repellency--is measured in a test in the manner of INDA test IST 80.9-74 (R77) which uses ethanol wherein for my comparisons and measurements isopropanol was the alcohol that was used. In this test equal amounts of serially diluted isopropanol solutions, ranging from 60% to 100% in increments of 10 percent, are placed on a sample fabric arranged on a flat surface such as a laboratory counter top. After five minutes the surface is usually inspected and the highest concentration retained by the sample fabric is noted. The minimum value is a 70% isopropanol solution, i.e. a 70% isopropanol solution is retained by the fabric but the 80% solution penetrates through the fabric to the underlying surface. The minimum value is 70%; fabrics according to my invention typically retain 80% and 90% isopropanol solutions. 6. Static decay--this is a measure of dissipation of static electricity from the fabric and is required in surgical environments where combustible gases are present. Static decay is measured according to NFPA test 56A in which a test fabric is placed in a meter (model 406B, Electro-Tech Systems) and charged to 5,000 volts DC. The meter measures the time, in seconds, required to deplete to 10% of the original charge or 500 volts DC; minimum values for this test are about 0.5 seconds, although preferred values are less than 0.2 seconds. 7. Cytotoxicity--the leachate removed from a sample of the medical substrate must not exhibit cytotoxicity to cells. This includes not only the antimicrobial agent itself but also other finishes, colorants or the like that may also be applied to the substrate. A typical testing procedure includes adding a standardized cell culture to a leachate recovered from a predetermined sample size of the substrate being tested, incubating the culture plus leachate and observing the culture for either cell death or morphological change to the cells in the culture. 8. The medical substrate must be non-flammable in accordance with standard CS-191-53. 9. Fastness--Although not required for certain end uses, if a dye is applied it must stay on the substrate and be fixed thereto thus free from crocking and water bleeding. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION I have found, and hereby disclose, a process for preparing a water and alcohol repellent, bacteriostatic non-woven medical substrate in which a solution of a specific silicone quaternary amine is applied together with a water-repelling fluorocarbon and a wax/resin fluorocarbon extender, to produce the desired repellent surface. The resulting fabric also forms part of my invention. According to the procedure of this invention a finishing bath is prepared containing the following ingredients: ______________________________________Ingredient Amount______________________________________(1) a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alcohol, typically isopropanol or methanol, as a fugative surfactant 0.5-0.3(2) 3-(trimethoxysilyl)- propyloctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride as the microbiocide (42% solids) 0.4-2.4(3) a cationic wax resin as fluorocarbon extender to provide water repellency 1.0-6.0(4) a water repellent fluorochemical 1.25-5.0(5) monovalent salt, such as sodium chloride, as an antistat 0.2-0.5(6) water, sufficient to make 100%______________________________________ In percent by weight of the bath The nature of each of these ingredients is explained below in more detail. The order of mixing these components together is also significant, that is it is generally in the order listed, and this too is explained in more detail below. Suitable non-woven substrates are used in the process of my invention are predominantly cellulosic in nature and include paper, cotton, rayon and possibly wool, but not the substrates composed essentially entirely of an acrylic, polyester or nylon fiber. The preferred substrate is a spunlaced, non-woven material and contains about 55-75% by weight paper (cellulose) with 25-45% polyester by weight. This material is available from DuPont under the trademark SONTARA, styles 8801, 8803 and 8804. In the procedure of my invention a non-woven substrate is directed from a supply reel through a pad bath (the content of which is explained below) and passed through a nip roll and squeezed to achieve an overall wet pickup (wpu) of between about 100 and 130% calculated on the weight of the non-woven substrate. Next the impregnated substrate is dried on the frame in a "flash" drying operation, i.e. the fabric will achieve a temperature in the range of between 325° F. and 400° F.; drying time is between 10 and 18 seconds at the temperature stated. I have found that fabric temperatures in excess of about 400° F. will greatly reduce the alcohol repellency of the fabric; on the other hand if heating is not sufficient the water repellency is lost. The skilled operator will have no difficulty in determining suitable operational parameters from the information given herein. The dried, finished product is then rolled and stored wrapped in plastic bags or the like. Other methods within the skill of the art may be used to apply the finish to the substrate. The preferred silicone quaternary amine bioactive material is 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyloctadecyl-dimethyl ammonium chloride which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,730,701, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. A class of suitable bioactive silyl quaternary amine compounds have the formula: ##STR1## in which R is a C 11-22 alkyl group and R 1 is chlorine or bromine. The preferred silicone quaternary amine is 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyloctadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride and is available as a 42% active solids in methanol from Dow Corning Corporation of Midland, Michigan under the designation DC-5700 (formerly Q9-5700). This material is well accepted in commerce and has been approved not only as a bacteriostatic textile treatment but also as a bactericidal component for medical device/non-drug applications. An alcohol or mixture of alcohols is included as a fugative surfactant to lower the surface tension of the water, the major ingredient of the bath. The alcohol is evaporated off during the drying process. An alcohol or mixture of alcohols in the C-1 to C-4 carbon atom range may be used; the choice of a particular alcohol will depend upon the user. Methanol is the cheapest, however the more costly isopropanol proves to be a better surfactant. The fluorocarbon repellent component is typically a dispersion of fluoropolymer in water. See generally Fluorine-Containing Polymers, Encyclopedia of Polymer Science & Technology, pp. 179-203, Interscience, 1967, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. The fluoropolymer component may be selected from a host of commercially available products including DuPont's Zonyl NWG, Zonyl NWF, Zepel RS, Zepel RN and 3-M's FC-831, FC-834 and FC-461. It is the fluorocarbon component that provides alcohol repellency to the finished fabric; the requisite amount of fluorocarbon component needed to achieve the alcohol repellency desired (see test No. 5, above) is used. One will select a repellent fluorocarbon component that is compatible with the system, i.e. the other bath components and processing conditions, is economical and provides the required alcohol repellency. As the fluorocarbon component is more expensive than the wax/resin extender, described below, it is desirable to use the smallest amount of the more expensive component as possible. The wax/resin component is well known in the art as a fluorocarbon extender. These materials are typically available in emulsions with a cationic or nonionic emulsifier. Suitable wax/resin fluorocarbon extenders commercially available include: Aerotex Repellent 96 a water dispersible wax resin containing reactive nitrogenous compounds available from American Cyanamid; Norane 193, a high molecular weight hydrophobic resin/wax complex, and Norane 88, both available from Sun Chemical Company; and Nalan W, a thermosetting resin condensate and Nalan GN, a polymer wax dispersion both available from DuPont. The wax/resin extender provides the finished fabric with the water repellency desired, serves to stabilize the silicone quaternary amine present in the bath and of course, allow for a reduction in the amount of the more expensive fluorocarbon repellent component. A minor amount of monovalent salt, typically sodium chloride, is added to the bath in order to enhance the antistatic property of the finished fabric. Suitable salts include sodium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium chloride; divalent salts such as calcium chloride should not be used. The salt when present in the finish accepts moisture from the surrounding atmosphere and readily ionizes, thus enhancing the antistatic properties of the fabric. The required amount of salt is dissolved in water then added to the bath. The order of addition of the various ingredients is important and is in the order 1-5 given above, except that one starts with the water component (6) into which the other ingredients are dissolved or solubilized. During operation it is important to maintain the pad bath in the temperature range of about 50° F. to about 100° F.; lower temperatures are inefficient while higher temperatures may cause the bath to gel. The bath may be applied by pad/dip/squeeze, as illustrated above, by spraying onto the fabric, with a kiss roll or other suitable wet processing method. The fabric produced in accordance with the present invention will demonstrate the following properties: bioactive--95%+bactericidal in 1 hour non-leachable--less than 70 ppb water repellent--45 minutes minimum (mason jar) spray rating--75 or greater alcohol repellent--70% isopropanol or better static decay--less than 0.5 seconds	Non-woven fabrics are rendered repellent to water, saline, body fluids and solvents according to the disclosed process that applied bioactive finish that becomes substantive on the fabric and serves to destroy migrating and cross-contaminating bacteria, algae and fungi. The finish serves to lower the amount of microbial contamination while providing a barrier to liquid penetration. Fabrics so treated are useful as surgeon's gowns, medical drapes, isolation gowns, instrument wraps and the like.	0
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a cylindrical filter element and to a method for producing such a cylindrical filter element. Cylindrical filter elements having film end plates as a closure are known, for example, from Duerrstein et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,040 (=DE 44 28 139). The end plates on the end faces of the filter element have an elastic design and are made of films which are heated for joining to the filter medium. The heating causes the films to expand toward the filter medium and partially penetrate same, thereby forming a seal on the end face of the filter folds. At the same time, the film material is cured by the heating, thus forming a firm connection by adhesion to the filter material. A filter cartridge is known from Coulonvaux, U.S. Pat. No. 5,547,480 (=WO 95/19832) which is arranged in a housing having an inlet for untreated air and an outlet for clean air. Such a filter cleans the intake air in an internal combustion engine. The filter cartridge is braced between two concentric surfaces of the filter housing. The bracing action simultaneously creates a seal, which must be reliably maintained during shock or vibration. German Patent Application No. DE 199 30 614 A1 (=U.S. Ser. No. 10/032,504) describes a filter cartridge, in particular for the air filter of an internal combustion engine. The filter cartridge is made of a filter paper which is folded in a zigzag shape and annularly joined to a cylindrical casing of the filter element. The end faces of the filter medium are cast inside a base plate and a cover plate. In the cylindrical interior of the filter element is situated a support tube having an elastic zone at its outlet end which is formed by axial slits in the end of the tube. The end of the support tube is made expandable in the radial direction by means of the elastic zone. Since the support tube is cast inside the cover plate, it expands along with the cover plate onto the connecting sleeve during installation of the filter element, thereby maintaining a positive-fit connection between the support tube and the cover plate. Finally, a cylindrical filter element is described in German Patent Application No. DE 198 29 989 A1 which has resilient end plates which terminate the end faces of a filter medium. A support tube has elastic zones on its ends, formed by slits, which have a positive fit with the resilient end plates. This connection yields when sealing surfaces are mounted on corresponding connection pieces in the filter housing, so that an additional seal is not necessary. Integration of the support tube into the filter element facilitates installation in the housing. The film end plates of the known filter elements are usually adhered so as to be even with the support tube. This often results in poor adhesion quality due to the production process in which the film is subjected, for example, to elevated temperatures (approximately 220° C.) for an extended period and fails to cure completely. This can lead to swelling of the end plates, and the adhesive bond can partially detach or pull away under certain conditions. This is especially disadvantageous if the filter is used as a fuel filter. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore the object of the present invention to provide an improved filter element which avoids the aforementioned disadvantages of the prior art. A further object of the invention is to provide a filter element which assures an improved connection between the support tube and the end plates. Another object of the invention is to provide a filter element with improved connections between parts which can be manufactured at reasonable cost. These and other objects are achieved in accordance with the present invention by providing a filter element comprising a folded filter medium which is annularly joined to form a hollow cylinder, a pair of film end plates at axial ends thereof, and a support tube which is inserted into the cylindrical filter element and to which the folded filter medium is affixed, wherein the support tube comprises an annular component adjacent each of the axial end plates, each said annular component having an positively engaged fit with the respectively adjacent axial end plate and being connected to a sealing element. Further advantageous preferred embodiments are described hereinafter. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will be described in further detail hereinafter with reference to illustrative preferred embodiments shown in the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1A shows a cross section through a cylindrical filter element according to the invention; FIG. 1B shows an enlarged sectional detail view from FIG. 1A depicting a first embodiment of the inventive connection between the adhesive film and the support tube; FIG. 2 shows a second embodiment of the inventive connection between the adhesive film and the support tube; FIG. 3 shows a third embodiment of the inventive connection between the adhesive film and the support tube; and FIG. 4 shows a fourth embodiment of the inventive connection between the adhesive film and the support tube. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1A shows a section through a cylindrical filter element 2 , which is made of a filter medium 6 folded in a zigzag shape or pleated configuration. A base plate 8 and a cover plate 10 into which the filter medium is cast, are provided on the end faces of filter medium 6 . The base and cover plates are constructed as film blanks with which the folded filter medium 6 is brought into contact. The resulting component assembly is then heated. The film material is thus caused to expand toward an end face of filter medium 6 , with the result that the filter medium is enclosed by or embedded within the expanded film material. The end plates 8 and 10 are then formed by curing the film material. Folded filter medium 6 is affixed to a support tube 12 which is integrated into cylindrical filter element 2 . This support tube may comprise one or more parts. In a multi-part arrangement, the individual parts may be interengaged with one another by a snap lock or similar fastening mechanism. FIG. 1B shows a section from FIG. 1A which represents the lower region of support tube 12 along with base plate 8 . In this lower region, support tube 12 carries on its side facing filter medium 6 an annular component or member 14 which with its lower end terminates at the end face of base plate 8 . Component 14 can be made, for example, of a synthetic resin material, such as polyamide. On its side facing filter medium 6 , component 14 has a shoulder 16 which in the region of base plate 8 forms an annular recess 18 in which the side of base plate 8 facing support tube 12 comes to rest. Below shoulder 16 in the region of annular recess 18 , component 14 has at least one circumferential annular ridge or radially outward protrusion 20 which contacts the film material of base plate 8 . In the present example, two such circumferential ridges 20 are provided. When the film material is heated, it expands toward the support tube 12 , as well as toward the filter material, so that after curing a positive-fit or interengaged connection is formed between base plate 8 and component 14 . Component 14 also comprises an internal circumferential channel or groove 22 which, in the outer region of its opening 24 pointing toward the axial end face of base plate 8 , has side edges 26 which taper in the direction of the support tube. The depth of channel 22 preferably corresponds to the height of annular recess 18 . A circumferential sealing element 28 may be inserted into channel 22 . In this way the filter element can be axially sealed in its housing. For this purpose the seal advantageously projects approximately 4 mm beyond side edges 26 . During manufacture of cylindrical filter elements, support tube 12 , which as already indicated may comprise one or more parts, is completely assembled and adhered to filter medium 6 . It is desirable for the adhesion surface to be as large as possible. Care must be taken not to damage the filter paper or filter medium 6 by the adhesion. In this way a reliable seal is achieved between the end plates, the filter medium, and the support tube. A reliable seal which may be used in particular for fuels is thus formed, since in this way the film end plates may be prevented from swelling under the effect of fuel penetration. Although the invention has been described here only with respect to the connection between support tube 12 and base plate 8 , it should be apparent that a corresponding connection also exists between the support tube and cover plate 10 which is situated opposite base plate 8 . With the described improved connection between the support tube and film end plate, sealing points, which have hitherto been necessary in the prior art, may be omitted. This is important, on the one hand, when the filter element is used as a fuel filter (the filter fineness and the demands on the filter are considerably greater for fuels than, for example, for oil), and on the other hand, this permits simpler production of the cylindrical filter elements as a result of considerably lower machine cycle times. FIG. 2 shows a further advantageous embodiment of the connection according to the invention in which like parts are identified by the same reference numerals. In this case, component 14 at the lower end of support tube 12 is constructed in such a way that it does not terminate at the end face of base plate 8 with its side which faces toward filter medium 6 , but instead has a projecting finger or peg-like extension 30 formed on shoulder 16 which is formed on the side of component 14 which faces toward filter medium 6 . Extension 30 ends just underneath the surface of the axial end face of base plate 8 . Shoulder 16 thus has a narrower design than in the embodiment according to FIG. 1B , with the result that opening 24 is enlarged. In the present embodiment, only the side of component 14 facing toward support tube 12 , in the axially outer region of component 14 facing toward the end face of base plate 8 , has a side edge 26 which tapers in the direction of the support tube. In this way, the film material of base plate 8 can surround the peg-like extension 30 when the film material is applied to the filter medium 6 in that it fills the space below shoulder 16 and also partially fills opening 24 of component 14 . The side of base plate 8 facing toward support tube 12 thus forms a direct connection with the sealing element 28 which is inserted into opening 24 , resulting in a reliable sealing of filter medium 6 after the film material is cured. In addition, the effective adhesion surface is increased, and a positively engaged connection is created between the end plate and filter medium 6 . As already described in conjunction with the embodiment in FIG. 1B , a corresponding connection also exists between the support tube and cover plate 10 which is situated opposite base plate 8 . A further advantageous embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 3 . As in FIG. 1B , the lower region of support tube 12 here also carries on its side facing filter medium 6 , an annular component 14 which terminates with its lower end at the axial end face of base plate 8 . Component 14 , on its side facing toward filter medium 6 , also has a shoulder 16 , thus creating an annular recess 18 in the region of base plate 8 . In this embodiment, however, the edge 32 of annular recess groove 18 pointing toward the axial end face of base plate 8 is beveled in the direction of filter medium 6 , so that annular groove 18 tapers in the direction of the end face of base plate 8 . FIG. 4 shows another advantageous embodiment of the invention. As in the embodiment according to FIG. 2 , annular component 14 has a peg-like extension 30 which is enclosed by the film material of base plate 8 . However, the component has no groove or opening in which a sealing element 28 may be inserted. Instead, component 14 has a straight construction on its side facing toward support tube 12 , and has a contact surface 34 through which it is connected to a corresponding surface 36 of sealing element 28 . On its side facing away from base plate 8 , component 14 has a shoulder 38 in which a correspondingly shaped projecting piece 40 of sealing element 28 can engage, whereby sealing element 28 requires a sufficiently large installation space for proper seating. For production reasons, e.g. to facilitate removal of molded synthetic resin parts from their molds, a plurality of parts may be interconnected to form an easily handled aggregate part, which can be later divided into individual parts. The foregoing description and examples have been set forth merely to illustrate the invention and are not intended to be limiting. Since modifications of the described embodiments incorporating the spirit and substance of the invention may occur to persons skilled in the art, the invention should be construed broadly to include all variations falling within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereof.	A cylindrical filter element which comprises a folded filter medium, in particular having a pleated configuration, which is annularly secured to a hollow cylinder, two expanded film axial end plates, and a support tube which is integrated into the cylindrical filter element and upon which the folded filter medium may be affixed. The support tube has an annular components adjacent respective axial end plates which has an interlocking fit with the film end plates and which may be connected to a sealing element.	1
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a barreled weapon with chemical-electrical hybrid propulsion through the intermediary of regenerative injection of fluid propellants through at least one axially movable piston. 2. Discussion of the Prior Art At this time, there is already common knowledge of barreled weapons with regenerative injection of fluid propellants, which operate with the use of either monergolic or diergolic liquids. In the utilization of monergolic propellants, for example, the propellant is injected by a differential piston during the combustion operation, as a result of which there is given an overall regulated combustion cycle. However, in all instances, the energy consumption which is required for the driving of the piston is relatively high. Pursuant to another system, the monergolic propellant is pumped into a space or chamber behind the projectile and ignited therein, whereby the projectile assumes the sealing relative to the weapon barrel. This system is simple in its construction; nevertheless, there is encountered significant difficulties in attempting to achieve a precise triggering and a reproducible combusting or deflagration. From the disclosure of German Patent 31 53 053 there has become known a liquid propellant-artillery or cannon arrangement with a direct injection, in which a T-shaped differential-pressure piston is axially movably arranged in a breech housing behind the cannon or gun barrel. The differential-pressure piston possesses an axial bore which extends through its head and shaft for the reloading of projectiles. This known arrangement represents an extremely complicated apparatus which has a large constructional volume and in which the loading and discharge of a cartridge or shell is solved in a technologically complex manner. In addition thereto, in connection with barreled weapons providing for regenerative injection of chemical propellants, there is encountered the general drawback that, with the currently known technology, it is not possible to attain muzzle velocities for the projectiles of significantly above 2200 m/sec., in order to be able to meet the future demands of a modern high-performance barreled weapon. As is known, extremely high muzzle velocities for the projectile are attained in so-called electrothermal cannons. This occurs through the employment of electrical energy which is transmitted to a work medium through the electric arc discharge in a plasma burner. With the present state-of-the-art in the technology, the spatial requirement and the mass of the necessary electrical accumulators are too large in size to be able to be built into a combat vehicle which can be employed by troops. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a barreled weapon of the above-mentioned type which, with a simple kind of construction, small requirements of space and without any excessive increases in technological requirements, facilitates the attainment of extremely high muzzle velocities for the projectiles. This object is inventively achieved in that the propellant components and/or the gases which are developed due to the reaction of the propellant components, are forcibly conducted past an electrode arrangement of a plasma burner in such a manner whereby the electrical energy of a light corona or arc discharge is coupled into the matter streaming therepast. The decisive advantage of this barreled weapon resides in that there is attained a muzzle velocity which lies significantly above the values which are presently achievable through barreled weapons with a liquid propulsion or a powder drive. Concurrently, by means of this inventive combination, there is achieved a reduction in the demands on storage or accumulator capacity and also with regard to the energy supply in comparison with purely electrically-operated accelerators. Further advantages afforded themselves in that there becomes possible the utilization of different liquid propellant combinations, for example, such as monergoles, and which no longer evidence the special safety problems of highly- energetic monergoles. At an suitable selection of propellants, the fluid propellant for the barreled weapon can additionally also be employed for the operation of the primary energy generator of the electrical propulsion components. Finally, no separate triggering is necessary for the fluid propulsion. The inlet pressure which is required for the injection is generated by the ignition of the corona or light arc in the plasma burner. Pursuant to a specific embodiment of the invention, the plasma burner can be constructed annularly or ring-shaped, and arranged in the rearward region of the projectile magazine in the weapon housing or in the weapon barrel, whereby its inner flow-through opening is in open communication with the combustion chamber and/or the passageways for the combustion gases and uncombusted portions of the propellant components. Furthermore, the plasma burner can be a ring-shaped member constituted of electrically-insulating material, which is inserted into the cylinder wall of the projectile chamber so as to be axially and radially undisplaceable, whereas a ring-shaped electrode with an electrically-insulated supply line of an energy source which is conducted out from the weapon housing or the weapon barrel is inserted into the inner mantle surface in the forward region of the member while the second electrode is electrically-conductively connected with the weapon housing. In a particular embodiment of this inventive concept, the ring-shaped electrode can be formed from individual segments which are presently connected with their own electrically-insulated supply lines, and in their arrangement and quantity correspond to the location and the number of the passageways for the liquid and/or gaseous propellant components. The arrangement of a plurality of individual segments, in an advantageous manner, facilitates a controlled, time-staggered coupling of the energy. The ring-shaped body of the plasma burner can possess a certain number of axially-parallel bores which are streamed through by the propellant components and which serve as a discharge structure for the corona or electric arcs, which are ignited between the applicable electrodes, whereby the outflow of the propellant in proximity to the first electrode is carried out through suitably selected bores in the charging chamber behind the propulsion mechanism for a projectile. For the ignition of the electric arc there can be employed an electrically-conductive coating on the otherwise insulated rearward portion of a propulsion mechanism or propellant cage for a projectile which is introduced into the projectile chamber, whereby the second electrode selectively corresponds in the arrangement and quantity thereof with the first ring-shaped or segmented electrode. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING Further features and advantageous embodiments can now be readily ascertained from the following detailed description of an exemplary construction of a barreled weapon with a ring-shaped arrangement of a single injection piston, wherein: FIG. 1 illustrates, partly in longitudinal section, the barreled weapon with regenerative propellant injection and with the installation of a plasma burner. FIG. 2 illustrates an exploded view of the area circled as detailed in circle II of FIG. 1. FIG. 3 illustrates a cross-section of the barreled weapon taken along lines III--III of FIG. 2. However, it is to be noted that other injection concepts can also be selected, which have a plasma burner associated therewith without deviating from the scope of the invention. For example, it is possible to employ two ring pistons, which are located opposite each other. In the same manner, a single injection piston can also be arranged axially behind the weapon barrel. Furthermore, there can be provided one or more separate injection systems either radially or axially or in interposition relative to the bore axis of the weapon barrel. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The barreled weapon 1 possesses a weapon housing 3 at the rearward end of the weapon barrel 2. Arranged in the weapon housing 3 is the projectile chamber 5 coaxially of the bore axis 4, into which there is introduced a projectile 6 with propellant mechanism and which is in readiness for firing. The projectile chamber 5 is formed by a cylindrical caliber part 7 which has its end surfaces 8, with the respective interposition of sealing rings 9, bounding insert pieces 10 axially contacting against the caliber part 7. The insert pieces 10 are connected in a close fit with the weapon housing 3 through the intermediary of a screw connection 11. Intermediate the outer mantle surface 12 of the caliber part 7 and the inner mantle surface 13 of the weapon housing 3 there is formed a ring-shaped cylinder or annulus 14, into which there is inserted a ring piston 15 so as to be axially movable. The ring piston 15 possesses a piston head 16 and a piston shaft 17, whereby the transitions between the piston head 16 and the piston shaft 17 incorporates steps 18 and 19 at the radially inwardly and radially outwardly located side, which extend into corresponding cutouts 20 and 21 in sealing supports 22 and 23 upon their rearward contact. The sealing supports 22 and 23 possess sealing elements 24 in annular grooves so as to, in this manner, achieve a radial sealing of the loading chambers 25 and 26 behind the piston head 16. Extending from the end surface of the ring piston head 16 are inlet passageways 28 and 29 which connect into the loading chambers 25 and 26. In the region of the contacting plane 27 of the end surface of the piston head with the oppositely located end surface of the insert piece 10, radial cutouts 30 are provided in the cylindrical wall of the caliber part 7, whose through-passing surface is at least equal in size to the cross-sectional surface of the projectile chamber 5. The ring-shaped encompassingly arranged cutouts 30 are presently separated from each other by webs or connectors 31. The breakthroughs or cutouts 30 connect as passageways from the combustion chamber in the contact plane 27 in the projectile chamber 5 into the rearward region. Immediately axially in front of the passageways 30, there is inserted into respective recesses in the cylindrical wall 32 of the projectile chamber 5 a ring-shaped plasma burner 33 consisting of an electrically-insulating material; for example, ceramic, so as to be axially and radially non-displaceable. This ring-shaped plasma burner 33 with the ring-shaped electrode 34 which is inserted in the forward region, and which is inserted into an annular groove 35 of the plasma burner. As best seen in FIG. 2, in the illustrated embodiment, the electrode 34 is formed from a total of three mutually separated ring segments, which are respectively connected with their own electrically-insulated supply lines 36 from an energy source 37. Hereby, the quantity of segments corresponds to the number of the passageways 30. The position of the individual segments of the ring-shaped electrode 34 is presently located in the region of the breakthroughs or passageways 30 in the caliber part 7. The required second electrode 38 is situated at the rearward end of the discharge section of plasma burner 33, and stands in electrical contact with the caliber part 7 as at 41. The ignition of the electric arc is effected through a thin electrically-conductive layer or coating which is provided on the surface of the propulsion mechanism 39, which at this location is covered with an insulating coating. The arrangement and the quantity of the electrically-conductive layers herein again corresponds to the position and the quantity of the individual segments of the first electrode 34. After a suitable ignition of the electric arc, a gas pressure is built up in the passageways 30 and the region of the combustion chamber ahead of the injection piston 15, which causes the axial injecting movement of the piston 15. In order to improve upon the buildup in the gas pressure, parts of the propulsion mechanism 39 which is formed as an insulator can be vaporized by the electric arc. The propellant components 40, and/or the gases which are generated during the reaction of the propellant components 40, pass through he passageways 30 behind the projectile 6 into the projectile chamber 5, as a result of which the projectile is accelerated. During the streaming past of the combustion gases and the partly unconverted propellant components 40 through the plasma burner 33, there is furthermore concurrently effectuated the discharge of the electric arc across the two electrodes 34 and 38, such that the thereby generated electrical energy is coupled into the matter therepast. This has the consequence, that the matter streaming therepast is raised up to an extremely high velocity. At a suitable selection of the propellant components 40 there are additionally produced combustion products possessing low molecular weights. Obtained therefrom due to known internal ballistic conditions, is that the projectile will exit the weapon barrel 2 with a significantly increased muzzle velocity in comparison with currently usual weapons.	A barreled weapon with chemical-electrical hybrid propulsion through the intermediary of regenerative injection of fluid propellants through at least one axially movable piston. The propellant components and/or the gases which are developed due to the reaction of the propellant components, are forcibly conducted past an electrode arrangement of a plasma burner in such a manner whereby the electrical energy of a light corona or arc discharge is coupled into the matter streaming therepast.	5
BACKGROUND AND BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to an improved frame construction for self-supporting spherical enclosures, and is particularly concerned with self-supporting structures of the type commonly referred to as "radomes." A self-supporting radome construction is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,392,495. In that disclosed structure, a random distribution of structural elements is provided which employs a limited number of different-sized structural components without adversely affecting the performance of radar equipment enclosed therein. Further, that structure provides for a random distribution of structural elements or struts being divided into four basic groups. A typical structure in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 3,392,495 was nineteen panels per section and twenty triangular sections per dome. Further, where the inner surface of the radome differs from the outer surface a maximum of five different panels are required, because although only four basic panel groups are required, one of the groups is unequally shaped and two sets must therefore be provided, one the mirror image of the other. The present invention provides a radome construction which is an improvement of the radome construction disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,392,495. Our invention decreases the number of individual panels required, the kinds of panels and the number of structural elements or struts. This results in reduced manufacturing, shipping, and erection costs. More particularly, in the aforementioned patent where the exterior finish is different than the interior finish, five basic size panels are required for construction. With the present inventionn, only four panel sizes are necessary regardless of the surface finish required. In the present invention, the configuration of panels also results in fewer panels required for each triangular area. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, four basic triangular openings are formed utilizing four basic elements. The triangular openings are interconnected in a standard reoccurring pattern. Each pattern comprises three first isosceles triangles, three equilateral triangles, three second isosceles triangles, a fourth equilateral triangle and three identical irregular triangles. Each of the first isosceles triangles has a vertex located at one of the vertices of an imaginary spherical triangular subdivision. One side of each of the three equilateral triangles is equal and parallel to the base of each of the first isosceles triangles. The vertices of the fourth equilateral triangle are common to a vertex of each of the three equilateral triangles. The three second isosceles triangles each have one side equal and parallel to one side of the three equilateral triangles and the other side equal and parallel to one side of the fourth equilateral triangle. The three identical irregular triangles each have a side extending from the common vertices of the three equilateral triangles and the fourth equilateral triangle, which side extends through an equal distance beyond the sides of the imaginary triangular subdivision. Another side is equal and parallel to a side of each of the three equilateral triangles. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view in side elevation of a radome frame construction embodying the principles of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a view in perspective of a spherical body with its surface divided into a predetermined number of spherical equilateral triangular subdivisions; FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic illustration of the random pattern established in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 3,392,495; FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic view showing a random pattern established in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the structural elements assembled in triangular form with a mating panel member; FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken along line 6--6 of FIG. 4; FIGS. 7A to 7C are diagrammatic views depicting the series of successive steps followed in establishing the random pattern illustrated in FIG. 4; and FIGS. 8A to 8D are illustrations showing the maximum number of triangular panels required to enclose the frame structure shown in FIG. 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIG. 1, the basic framework of a substantially spherical self-supporting radome structure generally indicated by the reference numeral 10 is shown mounted in a conventional manner on a circular base 12. Radome 10 has been illustrated diagrammatically with the random disposition of its basic structural elements indicated typically by the reference numeral 14 shown in simple line form. In structures of this type a random disposition of structural elements is essential if the enclosed radar equipment is to function properly. The random distribution of the structural elements are interconnected in accordance with a carefully developed standard random pattern which is repeated over the entire surface of the structure. This standard pattern, a more complete description of which will hereinafter be provided, is contained almost entirely within one of a plurality of large spherical equilateral triangular subdivisions 16, having sides 20 which are emphasized by heavier dotted lines, as shown in FIG. 2. The aforementioned standard random pattern (shown on an enlarged scale in FIG. 4), is geometrically developed by following a series of steps. The first of these steps involves subdividing the surface of the spherical structure 10 into the aforementioned basic spherical equilateral triangular subdivisions 16. This technique is illustrated in FIG. 2 which shows the surface of a typical spherical body 18 subdivided into the equilateral triangles 16, the sides 20 shown as dotted lines. It is to be understood at this point that the large triangular areas 16 defined by heavy dotted lines 20 in FIG. 1 correspond to the identically numbered triangular subdivisions in FIG. 2. The spherical equilateral triangles 16 provide a basis for developing the standard pattern which will govern the ultimate random arrangement of individual structural elements. Thus, it can be seen that once a standard pattern has been developed for one such basic triangular subdivision, the same pattern will apply equally as well to the remaining triangular subdivisions into which the surface of the spherical structure has been divided. Similar steps were followed in the development of the random pattern disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,392,495. In that pattern where the outer surface was different from the inner surface five basic panels were required. Referring to FIG. 3, (which corresponds to FIG. 3 of that patent), the five basic panels are identified as a; b; c; d 1 , d 3 , d 5 ; and d 2 , d 4 , d 6 . Panels d 1 , d 3 , d 5 are identical irregular triangles and panels d 2 , d 4 , d 6 are identical irregular triangles which are mirror images of panels d 1 , d 3 , d 5 . In the present invention, only four basic panels are required. Referring to FIG. 4, the four basic panels are identified as A, B, C, and D. In FIG. 4, one of the basic spherical triangular subdivisions 16 shown in FIG. 1 has been divorced from the remainder of the structure and shown alone with the standard pattern governing the random disposition of the four basic panels superimposed thereon. In FIGS. 2 and 4, the structural elements 14 are shown in simple line form. The fabrication of the individual panels A, B, C, and D is shown more clearly in FIG. 5. The fabrication of only one panel will be described in detail. Structural elements 14a are secured at their ends to wedges 15 such as by welding to form a triangle frame. The elements 14a are characterized by a plurality of apertures 17 therein. A membrane 19 has a depending apertured flange 21 about its perimeter. The triangular frame is received within the apertured flange 21a to form a panel such as A, B, C, or D. Referring to FIG. 6, a typical method of securing adjacent panels is more clearly shown. Flanges 21a and 21b are abutted along their entire length and sandwiched between structural elements 14a and 14b. The apertures of the flanges 21a and 21b and the elements 14a and 14b are in register and the flanges and members are bolted together along the length of the sides of the panels. In the following description, the standard pattern is formed using four basic triangular panels. In practice, the sides of adjacent triangular panels are abutted and bolted together. For clarity, only one line will be used to illustrate the abutting adjacent sides of the triangular panels. Further, the triangular panels will be described simply as triangles and where the sides are of equal length the same numerical designation is used. Referring to FIGS. 7A-C, the same triangular subdivision 16 of FIG. 4 is also shown at various stages in the geometric development of the standard pattern. The triangular subdivision 16 is shown with the sides 20 represented by dotted lines which intersect to form three vertices X, X' and X". In FIG. 7A are first isosceles triangles A, each having sides 22 and a base 24. Vertices 23 are formed by the sides 22 and are located at points X, X' and X". Vertices 25 are formed by the sides 22 and the bases 24. Identical equilateral triangles B are then formed, the bases 24 of the triangles A being adjacent and equal to one side of each of the triangles B. The other two sides of the equilateral triangles B, being of equal length, are also designated 24 and form vertices 27. The size and position of the A-B triangle combinations are adjusted in a symmetrical manner such that the three inner vertices 27 of the B triangles are common to the vertices 27' of an equilateral triangle B' having side lengths 24 equal to equilateral triangles B. FIG. 7B shows the next step in the development of the standard pattern. From each of the adjacent vertices 27--27' a side 30 extends through the midpoint of the sides 20 and extends an equal length beyond the sides 20. Preferably, side 30 is normal to side 20. In FIG. 7C, the final steps are accomplished by forming second isosceles triangles C and irregular triangles D. The second isosceles triangles C include sides 24 adjacent and equal to the opposed sides 24 of the equilateral triangles B and B'. The bases 32 of the triangles C extend from the one end of the side 30 adjacent vertices 27--27' to verticles 25-27 of the adjacent triangles A and B. Sides 24 extend from the other end of the side 30 to vertices 25-27 of the adjacent triangles A and B. Each triangle D comprises side 30; side 32, which is adjacent to the bases 32 of the triangles C; and side 24. In FIG. 4, the standard random pattern is more clearly illustrated. The contiguous triangles of the next succeeding random pattern are shaded. By arranging structural members along the lines defined by the sides of the triangles A, B, C and D, only four basic members equal to the sides 22, 24, 30 and 32 are required. The A triangles are isosceles and utilize the two equal sides 22, the first basic element length, and share with the equilateral triangles B the common side 24, the second basic element length. The C triangles are also isosceles and utilize the equal sides 24 of the adjacent equilateral triangles B. The third side 32 on the base of the triangle C is the third basic element length. Finally, the irregularly dimensionsed D triangles are formed by the sides 30, the fourth basic element length and the sides 24 and 32. Where the triangular panels are individually fabricated, a maximum of four different panels will be required as shown in FIG. 8 regardless of whether or not the interior finish of the structure 10 is the same as the exterior. This relatively low number of differently dimensioned structural elements is of significant importance both in the fabrication and subsequent construction of radome structures. More particularly, when fabricating differently dimensioned elements, jigs and fixtures must be designed for each element in order to facilitate mass production. By minimizing the number of differently dimensioned elements, a comparable reduction is realized in the various jigs and fixtures required, thereby giving rise to a substantial saving in tool costs. Moreover, the low number of differently dimensioned components facilitates subsequent shipment of a radome structure in a disassembled state. Finally, the task of assembling the radome structure at the construction site is considerably simplified by the reduction in number of differently dimensioned components. This is of considerable importance when one considers that most radome structures are assembled at remote construction sites, often under severe climatic conditions which predominate in arctic regions. Although described in connection with radomes, it is to be understood that the invention applies to all types of spherical enclosures.	A self-supporting radome construction is formed from a random distribution of four basic structural elements assembled in a standard reoccurring pattern. The elements define four basic triangular openings. Each triangular opening is covered with a panel, and only four panel sizes are required whether or not the interior surface is the same or different than the exterior surface.	4
FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] This invention relates to semiconductor devices and methods for making the same. More particularly, this invention relates to monitoring the film quality of conductive films used in semiconductor devices and the effectiveness of the annealing processes used to anneal such films. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] As devices shrink and levels of integration increase in today's rapidly emerging semiconductor manufacturing industry, it is critical to accurately monitor the components used to form semiconductor devices, including the materials used to form the components. This monitoring is especially critical for the conductive interconnect features used to couple the thousands of discrete component devices that combine to form an integrated circuit. High speed devices, in particular, require that the conductive interconnect materials used to couple the discrete components to one another and to bond pads for external communication, are high quality materials with high conductivities required for carrying high speed signals. Various metals have been used as conductive interconnects in semiconductor devices. Copper is a metal that is a favored conductive interconnect material for high speed devices because of its high conductivity and current carrying ability. It is therefore particularly critical to be able to evaluate the film quality of a copper interconnect film, particularly the resistivity and/or conductivity of the copper film which affects its current carrying ability. The conductivity of a copper film is known to be related to grain size of the film. [0003] After a conductive material such as copper is initially formed as a film on a substrate to act as an interconnect material, the conductive material is annealed to improve various of its qualities including its current carrying speed. Annealing refers to a heat treatment wherein the microstructure of the material is altered causing changes in properties such as strength and hardness. Annealing typically results in softening of the conductive material through removal of crystal defects and the internal stresses which they cause. During the annealing process, the grain boundaries of the conductive material are typically reduced to minimum values, or saturated. Conversely, grain size is increased. This grain boundary variation influences conductivity which varies directly with grain size and conversely with hardness. Since the annealing process is intended to improve the quality of the copper film for its intended use, it would also be advantageous to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of the annealing process, as well as the annealed copper film. [0004] Conventional techniques for monitoring the film quality of a copper film and for determining its conductivity utilize a sheet resistance measurement, referred to as “sheet rho”, Rs. Annealing efficiency is conventionally monitored by comparing sheet rho measurements before and after annealing. A shortcoming of the sheet resistance measurement is that it estimates the film resistivity determine conductivity and therefore the speed of the copper interconnect, whereas the conductivity is actually more directly dependent upon the grain size of the copper film. The sheet resistance measurement, however, cannot measure grain size. In other words, the Rs measurement will be the same regardless of the saturation level of the copper grain boundaries or the copper grain sizes, because it is insensitive to differences in grain structure. Moreover, the sheet rho of the film is typically measured at one point using a 4-point probe and this localized measurement is therefore insensitive to variations in film resistivity throughout the film. Such a measurement technique necessarily relies on the assumption that the bulk resistivity is constant throughout the film, but in practice, it is not. Therefore, a sheet resistivity measurement is an inaccurate way to measure conductivity which depends on grain size and the conventional single, localized 4-point probe sheet resistivity measurement is also insensitive to variations in the bulk resistivity throughout the film which may be due to different grain structures in both annealed and unannealed films. In summary, this 4-point probe measurement of sheet resistivity is an inaccurate way of monitoring copper film quality, or the effectiveness or efficiency of the annealing process intended to improve conductivity and increase grain size. [0005] It would therefore be desirable to provide a method for easily and accurately monitoring the conductivity of a film and the effectiveness of an annealing operation used to saturate grain boundaries of a film and improve its conductivity. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0006] To address these and other objects and in view of its purposes, the present invention provides a method for evaluating copper film quality by forming a copper film on a substrate, measuring hardness of the copper film and evaluating conductivity of the copper film based on the measured hardness. [0007] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for evaluating copper film quality and annealing effectiveness. The method includes forming a copper film on a substrate, measuring hardness of the copper film, annealing the copper film to produce an annealed copper film, measuring the annealed hardness of the annealed copper film and evaluating conductivity of the annealed copper film and the annealing effectiveness, based on the measured annealed hardness of the annealed copper film. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0008] The present invention is directed to determining metal film quality of as-deposited and annealed metal films and also to evaluating the annealing effectiveness of the metal film by using hardness measurements of the metal film. The annealing effectiveness can be evaluated by comparing the pre-anneal hardness measurements and the post-anneal hardness measurements and annealing efficiency can be determined by factoring in annealing time or degree of change in the measured parameter or other derived parameter. The present invention is directed to using such hardness measurements to evaluate a number of various metal films used as conductive materials in the semiconductor industry. One particular conductive film of interest and which can advantageously be evaluated using the present invention, is copper. [0009] Copper is increasingly being used as the interconnect material in various semiconductor devices which employ high operating speeds. Copper is used in various technologies and therefore may be formed on various substrates to be used as a conductive interconnect material in an active semiconductor device after it is patterned and annealed using conventional techniques. [0010] The present invention provides for forming a copper film on various suitable substrates upon which semiconductor devices are formed. The copper film may be formed on the substrate using various deposition processes such as sputtering, evaporation, electroplating, and various other suitable and conventional film formation techniques. The copper film may be formed to various thicknesses and may range from 1000 to 2500 angstroms in one exemplary embodiment. Various techniques are available and may be used to measure thickness. [0011] A hardness measurement is made of the copper film prior to anneal. The pre-anneal hardness measurement may take place prior to or following the patterning of the copper film. In one embodiment, the copper film may be patterned prior to measurement using conventional damascene patterning methods including chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). The hardness measurement may measure nano-hardness or micro-hardness. Various hardness measurement techniques are available and may be used. In one embodiment, a Knoop hardness test may be carried out. In other exemplary embodiments, a Rockwell hardness test, a Brinell hardness test or a Vickers hardness test may be used. Various measurement systems and instruments are available and may be used to carry out the hardness measurement. One particular instrument that may be used to measure hardness is the NHTI Nano-Hardness Tester by CSEM Instruments Other instruments may be used in other exemplary embodiments. In general, the hardness test measures the copper metal's resistance to the penetration of a non-deformable probe such as a ball or cone. The hardness test generally determines the depth which such a ball or cone sinks into the copper under a given load within a specific period of time, but various other hardness measurement techniques may be used as well. The hardness measurements may advantageously be carried out at a plurality of locations on the substrate and they may be carried out on product substrates or test substrates that do not include the topology of the product devices being fabricated. The hardness measurements at various locations across the substrate may advantageously be averaged to correct for local variations and to generate a representative average hardness of the film. Various hardness measurement scales and units may be used and many measurement techniques include their own unitless scales. [0012] The copper film is then heat treated in an annealing process. The annealing may take place prior to or following the patterning of the copper film. In one exemplary embodiment, the annealing process may take place at a temperature within the range of 150-250° C. but other temperatures may be used in other exemplary embodiments. The annealing time may range from 30 to 120 seconds in an exemplary embodiment, but other annealing times may be used in other exemplary embodiments. The annealing process may be carried out using any of various suitable inert gases that do not contain oxygen. During the annealing process, structural or crystal defects and the internal stresses which they cause, are removed from the copper. A softened film is produced. Grain boundaries of the copper film are typically reduced to minimum values or saturated and the average grain size therefore increases, improving the current carrying ability of the copper. The grain size of the copper film directly affects its conductivity and therefore its viability as a high speed interconnect. In an exemplary embodiment, the annealing process may be targeted to increase the average copper grain size from 0.1 μm to 1.0 μm. Generally speaking, as saturation levels increase, grain size increases, the number of grain boundaries is minimized, and conductivity increases. Applicants have discovered that film hardness is directly related to copper grain size. As grain size and conductivity increase, hardness decreases. Film hardness has been found to be a function of film thickness and grain size. [0013] After annealing, a post-annealing hardness measurement is carried out. As with the pre-anneal hardness measurements, the annealed film may advantageously be measured at various and multiple locations throughout the copper film. The plurality of measurements taken throughout the copper film formed over the substrate is particularly advantageous because copper grain size may not be uniform throughout the film and further because copper grain growth may not be uniform throughout the film during the annealing process. If the copper film has been patterned, a number of suitably large areas for hardness measurement should be selected. The post-anneal hardness measurement may be carried out using various instruments as described above. The post-annealing hardness measurement may advantageously be carried out using the same instrument used to carry out the pre-anneal hardness measurements. [0014] Since film thickness can be determined using various conventional techniques, the hardness measurement of the copper film can be used to determine grain size and therefore conductivity and suitability of the film as a conductive interconnect for both pre- and post-anneal hardness measurements. From the thickness measurement and the hardness, the copper grain size can be determined by means of a correlation that may be established between grain size and hardness, for various thicknesses. Various correlations may be made between grain size and hardness for an approximate film thickness by measuring grain size and hardness on a number of samples. In other embodiments, various techniques may be used to generate correlations between grain size and conductivity and between copper film hardness and conductivity as a function of thickness. [0015] The present invention thereby provides for determining copper film quality and also provides for evaluating annealing effectiveness by comparing hardness measurements of the un-annealed film to hardness measurements of the annealed film to evaluate the change in conductivity or other characteristic attributable to the change in grain size during the annealing process. The annealing efficiency can be determined by calculating the percentage change in the measured or derived parameter of interest such as hardness, grain size, or conductivity, or the degree of grain boundary saturation. This may be compared to targeted or typical changes in the respective characteristics to assess annealing efficiency [0016] After the post-annealing hardness measurement is made, and the conductivity of the copper film determined, a determination is made as to whether the particular annealed copper film is suitable for product use or is unusable in its current state. If unusable, the copper film may be re-annealed and its hardness re-measured. Additionally, after the pre- and post-annealing measurements are compared and the annealing efficiency determined, the annealing process and the copper film quality may be evaluated. Feedback control loops may be established. In one embodiment in which the annealing process itself is suspect, the control loop may be utilized to suggest or make changes in the annealing process. In another scenario in which the quality of the as-deposited copper film appears to be deficient the control loop may be used to study and/or alter the copper film formation process. [0017] The preceding merely illustrates the principles of the invention. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements which, although not explicitly described herein, embody the principles of the invention and are included within its spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples and conditional language recited herein are principally intended expressly to be only for pedagogical purposes and to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the invention and the concepts contributed by the inventors to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions. Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the invention, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently known equivalents and equivalents developed in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure. [0018] Although the invention has been described in terms of exemplary embodiments, it is not limited thereto. Rather, the appended claims should be construed broadly, to include other variants and embodiments of the invention, which may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and range of equivalents of the invention.	A method for monitoring copper film quality and for evaluating the annealing efficiency of a copper annealing process includes measuring hardness of a copper film formed on a substrate before and after annealing and comparing the hardness measurement results. The measurements can be correlated to grain boundary saturation levels, copper grain sizes and therefore conductivity. Hardness measurements may be taken at a plurality of locations throughout the substrate to account for variations in the copper film grain structure.	7
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/932,848 filed on Jan. 29, 2014, now pending, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/993,976 filed on May 15, 2014, now pending, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/067,790 filed on Oct. 23, 2014, now pending, all of which are hereby incorporated into this specification by reference in their entirety. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] FIG. 1 shows a conventional bi-level digital printing system 100 having a bi-level digital printing machine 102 and a raster image processor 104 widely used by commercial print shops to print high volume and high quality prints from an input file 80 such as a raster file format (tiff, JPEG, etc.) or a vector file format (pdf, Postscript, etc.). Bi-level digital printing machine 102 has a plurality of fixed print heads (not shown) each having a plurality of fixed nozzles (not shown) that can print a single sized dot or no dot as the paper passes under the nozzles. Raster image processor 104 has an interpretation module 106 and a rendering module 108 . As is well known in the art, interpretation module 106 and rendering module 108 have computer instructions or code to produce an unscreened raster image file 110 from input file 80 that is in a non-raster image format (for example, pdf). If input file 80 is a raster file, then input file 80 requires only raster processes, such as scaling and color conversion, to produce unscreened raster image file 110 . [0003] FIG. 2 shows a generic unscreened raster image file 110 produced by rendering module 108 (w pixels wide by h lines high). Each pixel of unscreened raster image file 110 has a continuous tone value (for example, 0-1023 for 10 bit tone values) for each colorant of Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and black (CMYK). In order to print unscreened raster image file 110 on bi-level digital printing machine 102 , raster image processor 104 further comprises a screening module 114 ( FIG. 1 ) that has computer instructions to screen or convert the continuous tone value of each pixel of unscreened raster image file 110 to a print level value (0 or 1) stored in an output bitmap file 116 ( FIG. 1 ) using a well known half-toning algorithm such as threshold screening or AM screening. [0004] FIG. 3 shows a high level flow chart of conventional screening module 114 of raster image processor 104 . For each pixel on each line of an input unscreened raster file 110 , whose coordinates are X and Y, the continuous tone value is processed into a 1-bit output value by a half-toning algorithm. [0005] Multi level printing machines are being developed where a nozzle can print more than two (2) levels for each printed pixel, such as a four level machine. For example, in a four level machine, each nozzle can print no dot, a small dot, a medium dot or a large dot thereby allowing for a much finer quality print. FIG. 4 shows a generic screened 2-bit output bitmap file for a 4-level digital printing machine. Each pixel has a value of 0-3, with a set of raster data for each printing ink or colorant. [0006] FIG. 5 shows a conventional way of partitioning the tone ranges in equal parts for a 4-level press having 3 dot sizes. One disadvantage of such contiguous sectioning of the printed tone range into equal parts, one for each output tone level for each colorant, is an artifact of flattening or visible loss of screening at the boundaries between the levels. [0007] FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating a response that one would expect for a perfectly built and correctly operating or ideal digital printing machine. For such an ideal press, an input tone value of 33.3% from the unscreened raster file results in a patch of small size dots having a measured print strength of 33.3 percent. However, no digital printing machine operates in an ideal manner. [0008] FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating a response for a digital printing machine that behaves in a non-ideal manner. In this example, an input tone value of 33.3% from the unscreened raster file results in a patch of small size dots having a measured print strength of 45 percent and not 33.3 percent. Further, an input tone value of 66.7 percent results in a patch of all medium size dots having a measured print strength of 55 percent and not 66.7 percent. As such, unwanted artifacts in the print are created as a result of the print heads of the digital printing machine producing a stronger or lighter intensity level for any continuous tone value of the unscreened raster file. These improper values and the intermediate values need to be carefully compensated. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0009] One object of the present invention is to provide a raster image processor and method thereof that produces a high quality multi-level screened output bit map file for digital printing machines that easily, accurately, and precisely removes the flattened tone contour artifacts. [0010] Another object of the present invention is to provide a raster image processor and method thereof that removes unwanted artifacts in the print created as a result of the print heads of the digital printing machine producing a stronger or lighter intensity levels. [0011] Another object of the present invention is to provide a raster image processor and method thereof that produces a high quality multi-level screened output bit map file for digital printing machines that employs any bi-level half-toning algorithm. [0012] Another object of the present invention is to provide a raster image processor and method thereof that produces a high quality multi-level screened output bit map file for digital printing machines with an arbitrary number of gray levels, not limited to a power of 2. [0013] Another object of the present invention is to provide a raster image processor and method thereof that produces a high quality multi-level screened output bit map file for digital printing machines whose multiple gray levels are extremely far from being equally spaced in the tone range, thus giving expanded design leeway to designers of new digital printing machines. [0014] Another object of the present invention is to provide a raster image processor and method thereof that produces a high quality multi-level screened output bit map file for digital printing machines with a calibration method and system that is straightforward, accurate, powerful, and quick, enabling rapid adaptation to changing print conditions, print heads, nozzles, electronics, and other physical varying factors. [0015] The present invention is a raster image processor for producing a screened multi-bit data output file for a digital printing machine having the ability to print on a page a first printable tone level, a second printable tone level, and a third printable tone level, from an unscreened raster data file specifying a continuous tone value for a first colorant for each printable position of the page. In one embodiment, the raster image processor comprises a computing device, a memory device, and a screening module stored on the memory device. The screening module comprises a tone sub-range module configured to produce first, second, and third tonal sub-ranges corresponding to the first, second, and third printable tone levels, respectively, for each colorant, namely Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black (CMYK). Each of the first, second, and third tonal sub-ranges comprising beginning and ending boundary tone values defining first, second, and third tone range spans and a first transition tone value to be the value of both the ending boundary tone value of the first tonal sub-range and the beginning boundary tone value of the second tonal sub-range and a second transition tone value to be the value of both the ending boundary tone value of the second tonal sub-range and the beginning boundary tone value of the third tonal sub-range. The raster image processor further comprises a shifting module configured to shift the position of the first and second transition tone values so that the first tone range span is different from the second tone range span and said third tone range span. The raster image processor further comprises a pixel processing module comprising a tone modification sub-module configured to produce modified output tone values by first, second, and third tone modification functions for the first, second, and third tonal sub-ranges, respectively. The pixel processing module further comprising an output sub-module configured to produce a single multi-bit output value corresponding to each colorant for each printable position on the page by using the modified output tone values from the first, second, and third tone modification functions as inputs to at least one bi-level half-toning algorithm. [0016] Non-equal quantization of the input tone range, with overlap of the sub-ranges, leads to a dynamic system with multiple advantages. For example, any halftoning mechanism may be used, whether it be AM, FM, Stochastic, Threshold matrix based, Error Diffusion, or any other. Further, the method may be implemented in either software or hardware, whether it employs CPU programs, GPU kernels, ASIC chips, FPGAs, or discrete logic. Further, the shifting of the quantization points (first and/or second transition tone values) acts as a first level of compensation for profiled printheads. Furthermore the overlapping eliminates the contour artifacts otherwise visible at quantized tone level boundaries. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0017] The following description of the invention will be further understood with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: [0018] FIG. 1 is a high level block diagram showing the architecture of a conventional raster image processor used to produce a conventional output bit map file for a bi-level digital printing machine; [0019] FIG. 2 illustrates a conventional raster image file produced by a conventional rendering modules having a plurality of printable positions of a page defined by pixel location, line number, and CMYK value; [0020] FIG. 3 shows a high level flow chart of a conventional screening module of a rip. For each pixel on each line of an input unscreened raster file, whose coordinates are X and Y, the continuous tone value is processed into a 1-bit output value via a half-toning algorithm. [0021] FIG. 4 illustrates a conventional screened bit map output file stored in a bitmap memory device for each of the colorants Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black for printable positions of a page defined by pixel location and line number. Each of the printable positions of the bit map has a 4-level output value (0-3) indicative of no dot, a small dot, a medium dot, and a large dot; [0022] FIG. 5 illustrates a conventional full tone range for a first colorant having three equal tonal sub-ranges corresponding to small, medium, and large size dots, respectively; [0023] FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating a response that one would expect for a perfectly built and correctly operating or ideal digital printing machine; [0024] FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating a response for a digital printing machine that behaves in a non-ideal manner; [0025] FIG. 8 is a high level block diagram showing the architecture of a raster image processor according to the present invention used to produce a bit map output file for a digital printing machine capable of printing multiple levels such as a no dot level, a small dot level, a medium dot level, and a large dot level; [0026] FIG. 9 is a high level block diagram showing the Screening Module according to the present invention comprising a Calibration Module and a Pixel Processing Module comprising a Tone Sub-range sub-module, a Boundary Shifting sub-module, an Overlap sub-module, a Tone Modification sub-module, and an Output sub-module [0027] FIG. 10 is a high level flow chart showing the operation of the Screening Module according to the present invention; [0028] FIG. 11 is a high level flow chart showing the operation of the pixel processing module of the screening module according to the present invention; [0029] FIG. 12 is a high level flow chart showing the operation of the calibration module of the screening module; [0030] FIG. 13 is a high level flow chart showing an example of the process of the Calibration Sub-module; [0031] FIG. 14 illustrates a test pattern of the calibration module; [0032] FIG. 15 illustrates a digital press profile according to the present invention; [0033] FIG. 16 illustrates a full tone range for a first colorant comprising three tonal sub-ranges corresponding to a first printable tone level (for example, a small size dot), a second printable tone level (for example, a medium size dot), and a third printable tone level (for example, a large size dot), respectively, with the tonal sub-ranges shifted; [0034] FIG. 17A illustrates a tone modification function for a first printable tone level (for example, a small size dot) after transition point shifting according to the present invention; [0035] FIG. 17B illustrates a tone modification function for a second printable tone level (for example, a medium size dot) after transition point shifting according to the present invention; [0036] FIG. 17C illustrates a tone modification function for a third printable tone level (for example, a large size dot) after transition point shifting according to the present invention; [0037] FIG. 18 is a high level flow chart showing the process of raster image processor according to the present invention; [0038] FIG. 19 is a flow chart showing the operation of the Screening Module according to the present invention using example measurements; [0039] FIG. 20 is a flow chart showing the process of the tone modification sub-module of the pixel processing module; [0040] FIG. 21 is a flow chart showing an example of the process of the tone modification sub-module with example calculations; [0041] FIG. 22 illustrates solid patches of large dots which may be purposely oversized to enable solid coverage and may require additional linearization using conventional dot gain compensation methods; [0042] FIG. 23 illustrates a non-linear dot area response curve and its inverse function for input compensation. [0043] FIG. 24 is a flow chart showing the operation of the pixel processing module; [0044] FIG. 25 is a flow chart of example pseudo code showing the operation of the pixel processing module; [0045] FIG. 26 is a high level schematic of the pixel processing module of the screening module shown in a hardware implementation for discrete logic, ASIC chips, FPGAs, etc, with threshold matrix or supercell type of screening; [0046] FIG. 27 is a high level schematic of the output sub-module of the screening module according to the present invention shown in a hardware implementation for discrete logic, ASIC chips, FPGAs, etc, where each output tone value is assigned a level of 0, 1, 2, or 3 corresponding to no dot, small dot, medium dot, and large dot, respectively; [0047] FIG. 28 is a high level schematic of the pixel processing module of the screening module shown in a hardware implementation for discrete logic, ASIC chips, FPGAs, etc, for an error diffusion type of screening; [0048] FIG. 29 is a high level schematic of one implementation of a tone modification function in hardware suitable for discrete logic, ASIC chips, FPGAs, etc.; [0049] FIG. 30 is a block diagram illustrating an alternate implementation of a tone modification function employing a look-up table in memory, suitable for a hardware or a software implantation, comprising pre-computed tone modification values for a single printable tone level (for example, a small size dot, a medium size dot, or a large size dot); [0050] FIG. 31 is a high level flow chart showing the operation of a first embodiment of the overlap module with simple overlap; [0051] FIG. 32 is a graph showing a full tone range for a first colorant comprising three equally spaced tonal sub-ranges corresponding to a small dot size level, a medium dot size level, and a large dot size level, respectively, with the second tonal sub-range overlapping the first tonal sub-range and the third tonal sub-range overlapping the second tonal sub-range; [0052] FIG. 33 illustrates a full tone range for a first colorant comprising three tonal sub-ranges corresponding to a first printable tone level (for example, a small size dot), a second printable tone level (for example, a medium size dot), and a third printable tone level (for example, a large size dot), respectively, with shifting and simple overlapping of the tonal sub-ranges; [0053] FIG. 34A is a graph of a tone modification function for the first printable tone level (for example, a small size dot) of a first colorant (for example, Cyan) with shifting and simple overlapping; [0054] FIG. 34B is a graph of a tone modification function for the second printable tone level (for example, a medium size dot) of a first colorant (for example, Cyan) with shifting and simple overlapping; [0055] FIG. 34C is a graph of a tone modification function for the third printable tone level (for example, a large size dot) of a first colorant (for example, Cyan) with shifting and simple overlapping; [0056] FIG. 35 is a high level flow chart showing the process of a second embodiment of the overlap module with shifting and bi-directional overlapping; [0057] FIG. 36 is a graph showing a full tone range for a first colorant (for example, Cyan) comprising three equally spaced tonal sub-ranges corresponding to a first printable tone level (for example, a small dot size), a second printable tone level (for example, a medium dot size), and third printable tone level (for example, a large dot size), respectively, with the second tonal sub-range bi-directionally overlapping the first tonal sub-range and the third tonal sub-range bi-directionally overlapping the second tonal sub-range; [0058] FIG. 37A is a graph of a tone modification function for the first printable tone level (for example, a small size dot) with shifting and bi-directional overlapping; [0059] FIG. 37B is a graph of a tone modification function for the second printable tone level (for example, a medium size dot) with shifting and bi-directional overlapping; [0060] FIG. 37C is a graph of a tone modification function for the third printable tone level (for example, a large size dot) with shifting and bi-directional overlapping; [0061] FIG. 38 is an example of calibration and screening parameter calculations for a single colorant; and [0062] FIG. 39 is a rendered unscreened image of a test picture in CMYK; [0063] FIG. 40 is an image of the Cyan separation of the test picture of FIG. 39 ; [0064] FIG. 41 is an image of the Magenta separation of the test picture of FIG. 39 ; [0065] FIG. 42 is an image of the Yellow separation of the test picture of FIG. 39 ; [0066] FIG. 43 is an image of the Black separation of the test picture of FIG. 39 ; [0067] FIG. 44 is an image of the test picture for the separation Cyan ( FIG. 40 ) after processing by the small level tone modification function; [0068] FIG. 45 is an image of the test picture for the separation Cyan ( FIG. 40 ) after processing by the medium level tone modification function; [0069] FIG. 46 is an image of the test picture for the separation Cyan ( FIG. 40 ) after processing by the large level tone modification function; [0070] FIG. 47 is an image of the test picture for the tone modified Cyan separation ( FIG. 44 ) after processing by a 1-bit half-toning algorithm; [0071] FIG. 48 is an image of the test picture for the tone modified Cyan separation ( FIG. 45 ) after processing by a 1-bit half-toning algorithm; [0072] FIG. 49 is an image of the test picture for the tone modified Cyan separation ( FIG. 46 ) after processing by a 1-bit half-toning algorithm; [0073] FIG. 50 is an image for the separation Cyan after combining the half-toned images of the separation Cyan of the small dots ( FIG. 47 ), medium dots ( FIG. 48 ), and large dots ( FIG. 49 ); [0074] FIG. 51 is an image for the separation Magenta after combining the half-toned images of the separation Magenta of the small dots, medium dots, and large dots; [0075] FIG. 52 is an image for the separation Yellow after combining the half-toned images of the separation Yellow of the small dots, medium dots, and large dots; [0076] FIG. 53 is an image for the separation Black after combining the half-toned images of the separation Black of the small dots, medium dots, and large dots; [0077] FIG. 54 is a single CMYK composite image composed of the four combined output images of FIGS. 50-53 ; [0078] FIG. 55 is an extremely high level zoom of a small portion of the single CMYK composite image of FIG. 54 based upon calibrated tonal range output levels of 0%, 45%, 75%, and 100%; [0079] FIG. 56 shows the black separation of the CMYK image of FIG. 55 ; [0080] FIG. 57 is an extremely high level zoom of a small portion of a single CMYK composite image after calibration and compensation after a drastic change of the printing levels (for whatever reason) to 0%, 25%, 50%, and 100%; and [0081] FIG. 58 shows the black separation of the CMYK image of FIG. 57 . DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0082] Referring to FIG. 8 , a raster image processor 800 according to the present invention is connected with a multi level digital printing machine 850 . In the embodiment shown, digital printing machine 850 is a four (4) printable level machine. In other embodiments, digital printing machine 850 may be more or less than a four (4) printable level machine. Raster image processor 800 generally comprises a computing device 802 , a memory device 804 connected with computing device 802 , an interpretation module 806 stored on memory device 804 , a rendering module 808 stored on memory device 804 adapted to produce an unscreened raster image file 810 , and a screening module 812 adapted to produce a screened output bit map 814 . Computing device 802 may be one or more of any type of presently known or futurely developed computational processing device, including but not limited, to central processing units, microprocessors, and graphic processing units. Memory device 804 may be any type of memory device capable of storing computer instructions or code. Interpretation module 806 comprises a set of well known computer instructions or code stored on memory device 804 to interpret input file 80 describing the page (not shown) to be printed. Rendering module 808 comprises a set of well known computer instructions or code stored on memory device 804 to produce unscreened raster image file 810 specifying a continuous tone value for a first, second, third, and fourth colorant (CMYK) value in the range of 0-1023 (in the case of a 10 bit tone) for each printable position on the page (not shown). As will be described herein, screening module 812 comprises a plurality of instructions to convert each of the continuous tone values to a four (4) level output bit map 814 , namely, a tone value of 0, 1, 2 or 3 in a manner that significantly reduces contour artifacts and is easily, accurately, and precisely compensated. The term “module” means computer instructions or code that may be implemented in software or hardware. Such computer instructions or code may be programmed in any presently or futurely developed programming language such as C or C++ for most types of computing devices and CUDA® for NVIDIA® graphic processing units. As will be described more fully herein, screening module 810 may be implemented as software stored on memory device 804 or discrete circuit hardware directed connected with computing device 102 and/or digital printing machine 850 . [0083] Referring to FIG. 9 , screening module 812 generally comprises a calibration module 902 , a tone sub-range module 906 , a boundary shifting module 908 , and a pixel processing module 904 comprising a tone modification sub-module 912 , an inverse compensation sub-module 914 , and an output sub-module 916 . In another embodiment of the invention, screening module 812 may further comprise an overlap module 910 . [0084] Referring to FIG. 10 , a high level flow chart shows the process of screening module 812 for digital printing machine 850 ( FIG. 8 ). In this example, input file 810 from rendering module 808 may be either a composite file containing all colorants or separate files one for each colorant. As indicated by step 1002 , screening module 812 initializes variables X and Y to zero. As indicated by step 1004 , screening module 812 is configured to obtain the continuous tone value 1010 for the current X-Y position 1006 . As indicated by step 1008 , continuous tone value 1010 is processed by pixel processing module 1008 to produced a multi bit output value 1012 for X-Y position 1006 . For example, a value of 575 from a 10 bit continuous tone range of input file 810 from rendering module 808 at X-Y position 1006 is processed by pixel processing module 904 to generate a two bit output 1012 of values 0, 1, 2 or 3. As indicated by step 1014 , position X is incremented to point to the next pixel to the right. As indicated by step 1016 , screening module 812 determines if the rightmost limit of X exceeds the raster width. If not, control is returned where the next X-Y position is processed by pixel processing module 904 to produce the next two bit output 1012 . If the rightmost limit of X exceeds the raster width then, as indicated by step 1018 , screening module 812 sets the position of X to the left beginning of the next line Y. As indicated by step 1020 , screening module 812 is configured to determine if the last line Y has been processed and if so, ends execution of the module. If not, control is returned where the next X-Y position is processed by pixel processing module 904 to produce the next two bit output 1012 . [0085] Referring to FIG. 11 , where a high level flow chart shows the operation of pixel processing module 904 according to the present invention for a four-level digital printing machine 850 . As indicated by a block 1102 , a current X and Y printable position is input to each of bi-level half-toning algorithms 1110 , 1112 , and 1114 of output sub-module 916 . The continuous tone value corresponding to the current X and Y position from input file 1010 , for each of the four (4) colorants, is the input value to each of first, second, and third tone modification functions 1104 , 1106 , and 1108 of tone modification sub-module 912 . The output from first, second, and third tone modification functions 1104 , 1106 , and 1108 are then each passed through an inverse compensation function appropriate for that colorant and dot size from the Inverse Compensation module 914 . The outputs of the compensation functions are the inputs to bi-level half-toning algorithms 1110 , 1112 , and 1114 , respectively, that generate three one bit output values 1116 , 1118 , and 1120 , each having a value of 0 or 1. As indicated by block 1122 , these three one bit output values are combined by Boolean logic to produce a single 2-bit output value 1012 (0, 1, 2 or 3) that is stored in output bit map 814 ( FIG. 8 ). [0086] Referring to FIG. 12 , a high level flow chart shows the process of calibration module 902 . Calibration module 902 comprises a set of instructions 1202 to create a test pattern for each colorant comprising a first test patch having only a first printable tone level (for example, only small size dots), a second test patch having only a second printable tone level (for example, only medium size dots), and a third test patch having only a third printable tone level (for example, only large size dots). Calibration module 902 further comprises a set of instructions 1204 to print the test patterns for each colorant. Calibration module 902 further comprises a set of instructions 1206 to measure the optical strength of each of the first, second, and third test patches of each colorant of test pattern 1402 using optical density as the measurement and to store these values in digital press profile 852 ( FIGS. 8 and 15 ) for use as needed. Calibration module 902 further comprises a set of instructions 1208 to convert the measurements of each of the first, second, and third test patches to an equivalent dot area value using a well known Murray-Davies equation (www.xrite.com/documents/apps/public/whitepapers/Ga00005a.pdf) that converts from optical density to percentage dot area as follows: [0000] percentage   dot   area   ( 0 - 100  % ) = 1 - 10 ^ ( - Dtone ) 1 - 10 ^ ( - D   max ) × 100 [0000] where Dmax represents the measured maximum optical density, and Dtone represents the measured density of a patch for which to produce the percentage dot area. Example densities: 0.0 0.479 1.08 2.5---->0 67% 92% 100% Example 2 densities 0.0 0.1752 0.4735 2.5---->0 33% 67% 100% [0089] Referring to FIGS. 13 and 14 , where an example is given for the process of calibration module 902 . As indicated by block 1302 , calibration module 902 comprises a set of instructions to create a test pattern having twelve test patches as shown in FIG. 14 (3 printable levels or dot sizes each, for each of the four colorants, CMYK). The three (3) dot sizes may be small, medium, and large dots or other dot sizes. Calibration module 902 further comprises a set of instructions 1304 to print the test pattern. Calibration module 902 further comprises a set of instructions 1306 to measure the optical strength of each of the twelve test patches using optical density as the measurement. In the example shown, for the colorant Cyan, the measured density is 0.475 for the first printable tone level of digital printing machine 850 (for example, small size dots); 1.08 for the second printable tone level of digital printing machine 850 (for example, medium size dots), and 2.5 for the third printable tone level of digital printing machine 850 (for example, large size dots). Also shown are optical densities values for the colorants Magenta, Yellow, and Black. The optical density for each of the first, second, and third test patches of each colorant is converted to an equivalent dot area using the Murray-Davies equation. In the example shown, Cyan has an equivalent dot area of 67% for the first printable tone level (for example small size dots), 92% for the second printable tone level (for example, medium size dots), and 100% for the third printable tone level (for example, large size dots). The optical density is measured using a well known densitometer such as the X-Rite eXact available from X-Rite, Inc., 4300 44th St. SE, Grand Rapids, Mich. 49512 U.S.A. (www.xrite.com), or a similar device, that may be part of digital printing machine 850 or a separate machine connected with raster processor 800 and digital printing machine 850 . [0090] Referring to FIG. 15 , where digital press profile 852 ( FIG. 8 ) is further illustrated. Data stored in Digital Press Profile 1502 includes maximum measured densities for all colorants and dot sizes. It also includes curve data points when they are used. [0091] Referring to FIG. 16 , tone sub-range module 906 ( FIG. 9 ) comprises a set of instructions configured to create and store a first tonal sub-range 1602 corresponding to the first printable tone level of digital printing machine 850 for each of the four colorants, a second tonal sub-range 1610 corresponding to the second printable tone level of digital printing machine 850 for each of the four colorants, and a third tonal sub-range 1620 corresponding to the third printable tone of digital printing machine 850 for each of the colorants. The sub-ranges may and probably will be different for each of the colorants. First tonal sub-range 1602 comprises a beginning boundary tone value 1604 and an ending boundary tone value 1606 defining a first tone range span 1608 . Second tonal sub-range 1610 comprises a beginning boundary tone value 1612 and an ending boundary tone value 1614 defining a second tone range span 1616 and a first transition tone value 1618 to be the value of both ending boundary tone value 1606 of first tonal sub-range 1602 and beginning boundary tone value 1612 of second tonal sub-range 1610 . Third tonal sub-range 1620 comprises a beginning boundary tone value 1622 and an ending boundary tone value 1624 defining a third tone range span 1626 and a second transition tone value 1628 to be the value of both ending boundary tone value 1614 of second tonal sub-range 1610 and beginning boundary tone value 1622 of third tonal sub-range 1620 . [0092] With continued reference to FIG. 16 , boundary shifting module 908 generally comprises a set of instructions to shift the positions of first and/or second transition tone values 1618 and 1628 depending upon the calibration data of digital printing machine 850 from calibration module 902 stored in digital press profile 852 . For example, boundary shifting module 908 may comprise a set of instructions that shift the position of first transition tone value 1618 so that, for example, first tone range span 1608 is different from second tone range span 1616 . By way of further example, boundary shifting module 908 may comprise a set of instructions that shift the position of second transition tone value 1628 so that second tone range span 1616 is different from third tone range span 1626 . Boundary shifting module 908 further comprises a set of instructions to set the first transition tone value 1618 , for a given colorant, using the measured density of the patch of small size dots for the colorant and the highest measured optical density of the test patch of large size dots for the colorant as the Dmax value used in the Murray-Davies equation. Boundary shifting module 908 further comprises a set of instructions to set the second transition tone value 1628 , for a given colorant, using the measured density of the patch of medium size dots for the colorant and the highest measured optical density of the test patch of large size dots for the colorant as the Dmax value used in the Murray-Davies equation. [0093] Referring to FIGS. 17A-17C , where the process of tone modification sub-module 912 and tone modifications 1104 , 1106 and 1108 ( FIG. 11 ) is illustrated for an example where first and second transition tone values 1618 and 1628 ( FIG. 16 ) are set to 48% and 70%, respectively, by boundary shifting module 908 . As shown by FIG. 17A , tone modification sub-module 912 comprises a set of instructions to create or produce first tone modification function 1104 for the first printable tone level that is used for each colorant (CMYK). For example, an input tone value of 24% would be modified to a continuous tone value of 50% and an input tone value of 48% or higher would be modified to a value of 100%. As shown by FIG. 17B , tone modification sub-module 912 further comprises a set of instructions to create or produce a second tone modification function 1704 for a second printable tone level that is used for each colorant (CMYK). For example, an input tone value of 48% or less would be modified to a value of 0%, input tone values of 70% or higher would be modified to values of 100% and input values between 48% and 70% would be modified to values between 0% and 100%. As shown by FIG. 9C , tone modification sub-module 912 comprises a set of instructions to produce a third tone modification function 1706 for a third printable tone level that is used for each colorant (CMYK). For example, an input tone value of 70% or lower would be modified to a continuous tone value of 0% and an input tone value of greater than 70% would be modified to values between 0% and 100%. [0094] Referring to FIG. 18 , where a high level flow chart shows a method of screening module 812 . As indicated by block 1802 , tone sub-range module 906 comprises a step of producing for each colorant, first, second, and third tonal sub-ranges corresponding to the first, second, and third printable tone levels, respectively, having first and second transition tone values. As indicated by block 1804 , boundary shifting module 908 comprises a step of shifting the position of first transition tone value 1618 and second transition tone value 1628 so that the first tone range span is different from the second tone range span, and to set first and second transition tone values 1618 and 1628 , for each colorant, by using the highest measured optical density of the test patches of test pattern 1402 ( FIG. 14 ) of digital printing machine 850 ( FIG. 8 ) for the Dmax value used in the Murray-Davies Equation. As indicated by block 1806 , tone modification sub-module 912 comprises a step of producing first, second, and third tone modification functions for the first, second, and third tonal sub-ranges, respectively. As indicated by block 1808 , output sub-module 916 comprises a step of producing a single multi-bit output value corresponding to each colorant for each printable position on the page by using the modified tone value of the first, second, and third tone modification functions as the inputs to a bi-level half-toning algorithm. [0095] Referring to FIG. 19 , where an example of the method of screening module 812 is illustrated. As indicated by a block 1902 , tone sub-range module 906 comprises a step of creating or producing first, second, and third tonal sub-ranges 1602 , 1610 , and 1620 ( FIG. 16 ), initially equally spaced, whose beginning and ending boundary tone value pairs are respectively, 0% and 33.3%, 33.3% and 66.7%, and 66.7% and 100.0%. First and second transition tone values 1618 and 1628 are thus initially 33.3% and 66.7%, respectively. As indicated by block 1904 , boundary shifting module 908 comprises a step of setting first and second transition tone values 1618 and 1628 to 67% and 92% based on the measurements shown in digital press profile 852 ( FIG. 15 ) of 0.475 and 1.08 for the test patches for small and medium dots, respectively, using the Murray-Davies with a DMax value of 2.5, shown by instructions 1308 of calibration module 902 ( FIG. 13 ). As indicated by a block 1906 , tone modification sub-module 912 comprises a step of creating the first, second, and third tone modification functions stored in the form of three 10-bit lookup tables. This process will be shown in two more levels of detail in FIGS. 20 and 21 , containing a descriptive flowchart and pseudo-code using example measurements, respectively. As indicated by a block 1908 , output sub-module 916 comprises a step of producing a single multi-bit output value corresponding to the first colorant for each printable position on the page by using the modified tone values of first, second, and third tone modification functions as the input to a bi-level half-toning algorithm. This process will be shown in two more levels of detail in FIGS. 24 and 25 , containing a descriptive flowchart and pseudo-code using example measurements, respectively. The effect of this step in block 1908 , when looked at for the whole image sets of small, medium, and large 1-bit data as a whole is to merge the images together as one would a set of image masks one on top of another. Where there is a mask bit value of 1, that data and level is used; where there is a 0 value, whatever data on the lower mask levels is allowed to appear. [0096] Referring to FIG. 20 , where the process of tone modification sub-module 912 is shown in greater detail with example calculations. Step 2002 summarizes the function of creating or producing the tone modification functions and their inputs and outputs as previously described in connection with FIGS. 17A-17C . Step 2014 marks the start of loops or iterations describing the calculations to produce a tone modification function's particular modified tone value for a specific input value. As indicated by a decisional block 2004 , tone modification sub-module 912 comprises a set of instructions to determine if the input tone value of the first tone modification function is less than the beginning boundary tone value of the first tonal sub-range. If so, control is passed to a block 2006 where tone modification sub-module 912 comprises a set of instructions to assign the continuous modified tone value to be the value of zero percent (0%). If not, control is passed to a decisional block 2008 where tone modification sub-module 912 comprises a set of instructions to determine of the input tone value of the first tone modification function is greater than the ending boundary tone value of the first tonal sub-range. If so, control is passed to a block 2010 where tone modification sub-module 912 comprises a set of instructions to assign the continuous modified tone value to be the value of one hundred percent (100%). If not, control is passed to block 2012 , where tone modification sub-module 912 comprises a set of instructions to assign the continuous modified tone values for input tone values that fall between the first tonal sub-range's beginning and ending boundary tone values. Conventional linear interpolation is used, mapping the within-boundaries input tone range to the full tone range 0 through 100% with values given by a linear interpolation formula defined by: output tone value=((input_tone_value−starting_tone_value)*100)/(ending_tone_value−starting_tone_value)). [0097] Referring to FIG. 21 , where example pseudo code is shown to calculate the 1024 values for the lookup tables for each of the three tone modification functions. A single loop is used for all three tables. The tonal sub-ranges are for the Cyan colorant shifted based on the measured tone densities. Step 2102 creates an iterating integer index, “i”. Step 2104 calculates a floating point percentage value in the range 0 through 100, based on the value of “i”. Step 2106 sets the value for the ith entry in the first or small dot lookup table to be either 1023 , indicative of 100%, or a fractionally lower value depending on the floating point percentage. Step 2108 sets the value for the ith entry in the second or medium dot lookup table to be one of the values 0, 1023, or a fractionally intermediate value between 0 and 1023, depending on whether the floating point percentage is below, above, or within the tonal sub-range, respectively. Step 2110 sets the value for the ith entry of the lookup table for the third or large dot lookup table to be either 0 or a fractionally intermediate value between 0 and 1023, depending on whether the floating point percentage is below or within the tonal sub-range. Step 2112 increments i for the next lookup table entries. Step 2114 checks for completion by seeing if i has reached 1024 indicating that all the entries of indices 0 through 1023 have been calculated. [0098] Referring to FIG. 22 , patches 2202 , 2204 , and 2206 each show a printed patch five (5) printing dots wide by six (6) printing dots high, of dots of increasing sizes and overlap. One dot is shown missing in each of patches 2204 , 2204 , and 2206 . The amount of dot area missing decreases with increasing dot size. As 100% coverage is reached there is diminishing increase in dot area. This non-linear effect is similar to traditional “dot gain”. [0099] Referring to FIG. 23 , a graph illustrates compensation for the non-linear response of increasing tone value and a conventional inverse function used to compensate for it. For example for input tone values in the proximity of 50% the output tone values as points on curve 2302 are in the proximity of 75%. Compensating for this dot gain, when the system requires an output tone value of 50%, the necessary input tone needed is therefore less than 50% or about 20% as shown on inverse function 2304 . [0100] Referring to FIG. 24 , where a high level flow chart shows the operation of output sub-module 916 . Step 2402 gets modified continuous tone values produced from the output of the tone modification functions 1104 , 1106 , and 1108 . Step 2404 processes the modified continuous tone values with bi-level half-toning algorithms producing three 1-bit values. Decision blocks 2406 , 2410 , 2414 , and 2418 check the values of the three 1-bit values to select among multi-bit output values 3 , 2 , 1 , and 0 via statement blocks 2408 , 2412 , 2416 , and 2420 respectively. [0101] Referring to FIG. 25 , where a detailed pseudo code flowchart of pixel processing module 904 is shown. Step 2502 creates three Boolean variables, B1, B2, and B3, for small, medium, and large dots, respectively. For each pixel on the page Step 2504 retrieves the corresponding continuous tone value from the rendering and the corresponding threshold matrix value from the screening threshold matrix. Step 2506 performs tone modification 1 by selecting a value from LookUpTable1 based on the continuous tone value from the rendering. Step 2506 sets the value of Boolean variable B1 to true if the looked up value is greater than the threshold matrix value. Otherwise Step 2506 sets the value of B1 to false. Steps 2508 and 2510 similarly set Boolean variable B2 and B3 using LookUpTable2 and LookUpTable3, respectively, and the continuous tone value from the rendering. Decision block 2512 and statement 2514 select 3 as the multi-bit output value if B3 is true. If B3 is false, decision block 2516 and statement 2518 select 2 as the multi-bit output value if B2 is true. If B2 is false, decision block 2518 and statement 2524 select 1 as the multi-bit output value if B1 is true. If B1 is false, statement 2526 selects 0 as the multi-bit output value. Decision block 2522 checks to see if the X-Y position just operated on is the last one on the page and either ends the module if the X-Y position is the last one on the page, or sets the control flow back to step 2504 to proceed with the next pixel to be processed. [0102] Referring to FIG. 26 , where a schematic for pixel processing module 904 is shown in a hardware implementation suitable for threshold matrix half-tone screening. Blocks 2602 , 2604 , and 2606 show first, second, and third tone modification functions for the first, second, and third printable tone levels, respectively (for example, small, medium, and large dots). Components used in the hardware for tone modification functions 1104 , 1106 , and 1108 include 10-bit registers to hold screening parameters, 10-bit subtractors, and 10-bit multipliers. Bi-level half-toning, shown by block 2608 , comprises a threshold matrix 2610 that produces a threshold value 2611 for a given X-Y coordinate, and a comparator such as 2612 that compares the modified continuous tone value with the threshold value 2611 to determine a 1-bit output 2618 for the small size dots. Comparators 2614 and 2616 use the same threshold value 2611 to compare modified continuous tone values from Tone Modification functions 2604 and 2608 to produce 1-bit outputs 2620 and 2622 for the medium and large dots, respectively. [0103] Referring to FIG. 27 , where a digital logic diagram is shown for producing multi-bit output 2708 from 1-bit logic levels 2618 , 2620 , and 2622 for small, medium, and large dots, respectively. Sections 2702 , 2704 , and 2706 are 2-bit multiplexers for data flow for the small, medium, and large dots, respectively. Each of 2-bit multiplexers 2702 , 2704 , and 2706 have as inputs selector lines 2710 , 2712 , and 2714 , and input lines internally labeled A1, A0, B1, and B0. Each 2-bit multiplexer has two output lines internally labeled A and B. Each 2-bit multiplexer functions as a two state switch, copying the two logic levels on inputs A1 and B1 to outputs A and B if its selector line is connected to a high logic level, or copying the logic levels on inputs A0 and B0 to outputs A and B if its selector line is connected to a low logic level. Production of multi-bit output value 2708 is described as follows. If 1-bit logic level 2622 is high 2-bit multiplexer 2706 immediately copies input levels of 11 to its output levels A and B, 0b11 in binary or base 2, which is equal to a value of 3 in the common base 10 number system. This provides a value of 3 to output value 2708 . If logic level 2622 is low, A0 and B0 inputs of multiplexer 2706 are selected for the output value 2708 . Inputs A0 and B0 inputs of multiplexer 2706 are connected to the outputs A and B of 2-bit multiplexer 2704 and thus receive either the A1 and B1 inputs of multiplexer 2704 , which have values of 1 and 0, respectively, or the outputs A and B of multiplexer 2702 , depending on the logic level state 2620 , the logic level for the medium dot. [0104] With continued reference to FIG. 27 , 2-bit multiplexer 2702 has its outputs A and B selected between the 2-bit values 01 from the A1 and B1 inputs or the 2-bit values 00 from the A0 and B0 inputs. In this manner the multi-bit output value 2708 is set to one of the four 2-bit binary values 00, 01, 10, or 11, depending on the 3 1-bit logic levels 2618 , 2620 , and 2622 . The numbers 00, 01, 10, or 11 interpreted in binary (base-2) have the values 0, 1, 2, and 3 (base 10) respectively. [0105] Referring to FIG. 28 , where an alternative hardware for pixel processing module 904 is implemented in a manner suitable for an error diffusion algorithm. Hardware bi-level half-toning modules 2802 , 2804 , 2806 are shown as implementing an error diffusion algorithm for the half-toning function. They must each be initialized at the start of page as is well known in the art. Modules 2802 , 2804 , 2806 operate in parallel, that is simultaneously with each other, each producing a 1-bit value for a particular dot size. These three 1-bit values are inputs to the 2-bit multiplexers ( FIG. 27 ). [0106] Referring to FIGS. 29 and 30 , two alternative implementations are shown for the 3 tone modification functions 2602 , 2604 , and 2606 ( FIG. 26 ). For example, continuous tone input 1010 could have, in the range 0-1023, a value of 2. The implementation of FIG. 29 would perform a subtraction followed by a multiplication on the value 2 to produce the modified continuous tone 1116 . The implementation of FIG. 30 would use the value 2 as an index into lookup table 3002 , retrieving the third value 2802 as the output value in a single operation. [0107] Referring to FIGS. 31 and 32 , in a first embodiment, overlap module 910 comprises a set of instructions to overlap the first and second tonal sub-ranges 3202 and 3204 by modifying a beginning boundary tone level 3212 of second tonal sub-range 3204 to a value 2% (example) lower then an ending boundary tone level 3210 of first tonal sub-range 3202 . Overlap module 910 further comprises a set of instructions to overlap second and third tonal sub-ranges 3204 and 3206 by modifying a beginning boundary tone level 3216 of third tonal sub-range 3206 to have a value of 2% lower than an ending boundary tone level 3214 of second tonal sub-range 3204 . [0108] Referring to FIG. 33 , where both shifting and overlapping of a continuous tonal boundary is illustrated. Shown are first, second, and third tonal sub-ranges 3302 , 3304 , and 3306 . First tonal sub-range 3302 has a beginning boundary tone value 3308 and an ending boundary tone value 3310 . Second tonal sub-range 3304 has a beginning boundary tone value 3312 and an ending boundary tone value 3314 . Third tonal sub-range 3306 has a beginning boundary tone value 3316 and an ending boundary tone value 3318 . First and second transition tone values 3322 and 3324 are set at 48% and 70%, respectively. The beginning boundary tone value 3312 of second tonal sub-range 3304 has been moved a value of 2% lower than the ending boundary tone value 3310 of first tonal sub-range 3302 resulting in an overlap of first and second tonal sub-ranges 3302 and 3304 . Similarly, the beginning boundary tone value 3316 of third tonal sub-range 3306 has been moved a value of 2% lower than the ending boundary tone value 3314 of second tonal sub-range 3304 resulting in an overlap of second and third tonal sub-ranges 3304 and 3306 . [0109] Referring to FIG. 34A-34C , where graphs illustrate tone modification functions for small size dots ( FIG. 34A ), medium size dots ( FIG. 34B ), and large size dots ( FIG. 34C ). The tone modifications for shifting with overlapping are determined in the same manner as the tone modifications for shifting without overlapping ( FIGS. 16 and 17 ). [0110] Referring to FIGS. 35 and 36 , where a second embodiment of overlap module 910 is shown with bi-directional overlapping. Overlap module 910 comprises a set of instructions 3502 to overlap the first and second tonal sub-ranges 3502 and 3504 by modifying beginning boundary tone level 3512 of second tonal sub-range 3504 to a value 2% lower then ending boundary tone level 3510 of first tonal sub-range 3502 . Overlap module 910 comprises a set of instructions 3504 to overlap the first and second tonal sub-ranges by modifying ending boundary tone level of first tonal sub-range 3502 to a value 2% higher then beginning boundary tone level of second tonal sub-range 3504 . Overlap module 910 comprises a set of instructions 3506 to overlap second and third tonal sub-ranges 3504 and 3506 by modifying beginning boundary tone level 3516 of third tonal sub-range 3506 to have a value of 2% lower than ending boundary tone level 3514 of second tonal sub-range 3504 . Overlap module 910 comprises a set of instructions 3508 to overlap second and third tonal sub-ranges 3502 and 3504 by modifying ending boundary tone level of second tonal sub-range 3504 to a value of 2% higher then beginning tone level of third tonal sub-range 3506 . [0111] Referring to FIGS. 37A-37C , where graphs illustrate tone modification functions for small size dots ( FIG. 36A ), medium size dots ( FIG. 36B ), and large size dots ( FIG. 36C ), tone modification function 3702 is comprised of 3 segments labeled A through C. The value for the modified continuous tone value for this function is 100 if the input tone value falls within segment C. If the input tone value falls within segments A or B, the value for the modified continuous tone value is a standard linear interpolation between the two Y values of the endpoints of segments A and B, respectively, as is generally known to one skilled in the art. [0112] Referring to FIG. 38 , where example calculations are shown for the screening parameters used for the tone modification functions, the screening parameter SmallDotPeak is calculated to have the 10-bit integer value 685 . The Calculation column shows how the values are calculated. For example, in the case of the SmallDotPeak parameter, the Murray Davies equation is used with density 0.475 and the nominal Dmax value of 2.50 to produce an equivalent dot area value of 67% that is scaled to a 10-bit integer value by dividing by 100 and multiplying by 1023 to give result 685 . [0113] Referring to FIGS. 39-59 , where a visual demonstration of screening calibration and compensation for a four gray-level digital printing machine is illustrated. The native PDF drawings filed with this application are electronically available at the USPTO web site (www.uspto.gov) via PAIR in the SCORE database using the Supplemental Content tab. These native drawings can be zoomed in and out as described herein. The first step in press control is to calibrate the print processes. For traditional lithographic printing, this mainly involved measuring the density of a dark film, as films are used for all inks. In the present invention, this includes measuring the print densities of each of the process color inks. For multiple gray level digital presses, and specifically for this calibration, this now includes measuring the density of solid patches of each of the dot sizes or printable tone levels of the digital printing machine. Though the scale and power of current desktop imaging programs is less than employed in current digital front ends for digital presses, current desktop imaging programs have excellent visual fidelity are can be used to well illustrate the processes of the invention. [0114] Referring to FIG. 39 , the Musicians image is used as a rendered unscreened test image or file because it has excellent detail as well as skin tones, which are traditionally hard, yet critical for quality printing. The file is small compared to rendered data for a modern digital press. It is about 6×6 inches with a resolution of 350 dpi. By comparison, a digital press today may print 30 inches by 40 inches with a resolution of 1200 dpi. The rendered data for digital press thus has over 390 times the number of pixels in the Musicians image. The processing is the same, however, and the data processed images are easier to see with the far smaller Musicians file as rendered data. Also, to make the processes more visible, this calibration demonstration will employ FM screening at ⅙th the resolution of what it would be for the digital press, 200 Ipi versus 1200 Ipi. Error diffusion will be used. There is one final and major difference between this demonstration on a small image file and a production system on a digital press as outlined in the invention. For speed and efficiency, each of the invention embodiments processes a complete pixel by pixel in one pass. For this demonstration, however, at each step of the process data has been collected and made into a visible image suitable for placing into drawings for illustration. In the following images, examining the four process color ramps about the border of the test image is an excellent way to navigate the process and see what is actually going on after individual processing steps of the invention. [0115] Referring to FIG. 40 , shown is the rendered unscreened image data for the separation of Cyan. The ramp for Cyan is shown having extremely smooth and continuous tone of Cyan from 0 to 100 percent, easily verified by zooming in. [0116] Referring to FIG. 41 , shown is the rendered unscreened image data for the separation of Magenta. The ramp for Magenta is shown having a smooth and continuous tone of Magenta from 0 to 100 percent. [0117] Referring to FIG. 42 , shown is the rendered unscreened image data for the separation of Yellow. The ramp for Yellow is shown having a smooth and continuous tone of Yellow from 0 to 100 percent. [0118] Referring to FIG. 43 , shown is the rendered unscreened image data for the separation of Black. The ramp for Black is shown having a smooth and continuous tone of Black from 0 to 100 percent. [0119] Referring to FIGS. 44-49 , the following steps of processing the test image will be shown for the Cyan separation only. The other process colors are processed similarly. In actual practice, there will be different measurements and tone modification functions for each of the separations. FIGS. 44-46 show images of the same rendered data after being processed by the three (3) tone modification functions. The gray levels used for the digital press are not the equidistant ones that a linear tone quantization would employ. Here, for all separations, the small, medium, and large dots, indicative of the 3 non-zero gray levels have been given equivalent dot areas of 45%, 75%, and 100%. This should be clear upon examination of the visible tone ramps. For example, in FIG. 45 the part of the ramp lower than 45% is white (0%) and the part of the ramp above 75% is black (100%). [0120] Referring to FIGS. 47-49 , where are images are shown after the data has passed through the half-toning algorithms. Zooming in on the ramps at points 45% and 75% of the way from light to dark is illustrative. Half-toning takes place only within each sub-range. Again, only the separation of Cyan is shown. [0121] Referring to FIG. 50 , where an image of the separation for Cyan is shown after being processed by the multi-layer combination logic. The four 2-bit output levels are represented by the four contone levels 0%, 45%, 75%, and 100% both for view ability as well as correspondence to the printed image. Zooming in on both transition points, 45% and 75%, on the Cyan ramp at a zoom of 200% or 300% readily shows both the transitioning at these points, as well as the overlapping. The other separations, after similar processing, are shown in FIG. 51 (Magenta), FIG. 52 (Yellow), and FIG. 53 (Black). [0122] Referring to FIG. 54 , the four output images ( FIGS. 50-53 ) are now combined into a single CMYK composite color image. This image still contains only 4 gray levels (3 dot sizes) per separation. Because of the high resolution of this image, at low zoom levels, display programs operating on this document may average it down to lower resolution, making it appear to be continuous tone. Though this removes all the screening that is to be shown, it has the advantage of showing the inherent visual fidelity of the image, as the zoomed out image looks virtually indistinguishable from the original CMYK continuous tone image. [0123] Referring to FIGS. 55 and 56 , zooming in on a small portion of CMYK image ( FIG. 55 ) and the separation for black ( FIG. 56 ) of that zoom shows the calibration and screening details. These images are an extremely high level zoom on a very small portion of FIG. 54 chosen for the very dynamic tonal changes and detail in this region. At this level of zoom, on a single separation, the advantages of the invention are easily seen. The placement of the transition points at the tone equivalency points lets the whole image appear continuous-tone-like, even though the image has only 4 tones. Close examination, or viewing the histogram, confirms this 4 gray-level nature. The image also shows the ability of a multi-level digital press to hold detail. The shading on the wrist employs all three dot-sizes and shows the extremely smooth hand-offs between changes of dot size and changes of dot frequency to produce visual tone change. [0124] Referring to FIGS. 57 and 58 , recall that the tonal range output levels for the rendered unscreened test image of FIG. 39 was set at 0%, 45%, 75%, and 100% resulting in the high quality screened images of FIGS. 54 , 55 , and 56 . To demonstrate the flexibility and efficacy of the invention, FIGS. 57 and 58 show the same color and black separation zoom-ins as FIGS. 55 and 56 , only this time after a re-calibration and compensation for a drastic change of the printing levels (for whatever reason) to 0%, 25%, 50%, and 100%. The small dots are now much lighter and the medium dots are now much darker. Nevertheless, the images of FIGS. 57 and 58 are virtually indistinguishable from the images of FIGS. 55 and 56 , respectively. After careful analysis, especially at even higher zoom levels, one sees for example that the middle of the wrist in FIG. 56 is composed of mostly white with some small dots, whereas that same portion of the wrist in FIG. 58 is composed of mostly small dots with some medium dots. Back away, however, and the images rightly become indistinguishable. [0125] The calibration, screening, and compensation, shown here for a 4 gray-level device, offers digital printing a calibrated and compensated screening system with low noise, high accuracy, precise imaging, dynamic re-calibration, and most-importantly, extremely high visual fidelity, making the most use of the inherent capabilities of the new generation of printing machines. [0126] While particular embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the claimed invention.	A system and method of calibration, screening, and compensation is presented for multiple gray-level digital presses. Unequal quantization of the input range is employed with compensated overlapping of sub-ranges. Multiple instances of bi-level screening algorithms, tone modification functions, and a recombination algorithm are employed to produce calibrated screening on individual tone ranges. The method works with any bi-level screening algorithm and devices with any number of gray-levels. Quality imaging results from high detail, high tonal accuracy, low screening noise, and lack of printed artifacts. Dynamic re-calibration is facilitated. The elimination of the constraint of evenly spaced gray-levels also has advantages of cost and yield for both print head fabricators as well as digital press manufacturers. Multiple implementations of the system and method are given for both hardware and software embodiments of the invention.	7
This application is a divisional of co-pending application Ser. No. 08/796,706, filed Feb. 6, 1997. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The field of this invention relates to disconnects, particularly those that can be used during drilling. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Disconnects of various types have been used in the past in various facets of well completions. These disconnects have been used in conjunction with wireline operations, and one known type of wireline disconnect is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 5,363,921. Other types of disconnects, such as Bowen Safety Joints, have been used which disengage by left-hand rotation at approximately 40% of the tool's right-hand make-up torque. The problem with use of disconnects that involve shear pin or twist-to-the-left release is that they are perceived as weak and, therefore, disadvantageous for use in drilling operations. During drilling operations, reverse torques can occur, for example, as reaction forces when using a downhole motor to power a bit. Other disconnects involve the use of a tool known as a "string shot," which is positioned adjacent a portion of the string and uses explosives to loosen up a particular joint, with the intention that upon a turn to the left, the joint adjacent to where the string shot is actuated will release. During drilling operations, known designs of disconnects have several limitations. The disconnects are perceived to be weak points in the drill string because they employ such release mechanisms as shear pins or threads that turn to the left to release. Some even advertise this weak point feature, such as the coiled tubing release joint offered by Dowell Schlumberger. During drilling operations, severe loads are placed on the drill string which can result in an inadvertent release of such known release tools; hence, they are generally not used in drilling operations. However, should problems develop during the drilling operation, it is desirable to have a disconnect to facilitate removal of the drill string so that fishing operations or milling operations can be commenced, if necessary. One of the limitations of prior tools has been the inability to transmit torques which are frequently encountered during drilling operations. Designs that use collets are prone to failure of such locking mechanisms in the disconnect under application of severe torque. Hydraulic disconnects have been in use in thru-tubing fishing operations. One such design is a hydraulic disconnect product No. 379-70, made by Baker Oil Tools under Model No. FA/FAU, which uses a collet to hold a joint together and a ball to move a sleeve to unsupport the collet for a release. One of the difficulties in such joints is their potential to bind if, as they are being released, there is a significant tensile or compressive load applied to the connection. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a disconnect which has the internal integrity to make it as strong as the rest of the drill string. The present invention can disconnect when desired, despite the fact that the apparatus is at that time subjected to significant tensile or compressive loads. The invention allows for disconnection by alternative methods. Accordingly, in one version of the tool, a ball can be dropped or pumped to a seat to facilitate disconnection. In another version of the tool, that may employ an internal wireline precluding the use of a ball, disconnection can be accomplished by compression of a stack of Bellville washers, in response to a tensile force, to release a collet-locking mechanism. Either design features a rotational locking component. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS. 1a-c are a sectional elevational view of the disconnect in the run-in position. FIGS. 2a-c are a sectional elevational view of the disconnect of the present invention in the released position. FIGS. 3a-d are a split view of the Bellville-type disconnect alternative embodiment shown in the connected and disconnected positions. FIG. 4 is a view along section lines 4--4 of FIG. 3a. FIG. 5 is a view along section lines 5--5 of FIG. 3b. FIG. 6 is a view along section lines 6--6 of FIG. 3c. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIGS. 1 a-c, the disconnect has a top sub 10 which can be connected to a tubing string of rigid or coiled tubing (not shown) at thread 12. A shear pin 14 holds dog housing 16 to inner sleeve 18. O-ring seals 20 and 22 seal between top sub 10 and inner sleeve 18. A ball seat 24 is formed on inner sleeve 18 to catch a ball 26 (see FIG. 2a) for actuation of the disconnect as will be described below. Port 31 in top sub 10 is sealingly isolated for run-in by seals 20 and 22 at the upper end of inner sleeve 18 and seals 28 and 30 at its lower end. Thread 32 connects top sub 10 to the dog housing 16. A split ring 34 acts as a travel stop for inner sleeve 18 when it engages shoulder 36 of inner sleeve 18, as seen in FIG. 2a. Dog housing 16 has an opening 38 through which extends a series of dogs 40. A tight clearance is employed between dogs 40 and opening 38 to prevent the dogs 40 from tilting during release, which could cause a jam. The outer face 42 of each dog 40 has a thread profile to match a facing profile on latch sleeve 44. In the preferred embodiment, the thread profile is a National thread which greatly increases the bearing area of the connection and allows high tensile and compressive loads to be transmitted without failure. The flank angle of the interengaged thread combination helps to create a radial component force when an axial force is applied during disengagement. This radial force assists the dogs 40 to retract away from latch sleeve 44 upon shifting of inner sleeve 18. Latch sleeve 44 is secured to bottom sub 46 at thread 48. Dogs 50 assist in locking the latch sleeve 44 to the bottom sub 46 during fishing operations. The latch sleeve 44 has an upper end 52 which overlaps with the lower end 54 of dog housing 16. The adjuster nut 56 is connected to dog housing 16 at thread 58. Rotation of the adjuster nut 56 causes it to bear against the latch sleeve 44 for initial placement for run-in. Also, part of the lower end 54 of dog housing 16 are splines 60 which extend into matching recesses 62 in bottom sub 46. Accordingly, the dog housing 16 is rotationally locked to the bottom sub 46 by virtue of the interconnection of splines 60 into recesses 62. Other types of rotational locks can be employed without departing from the spirit of the invention. The use of splines 60 and recesses 62 allows for ultimate separation of the joint as will be described below. Additionally, the upper end 52 of the latch sleeve 44 is not physically secured to the dog housing 16 but merely overlaps it adjacent adjuster nut 56. Thus, when the dogs 40 are allowed to retract, the disconnect of the present invention comes apart, with dog housing 16 carrying out the dogs 40 as the splines 60 exit from recesses 62. The latch sleeve 44 is then left exposed for fishing operations. The inner sleeve 18 has a recess 64 which in the run-in position is offset from the dogs 40. In the run-in position shown in FIG. 1b, the inner sleeve 18 forces the dogs 40 outwardly so that the thread profile 42 on the dogs 40 engages the matching profile on the latch sleeve 44. Different matching profiles or even dissimilar profiles can be used to secure the dogs 40 into latch sleeve 44. As can be seen by comparing FIG. 1b to FIG. 2b, the shifting of the inner sleeve 18 as a result of dropping a ball 26 and seating it on seat 24 and building up pressure, results in placement of the recess 64 opposite the dogs 40, allowing them to retract. The dogs 40 can be biased radially inwardly by one or more band springs 66 which are located in grooves 68 in dogs 40 (see FIG. 2b). Bottom sub 46 has a port 70 in which a rupture disk 72 is mounted. In the event the central passage 74 is obstructed when it is time to position ball 26 on seat 24, pressure applied to passage 74 communicates with rupture disk 72 to break it at a predetermined pressure level to establish flow through bottom sub 46 to allow circulation from the surface to position ball 26 on seat 24. A wear sub 76 is attached to bottom sub 46 at thread 78. Wear sub 76 has an external hard facing 80, which acts to prevent wear on the rest of the disconnect illustrated in FIGS. 1 a-c. When it comes time to disconnect the apparatus shown in FIGS. 1a-c, the ball 26 is circulated to seat 24 and pressure is built up until shear pin 14 is broken. At that time, the inner sleeve 18 slides downwardly until shoulder 36 bottoms on split ring 34. At this time, the port 31 is exposed and the operator at the surface sees a sudden pressure drop, indicating that the sleeve 18 has fully shifted, bringing recessed surface 64 in juxtaposition with the dogs 40. At that time, the band springs 66 retract dogs 40 into opening 38 in dog housing 16. An upward pull on top sub 10 brings with it dog housing 16, dogs 40, and adjuster nut 56. Left exposed for future fishing operations is latch sleeve 44. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the configuration illustrated above, by virtue of the interengagement of the threads 42 on dogs 40 with the mating threads on latch sleeve 44, a connection at least as strong as the tubing string connection to thread 12 is provided. Accordingly, in this preferred embodiment, the operator need not be hesitant to use a disconnect, even in drilling operations for fear that the disconnect will release at an inopportune time. Thus, despite the various loadings that can occur during drilling, the disconnect as shown in FIGS. 1a-c and 2a-c reliably performs with at minimum equal strength to the remaining threaded joints in the rigid tubing string connected to thread 12. The release as above described is possible, despite the fact that the disconnect is under a tensile or set-down load of as much as 250,000 pounds. This presents a distinct advantage to other types of prior disconnects where attempts to release, while the disconnect was under significant tensile or compressive loads, resulted in failure of some portion of the locking mechanism, which could result in the tool not releasing. The design as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 is able to transmit torque within or exceeding the limits of the remainder of the string through the splines 60 engaged in a matching recess 62. A separation of this tool also exposes the sleeve 44, which can have a suitable recess to facilitate fishing operations. Alternatively, the bottom sub 46 can accommodate a fishing neck so that when the joint is separated and bottom sub 46 remains, the fishing operations can be facilitated. The physical size of dogs 40 and the quantity of such dogs, as well as the nature of the exterior treatment of the dogs 40 as they engage the sleeve 44, can be configured to match or exceed the capacity of the remaining joints in the rigid tubing string which is connected to threads 12. With the apparatus as revealed in FIG. 1, a disconnect can now reliably be put in a drillstring using rigid tubing, with a release effectuated by pressure build up, coupled with the ability to transmit rotation to a level equaling or exceeding the capacity of the rigid tubing string. The tool, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, can be used in coiled or rigid tubing applications. A series of such tools can be employed in a single string, with the diameter of seat 24 on each unit increasing as its position uphole increases. The advantage of multiple assemblies is that even if there is a release, the tubing can still stick. With multiple units, different disconnect points can be obtained by sequential dropping of progressively larger balls which progressively catch further uphole until eventually, the string remaining above the disconnect is no longer stuck and can be easily removed. FIGS. 3a-d illustrate an alternative embodiment which can be used instead of the preferred embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2. There can be some applications where the central passage 74 has a wireline or other obstruction in it which precludes the mode of operation of using a ball 26 to seat on a seat 24. The alternative embodiment is shown in two positions in a split view in FIGS. 3a-d. It has a top sub 82 with a thread 84 to connect to the joints of tubing or coiled tubing (not shown). Ring 86 is connected to top sub 82 at thread 88. Ring 86 forms a support surface 90 onto which a stack of Bellville washers 92 is placed. A ring 94 bears on surface 96 of collet ring 98. Collet ring 98 has a series of elongated fingers 100 which terminate in collet heads 102. In the run-in position, collet heads 102 are trapped between surface 104 of outer sleeve 106 and shoulder 108 of bottom sub 110. Bottom sub 110 is a series of recesses 112 into which extend lower ends 114 of outer sleeve 106. FIG. 5 shows the lower ends 114 within recesses 112. Accordingly, there is a rotational lock between the outer sleeve 106 and the bottom sub 110. The remainder of the assembly used during drilling is connected at thread 111. This can include a downhole motor and/or a drillbit. Bottom sub 110 has a receptacle 116 into which extends lower end 118 of top sub 82. Seal 120 seals between lower end 118 of top sub 82 and bottom sub 110. Bottom sub 110 has a groove 122 which, in conjunction with shoulder 108, retains the collet heads 102 when surface 104 on outer sleeve 106 is in contact with collet heads 102. Adjacent groove 122 is groove 124, which is useful in subsequent fishing operations after a disconnect. The outer sleeve 106 has a recessed surface 126 adjacent surface 104. When surface 126 is juxtaposed next to the collet heads 102, they can move radially outwardly to clear shoulder 108 for a disengagement, as shown in the bottom half of FIG. 3c. There the collet heads 102 are no longer supported against the shoulder 108 by surface 104. Instead, surface 126 has moved into juxtaposition at the collet heads 102 as a result of an upward pull applied through the tubing string to the top sub 82 through thread 84. Such an upward pull from the surface compresses the stack of Bellville washers 92 when a predetermined force is reached, thus shortening their overall length as ring 86 moves upwardly with top sub 82. The apparatus features additional rotational locks involving a series of lugs 128 which extend from top sub 82 into an elongated slot 130. Thus, apart from the thread connection 132 between the top sub 82 and outer sleeve 106, torque is transmitted through lugs 128 in slots 130. As shown in FIG. 6, the bottom sub 110 can also extend sufficiently upwardly to engage extending segments 134 of ring 86 to facilitate torque transmission by locking the top sub 82 to the bottom sub 110. In operation, the disconnected position in FIG. 3 is reached by an upward pull on top sub 82, which urges ring 86 upwardly against the stack of Bellville washers 92. When the stack compresses, the outer sleeve 106 rides up to position surface 126 adjacent the collet heads 102, at which point the upward force applied to top sub 82 disconnects the top sub 82 from the bottom sub 110. This embodiment can also be used in drilling. Because of the fact that it uses collets 102 as a locking mechanism, the disconnect shown in FIG. 3 can be perceived as not as strong as any other component of a rigid tubing string used during drilling operations. The torque that can be transmitted through the top sub 82 to the bottom sub 110 meets or exceeds the torque limitations of the remainder of the string. Such torque is not transmitted through the collets 102. This embodiment can be used when a wireline extends through the central passage 136 and the preferred embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2 cannot be used due to the wireline. The foregoing disclosure and description of the invention are illustrative and explanatory thereof, and various changes in the size, shape and materials, as well as in the details of the illustrated construction, may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention.	The present invention provides a disconnect which has the internal integrity to make it as strong as the rest of the drill string. The present invention can disconnect when desired, despite the fact that the apparatus is at that time subjected to significant tensile or compressive loads. The invention allows for disconnection by alternative methods. Accordingly, in one version of the tool, a ball can be dropped or pumped to a seat to facilitate disconnection. In another version of the tool, that may employ an internal wireline precluding the use of a ball, disconnection can be accomplished by compression of a stack of Bellville washers, in response to a tensile force, to release a collet-locking mechanism. Either design features a rotational locking component.	4
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/695,528, entitled “Tungsten Plug Corrosion Prevention Method Using Ionized Air,” filed Oct. 28, 2003, and naming John W. Jacobs and Elizabeth A. Dauch as inventors, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,052,992, issued May 30, 2006. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Interconnect lines electrically connect devices within an integrated circuit (IC). IC devices may include one or more complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistors having diffused source and drain regions separated by channel regions, and gates that are located over the channel regions. In practice, an IC may include thousands or millions of devices, such as CMOS transistors. [0003] Interconnect lines of ICs generally take the form of patterned metallization layers. Interconnect lines may be formed one on top of another with an electrically insulating material therebetween. As will be more fully described below, one interconnect line may be formed under another interconnect line and electrically connected thereto by one or more tungsten plugs. [0004] ICs are manufactured on silicon substrates, often called wafers, using conventional photolithographic techniques. FIGS. 1-8 show a cross-sectional view of an IC during a portion of its manufacture. More particularly, FIG. 1 shows a first dielectric layer 12 , a first metallization layer 14 , and a photoresist layer 16 formed over substrate 10 . Layers 12 - 16 are formed using conventional techniques such as chemical vapor deposition, sputtering, or spin-on coating. [0005] First metallization layer 14 can be formed into a first interconnect line. This first interconnect line can be formed by selectively exposing photoresist layer 16 to light passing through a patterned reticle (not shown). Photoresist areas of layer 16 exposed to light are subsequently removed using conventional development techniques. FIG. 2 shows the substrate 10 of FIG. 1 after development of photoresist layer 16 to form photoresist mask pattern 20 . [0006] Once the photoresist mask pattern 20 is formed, a plasma etching operation is applied to the IC shown in FIG. 2 to remove portions of metallization layer 14 that are not covered by photoresist mask pattern 20 . FIG. 3 shows the IC of FIG. 2 after plasma etching thereof. The plasma etching operation results in first interconnect line 22 . [0007] FIG. 4 shows the IC of FIG. 3 after a second dielectric layer 24 is deposited thereon. Although not shown, photoresist mask pattern 20 is removed prior to formation of second dielectric layer 24 . The second dielectric layer 24 and the first dielectric layer 12 may be formed from an insulating material such as silicon dioxide. [0008] FIG. 5 shows the IC of FIG. 4 after a via 26 is formed within the second dielectric layer 24 . As is well known in the art, vias, such as via 26 , are formed by depositing a photoresist layer (not shown) over dielectric layer 24 , selectively exposing this photoresist layer to light passing through a patterned reticle having via hole patterns formed therein, developing and removing the exposed photoresist to form a photoresist via mask pattern, etching any dielectric layer 24 exposed through the photoresist via mask pattern, and removing the remaining photoresist via mask after etching dielectric layer 24 . [0009] Once the vias are formed within the second dielectric layer 24 , the vias are filled with an electrically conductive material such as tungsten. As well is known in the art, vias, such as via 26 , are filled by depositing a barrier film by sputter or chemical vapor deposition, depositing a conductive film by sputter or chemical vapor deposition, and then removing the conductive film, and possibly removing the barrier film, over dielectric layer 24 , but not inside the via 26 . The barrier film is typically comprised of titanium, titanium nitride, or a titanium/titanium nitride stack. The conductive film is typically tungsten. The conductive film, and possibly the barrier film, is removed by plasma etching, chemical mechanical polishing, or wet etching. FIG. 6 shows via 26 of FIG. 5 filled with tungsten, thereby forming tungsten plug 30 . [0010] After the tungsten plugs are formed, a second metallization layer is formed over dielectric layer 24 and the tungsten plugs, including tungsten plug 30 . This metallization layer is typically comprised of a metal stack that includes any combination of one or more the following: titanium, titanium nitride, aluminum, an aluminum copper alloy, or an aluminum silicon copper alloy. This metallization layer is then patterned using conventional photolithography and plasma etching to form an additional layer of interconnect lines. FIG. 7 shows the IC of FIG. 6 with a second interconnect line 32 formed thereon. The second interconnect line 32 is electrically coupled to the first interconnect line 22 via the tungsten plug 30 . First interconnect line 22 may be coupled at one end to a first device (i.e., a first CMOS transistor). The second interconnect line 32 may be coupled to a second device (i.e., a second CMOS transistor) or coupled to connections which lead to the outside of the chip package. Accordingly, the structure of the first interconnect line 22 , tungsten plug 30 , and second interconnect line 32 , function to interconnect the first and second IC devices or function to interconnect an IC device and external package connections. [0011] As is well known in the art, conventional plasma etching to form interconnect lines (e.g., interconnect line 32 ) often leaves residual polymer (not shown) on the sides of the interconnect lines. To remove this residual polymer on the sides of the interconnect lines, a liquid cleaning solution is often used after plasma etch. Further, conventional plasma etching to form interconnect line 32 may leave a positive electrical charge on interconnect line 32 , and thus, tungsten plug 30 and first interconnect line 22 . For purposes of explanation, it will be presumed that the structure consisting of first interconnect line 22 , tungsten plug 30 , and second interconnect line 32 is a floating structure such that both interconnect lines 22 and 32 and tungsten plug 30 will be positively charged before the polymer residue removal process. [0012] After plasma etching, the IC shown in FIG. 7 is exposed to a cleaning solution to remove any polymer remaining after the plasma etching step. Typically this cleaning solution may be alkaline or basic in nature (i.e. pH is greater than 7), however, acidic solutions (i.e. pH is less than 7) can also be used. Although the cleaning solution works well in removing polymer residues, one, some, or all of the tungsten plugs that are exposed to the cleaning solution may dissolve or erode away during the polymer residue removal process. The cause is electrochemical corrosion caused by two dissimilar conductive materials being in contact, the interconnect line and the tungsten plug, while both conductive materials are simultaneously in contact with an electrolyte, the cleaning solution or rinsing solution, during the polymer removal process. [0013] More and more devices are packed into smaller ICs. As such, the density of devices and interconnect lines in ICs has dramatically increased over the years. Unfortunately, this dense integration of devices and interconnect lines has the effect of pushing the limits of conventional photolithography patterning, which necessarily makes photolithography masks misalignments more likely to occur. An increase in misalignments will result in an increase of exposed tungsten plugs. [0014] FIG. 7 illustrates the effects of misalignment of photolithography masks. More particularly, the misalignment of photolithography masks used to create second interconnect line 32 produces a misalignment of second interconnect line 32 with respect to tungsten plug 30 . As a result of this misalignment, tungsten plug 30 will be exposed to cleaning solution during the polymer residue removal step described above. [0015] FIG. 8 illustrates how tungsten plug 30 could be corroded by the cleaning or rinsing solution of the polymer residue removal process. As seen in FIG. 8 , a substantial portion of tungsten plug 30 , is removed by the aforementioned corrosion. Tungsten plug corrosion may have adverse effects on performance of the IC. For example, corrosion of tungsten plug 30 shown in FIG. 8 may be so extensive that first interconnect line 22 is no longer electrically coupled to second interconnect line 32 thereby creating an open circuit therebetween. IC devices coupled to second interconnect line 32 could be electrically isolated from IC devices coupled to first interconnect line 22 thereby resulting in an IC that fails to function for its intended purpose. [0016] Clearly, there is a need to avoid tungsten plug corrosion in the manufacture of ICs. In 1998, a paper was published by S. Bothra, H. Sur, and V. Liang, entitled, “A New Failure Mechanism by Corrosion of Tungsten in a Tungsten Plug Process,” IEEE Annual International Reliability Physics Symposium, pages 150-156. This paper, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, describes some techniques for preventing tungsten plug corrosion. These techniques involve discharging the tungsten plugs prior to immersion in alkaline cleaning solution to remove polymer residue. In one technique described in the paper, tungsten plug discharge is accomplished by flooding ICs with an electron-beam prior to polymer residue removal. The paper found that blanket electron-beam flooding of ICs was enough to discharge exposed tungsten plugs, such as the exposed tungsten plug shown in FIG. 7 , such that the exposed tungsten plugs were found to remain in tact after subsequent emersion in the alkaline cleaning solution. The paper said this method was found to be effective without any associated drawbacks. The paper stated that a variety of devices for discharging surfaces to prevent ESD (electrostatic discharge) failures in the clean rooms are available in the market place. However, the paper found that experiments with a few hand-held devices failed, presumably because the electron density is not high enough. It is noted that this paper should not be considered prior art to the invention claimed herein. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0017] Disclosed herein is a method of making integrated circuits. In one embodiment the method includes forming tungsten plugs in the integrated circuit and forming electrically conductive interconnect lines in the integrated circuit after formation of the tungsten plugs. At least one tungsten plug is electrically connected to at least one electrically conductive interconnect line. Thereafter the at least one electrically conductive interconnect line is exposed to ionized air. [0018] The foregoing is a summary and thus contains, by necessity, simplifications, generalizations and omissions of detail; consequently, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. As will also be apparent to one of skill in the art, the operations disclosed herein may be implemented in a number of ways, and such changes and modifications may be made without departing from this invention and its broader aspects. Other aspects, inventive features, and advantages of the present invention, as defined solely by the claims, will become apparent in the non-limiting detailed description set forth below. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0019] The present invention may be better understood in its numerous objects, features, and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings. [0020] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a partially fabricated integrated circuit; [0021] FIG. 2 shows the IC of FIG. 1 after patterning the photoresist layer to form photoresist mask pattern; [0022] FIG. 3 shows the IC of FIG. 2 after etching the first metallization layer; [0023] FIG. 4 illustrates the IC of FIG. 3 with a second dielectric layer formed thereon; [0024] FIG. 5 illustrates the IC of FIG. 4 after formation of a via within the second dielectric layer; [0025] FIG. 6 shows the IC of FIG. 5 with a tungsten plug formed therein; [0026] FIG. 7 shows the IC of FIG. 6 after formation of a second interconnect line thereon; [0027] FIG. 8 shows the IC of FIG. 7 after exposure to a cleaning solution to remove polymer residue; [0028] FIG. 9 illustrates the IC of FIG. 7 after exposure to both ionized air and a cleaning solution to remove polymer residue, with the exposure to ionized air being before the exposure to a cleaning solution; [0029] FIG. 10A-10C illustrates wafers, which contain ICs on their surface, exposed to ionized air in accordance with embodiments of the present invention; and [0030] FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention utilized with a wafer transfer stage of a wafer fabrication process. [0031] The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0032] The present invention relates to a method of making ICs. In one embodiment the method includes forming a tungsten plug in a dielectric layer and forming an electrically conductive interconnect line partially or completely covering the tungsten plug after formation of the tungsten plug. FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary, partially formed IC in which interconnect line 32 is formed after formation of dielectric layer 24 and tungsten plug 30 . The electrically conductive interconnect line 32 in FIG. 7 , may be formed from conductive materials such as a metal stack comprised of any combination of one or more of the following: titanium, titanium nitride, aluminum, an aluminum copper alloy, or an aluminum silicon copper alloy. The Tungsten plug 30 is electrically connected to conductive interconnect line 32 . The tungsten plug 30 in FIG. 7 may have a metal barrier film surrounding it (between the dielectric layer 24 and the tungsten plug 30 ). This metal barrier film may be formed from conductive materials such as a metal stack comprised of any combination of one or more of the following: titanium, titanium nitride, titanium tungsten, or tungsten nitride. [0033] As noted above, formation of conductive line 32 may result in an unwanted polymer residue. Moreover, formation of conductive line 32 may result in the accumulation of electrical charge on the conductive line 32 , the tungsten plug 30 connected thereto and the underlying conductive line 22 connected to tungsten plug 30 . The polymer residue may be removed by exposing the partially formed IC of FIG. 7 to a cleaning solution. Before the polymer residue removal step, but after the formation of the conductive interconnect line 32 , the partially formed IC including interconnect line 32 , is exposed to ionized air. In one embodiment, the partially formed IC is exposed to ionized air when it is in a physically stationary state. This physically stationary state can be in a variety of forms, including, but not limited to sitting on a table or bench top, such as a wafer staging area; sitting in, within, or on a process tool, such as in a load lock, cooling or heating station, notch or flat indexer, or on a robot arm; or sitting in an enclosed area, such as a wafer stocker, lot box, front opening unified pod (FOUP), or Standard Mechanical Interface Pod (SMIF-Pod). In another embodiment, the partially formed IC is exposed to ionized air while the partially formed IC is moving. ICs are often moved during their manufacture. For example, ICs are moved in a process tool, such as moving from one chamber or stage to another chamber or stage. ICs are often moved from one process tool to another process tool, such as moving within a wafer stocker. ICs may be moved from one wafer carrier to another wafer carrier, such as wafer transfer from one cassette, boat, FOUP, or SMIF to another cassette, boat, FOUP, or SMIF. In one embodiment, the partially formed IC is contacted with ionized air for a period of time equal to or less than 60 seconds while the partially formed IC is stationary or moving, it being understood that the present invention should not be limited to ionized air exposure of 60 seconds or less. Indeed, the exposure time may exceed 60 seconds. [0034] The contact with the ionized air fully or partially discharges conductive interconnect line 32 and tungsten plug 30 connected thereto and the underlying conductive line 22 connected to tungsten plug 30 . It is noted that ICs may be created with more than two levels of interconnect lines. Interconnect lines 32 and 22 in FIG. 9 are lines in two separate levels. Ideally, each time a level of interconnect lines is formed, the newly formed interconnect lines should be contacted with ionized air. [0035] The ionized air partially or fully discharges conductive interconnect line 32 and tungsten plug 30 connected thereto and the underlying conductive line 22 connected to tungsten plug 30 . This is accomplished by interconnect line 32 (and tungsten plug 30 if not covered by interconnect line 32 ) engaging positive and/or negative ions surrounding the partially formed IC. The positive and/or negative ions neutralize the opposite polarity charge on the interconnect line 32 , tungsten plug 30 connected thereto and the underlying conductive line 22 connected to tungsten plug 30 . In one embodiment of the present invention, ionized air composed of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and/or argon ions, under ambient atmosphere is used to discharge conductive interconnect line 32 , tungsten plug 30 connected thereto and the underlying conductive line 22 connected to tungsten plug 30 . Other similar ions can be used as well. Generally, conductive interconnect line 32 , tungsten plug 30 connected thereto and the underlying conductive line 22 connected to tungsten plug 30 on the wafer surface is discharged after exposure of interconnect line 32 (and tungsten plug 30 if not covered by interconnect line 32 ) to the ionized air for only a short period of time, e.g., 60 seconds or less, it being understood that the present invention should not be limited thereto. In one embodiment, exposing the conductive interconnect line 32 (and tungsten plug 30 if not covered by interconnect line 32 ) to ionized air during a wafer transfer process (e.g., illustrated in FIG. 11 ) is sufficient. [0036] The partially formed IC of FIG. 7 is processed in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. More particularly, the partially formed IC including conductive interconnect line 32 and tungsten plug 30 , is exposed to ionized air prior the polymer residue removal step described above. FIG. 9 shows the results after (1) exposing the partially formed IC to ionized air, and (2) a subsequent residual polymer removal step. Comparing FIG. 9 to FIG. 8 , it can be seen that tungsten plug 30 , after the polymer residue removal step, is not corroded and provides a more reliable electrical connection between conductive interconnect line 32 and conductive interconnect line 22 . [0037] It will be recognized that the present invention can be extended to processes for fabricating integrated circuits different from that shown in FIG. 7 , but yet ones that experience the aforementioned problem of corrosion of conductive material. For example, other forms of integrated circuits may include additional or fewer conductive interconnect layers, a barrier layer may exist around tungsten plug 30 , the plug material may be something other than tungsten, and so on. [0038] FIGS. 10A-10C illustrate one or more wafers which contain ICs or partially formed ICs such as that shown in FIG. 7 before the residual polymer removal step described above. FIGS. 10A and 10B show that the ICs can be exposed to ionized air directed along different directions with respect to the wafer. FIG. 10A illustrates ionized air directed in a flow perpendicular to a planar surface 102 of wafer 104 . FIG. 10B illustrates ionized air directed in a flow parallel to planar surface 102 of wafer 104 . FIG. 10C shows that more than one wafer may be simultaneously exposed to ionized air. FIG. 10 C illustrates a number of wafers 104 exposed to ionized air directed in a flow generally parallel to planar surfaces of the wafers. The wafers of FIG. 10C can be included in a wafer carrier for example, which is not shown in order to aid in clarity. [0039] FIG. 11 illustrates a wafer transfer stage of a wafer fabrication process in which one embodiment of the present invention may be employed. Illustrated in FIG. 11 is a wafer transfer station 110 including a left wafer carrier station 111 and a right wafer carrier station 112 . In operation, one or more wafers are transferred from left wafer carrier station 111 to right wafer carrier station 112 , or vice versa. During part or all of transfer, the wafers are exposed to ionized air provided by ionizer 120 . In one embodiment of the present invention, the transfer occurs after a point in which the conductive interconnect line 32 and tungsten plug 30 connected thereto and the underlying conductive line 22 connected to tungsten plug 30 on the wafer surface have become electrically charged, but prior to the exposure of conductive interconnect line 32 (and tungsten plug 30 if not covered by interconnect line 32 ) on the wafer surface to a liquid (e.g., a cleaning solution, rinsing solution, solvent, acidic or basic solution, and/or water). [0040] In one embodiment of the present invention, ionizer 120 includes a housing 121 , including one or more power supplies (not shown) and/or room sensors (not shown). Electrodes 122 and 124 are coupled to housing 121 via tubes 123 and 125 , respectively. Electrodes 122 and 124 are placed approximately 1 meter above left and right wafer carrier stations 111 and 112 , respectively, and provide positive and/or negative ions to areas around the wafer. In the presently described embodiment, ionizer 120 is oriented with each electrode in close proximity to each wafer carrier station, although other orientations may be used. In operation, wafers transferred by wafer transfer station 110 are exposed to ionized air provided by ionizer 120 during part or all of the wafer transfer process. When ionizer 120 is configured with a duty cycle of approximately 8 seconds, the wafers can be discharged in approximately 60 seconds or less. Ionizer model 5184 with controller 5024 produced by Ion Systems, Inc., of California is one example of ionizer 120 . [0041] Because the partially formed ICs formed on the wafer surface are exposed to ionized air during the wafer transfer process and after a point in which the conductive interconnect line 32 , tungsten plug 30 connected thereto and the underlying conductive line 22 connected to tungsten plug 30 on the wafer surface have become electrically charged, but prior to the exposure of the partially formed ICs to a liquid (e.g., a cleaning solution, rinsing solution, solvent, acidic or basic solution, and/or water), there is generally no increase in the overall time of the wafer fabrication process. Additionally, because the present invention provides for the discharge of the conductive interconnect line, tungsten plug 30 connected thereto and the underlying conductive line 22 connected to tungsten plug 30 the wafer surface in ambient air pressure, low pressure chambers or vacuums are not necessary, thus the time and monetary costs of discharging the partially formed ICs, including conductive interconnect line, tungsten plug 30 connected thereto and the underlying conductive line 22 connected to tungsten plug 30 , are minimized. [0042] Although the present invention has been described in connection with several embodiments, the invention is not intended to be limited to the specific forms set forth herein. On the contrary, it is intended to cover such alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as can be reasonably included within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.	Disclosed herein is a method of making integrated circuits. In one embodiment the method includes forming tungsten plugs in the integrated circuit and forming electrically conductive interconnect lines in the integrated circuit after formation of the tungsten plugs. At least one tungsten plug is electrically connected to at least one electrically conductive interconnect line. Thereafter at least one electrically conductive interconnect line is exposed to ionized air.	7
FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a light-sensitive composition containing a compound capable of generating a free radical upon exposure to light. More particularly, it relates to a light-sensitive composition containing a novel light-sensitive s-triazine compound. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Compounds capable of generating a free radical through decomposition upon exposure to light (hereinafter referred to as "free radical-generating agents") are well known in the field of graphic arts. They have been widely used as photopolymerization initiators in photopolymerizable compositions, photoactivating agents in compositions for free radical photography, and photo initiators for reaction systems that are catalyzed by acids generated by light. By using these free radical-generating agents, various light-sensitive materials can be produced that are useful in printing, duplication, copying and other image formation systems. Organic halogen compounds are capable of forming a halogen free radical, such as a chlorine free radical and a bromine free radical, upon photolysis. The thus formed free radicals are satisfactory agents for drawing hydrogen and form acids in the presence of hydrogen donors. Applications of these organic halogen compounds to photopolymerization system of free radical photography are described in J. Kosar, Light Sensitive Systems, pp. 180-181 and 361-170, J. Wiley & Sons (New York, 1965). Known compounds that generate halogen free radicals by the action of light and have widely been employed typically include carbon tetrachloride, iodoform, tribromoacetophenone and the like. However, these free radical-generating agents have a disadvantage in that they decompose with light of a considerably limited wavelength region. In other words, these compounds respond only to the ultraviolet region having shorter wavelengths than main wavelengths of commonly employed light sources. Therefore, they have poor capability of forming free radicals because of their inability to effectively utilize light in the range of from near ultraviolet to visible light. In order to overcome the above-described disadvantage, it has been proposed to broaden the sensitive wavelength region by incorporating certain types of sensitizers, such as merocyanine dyes, styryl bases, and cyanine bases, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,106,466 and 3,121,633. Although the incorporation of these sensitizers certainly succeeded in broadening the sensitive wavelength region of carbon tetrachloride or iodoform, the results were still unsatisfactory. This is because it was difficult to select such a sensitizer that exhibits good compatibility with the free radical-generating agent or other elements of a light-sensitive composition and also has high sensitivity. Halogen free radical-generating agents sensitive to the near ultraviolet to visible light have been proposed in order to overcome the above-described problem. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,954,475, 3,987,037, and 4,189,323 disclose halomethyl-s-triazine compounds. These compounds respond to the near ultraviolet to the visible light region. However, their sensitivity for photolysis is relatively low since the irradiated light cannot be effectively absorbed. Accordingly, there is a continuing problem that free radical-generating agents having senstivity to the near ultraviolet region to the visible region are still too low in photolysis sensitivity, and thus the sensitivity of the light-sensitive compositions containing them have not been as high as desired. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, an object of this invention is to provide a light-sensitive composition containing a free radical-generating agent which is high in photolysis sensitivity and therefore, being high in sensitivity. As a result of extensive investigations, it has now been found that the above-described problem can be overcome by a light-sensitive composition containing an s-triazine compound represented by the formula (I): ##STR2## wherein A and B represent a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaromatic group; Y represents a chlorine atom or a bromine atom; and n represents an integer of from 1 to 3. It was also found that the s-triazine compound of formula (I) exhibits good compatibility with other components of light-sensitive compositions. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In the above-described formula (I), the aromatic or heteroaromatic group represented by A preferably is a monocyclic or bicyclic group. Examples of such groups include a phenyl group, a l-naphthyl group, a 2-naththyl group, a 2-furyl group, a 2-thienyl group, a 2-oxazole group, a 2-thiazole group, a 2-imidazole group, a 2-pyridyl group, a 2-benzofuryl group, a 2-benzothienyl group, a 2-benzoxazole group, a 2-benzothiazole group, a 2-benzimidazole group, a benzotriazole group, a 2-indolyl group, a 2-quinolyl group, and the like. Of these, monocyclic aryl groups are preferred. Examples of the aromatic or heteroaromatic group represented by B include 1,4-phenylene group, 1,2-phenylene group, 1,3-phenylene group, 1,4-naphthylene group, 1,5-naphthylene group, 2,3-thienylene group, 2,5-thienylene group and the like. Of these, monocyclic arylene groups are preferred. The substituted aromatic or heteroaromatic group represented by A or B includes the above-enumerated aromatic or heteroaromatic groups substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, e.g., methyl group or ethyl group, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, e.g., methoxy group or ethoxy group, a halogen atom, e.g., a chlorine atom, a nitro group, a phenyl group, a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, etc. Specific examples of the substituted aromatic groups represented by A are a 4-chlorophenyl group, a 2-chlorophenyl group, a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group, a 4-bromophenyl group, a 4-nitrophenyl group, a 3-nitrophenyl group, a 4-phenylphenyl group, a 4-methylphenyl group, a 4-isopropylphenyl group, a 2-methylphenyl group, a 4-ethylphenyl group, a 4-isopropylphenyl group, a 4-butylphenyl group, a 4-methoxyphenyl group, a 2-methoxyphenyl group, a 3-methoxyphenyl group, a 4-ethoxyphenyl group, a 4-n-butoxyphenyl group, a 2-carboxyphenyl group, a 4-cyanophenyl group, a 3,4-methylene-dioxyphenyl group, a 4-phenoxyphenyl group, a 4-actoxyphenyl group, a 4-hydroxyphenyl group, a 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl group, a 4-methyl-1-naphthyl group, a 4-chloro-1-naphthyl group, a 5-nitro-1-naphthyl group, a 6-chloro-2-naphthyl group, a 4-bromo-2-naphthyl group, a 5-nitro-2-naphthyl group, a 6-methyl-2-benzofuryl group, a 6-methyl-2-benzoxazole group, a 6-methyl-2-benzothiazole group, a 6-chloro-2-benzothiazole group, a 2-thienyl group, a 3-thienyl group, a 2-furyl group, a 3-furyl group, a 2-benzofuryl group, 5-(1,3-dihydroisobenzofuranyl) and the like. Of these, monocyclic substituted aromatic groups are preferred. The s-triazone compounds represented by the formula (I) can be synthesized by cyclizing an aromatic nitrile compound represented by the formula (II) below and a haloacetonitrile in accordance with the method described in K. Wakabayashi et al., Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, Vol. 42, pp. 2924-2930 (1969). The compounds represented by the formula (II) can be prepared by the methods disclosed L. I. Smith et al., Organic Syntheses, Collective Volume 3, pp. 350-351, J. Wiley & Sons and K. Yoshida et al., Chemical Communications, 711 (1970). A--C.tbd.C-B--CN Formula (II) wherein A and B have the same meaning as defined in the formula (I). Specific examples of free radical-generating agents that can be used in the present invention to advantage are shown below: ##STR3## The free radical-generating agents represented by the formula (I) are particularly useful when applied to photopolymerizable compositions as photopolymerization initiators or to photosensitive resist-forming compositions for producing lithographic printing plates, IC circuits, or photomasks as agents for imparting an ability to produce a visible image upon exposure to light without development. The photopolymerizable composition to which the free radical-generating agent represented by formula (I) can be applied comprises a polymerizable compound having an ethylenically unsaturated bond and a photopolymerization initiator, and, if appropriate, a binder, and further optionally, a sensitizer, and is useful for light-sensitive layers of presensitized printing plates, photo-resists, and the like. The polymerizable compounds having an ethylenically unsaturated bond which can be used in the photopolymerizable composition according to the present invention are those having at least one ethylenically unsaturated bond in their chemical structure and include monomers, prepolymers, i.e., dimers, trimers and other oligomers, mixtures thereof and copolymers thereof. Examples of such polymerizable compounds are unsaturated carboxylic acids and their derivatives, such as salts, esters with aliphatic polyhydric alcohol compounds and amides with aliphatic polyamine compounds. Specific examples of the unsaturated carboxylic acids include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, crotonic acid, isocrontonic acid, maleic acid, and the like. The salts of unsaturated carboxylic acids include sodium salts and potassium salts of the above-recited acids. The esters of aliphatic polyhydric alcohol compounds and the unsaturated carboxylic acids include acrylic esters, such as ethylene glycol diacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, 1,3-butanediol diacrylate, tetramethylene glycol diacrylate, propylene glycol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, trimethylolethane triacrylate, 1,4-cyclohexanediol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, pentaerythritol diacrylate, pentaerythritol triacylate, pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol diacrylate, dipentaerythritol triacrylate, dipentaerythritol tetraacrylate, dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, sorbitol triacrylate, sorbitol tetraacrylate, sorbitol pentaacrylate, sorbitol hexaacrylate, polyester acrylate oligomers, etc.; methacrylic esters, such as tetramethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, trimethylolethane trimethacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol trimethacrylate, dipentaerythritol dimethacrylate, sorbitol trimethacrylate, sorbitol tetramethacrylate, bis-[p-(3-methacryloxy-2-hydroxypropoxy)phenyl] dimethylmethane, bis-[p-(acryloxyethoxy)phenyl] dimethylmethane, etc.; itaconic esters, such as ethylene glycol diitaconate, propylene glycol diitaconate, 1,3-butanediol diitaconate, 1,4-butanediol diitaconate, tetramethylene glycol diitaconate, pentaerythritol diitaconate, sorbitol tetraitaconate, etc.; crotonic acid esters, such as ethylene glycol dicrontonate, tetramethylene glycol dicrotonate, pentaerythritol dicrotonate, sorbitol tetracrotonate, etc.; isocrotonic acid esters, such as ethylene glycol diisocrotonate, pentaerythritol diisocrotonate, sorbitol tetraisocrotonate, etc.; and maleic acid esters, such as ethylene glycol dimaleate, triethylene glycol dimaleate, pentaerythritol dimaleate, sorbitol tetramaleate, etc. Mixtures of these esters may also be used. The amides of the aliphatic polyamide compounds and the unsaturated carboxylic acids include methylenebisacrylamide, methylenebis-methacrylamide, 1,6-hexamethylenebisacrylamide, 1,6-hexamethylenebis-methacrylamide, diethylenetriaminetrisacrylamide, xylylenebisacrylamide, xylylenebismethacrylamide, and the like. Other examples of useful polymerizable compounds include vinyl urethane compounds having at least two polymerizable vinyl groups per molecule that are obtained by addition of a vinyl monomer containing a hydroxyl group represented by formula (III) below to a polyisocyanate compound having at least two isocyanate groups per molecule, such as those disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 41708/73. Formula (III) is represented by; CH.sub.2 ═C(R)COOCH.sub.2 CH(R')OH (III) wherein R and R' each represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. If desired, the photopolymerizable composition in which the free radical-generating agent represented by the formula (I) is used as a photopolymerization initiator, it may contain a binder. The binder which can be used in the photopolymerizable composition according to the present invention, is required to show compatibility both to the polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated compound and the photopolymerization initiator to such an extent that it does not cause separation of the mixture throughout the process for producing light-sensitive materials from formulation of a coating solution through coating followed by drying. It is further required to provide a light-sensitive layer or resist layer which can be subjected to development processing after imagewise exposure either by solution development or stripping development. It is furthermore required to provide a rigid film as a light-sensitive layer or a resist layer. The binder which can satisfy these requirement is appropriately selected from linear organic high polymers. Specific examples of the binder include chlorinated polyethylene, chlorinated polypropylene, polyalkyl acrylates (the alkyl group includes a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, an n-hexyl group, a 2-ethylhexyl group, etc.), copolymers of an alkyl acrylate (the alkyl group is the same as enumerated above) and at least one monomer, e.g., acrylonitrile, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, styrene, butadiene and the like, polyvinyl chloride, a copolymer of vinyl chloride and acrylonitrile, polyvinylidene chloride, a copolymer of vinylidene chloride and acrylonitrile, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, a copolymer of acrylonitrile and styrene, a copolymer of acrylonitrile, butadiene and styrene, polyalkyl methacrylate (the alkyl group includes a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, an n-hexyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a 2-ethylhexyl group, etc.), a copolymer of an alkyl methacrylate (the alkyl group is the same as enumerated above) and at least one monomer, e.g., acrylonitrile, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, styrene, butadiene, etc., polystyrene, poly-α-methylstyrene, polyamides (e.g., 6-nylon, 6,6-nylon etc.), methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, acetyl cellulose, polyvinyl formal, polyvinyl butyral, and the like. In addition, the use of a water or alkaline water soluble organic high polymer makes it possible to develop the resulting light-sensitive material after exposure with water or an alkaline developing solution. Such a high polymer includes addition polymers having a carboxyl group in their side chain, such as methacrylic acid copolymers (e.g, a copolymer of methyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid, a copolymer of ethyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid, a copolymer of butyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid, a copolymer of ethyl acrylate and methacrylic acid, a copolymer of methacrylic acid, styrene and methyl methacrylate, a copolymer of allyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid etc.), acrylic acid copolymers (e.g, a copolymer of ethyl acrylate and acrylic acid, a copolymer of butyl acrylate and acrylic acid, a copolymer of ethyl acrylate, styrene and acrylic acid, etc.), itaconic acid copolymers, crotonic acid copolymers and partially esterified maleic acid copolymers as well as acidic cellulose derivatives having a carboxyl group in their side chain. These high polymers may be used alone, but they can also be used as a mixture of two or more thereof, each having mutual compatibility sufficient to be free from separation in the whole process from the formulation of a coating solution through the coating and the subsequent drying, at an appropriate mixing ratio. The high polymer which can be used as a binder may have a widely ranging molecular weight according to the particular kind. In general, the molecular weight of the high polymer preferably ranges from 5,000 to 2,000,000, and particularly from 10,000 to 1,000,000. The sensitizer which may be optionally contained in the photopolymerizable composition according to the present invention is selected from compounds that enhance the rate of photopolymerization when used in combination with the photopolymerization initiator of formula (I). Examples of such a sensitizer include benzoin, benzoin methyl ether, benzoin ethyl ether, 9-fluorenone, 2-chloro-9-fluorenone, 2-methyl-9-florenone, 9-anthrone, 2-bromo-9-anthrone, 2-ethyl-9-anthrone, 9,10-anthraquinone, 2-ethyl-9,10-anthraquinone, 2-t-butyl-9,10-anthraquinone, 2,6-dichloror-9,10-anthraquinone, xanthone, 2-methylxanthone, 2-methoxyxanthone, thioxanthone, benzil, dibenzalacetone, p-(dimethylamoni)pnehyl styryl ketone, p-(dimethylamino)phenyl p-methylstyryl ketone, benzophenone, p-(dimethylamino)benzophenone (or Michler's ketone), p-(diethylamino)benzophenone, benzanthrone, and the like. Of these compounds, Michler's ketone is particularly preferred. Other preferred sensitizers usable in the present invention include compounds represented by the formula (IV) described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 48516/76 which corresponds to U.S. Pat. No. 3,870,524. Formula (IV) is represented by; ##STR4## wherein R 1 represents an alkyl group (e.g., a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, etc.) or a substituted alkyl group (e.g., a 2-hydroxyethyl group, a 2-methoxyethyl group, a carboxymethyl group, a 2-carboxyethyl group, etc.); R 2 represents an alkyl group (e.g., a methyl group, an ethyl group, etc.) or an aryl group (e.g., a phenyl group, a p-hydroxyphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a thienyl group, etc.); and Z represents a non-metallic atomic group forming a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic ring employed in cyanine dyes and specifically includes, for examples, benzothiazoles (e.g., benzothiazole, 5-chlorobenzothiazole, 6-chlorobenzothiazole, etc.), naphtothiazoles (e.g, α-naphtothiazole, β-naphtothiazole, etc.), benzoselenazoles (e.g, benzoselenazole, 5-chlorobenzoselenazole, 6-methoxybenzoselenazole, etc.), naphthoselenazoles (e.g., α-naphthoselenazole, β-naphthoselenazole, etc.), benzoxazoles (e.g, benzoxazole, 5-methylbenzoxazole, 5-phenylbenzoxazole, etc.) and naphthoxazoles (e.g., α-naphthoxazole, β-naphthoxazole, etc.). Many of the compounds represented by the above-described formula (IV) are known as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,870,524, and specific examples of the sensitizers (IV) can be appropriately selected from such known compounds. Still other preferred sensitizers which can be used in the present invention include those sensitizers disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,062,686, such as 2- bis(2-furoyl)methylene -3-methylbenzothiazoline, 2- bis(2-thenoyl)methylene -3-methylbenzothiazoline, 2- bis(2-furoyl)methylene -3-methylnaphtho 1,2-d thiazoline, and the like. For the purpose of inhibiting unnecessary heat polymerization of the polymerizable compound having an ethylenically unsaturated bond during preparation or preservation of the composition of this invention, it is desirable to add a heat polymerization inhibitor to the composition. Examples of suitable heat polymerization inhibitor are hydroquinone, p-methoxyphenol, di-t-butyl-p-cresol pyrogallol, t-butylcatechol, benzoquinone, cuprous chloride, phenothiazine, chloranil, naphthylamine, β-naphthol, nitrobenzene, dinitrobenzene, and the like. In some cases, the composition according to the present invention may contain dyes or pigments for the purpose of coloring, such as Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet, Rhodamine B, Fuchsine, Auramine, azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes, titanium oxide, carbon black, iron oxide, phthalocyanine pigments, azo pigments, and the like. The photopolymerizable composition according to the present invention may further contain, if desired, a plasticizer. Examples of usable plasticizers are phthalic esters, e.g., dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, dihexyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate, ditridecyl phthalate, etc.; glycol esters, e.g., dimethylglycol phthalate, ethylphthalyl ethylglycolate, butylphthalyl butylglycolate, etc.; phosphoric esters, e.g., tricresyl phosphate, triphenylphosphate, etc.; aliphatic dibasic acid esters, e.g, diisobutyl adipate, dioctyl adipate, dibutyl sebacate, dibutyl malate, etc.; and the like. The photopolymerizable composition of the present invention is dissolved in an appropriate solvent and coated on a support by a known coating method. Preferred and particularly preferred ratios of the components constituting the photopolymerizable composition are shown below in terms of parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the polymerizable compound having an ethylenically unsaturated bond. ______________________________________ Particularly Preferred PreferredComponent Ratio Ratio______________________________________Free radical-generating agent 0.01 to 50 0.1 to 10of the formula (I)Binder 0 to 1,000 0 to 500Sensitizer 0 to 100 0 to 20Heat polymerization inhibitor 0 to 10 0 to 5Dye or pigment 0 to 50 0 to 20Plasticizer 0 to 200 0 to 50______________________________________ The photosensitive resist-forming composition in which the free radical-generating agent represented by formula (I) is used, can produce a visible image upon exposure under a yellow safelight. Thus, in processes involving, for example, simultaneous exposure of a number of presensitized plates, it is possible for workers to distinguish between the exposed plates and the unexposed plates, when, for example, the operation of light exposure has been suspended. When a large-sized plate is repeatedly exposed to light as in the so-called step and repeat printing down method for the production of lithographic printing plates, it is likewise possible for workers to instantly ascertain which area has been exposed. The photosensitive resist-forming composition which provides a visible image immediately upon exposure to light and in which the free radical-generating agent of formula (I) is advantageously employed, usually comprises, as essential components, a photosensitive resist-forming compound, a free radical-generating agent and a color changing agent, and, as optional components, one or more plasticizers, a binder, a dye or a pigment other than the color changing agent, an antifoggant, a sensitizer for the photosensitive resist-forming compound, and the like. The photosensitive resist-forming compound is capable of changing its physical properties, such as solubility, tackiness, adhesion to a support and so on, and includes light-sensitive diazo compounds, light-sensitive azide compounds, compounds having an ethylenically unsaturated bond, and compounds that are catalyzed by an acid generated by light. Suitable light-sensitive diazo compounds include compounds having two or more diazo groups per molecule, such as condensates between p-diazodiphenylamine salts, e.g., a phenol salt, a fluorocaprate, etc., or sulfonates, e.g., salts of triisopropylnaphthalenesulfonic acid, 4,4'-bisphenyldisulfonic acid, 5-nitro-o-toluenesulfonic acid, 5-sulfosalicylic acid, 2,5-dimethylbenzenesulfonic acid, 2-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid, 3-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 3-bromobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-fluorocaprylnaphthalenesulfonic acid, 1-naphthol-5-sulfonic acid, 2-methoxy-4-hydroxy-5-benzoylbenzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, etc.; and formaldehyde. Other preferred diazo compounds include condensates between 2,5-dimethoxy-4-p-tolymercaptobenzenediazonium containing the above-enumerated salts and formaldehyde, and a condensate between 2,5-dimethoxy-4-morpholinobenzenediazonium and formaldehyde or acetaldehyde. Additional useful diazo compounds include the compounds described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,649,373. These diazo compounds are insolublized by decomposition of diazo groups upon irradiation by actinic light. Further, light-sensitive diazo compounds that turn to be alkali-soluble upon irradiation with actinic light can also be used. They carry at least one o-quinonediazido group per molecule, and preferably include sulfonic acid esters or sulfonic acid amides of o-quinonediazide. Many such compounds are known, specific examples being described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,046,110, 3,046,111, 3,046,115, 3,046,119, 3,046,120, 3,046,121, 3,046,122, 3,102,809, 3,130,047, 3,130,048, 3,148,983, 3,184,310, 3,188,210, 3,454,400 and 3,859,099. Suitable light-sensitive azide compounds are aromatic azide compounds in which an azido group is bonded to an aromatic ring directly or via a carbonyl group or a sulfonyl group. Photolysis of the azido group of these compounds form a nitrene, and various reactions of the nitrene result in insolubilization of the compounds. Preferred aromatic azide compounds are those containing one or more of azidophenyl, azidostyryl, azidobenzal, azidobenzoyl and azidocinnamoyl groups. Specific examples of such compounds include 4,4'-diazidochalcone, 4-azido-4'-(4-azidobenzoylethoxy)chalcone, N,N-bis-p-azide, benzel-p-penylenediamine, 1,2,6-tri(4'-azidobenzoxy)hexane, 2-azido-3-chloro-benzoquinone, 2,4-diazido-4'-ethoxyazobenzene, 2,6-di(4'-azidobenzal)-4-methycyclohexanone, 4,4'-diazidobenzophenone, 2,5-diazido-3,6-dichlorobenzoquinone, 2,5-bis(4-azidostyryl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, 2-(4-azidocinnamoyl)thiophene, 2,5-di(4-azidobenzal)cyclohexanone, 4,4'-diaziodphenylmethane, 1-(4-azidophenyl)-5-furyl-2-penta-2,4-dien-1-one, 1-(4-azidophenyl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one, 1-(4-azidophenyl)-3-(1-naphthyl)-propen-1-one, 1-(4-azidophenyl)-3-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-propan-1-one, 1-(4-azidophenyl-5-phenyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one, 1-(4-azidophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propen-1-one, 1-(4-azidophenyl)-3-(2-furyl)-2-propen-1-one, 1,2,6-tri(4'-azidobenzoxy)hexane, 2,6-bis(4-azidobenzylidyne-p-t-butyl)cyclohexanone, 4,4'-diaziodobenzalacetone, 4,4'-diazidostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, 4'-azidobenzalacetophenone-2-sulfonic acid, 4,4'-diazidostilbene-α-carboxylic acid, di(4-azido-2'-hydroxybenzal)acetone-2-sulfonic acid, 4-azidobenzalacetophenone-2-sulfonic acid, 2-azido-1,4-dibenzenesulfonylaminonaphthalene, 4,4'-diazidostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid anilide, and the like. In addition to these low molecular weight aromatic azide compounds, the azido group-containing polymers described in Japanese Patent Publication Nos. 9047/69, 31837/69, 9613/70, 24915/70 and 25713/70 are also suitably employed. Suitable compounds having an ethylenically unsaturated bond include polymers crosslinkable by photodimerization of the ethylene bond and polymerizable compounds which are photopolymerized in the presence of a photopolymerization initiator to form an inactive polymer. The polymers having an ethylenically unsaturated bond and insolubilizable by photodimerization include polyesters, polyamides and polycarbonates containing ##STR5## Examples of such polymers are light-sensitive polymers containing a light-sensitive group in their polymer main chain such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,030,208 and 3,707,373, e.g., a light-sensitive polyester consisting of p-phenylene-diacrylic acid and a diol; the light-sensitive polymers disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,956,878 and 3,173,787, e.g., a light-sensitive polyester derived from a 2-propylidenemalonic acid compound (e.g., cinnamylidenemalonic acid, etc.) and a difunctional glycol; and the light-sensitive polymers disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,690,966, 2,752,372 and 2,732,301, e.g., cinnamic esters of hydroxyl-containing polymers (e.g., polyvinyl alcohol, starch, cellulose and their analogues). The polymerizable compounds which are photopolymerized to form inactive polymers include those enumerated as a component of the foregoing photopolymerizable compositions. The color changing agents which can be used for preparing photosensitive resist-forming compositions capable of forming a visible image only by exposure include two types, one of which is essentially colorless but becomes colored by the action of a photolysis product of a free radical-generating agent, the other of which has an inherent color but is decolored or discolored by the action of a photolysis product of a free radical-generating agent. Typical color changing agents belonging to the former type are arylaminese which include not only acrylamines, such as primary and secondary aromatic amines, but also the so-called leuco dyes. Specific examples of such arylamines include diphenylamine, dibenzylaniline, triphenylamine, diethylaniline, diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, p-toluidine, 4,4'-biphenyldiamine, o-chloroaniline, o-bromoaniline, 4-chloror-o-phenylenediamine, o-bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline, 1,2,3-triphenylguanidine, naphthylamine, diaminodiphenylmethane, aniline, 2,5-dichloroaniline, N-methyldiphenylamine, o-toluidine, p,p'-tetramethyldiaminodiphenylmethane, N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine, 1,2-dianilinoethylene, p,p',p"-hexamethyltriaminotriphenylmethane, p,p'-tetramethyldiaminotriphenylmethane, p,p'-tetramethyldiaminodiphenylmethylimine, p,p',p"-triamino-o-methyltriphenylmethane, p,p',p"-triaminotriphenylcarbinol, p,p'-tetramethylaminodiphenyl-4-anilinonaphthylmethane, p,p',p"-triaminotriphenylmethane, p,p',p"-hexampropyltriaminotriphenylmethane, etc. The color changing agents belonging to the latter type, the inherent color of which is decolored or discolored by a photolysis product of a free radical-generating agent, include various dyes, such as diphenylmethane, triphenylmethane type thiazine, oxazine type, xanthene type, anthraquinone type, iminonaphthoquinone type, azomethine type, and the like. Specific exampls of such dyes include Brilliant Green, Eosine, Ethyl Violet, Erthyrocin B, Methyl Green, Crystal Violet, Basic Fuchsine, phenolphthalein, 1,3-diphenyltriazine, Alizarin Red S, Thymolphthalein, Methyl Violet 2B, Quinaldine Red, Rose Bengale, Metanil Yellow, Thymolsulfophthaline, Xylenol Blue, Methyl Orange, Orange IV, diphenyl thiocarbazone, 2,7-dichlorofluorescein, Para Methyl Red, Congo Red, Benzopurpurine 4B, α-Naphthyl Red, Nile Blue 2B, Nile Blue A, Phenacetarin, Methyl Violet, Malachite Green, Para Fuchsine, Oil Blue #603 (produced by Orient Chemical Industries, Ltd.), Oil Pink #312 (produced by Orient Chemical Industries, Ltd.), Oil Red 5B (produced by Orient Chemical Industries, Ltd.), Oil Scarlet #308 (produced by orient Chemical Industries, Ltd.), Oil Red OG (produced by Orient Chemical Industries, Ltd.), Oil Red RR (produced by Orient Chemical Industries, Ltd.), Oil Green #502 (produced by Orient Chemical Industries, Ltd.), Spiron Red BEH Special (produced by Hodogaya Chemical Co., Ltd.), m-cresol purple, Cresol Red, Rhodamine B, Rhodamine 6G, Fast Acid Violet R, Sulforhodamine B, Auramine, 4-p-diethylaminophenyliminonaphthoquinone, 2-carboxyanilino-4-p-diethylaminophenyl-iminonaphthoquinone, 2-carbostearylamino-4-p-dihydroxyethylamino-phenyliminonaphthoquinone, p-methoxybenzoyl-p'-diethylamino-o'-methylphenyliminoacetanilide, cyano-p-dithylaminophenyliminoacetanilide, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-p-diethylaminophenylimino-5-pyrazolone, 1-β-naphthyl-4-p-diethlaminophenylimino-5-pyrazolone, etc. The radical-generating compounds used in the light-sensitive compositions according to the present invention are stable with the passage of time. However, among the color changing agents, leucotriphenylmethane dyes are generally susceptible to oxidation. It is, therefore, effective to use these dyes in the presence of certain kinds of stabilizers. To this end, amines, zinc oxide or phenols described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,042,575, sulfur compounds described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,042,516, alkali metal iodides or organic acids described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,042,518, organic acid anhydrides descriebd in U.S. Pat. 3,082,086, and triaryl compounds of antimony, arsenic, bismuth or phosphorus described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,377,167 can be effectively employed. In the application of the light-sensitive composition in accordance with the present invention, the above-described constituting components are dissolved in a solvent, and the resulting coating solution is coated on an appropriate support by a known coating method. Preferred and particularly preferred ratios of the constituting components are shown below in terms of parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the photosensitive resist-forming compound. ______________________________________ Particularly Preferred PreferredComponent Ratio Ratio______________________________________Free radical-generating agent 0.01 to 100 0.1 to 50Color changing agent 0.1 to 50 1 to 10Plasticizer 0 to 1,000 0 to 500Binder 0 to 5,000 0 to 1,000Dye or pigment other than color 0 to 100 0 to 50changing agentAntifoggant 0 to 50 0 to 20Sensitizer for photosensitive 0 to 50 0 to 20resist-forming compound______________________________________ The solvent which can be used for coating the light-sensitive composition according to the present invention includes ethylene dichloride, cyclohexanone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl cellosolve acetate, monochlorobenzene, toluene, ethyl acetate, and so on. These solvents may be used alone or in combinations thereof. The light-sensitive composition according to the present invention is suitable as a light-sensitive layer of presensitized plates from which lithographic printing plates are to be prepared. For the production of presensitized plates, the light-sensitive composition of the present invention is usually coated in an amount of from 0.1 to 10.0 g/m 2 , and preferably from 0.5 to 5.0 g/m 2 . Supports that are suitably used for presensitized plates can include an aluminum plate having been rendered hydrophilic, such as a silicate-processed aluminum plate, an anodically oxidized aluminum plate, a grained aluminum plate and a silicate-electrodeposited aluminum plate; as well as a zinc plate, a stainless steel plate, a chromium-processed copper plate; a plastic film having been rendered hydrophilic; and paper. Suitable examples of the support which can be employed in producing proofs for printing, films for an overhead projector or films for a second original include transparent films, e.g., a polyethylene terephthalate film, a cellulose triacetate film, etc., including such films which have chemically or physically matted surfaces. Suitable examples of the support which can be employed in producing photomask films include a polyethylene terephthalate film on which aluminum, an aluminum alloy or chromium is vacuum-evaporated and a polyethylene terephthalate film having provided thereon a colored layer. Further, in producing a photoresist, the supports that can be used therefor include a copper plate, a copperplated plate, a stainless steel plate, a glass plate, etc. It is surprising that the free radical-generating agent of the formula (I) present in a photosensitive resist-forming composition containing various photosensitive resist-forming compounds are decomposed by irradiation with light to effectively and instantly decolor the color changing agent that is copresent in the composition. As a result, there is obtained a distinct boundary between exposed areas and unexposed areas to thereby supply a visible image with high contrast. Further, since the free radical-generating agent of the formula (I) does not seriously hinder photolysis of the photosensitive resist-forming compound, photosensitivity of the photosensitive resist-forming composition, i.e., photosensitivity of a resist, is not so reduced. In addition, the free radical-generating agent of formula (I) is effective at a small amount so that it does not deteriorate various physical properties of a resist image obtained after imagewise exposure of the composition followed by development. For example, a printing plate prepared by using the photosensitive resist-forming composition of the present invention as a light-sensitive layer of a presensitized plate has equality to a printing plate prepared without using the free radical-generating agent in terms of developability, ink-receptivity, background contamination, printing durabilityl, and like properties. Furthermore, the free radical-generating agent of formula (I) serves as a satisfactory hydrogen drawing agent to form an acid in the presence of a hydrogen donor. Therefore, it offers a photolyzable light-sensitive composition by incorporating a compound capable of being decomposed with an acid. Such an acid-decomposable compound is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,101,323, 4,247,611, 4,248,957, 4,250,247, 4,311,782 and Japanese Patent Publication (unexamined) No. 37549/1985. A synthesis example of the free radical-generating agent that can be used in the present invention and working examples of the present invention will hereinafter be described, but it should be understood that the present invention is not limited thereto. SYNTHESIS EXAMPLE Synthesis of 2-(p-Diphenylacetylene)-4,6-Bis(Trichloromethyl)-s-Triazine (Compound No. 1) 4-Cyanostilbene (41 g) prepared by a known method was agitated in 300 ml of ether at room temperature, to which 33.5 g of bromine was dropwise added. After stirred for additional one hour, the reaction mixture was filtered to obtain 55.5 g of 4-cyanostilbene dibromide. 4-Cyanostilbene dibromide (50.5 g) was dissolved in 300 ml of dimethylformamide, to which 45.6 g of diazabicycloundecene was added at room temperature. Then, the reaction mixture was heated to 100° C. and kept at the temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into a diluted aqueous hydrochloric acid. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and recrystalized from methanol to give 12.0 g of 4-cyano-diphenyl acetylene. In 50 ml of chloroform, 10 g of 4-cyano-diphenyl acetylene and 28.8 g of trichloroacetonitrile were dissolved. The solution was cooled to 5° C. and 1.3 g of aluminum bromide was added. Hydrogen chloride gas was introduced into the reaction system for one hour and the reacted for 8 hours at room temperature. The solvent was evaporated in vacuo. The residue was poured into 300 ml of ice-water to obtain crude crystal which was recrystalized from toluene to give 3.4 g of 2-(p-diphenylacetylene)-4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-s-triazine (m.p. 200.0°-201.0° C.) (Electron spectrum λmax 345 mm in methanol) EXAMPLE 1 Onto an aluminum plate having been grained with a nylon brush and treated with a silicate was coated a light-sensitive composition having the following composition by means of a rotatory coating machine. The coated layer was dried at 100° C. for 3 minutes to form a light-sensitive layer. As a free-radical generating agent, there were used the compounds of the formula (I) and known compounds for comparison as shown in Table 1. ______________________________________Composition of Light-Sensitive Solution:______________________________________Methyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid 62 gcopolymer (85:15 by molar ratio;intrinsic viscosity in methyl ethylketone at 30° C.: 0.166)Pentaerythritol tetraacrylate 38 gFree-radical generating agent 2 g(as shown in Table 1)Triphenyl phosphate 10 gEthyl cellosolve 650 mlMethylene chloride 350 ml______________________________________ Each of the resulting light-sensitive plates was exposed to light emitted from a metal halide lamp (0.5 KW) through a step wedge (density difference between steps: 0.15; number of steps: 15) by the use of a vacuum frame and then developed with a developing solution of the following composition: ______________________________________Composition of Developing Solution:______________________________________Trisodium phosphate 25 gSodium dihydrogen phosphate 5 gButyl cellosolve 70 gSurfactant 2 mlWater 1 liter______________________________________ The exposure times required for obtaining images having the same density in the same step of the step wedge in each of the samples are shown in Table 1. The shorter in exposure time, the higher the sensitivity. TABLE 1______________________________________ ExposureRun TimeNo. Compound (sec.) Remarks______________________________________1 Compound No. 1 20 Invention2 Compound No. 6 25 "3 2,4,6-tri(trichloromethyl)-s- 150 Comparisontriazine4 2-(p-Methoxystyrylphenyl)-4,6- 80 "bis-(trichloromethyl)-s-triazine5 2-(p-Methoxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(tri- 90 "chloromethyl)-s-triazine______________________________________ As can be seen from Table 1, the compounds represented by formula (I) according to the present invention exhibit higher sensitivity than known s-triazone compounds (Run Nos. 3 to 5), indicating the superiority of the present invention. EXAMPLE 2 The following light-sensitive solution was coated on the same aluminum plate as used in Example 1 to prepare a presensitized plate. ______________________________________Composition of Light-Sensitive Solution:______________________________________Pentaerythritol tetraacrylate 40 gCompound No. 4 2 gBenzyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid 60 gcopolymer (73:27 by molar ratio)Methyl ethyl ketone 400 mlMethyl cellosolve acetate 300 ml______________________________________ The resulting plate was imagewise exposed to light using a jet printer (a 2 KW ultra-high pressure mercury lamp made by Oak Seisakusho) and then developed with a developing solution having the following composition. A printing plate was obtained bearing a clear image with the unexposed area being completely removed therefrom. ______________________________________Composition of Developing Solution:______________________________________Anhydrous sodium carbonate 10 gButyl cellosolve 5 gWater 1 liter______________________________________ Separately, the unexposed plate was subjected to accelerated deterioration test (45° C., 75% RH, 5 days), and then exposed to light and developed in the same manner as above. There was obtained a clear image similar to that obtained by exposing and developing the presensitized plate immediately after it was made. EXAMPLE 3 The following light-sensitive solution was coated on the same aluminum plate as used in Example 1 to obtain a presensitized plate: ______________________________________Composition of Light-Sensitive Solution:______________________________________Trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate 0.30 gTriethylene glycol diacrylate 0.08 gMethyl methacrylate-ethyl acrylate- 0.62 gmethacrylic acid copolymer (80:10:10 bymolar ratio)Compound No. 6 0.02 gLeucocrystal Violet 0.008 gMethyl ethyl ketone 10 g______________________________________ When the resulting presensitized plate was imagewise exposed to light, a print-out image with high contrast was obtained. Thereafter, the unexposed area was removed with a developing solution comprising 1.2 g of sodium hydroxide, 300 ml of isopropyl alcohol and 900 ml of water, to thus obtain a lithographic printing plate. EXAMPLE 4 Onto a grained aluminum plate having a thickness of 0.15 mm was coated the following light-sensitive solution by the use of a whirler and dried at 100° C. for 2 minutes to thereby prepare a presensitized plate. ______________________________________Composition of Light-Sensitive Solution:______________________________________Esterification product of naphthoquinone- 0.75 g(1,2)-diazido(2)-5-sulfonyl chloride andpyrogallol acetone resinCresol-novolak resin 2.1 gTetrahydrophthalic anhydride 0.15 gCrystal Violet 0.02 gFree radical-generating agent 0.02 g(as shown in Table 2)Ethylene dichloride 18 gMethyl cellosolve 12 g______________________________________ Each of the resulting samples was exposed to light using the same jet printer as used in Example 2, and the optical densities of the light-sensitive layer in the exposed area and the unexposed area were measured using a Macbeth reflection densitometer. The image obtained by exposure becomes clearer as the difference in density between the exposed area and the unexposed area (ΔD) increases. Further, these presensitized plates were forcedly deteriorated at 45° C. and 75% RH for 7 days, and the same measurement as above conducted. The results obtained are shown in Table 2. TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________ Optical Density of Light-Sensitive Layer (D) After Accelerated Deterioration One Day After Coating (45° C., 75% RH, 7 days) Free Radical- Unexposed Exposed Unexposed ExposedRun No. Generating Agent Area Area ΔD Area Area ΔD__________________________________________________________________________1 -- 0.89 0.89 0.00 0.89 0.89 0.002 Compound No. 1 0.89 0.69 0.20 0.89 0.70 0.19(Invention)3 2-(p-styrylphenyl)- 0.89 0.71 0.18 0.89 0.72 0.17(Comparison) 4,6-bis(trichloro- methyl)-s-triazine__________________________________________________________________________ As shown in Table 2, the presensitized plate in which the free radical-generating agent of the formula (I) was used provides a clear image having a large ΔD value. The ΔD value obtained by the present invention is higher than that obtained from the presensitized plate in which 2-(p-styrylphenyl)4,6-bis(trichloromethyl)-s-triazine was used, revealing high sensitivity of the free radical-generating agent of the formula (I). Further, each of the exposed plates was developed with a 6-fold diluted DP-1 (a trademark for a developer for positive working presensitized plates made by Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.) at 25° C. for 60 seconds, and the sensitivity was determined in the same manner as described above. As a result, it was found that the sensitivity of the presensitized plate using the free radical-generating agent of the formula (I) (Table 2, Run No. 2) is equal to that of the presensitized plate in which any free radical-generating agent was not used (Table 2, Run No. 1). This shows that the free-radical generating agent of formula (I) does not reduce resist the sensitivity of a light-sensitive material. EXAMPLE 5 The following light-sensitive solution was coated on the same aluminum plate as used in Example 4 to obtain a presensitized plate. ______________________________________Composition of Light-Sensitive Solution______________________________________Esterification product of naphthoquinone- 0.75 g(1,2)-diazido-(2)-5-sulfonyl chlorideand cresol novolak resinCreson novolak resin 2.10 gTetrahydrophthalic anhydride 0.15 gCompound No. 21 0.01 gCrystal Violet 0.01 gOil Blue #603 (made by Orient Chemical 0.01 gIndustries, Ltd.)Ethylene dichloride 18 gMethyl cellosolve acetate 12 g______________________________________ The amount of the composition coated was 2.2 g/m 2 after drying. The resulting presensitized plate provided a clear print-out image simply by imagewise exposure without development. Since the exposed area was discolored, while the unexposed area retained its initial density, the image could clearly be distinguished even by close observation under a safelight. EXAMPLE 6 The following light-sensitive solution was coated on the same aluminum plate as used in Example 1 to obtain a presensitized plate. ______________________________________Composition of Light-Sensitive Solution:______________________________________p-Toluenesulfonate of condensate between 0.2 gp-diazodiphenylamine and p-formaldehydePolyvinyl formal 0.75 gCompound No. 22 0.02 gN,N--Dimethylaniline 0.02 gMethyl cellosolve 20 gMethanol 5 g______________________________________ The amount of the composition coated was 1.4 g/m 2 after drying. Upon imagewise exposure, the exposed area of the plate turned to purple while the unexposed area kept its initial yellow color, whereby a print-out image that could be distinguished under a safelight even by close observation was obtained. EXAMPLE 7 The following light-sensitive solution was coated on the same aluminum plate as used in Example 1 to prepare a presensitized plate. ______________________________________Composition of Light-Sensitive Solution:______________________________________Polyester prepared by condensation of ethyl 0.5 gp-phenylenediacrylate and an equimoleof 1,4-bis(β-hydroxyethoxy)cyclohexane2-Benzoylmethylene-3-methyl-β-naphtho- 0.03 gthiazolineCompound No. 11 0.008 gLeucocrystal Violet 0.008 gMonochlorobenzene 9 gEthylene dichloride 6 g______________________________________ The amount of the composition coated was 1.3 g/m 2 after drying. Upon imagewise exposure of the resulting presensitized plate, the exposed area developed a purple color, while the unexposed area maintained its original yellow color, thereby providing a print-out image that could be distinguished by close observation even under a safelight. The light-sensitive composition of this invention contains a free-radical generating agent which is high in photolysis sensitivity and it is, therefore, high in sensitivity and can advantageously be used for the production of presensitized plates from which lithographic printing plates are to be prepared, proofs for printing, films for an overhead projector, films for a second original, photoresist and the like. The presensitized plate in which the light-sensitive composition of this invention is used provides a clear printout with high-contract even after it was stored under high temperature and high humidity conditions for a long period of time. While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.	A light-sensitive composition containing a novel light-sensitive s-triazine compound represented by the formula (I) as a free radical-generating agent is disclosed. The s-triazine compound responds radiation in the range of the near ultraviolet to visible light, shows high sensitivity for photolysis and, therefore, the compositon has high light-sensitivity. ##STR1##	8
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The dual waveband signal processing system (DWSPS) is a system for processing detected emissions (infrared or similar spectral wavebands, X-rays and polarized) by a sensor to identify targets or objects with a particularly unique spectral characteristic against a complex cluttered background. 2. Description of Related Art Infrared sensors have been developed over the past 20 to 25 years to achieve automatic target detection. Although some measures of success has been achieved for the systems, the performance has typically been significantly less than that promised. One of the reasons for this discrepancy is the problem of detecting the presence of a real target in the presence of background clutter. Where the background is the sky, the clutter is self-radiation and solar-scattering from the clouds. With the earth as a background, the clutter is produced by the temperature and emissivity variance of the ground and solar reflections from the surfaces of water, metal, or glass. Also, industrial activity produces very hot radiations and gaseous emissions from smoke stacks that can produce very high background environments. Unfortunately the background is not uniform and the spatial clutter interferes with the detection process. The operational environment of looking from an aircraft at the ground is one of the most severe infrared (IR) background emissions (ground clutter). In the current technology, detected images are processed so as to extract target information at the receiver. Signal processing generally involves photodetection followed by some form of baseband waveform processing that is dependent on the models of photodetector outputs. This technology involves the taking of the ratios of the data in adjacent spectral bands. However, in the infrared spectrum, for instance, these methods are limited to an approach of color-ratioing after threshold discrimination on a single-color filtered band which lacks the high degree of sensitivity needed to detect the minute changes in IR intensity present in such cases as the vegetation utilized in the production of narcotics. Another approach with two spectral bands is to use the high correlation between bands to predict the data in one band from the data in the other (linear regression). One current method of processing the electro-optical signal is three-dimensional filtering. Three-dimensional filtering is a straightforward extension of one- and two-dimensional filter theory. The one-dimensional case derives optical filters in a single domain (usually time) for maximization of a temporal signal-to-noise ratio. Two-dimensional filter theory likewise derives optimal filters in two-dimensions (usually spatial coordinates) for a spatial signal-to-noise ratio. Three-dimensional filtering extends the concept of observing a spatial area over a fixed time period where it is natural to associate the dimensions of space, area and time to maximize a defined signal-to-noise ratio for a target with a given velocity. A more recent method utilizes a six band sensor and a methodology for applying an eigenvalue transformation and principle component projection operator to remove most of the temperature variability and spectrally non-sensitive emissivity variations from the data. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the invention is to provide a sensitive signal processor capable of detecting faint targets or objects with particularly unique spectral characteristics against a complex cluttered background. Another object of the invention is to enable detection of targets at longer ranges than are currently attainable. A further object of the invention is to ameliorate the effects of "anomalies" such as inactive, saturated, or intermittently-behaving sensor pixels and scene anomalies in the processing of infrared, or similar spectral waveband emissions. The dual waveband signal processing system (DWSPS) utilizes two-color filtering to differentiate between an infrared or other similar spectral waveband emission and background clutter so as to detect targets and objects with a particularly unique spectral characteristic. Modified, digitized signals from the output of two, different spectral bands are utilized by the DWSPS to produce a "spectrally filtered" output. The waveband output from a plurality of sensors is corrected for any nonuniformity that may exist in sensor response. The digitized signal is filtered by either spatial or temporal high-pass filters. The resultant filtered signals are processed by an arithmetic circuit which includes a series of multipliers, divider, adders, averager, comparator, and subtractor to obtain the weighted correlation function, or "alpha coefficient", which, when compared to the input wavebands, produces a filtered or processed output signal of the detected infrared features. These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent with references to the following detailed description and drawings. However, the drawings and description are merely illustrative in nature and not restrictive. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1(a) illustrates a primary spectral band digital signal. FIG. 1(b) illustrates a reference band digital signal. FIG. 1(c) illustrates the results of spectral filtering. FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the Dual Waveband Signal Processing System (DWSPS) of the invention. FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of a second embodiment of the Dual Waveband Signal Processing System of the invention utilizing a pre-rejection filter. FIG. 4-5 illustrate typical pre-rejection filters. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Electro-optical detection of objects is limited either by the inherent noise in the sensor or by the background emissions within the area in which the target is located. This limitation is applicable whether the target is to be detected utilizing emissions from either the visible or invisible (infrared, ultraviolet or polarized) spectral region. Solutions in the past to overcome this deficiency have been either the use of a sensor with "low" noise or to provide a detector with a large optical aperture to acquire a target signal of sufficient strength to standout from the background noise. However, these solutions have not proven to be adequate because the use of a highly sensitive detector or a larger optical aperture will not only produce an increased target signal but will also, bring in a stronger emission from the background clutter. Many electro-optic sensors are monochromatic or a one-dimensional (e.g., one color) and operate within a specifically chosen spectral band to maximize the target emission when compared with the background emissions. However, the target emission may be buried within the emissions of the background or false targets. The one-dimensional sensor observes a complex scene and detects the weak emissions of a target 59 within the strong background emissions 57, as illustrated in FIG. 1a. This weak unfiltered emission is referred to as the primary spectral band. Also, reflections of sunlight off the water, glass or metallic objects ("glints") 61 will provide far stronger spectral emissions than either the target 59 or the background 57, but these are not of interest and interfere with the performance of the sensor system. Filtration of the one-dimensional system is achieved by the generation of a "reference" color band which is similar to the primary color band except that the target emission is very weak, or nearly absent, as illustrated in FIG. 1b. A reference color band is defined as a band which is similar to the primary color band except that the emissions of the target are very weak or nearly absent. In the reference color band the emission of the "glint" 61 may be stronger than actually found in the primary color band. This is often true for color/spectral bands that are close apart such as yellow and "yellow-orange" in the visible spectrum. In the thermal-dominated infrared, there is little difference in the backgrounds between closely spaced color bands. After filtration, both the background 57 and "glint" 61 are suppressed and the emission from the target 59 is prominently displayed, as illustrated in FIG. 1c. Two-color sensors have been utilized to resolve the problem of low resolution of the target with respect to the two-dimensional background emissions found in the one-dimensional sensor system. In the two-color sensor system, if the brightest emissions from objects are larger in the reference color band than in the primary color band, the emission of the object was rejected. These sensors, however, work on the principle that the target had to be brighter than the background in the primary band. With the dual waveband signal processing system (DWSPS) of the invention, the problem of the target emission being "buried" in the background clutter is resolved. For the situation where the airborne or space-borne sensor observes targets against complex background objects, or a land/sea-borne sensor against a complex cloud clutter, the target is not only more observable but may also be detected at longer ranges. The DWSPS utilizes two-color filtering to differentiate between a desired spectral emission of a target and the background clutter emission. Modified, digital emission signals from the output of two different spectral bands, as illustrated in FIGS. 1a, and 1b, are utilized to produce a "spectrally filtered" output as depicted in FIG. 1c. One sensor operating in two spectral bands (or two nearly aligned sensors operating in one spectral band each) produces analog voltage outputs which are then digitized by an analog-to-digital converter into digital outputs from the two spectral bands designated the primary "P" band and the reference "B" band. The digitized outputs from, for example, two-color sensors are respectively normalized to a calibrated reference in associated non-uniformity correctors. These normalized digital outputs are the input signal that is applied to a dual waveband signal processor (DWSP). Within the DWSP, a reference "B" band digital "frame", corrected for an "alpha coefficient", is subtracted from the comparable primary "P" band digital "frame" to produce the "spectrally filtered" frame, "F", which is supplied to an indicator device outside the scope of the system. (The digital "frames" are strings of digital data that appear at the same clock time at the input of the high-pass filters of the DWSP.) In this spectrally filtered image frame, "F", the targets with unique spectral characteristics will be greatly heightened when compared with the background emissions. In the detection of the emission from desired objects, the electro-optical sensors must take data that is relatively close together in time and in sensor field-of-view alignment (between the two wavebands) without the background emission interfering with the target, or primary, emission, as is disclosed below. In the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2, the signal processor for overcoming the interference on the target signal by the background signal is disclosed. By the use of a dedicated hardware circuit, the infrared or optical energy of a terrestrial or celestial scene (or target) is detected by two or more infrared sensors 11 and 15. Each of the sensors 11 and 15 measures a different spectral wavelength within the infrared spectrum and provides a digital output of spectral intensity and angular location. In the present invention, the sensor capabilities are not limited to use in only the infrared spectrum. Electromagnetic, ultraviolet or any other emission up to, and including, X-ray and polarization sensor outputs can be processed by the Dual Waveband Signal Processing System (DWSPS). Each of the sensors 11 an 15 may be comprised of multiple scanners in an array, one or two-dimensional scanners or a single sensor being scanned over the search scene. Further, the DWSP can process input signals with two different polarizations instead of two spectral bands as a means for locating weak but partially polarized targets. Each of the sensors 11 and 15 measures a different wavelength within the infrared spectrum and provides a digital output of spectral intensity, angular location and elevation. In sensor 11 Waveband I or "P" is the primary waveband of the selected target, and in sensor 15 Waveband II or "B" is the background or clutter waveband anticipated in the area of the primary target. Non-Uniformity Response Correctors (NUC) 13 and 17, respectively, correct the outputs of the sensors 11 and 15 by a series of reference coefficients. These reference coefficients are obtained from such means as a running sum of previous sensor responses and/or stored calibration image frames obtained from a uniform test source to correct for any non-uniformity in the signal detected by the sensor. Typically, a sensor utilizing the NUC is calibrated with one or more uniform temperature sources, such as ice. The corrected sensor signal that is outputted by the NUC turns the raw data from the sensor into what a theoretically average detector would detect when viewing the target scene. The outputs of the NUC device 13 and 17 are applied to high-pass filters 21 and 23, respectively, of the dual waveband signal processor 10. Each of the high-pass filters 21 and 23 may be either a spatial, temporal filter or a combined spatio-temporal filter. In the preferred embodiment each of the high-pass filters 21 and 23 is a median spatial filter. However, various other types of high-pass filters can be used, such as temporal difference filters, a DC level subtraction filter, a Least Mean Squares (LMS) spatial filter, a three-dimensional temporal-spatial filter, a median spatial filter, a maximum spatial filter, a temporal second derivative filter, a spatial second derivative filter, or any other high-pass filter. Also, the digital spatial and temporal filters may be programmed on computers and parallel processing machines in lieu of a dedicated electronics, as shown in the preferred embodiment. Although, for best results, the same type of high-pass filtering operation should be performed for both of the filters 21 and 23. The high-pass-filter 21 for the "P" waveband develops two filtered "P" outputs 39 and 53. Output 53 is applied to a subtractor 37 where it will be further processed, as discussed later. Output 39 is applied to a multiplier 25. The high-pass filter 23 for the "B" waveband develops three filtered "B" outputs 41, 43 and 51. Output 41 is multiplied in the multiplier 25 with the output of the high-pass filter 21 to produce a signal, P×B, which is in turn applied to an adder 26. The output 43 is applied to a multiplier, or squarer, 27 to produce a squared signal (B×B), which is applied to an adder 28. The output 51 is applied to a multiplier 35, which will be described later. The adders 26 and 28 add the signals from a selected neighborhood of the individual sensor pixels (spatial/angular output) of the outputs of the multiplier 25 and the multiplier 27, respectively. The output signals of the adders 26 and 28, respectively, correspond to <P'×B'> and <B'×B'>, where the brackets < > represent a sum and/or weighted average. These outputs of the adders 26 and 28 are applied to divider 29. Divider 29, computes the ratio (<P'×B'>/<B'×B'>) of the <P'×B'> output of adder 26 and the <B'×B'> output of the adder 28. This output 30 of the divider 29 is the "Alpha Coefficient", α. Multiplier 35 multiplies the unprocessed background "B" signal 51 from high-pass filter 23 by α, the "alpha coefficient", to produce a weighted reference coefficient, (α×B), to correct for the noise of the background clutter. The weighted reference coefficient, (α×B) is applied to the subtractor 37 where it is subtracted from the unprocessed "P" output of the primary band high-pass filter 21. This provides a filtered signal output of the processor, "F" 55, that is usable in an audio or visual display, indicator to indicate the presence of the desired spectral objective within the scene surveyed by the sensor device. The mathematical representation of "F" is as follows: F=P-([<P'×B'>/<B'×B'>]×B) F=P-(α×B) The subtraction technique in the subtractor 37 corrects for the range dependent atmospheric effects upon the infrared signal detected at the sensors 11 and 15. In a second embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, pre-rejection filters 44 and 46 are installed at the outputs of the high-pass filters 21 and 23, respectively. Each of the pre-rejection filters 44 and 46 is utilized to ameliorate the effects of anomalies which may occur within the DWSP system. These anomalies include hardware anomalies such as inactive, saturated, or intermittently-behaving sensor pixels and scene anomalies such as explosions, direct sun-viewing, solar reflections, and very bright objects. Pre-rejection filters that operate on the principle of comparing the scene with the statistical properties of the scene may employ such techniques as the standard deviation, average absolute value, or other histogramming techniques. In this embodiment, the two outputs of high-pass filter 21 are respectively applied to subtractor 37 and the pre-rejection filter 44. High-pass filter 23 also has two outputs which are respectively applied to pre-rejection filter 46 and multiplier 35. The structure and operation of the pre-rejection filter 44 is similar to that of the pre-rejection filter 46 (to be discussed later). FIG. 4 illustrates the pre-rejection filter 44. The output 22 of high-pass filter 21 is applied to the pre-rejection filter 44, where it is applied in parallel to a comparator 71 (to be discussed later) and to a sign remover 66 which removes the plus or minus sign (usually one digital bit) on the digital word. This sign remover 66 may be a logic device or similar device. The output of the sign remover 66 is the absolute value of the output of the high-pass filter 21 and is applied to an adder 67. In adder 67 the respective absolute values for a selected spatial/angular neighborhood of detector/pixel values are added resulting in a term referred to as σ. These preselected values of neighbors are chosen to provide: (1) enough statistics for a meaningful histogramming (where a large number of neighbors are desired) and (2) a small enough group of neighbors to simplify computations and not have many more than one anomaly present. In this embodiment, a 7×7 neighborhood of sensor outputs are used (49 outputs) although other definitions of neighborhood are permissible. The output of the adder 67, σ, is applied to multiplier 69 where a user-supplied threshold setting 73 is multiplied with the output of the adder 67. The user-supplied threshold setting 73 is used to properly measure the true background independent of anomalies. Accordingly, a 3(σ/n) threshold (where σ/n is the average absolute value of the neighbors) is typically utilized. A number other than 3 is permissible and, for some applications, may be more desirable. The threshold setting 73 can be resident in the multiplier or it may be supplied from an external source (not shown) and selected by a sensor operator to provide a desired condition. When σ, the number of neighbors added in the adder, is 49, then (3/49×σ) is applied to the comparator 71 where it is compared to the output 22 of the high-pass filter 21. If the value of the digital signal of the output 22 from the high-pass filter 21 exceeds the value of the output of multiplier 69, the comparator 71 develops a zero output. If the value of the output 22 of the high-pass filter 21 is equal to or less than the output of the multiplier 69, the comparator 71 applies the output 22 of the high-pass filter 21, unchanged, to the multiplier 25 of the DWSP. FIG. 5 illustrates the pre-rejection filter 46. The output 48 of high-pass filter 23 is applied to pre-rejection filter 46, where it is applied in parallel to a comparator 81 (to be discussed later) and to sign remover 75. The operation of the sign remover 75, adder 77, multiplier 79 and comparator 81 is identical to the similar components sign remover 66, adder 67, multiplier 69 and comparator 71 of the pre-rejection filter 44, as shown in FIG. 4. However, the output of comparator 81 is applied differently. In parallel, the output 49 is applied to multiplier 25 and multiplier 27. Further processing after the pre-rejection filtering, in this embodiment of the DWSP, is the same as described in the preferred embodiment. Using the pre-rejection filtering technique, the signal processor 10 can correct for bad detection hardware, readout errors and large, point-like clutter features in the nearby background scenes. In both embodiments, the filtered signal output, "F", from the subtractor 37, is a factor of as much as 70 times more sensitive than an electro-optical system using the approach of color-rationing after threshold discrimination on a single-color filtered band. The resultant digital signal, "F", supplied to a display device (not shown) has been likened to the needle (the desired spectrally unique target) in the haystack (the spectral background wavelengths) when the haystack (clutter) has been removed. The range in azimuth and elevation applied to the indicator device is greatly increased allowing detection of the desired objects spectral wavelength at a much greater range that conventional means of filtering have provided. Using the invention, a survey may be made of areas to determine the presence of vegetation growths of such marihuana or other illegal narcotics, as well as surveying areas for environmental hazards such as discharges of particulate or liquids from industrial facilities that are in violation of the law. Numerous modifications and adaptations of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, in other embodiments the adders, multipliers, dividers, comparator and subtractor contained in the embodiments described may be embedded in programmable VHSIC/VLSI devices, array processors or high speed computers. Thus it is intended that by the following claims to cover all modifications and adaptations which fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention. Although the invention has been described in relation to the exemplary preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that still other variations and modifications can be affected in these preferred embodiments without detracting from the scope and spirit of the invention.	A dual waveband signal processing system (DWSPS) is disclosed for differentiating between an primary target signal and background clutter to detect targets and objects with a particularly unique spectral characteristic. The DWSPS is responsive to a plurality of sensors operating on different wavelengths. The output wavebands of the sensors are filtered by either spatial or temporal high-pass filters, and is processed through a network comprising a series of multipliers, dividers, comparators, and subtractors to obtain the weighted correlation functions or "alpha coefficient", which, when compared to the input wavebands, produces a filtered or processed output signal of the detected features.	7
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to semiconductor IC manufacture. In particular, the present invention relates to electrically connecting a semiconductor substrate to a region formed thereon. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Buried contact regions within CMOS memory cells have been extensively used for connecting polysilicon elements to silicon substrate elements. The following references discuss either buried contact regions or connections thereto: 1. O. D. Trapp, L. J. Lopp & R. A. Blanchard, "Semiconductor Technology Handbook", Technology Associates, Portola Valley, Calif., 1994 2. Janmye James Sung & Chin-Yuan Lu, "Limitation of Spacer Thickness in Titanium Salicide VLSI CMOS technology", IEEE Electron Device Letters, Vol. 10, No. 11, Nov., 1989 3. U.S. Pat. No. 5,064,776, by Roberts, "Method of Forming Buried Contact Between Polysilicon Gate and Diffusion Area" 4. U.S. Pat. No. 5,126,285, by Kosa et al., "Method for Forming a Buried Contact" 5. U.S. Pat. No. 5,348,896, by Lee, "Buried Contact Process" 6. U.S. Pat. No. 5,162,259, by Kolar et al. "Method for Forming a Buried Contact in a Semiconductor Device." During the manufacturing process, however, etching of the polysilicon can damage the silicon substrate elements, since both the polysilicon and the substrate contain silicon. To illustrate this type of problem, a representative example of the prior art technology for buried contact cell manufacture is shown in FIGS. 1a through 1k. In FIG. 1a, an oxide layer 10 is formed on a p-type silicon substrate 1. Field oxide (F.ox) regions 10b and 10c are grown on the substrate 1 surface. A thin gate oxide layer 10a is then grown on the substrate 1 surface, between F.ox regions 10b and 10c. A thin polysilicon layer 20 is then deposited on the oxide layer 10 to protect the oxide layer from contamination. In FIG. 1b, a photoresist mask 30 is formed on the polysilicon layer 20. The photoresist mask 30 is formed using a photolithographic process so as to expose a window 25 of the polysilicon layer 20 surface. In FIG. 1c, anisotropic (dry) etching is used first to remove the polysilicon and the thin oxide from the buried contact window surface 20. As shown in FIG. 1c, the field oxide 10b suffers a small loss in thickness as a result of the etching process. Subsequent to the etching process, a buried contact N + region 40 is formed by ion implantation. In FIG. 1d, photoresist mask 30 is removed and a thick layer of polysilicon 50 is deposited on the surface. Using an expansion process technique, the polysilicon layer 50 is then doped with phosphorous oxychloride (POCL 3 ) to reduce its resistance. In FIG. 1e, a photoresist mask 60 is formed to define a polysilicon pattern. In FIG. 1f, anisotropic etching is used to remove the regions of polysilicon layer 50 not covered by the mask 60, forming a gate region 70 and an interconnect region 80. Illustratively, an electrocoating etching process is used. Due to the similarity in etching selectivity of the polysilicon and the silicon substrate, etching damage occurs in the substrate. This type of damage is indicated by the "trench" in FIG. 1f. Subsequent to the etching process, photoresist mask 60 is removed, and NMOS lightly doped drain (NLDD) ion implantation is used to form N regions 90a,90b in substrate 1. This reduces the hot carrier effect in the channel below the gate 70. In FIG. 1g, a layer of undoped silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) 95 is deposited on all exposed surface areas. In FIG. 1h, anisotropic etching is used first on the undoped silicon dioxide 95. This process limits the etching depth such that residues of undoped Si0 2 96,97,98 remain on the vertical edges of the polysilicon regions 80,70, to act as spacers. However, the undoped SiO 2 residue 96 also fills in the trench shown in FIG. 1f. Subsequently, ion implantation is used to form N + regions 45,46 in substrate 1, which are bounded by the polysilicon, the undoped SiO 2 spacers (80 and 96; 70 and 97,98) and the field oxide regions 10b,10c. In FIG. 1i, a thin layer of titanium 99 is deposited on all exposed surface areas. In FIG. 1j, a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process in N 2 (nitrogen) ambient is used to cause the titanium 99 and polysilicon 70,80 and titanium 99 and silicon substrate 1, to react with each other to form titanium silicide (TiSi 2 ) regions 100a,100c on the polysilicon 80,70 and TiSi 2 regions 100b,100d on the substrate 1 surfaces. The titanium 99 does not react, however, with the undoped SiO 2 spacers 96,97,98 or with the field oxide 10c. In fact, during the rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process the N 2 (nitrogen) is used to cause the titanium and N 2 (nitrogen) to react with each other to form TiN x . That is to say, when using the rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process in N 2 (nitrogen) ambient, the resultant structure, originating from Ti/SiO 2 (Ti/field oxide & Ti/undoped SiO 2 spacers) film, is TiN x /Ti/SiO 2 and the resultant structure, originating from Ti/Si (Ti/polysilicon & Ti/Si-substrate) film, is TiN x /Ti/TiSi 2 . In FIG. 1k, the TiN x and unreacted Ti regions 99a, 99b, 99c, 99d above the field oxide, undoped SiO 2 spacers, polysilicon and silicon substrate, are first etched away. Then the titanium silicide regions 100a, 100b, 100c, 100d are converted by a rapid thermal process (RTP) from a C49 (C49 TiSi 2 ) structure with a resistance value of 60-80 μΩcm to a C54 (C54 TiSi 2 ) with a resistance value of 16-20 μΩcm. Due to the self-aligning feature of the silicide formation, this method is referred to as "salicide" (self-align silicide) technology. In the above described prior art, there is a trench in the N + buried contact 40, as shown in FIG. 1f, which becomes filled with undoped SiO 2 96, as shown in FIGS. 1g and 1h. This type of trench is susceptible to junction leakage, which is a distinct disadvantage of the prior art. It is an object of the present invention, therefore, to protect against the formation of such trenches by avoiding damage to the substrate during the polysilicon etching process. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a high conductivity, continuous electrical connection between the buried contact region and the polysilicon region. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to one embodiment of the inventive method, the aforementioned objectives are achieved by the following procedure. An oxide layer is disposed on a substrate surface. A polysilicon region is then formed on the oxide layer, using an anisotropic etching agent specifically selected to avoid damage to the oxide layer. Isotropic etching is then used to form a cavity in the oxide layer between a portion of the polysilicon region and the substrate. A buried contact region is formed within the substrate, such that a portion of the buried contact region extends beneath the cavity underlying a portion of the polysilicon region. A metal layer (e.g., titanium) is deposited on the polysilicon region, within the cavity, and on the buried contact region. The metal layer is then reacted with the polysilicon region and the buried contact region, including the cavity, to form a silicide coating (e.g., titanium silicide). The silicide coating provides a continuous electrical connection between the polysilicon region, the cavity, and the buried contact region. Finally, the structure of the silicide is converted so as to reduce its resistance. The present invention will be more clearly understood from the following description of a preferred embodiment thereof, when taken in conjunction with the following drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGS. 1a through 1k illustrate a prior art method of manufacturing a buried contact in a semiconductor cell. FIGS. 2 through 13 illustrate the inventive method of manufacturing a damage free buried contact in a semiconductor cell. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring now to FIG. 2, in accordance with one embodiment, a p-type silicon substrate 200 is covered by an oxide layer 210 which has field oxide (F.ox) regions 210b,210c at either end, and a gate (thin oxide) layer 210a between the F.ox regions 210b,210c. The F.ox regions 210b,210c range in thickness from about 3,000 to 10,000 Å, and provide cell isolation. The gate oxide layer 210a ranges in thickness from about 70 to 300 Å, and functions as the gate dielectric. Illustratively, the F.ox regions 210b,210c may be formed by the Local Oxidation of Silicon (LOCOS) process, which is well known in the art. A layer of polysilicon 220 is deposited on the oxide layer 210 by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to a thickness in the range of about 1,500 to 5,000 Å. The polysilicon layer 220 is then doped with phosphorous oxychloride (POCL 3 ), in a temperature range of about 800° to 1,000° C., to reduce the resistance of the polysilicon 220. Illustratively, the polysilicon layer 220 is doped to an impurity concentration of about 10 19 -10 21 cm -3 . In FIG. 3, a photoresist mask 230 is formed on the polysilicon layer 220 to define the interconnect and gate electrode regions of polysilicon 220. In FIG. 4, the uncovered regions of polysilicon 220 are etched away, leaving a gate region 240 and an interconnect region 250 disposed on oxide layer 210. Anisotropic (dry) etching is used, with an etching gas of high selectivity, such as Hydrogen Bromide (HBr/Cl 2 /O 2 ). That is, the etching rate is very high for silicon, but very low for oxide. As a result, the thin oxide layer 210a acts as an etching stop, protecting the substrate 200 from damage during the polysilicon 220 etching process. Illustratively, the gate region has a width of approximately 0.25-0.80 μm. In FIG. 5, photoresist 230 is removed, and NLDD (NMOS lightly-doped drain) ion implantation is performed, to implant N regions 260,270 in the substrate 200 below the exposed thin oxide surfaces 210d,210e. Illustratively, arsenic ions or phosphorus ions may be used, with an energy of about 20-70 kev and a dosage of about 10 13 to 6×10 13 ions/cm 2 . The N regions 260, 270, illustratively have a width of approximately 0.25-0.8 μm a depth of approximately 0.05-0.5 μm and a doping concentration of about 10 17 -10 19 cm -3 . In FIG. 6, a layer of undoped silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) 280 is deposited on the entire surface to a thickness in the range of about 800 to 3,000 Å by CVD (chemical vapor deposition). Illustratively, the reacting gas may be SiH 2 Cl 2 /N 2 O, SiH 4 /O 2 , or TEOS/0 2 , at a temperature in the range of about 400°-800° C. In FIG. 7, using an electrocoating process, the undoped SiO 2 layer 280 and the exposed thin oxide regions 210d,210e are etched with a highly selective etching gas. In this step, the etching gas must have a high rate of etching for oxide, and a low rate of etching for silicon. Illustratively, the etching gas may be CHF 3 /CF 4 . Since the etching depth can be controlled by this process, residual amounts of undoped SiO 2 280 are retained on the vertical edges of the polysilicon regions 250,240. These residual undoped SiO 2 deposits 281,282,283 act as spacers. In FIG. 8, a photoresist mask 290 is positioned over the substrate surface areas except for the interconnect polysilicon region 250 and a portion of the N region 260 adjacent to the interconnect polysilicon region 250. Isotropic (wet) etching of the thin oxide 210f beneath the interconnect polysilicon 250 is then performed to create a cavity under a portion of the interconnect polysilicon 250 adjacent to the exposed portion of N region 260. Illustratively, an HF-based solution or an HF-based solution plus buffering agents, such as NH 4 F, may be used in the etching process. The cavity illustratively has a width of approximately 0.05-0.3 μm. In FIG. 9, photoresist mask 290 is removed, and ion implantation is performed to implant N + regions 295,296 in the substrate 200 beneath the exposed substrate 200 surface areas. Illustratively, As ions may be used with an energy of about 5-100 kev, and a dosage of about 10 15 to 8×10 15 ions/cm 2 , or P ions may be used with an energy of about 5-90 kev, and a dosage of about 10 15 to 8*10 15 ions/cm 2 . This forms N + regions 295, 296 having a depth of approximately 0.05-0.5 μm, a width of approximately 0.25-0.8 μm, and a doping concentration of about 10 20 -10 21 cm -3 . In FIG. 10, a thermal cycle process is used to cause the implanted N + regions 295,296 to diffuse laterally. Illustratively, the substrate is heated for a duration of about 10-120 minutes at a temperature of about 800°-1000° C. Importantly, the N + region 295 adjacent to the interconnect polysilicon region 250 diffuses under the cavity area separating the interconnect polysilicon 250 and the substrate 200 surface. In FIG. 11, a layer of titanium 297 is deposited on the entire surface to a thickness in the range of about 300 to 1,800 Å by CVD. Importantly, the titanium layer 297 also fills in the cavity between the interconnect polysilicon 250 and the adjacent N + buried contact region 295. In FIG. 12, a thermal annealing (RTA) process in N 2 ambient is used to cause the titanium layer 297 to react with the polysilicon 250,240 and with the silicon substrate 200. The RTA process forms titanium silicide (TiSi 2 ) regions 297a,297b,297c,297d on the polysilicon 250,240 and substrate 200 surfaces. Illustratively, the RTA process is performed in an atmosphere of N 2 , at a temperature range of about 500°-1000° C. for about 10-60 seconds. However, titanium silicide does not form on the oxide spacer 282,283 surfaces or on the F.ox 210c surface. Rather, when using the rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process in N 2 (nitrogen) ambient, the resultant structure, originating from Ti/SiO 2 (Ti/field oxide and Ti/undoped SiO 2 spacers) film, is TiN x /Ti/SiO 2 and the resultant structure, originating from Ti/Si (Ti/polysilicon & Ti/Si-substrate) film, is TiN x /Ti/TiSi 2 . In FIG. 13, the unreacted Ti and TiN x regions 297e, 297f, 297g on the surface of the wafer are etched away using a solution such as a H 2 SO 4 based solution or a NH 4 OH based solution. Finally, a rapid thermal process (RTP) is used to convert the silicide regions 297a-d from C49 TiSi 2 with a resistance value of 60-80 μΩcm to C54 TiSi 2 with a resistance value of 16-20 μΩcm. The RTP process is performed in N 2 ambient at a temperature of about 700°-1100° C. for about 10-50 seconds. Note that the preferred embodiment has been described in regard to a wafer with a P-type substrate, However, the invention also applies equally to an N-type substrate. In an N-type substrate, the buried contact should be fabricated in a P-well. Thus, the above described inventive method provides a technique for manufacturing a buried contact semiconductor cell which avoids damage to the silicon substrate during the polysilicon etching process. A further advantage of the present invention is the formation of a high conductivity, continuous electrical connection between the buried contact, the cavity, and the polysilicon interconnect. One embodiment of the inventive method has been described above. Numerous other embodiments may be devised by those having ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the following claims.	A manufacturing process for a CMOS cell with a buried contact uses highly selective etching techniques in combination with a thin oxide etching stop to prevent damage to the buried contact during the etching process. A cavity is formed in the oxide layer between the buried contact and its adjacent interconnect polysilicon element. A self-aligning silicide process (salicide) is used to coat the interconnect polysilicon, the cavity, and the buried contact, to form a continuous electrical connection between the interconnect polysilicon and the buried contact.	8
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to portable sign assemblies and, more particularly, relates to a portable sign assembly having a frangible post to readily breakaway when impacted by an errant vehicle. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Federal, state, and local governments require that signposts and other structures associated with road construction be of a type designed to ensure the safety of motorists in the event of a collision with the signposts or other structures. Specifically, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sets standards and oversees the design and construction of traffic signposts on federal highways. Signposts must also conform to standards set by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) and the American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO). According to NCHRP Report 350 (hereinafter “NCHRP-350”), a goal of a highway safety feature, such as a sign, is to provide a forgiving roadway and roadside for an errant motorist. This safety goal is met when the highway feature readily breaks away, fractures, or yields without causing serious injuries to the occupant of the vehicle or to other motorists, pedestrians, or work zone personnel. Moreover, it is a goal that no portion of the sign assembly should enter the passenger compartment of the vehicle. According to NCHRP-350, Tests 70 and 71 relate to the testing of Work Zone Traffic Control Devices. According to these tests, the work zone traffic control device is tested at various impact speeds—a low-speed test at approximately 35 km/h and a high-speed test at approximately 100 km/h. The low-speed test is generally intended to evaluate the breakaway, fracture, or yielding mechanism of the device whereas the high-speed test is intended to evaluate vehicular stability and test article trajectory. Occupant risk is of concern in both tests. When applying these tests and standards to existing portable highway signs, it has been found that portable highway signs having generally rigid, metallic sign displays may not be thrown clear when impacted by an errant vehicle. That is, upon impact, conventional portable highway signs may be forced against the hood and/or roof of the vehicle rather than being thrown clear of the vehicle. This effect is particularly noticeable with portable highway signs having rigid, metallic sign displays. On the other hand, state departments of transportation and local highway construction companies own substantial numbers of rigid, metallic, and/or wood sign displays that are used in conjunction with fixed signs and portable signs. Many of these rigid, metallic, and wood signs are unique to various applications, such as merging, caution, and the like. As such, these rigid, metallic, and wood signs represent a significant investment made by these states and local highway construction companies over the course of many years. Current replacement of these rigid, metallic, and wood signs inventories with comparable flexible rollup sign displays is not financially feasible for many of these states and companies due to the cost of such flexible sign displays. Accordingly, there exists a need to provide a portable, breakaway highway sign and/or retrofit for use with existing rigid, metallic, and wood sign displays that complies with NCHRP-350. As determined by these tests and usage experience, breakaway signposts have proven to be highly effective in reducing vehicle damage and occupant injury resulting from collision therewith. A variety of breakaway signpost constructions intended to meet safety requirements for highway installations have been used in the prior art for installation of permanent highway traffic signs. Conventional breakaway connections are typically provided between a relatively short section of post (base post or ground post) that is permanently driven into the ground, and a longer section of post (support post) that extends upwardly above the ground from the base post and supports the sign. When the motor vehicle collides with the signpost or posts, the section of the signpost above the ground is typically sheared off (through the use of shearing bolts) or hinged over to allow the motor vehicle to continue on its path with minimum damage to the vehicle and without injury to its occupants. One particular type of signpost that has been used extensively in the prior art comprises a pair of square shaped members that are coupled together through a collar member. The collar member includes a pair of holes which tend to weaken an area between the pair of square shaped members to provide a breakaway feature as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,782,040. Another particular signpost that has been used extensively in the prior art comprises a generally circular post member having a flanged lower end that is bolted to a permanent support structure, such as a concrete base. The bolts used to fasten the circular upper support post to the base structure are typically sized to permit the shearing of these bolts upon contact from an errant vehicle as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,951,556. However, both of the above prior art breakaway connections, which use various sections bolted together, suffer from similar disadvantages. For instance, these breakaway connections require multiple parts to be assembled. This leads to potential difficulties in assembly depending on the size and weight of the components. That is, in order to fasten an upper support post to the lower base structure using a plurality of fasteners, that person is required to extend multiple fasteners through the lower post section, hold the upper post section in proper orientation while positioning it over the fasteners without dislodging the fasteners and then secure the fasteners by placing and tightening washers and nuts on them, for example, all while holding the upper post section in proper upright alignment. Many times heavy equipment, such as a hoist, is used to support the upper section while the fasteners are installed and tightened to make the final connection. It is important that signposts, irrespective of size, be capable of withstanding ambient wind loads normally encountered by highway sign installations. Experience has shown that signs supported by a single support post, especially, tend to flutter when subjected to wind loads and this fluttering action imposes torsion on the post and fasteners holding the post sections together. This torsional loading of conventional signposts and fastener systems leads to frequent failure of the fasteners and/or post. Similarly, conventional portable sign assemblies must withstand these ambient wind loads, yet must also withstand the rigors of being transported and handled. Accordingly, there exists a need in the relevant art to provide a breakaway highway signpost that is capable of being manufactured and assembled in a simple and cost effective manner. Furthermore, there exists a need in the relevant art to provide a highway signpost that provides a breakaway feature to minimize damage and/or intrusion into the passenger compartment of an errant vehicle. Still further, there exists a need in the relevant art to provide a highway sign assembly that is portable between construction sites. Additionally, there exists a need in the relevant art to provide a breakaway signpost that can enable the current inventory of conventional rigid signs to be used in applications that meet the federal safety standards. Lastly, there exists a need in the relevant art to provide a highway signpost and assembly that overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the broad teachings of this invention, a portable signpost assembly having an advantageous construction is provided. The portable signpost assembly includes a portable base structure and a frangible support post coupled to the portable base structure. The frangible support post includes a plurality of corners when viewed in cross section, wherein at least one of the corners includes a notch formed therein that promotes localized fracturing of the frangible support post upon contact from a motor vehicle. This enables the frangible support post to be broken away from the portable base structure upon impact from an errant vehicle to permit the sign and support post to travel over the vehicle without entering the passenger compartment. Further areas of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is a side view of a portable signpost assembly according to the principles of the present invention as shown in relation to a motor vehicle showing in phantom the frangible support post and sign being thrown clear of the vehicle; FIG. 2 is a front view of the portable signpost assembly; FIG. 3 is an enlarged front view of the portable signpost assembly; FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a portion of the frangible support post of the present invention; and FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of the frangible post taken along line 5 - 5 in FIG. 4 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The following description of the preferred embodiment is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses. For example, this description will be primarily directed to portable signpost assemblies; however, the principles of the present invention may equally be applied to non-portable signpost assemblies. Moreover, the present invention may find utility in conjunction with non-rigid sign displays, such as a roll-up type and the like. Likewise, the present invention may find utility in conduction with rigid sign displays being made of metal, wood, and/or plastic (i.e. extruded plastic panels having fluted internal reinforcements). Referring to FIG. 1, a portable breakaway signpost assembly 10 is shown in relation to an errant vehicle 12 . For purposes of this discussion, errant vehicle 12 is a compact type vehicle having a front bumper 14 generally centered approximately 16-24 inches above ground level. It should be understood, however, that the benefits and advantages of the present invention might be realized by vehicle designs other than that depicted in the included drawings. Portable signpost assembly 10 includes a base assembly 16 ; a spring assembly 18 ; an upright, frangible support post 20 ; and a rigid sign display 22 . As described more fully herein, frangible support post 20 is designed to breakaway or fail when errant vehicle 12 collides with portable signpost assembly 10 , thereby separating the upper section of frangible support post 20 and rigid sign display 22 from base assembly 16 and spring assembly 18 . This separation enables rigid sign display 22 to be thrown clear from errant vehicle 12 (FIG. 1 ), thereby preventing incursion into the passenger compartment of errant vehicle 12 . In addition, frangible support post 20 is designed to withstand ambient wind loads without failure. In the interest of brevity, portable signpost assembly 10 of the present invention will be described as it is embodied in portable sign model no. 4860, which is available from the assignee of the present application. The 4860 model is a portable signpost assembly having a 48″×48″×0.080″ rigid aluminum sign positioned approximately 60″ above ground when measured to the bottom of the rigid aluminum sign. The 4860 model further includes a 1.50″×1.50″×0.10″ 6061-T6 aluminum alloy frangible support post. Alternatively, the 4860 model may include a 1.50″×1.50″×0.06″, hot rolled, 16 gauge steel frangible support post. However, it should be appreciated that the teaching of the present invention may be applied to signpost assemblies having differing dimensions and may be constructed out of different materials. Moreover, it should be appreciated that the teachings of the present invention may be used in conjunction with rigid sign displays being made of various rigid materials, such as aluminum, wood, plastic, and the like. As best seen in FIGS. 2 and 3, base assembly 16 includes a set of four outwardly extending support legs 24 . Each of the outwardly extending support legs 24 is pivotally coupled to a steel base member 26 via a fastener, such as a bolt. Preferably, each support leg 24 is made of 1.25″×1.25″×0.10″ 6061-T6 aluminum alloy. Each outwardly extending support leg 24 further includes a molded rubber leg cap 32 (FIG. 2) riveted to an end thereof to prevent slippage of breakaway portable signpost assembly 10 relative to the ground. As best seen in FIG. 2, breakaway portable signpost assembly 10 further includes rigid sign display 22 . Rigid sign display 22 includes a rigid sign 46 that is mounted at the bottom thereof to frangible support post 20 via a lower bracket 48 . A top portion of rigid sign 46 is mounted to a telescoping support post 50 , which is slidably disposed in frangible support post 20 , via an upper bracket 52 . Telescoping support post 50 , frangible support post 20 , upper bracket 52 , and lower bracket 48 cooperate to support and retain rigid sign 46 thereon for display purposes to motor vehicle traffic. As is common, additional caution flags and/or flashing lights may be attached either to the upper end of telescoping support post 50 or to rigid sign 46 directly. As best seen in FIG. 3, spring assembly 18 includes a pair of coil springs 34 that are each mounted at one end to base member 26 of base assembly 16 via a mounting bracket and/or fasteners. Spring assembly 18 further includes a pair of L-shaped brackets 36 attached to an opposing end of each coil spring 34 . L-shaped brackets 36 are aligned on either side of frangible support post 20 and secured thereto with a plurality of fasteners that extend through L-shaped brackets 36 and frangible support post 20 . It should be noted that L-shaped brackets 36 could be formed integrally with frangible support post 20 . Alternatively, a mounting flange may be permanently attached to frangible support post 20 , such as by welding, to facilitate assembly of breakaway signpost assembly 10 . Frangible support post 20 is preferably of aluminum alloy construction. Specifically, frangible support post 20 is a 6061-T6-aluminum alloy. As best seen in FIGS. 4 and 5, frangible support post 20 generally includes a plurality of corners 38 when viewed in cross-section. More particularly, frangible support post 20 is preferably square shaped to provide overall rigidity against torsion and lateral loading. As best seen in FIG. 4, frangible support post 20 is tubular or hollow, thereby defining a uniform wall thickness A. Frangible support post 20 further includes at least one notch 40 formed in one of the plurality of corners 38 . However, NCHRP-350 requires that highway signs satisfy the federal safety standard when impacted from the front and side. Therefore, it is preferred that notch 40 is formed in each corner 38 . This arrangement enables the fracture characteristics of frangible support post 20 to be the same when impacted from any direction. Notch 40 is formed by either removing material or deforming material at corner 38 . The removal of material may be accomplished by sawing, punching, or otherwise cutting corner 38 to a predetermined depth in accordance with the desired fracturing characteristics. Alternatively, the deformation of corner 38 to form notch 40 may be accomplished by cold forming, progressive dies, chiseling, or the like. When notch 40 is formed in corner 38 through deformation, material is not removed but rather is “pushed” to one or more sides to result in a reduced wall thickness section at notch 40 . As a byproduct of the deformation method, some wall material may be forced inwardly within frangible support post 20 , as shown in phantom generally as 41 . In essence, this inwardly projecting material 41 within frangible support-post 20 tends to add additional strength to frangible support post 20 since additional material remains along the backside of the deformation. In other words, comparing the deformation method to the cutting method, if a notch of uniform depth is provided, then an incremental amount of additional material is present in the deformed version as a byproduct of the deformation process. This additional material within the support post adds strength relative to the cutting method, However, it is anticipated that either method may be employed in forming the notches in frangible support post 20 depending upon the preferred fracturing characteristics required in the particular sign application. As best seen in FIG. 4, notch 40 is preferably formed into a wedge shape such that it includes a pair of converging surfaces 44 , 45 that terminate into a point or line. Accordingly, this shape provides an area of stress concentration. Preferably, converging surfaces 44 , 45 define an angle α of approximately 30°. However, it should be understood that the specific profile of notch 40 , including the angle of any converging surfaces, is dependent on the preferred fracturing characteristics. Therefore, it should further be understood that notch shapes not specifically recited within this application are intended to be included within its teachings. For example, the notch shape may be rectangular or square when viewed in cross section. Alternatively, the notch shape may be semi-circular. That is, any shape may be used which promotes a concentration of stresses generally at the notch location to facilitate fracturing. Still referring to FIG. 4, preferably each notch 40 is further interconnected by a scoring mark 42 . Scoring mark 42 is a line formed between adjacent notches 40 during or separate from the deformation or cutting process. Scoring marks 42 help to promote fracturing along a predictable path—between adjacent notches along scoring mark 42 . This helps to facilitate fracturing of frangible support post 20 in a known manner. The ability to promote fracturing along a predictable path is particularly useful when structural features, such as apertures formed in support post 20 (generally indicated at 44 ), are positioned generally adjacent to notch 40 . Score marks 42 function to direct the fracturing along the score mark rather than allowing the fracturing to progress toward aperture 44 . Thus, score marks 42 promote a predictable fracturing path and, thus, promote predictable fracturing characteristics. It should be appreciated that scoring marks 42 are optional depending upon the fracturing characteristic of the support post. In some cases, fracturing between notch 40 and aperture 44 is an acceptable fracture path, so long as support post 20 is able to withstand wind loading while readily breaking away upon impact from an errant vehicle. The particular depth and location of notches 40 and score marks 42 is particularly dependent upon the necessary fracturing characteristics required. Road sign applications having differing heights, sign weights, and materials may require variations in the notch depth and scoring mark configuration. Accordingly, it has been found that notch depths as small as approximately ⅛ of wall thickness A provide adequate concentration of stress to facilitate a breakaway function. On the other hand, it has also been found that notch depths that extend entirely through corner 38 may likewise be used. Most preferably, in connection with a 48″×48″×0.080″ rigid aluminum sign positioned approximately 60″ above ground, it has been found that a notched depth of approximately ⅔ of wall thickness A will promote the preferred fracturing characteristics for these signs. With regard to scoring marks 42 , these marks should be deep enough to prevent unwanted fracturing along unknown paths. It has been found that a score mark 42 depth of approximately 15-20% of wall thickness A provides suitable fracturing control with the 1.50″×1.50″×0.10″ aluminum frangible support post. During operation, errant vehicle 12 impacts frangible support post 20 of signpost assembly 10 from any direction such that front bumper 14 of errant vehicle 12 is generally at the same height above the ground as notches 40 . As the impact force is transmitted to frangible support post 20 , material stress concentrations occur within notch 40 which exceed the ultimate tensile strength of the material in the region of notch 40 . As the stress concentration exceeds the ultimate tensile strength of the material, plastic deformation occurs, thereby leading to crack propagation along score marks 42 . The failure of frangible support post 20 in this manner enables the failure properties (e.g. load required to break frangible support post 20 ) to be designed for and predicted without the need for complicated and multi-piece breakaway connections. The quick fracturing of frangible support post 20 enables support post 20 and rigid sign display 22 to be thrown upward and away from errant vehicle 12 as shown in phantom in FIG. 1 . It should be appreciated from the above discussion that frangible support post 20 of the present invention provides a simple and convenient alternative to the complicated and cumbersome prior art methods of producing a breakaway signpost feature. That is, the present invention provides a single, unitary tubular member that does not require additional fasteners, joints, or assembly. The support post of the present invention may be formed in mass and may be assembled by a single worker. It is also important to note that frangible support post 20 of the present invention may be used as a retrofit device in existing roadway sign applications. That is, frangible support post 20 may be mounted to existing base assemblies and/or rigid sign assemblies to provide a breakaway feature in conventional rigid sign applications. This is particularly useful and cost effective for states and companies having large inventories of signs that would not otherwise pass federal standards. The description of the invention is merely exemplary in nature and, thus, variations that do not depart from the gist of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the invention. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention.	A portable signpost assembly having a portable base structure and a frangible support post coupled to the portable base structure. The frangible support post includes a plurality of corners, wherein at least one of the corners, when viewed in cross section, includes a notch formed therein that promotes localized fracturing of the frangible support post upon contact from a motor vehicle. This enables the frangible support post to be broken away from the portable base structure upon impact from an errant vehicle to permit the sign and support post to travel over the vehicle without entering the passenger compartment.	8
FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates to an impact sensor. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0002] The impact sensor according to the present invention has the advantage that through the use of a compressible medium that changes its conductivity as a function of the compression a sensor may be utilized, which is easy to integrate in the vehicle body, the bumper or the side of the vehicle. Using conductive foamed plastic as the compressible material is especially advantageous insofar as, in addition to the foamed plastic that is utilized in any event in the bumper, for instance, no additional sensors need to be integrated as sensing element. It may be provided in this context that the conductive foamed plastic be used in addition to, or instead of, the usual foamed plastic. Conductive foamed plastic has the further advantage of allowing large-area sensing, for instance by the bumper, in an uncomplicated manner. Unnecessary additional sensor units may be dispensed with and also their synchronization and the processing of the signals in a control device. In the case of side sensing, too, large-area sensing may be carried out instead of the point-by-point sensing as it is known from acceleration sensors. Furthermore, such a compressible material as the impact sensor is installed at the outermost point of the vehicle and could constitute a time advantage in the triggering of a restraining device as the actuator system. [0003] It is especially advantageous that the compressible material, preferably the conductive foamed plastic, is installed both in the front and in the rear bumper. Here, the foamed plastic, which is installed anyway, is preferably simply switched for a conductive foamed plastic. In this way, no additional expenditure and effort are required for the integration of the impact sensor according to the present invention, since the manufacturing processes may be essentially adopted. [0004] The impact sensor according to the present invention may also be used as side-impact sensor in an advantageous manner. In this case, the foamed plastic is preferably accommodated in the decorative trim, but it is also possible to use other moldings for the installation of the impact sensor. [0005] In particular, the sensor according to the present invention may be used to detect a pedestrian impact. As a function of the detection of such an impact, a restraining device of the type used for pedestrians may be employed as well. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0006] [0006]FIG. 1 shows a first block diagram of the impact sensor according to the present invention. [0007] [0007]FIG. 2 shows a second block diagram of the impact sensor according to the present invention. [0008] [0008]FIG. 3 shows the impact sensor according to the present invention in a bumper, prior to, and following, an impact. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0009] A large number of concepts are currently utilized, especially with regard to protecting pedestrians, both in the field of sensing and in actuator technology. For the most part, bumper sensors are used for detecting a pedestrian impact. Force sensors or deformation sensors are employed in this connection, which extend across the entire width of the vehicle inside the bumper. Examples of such force sensors are piezo-foils, strain gauges, optical waveguide sensors or sensors of composite. Some of the deformation sensors are also optical waveguides or simple switches. In some cases, a plurality of sensors is used to detect the impact location. For protection, airbag systems are essentially integrated in the engine compartment, or else the engine hood is raised in order to counteract the impact of the person in an appropriate manner. Many methods are known in the field of side sensing to detect side crashes, these including pressure and acceleration sensors, optical sensors and other sensor principles, which are all located on the inside of the door, however. [0010] The integration of new sensory systems in a bumper presents certain problems. The current design of bumpers uses foamed plastic which, provided with a plastic coat, is mounted on the vehicle suspension. According to the present invention, this foamed plastic for an impact sensor for the front and the rear is now exchanged for a conductive foamed plastic. This conductive foamed plastic has the special characteristic of changing its conductance in response to compression. This is advantageous inasmuch as, apart from using the foamed plastic as the actual sensing element, it does not require the integration of additional sensors. As represented above, this conductive foamed plastic with its connected electronic system may be used as an impact sensor for side sensing as well. In this case, the foamed plastic may preferably be accommodated in the decorative trim. [0011] Thus, the essence of the present invention is the use of a conductive foamed plastic as sensor element in the bumper, both in the front and the rear bumper. In this case, the foamed plastic in bumpers, which is currently used for impact damping, is replaced by the conductive foamed plastic. Alternatively, it is possible for the conductive foamed plastic to be used in combination with a non-conductive foamed plastic, thereby producing a bumper-foamed plastic sensor unit, which may be utilized for sensing in connection with pedestrian protection or other collisions. Thus, the specific advantage is the exchange of an existing component for a new one, i.e., the simple integration in the bumper it allows. [0012] An additional advantage is the large-area sensing of the bumper, which means that unnecessary additional sensor units may be dispensed with and likewise their synchronization and the processing of incoming signals. The contacting occurs between the front and back side of the foamed plastic. The electric resistance is the actual characteristic (quantity) here, which is reduced under a compressive load. Similar advantages result in the example for side sensing. The sensing is carried out over large areas and not only point-by-point. Furthermore, the sensor is likewise located at the outermost point of the vehicle, which may result in a time advantage in the triggering of the actuator technology. The utilized foamed plastic, as compressible material, thus changes its conductivity in response to compression of this material. Such a foamed plastic may be produced, for example, by introducing graphite particles into the foamed plastic. A spray procedure may be used for this purpose, for instance, in that a layer of foamed plastic is applied first, followed by a thin layer of graphite particles, and then by another layer of foamed plastic onto which a further layer of graphite particles is applied. The graphite particles are diffused into the foamed plastic by a subsequent heat treatment. When the foamed plastic is compressed, the graphite particles are contacted, so that the resistance drops with the compression. When no compression takes place, depending on the concentration of the graphite particles, no, or only a low, current can flow between the sides of the foamed plastic. This will depend on whether the graphite particles, given a lack of compression, allow a current to flow through the foamed plastic. By an appropriate distribution of the graphite particles or some other conductive particles inside the foamed plastic, it is also possible to embody a switch, which allows conduction beginning with a particular compression, but which will not permit a current flow below such compression. However, other manufacturing methods and configurations for the conductive foamed plastic are possible as well. Specifically, it is also possible to use only the change in resistance as a measure for a side impact, or for impact detection in general. Instead of foamed plastic, other compressible materials that may be induced to conduct an electrical current at least through compression are conceivable as well. [0013] In a block diagram, FIG. 1 shows a first exemplary embodiment of an impact sensor according to the present invention. A compressible material 1 , which exhibits conductivity at least in response to compression and for this reason is represented as a variable resistor, is connected at one end to a current source 2 and a voltmeter 3 . On the other side of conductive material 1 , it is also connected to the other pole of current source 2 and voltmeter 3 . Via a data output, voltmeter 3 is connected to a measuring amplifier and analog-digital converter 4 , which, by way of a data output, is in turn connected to a processor 5 , such as a micro-controller, which is connected to restraining device 6 via a data output. [0014] Resistor 1 changes its conductivity as a function of the compression to which is subjected. Since current source 2 drives a constant current through resistor 1 , a change in the resistance value of resistor 1 leads to a change in the voltage drop across this resistor 1 , this voltage drop being recorded by voltmeter 3 . This value is then transmitted from voltmeter 3 to the measuring amplifier with analog-digital converter 4 , which amplifies this value and converts it into a digital value. Processor 5 processes this digital value, especially in a triggering algorithm, so as to detect a crash as a function thereof, and, if appropriate, to deploy restraining device 6 , such as airbags or belt tighteners. In this example, the measuring amplifier and digital-analog converter is embodied as an impact sensor together with current source 2 , voltmeter 3 and resistor 1 . In addition, this impact sensor includes a transmitter component (not shown here), which transmits the digital value measured at resistor 1 to processor 5 . Preferably, a power-line transmission is used for this purpose, i.e., a d.c. current is transmitted from processor 5 to the impact sensor via this line, which connects the impact sensor to processor 5 , the current being used to supply energy to the components of the impact sensor. The transmitter component (not shown) modulates its data onto this d.c. current in order to transmit it to processor 5 , either in the form of a unidirectional or a bi-directional transmission. Furthermore, a bus connection may exist between processor 5 and the impact sensor. Another alternative is that all components, including processor 5 , are accommodated in a housing and only restraining device 6 are triggered via an interface. For the sake of simplicity, the ignition-circuit control has been omitted here. The ignition-circuit control is used to fire restraining device 6 and may be accommodated in the housing with the other components as well. [0015] [0015]FIG. 2 shows an alternative measuring concept. Here, resistor 1 is switched in parallel to a voltage source 7 , an ampere meter 8 being arranged in series to voltage source 7 and resistor 1 to measure the current. This ampere meter 8 is connected to measuring amplifier 4 and the analog-digital converter via an output. Measuring amplifier 4 is in turn connected to processor 5 , which is in connection with restraining device 6 . Here, a fixed voltage is alternatively applied across resistor 1 , so that the current flowing through resistor 1 and ampere meter 8 changes as a function of the changing conductivity of resistor 1 . This measured current is transmitted to measuring amplifier and analog-digital converter 4 as an analog signal. The then digitized value is transmitted to processor 5 , which uses it to calculate its triggering algorithm and to trigger restraining device 6 , if appropriate. As an alternative, it is possible, as represented above, that the absolute value or the change in the conductance is not processed in processor 5 , but that the impact sensor according to the present invention is embodied as a switch. This means that, starting with a particular conductance, a transistor, for instance, is switched through in order to then signal a crash. However, this does not allow the detailed signal analysis made possible by the impact sensor according to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2. For here the time characteristic of the change in the resistance is able to be analyzed as well. This allows predictions regarding the crash severity and the further crash characteristic. On this basis, an adaptive use of restraining device 6 is then possible. Additional parameters are incorporated in the triggering of restraining device 6 , such as data regarding the passengers present in the vehicle and signals from plausibility and other sensors. [0016] In a schematic view in representation a, FIG. 3 shows a bumper which includes the impact sensor according to the present invention, before a crash and, in Figure b, after a crash. FIG. 3 a shows an elongated frame element and crossmember 9 which supports a bumper 11 . Bumper 11 has an outer skin, foam 10 and support. FIG. 3 b shows the compressed foamed plastic. Compression leads to a change in resistance of the impact sensor, which is transmitted as signal according to the measuring principles in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, to a control device or an associated processor, for example. [0017] It is possible for the foamed plastic not to be configured as a continuous band, as shown here, but as partial bands.	An impact sensor is proposed, which includes a compressible medium, which changes it conductivity as a function of the compression, the impact sensor, as a function of the change in the conductivity, emitting a signal that is indicative of a parameter characteristic of an impact.	6
FIELD The invention relates to a radiofrequency interface device for smart cards of the SIM type or any other form factor, more particularly intended to be used with a communication mobile substrate such as, more particularly a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant or similar, as well as a communication mobile substrate provided with such an interface device. BACKGROUND In the following part of the description of the present invention, a communication mobile substrate will be used as an example, in the form of a mobile telephone compatible with the GSM or equivalent networks, it being understood that the invention can also be applied to other communication substrates using radiofrequencies which are different from mobile telephones. Mobile telephones have recently known a wide success on the international scale, so that billions of persons always have their mobile telephones with them. In this context, the mobile telephone seems to be more and more a hardware and software platform, whereon other applications than the mobile telephone application through the GSM network or an equivalent could be used. Thus, the mobile telephone operators already provide all kinds of additional applications which are independent of the telephone application such as for example games, a digital camera, a file reader of the mp3 type and other entertainment applications. Some of the additional applications used today, such as the management of the organizer or the digital camera, use the memory of the smart card of the SIM type or the additional memory located in other formats of card intended for this purpose to store thereon the application data, which contributes to the fact that cards have always increasing memory capacities, of several hundreds of megabytes or even more. However, in the present application of the mobile telephones, the SIM card interacts with the mobile telephone using contacts positioned on the SIM card and the mobile telephone interacts with the cell telephone network, in particular under the GSM standard, using an antenna positioned on the mobile telephone. However, considering the generalization of the mobile telephone as an application platform beyond the telephone applications, new needs have arisen since several applications which are hosted in the smart card of the SIM type or in cards of different formats, positioned in the mobile telephone such as, in a non limitative way, a “SD card”, a “mini SD card”, a Multi Media Card also called “MMC card”, could take advantage of a direct radio communication with a contactless card reader positioned in the environment of the mobile telephone or, more generally, of the communication mobile substrate. The applications for the contactless payment smart cards or the applications for the physical access control using such smart cards used as identifiers, are examples of applications which could further enhance the range of services provided by a mobile telephone. In these new contactless applications which are proximity applications in so far as the card needs to interact through a contactless coupling with a card reader which is also operated without contact, it is necessary to set up a direct radio frequency communication between the smart card reader and the card which hosts the additional application such as the payment or any other one and all this without using the cell telephone network. Now in the mobile telephones according to the present state of the art, the smart card is in general inserted into a recess provided with contacts, so that the contacts of the mobile telephone, which is operating as a smart card reader, come in contact with the contacts of said smart card. And the recess receiving the smart card is positioned inside the mobile telephone most often opposite the battery which is used as a back cover of the telephone, the front face of the latter being used for the screen and the keypad of the telephone. Thus, the battery of most mobile telephones on the field covers a large portion of the back face of the telephone all the more so since the increasing needs for self containment tend to demand high capacity batteries which thus have larger dimensions. In addition, the metallic structure of the battery mostly made of lithium does not make it possible for the radio frequency signals used to travel satisfactorily to a contactless reader positioned in the vicinity of the mobile telephone. This last point is an important obstacle to the development of the applications of the contactless type using a mobile telephone, since the users' mobile telephones should be massively changed. SUMMARY The aim of the invention is thus to remedy this disadvantage and to provide a radiofrequency interface device making it possible to solve the problem of the battery which is an obstacle to direct radiofrequency communications between the smart card and the mobile telephone outside environment, more particularly proximity readers with a contactless operation. Another aim of the invention is to provide a particularly simple and not expensive interface device making it possible to adapt to the fleet of already installed mobile telephones. For this purpose, the aim of the invention is a radiofrequency interface device composed of a smart card intended to be connected to the mobile telephone card connector, and a terminal with a contactless operation, characterised in that it includes an antenna that is offset and/or can be offset outside the structure of the mobile telephone, so that the smart card can communicate directly with a wireless network without using the mobile telephone. Advantageously, the interface includes a flexible circuitry connected on the one hand to the contacts of the smart card and on the other hand to the terminals of the offset antenna. In a particular embodiment, the offset antenna can be positioned in a mechanical guide able to be moved in extension relative to the body of the mobile telephone, so that, when the mechanical guide is in extended (or spread) position, the offset antenna directly collects the radio waves intended for the smart card, without the body of the mobile telephone being an obstacle. Preferably, the offset antenna is integral with the sliding mechanical guide intended to be spread beyond the body of the mobile telephone, during a contactless communication between the smart card and a contactless card reader. According to another advantageous solution, the communication interface is positioned on the outer face of the cover of the mobile telephone battery, so that the antenna can directly collect the whole or a part of the magnetic flow from the contactless smart card reader without going through the body of the mobile telephone. The invention also aims at a mobile telephone provided with a communication interface such as mentioned hereabove. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will appear upon reading the detailed description and referring to the appended drawings wherein: FIG. 1 schematically illustrates in longitudinal cross-section a communication mobile substrate such as a mobile telephone, for example according to the state of the art; FIG. 2 illustrates a first embodiment of the communication interface according to the invention in a plane view; FIG. 3 illustrates the communication interface of FIG. 2 , inserted in a mobile telephone in longitudinal cross-section; FIG. 4 illustrates the communication interface of FIG. 2 , inserted in a mobile telephone in a plane view; FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of the communication interface according to the invention, inserted in a mobile telephone in a plane view. DETAILED DESCRIPTION We are now referring to FIG. 1 . In this Figure, a mobile telephone 1 provided with a body 3 , a screen 5 and a keypad 7 positioned on the front face of the body 3 , are shown in a longitudinal cross-section. The mobile telephone 1 further includes a battery 9 having the form of a cover and being positioned on the back face of the body 3 . A SIM card 11 is shown in a schematic way and in cross-section. It is inserted between the battery 9 which supplies it, and which supplies the mobile telephone as a whole, and the front face 3 which carries the keypad 7 and the screen 5 . Considering the relatively big size of the battery 9 and knowing that the battery is an obstacle to the propagation of radio waves, it is clear that an application of the payment type executed in a memory of the SIM card 11 or another memory positioned in the vicinity of the battery will not be able to have a contactless communication with a contactless reader located outside the mobile telephone. In order to solve this problem, the applicant developed a very simple communication interface making it possible to link an application which is executed in a memory positioned under the cover supplied by the battery, for example the SIM card 11 , and a contactless reader located at said mobile telephone 1 and not shown. A first embodiment of this interface 14 according to the invention is shown in FIG. 2 . The principle resides in the connection of the SIM card 11 or similar through a network of wires 13 or other flexible electrical conductors to an antenna 15 which is able to be spread beyond the body 3 of the mobile telephone, so that the waves emitted by or intended to the antenna 15 can reach the latter therein without being blocked by the battery 9 . Now, reference is made to FIG. 3 . To be able to handle the antenna 15 upon request when a wireless communication is necessary between the SIM card 11 or any other smart card, and an external contactless reader, the antenna 15 is fixed on a sliding substrate 17 for example a plane frame mounted to slide in a groove or an appropriate space 21 provided in the body of the mobile telephone. As shown in FIG. 3 , the sliding substrate 17 is for example held by a cover 19 under which the substrate 17 carrying the antenna is able to slide. As can be seen in FIG. 3 and in FIG. 4 whereon the sliding substrate 17 is shown in a spread position beyond the end 21 of the body of the mobile telephone, the substrate 17 and consequently the antenna 15 it carries, overhangs relative to the body of the mobile telephone, thanks to the length of the conducting wires 13 provided for this purpose. When the antenna 15 is in this position, the radio waves which are sent or received by the antenna 15 can be exchanged with an external radio frequency device, such as a contactless smart card reader without being blocked by the electronic of the mobile telephone and more particularly by the battery 9 thereof. When the transaction between the internal smart card 11 and the external contactless card reader is completed, the user can easily push the sliding substrate 17 carrying the antenna back into the recess 23 thereof. Now, reference is made to FIG. 5 , wherein an even more advantageous embodiment of the invention is shown in plane. In this embodiment, the smart card or the SIM card 11 which includes an application which must communicate with a contactless reader 24 located outside is provided with a small size antenna 27 , as this is the case for example of the so-called double interface smart cards or hybrid cards known in the state of the art. This smart card is ideally positioned in the mobile telephone, in a zone where it is not covered or not totally covered by the battery 9 so that the electromagnetic flux which surrounds the antenna 27 of the smart card also surrounds the antenna 15 of the interface in a spread position, thus creating a mutual inductance between the antenna 27 of the smart card 11 and the antenna 15 . Thus, the connection conductive wires 13 described in the embodiment of FIGS. 2 to 4 can be omitted in this embodiment. In operation, the spread antenna 15 according to the second embodiment makes it possible to transmit to the outside, to the external contactless reader 24 , the radiofrequency signal emitted by the contactless smart card. This transmission is even made with amplification, in so far as the size of the antenna 15 is greater than the size of the antenna 27 of the contactless smart card, which has the advantageous effect of increasing the transmission range between the contactless smart card and the external reader. The solution proposed makes it possible for all the existing mobile telephones to have access to this application.	A communication interface between a smart card to be connected to a smart card connector of a communication mobile substrate, and a wireless communication network, is disclosed. An antenna is offset and/or can be offset outside the structure of the communication mobile substrate, so that the smart card can communicate directly with a contactless communication network without using the communication mobile substrate.	6
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an absorption refrigerator comprising a cabinet having outer walls and at least one door, which together encase at least one storage compartment and an absorption refrigerating system. The refrigerator according to the invention is especially, but not exclusively, suited for use in recreational vehicles, pleasure crafts and at other mobile applications. The refrigerator system according to the invention may also find suitable applications when installed as so-called mini bars in e.g. hotel rooms and the like. BACKGROUND In modern recreational vehicles such as mobile homes, caravans and pleasure crafts there is a tendency to provide the living area of the vehicle with modern household appliances. It has shown desirable that these modern appliances differ as little as possible from corresponding appliances normally used in permanent homes. For example refrigerators used in modern recreational vehicles are very similar to household refrigerators what concerns the dimensions, number and type of compartments and capacity. A modern refrigerator for a recreational vehicle may thus comprises at least one refrigerator compartment and at least one freezer compartment and may have outer dimensions (H×W×D) up to 165×81×61 cm (65×32×24 inches). A suitable choice of refrigerator for mobile use, for example in recreation vehicles, is an absorption refrigerator. Such an absorption refrigerator may comprise a single refrigerator compartment or fresh food compartment, maintaining the temperature at approx. 5° C. Normally, however, it comprises one freezer compartment maintaining the temperature at approximately −18° C. and one refrigerator compartment maintaining the temperature at approximately +5° C. Briefly, the absorption refrigerator comprises a cabinet and an absorption refrigerating system including a heater or boiler, a water separator, a condenser, an evaporator and an absorber. These components of the refrigerator system are arranged in series in a closed loop with respect to a refrigerator medium, usually a water-ammonia mixture, which flows within the refrigerating system. The evaporator, which forms a cold part of the refrigerator system, is normally arranged inside the compartments to be cooled. It may comprise a first tube section arranged to take up heat from the freezer compartment and a second tube section arranged to take up heat from the fresh food compartment, thereby lowering the temperature within the compartments. The boiler, water separator, condenser and absorber together form a hot part of the refrigerator system and are normally arranged on the outside of the rear wall of the cabinet. Since these components generate heat, they need to be insulated from the compartments. This is done by arranging an insulation material, such as fibreglass or polystyrene foam, in the rear cabinet wall. Such insulation material is normally arranged also in the other cabinet walls and the cabinet doors for reducing heat transfer from the ambient atmosphere into the compartments. The water separator, condenser and absorber need to be cooled. Such cooling is normally effected by allowing ambient air to pass over these components of the refrigerator system. The heat leakage from the boiler on the other hand should be kept as low as possible, for achieving satisfactory efficiency. At recreational vehicles, such as mobile homes and caravans, the refrigerator is normally placed in a specially designed recess or niche arranged in the living area of the vehicle. The niche is arranged in proximity to an outer wall of the vehicle and comprises niche walls that extend inwardly from the inside of the vehicle's outer wall. The niche walls are further arranged to sealingly contact the top, side and possibly bottom walls of the refrigerator cabinet, such that the rear portion of the refrigerator is enclosed in the niche. The space defined by the inside of the vehicle's outer wall, the niche walls and the rear wall of the refrigerator cabinet is normally referred to as the cooling unit recess or the CUR. At installation of traditional refrigerators the hot part of the refrigerating system or the cooling unit is located within the CUR. By this means heat generated by the refrigerator system is prevented from dissipating into the living area of the vehicle. For cooling the refrigerator system, a lower and an upper ventilation aperture is arranged through the outer wall of the vehicle, such that the CUR is in communication with the atmosphere outside of the vehicle. Hereby, ambient air is allowed to enter through the lower aperture, and to exit through the upper aperture. Heat generated by the refrigerator system is transferred to the air, whereby a self-circulating airflow is created, which cools the refrigerator system. Such an arrangement entails certain disadvantages. The construction and mounting of the niche per se require structural elements and labour and thereby entails costs. In order to achieve a great enough airflow through the CUR, the cross sectional area with respect to the airflow direction needs to have a certain smallest dimension. Normally this means that the volume of the CUR becomes at least approx. ¼ of the total inside volume of the storage compartments. The rate between useful food storage volume and total volume occupied by the refrigerator and CUR is limited thereby. The apertures of the CUR further need to be of a certain smallest dimension, which means that comparatively large openings need to be cut out in the vehicle wall. The apertures further need to be covered by correspondingly large grids or nets for preventing dust, insects and the like to enter the CUR. For satisfactory functioning of the known arrangement it is also required that the lower aperture is arranged at or below the lower end of the refrigerator whereas the upper aperture needs to be arranged at or above the upper end of the refrigerator. This means that the apertures need to be positioned differently for every different height of refrigerator to be installed and used in the vehicle. Especially if the refrigerator is to be placed beneath a bench in the vehicle, it is normally not possible to arrange the upper aperture high enough, whereby the cooling and efficiency of the refrigerator system is adversely affected. The necessity of arranging a pre-installed niche in the vehicle, especially since it needs to be arranged at an outer wall, also limits the free choice of where to place the refrigerator. A further problem related to the prior known arrangements occurs at use under winter and other cold ambient conditions. At start up of the refrigerator at such cold conditions, it might happen that the refrigerator media has frozen. Not until heat generated by the boiler has melted the media, the refrigerator may operate properly. In order to speed up such melting, the airflow through the CUR may be reduced or prevented. In order to achieve this, specially designed winter condition covers need to be applied to the grids covering at least one of the openings in the outer walls of the vehicle. The necessity of such winter condition covers naturally adds to the costs and renders handling of the refrigerator more complicated. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is therefore to provide an improved absorption refrigerator, especially but not exclusively for use in recreational vehicles, pleasure crafts and the like. It is a further object to provide such a refrigerator, which allows for a great freedom of choice concerning where to place the refrigerator. Another object is to provide such a refrigerator, which allows for an improved rate between useful storage space and total space occupied by the refrigerator. A still further object is to provide such a refrigerator having a comparatively high overall efficiency. Yet another object is to provide such a refrigerator, which allows for efficient cooling of the refrigerator system Still another object is to provide such a refrigerator, at which it is possible to use a comparatively large volume of insulation material in relation to the overall dimensions of the refrigerator. A further object is to provide such a refrigerator, which allows for a comparatively great freedom of choice concerning the positioning of ventilation apertures in a vehicle in which the refrigerator is installed. Yet a further object is to provide such a refrigerator, which allows for comparatively small ventilation apertures to be arranged in the vehicle or the like. According to one aspect of the invention these and other objects are achieved by an absorption refrigerator as set out in the preamble of claim 1 . In accordance with the invention the refrigerator comprises a channel which is formed in an insulation material comprised in one of the outer walls of the cabinet. The channel has an inlet and an outlet for conducting air through the channel. The channel comprises a first and a second channel section which sections are connected by a third channel section but separated by an intermediate portion of insulation material. A ventilator is arranged to create a forced flow of air in the channel. The absorber is arranged in the first channel section and the condenser is arranged in the second channel section. At the absorption refrigerator according to the first aspect of the invention hot components of the refrigerating system that needs cooling is thus cooled by a forced ventilation airflow. By this means the cross sectional area and thereby the total volume occupied by the channel forming the air passage may be kept comparatively small. The channel, in which the components to be cooled are placed, concentrates the cooling capacity of the airflow to those critical components which need to be cooled. The area of the cabinet wall exposed to the comparatively warm airflow is also reduced. By this means the overall efficiency of the refrigerator is enhanced. Furthermore, since the channel is arranged embedded in the insulation material and since the channel needs to occupy only a comparatively small volume, it is possible to use more insulation material without increasing the overall dimensions of the refrigerator. The additional insulation material is further arranged at that cabinet wall, which faces the hot part of the refrigerator system. This is especially advantageous since the temperature difference between the outside and inside of the refrigerator cabinet, which temperature difference is driving heat transfer into the cabinet compartments, is at its greatest at this wall. Since the channel is formed in the insulation material in such a way that the absorber and the condenser are separated by an intermediate portion of insulation material, additional advantages are achieved. At absorption refrigerating systems the evaporator, which forms the coldest part of the system, is arranged in the storage compartment, at a level between the absorber and the condenser. By arranging an intermediate portion of the insulation material between these two components, this intermediate portion is arranged in level with and outside of the evaporator. By this means it is either possible to increase the thickness of the insulation in proximity to the evaporator to thereby decrease the heat leakage into the compartment. Alternatively it is possible maintain the insulation thickness and instead increase the useful volume of the storage compartment without increasing the total volume occupied by the entire cabinet. By this means the so-called net volume ratio, i.e. the ration between the volume of the storage compartment and the total volume occupied by the entire cabinet, may be increased without adversely influencing the heat leakage into the storage compartment or the cooling capacity of the cabinet. The channel formed in the insulation material also provides for a great freedom of choice concerning where to arrange the inlet and outlet of the channel. By this means a correspondingly great freedom of choice concerning where to place the ventilating apertures in the vehicle wall is achieved. Especially, the positioning of the channel inlet and outlet may be standardized, e.g. to a lower right hand corner of the rear wall of the refrigerator. By this means also the position of the vehicle apertures may be standardized, whereby no adoption of such apertures is needed when installing refrigerators having different dimensions in a similar vehicle. Just as the cross sectional area of the channel may be kept small, also the dimensions of the vehicle apertures may be reduced. By this means the wall of the vehicle is influenced only to a smaller extend, which in turn contributes e.g. to a less influenced esthetical overall impression of the outside of the vehicle wall. Also the grids or nets covering the vehicle apertures may be made smaller and with standardized dimensions, whereby costs are reduced. With the arrangement according to the invention it is further possible to arrange the channel such that either of or both the inlet and outlet is arranged at a bottom surface of the refrigerator. By this means the inlet and outlet may be connected to ducts or the like, which are arranged in or beneath the floor of the vehicle. Alternatively, the in- and outlet may be connected to vehicle apertures arranged through the vehicle floor. In both cases the apertures arranged in the outside wall of the vehicle may be omitted. The channel may be entirely formed in the insulation, whereby the cavity forms a tunnel within the insulation material. However the channel is preferably partly formed as an outwardly open recess in said insulation material. By this means manufacturing is facilitated. E.g. polystyrene foam may be injected to the rear wall of the cabinet, where a mould defining the channel is placed. The mould may then be readily removed by simple extraction outwards from the rear cabinet wall. Such an outwardly open channel may be finally defined and closed off outwards when the refrigerator is installed by placing the wall of the refrigerator comprising the channel in sealing contact with a wall or the like of a vehicle. In such case the vehicle wall contributes to defining the channel. However, the recess is preferably closed off outwardly by a sheet or plate type material, which forms part of the refrigerator. By this means the niche of the vehicle may be completely omitted. This embodiment also provides a refrigerator at which all outer walls may be completely flat, without any protruding components. This highly facilitates positioning and installation of the refrigerator. The inlet and outlet may be arranged below an upper portion of said channel. The channel may then be used as a lock for preventing air circulation through the channel when the ventilator is turned off. Since a part of the channel is arranged above both the inlet and outlet, self-circulation will be prevented, whereby no circulation in the channel will occur as long as the ventilator is not activated. Such prevention of air circulation may be used at start up of the refrigerator at cold ambient conditions. By preventing circulation of the cooling air, the refrigerating media will more rapidly reach is operating temperature. Any winter condition covers or other means for manually reducing the cooling airflow may thereby be omitted. As soon as the media has reached it's operating temperature, the ventilator may be automatically activated. The ventilator may preferably be a fan, which is arranged in proximity to an end portion of the channel. By this means a simple construction which e.g. facilitates maintenance and the arrangement of wires for power supply and control of the fan is achieved. The fan may preferably be arranged in proximity to the inlet end of the channel. By this means the fan will be exposed only to air holding the comparatively low ambient temperature, which reduces the wear of the fan. By arranging the inlet and outlet in proximity to each other, the corresponding openings in the outer wall of the vehicle influences the outside visible impression of the vehicle wall only to a small extent. The openings may further then be arranged in a comparatively small maintenance hatch, which gives access to critical parts of the refrigerator system from the outside of the vehicle. By arranging the inlet and outlet in a rear wall of said cabinet, classical installation of the refrigerator at an outer wall of the vehicle is permitted. The inlet and outlet may however also be arranged in a bottom wall of said cabinet. This arrangement enhances the freedom of choice concerning where to place the refrigerator in the vehicle. The inlet and outlet may then be connected to openings arranged through the floor of the vehicle. By this means the refrigerator need not to be placed adjacent to an outer wall of the vehicle. Instead the refrigerator may be placed adjacent to an inner wall or even completely free standing in the vehicle. Instead of being connected to openings through the floor of the vehicle, the in- and outlets may be connected to ducts arranged in the floor. These ducts may open up either underneath the vehicle or at any sidewall of the vehicle to thereby cause little or no influence of the visible impression of the outside of the vehicle. The channel and the hot components of the refrigerating system may be arranged according to a number of different configurations depending on the application of the refrigerator. For instance for applications both in recreational vehicles and as a mini bar, at least the absorber and the condenser may be arranged one after the other, with respect to said airflow, in said channel. By this means one and the same channel and air-flow may be used for cooling both these hot components. Since the absorber operates at a lower temperature than the condenser it is further advantageous if the absorber is arranged upstream of the condenser with respect to the airflow. Also the water separator may be arranged in the channel. In such case the water separator, which operates at a higher temperature than both the absorber and the condenser, is arranged downstream of these components. Even though the boiler should not be excessively cooled, it is necessary to lead away heat generated by the boiler. Such heat would otherwise be transferred into the compartments of the refrigerator. The boiler may therefore be enclosed in a boiler insulation which is arranged in said channel, downstream of said water separator. The channel is then used also for ventilating the outside of the boiler insulation. Since the boiler insulation is arranged in the downstream region of the channel, the air passing the boiler insulation is comparatively warm, whereby no excessive cooling of the boiler insulation is caused. The refrigerator may alternatively be provided with two channels. For instance at mini bar applications the absorber, condenser and water separator may then be arranged in a first channel and the boiler with insulation in a second channel. By this means the air flow through the second channel may be set or regulated independently of the flow through the first channel. Thereby the flow through the second channel may be kept low in order to avoid excessive cooling of the boiler, without affecting the cooling of the other hot components of the refrigerating system. According to a further embodiment, which may be used both in recreational vehicles and mini bars, the absorber and the condenser are arranged in the first channel, whereas the water separator is arranged in the second channel. The water separator should not be excessively cooled and such an arrangement allows for separate adjustment of the cooling of the water separator. This adjustment may for example be achieved by choosing suitable dimensions of the cross section area of the second channel or by arranging a damper or an independently controlled fan in the second channel. This arrangement further allows for a greater freedom of choice of the positioning of the outlet of the first and second channel. Either or both of these outlets may then be positioned e.g. at an upper portion of the refrigerator if this would be suitable. The boiler with insulation may also be arranged in the second channel. By this means the airflow for cooling the two components working at lower temperatures, i.e. the absorber and the condenser, is separated from the airflow cooling the warmer water separator and boiler insulation. Further objects and advantages of the invention according to the first aspect of the invention appear from the following detailed description and claims. According to a second aspect, the invention also concerns an absorption refrigerator according to the preamble of claim 15 , which absorption refrigerator comprises the special technical features as set out in the characterizing part of claim 15 . The absorption refrigerator according to this aspect comprises a channel, having an inlet and an outlet for conducting air through said channel. The channel is formed by a continuous recess which is formed in an insulation material comprised in one of the outer walls. A ventilator is arranged to create a forced airflow in said channel. At least one of the absorber, condenser and water separator is arranged in said channel. The inlet and outlet of the channel are formed in proximity to each other and in one and the same of said outer walls. By this means a great freedom of choice concerning the positioning of the corresponding ventilating apertures of a vehicle or the like where the refrigerator is used is achieved. Further more, the above mentioned problems related to having the in- and outlet of the channel separated by a comparatively great distance, e.g. at opposite ends of the rear wall are greatly reduced or completely remedied. The inlet and outlet of the channel may be arranged in the rear wall of the cabinet. Preferably, the vertical distance between the inlet and outlet is less than or equal to half of the width of that outer wall in which said inlet and outlet are arranged. The inlet and outlet may alternatively be arranged in the bottom wall of the cabinet. The refrigerator may further comprise connection means for connecting the inlet and/or the outlet to a flexible conduit which is in communication with the ambient air outside of the space in which the refrigerator is placed. By this means an even grater freedom of choice concerning where to position the corresponding ventilating apertures in the vehicle or the like is achieved. Further objects and advantages of the invention according to the second aspect of the invention appear from the following detailed description and claims as well as from the corresponding description above of the first aspect of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the following an exemplifying detailed description of an embodiment of the invention will be given with reference to the attached drawings, of which: FIG. 1 is a perspective view from behind, with parts cut away of an absorption refrigerator according to an embodiment of the invention, where the refrigerating system has been removed. FIG. 2 is a perspective view according to FIG. 1 with the refrigeration system of the absorption refrigerator. FIG. 3 is a cross-section taken along line III-III in FIG. 2 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 is a perspective view from behind of an exemplifying one-compartment absorption refrigerator for use in a recreational vehicle. The refrigerator comprises top 1 , bottom and side 2 walls and a front door 3 . The refrigerator also comprises a rear wall 4 . The top, bottom, side and rear walls define together with the front door a fridge compartment 5 for storage of food at approx. +5° C. The top, bottom and sidewalls, as well as the front door are conventionally formed of a double shell construction filled with heat insulation material 2 a , 3 a in the form of polystyrene foam. The refrigerator also comprises a conventional absorption refrigeration system, shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 . The refrigeration system comprises a boiler 6 , which is arranged in a cylindrical boiler insulation 6 a , a water separator 7 , a condenser 8 with heat dissipating fins, an evaporator 9 and an absorber 10 with an absorber vessel 10 a . As indicated with dashed lines in FIG. 2 , the evaporator, which forms a cold part of the refrigerating system, is arranged inside the compartment 5 . The other components 6 , 6 a , 7 , 8 , 10 , 10 a , forming a hot part of the refrigerating system, are arranged outside the compartment 5 . Also the rear wall 4 comprises a heat insulating material 11 in the form of polystyrene foam. The heat insulation 11 comprises an inner portion 11 a and an outer portion 11 b . The inner and outer portions 11 a , 11 b are formed by injection of liquid polystyrene, which after injection expands and hardens. The inner portion 11 a covers essentially the entire backside of the compartment and has a generally constant cross-section. The outer portion 12 b protrudes backwardly, outwardly from the inner portion 11 a . A continuous recess 12 is formed in the outer portion 11 b of the insulation material 11 . The recess 12 comprises a smaller inlet recess, 12 a , a first enlarged space 12 b , a first passage 12 c , a second enlarged space 12 d and a second passage 12 e . The recess 12 is closed off backwardly by a sheet formed material formed of a comparatively thin metal plate 13 . Alternatively the sheet formed material could be formed of any suitable material such as coated cardboard, plastic or the like. The metal plate 13 covers the entire rear side of the refrigerator and is fixed by screws or the like (not shown) to rearward edges of the top, bottom and sidewalls of the refrigerator. As is best seen in FIG. 3 the outer portion 11 b of the insulation partially surrounding the recess 12 , extends from the inner portion 11 a all the way to and contacts the inside of the metal plate 13 . An inlet opening 14 is arranged through the metal plate 13 , such that it coincides with the inlet recess 12 a . An outlet opening 15 is also arranged through the metal plate 13 , such that it coincides with a lower end portion of the second passage 12 d. By this means a continuous channel 16 is defined by the recess 12 and the metal plate 13 , which channel 16 extends between the inlet opening 14 and the outlet opening 15 in the metal plate 13 . The channel 16 comprises a first channel section which corresponds to the first enlarged space 12 b of the recess 12 , a second section which corresponds to the second enlarged space 12 d of the recess and a third section which corresponds to the first passage 12 c of the recess. The outer portion 11 b of the insulation material comprises an intermediate portion which is arranged between the first enlarged space 12 b and the second enlarged space 12 d of the recess 12 , i.e. between the first and second section of the channel. A ventilator in the form of an axial fan 17 is arranged in proximity to the inlet opening 14 , at the junction between the inlet recess 12 and the first enlarged space 12 b . The fan is preferably electrically controlled and connected to a control unit arranged for control of the refrigerator. As is best seen in FIG. 2 the absorber 10 with absorber vessel 10 a is arranged in the enlarged space 12 b . For accommodating the boiler vessel 10 a , a further recess 18 extends into the inner portion 11 a of the insulation from the bottom of the enlarged space 12 . A liquid ammonia tube 19 connecting the condenser 8 with the upstream end of the evaporator is arranged in the passage 12 c . The condenser 8 is arranged in the second enlarged space 12 d , which also accommodates an upper part of the water separator 7 . The lower part of the water separator and the boiler 6 with the boiler insulation 6 a is arranged in the second passage 12 e. As is best seen in FIG. 2 , the first enlarged space 12 b accommodating the absorber 10 is separated from the second enlarged space 12 d accommodating the condenser by an intermediate portion of insulation material which is formed of the outer portion 11 b of the insulating material. This intermediate portion is thereby arranged in level with and outside of the evaporator 9 . A maintenance hatch (not shown) comprising the inlet 14 and outlet 15 opening may be arranged in the lower right hand corner of the metal plate 13 . By this means easy access to the fan 17 and a burner or other heater (not shown) arranged below the boiler is achieved. Installation of the refrigerator in a recreational vehicle is also very simple. No niche or the like needs to be arranged in the vehicle. The refrigerator shown in the drawings is placed such that it's rear side faces the inside an outer wall of the vehicle. The refrigerator is positioned such that the inlet 14 and outlet 15 openings coincide with corresponding openings arranged through the vehicle wall. Since the positioning of the inlet and outlet openings of the refrigerator may be standardized, the corresponding openings of the vehicle may have the same positions and dimensions irrespective of which size of refrigerator is to be installed in the vehicle. The same applies to any grid, net or the like which is arranged to prevent foreign material such as leaves and insects to enter through the openings of the vehicle wall. During normal operation the fan 17 is activated to create a controlled airflow from the inlet opening 14 , through the inlet recess 12 a , the first enlarged space 12 b , the first passage 12 c , the second enlarged space 12 d , the second passage 12 e and out through the outlet opening 15 . The cooling air thus takes up heat first from the absorber 10 , and absorber vessel 10 a , which normally operates at about 40-50° C., then from the liquid ammonia tube 19 , which normally holds a temperature of approx. 45-50° C., thereafter from the condenser 8 normally operating at about 50-60° C. and thereafter from the water separator 7 , which normally operates at about 80-120° C. The airflow is thus optimized such that, for all components, the air passing the component has a lower temperature than the operating temperature of that component. After the water separator the air also passes the outer surface of the boiler insulation 6 a . This normally holds about 60-80° C. When passing the boiler insulation 6 a , the air prevents excessive heat to build up and to be transferred through the insulation into the refrigerator compartment 5 . At the same time the comparatively warm air does not excessively cool the boiler insulation. During start up of the refrigerator at winter or other low ambient conditions, the fan is kept inactivated. Since both the inlet 14 and the outlet 15 of the channel 16 is arranged below an upper portion, such as the second enlarged space 12 d of the channel, self-circulation of air in the channel is prevented. No cooling of the refrigeration system is thus effected during such start up. Heat generated by the boiler will therefore be transferred more rapidly through the piping connecting the boiler with the other components holding the refrigeration medium. Thereby the refrigeration medium in these components will more rapidly be melted and brought to it's correct operating temperature. Once the refrigeration medium holds it's correct temperature the fan is started and the refrigerator is run at normal conditions. Such adaptation to winter condition may thus be achieved simply by automatic regulation of the fan and does not need any manual operation such as attaching covers or the like to the openings in the vehicle wall. Above an exemplifying refrigerator according to the invention has been described. The invention is however not limited to this description, but may be freely varied within the scope of the claims.	Absorption refrigerator comprising; a cabinet having outer walls ( 1, 2, 4 ) and at least one door ( 3 ) which together encase at least one storage compartment ( 5 ) and which comprise a heat insulation material ( 2 a, 3 a, 11 ); and an absorption refrigerating system comprising a boiler ( 6 ), a water separator ( 7 ), a condenser ( 8 ), an evaporator ( 9 ) and an absorber ( 10 ), wherein said boiler, water separator, condenser and absorber are arranged outside said storage compartment. A channel ( 16 ) having an inlet ( 14 ) and an outlet ( 15 ) for conducting air through said channel is formed in an insulation ( 11 ) material comprised in one ( 4 ) of said outer walls. A ventilator ( 17 ) arranged to create a forced airflow in said channel. At least one of said absorber, condenser and water separator is arranged between said inlet and outlet in said channel.	5
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a (______) of: (i) PCT/US01/16853, filed May 23, 2001, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR INCLUDING ARTICLE IDENTIFICATION IN AN ARTICLE HANDLING DEVICE; (ii) PCT/US01/16893, filed May 23, 2001, entitled METHODS OF DOING THE BUSINESS OF MACHINE VENDING (which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/257,316, filed Dec. 21, 2000, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ARTICLE HANDLING, SUCH AS FOR A VENDING MACHINE); (iii) PCT/US01/16837, filed May 23, 2001, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING A VENDING MACHINE; (iv) PCT/US01/16847, filed May 23, 2001, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR STORING ARTICLES FOR USE WITH AN ARTICLE HANDLING DEVICE; (v) PCT/US01/16846, filed May 23, 2001, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR HOSE STORAGE IN AN ARTICLE HANDLING DEVICE; (vi) PCT/US01/16894, filed May 23, 2001, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR POSITIONING AN ARTICLE HANDLING DEVICE, all of the above patent applications claim the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/206,363, filed May 23, 2000, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ARTICLE HANDLING, SUCH AS FOR A VENDING MACHINE. This application is also a (_______) of International Publication No. WO 01/11578, filed Aug. 7, 2000, entitled VENDING MACHINE (which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/147,832, filed Aug. 7, 1999, entitled VENDING MACHINE). This application also claims the benefits of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/294,284, filed May 29, 2001, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR QUICK CHANGE DISPLAY GRAPHICS ON A MERCHANDISER; and No. 60/296,675, filed Jun. 7, 2001, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ARTICLE HANDLING, SUCH AS WITH A VENDING MACHINE. The entire disclosures of all of the above patent applications are incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates to improvements in apparatus and methods involving the vending of goods from a vending apparatus. [0003] Conventional vending machines are sized to fit into a space measuring about 4′×4′×6′. These vending machines typically include a storage area in which various goods are located and a dispensing means to move the goods from the storage area to an exit port. When a user of the vending machine (i.e., a purchaser of goods) wishes to purchase goods, he or she inserts money into the vending machine and is given an opportunity to select a particular item from the plurality of goods stored within the vending machine. Sometimes this selection process involves the user viewing the goods within the storage area of the vending machine by way of some transparent window or the like. Alternatively, some vending machines do not permit the user to view the goods stored within the machine, the selectable goods being understood by way of visible indicia on the exterior of the vending machine (e.g., branding indicia, advertising indicia, etc.) in association with selection indicia and/or means. In either case, the user usually enters his or her selection by way of a keypad, selection buttons, etc. In response to the user's selection, the dispensing means of the vending machine moves the selected goods from the storage area to the exit port of the vending machine such that the user may obtain the goods. [0004] The above discussion relates to how a user obtains goods from a conventional vending machine. The purchase, installation, and maintenance of a conventional vending machine and the distribution of revenue from that vending machine will now be discussed. Using conventional techniques, an operator of a vending machine purchases the vending machine from a manufacturer of vending machines. The operator may obtain a loan from a third party (e.g., a bank) using the vending machine to collateralize the loan. In the alternative, the operator can lease the vending machine from a lessor of capital equipment for some agreed upon price schedule (usually involving payment on a monthly, quarterly, yearly, etc. basis). [0005] Irrespective of how the vending machine is purchased or leased, the operator takes possession of the vending machine and installs the vending machine at a particular location, for example, within a business office, at a gas station, at an airport, at a tavern, etc. Placing the vending machine at the particular location may require that the operator enter into an agreement with the owner of the real property (or his or her representative) on which the vending machine is disposed. (Of course, when the operator owns the property on which the vending machine is located, no separate agreement need be obtained.) Typically, the agreement between the operator and the owner of the real property requires the operator to make periodic payments to the owner of the real property, for example, on a monthly, quarterly, yearly, etc. basis. [0006] The operator is typically responsible for maintaining the vending machine after it is installed. This maintenance typically includes the purchasing of goods from a seller of goods, stocking the vending machine with the goods, and collecting revenue from the vending machine. The seller of goods is typically a goods manufacturer or distributor, for example, a food and/or beverage company, a candy company, and ice cream company, etc. The operator usually enters into an agreement with the seller of goods that dictates the quantity and price of the goods that the operator may purchase from the seller of goods. The agreement may also prescribe other factors, such as how the goods are displayed within the vending machine (e.g., when the vending machine includes a transparent window through which the purchaser may view the goods). It is noted that the operator may enter into agreements with a plurality of sellers of goods to obtain stock for a given vending machine such that different types and/or brands of goods may be stocked in a given vending machine. [0007] As mentioned above, the operator typically collects revenue from the vending machine (i.e., the money deposited in the vending machine by purchasers of goods). This is usually done at the time that the vending machine is stocked with goods, such as on a daily, weekly, bi-weekly, monthly, etc. basis. The operator typically uses portions of the revenue to pay the manufacturer of vending machines, the lessor of capital equipment, the bank (e.g., for the purchase of the vending machine), the owner of the real property on which the vending machine is disposed (e.g., for rental of the real property), and/or the seller of goods (e.g., for purchasing previous or future goods to stock the vending machine). [0008] While the conventional uses of vending machines and conventional business relationships among the entities involved directly or indirectly in the vending of goods from vending machines have been readily employed in the past, they are woefully inadequate in meeting future objectives for vending goods. For example, it would be desirable to permit an entity, other than the operator, to share in the risks and rewards (i.e., the losses and profits) of vending goods from a vending machine. Conventional vending machines and conventional business relationships, however, are ill equipped to achieve this result, primarily due to the inherent problems in verifying sales data and enforcing contractual obligations involving the vending of goods. Indeed, a seller of goods would not be motivated to enter into an agreement with an operator to share in the risks and rewards of vending its goods from a vending machine if it is difficult for the seller of goods to verify the sales data of the vending machine and/or enforce the obligations of any agreement governing such a relationship. Since the operator has virtually exclusive control over the vending machine, particularly in terms of stocking goods and collecting revenue, any share of the risks and rewards from vending goods are subject to the honesty and integrity of the operator. While it would be unfair to suggest that all operators are untrustworthy, it has been discovered that, as a practical matter, other entities have been unwilling to enter into agreements to share in the risks and rewards of goods vending with operators due to concerns of data verification and enforcement. [0009] Efforts have been made in the vending art to make data concerning the sales of goods from a vending machine available to interested parties. The so-called Direct Data Exchange (DEX) format of vending data reporting purports to provide a means for obtaining sales information, such as type of goods, brand of goods, package type, weight, price, etc. Members of the National Automatic Merchandizing Association (NAMA) and others, however, understand that the DEX format has not been standardized and, therefore, is of marginal use as a tool in obtaining useful vending data from the field. Moreover, the accuracy of the DEX information is subject to the data collection and reporting processes of the operator. Indeed, an unscrupulous operator could easily tamper with, forge, or otherwise modify vending data obtained at a particular vending machine and arrange the data in the DEX format in an effort to legitimize the data to his or her advantage and, consequently, to the disadvantage of other parties that may be seeking to rely on the DEX data. [0010] Accordingly, there is a need in the vending art for apparatus and methods that will facilitate agreements among entities with interests in vending goods, in addition to the operator, to share in the risks and rewards of vending. Indeed, distributing the risks associated with purchasing, installing, stocking, and selling goods through a vending machine among two or more entities will encourage people heretofore not willing to participate in the vending of goods and, therefore, expand the marketplace and ultimately provide better service to consumers. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0011] In accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention, the vending of goods from a vending apparatus is contemplated. It is understood that the term “vending apparatus” encompasses vending machines of conventional size and scale, such as snack food vending machines, beverage vending machines, ice cream vending machines, etc. The present invention, however, is not limited to this conventional scale of vending machines and, indeed, contemplates the vending of other types of goods using vending apparatus of various sizes and scales. For example, the vending apparatus may take on the size of a small, medium, or large room or building. A room-size vending apparatus may, for example, be located in an office and any type of goods may be stored and dispensed to employees or other people within the office. For example, office supplies (i.e., goods) may be stored within the vending apparatus and dispensed to people in the office with a need for office supplies. Alternatively, a building-size vending apparatus may be disposed at locations where convenience stores are typically found, for example, gas stations, rest stops, etc., such that goods that are typically found in convenience stores may be vended to purchasers. One skilled in the art will appreciate that variations in the sizes of, scales of, location of (e.g., above or below ground, etc.), and goods vended from apparatus in accordance with the invention are vast and should only be limited by the claims appended hereto. [0012] It is noted that the sales of goods encompass the dispensing of goods that have been, or will be, paid for at some other time. [0013] Numerous entities that may have an interest in the sales of goods from a vending apparatus in accordance with the invention will be referred to herein. These entities include, but are not limited to, machine manufacturers, operators, property holders (or owners), sellers of goods, lenders, lessors, data managers, and users. [0014] By way of example, a machine manufacturer may be an entity that designs and/or manufactures a vending apparatus in accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention, or may be a representative, agent, or distributor for the machine manufacturer. [0015] The operator may be an entity involved with at least one of, for example, the purchase, the rental, the installation, and/or the maintenance of a vending apparatus (e.g., loading of product into, the management of, the servicing of, etc., the vending apparatus) in accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention. [0016] The property holder may be an owner, landlord, lessee, agent, or any other entity having an interest in the real property at which a vending apparatus is located. [0017] The seller of goods may be a manufacturer, distributor, agent, broker, or other entity with an interest in the goods sold from the vending apparatus. It is noted that the seller of goods may often be a supplier of goods to the operator of the vending apparatus. [0018] The lender may be a bank, a venture capitalist, a financing company, a leasing company, an investor, and/or any other entity that loans money to another entity to purchase, lease, or rent the vending apparatus. [0019] The lessor may be a bank, a lessor of capital equipment, and/or any other entity with an ownership interest in the vending apparatus and that loans the vending apparatus to another entity. [0020] The data manager may be any entity engaged in receiving or transmitting data concerning the sales of goods from one or more vending apparatus. [0021] It is noted that the definitions provided above concerning the entities with an interest in the vending of goods from a vending apparatus are given by way of example and to assist in clarifying the aspects of the invention. As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the relationships among the entities discussed herein vis-a-vis one another and vis-a-vis the vending apparatus may include combinations of the aspects given above. For example, the machine manufacturer may be one or more of an operator, a property holder, a seller of goods, etc. The operator may be one of, but not limited to, an owner, a lessee, a renter, etc. of a vending apparatus. The seller of goods may also be one or more of an operator, a property holder, etc. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the variations are vast and any such variations may be contemplated without departing from the spirit and scope of the aspects of the invention. [0022] In accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention, methods and/or apparatus are contemplated that utilize the disabling of, re-abling of, and/or prevention of disabling a vending apparatus. [0023] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, methods and/or apparatus are contemplated for monitoring and/or releasing data concerning the sales of goods from a vending apparatus. [0024] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, methods and/or apparatus are contemplated for receiving data concerning the sales of goods from a vending apparatus by a central computer. [0025] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, methods and/or apparatus are contemplated for authenticating data by a vending apparatus, e.g., producing data concerning the sales of goods or any other data concerning a vending apparatus utilizing an encryption technology. [0026] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, a vending apparatus includes: at least one storage area being operable to store goods for sale; at least one retrieving device operable to retrieve the goods from the storage area and to dispense the goods from the vending apparatus; and a processing unit operable to (i) permit the dispensing of goods from the vending apparatus for an interval, (ii) partially disable the vending apparatus from dispensing at least some of the goods at an end of the interval, and (iii) not at least partially disable the vending apparatus at the end of the interval if a continuation code is received by the vending apparatus before the end of the interval. [0027] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, a method includes: permitting the dispensing of goods from a vending apparatus for an interval, the vending apparatus including at least one storage area being operable to store goods for sale and at least one retrieving device operable to retrieve the goods from the storage area and to dispense the goods from the vending apparatus; at least partially disabling the vending apparatus from dispensing at least some of the goods at an end of the interval; and not at least partially disabling the vending apparatus at the end of the interval if a continuation code is received by the vending apparatus before the end of the interval. [0028] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, a method includes: entering into at least one contractual obligation with at least one entity concerning sales of goods from a vending apparatus; and agreeing with the at least one entity that (i) the vending apparatus may be enabled to dispense the goods for an interval, (ii) the vending apparatus is at least partially disabled from dispensing at least some of the goods at an end of the interval, and (iii) the vending apparatus is not at least partially disabled at the end of the interval if a continuation code is received by the vending apparatus before the end of the interval. [0029] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, a vending apparatus includes: at least one storage area being operable to store goods for sale; at least one retrieving device operable to retrieve the goods from the storage area and to dispense the goods from the vending apparatus; and a processing unit operable to (i) permit the dispensing of goods from the vending apparatus, and (ii) at least partially disable the vending apparatus, from dispensing at least some of the goods when an externally generated disable code is received by the vending apparatus. [0030] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, a method includes: permitting the dispensing of the goods from a vending apparatus, the vending apparatus including at least one storage area being operable to store goods for sale and at least one retrieving device operable to retrieve the goods from the storage area and to dispense the goods from the vending apparatus; and at least partially disabling the vending apparatus from dispensing at least some of the goods when an externally generated disable code is received by the vending apparatus. [0031] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, a method includes: entering into at least one contractual obligation with at least one entity concerning sales of goods from a vending apparatus; and agreeing with the at least one entity that (i) the vending apparatus may be enabled to dispense the goods, and (ii) the vending apparatus may be at least partially disabled from dispensing at least some of the goods when an externally generated disable code is received by the vending apparatus. [0032] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, a vending apparatus includes: at least one storage area being operable to store goods for sale; at least one retrieving device operable to retrieve the goods from the storage area and to dispense the goods from the vending apparatus; and a processing unit operable to (i) permit the vending apparatus to dispense goods, (ii) at least partially disable the vending apparatus from dispensing at least some of the goods when a condition has occurred, and (iii) at least partially re-enabling the vending apparatus based on receiving a re-enable code. [0033] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, a method includes: permitting a vending apparatus to dispense goods, the vending apparatus including at least one storage area being operable to store goods for sale and at least one retrieving device operable to retrieve the goods from the storage area and to dispense the goods from the vending apparatus; at least partially disabling the vending apparatus from dispensing at least some of the goods when a condition has occurred; and at least partially re-enabling the vending apparatus based on receiving a re-enable code. [0034] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, a method includes: entering into at least one contractual obligation with at least one entity concerning sales of goods from a vending apparatus; and agreeing with the at least one entity that (i) the vending apparatus may be enabled to dispense the goods, (ii) the vending apparatus may be at least partially disabled from dispensing at least some of the goods when a condition has occurred, and (iii) the vending apparatus may be at least partially re-enabled by receiving a re-enable code after having been at least partially disabled. [0035] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, a vending apparatus includes: at least one storage area being operable to store goods for sale; at least one retrieving device operable to retrieve the goods from the storage area and to dispense the goods from the vending apparatus; and a processing unit operable to (i) monitor a first selection of goods for purchase made by a user of the vending apparatus; (ii) determine whether the first selection is for at least some goods that are out of inventory within the vending apparatus; and (iii) monitor at least a second selection of goods for purchase made by the user in response to the first selection of goods being out of inventory. [0036] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, a vending apparatus includes: at least one storage area being operable to store goods for sale; at least one retrieving device operable to retrieve the goods from the storage area and to dispense the goods from the vending apparatus; and a processing unit operable to (i) monitor data concerning sales of the goods from the vending apparatus; and (ii) release the data from the vending apparatus to at least one interested entity, wherein the data include at least one of (i) information concerning vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus; (ii) information concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus obtained using a goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus; and (iii) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods. [0037] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, a method of monitoring data concerning sales of goods from a vending apparatus includes: monitoring a first selection of goods for purchase made by a user of the vending apparatus; using the vending apparatus to determine whether the first selection is for at least some goods that are out of inventory within the vending apparatus; and using the vending apparatus to monitor at least a second selection of goods for purchase made by the user in response to the first selection of goods being out of inventory. [0038] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, a method includes: using a vending apparatus to monitor data concerning sales of goods therefrom; and releasing the data from the vending apparatus to at least one interested entity, wherein the data include at least one of (i) information concerning vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus; (ii) information concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus obtained using a goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus; and (iii) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods. [0039] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, a processing system includes: a data processor that is remote from at least one vending apparatus and operable to receive data from the vending apparatus concerning sales of goods from the vending apparatus; and a database operable to store at least some of the data, wherein the data include at least one of (i) information concerning vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus; (ii) information concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus obtained using a goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus; (iii) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods; and (iv) information concerning a user's second selection of goods from the vending apparatus in response to the user's first selection of goods being out of inventory in the vending apparatus. [0040] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, a method includes: providing a central data processing system that is remote from at least one vending apparatus and operable to receive data from the vending apparatus concerning sales of goods from the vending apparatus; and receiving the data from the vending apparatus, wherein the data include at least one of (i) information concerning vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus; (ii) information concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus obtained using a goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus; (iii) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods; and (iv) information concerning a user's second selection of goods from the vending apparatus in response to the user's first selection of goods being out of inventory in the vending apparatus. [0041] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, a vending apparatus includes: at least one storage area being operable to store goods for sale and at least one retrieving device operable to dispense the goods from the vending apparatus; and a processing unit operable to produce a code associated with at least some data obtained by the vending apparatus concerning sales of the goods therefrom, the code providing an indication as to whether the at least some data have been tampered with, at least one of the code and the at least some data concerning sales of goods from the vending apparatus being releasable from the vending apparatus to at least one interested entity such that a determination may be made as to whether the at least some data have been tampered with. [0042] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, a method includes: using a vending apparatus to produce a code associated with at least some data obtained by the vending apparatus concerning sales of goods therefrom, the code providing an indication as to whether the at least some data have been tampered with; and releasing at least one of the code and the at least some data concerning sales of goods from the vending apparatus to at least one interested entity such that a determination may be made as to whether the at least some data have been tampered with. [0043] Other aspects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to one skilled in the art from the description herein including the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0044] For the purposes of illustrating the invention, there are shown in the drawings, forms that are presently preferred, it being understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and/or instrumentalities shown. [0045] [0045]FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a vending apparatus suitable for use in accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention; [0046] [0046]FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a vending apparatus suitable for use in accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention; [0047] [0047]FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a vending apparatus in accordance with one or more still further aspects of the present invention; [0048] [0048]FIG. 4 is a perspective view of an interior of the vending apparatus of FIG. 1; [0049] [0049]FIG. 5 is a cut-away perspective view of the vending apparatus of FIG. 1; [0050] [0050]FIG. 6 is a high level functional and/or circuit block diagram of an electromechanical system suitable for use in any of the vending apparatus of FIGS. 1 - 5 ; [0051] [0051]FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating capabilities, actions, and/or functions of a vending apparatus in accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention; [0052] [0052]FIG. 8 is a high level block diagram illustrating data and/or functional cooperation between a vending apparatus and one or more entities with an interest in the vending apparatus in accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention; [0053] [0053]FIG. 9 is a high level block diagram illustrating alternative data and/or functional cooperation between a vending apparatus and one or more entities in accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention; [0054] FIGS. 10 - 12 are flow diagrams illustrating capabilities, actions, and/or functions of various vending apparatus and/or methods in accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention; [0055] [0055]FIG. 13 is a high level functional and/or circuit block diagram of an alternative electromechanical system suitable for use in any of the vending apparatus of FIGS. 1 - 5 . [0056] FIGS. 14 - 15 are flow diagrams illustrating capabilities, actions, and/or functions of various vending apparatus and/or methods in accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention; [0057] [0057]FIG. 16 is a high level block diagram illustrating data, control, and/or functional communication between one or more vending apparatus, one or more entities with an interest in the vending apparatus and a central data/processing center in accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention; [0058] FIGS. 17 - 18 are flow diagrams illustrating capabilities, actions, and/or functions of various vending apparatus and/or methods in accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention; [0059] FIGS. 19 - 21 are functional block diagrams illustrating encryption techniques suitable for use with various vending apparatus and/or methods in accordance with one or more aspects of the invention; [0060] FIGS. 22 - 31 are combination flow diagrams and block diagrams illustrating examples of relationships, communications, and data exchanges among entities in accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention; DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0061] With reference to FIG. 1, a vending apparatus 10 is illustrated that is suitable for use in accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention, such as the vending of goods. [0062] For the purposes of illustration and simplicity, reference may be made herein to the vending apparatus 10 in a conventional vending machine environment, although it is intended that the vending apparatus 10 is suitable for more general article handling, retrieval and/or dispensing purposes, as well as point-of-sale (POS) dispensing. The vending apparatus 10 , if embodied as a portable device, may be, for example, about the size of a traditional vending machine 10 A (FIG. 2) or as large as a tractor-pulled trailer. [0063] Alternatively, the vending apparatus 10 , if embodied as a non-portable device, may be embodied as an automated dispensing room 10 B (FIG. 3) or an area located in a permanent structure, such as in a building (aboveground or underground, and with or without interior walls or an enclosing cabinet). The vending apparatus may take on the size of a small, medium, or large room or building. Such a vending apparatus may be located in an office and any type of goods may be stored and dispensed to employees or other people within the office. For example, office supplies (i.e., goods) may be stored within the vending apparatus and dispensed to people in the office with a need for office supplies. [0064] Alternatively, the vending apparatus may be disposed at locations where convenience stores are typically found, for example, gas stations, rest stops, etc., such that goods that are typically found in convenience stores may be vended to purchasers. One skilled in the art will appreciate that variations in the sizes of, scales of, location of (e.g., above or below ground, etc.), and goods vended from apparatus in accordance with the invention are infinite and should only be limited by the claims appended hereto. [0065] It is intended that the term “goods” (or articles) includes any products, packaged goods, etc., such as food, beverages, snacks, trinkets, office supplies, groceries, consumer goods, etc. [0066] Referring again to FIG. 1, the vending apparatus 10 includes a main cabinet 12 and a door 14 mounted on a hinge 16 for providing access to an interior portion. Servicing (e.g., stocking with goods, performing maintenance actions, collection of revenue, etc.) may be performed through the door 14 . The door 14 is shown in a closed position, forming an enclosure with the main cabinet 12 , within which various components of the vending apparatus 10 are disposed, as will be explained in more detail below. [0067] A goods retrieval area 22 is formed in a panel 18 of the door 14 so that goods stored within the vending apparatus 10 can be dispensed to a user. The panel 18 preferably includes graphics (or other indicia), which indicates the various goods vendible by the vending apparatus 10 , as well as the associated price and unique selection number. The graphics on panel 18 may be non-alterable (e.g., pre-printed), thereby fixing the type, brand, price, etc. of vendible goods. Alternatively, the graphics on panel 18 may be at least partially alterable, such that changes in the type, brand, price, etc. of the vendible goods may be reflected by the graphics. For example, the graphics on panel 18 may be divided into an alterable portion 18 A and a non-alterable portion 18 B (which may be a subportion or the remainder of the panel 18 ), where the alterable portion 18 A may be changed. Details concerning bow the alterable portion 18 A may be changed is discussed below with reference to FIG. 4. [0068] The ability to change the alterable portion 18 A of the panel 18 (and, therefore, the indicia presented to the user) yields a ratio of areas of alterable graphics to non-alterable graphics on the panel 18 . A corresponding ratio of vendible goods, (e.g., a ratio of one type of vendible goods to another type of vendible goods within the vending apparatus 10 ) is also contemplated. Indeed, it may be desirable to require that the ratio of sales, inventory, etc. of the goods represented by the indicia on the alterable portion 18 A to the goods represented by the indicia on the non-alterable portion 18 B corresponds to (e.g., either matches or is derived from) the ratio of areas of alterable graphics to non-alterable graphics. Further details concerning the use of alterable and non-alterable graphics portions may be found in International Publication No. WO 01/11578. [0069] Various user interface elements are mounted on and/or accessed via a flat section 20 of the door 14 . These elements preferably include at least one of an electronic customer display 24 , a bill acceptor mechanism (and bill insertion slot) 26 , a coin acceptor mechanism (and coin insertion slot) 28 , a coin return actuator 30 , a coin return well 32 , a credit/debit card reader mechanism (and card insertion slot) 34 , a door lock mechanism 36 , and a keypad mechanism 38 . [0070] The customer display 24 may be a conventional fluorescent, LED, CRT, or touch screen display panel for displaying various items of information to the user of the vending apparatus 10 , such as feedback to the user of the goods selection, the amount tendered, graphics (e.g., of product images) and/or whether the goods selected are sold out or are being vended. [0071] The bill insertion slot accepts paper money into the bill acceptor mechanism 26 for purchasing articles or for making change. Preferably, the bill acceptor mechanism 26 is mounted inside the vending apparatus 10 so as to have the bill insertion slot portion extending through an aligned opening in flat section 20 . The coin insertion slot accepts coins into the coin acceptor mechanism 28 for purchasing articles or for making change. Preferably, the coin acceptor mechanism 28 is also mounted inside the vending apparatus 10 so as to have the coin insertion slot portion extending through an aligned opening in the flat section 20 . [0072] The coin return actuator 30 preferably includes a conventional push-button mechanism for activating a coin return portion of the coin acceptor mechanism 28 which, upon actuation, returns coins inserted by the user to the coin return well 32 . The coin return portion of the coin acceptor mechanism 28 also provides change to the coin return well 32 either in response to the purchasing of goods or for making change for paper money or higher denomination coins. [0073] The credit/debit card slot is preferably operable to accept a credit/debit card into the card reader mechanism 34 (preferably of conventional design and construction) and to enable the user to pay for purchases via credit/debit procedures. Preferably, the credit/debit card reader mechanism 34 is also mounted inside machine 10 so as to have the credit/debit card slot portion extending through the aligned opening in the flat section 20 . The vending apparatus 10 also preferably includes a communications unit (not shown), preferably of conventional design and construction, that is operable for use in authenticating such credit card purchases. As will be discussed hereinbelow, the communications unit preferably has other uses relating to machine control and data reporting. [0074] The door lock mechanism 36 enables the door 14 to be secured so that it cannot be opened without an appropriate access device, such as a key. [0075] The keypad mechanism 38 (preferably of conventional design and construction) is preferably operable to enable the user to select one or more desired goods from the vending apparatus 10 . It is noted that the keypad mechanism 38 may be individual, and/or a matrix of, push buttons for each article selection (and an associated price display); and/or a user operated touch screen (that may include the integrated display 24 ). [0076] Although the vending apparatus 10 as illustrated preferably includes all of the above described user interface elements, in a more minimal embodiment of the invention, most, if not all of these user interface elements may be omitted, and the vending apparatus 10 may be controlled from a remote location, with or without a local payment system. Additionally, the customer retrieval port may also be remote from the vending apparatus 10 , and a goods conveyor system may be used to convey the articles to the remote customer retrieval port. [0077] With reference to FIG. 4, a perspective view into the vending apparatus 10 of FIG. 1 is shown. In particular, the door 14 stands open to expose various electrical, mechanical, and electromechanical components of the vending apparatus 10 . It is understood that FIG. 4 is somewhat simplified for the purposes of clarity and discussion. [0078] The door 14 preferably includes a slot 18 C that is operable to permit the insertion and extraction of the alterable portion 18 A of the panel 18 (discussed hereinabove with respect to FIG. 1). As shown, the slot 18 C is formed such that horizontal insertion and extraction is enabled, it being understood, however, that the slot 18 C may be formed so as to permit differently sized and shaped alterable portions 18 A and/or to permit vertical insertion and extraction, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is noted that the panel 18 (FIG. 1) preferably includes a substantially transparent window that assists in the enclosure of the alterable portion 18 A while permitting a user to view the indicia on the alterable portion 18 A through the transparent portion of the panel 18 (which aligns with portion 18 A). [0079] The vending apparatus 10 preferably includes a storage area 215 , at least one electromechanical retrieving device 200 , and a dispensing chute 210 . The storage area 215 preferably includes a plurality of compartments 216 operable to store the various goods. Preferably, the compartments 216 are implemented using vertically aligned article storage bins as shown. (As will be discussed below, however, the compartments 216 may be horizontally aligned or in any other configuration without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.) It is noted that the compartments 216 function to produce vertically aligned, horizontally aligned, and/or inclined stacks (e.g., columns and/or rows) of the goods and may employ any suitable mechanical means, such as open and/or closed sides, etc. for supporting the goods. Further details concerning some aspects of the compartments 216 may be found in PCT/US01/16847. [0080] When one or more of the compartments 216 are used to retain goods that require refrigeration, they may be disposed in thermal communication with (e.g., contained within, disposed above, disposed below, etc.) a refrigeration unit (not shown). Further details concerning the use of a refrigeration unit in combination with the vending apparatus 10 may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,139, entitled PACKAGE VENDING MACHINE, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. [0081] A container 219 is preferably operable to hold a plurality of the compartments 216 in an aligned manner, and thereby facilitate simultaneous handling (i.e., removal, installation and transportation) of the compartments 216 into, and out of, the storage area 215 for re-stocking the compartments 216 with new goods. Advantageously, the container 219 facilitates rapid and accurate positioning of the plurality of article storage bins in the storage area 215 . [0082] In the illustrated embodiment (using vertically aligned compartments 216 ), the retrieving device 200 is preferably disposed at an upper portion of the cabinet 12 and is preferably operable to retrieve goods from within compartments 216 of the storage area 215 and to dispose the goods in the dispensing chute 210 . The electromechanical retrieving device 200 preferably includes a carriage 218 and an air hose 220 . The carriage 218 is preferably operable to move in an X, Y plane such that the air hose 220 may be located over any of the compartments 216 . For example, in response to a selection made by the user, the carriage 218 preferably moves to an X, Y location corresponding to a position centered over one of the compartments 216 holding the selected good. [0083] With reference to FIG. 5, the air hose 220 preferably includes an article contacting free end 221 and a distal end coupled to a vacuum unit 226 . The vacuum unit 226 is preferably operable to impart suction at the free end 221 of the air hose 220 . The free end 221 of the air hose 220 is preferably adapted to selectively engage with any of the goods stored in the storage area 215 . For example, the free end 221 of the air hose 220 may contact a particular article 223 meeting the selection requirements of the user. In other words, the free end 221 of the air hose 220 is adapted to contact the article 223 contained within the compartment 216 over which the air hose 220 has been located in response to the user's selection. To this end, the free end 221 of the air hose 220 is preferably operable to also move in a Z-direction (vertically in the example shown in the drawings) by way of a Z-direction drive (such as pinch rollers that engage the air hose 220 ) in carriage 218 . Rollers 213 and 252 maintain a storage loop 250 in the air hose 220 in a space 253 which is parallel to an inside vertical wall of cabinet 12 , in order to satisfy the Z-direction movement of the free end 221 . [0084] In use, the free end 221 of the air hose 220 imparts suction on the article 223 being vended such that as the air hose 220 is retracted, the contacted article 223 is extracted from the compartment 216 . The carriage 218 then moves to an X, Y position over the dispensing chute 210 and the suction is quickly stopped such that the article 223 is released from the free end 221 and falls through the dispensing chute 210 to the goods retrieval area 22 (FIG. 3). Further details regarding the electromechanical retrieving device 200 and alternative devices may be found in Patent Application No. PCT/US01/16853. [0085] Although for the purposes of illustrating the invention, a preferred electromechanical retrieving device 200 has been described above, it is noted that any of the known (or hereinafter developed) electromechanical, magnetic or other means for retrieving articles in a vending machine may be employed without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention as claimed herein. For example, in the event that horizontally aligned compartments are employed, an alternative retrieving device (e.g., using suction and/or a gripping mechanism) may be used to extract the goods from within or at a dispensing end thereof. Further, the use of a curvilinear plane for article transport may be utilized as is known in the videocassette vending art. Details concerning horizontally aligned compartments may be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,230,930, issued May 15, 2001, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR VENDING PRODUCTIONS, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference. [0086] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, the vending apparatus 10 preferably includes and article identification (ID) device 254 that is mounted within the cabinet 12 . Any suitable design and implementation of the article ID device 254 may be employed without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. For example, the article ID device 254 may employ one or more of an optical technology, such as a bar code scanner(for reading a unique article ID, e.g., a UPC code, preprinted on the goods), an image recognition system, an analog and/or digital still camera, an analog and/or digital video camera. Alternatively, the article ID device 254 may employ electromagnetic technology, such as a radio frequency identification transponder (RFID) or a magnetic reader for article identification using electromagnetic tags included with the goods. The article ID device 254 is preferably mounted within the cabinet 12 at a substantially fixed location such that the goods stored in the storage area 215 may be scanned as they are moved from the compartments 216 to the dispensing chute 210 by the electromechanical retrieving device 200 . Alternatively, the article ID scanning may take place before or after such goods dispensing movement. Further, the article ID device 254 may be mounted on the carriage 218 and/or on the free end 221 of the air hose 220 . Preferably, only a single article ID device 254 is employed when the electromechanical retrieving device 200 discussed above is used to move the goods from the storage area 215 to the dispensing chute 210 . Indeed, the electromechanical retrieving device 200 described hereinabove and shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 is preferably operable to move the article 223 past the article ID device 254 to obtain a scan of any of the goods stored in the storage area 215 . Details concerning the types of information gleaned from such scanning and uses thereof will be discussed more fully hereinbelow. [0087] With reference to FIG. 6, a functional block diagram of certain aspects, circuits, and/or systems of the vending apparatus 10 is shown. In particular, a control system 400 including a microprocessor 402 and an associated memory 404 , is preferably in electrical cooperation with peripheral circuits/systems, such as a user interface system 406 , a retrieving device driver 408 , a communications unit 410 , the vacuum unit 226 , the article ID device 254 (and/or system), and one or more position sensors 412 . Although a digital microprocessor 402 is preferred, it is understood that the control system 400 may be implemented using analog techniques (including electromechanical techniques) as known in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. [0088] The memory 404 preferably includes read only memory (ROM) and random access memory (RAM). The ROM is preferably used for storing one or more control programs (e.g., software) that provides instructions to the microprocessor 402 . These instructions preferably cause the microprocessor 402 to produce control signaling to one or more of the user interface system 406 , the retrieving device driver 408 , the communications unit 410 , the vacuum unit 226 , the article ID device 254 , and the one or more position sensors 412 (and/or any other electronic circuits useful in implementing the vending apparatus 10 ). In particular, the instructions are preferably operable to cause the combination of the microprocessor 402 and the peripheral circuits and/or systems to perform the actions and/or functions described herein and/or shown in the accompanying drawings, it being understood that the particular software code may be readily determined by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. [0089] The RAM of the memory 404 is preferably used for temporary storage of data monitored, calculated, and/or received by the vending apparatus 10 during operation. The data may include, for example, data obtained from the article ID device 254 , data obtained from the user interface system 406 , etc. Further details concerning the monitoring, storing, and/or processing of this and/or other data will be discussed later in this description. [0090] The user interface system 406 preferably includes one or more of the display 24 , the bill acceptor mechanism (and insertion slot) 26 , the coin acceptor mechanism (and insertion slot) 28 , the coin return actuator 30 , the coin return well 32 , the credit/debit card reader mechanism (and card insertion slot) 34 , and the keypad mechanism 38 . [0091] By way of example, the control program providing instructions to the microprocessor 402 preferably coordinates the display of information to the user, the receipt of selections from the user, and the receipt of payment from (and dispensing of change to) the user, concerning the vending of goods from the vending apparatus 10 . In particular, after appropriate remittance has been made and/or arranged for, the user's selection is preferably input through the keypad mechanism 38 to the microprocessor 402 and stored at least temporarily in RAM 404 . The microprocessor 402 preferably produces one or more dispensing commands based on the user's selection, which are input into the retrieving device driver 408 . The retrieving device drivers 408 are preferably operatively coupled to the electromechanical retrieving device 200 (FIG. 4) and cause it to move into the proper X, Y position relative to the compartment 216 in which the selected article 223 is stored. Preferably, one or more of the position sensors 412 are utilized to provide feedback to the microprocessor 402 and/or retrieving device drivers 408 as to whether the air hose 220 is in the proper X, Y position. The Z-direction drive pinch roller portion of the retrieving device drivers 408 is also preferably operable to cause the air hose 220 to move in the Z-direction (i.e., into one or more of the compartments 216 of the storage area 215 ). [0092] Preferably, one or more of the position sensors 412 are operable to provide feedback to the microprocessor 402 and/or the retrieving device driver 408 as to whether the free end 221 of the air hose 220 has engaged the selected article 223 . For example, the position sensors 412 may include an airflow sensor (e.g., in vacuum box 229 , FIG. 5) operable to determine whether a flow of air through the air hose 220 has been substantially impeded (i.e., when the free end 221 of the air hose 220 comes into secure contact with the selected article 223 ). The airflow sensor may be implemented, for example, using a hinged flap within the vacuum box 229 that includes a magnet disposed on a free end portion thereof. When air is flowing through vacuum box 229 , the hinged flap is oriented in a direction substantially parallel to the airflow direction and parallel with a longitudinal wall of vacuum box 229 . A corresponding reed switch is disposed on the longitudinal wall of the vacuum box 229 such that it is adjacent to the magnet on the hinged flap when substantial air flow exits (i.e., when the free end 221 of the air hose 220 has not yet engaged the article 223 , and the hinged flap is in a transverse orientation with respect to the air flow direction when an article 223 is engaged by the free end 221 ). [0093] At an appropriate time (preferably prior to the free end 221 of the air hose 220 contacting the article 223 ), the microprocessor 402 preferably signals the vacuum unit 226 to activate such that suction is achieved at the free end 221 of the air hose 220 . (It is noted that many variations in the time of the vacuum unit 226 activation may be employed, such as may be desirable when refrigeration is used to keep the goods cool and excessive evacuation of cool air by the air hose 220 is to be avoided.) [0094] The control system 400 , and the microprocessor 402 in particular, determined when an article 223 has been securely engaged by the free end 221 , e.g., in response to the air flow sensor in vacuum box 229 , and preferably commands the retrieving device drivers 408 to reverse the air hose 220 in the Z-direction such that the selected article 223 is removed from the compartment 216 . The microprocessor 402 then preferably commands the retrieving device driver 408 to cause the carriage 218 to move into an X, Y position in alignment with the dispensing chute 210 . Preferably, one or more of the position sensors 412 are operable to determine whether the air hose 220 (and selected article 223 ) are in alignment with the dispensing chute 210 . For example, one or more reed switches may be mounted on a front wall of the cabinet 12 and one or more associated magnets may be mounted on the carriage 218 , where magnetic communication between the one or more magnets and the reed switch provides a signal to the control system 400 that proper positioning of the carriage 218 relative to the dispensing chute 210 has been obtained. [0095] It is most preferred that the microprocessor 402 commands the carriage 218 to move the article 223 substantially near the article ID device 254 (e.g., prior to aligning with the dispensing chute 210 ) such that data may be obtained concerning the article 223 . (This will be discussed in further detail hereinbelow.) [0096] The microprocessor 402 then preferably commands the vacuum unit 226 to be deactivated such that suction within the air hose 220 is substantially diminished and the selected article 223 is released from the free end 221 and drops through the dispensing chute 210 to the goods retrieval area 22 . It is noted that in the event that the selected article 223 is fragile and should not be subject to sever impact forces, the microprocessor 402 may command the retrieving device driver 408 to drive the air hose 220 into the dispensing chute 210 such that the article 223 is delicately released at the goods retrieval area 22 . [0097] Although the vending apparatus 10 preferably includes all of the functional blocks illustrated in FIG. 6, it is understood that any one or more of the functional blocks may be employed (partitioned as shown or in any combination) without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, in a more fundamental configuration, the vending apparatus 10 may include the control system 400 , the user interface system 406 , and the retrieving device driver 408 . Such a configuration may be employed using the particular retrieving device 200 discussed above (FIGS. 4 and 5), any of the known retrieving devices, or any retrieving devices hereafter developed as may be advantageous in a specific embodiment. Examples of known retrieving devices include article engaging spiral-activated devices, gravity assisted beverage dispensing devices (e.g., solenoid activated gates), electromechanical robotic gripping devices, alone or in combination with elevators and/or conveyors, etc. [0098] It has been discovered in accordance with one or more aspects of the invention that benefits are obtained when the control system 400 (whether of a digital or analog configuration) is operable to enable and/or disable the dispensing of at least some of the goods stored in the vending apparatus 10 . For example, FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating a process that is preferably carried out using the control system 400 , it being most preferred that the process is executed by way of a software program running on the microprocessor 402 platform (FIG. 6). [0099] At action 700 , the vending apparatus 10 is preferably operating in at least a partially enabled state, such that at least some of the goods stored within the vending apparatus 10 may be dispensed to a user. The vending apparatus 10 is preferably enabled for a predefined interval illustrated by a wait loop between actions 700 and 702 . At an end of the predefined interval, an inquiry is preferably made as to whether a continuation code has been received by the vending apparatus 10 (action 704 ). If the result of the inquiry is negative, then the process preferably branches to action 706 , where the vending apparatus 10 is preferably at least partially disabled (e.g., such that at least some of the goods stored within the vending apparatus 10 may not be dispensed therefrom). If, however, the result of the inquiry is affirmative, then the process flow preferably branches to action 708 , where the interval is reset and the vending apparatus 10 is permitted to remain in the enabled state (e.g., such that at least some of the goods may be dispensed therefrom). [0100] The continuation code is preferably an electronic code that is input to the vending apparatus 10 through at least one of (i) the keypad mechanism 38 ; (ii) a dedicated keypad (not shown e.g., a service keypad or any other keypad) that may be available, for example, only by opening the door 14 of the vending apparatus 10 ; (iii) a portable computing device (not shown) that is operable to connect to the communications unit 410 , e.g., through a data port or the like; and (iv) a communications network to which the vending apparatus is connected, e.g., through the communications unit 410 . When a communications network is employed to input the continuation code into the vending apparatus 10 , the communications network may include, for example, at least one of a wire network, a telephone network, a radio frequency link, an infrared link, a local area network, a wide area network, the Internet, etc. [0101] It is noted that the continuation code may be subject to cryptography, such that a decryption algorithm is employed within the vending apparatus 10 (e.g., in the control system 400 ) to decode the continuation code. This would provide a high level of confidence that only authentic continuation codes may be utilized to enable the vending apparatus 10 . Any of the known cryptographic techniques may be employed, such as transposition, substitution, polyalphabetic substitution, conventional key encryption, public key encryption, cipher systems, code systems, etc., which may or may not use a serial number of the vending apparatus 10 as part of the technique (e.g., to make it unique to the vending apparatus 10 ). [0102] The predefined interval (actions 700 and 702 ) preferably represents at least one of (i) one or more predefined periods of time; (ii) one or more predefined numbers of vends of goods from the vending apparatus 10 ; or (iii) one or more predefined quanta of sales by the vending apparatus 10 . It is noted that this quanta may be one or more amounts of money, of time, of units of goods vended, etc. For example, when the predefined interval is a period of time, such as 30 days, the control system 400 preferably is operable to disable the vending apparatus 10 from dispensing at least some of the goods when an end of the interval (e.g., the 30 th day) is reached. It is understood, however, that if the continuation code is received by the vending apparatus 10 prior to an end of the 30 th day, then the control system 400 preferably does not disable the vending apparatus 10 from dispensing at least some of the goods. Indeed, the interval is preferably reset, and the control system 400 preferably permits the vending apparatus 10 to dispense at least some of the goods for another interval. [0103] When a predefined interval comprising a predefined number of vending cycles has occurred, the control system 400 may be programmed so as to at least partially disable the vending apparatus 10 from further dispensing at least some of the goods, such as when five hundred articles have been dispensed from the vending apparatus 10 . Again, however, the control system 400 preferably permits the vending apparatus 10 to remain in an enabled state when the continuation code is received prior to the end of the interval (i.e., prior to the five-hundredth vending cycle). Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many modifications and variations in the predefined interval may be implemented without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. [0104] It is noted that the process control of the vending apparatus 10 may prescribe that the vending apparatus 10 be enabled for sequential intervals so long as respective continuation codes are received by the vending apparatus 10 (for each interval). Preferably, an algorithm is used during the generation of the continuation codes such that no two sequential continuation codes are identical. For example, a portion of previously transmitted data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 may be used to generate a subsequent continuation code such that it would be nearly impossible to predict a future continuation code. Advantageously, this would prevent an entity to the agreement (e.g., the operator) from determining the continuation code on his or her own and entering the same without authorization. [0105] Advantageously, the control process illustrated in FIG. 7 is useful in encouraging one or more entities to enter into agreements with one another concerning sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 (or a plurality of vending apparatus 10 ). For example, an operator of the vending apparatus 10 may enter into at least one contractual obligation with at least one other entity concerning sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 . The other entity may be for example, a lender who has loaned money to the operator to purchase the vending apparatus 10 , a lessor who has rented the vending apparatus to the operator, and/or a holder of property who has rented space to the operator on which the vending apparatus 10 is located. Alternatively, the other entity may include one or more of a manufacturer of the vending apparatus 10 , a seller of one or more goods that are to be vended from the vending apparatus 10 , a distributor or agent of the seller of goods, etc. [0106] Irrespective of the particular relationships of the entities involved, and in accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention, the entities preferably agree that (i) the vending apparatus 10 may be enabled to dispense goods for a predefined interval; (ii) the vending apparatus 10 is predisposed to be at least partially disabled from dispensing at least some of the goods at the end of the interval; and (iii) the vending apparatus 10 is not at least partially disabled at the end of the interval if a continuation code is received by the vending apparatus 10 before the end of the interval. [0107] The above method defining an agreement between the entities (e.g., the operator and the seller of goods) concerning sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 provides assurance to, for example, the seller of goods that the one or more contractual obligations of the operator are likely to be met. Indeed, when the seller of goods has at least some control over whether the continuation code is received by the vending apparatus 10 (and the operator does not have such control), then the operator will be motivated to fulfill his or her contractual obligations to the seller of goods. Advantageously, the vending apparatus 10 need not be actually disabled (and business disrupted) to ensure that the contractual obligations are met. Indeed, the receipt of the continuation code by the vending apparatus 10 provides an incentive to adhere to the terms of a contract while providing seamless (uninterrupted) operation and vending. [0108] In accordance with one or more aspects of the invention, it is preferred that an agreement is reached between the entities that the continuation code is made available to the vending apparatus 10 after a determination is made that the at least one contractual obligation has been satisfied or waived. For example, the seller of goods may make a determination that the operator has fulfilled his or her contractual obligation to the seller of goods and, in response, make the continuation code available to the vending apparatus 10 such that the operator may continue to enjoy the financial benefits of operating the vending apparatus 10 . On the other hand, the seller of goods may withhold the continuation code from the vending apparatus 10 if a determination is made that the operator has not met his or her contractual obligations to the seller of goods, thereby providing the seller of goods with leverage over the operator, e.g., by preventing the operator from enjoying the financial benefits of operating the vending apparatus 10 . Further details concerning illustrative examples of what the contractual obligations may include and how they may be obtained will be discussed later in this description. [0109] It is noted that the control process of the vending apparatus 10 may prescribe that the vending apparatus 10 may be automatically re-enabled after having been disabled for failure to receive a continuation code. For example, the specter of having the vending apparatus 10 disabled for a substantial period of time (e.g., seven days, one month, etc.) may be sufficient incentive to ensure the entities that the obligations concerning sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 will be met. Thus, in one embodiment the vending apparatus 10 may be automatically re-enabled after the period of time has passed. [0110] It is noted that the actions of determining whether the at least one contractual obligation is satisfied and/or making the continuation code available to the vending apparatus 10 may take on many forms (and be performed by various parties) without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Some general and specific examples of the communication that may take place between entities as related to these determinations will now be discussed with reference to FIGS. 8 and 9. By way of example, and with reference to FIG. 8, a first entity (e.g., the operator) 80 may have entered into one or more contractual obligations with a second entity (e.g., the seller of goods) 82 , with the understanding that the seller of goods 82 would make the continuation code available to the vending apparatus 10 when it determines that the operator 80 has met the one or more obligations. [0111] In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the seller of goods 82 preferably receives prescribed data (concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 ) in a form, and with substance, that is suitable to determine whether the operator 80 has met its obligations with the seller of goods 82 . It is noted that the mechanisms and/or methods by which the prescribed data are received by, for example, the seller of goods will be discussed in detail later in this description. Such data may include, for example, whether unauthorized goods have been vended, a quantum of sales concerning one or more goods, etc. (Further details concerning illustrative examples of what the prescribed data may include and how it may be obtained will be described later in this description.) Assuming that the operator 80 has met its obligations to the seller of goods 82 , the seller of goods 82 may generate the continuation code and release the continuation code directly to the vending apparatus 10 , e.g., by way of the keypad mechanism 38 , the dedicated keypad, the data port of the vending apparatus 10 , a communications network etc. Alternatively, the seller of goods 82 may release the continuation code to an entity responsible for inputting the continuation code into the vending apparatus 10 , such as the operator 80 . [0112] With reference to FIG. 9, an alternative arrangement may be employed in accordance with another aspect of the present invention, where an authorized third party 84 may at least one of: (i) receive the prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 , (ii) generate the continuation code, and (iii) release the continuation code to the vending apparatus 10 , to an intermediate entity, and/or to an entity responsible for inputting the continuation code into the vending apparatus 10 , such as the operator 80 . [0113] Preferably, the authorized third party 84 receives the prescribed data and makes the prescribed data available to the seller of goods 82 (either in its raw form and/or after processing) such that the seller of goods 82 may make a determination as to whether the one or more contractual obligations have been satisfied. If they have, the seller of goods 82 preferably authorizes the third party 84 to at least one of generate and release the continuation code, either directly to the vending apparatus 10 and/or to another entity, such as the operator 80 for input to the vending apparatus 10 . It is noted that the seller of goods 82 may generate the authorization code itself or may authorize the third party 84 to generate the continuation code. [0114] Alternatively, the entities 80 , 82 may authorize the third party 84 to receive the prescribed data, determine whether the contractual obligations have been met, generate the continuation code, and make the same available to the vending apparatus 10 without any intervention by another entity, such as the seller of goods 82 . Advantageously, in accordance with these aspects of the present invention, the burden of management on the part of the seller of goods 82 may be shifted to the third party 84 for the purposes of efficiency and/or convenience. [0115] It is noted that further examples of the relationships and communications among entities with an interest in the sale of goods from the vending apparatus are presented later in this description with reference to FIGS. 22 - 31 . [0116] As discussed above, one of the many conditions upon which the continuation code may be made available to the vending apparatus 10 is whether one or more contractual obligations among entities have been satisfied. This determination may be based on an analysis of prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 . Presented below are illustrative examples of contractual obligations and prescribed data contemplated by the invention, it being understood that these examples are not exhaustive and many variations, and/or modifications of the same are within the scope of the invention. In reviewing these examples, one skilled in the art will appreciate that in many situations the contractual obligations and the prescribed data are similar in character. For example, one contractual obligation may be to sell 20% of the total sales from the vending apparatus 10 of brand ABC corn chips within each month. The prescribed data upon which a determination is made as to whether this contractual obligation has been met may be (i) the quantum of brand ABC corn chips sold in each month; and (ii) the quantum of all other goods sold in each month. [0117] Turning now to the illustrative examples, one skilled in the art will appreciate from the disclosure herein that the variations in the particular contractual obligations between the entities in accordance with the present invention are vast. By way of example, the contractual obligations may include at least one of: [0118] (i) an obligation to vend only authorized goods; [0119] (ii) an obligation to maintain inventory of one or more goods in the vending apparatus; [0120] (iii) an obligation not to steal receipts (e.g., money) from the vending apparatus; [0121] (iv) an obligation to provide a quantum of money to the at least one entity (e.g., a rent payment, a lease payment, a finance payment, etc.) [0122] (v) an obligation to provide a quantum of money to the at least one entity based on the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; [0123] (vi) an obligation to display goods in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; [0124] (vii) an obligation to store specific goods in specific storage compartments (which may include the orientation of the goods in the compartments); [0125] (viii) an obligation to display advertising indicia on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; [0126] (ix) an obligation to maintain a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus; [0127] (x) an obligation to maintain a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus; [0128] (xi) an obligation to dispense prescribed quanta of one or more goods from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; [0129] (xii) an obligation to receive a prescribed quantum of money at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; [0130] (xiii) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods; [0131] (xiv) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods in a predefined period of time; [0132] (xv) an obligation to make prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus available to the at least one entity; [0133] (xvi) an obligation to maintain the vending apparatus in operation to a prescribed degree; and [0134] (xvii) an obligation not to tamper with the vending apparatus. [0135] Those skilled in the art will appreciate from the disclosure herein that variations on the obligation to sell only authorized goods are vast. By way of example, the obligation to sell only authorized goods may include at least one of: [0136] (i) the obligation to sell only goods of an authorized type; [0137] (ii) the obligation to sell only goods of an authorized brand; [0138] (iii) the obligation to sell only goods of an authorized size; [0139] (iv) the obligation to sell only goods of an authorized weight; [0140] (v) the obligation to sell only goods of an authorized expiration date; [0141] (vi) the obligation to sell only goods of an authorized package type; [0142] (vii) the obligation to sell only goods of an authorized period of manufacture; and [0143] (viii) the obligation to sell only goods of an authorized place of manufacture. [0144] One skilled in the art will appreciate from the disclosure herein that determinations as to whether the one or more contractual obligations between entities have been met may be conducted in any number of ways and that the information used to make the determinations may be gathered in various ways. It is preferred that the determinations are made by analyzing the prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 . Most preferably, the prescribed data (whether in final data form or in raw data form, from which the final data are computed or generated) are monitored, stored, and released by the vending apparatus 10 . Further details concerning the mechanisms and/or methods by which the prescribed data are monitored, stored, and/or released are discussed later in this description with respect to FIG. 17. [0145] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 may take on many forms without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the prescribed data may include at least one of: [0146] (i) a quantum of one or more types of goods sold during one or more predefined periods of time; [0147] (ii) a quantum of one or more brands of goods sold during one or more predefined periods of time; [0148] (iii) a ratio of one or more types of the goods sold to one or more other types of the goods sold in a predefined period of time; [0149] (iv) a ratio of one or more brands of the goods sold to one or more other brands of the goods sold in a predefined period of time; [0150] (v) respective dates of vends (and/or attempted vends) from the vending apparatus; [0151] (vi) respective times of vends (and/or attempted vends) from the vending apparatus; [0152] (vii) information concerning whether a particular good was out of inventory; [0153] (viii) information concerning what a next choice of goods was made by a purchaser when a particular good was out of inventory; [0154] (ix) information concerning whether the vending apparatus was operational; [0155] (x) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods; [0156] (xi) DEX data; [0157] (xii) service and maintenance information (and/or date/time thereof); [0158] (xiii) apparatus diagnostics information; [0159] (xiv) payment information and/or errors; [0160] (xv) types of payment used to obtain goods from the vending apparatus; and [0161] (xvi) any data that may be monitored, received, calculated, etc. by the control system 400 concerning the vending apparatus 10 . [0162] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus 10 vends the goods may take on many forms without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is noted that these limitations relate to, for example, how goods are vended, how information concerning the vendible goods is presented to the user and/or to other entities, how much vending may take place before vending is at least temporarilydisabled, etc. For example, the information concerning the limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods may include at least one of: [0163] (i) whether (and/or what) the vending apparatus is required to vend concerning only authorized goods; [0164] (ii) whether (and/or what) inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; [0165] (iii) whether (and/or what) goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; [0166] (iv) whether (and/or what) advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; [0167] (v) whether a (and/or what) prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; [0168] (vi) whether a (and/or what) prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; [0169] (vii) whether only a (and/or what) prescribed maximum number of goods selections in the vending apparatus are permitted (even though the storage area would otherwise have sufficient space to store additional selections); [0170] (viii) whether a (and/or what) prescribed number of goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; [0171] (ix) whether a (and/or what) prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; [0172] (x) whether a (and/or what) prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; [0173] (xi) whether a (and/or what) prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; [0174] (xii) whether (and/or what) the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree; and [0175] (xiii) whether (and/or what) and/or how the vending apparatus must not be tampered with. [0176] One skilled in the art will appreciate that the obligation, the prescribed data concerning, and/or the limitation not to tamper with the vending apparatus 10 may include, for example, at least one of: [0177] (i) not to tamper with the article ID device 254 (FIG. 5) of the vending apparatus 10 ; [0178] (ii) not to tamper with the control system 400 and/or the peripheral systems/circuits (FIG. 6) of the vending apparatus 10 ; [0179] (iii) not to relocate and/or move the vending apparatus 10 ; [0180] (iv) not to alter at least a portion of the indicia on the exterior of the vending apparatus 10 (e.g., relating to the vendible goods therein); and [0181] (v) not to alter any mechanical, electrical, electromechanical devices (e.g., motors, wire harnesses, etc.) including any security circuits therefore. [0182] Various examples of contractual obligations between the entities with an interest in the sale of goods from the vending apparatus 10 have been given above. Preferably, the vending apparatus 10 includes mechanisms and/or functional capabilities that aid in gathering data that may be used to determine whether one or more of the contractual obligations have been met. These mechanisms and/or functional capabilities may permit an external mechanism to make the determination; however, they preferably provide the vending apparatus 10 with the ability to make the determination internally. Details concerning the mechanisms and/or functional capabilities of the vending apparatus 10 as related to the determination of whether the contractual obligations have been met will now be provided. Irrespective of whether the determination is made internally or externally, the vending apparatus 10 is preferably operable to become at least partially disabled in response to the determination, e.g., via operation of the control system 400 or via an external mechanism, such as an external computer system. [0183] Compliance with the contractual obligation to vend only authorized goods may be determined, for example, by manually inspecting the vending apparatus 10 to determine what goods are available therefrom, although it is preferred that the prescribed data provide the information necessary for making the determination. It is most preferred that the vending apparatus 10 is capable of monitoring one or more parameters concerning the sales of goods therefrom and collecting the prescribed data (whether in final form or in raw data form, from which the final data may be computed and/or generated). [0184] To that end, the vending apparatus 10 is preferably operable to monitor whether goods of an authorized type, an authorized brand, an authorized size, an authorized weight, an authorized expiration data, an authorized package type, an authorized period of manufacture, an authorized place of manufacture, etc. are being vended therefrom. [0185] By way of example, the article ID device 254 (FIG. 5) may be used in the determination of whether authorized goods are being sold from the vending apparatus 10 . The article ID device 254 is preferably operable to obtain at least some of the above listed information by scanning the article 223 and providing data to the microprocessor 402 of the control system 400 (FIG. 6). For example, when the article ID device 254 includes a bar code scanner, the UPC code on the article 223 may be analyzed to determine the type, the brand, the size, the weight, the expiration data, the package type, the period of manufacture, the place of manufacture, etc. of the goods being vended. This data may be at least temporarily stored in the memory 404 of the control system 400 . [0186] In an alternative embodiment, the type, the brand, the size, the weight, etc. of the goods being vended may be gleaned from DEX data or other program data collected by the vending apparatus 10 using more conventional techniques. [0187] One skilled in the art will appreciate that these raw data are suitable for use in determining whether unauthorized goods are being (or have been) vended from the vending apparatus 10 . These raw data may be released (as prescribed data) from the vending apparatus 10 , e.g., via the communications unit 410 , for an externally conducted determination. Preferably, however, the vending apparatus 10 is operable to make the determination as to whether unauthorized goods are being (or have been) vended and, therefore, is operable to determine whether the contractual obligation relating thereto has been met. Thus, the prescribed data may include one or more of the final data as to whether unauthorized goods are being (or have been) vended and, further, whether the contractual obligation relating thereto has been met. Compliance with the contractual obligation to maintain inventory of one or more goods in the vending apparatus 10 may be determined by, for example, manually inspecting the vending apparatus 10 , although it is preferred that the prescribed data provide the information necessary for making the determination. To this end, the vending apparatus 10 is preferably operable to monitor one or more parameters concerning the inventory of one or more goods stored therein and collecting the prescribed data (whether in final form or in raw data form, from which the final data may be computed and/or generated). These parameters may include the number of goods maintained in the vending apparatus 10 of one or more of a particular type, brand, size, weight, expiration data, package type, period of manufacture, place of manufacture, etc. [0188] The control system 400 in combination with the electromechanical retrieving device 200 may be capable of conducting an inventory action on the goods stored within the vending apparatus 10 . In one embodiment, the electromechanical retrieving device 200 may be commanded by the control system 400 to remove goods to be inventoried from their positions within the storage area 215 (and to hold them temporarily in an alternative location within the storage area 215 ) while the control system 400 in combination with the article ID device 254 counts the quanta of goods of a particular type, brand, size, weight, expiration data, package type, period of manufacture, place of manufacture, etc. [0189] Indeed, as discussed above, the article ID device 254 may be used to obtain at least some of the above listed information by scanning the article 223 and providing data to the microprocessor 402 of the control system 400 . For example, when the article ID device 254 includes a bar code scanner, the UPC code on the article 223 may be analyzed to determine the type, the brand, the size, the weight, the expiration data, the package type, the period of manufacture, the place of manufacture, etc. of the goods being maintained in the vending apparatus 10 . This data may be at least temporarily stored in the memory 404 of the control system 400 . [0190] In this way, raw data may be obtained to determine whether prescribed inventories are being maintained. These raw data may be released (as prescribed data) from the vending apparatus 10 , e.g., via the communications unit 410 , for an externally conducted determination. Preferably, however, the vending apparatus 10 is operable to make the determination as to whether prescribed inventories are being maintained and, therefore, is operable to determine whether the contractual obligation relating thereto has been met. For example, information concerning what the one or more prescribed inventories must be may be stored in the memory 404 of the control system 400 . The microprocessor 402 of the control system 400 is preferable operable to compare the one or more prescribed inventories with the raw data relating to the actual inventories being maintained in the vending apparatus 10 . The result of the comparison yields the final data, e.g., the determination as to whether the one or more prescribed inventories are being maintained. Further, the result may yield other final data, such as whether the contractual obligation relating to whether the one or more prescribed inventories are being maintained has been met. [0191] The discussion immediately above has substantial applicability to determining whether the obligation to maintain a prescribed ratio of space occupied by one or more goods stored in the vending apparatus 10 to the storage space available within the vending apparatus 10 . Indeed, the space available within the vending apparatus (e.g., the size of the storage area 215 ) is available to the microprocessor 402 , for example, by way of the memory 404 , then the data obtained via the inventory operation conducted by the control system 400 , the article ID device 254 , and the electromechanical retrieving device 200 may be: (i) released by the vending apparatus (e.g., via communications unit 410 ) for and external determination; (ii) used to internally compute (e.g., via the microprocessor 402 ) the actual ratio of space occupied by one or more goods stored in the vending apparatus 10 to the storage space available; (iii) used to determine whether the prescribed ratio is being maintained within the vending apparatus; and/or (iv) whether the contractual obligation relating to the prescribed ratio has been met. Compliance with the contractual obligation not to steal money from (and/or to report all the money collected from) the vending apparatus 10 may be determined by, for example, confronting an offending entity (e.g., the operator) or catching that entity in the act of stealing (or failing to report), although it is preferred that the prescribed data provide the information necessary for making the determination. To that end, the vending apparatus 10 is preferably operable to monitor raw data from which a determination may be made as to whether money is being (or has been) stolen from the vending apparatus 10 . The raw data may include, for example, the quanta of goods being sold from the vending apparatus 10 , the quanta of money being taken in by the vending apparatus 10 , and the date and/or time of vends. [0192] In one illustrative embodiment, the vending apparatus 10 may be operable to collect DEX data using known techniques, which DEX data includes the raw data [0193] These raw data may be released (as prescribed data) from the vending apparatus 10 , e.g., via the communications unit 410 , for an externally conducted determination. Preferably, however, the vending apparatus 10 is operable to make the determination as to whether money is being (or has been stolen) therefrom and, further, the determination as to whether the contractual obligation relating thereto has been met. [0194] Among the ways in which a determination as to whether stealing has occurred includes comparing the quanta of money purportedly taken in by the vending apparatus 10 (as reported by and/or provided by the operator) with the actual quanta of money taken in by the vending apparatus 10 monitored by the vending apparatus. Alternatively, the quanta of goods sold as monitored by the vending apparatus 10 may be compared against the money received and monitored by the vending apparatus 10 and/or reported by the operator to an interested entity. In either case, the control system 400 , and the microprocessor 402 in particular, may preferably be used to conduct the comparison. [0195] Compliance with the obligation to display goods in the vending apparatus 10 in a prescribed way may be determined by, for example, physically inspecting the vending apparatus 10 , although it is preferred that the prescribed data provide the information necessary for making the determination. To that end, the vending apparatus 10 is preferably operable to monitor raw data from which a determination may be made as to whether one or more of the goods are displayed within the vending apparatus 10 in a prescribed way. For example, in a vending apparatus 10 in which a user may view the goods through a window, an entity (e.g., the operator) may be obligated to store one or more of the goods within the storage area 215 of the vending apparatus 10 in a prescribed way. This will typically be an issue when the vending apparatus 10 is of the horizontally aligned container 216 type (discussed hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 4, 5, etc.). [0196] Preferably, the control system 400 is capable of at least obtaining raw data concerning whether the goods are displayed in the prescribed way by obtaining the spatial coordinates within the storage area 215 at which particular goods are stored. These spatial coordinates may be stored in, for example, the memory 404 and, in use, the control system 400 may utilize these spatial coordinates in commanding the electromechanical retrieving device 200 to those coordinates when dispensing goods from the vending apparatus 10 . Alternatively, when the vending apparatus 10 is of the spiral dispensing variety, the control system 400 may readily provide an indication of which spirals are activated to dispense goods from the vending apparatus 10 . It is also noted that if the vending apparatus 10 collects DEX data using any of the known techniques, such data may provide an indication of where the goods are displayed within the vending apparatus 10 (e.g., spiral locations corresponding to pre-programmed user selections, such as A1, A2, A3, A4, B1, B2, B3, B4, etc.). [0197] One skilled in the art will appreciate that these raw data are suitable for use in determining whether the goods are displayed in the prescribed way within the vending apparatus 10 . These raw data may be released (as prescribed data) from the vending apparatus 10 , e.g., via the communications unit 410 , for an externally conducted determination. Preferably, however, the vending apparatus 10 is operable to make the determination as to whether the goods are displayed in the prescribed way and, therefore, is operable to determine whether the contractual obligation relating thereto has been met. [0198] For example, information concerning the prescribed way in which goods are to be displayed within the vending apparatus 10 may be stored in the memory 404 of the control system 400 . The microprocessor 402 of the control system 400 is preferably operable to compare the prescribed way in which goods are to be displayed with the raw data relating to the actual way in which goods are (or have been) displayed within the vending apparatus 10 . The result of the comparison yields the final data, e.g., the determination as to whether the goods are displayed in the prescribed way. Further, the result may yield other final data, such as whether the contractual obligation relating to whether the goods are displayed in the prescribed way has been met. [0199] Compliance with the obligation to display advertising indicia (or other desirable graphics) on the vending apparatus 10 in a prescribed way may be determined by, for example, physically inspecting the vending apparatus 10 , although it is preferred that the prescribed data provide the information necessary for making the determination. To that end, the vending apparatus 10 is preferably operable to monitor raw data from which a determination may be made as to whether indicia are displayed in an authorized way at the vending apparatus 10 . [0200] By way of example, the vending apparatus 10 is preferably operable to monitor whether a specific display panel 18 and/or the alterable portion 18 A thereof (discussed hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 1 and 4) is in a prescribed configuration (e.g., contains prescribed advertising indicia and that the indicia are displayed properly). In a preferred embodiment, the alterable portion 18 A and the panel 18 each include at least one of an electronic, an electromechanical, and/or a mechanical means useful for sensing whether an authorized panel 18 or alterable portion 18 A is being used. Preferably, the panel 18 and/or the alterable portion 18 A include an electronic security circuit 50 that is operatively coupled to, or in operative communication with, a receiving circuit such that unauthorized removable of the alterable portion 18 A may be sensed by the receiving circuit. For example, the electronic security circuit 50 may produce a unique code that when received indicates an authorized configuration of the panel 18 and/or the alterable portion 18 A. Any of the known electronic security circuits may be utilized to implement the electronic security circuit 50 , such as a MicroChip encryption security chip. Alternatively, the circuit 50 may be a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag (with corresponding reader) as may be obtained, for example, from Motorola of San Jose, Calif. As is known in the art, the electronic security circuit 50 preferably communicates with the receiving circuit (or circuits) by way of hard wire, wireless communication, etc. and preferably utilizes encryption. Further details concerning suitable implementation hardware for the electronic security circuits 50 may be found at www.aimglobal.org, a website of the global trade organization, AIM. This website provides many details concerning article identification and data collection (AIDC). [0201] The receiving circuit may be another electronic security circuit 50 (located on another system/circuit of the vending apparatus 10 as will be discussed later in this description), a dedicated circuit (not shown), the control system 400 , etc. Preferably, the control system 400 is or includes the receiving circuit and, via the microprocessor 402 , determines whether the electronic security circuit 50 of the panel 18 and/or the alterable portion 18 A is present and, if so, emits a code. [0202] One skilled in the art will appreciate that the raw data (e.g., the emitted and received code or the lack thereof) are suitable for use in determining whether the indicia are displayed in an authorized way at the vending apparatus 10 . These raw data may be released (as prescribed data) from the vending apparatus 10 , e.g., via the communications unit 410 , for an externally conducted determination. Preferably, however, the vending apparatus 10 is operable to make the determination as to whether the indicia are displayed in an authorized way and, therefore, is operable to determine whether the contractual obligation relating thereto has been met. [0203] For example, information concerning the prescribed way in which the indicia are to be displayed at the vending apparatus 10 may be stored in the memory 404 of the control system 400 . The microprocessor 402 of the control system 400 is preferable operable to compare the prescribed way in which indicia are to be displayed with the raw data relating to the actual way in which the indicia are (or have been) displayed at the vending apparatus 10 . The result of the comparison yields the final data, e.g., the determination as to whether the indicia are displayed in the prescribed way. Further, the result may yield other final data, such as whether the contractual obligation relating to whether the indicia are displayed in the prescribed way has been met. [0204] Compliance with the obligation to maintain a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus 10 may be determined by, for example, physically inspecting the vending apparatus 10 , although it is preferred that the prescribed data provide the information necessary for making the determination. To that end, the vending apparatus 10 is preferably operable to monitor raw data from which a determination may be made as to whether the prescribed number of goods selections are (or have been) available in the vending apparatus 10 . [0205] In one embodiment, the vending apparatus 10 may be operable to collect DEX data utilizing known techniques, which data may include an indication of the total number of goods selections available from the vending apparatus 10 . For example, the DEX data may indicate that there are twenty-five goods selections available (e.g., by way of the goods selection numbers labeled A1-A9, B1-B9, and C1-C7). [0206] In an alternative embodiment, the vending apparatus 10 is operable to obtain raw data concerning the actual number of goods selections that are available therefrom, for example, utilizing the control system 400 and the microprocessor 402 in particular. Indeed, the memory 404 of the control system 400 preferably includes the actual number of goods selections that are available in the vending apparatus 10 by way of the number of X, Y positions programmed into the vending apparatus 10 during setup so as to correspond with the positions of the vendible goods as arranged within the storage area 215 (discussed in detail hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 4 - 6 ). [0207] One skilled in the art will appreciate that the raw data (e.g., actual number of goods selections that are available in the vending apparatus 10 ) are suitable for use in determining whether the prescribed number of goods selections are (or have been) available in the vending apparatus 10 . These raw data may be released (as prescribed data) from the vending apparatus 10 , e.g., via the communications unit 410 , for an externally conducted determination. Preferably, however, the vending apparatus 10 is operable to make the determination as to whether the prescribed number of goods selections are (or have been) available in the vending apparatus 10 and, therefore, is operable to determine whether the contractual obligation relating thereto has been met. [0208] By way of example, the memory 404 of the control system 400 may contain information concerning the prescribed number of goods selections that should be available in the vending apparatus 10 . By comparing the prescribed number of goods selections with the raw data, e.g., the actual number of goods selections available from the vending apparatus 10 , the control system 400 preferably produces prescribed data indicating whether the prescribed number of goods selections has been maintained (and, further, whether the contractual obligation related thereto has been met). [0209] Compliance with the contractual obligation to sell and/or dispense a prescribed quanta of one or more goods from the vending apparatus 10 in a predefined period of time may be determined by, for example, a physical inspection of the vending apparatus 10 , querying the operator for the information necessary to make the determination, etc. It is preferred the prescribed data provide the information necessary for making the determination. To that end, the vending apparatus 10 is preferably operable to monitor raw data from which the determination may be made as to whether the prescribed quanta of one or more goods has been sold and/or dispensed from the vending apparatus 10 in the predefined period of time. [0210] For example, the control system 400 of the vending apparatus 10 is preferably operable to monitor the quantum of one or more groups of goods sold (and/or dispensed) during one or more predefined periods of time. (It is noted that the one or more groups of goods may, for example, be goods of a particular type, a particular brand, a particular size, a particular weight, a particular expiration date, a particular package type, a particular period of manufacture, a particular place of manufacture, etc.) [0211] In one embodiment, the information concerning the quantum of goods sold may be obtained by way of the combined functions of the control unit 400 and the article ID device 254 . Indeed, as each article 223 is sold (and/or dispensed) from the vending apparatus 10 , the article ID device 254 preferably scans the article 223 and provides information obtained during the scan to the control system 400 . The microprocessor 402 of the control system 400 preferably processes this information and stores at least a total of the goods sold and/or dispensed of a particular group. Preferably, the control system 400 , and the microprocessor 402 in particular, are operable to monitor the time and date of sale of goods. [0212] One skilled in the art will appreciate that the raw data (e.g., one or more totals of goods of respective groups sold and/or dispensed, and the time and/or date of sale of goods) are suitable for use in determining whether the prescribed quanta of one or more goods has been sold and/or dispensed from the vending apparatus 10 in the predefined period of time. These raw data may be released (as prescribed data) from the vending apparatus 10 , e.g., via the communications unit 410 , for an externally conducted determination. Preferably, however, the vending apparatus 10 is operable to make the determination as to whether the prescribed quanta of one or more goods has been sold and/or dispensed from the vending apparatus 10 in the predefined period of time and, therefore, is operable to determine whether the contractual obligation relating thereto has been met. [0213] By way of example, the memory 404 of the control system 400 may contain information concerning the prescribed quanta of one or more goods that should be sold and/or dispensed from the vending apparatus 10 in the predefined period of time. By comparing the prescribed quanta of goods sold and/or dispensed with the raw data, e.g., the actual number of goods that were sold and/or dispensed from the vending apparatus 10 in the predefined period of time, the control system 400 preferably produces prescribed data indicating whether the prescribed quanta of one or more goods were sold and/or dispensed from the vending apparatus 10 (and, further, whether the contractual obligation related thereto has been met). [0214] Compliance with the contractual obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods may be determined in any number of ways, although it is preferred that the prescribed data provide the information necessary for making the determination. To that end, the vending apparatus 10 is preferably operable to monitor raw data from which a determination may be made as to whether the prescribed ratio of the one or more of the goods to the one or more others of the goods has been sold from the vending apparatus 10 . [0215] By way of example, the prescribed ratio of goods may be a ratio of types of goods (e.g., a ratio of the number of corn chips sold to the number of potato chips sold), a ratio of brands of goods (e.g., a ratio of the number of brand ABC goods to the number of brand XYZ goods sold), a ratio of sizes of goods (e.g., a ratio of the number of size X goods to size Y goods sold), a ratio of weights of goods, a ratio of expiration dates of goods, a ratio of package types of goods, etc. [0216] In one embodiment, the article ID device 254 preferably provides information to the control system 400 concerning at least one of the type, brand, size, weight, expiration data, package type, period of manufacture, place of manufacture, etc. of each article 223 sold and/or dispensed from the vending apparatus 10 . Preferably, the control system 400 at least temporarily stores this information in the memory 404 . Further, the control system 400 preferably at least temporarily stores the times and/or dates on which the goods are sold and/or dispensed from the vending apparatus 10 . [0217] One skilled in the art will appreciate that this raw data may be utilized to determine whether the prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods have been sold from the vending apparatus 10 . Although the vending apparatus 10 may release this raw data (e.g., via the communications unit 410 ) for an external determination, it is preferred that the control system 400 , and the microprocessor 402 in particular, is operable to compute the one or more ratios. For example, if the obligation in question is to sell a prescribed ratio of brand ABC goods to brand XYZ goods within a predefined period of time (or on an ongoing basis), the microprocessor 402 preferably divides the number (and/or sales) of ABC brand goods by the number (and/or sales) of XYZ brand goods within the predefined period of time (or on an ongoing basis). [0218] The memory 404 of the control system 400 preferably contains information concerning the prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods that should be sold from the vending apparatus 10 (e.g., in the predefined period of time). By comparing the prescribed ratio with the raw data, e.g., the actual ratio, the control system 400 preferably produces prescribed data indicating whether the prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods was sold from the vending apparatus 10 (and, further, whether the contractual obligation related thereto has been met). [0219] Compliance with the contractual obligation to receive a prescribed quantum of money at the vending apparatus 10 in a predefined period of time may be determined in any number of ways including a physical inspection of the vending apparatus 10 , although it is preferred that the prescribed data provide the information necessary for making the determination. To that end, the vending apparatus 10 is preferably operable to monitor raw data from which a determination may be made as to whether the prescribed quantum of money was received at the vending apparatus 10 in a predefined period of time. [0220] By way of example, the control system 400 is preferably operable to monitor the quanta of money received at the vending apparatus 10 by way of information provided from the user interface system 406 (FIG. 6). Indeed, each time money is received by the vending apparatus 10 (e.g., by way of the bill acceptor mechanism 26 , the coin acceptor mechanism 28 , the credit/debit card reader mechanism 34 , etc.), the control system 400 , and the microprocessor 402 in particular, preferably at least temporarily stores information indicative of the money received. As discussed above, the control system 400 may also be operable to collect and at least temporarily store the respective dates and/or times on which goods are sold from the vending apparatus 10 . [0221] One skilled in the art will appreciate that this raw data is suitable for use determining whether the prescribed quanta of money was received at the vending apparatus 10 in the predefined period of time. This raw data may be released by the vending apparatus 10 (e.g., via the communications unit 410 ) for an external determination. It is preferred, however, that the control system 400 , and the microprocessor 402 in particular, is operable to make the determination as to whether the prescribed quanta of money was received at the vending apparatus 10 in the predefined period of time. For example, the microprocessor 402 preferably aggregates the amounts of money received over a particular time period (i.e., the predefined period of time) using the dates and/or times that goods were vended from the vending apparatus 10 . [0222] The memory 404 of the control system 400 preferably contains information concerning the prescribed quanta of money that that should be received by the vending apparatus 10 (e.g., in the predefined period of time). By comparing the prescribed quanta of money received with the raw data, e.g., the actual quanta of money received, the control system 400 preferably produces prescribed data indicating whether the prescribed quanta of money was received by the vending apparatus 10 (and, further, whether the contractual obligation related thereto has been met). [0223] Compliance with the contractual obligation to maintain the vending apparatus 10 in operation (e.g., to a prescribed degree) may be determined in any number of ways, including physical inspection of the vending apparatus 10 , although it is preferred that the prescribed data provide the information necessary for making the determination. In one embodiment, the control system 400 is preferably operable to monitor raw data from which a determination may be made as to whether the vending apparatus 10 is operational to a prescribed degree, e.g., whether the vending apparatus 10 is (or has been) capable of vending goods and/or to what degree the vending apparatus 10 is (or has been) capable of vending goods. [0224] For example, the vending apparatus 10 may be partially incapable of vending goods because it may only be capable of vending certain types, brands, weights, sizes, etc. of goods. On the other hand, the vending apparatus 10 may be entirely incapable of vending goods for various periods of time, e.g., due to power outages, mechanical failures, etc. The control system 400 , and the microprocessor 402 in particular, is preferably operable to monitor such operational conditions of the vending apparatus 10 and to at least temporarily store such information in the memory 404 . The raw data may be released from the vending apparatus 10 (e.g., via the communications unit 410 ) for external processing to determine whether the obligation to maintain the vending apparatus 10 in operation to a prescribed degree may be made. [0225] Preferably, however, the control system 400 is capable of determining whether the vending apparatus 10 has been maintained in operation to the prescribed degree and, further, determining whether the obligation related thereto has been met. For example, the microprocessor 402 of the control system 400 is preferably operable to compare the prescribed degree to which the vending apparatus 10 should be maintained operational (which may be stored in the memory 404 ) to the actual degree to which the vending apparatus 10 has been operational. The actual degree to which the vending apparatus 10 has been operational may be determined by monitoring data from one or more of the peripheral systems/circuits discussed above with respect to FIG. 6. For example, the microprocessor 402 may monitor: (i) whether power has been lost and for what periods of time; (ii) whether certain groups of goods have been vendible from the vending apparatus 10 (e.g., using the article ID device 254 ); etc. [0226] Compliance with the contractual obligation not to tamper with the vending apparatus 10 may be determined in any number of ways, although it is preferred that the prescribed data provide the information necessary for making the determination. To that end, the vending apparatus 10 is preferably operable to monitor raw data from which a determination may be made as to whether the vending apparatus 10 has been tampered with. Tampering with the vending apparatus may include, for example: (i) movement of the vending apparatus 10 to an unauthorized location; (ii) removal and/or altering of the control system 400 and/or the peripheral circuits/systems (FIG. 6); and (iii) removal and/or unauthorized altering of graphics (e.g., advertising indicia) concerning the goods stored within the vending apparatus 10 , such as the panel 18 and/or the alterable portion 18 A thereof (FIG. 1) described hereinabove. [0227] In one embodiment, the vending apparatus 10 preferably includes motion sensors (e.g., a subset of the position sensors 412 , FIG. 6), to sense whether the vending apparatus 10 is being moved in an unauthorized manner. The motion sensors preferably provide raw data to the control system 400 and the microprocessor 402 in particular, that indicates whether the vending apparatus 10 is being rotated, tilted and/or otherwise moved. This raw data may be released as prescribed data from the vending apparatus 10 (e.g., via the communications unit 410 ) for external an external determination as to whether the vending apparatus 10 has been tampered with in an unauthorized manner. Preferably, however, the vending apparatus 10 is capable of processing the raw data (e.g., utilizing the microprocessor 402 of the control system 400 ) to determine whether the vending apparatus 10 has been moved in an unauthorized manner. Any of the known algorithms for processing motion sensor information may be utilized for this purpose. Thus, the vending apparatus 10 may produce prescribed data including the determination as to whether the obligation not to tamper with the vending apparatus 10 has been met. [0228] In a further embodiment, the vending apparatus 10 preferably includes an electronic means for sensing whether unauthorized removal and/or altering of the control system 400 and/or the peripheral circuits/systems (FIG. 6) has occurred. To that end, the control system 400 and/or the peripheral systems/circuits preferably include an electronic security circuit 50 (best seen in FIG. 13) that is operatively coupled to, or in operative communication with, a receiving circuit such that unauthorized removal and/or alteration of the control system 400 and/or the peripheral systems/circuits may be sensed by the receiving circuit. The electronic security circuit 50 be implemented using substantially the same technology discussed hereinabove with respect to sensing unauthorized removal and/or alteration of panel 18 . [0229] One skilled in the art will appreciate that the raw data (e.g., the emitted and received code or lack thereof) from the electronic security circuit 50 and/or the receiving circuit (or circuits) are suitable for use in determining whether the control system 400 and/or the peripheral systems/circuits have been removed and/or altered in an unauthorized manner. These raw data may be released (as prescribed data) from the vending apparatus 10 , e.g., via the communications unit 410 , for an externally conducted determination. Preferably, however, the vending apparatus 10 is operable to make the determination as to whether the control system 400 and/or the peripheral systems/circuits have been removed and/or altered in an unauthorized manner and, therefore, is operable to determine whether the contractual obligation relating thereto has been met. [0230] For example, information concerning the authorized configuration of the control system 400 and/or peripheral systems/circuits may be stored in the memory 404 of the control system 400 . The microprocessor 402 of the control system 400 is preferably operable to compare the stored information with the raw data relating to the actual condition of the control system 400 and/or peripheral systems/circuits. The result of the comparison yields the final data, e.g., the determination as to whether an unauthorized removal and/or alteration has taken place. Further, the result may yield other final data, such as whether the contractual obligation relating to whether the control system 400 and/or peripheral systems/circuits have been removed and/or altered in an unauthorized way. [0231] In keeping with the example above (where the operator enters into a contract with the seller of goods) one of the contractual obligations may be an obligation on the part of the operator to vend only goods authorized by the seller of goods. For example, the seller of goods may be in the business of manufacturing and/or distributing corn chips and may be interested in maintaining or expanding its market share. Thus, the seller of goods may contract with an operator of one or more vending apparatus 10 whereby the operator agrees to vend the seller's corn chips in exchange for, for example, a desirable price at which the operator may purchase the corn chips from the seller. In the past, the seller of goods would have relatively little leverage in insuring that the operator met its contractual obligation to vend only the corn chips of the seller. In accordance with the invention, however, the seller of goods has the option of withholding the continuation code from the vending apparatus 10 if the seller of goods learns that the operator is not living up to the agreement. Advantageously, this will motivate the operator to adhere to the contractual obligations with the seller of goods. Moreover, the above described apparatus and method will encourage entities to engage in such agreements, thereby expanding the markets for the sales of goods from vending apparatus, increasing the sales of vending apparatus, and improving the vending experience to users. [0232] Additional advantages are obtained using the vending apparatus 10 and/or method described herein. For example, the operator may enter into an agreement with another entity to permit that entity to share in the risks and/or rewards of vending goods from the vending apparatus 10 . This may result in a number of contractual obligations between the parties including, for example, an obligation not to steal receipts, and an obligation to provide a quantum of money to the other entity based on the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 . When such an agreement is made between, for example, the operator and an investor who lends money to the operator to purchase, rent, or lease the vending apparatus 10 , a so-called pay-as-you-vend arrangement may be obtained. In other words, the operator may pay the investor for the vending apparatus 10 at least partially in accordance with the sales of goods from the vending apparatus, subject to the usage fluctuations that will inevitably occur. This shifts some of the risks and rewards resulting from the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 among the operator and the investor. Advantageously, the vending apparatus 10 in this example becomes a variable cost asset as opposed to a fixed cost asset of traditional vending machines. Heretofore, the operator typically was the only party that obtained profits and/or losses due to market fluctuations. Indeed, other entities, such as theinvestor, heretofore expected a particular sum of money from the operator on a schedule, irrespective of the usage fluctuations in the sales of goods. It is noted that it is preferred that the investor is in control of making the continuation codes available to the vending apparatus 10 , thereby having leverage to motivate the operator to meet his obligations. [0233] By way of further example, the operator may enter into a contract with the seller of goods (and/or the distributor or agent thereof) where at least one contractual obligation between the parties includes, for example, an obligation to vend only authorized goods (such as selling only goods of an authorized type, brand, size, and/or weight). Assuming that limiting the operator in this way would benefit the seller of goods (e.g., in terms of market share, profit/loss, etc.), the seller of goods may provide the manufacturer of the vending apparatus 10 with a quantum of money (e.g., a rebate) for manufacturing the vending apparatus 10 in a way that facilitates such limitations under which the vending of goods may be performed. In other words, the seller of goods will wish to motivate the manufacturer of the vending apparatus 10 to design and manufacture the vending apparatus 10 such that it will only vend authorized goods as specified by the seller of goods. Furthermore, the operator may be motivated to purchase the vending apparatus 10 (even though it is subject to being disabled if a continuation code is not received at appropriate times) because he or she may be provided with an incentive to do so, for example, by way of the manufacturer selling the vending apparatus 10 to the operator at a discounted price, such as a discount based on the rebate it received from the seller of goods. [0234] Reference is now made to FIG. 10, which is a flow diagram illustrating an alternative process to that of FIG. 7 and which may be carried out using the control system 400 . Again, it is preferred that the process is executed by way of a software program running on the microprocessor 402 platform (FIG. 6). At action 720 , the vending apparatus 10 is preferably operating in at least a partially enabled state, such that at least some of the goods stored within the vending apparatus 10 may be dispensed to a user. The vending apparatus 10 is then preferably enabled for a predefined interval, illustrated by a loop between actions 722 and 720 . At an end of the predefined interval, the process flow preferably branches to action 724 where the vending apparatus 10 is preferably at least partially disabled (e.g., such that at least some of the goods stored within the vending apparatus 10 may not be dispensed therefrom). This disablement of the vending apparatus 10 preferably lasts for a predefined period of time (e.g., one hour). Before or after the predefined period of time has elapsed, an inquiry is preferably made as to whether a continuation code has been received by the vending apparatus 10 (action 726 ). If the result of the inquiry is negative, then the process preferably flows back to action 724 , where the vending apparatus 10 remains disabled. If, however, the result of the inquiry is affirmative, then the process flow preferably branches to action 728 , substantially immediately, or after the predefined period of time has elapsed. At action 728 , the interval is preferably reset and the vending apparatus 10 is permitted to enter an enabled state (e.g., such that at least some of the goods may be dispensed therefrom). [0235] Although the process flow illustrated in FIG. 10 differs from the process flow of FIG. 7 (e.g., because in the former the vending apparatus 10 is disabled for at least some period of time), one skilled in the art will appreciate that the discussion hereinabove of FIG. 7 regarding the details of the predefined interval, the continuation code, the flow of information between various entities (FIGS. 8 and 9), etc. applies equally to the process flow of FIG. 10. For example, the control process illustrated in FIG. 10, just as was the case with FIG. 7, is useful in encouraging one or more entities to enter into agreements with one another concerning sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 (or a plurality of vending apparatus 10 ). Irrespective of the particular relationship of the entities involved, and in accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, the entities preferably agree that (i) the vending apparatus 10 may be enabled to dispense goods for a predefined interval; (ii) the vending apparatus 10 is at least partially disabled from dispensing at least some of the goods at the end of the interval; (iii) the vending apparatus 10 remains at least partially disabled for a predefined period of time after the end of the interval irrespective of whether a continuation code was received before the end of the interval; and (iv) the vending apparatus 10 is at least partially re-enabled if the continuation code is received by the vending apparatus 10 before or after the end of the interval. The above method defining an agreement between the entities (e.g., the operator and the seller of goods) concerning sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 provides assurance to, for example, the seller of goods that the one or more contractual obligations of the operator are likely to be met. [0236] Reference is now made to FIG. 11, which is a flow diagram illustrating an alternative process in accordance with one or more aspects of the invention that is preferably carried out using the control system 400 . Again, it is most preferred that the process is executed by way of a software program running on the microprocessor 402 platform (FIG. 6). The process flow through actions 700 , 702 , 704 , and 706 is substantially similar to the process flow discussed hereinabove with respect to FIG. 7 and, therefore, the details relating to this portion of the process flow of FIG. 11 will not be repeated. [0237] Referring to action 704 , if the result of the inquiry (i.e., as to whether the continuation code has been received by the vending apparatus 10 ) is in the affirmative, then the process flow preferably branches to action 710 . At action 710 , an interval modification instruction is extracted from the continuation code, it being understood that the interval modification instruction had been inserted into, and/or augmented with, the continuation code prior to being received by the vending apparatus 10 . It is noted that the interval modification instruction may be sent to the vending apparatus 10 separate from the continuation code (or any other code, such as a disable code or a re-enable code, which are presented later in this description). At action 712 , the interval is at least one of reset and modified in response to the vending apparatus 10 receiving the continuation code and, more particularly, in response to the vending apparatus 10 receiving the interval modification instruction. For example, the interval may be increased, decreased or unchanged in response to the interval modification instruction. Advantageously, this permits additional flexibility in structuring and/or restructuring the agreement between the entities concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 . [0238] It is noted that although the process flow concerning the modification of the interval (e.g., actions 710 and 712 ) of FIG. 11 have been discussed in terms of modifying the process flow of FIG. 7, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the process flow of FIG. 10 may be readily modified in light of the disclosure herein to permit the modification of the interval. For example, process actions substantially similar to those of actions 710 and 712 may be inserted into the process flow of FIG. 10 by substituting them for action 728 . [0239] Reference is now made to FIG. 12, which is a flow diagram illustrating an alternative process in accordance with one or more aspects of the invention that is preferably carried out using the control system 400 . Again, it is preferred that the process is executed by way of a software program running on the microprocessor 402 platform (FIG. 6). Actions 700 , 702 , 704 , and 706 are substantially similar to those of FIG. 7 and, therefore, the details of these actions will not be repeated here. [0240] Referring to action 704 , if the result of the inquiry (i.e., as to whether the continuation code has been received by the vending apparatus 10 ) is in the affirmative, then the process flow preferably branches to action 714 . At action 714 , a limitations modification instruction is preferably extracted from the continuation code. It is understood that the limitations modification instruction had been inserted into, and/or augmented with, the continuation code prior to the continuation code having been received by the vending apparatus 10 . Thus, the limitations modification instruction may be entirely separate from the continuation code (or any other code, such as a disable code or re-enable code, which are presented later in this description). At action 716 , the limitations as to how the goods are vended from the vending apparatus 10 are modified based on the limitations modification instruction obtained from the continuation code. Among the examples of the particular limitations that may be modified, and that were discussed in detail hereinabove, is the limitation to vend only authorized goods. [0241] By way of example, the limitations modification instruction may dictate that one or more of the limitations under which the vending apparatus 10 was vending goods is eliminated. For example, an operator may have an agreement with a lender (e.g., a bank) that the operator will pay the bank a certain percentage of the sales from the vending apparatus 10 , with the limitation that a prescribed quantum of money must be received by the vending apparatus 10 in a predefined period of time (e.g., to ensure that the bank gets minimum payments). When the operator has paid the bank in full, however, the operator may wish to operate the vending apparatus 10 without limitation. In this case, the bank may cause the limitations modification instruction to provide that this limitation be lifted. [0242] At action 718 , the interval is preferably reset and the process flow preferably feeds back to action 700 , where the vending apparatus 10 is permitted to enter (and/or remain in) the enabled state (e.g., such that at least some of the goods may be dispensed therefrom). [0243] Although the process concerning the modification of vending limitations based on the limitations modification instruction of the continuation code has been discussed in terms of the basic process flow of FIG. 7, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the process flow of FIG. 10 may be modified to include this capability by, for example, inserting action 714 and 716 in between actions 726 and 728 of FIG. 10. Advantageously, the ability to modify the vending limitations via the limitations modification instruction provides additional degrees of freedom for the entities to negotiate and/or re-negotiate the terms under which the goods may be dispensed from the vending apparatus 10 . [0244] The concept of at least partially disabling the vending apparatus 10 from dispensing at least some of the goods stored therein has been discussed above (e.g., regarding FIGS. 7 - 12 ) and will be further considered hereinbelow. It is noted that those skilled in the art will appreciate from the disclosure herein that the particular mechanism and/or process for disabling the vending apparatus 10 may vary. A determination as to whether the vending apparatus 10 should be disabled may be made externally (e.g., via an external computer system) or internally (e.g., via the control system 400 ) and a corresponding external and/or interal disable signal generated to cause the vending apparatus 10 to become at least partially disabled. For example, the control system 400 (FIG. 6) may prevent the electromechanical retrieving device 200 (FIG. 5) from moving to the X, Y position of one or more of the containers 216 . Alternatively, the control system 400 may prevent the air hose 220 from moving into contact with the article 223 and/or may prevent vacuum action when the X, Y positions of the carriage 218 corresponds to a container 216 that contains goods that are “disabled” from being vended. Another alternative way to disable the dispensing of goods may include requiring that the retrieving device 200 return the article 223 to the storage area 215 instead of placing it in the dispensing chute 210 . A further alternative may be to disable the dispensing chute 210 , the bill acceptor mechanism 26 , the coin acceptor mechanism 28 , the card acceptor mechanism 34 , etc. Still further, one or more motors and/or electromechanical devices may be disabled. [0245] In one embodiment, a condition that triggers the desirability to at least partially disable the vending apparatus 10 may occur and the timing of actually disabling the vending apparatus 10 may occur anytime afterwards (e.g., after a current vend is completed as opposed to prohibiting the current vend to complete). The condition may be the detection by the article ID device 254 that an unauthorized good has been detected and the at least partial disablement may be prohibiting further vending from the corresponding compartment 216 . [0246] It is noted that an unscrupulous party may be motivated to attempt to alter the nature of the vending apparatus 10 such that it will not at least partially disable in accordance with the invention as described in the embodiments herein. For example, if the function of partly or fully disabling the vending apparatus 10 is carried out by way of a software program running on the microprocessor 402 platform of the control system 400 (FIG. 6) as discussed above, then an unscrupulous party may seek to remove the control system 400 from the vending apparatus 10 and replace it with a substitute control system that does not disable the vending apparatus 10 . [0247] In order to thwart the unauthorized modification of the vending apparatus 10 , the vending apparatus 10 preferably includes at least one of an electronic, an electromechanical, and/or a mechanical means for sensing whether an unauthorized modification of the vending apparatus 10 has occurred and, if so, at least partially disabling the vending apparatus 10 from dispensing goods. With reference to FIG. 13, one or more of the control system 400 A and/or the peripheral systems/circuits preferably include an electronic security circuit 50 that is operatively coupled to, or in operative communication with, a receiving circuit such that unauthorized removal of the system/circuit having the electronic security circuit 50 may be sensed by the receiving circuit. The electronic security circuit 50 maybe implemented using substantially the same technology presented hereinabove with respect to sensing unauthorized removal and/or modification of the panel 18 , the control system 400 , the peripheral systems/circuits (FIG. 6), etc. The electronic security circuits 50 preferably communicate with other portions of and/or one integrated into the vending apparatus 10 (i.e., receiving circuits), such as power supplies, motors, wire harnesses, switches, encoders, the customer display 24 , the bill acceptor mechanism 26 , the coin acceptor mechanism 28 , the coin return actuator 30 , the credit/debit card reader mechanism 34 , the keypad mechanism 38 , the article ID device 254 , one or more of the position sensors 412 , the communications unit 410 , the vacuum unit 226 , the retrieving device drivers 408 , and/or any other electronic and/or electromechanical device of the vending apparatus 10 . For example, if a given component with an electronic security circuit 50 is altered and/or removed, then any one or more of the components with a receiving circuit (which may be another electronic security circuit 50 ) may cease to operate. Thus, for example, a motor may refuse to operate in response to a control system 400 that does not include an expected electronic security circuit 50 . [0248] Advantageously, when a vending apparatus 10 employs one or more of the electronic security circuits 50 , an unscrupulous person seeking to alter the vending apparatus 10 would need to replace every component of the vending apparatus 10 that includes an electronic security circuit 50 and/or any receiving circuit with which they communicate. This would make it highly impractical for the party to alter the vending apparatus 10 in an unauthorized way. [0249] Reference is now made to FIG. 14, which illustrates a process flow for the vending apparatus 10 in accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention. Preferably, the process is carried out using the control system 400 (FIG. 6), it being most preferred that the process is executed by way of a software program running on the microprocessor 402 platform. At action 730 , the vending apparatus 10 is preferably operating in at least a partially enabled state, such that at least some of the goods stored within the vending apparatus 10 may be dispensed to a user. At action 732 , an inquiry is preferably made as to whether a disable code has been received by the vending apparatus 10 . If the result of the inquiry is negative, then the process preferably flows back to action 730 , where the vending apparatus 10 is permitted to remain in the enabled state. If, however, the result of the inquiry is positive, then the process flow preferably advances to action 734 , where the vending apparatus 10 is preferably at least partially disabled (e.g., such that at least some of the goods stored within the vending apparatus 10 may not be dispensed therefrom). The specific mechanisms that are preferably used to disable the vending apparatus 10 have been discussed above and will not be repeated here. [0250] The disable code is preferably an electronic code that is input into the vending apparatus 10 through at least one of (i) the keypad mechanism 38 ; (ii) a dedicated keypad (not shown) that may be available, for example, only by opening the door 14 of the vending apparatus 10 ; (iii) a portable computing device (not shown) that is operable to connect to the communications unit 410 , e.g., through a data port or the like; and (iv) a communications network to which the vending apparatus 10 is connected (e.g., through the communications unit 410 ). When a communications network is employed to input the disable code into the vending apparatus 10 , the communications network may include, for example, at least one of a wire network, a telephone network, a radio frequency link, an infrared link, a local area network, a wide area network, the Internet, etc. [0251] It is noted that the disable code may be subject to cryptography, such that a decryption algorithm is employed within the vending apparatus 10 (e.g., in the control system 400 ) to decode the disable code. This would provide a high level of confidence that only authentic disable codes may be utilized to disable the vending apparatus 10 . [0252] Advantageously, the control process illustrated in FIG. 14 is useful in encouraging one or more entities to enter into agreements with one another concerning sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 (or a plurality of vending apparatus 10 ). These agreements may be substantially similar to those discussed hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 7 - 12 . In general, however, in accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention, the entities preferably agree that (i) the vending apparatus 10 may be enabled to dispense the goods, and (ii) the vending apparatus 10 may be at least partially disabled from dispensing at least some of the goods when an externally generated disable code is received by the vending apparatus 10 . More particularly, the entities may agree that the disable code may be made available to the vending apparatus 10 after a determination is made that at least one contractual obligation between the entities has not been at least one of satisfied and waived. [0253] It is noted that the discussion hereinabove with respect to the details concerning the various contractual obligations, the prescribed data concerning sales of goods by the vending apparatus 10 , the limitations under which the vending apparatus 10 may vend goods, the mechanisms and/or processes used to disable the vending apparatus 10 , the flow of information between various entities, apply equally here. Indeed, these details apply to the control process illustrated in FIG. 14, the capabilities of the vending apparatus 10 , the methods carried out by the vending apparatus 10 , and/or the relationships between the entities having an interest in the sale of goods from the vending apparatus 10 . Accordingly, these details will not be repeated here. For example, the general and specific examples of the relationships and communication between entities with an interest in the sale of goods from the vending apparatus 10 presented above with respect to FIGS. 8 and 9 apply here, although it is understood that the disable code is communicated instead of, or in addition to, the continuation code, etc. It is noted that further examples of the relationships and communications among entities with an interest in the sale of goods from the vending apparatus are presented later in this description with reference to FIGS. 22 - 31 . [0254] Reference is now made to FIG. 15, which illustrates a process flow for the vending apparatus 10 in accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention. Preferably the process is carried out using the control system 400 (FIG. 6), it being most preferred that the process is executed by way of a software program running on the microprocessor 402 platform. At action 750 , the vending apparatus 10 is preferably operating in at least a partially enabled state, such that at least some of the goods stored within the vending apparatus 10 may be dispensed to a user. At action 752 , an inquiry is preferably made as to whether a predefined condition has occurred that justifies at least partially disabling the vending apparatus 10 (e.g., such that at least some of the goods stored within the vending apparatus 10 may not be dispensed therefrom). If the result of the inquiry is negative, then the process preferably flows back to action 750 , where the vending apparatus 10 is permitted to remain in the enabled state. If, however, the result of the inquiry is positive, then the process flow preferably advances to action 754 , where the vending apparatus 10 is preferably at least partially disabled. [0255] It is noted that action 754 may be carried out by generating an internal disable signal (or code) within the vending apparatus 10 . Details concerning examples of the mechanisms and/or processes to disable the vending apparatus 10 (e.g., using an internal disable signal) have been presented above in this description. By way of example, the control system 400 may be operable to determine whether the predefined condition exists and cause the disabling of the vending apparatus 10 as discussed hereinabove. It is further noted that the invention contemplates a process flow that includes actions 750 , 752 , and 754 and that does not require (but that may include) any further actions. [0256] The predefined condition at action 752 preferably includes at least one of (i) that one or more limitations under which the vending apparatus 10 vends the goods are violated; (ii) that one or more of contractual obligations into which entities have entered have not been satisfied or waived; (iii) that the vending apparatus receives an externally generated disable code; and (iv) that the vending apparatus reaches an end of a predefined interval without having received a continuation code. The preferred mechanisms and/or processes that are employed by the vending apparatus 10 (and any external systems or entities) to determine whether one or more limitations and/or contractual obligations have been violated have been discussed in detail hereinabove and apply equally here. The vending apparatus 10 preferably is operable to at least partially disable (action 754 ) if these determinations are affirmative, if the externally generated disable code is received, and/or if a continuation code is not received in a timely manner. The preferred mechanisms and/or processes by which the vending apparatus 10 disables have been discussed in detail above and apply equally here. [0257] At action 756 , an inquiry is preferably made as to whether a re-enable code has been received by the vending apparatus 10 . If the result of the inquiry is negative, then the process preferably flows back to action 754 , where the vending apparatus 10 remains in the at least partially disabled state. If, however, the result of the inquiry is positive, then the process flow preferably flows back to action 750 , where the vending apparatus 10 is permitted to enter the enabled state (e.g., such that at least some of the goods stored within the vending apparatus 10 may be dispensed therefrom). [0258] The re-enable code is preferably an electronic code that is input into the vending apparatus 10 via at least one of (i) the keypad mechanism 38 ; (ii) a dedicated keypad (not shown) that may be available, for example, only by opening the door 14 of the vending apparatus 10 ; (iii) a portable computing device (not shown) that is operable to connect to the communications unit 410 , e.g., through a data port or the like; and (iv) a communications network to which the vending apparatus 10 is connected (e.g., through the communications unit 410 ). [0259] The microprocessor 402 of the control system 400 is preferably operable to receive the re-enable code, to determine its authenticity, and to cause the reverse of the disable condition of the vending apparatus 10 . It is noted that the re-enable code may be subject to cryptography, such that a decryption algorithm is employed within the vending apparatus 10 (e.g., in the control system 400 ) to decode the re-enable code. This would provide a high level of confidence that only authentic re-enable codes may be utilized to re-enable the vending apparatus 10 . [0260] Advantageously, the control process illustrated in FIG. 15 is useful in encouraging one or more entities to enter into agreements with one another concerning sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 (or a plurality of vending apparatus 10 ). These agreements may be substantially similar to those discussed hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 7 - 12 . In general, however, in accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention, the entities preferably agree that (i) the vending apparatus 10 may be enabled to dispense the goods, (ii) the vending apparatus 10 may be at least partially disabled from dispensing at least some of the goods when the predefined condition has occurred; and (iii) the vending apparatus 10 may be at least partially re-enabled by receiving a re-enable code after having been at least partially disabled. [0261] It is noted that the discussion hereinabove with respect to the details concerning the various contractual obligations, the prescribed data concerning sales of goods by the vending apparatus 10 , the limitations under which the vending apparatus 10 may vend goods, the mechanisms and/or processes used to disable the vending apparatus 10 , the flow of information between various entities apply equally here. Indeed, these details apply to the control process illustrated in FIG. 15, the capabilities of the vending apparatus 10 , the methods carried out by the vending apparatus 10 , and/or the relationships between the entities having an interest in the sale of goods from the vending apparatus 10 . For example, the general and specific examples of the relationships and communication between entities with an interest in the sale of goods from the vending apparatus 10 presented above with respect to FIGS. 8 and 9 apply here, although it is understood that the re-enable code is communicated instead of, or in addition to, the continuation and/or disable codes, etc. It is noted that further examples of the relationships and communications among entities with an interest in the sale of goods from the vending apparatus are presented later in this description with reference to FIGS._ 22 - 31 . [0262] Reference is now made to FIG. 16, which is a high level block diagram illustrating data, functional, co-operational, etc. communication among the vending apparatus 10 , one or more entities 80 , 82 , and one or more central data centers 90 over a network 88 . Any of the known techniques may be employed to facilitate communication over the network 88 , where the network may be any one or more of a wire network, a telephone network, a radio frequency link, an infrared link, a local area network, a wide area network, the Internet, etc. [0263] It is noted that the central data center 90 may be under the custody and/or control of any one or more authorized ones of the entities with an interest in the sales of goods as discussed above. It is contemplated, however, that not all entities have authority to alter any control program under which the control data center 90 operates. [0264] The central data center 90 preferably includes a network server 92 , a data base server 94 , a database 96 , a processor 98 , and a bus 100 providing cooperative communication therebetween (and/or the functional equivalents thereof). It is noted that the central data center 90 may be implemented utilizing any computer system, such as a hand held computer (or computers), a lap-top computer (or computers), distributed computers, desktop computers, etc. The network server 92 may employ any of the known technology for facilitating communication over the network 88 . (It is understood that the vending apparatus 10 , or other entities 80 , 82 may employ a network server similar to the network server 92 to facilitate communication over the network 88 .) The database server 94 preferably is operable to facilitate, manage, and maintain any data stored within and/or retrieved from the database 96 . Any of the known database server technologies may be employed to implement the database server 94 . The processor 98 is preferably operable to facilitate overall control, manipulation, reception, transmission, etc. of the data to and from the central data center 90 . [0265] Preferably, the central data center 90 receives data concerning the sales of goods and/or any data released from the vending apparatus 10 where the data is monitored, stored, and released by the vending apparatus 10 . [0266] With reference to FIG. 17, and in accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, the vending apparatus 10 preferably includes various capabilities, actions, and/or functions associated with one or more of monitoring the data concerning sales of goods, storing the data, and releasing the data to interested parties, such as the central data center 90 (FIG. 16). To this end, the vending apparatus 10 is preferably operable to carry out the process flow illustrated in FIG. 17, for example, utilizing the control system 400 and one or more of the peripheral circuits and/or systems discussed hereinabove and shown in FIG. 6. [0267] At action 760 , the vending apparatus 10 preferably monitors data concerning the sales of goods therefrom. For example, the microprocessor 402 of the control system 400 preferably communicates with one or more of the user interface system 406 (e.g., the bill acceptor mechanism 26 , the coin acceptor mechanism 28 , the coin return actuator 30 , the coin return well 32 , the credit/debit card reader mechanism 34 , and/or the keypad mechanism 38 ), the a communications unit 410 , the article ID device 254 , and/or the one or more position sensors 412 to collect data therefrom. The data may include, for example, (i) information concerning vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods; (ii) information concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 obtained, for example, using the article ID device 254 (FIG. 5); and (iii) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus 10 vends the goods. The preferred mechanisms and/or processes utilized by the vending apparatus 10 to monitor this and other data have been discussed hereinabove and apply equally here. [0268] In accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention, at action 762 , the vending apparatus 10 preferably monitors a first selection of goods made by a user of the vending apparatus 10 . At action 764 , the vending apparatus 10 preferably determines whether the first selection of goods is out of inventory. If the result of the determination is negative (action 766 ), then the process preferably flows back to action 762 , where the vending apparatus 10 again monitors a first selection of goods, for example, by the same user or a subsequent user. If, however, the result of the determination is affirmative (action 766 ) the process flow preferably advances to action 768 where the vending apparatus 10 monitors a second selection of goods made by the user, e.g., where the second selection of goods was made by the user because the first selection of goods was out of inventory. It is noted that this information may be of particular interest to one or more entities interested in knowing marketing information concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 . For example, a seller of goods may be particularly interested in knowing what subsequent choices users would make if a particular article was not available from the vending apparatus 10 . [0269] It is noted that although actions 762 through 768 illustrate a preferred process flow, they need not be implemented and indeed, the process flow may advance from action 760 to 770 without passing through actions 762 - 768 . [0270] At action 770 , the data monitored by the vending apparatus 10 are at least temporarily stored, e.g., within the memory 404 (FIG. 6). At action 772 , the vending apparatus 10 preferably releases the data to an interested, and/or authorized party, such as the central data center 90 (FIG. 16). Alternatively, the vending apparatus 10 may release the data to, for example, a portable computing device connected to the communications unit 410 of the vending apparatus 10 . It is noted that the flow of data among the vending apparatus 10 and one or more interested parties may be consistent with the data flows of the embodiments discussed hereinabove that reference FIGS. 8 and 9. Preferably, the data that are released from the vending apparatus 10 are encrypted as will be presented in detail later in this description. [0271] The preferred data that the vending apparatus 10 is capable of monitoring has been discussed in detail above. These data include the prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 , the limitations under which the vending apparatus 10 vends the goods, the contractual obligations, etc. For example, the vending apparatus 10 is preferably operable to monitor information concerning vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods. This information (whether in final data form or in raw data form) preferably includes, for example, data concerning whether at least one of: (i) only goods of an authorized type are vended; (ii) only goods of an authorized brand are vended; (iii) only goods of an authorized size are vended; (iv) only goods of an authorized weight are vended; (v) only goods of an authorized expiration date are vended; (vi) only goods of an authorized package type are vended; (vii) only good of an authorized period of manufacture are vended; and (viii) only goods of an authorized place of manufacture are vended. The information may also concern a number of times that unauthorized goods were vended or that attempts were made at vending unauthorized goods. Any other data may also be collected. [0272] By way of further example, when the vending apparatus 10 is operable to monitor information concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus obtained using the article ID device 254 , the information preferably includes at least one of a type of goods, a brand of goods, a size of goods, a weight of goods, an expiration date of goods, a package type of goods, a period of manufacture of goods, and a place of manufacture of goods. [0273] As discussed above, the data monitored by the vending apparatus 10 may include raw data, e.g., a price of a vended article, a date of sale of the article, a time of sale of the article, etc. Preferably, the vending apparatus 10 is operable to compute additional (or final) data concerning the sales of goods based on the raw data. Many examples of such calculations have been discussed hereinabove and apply equally here. For example, the vending apparatus 10 is preferably operable to calculate a quantum of one or more types of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time. To this end, one skilled in the art will appreciate from the disclosure herein that, for example, the control system 400 , and the microprocessor 402 in particular, may be operable to monitor the quanta of a particular type of goods sold and monitor an interval of time (e.g., the prescribed period of time) of interest such that the number of articles of the particular type sold during the prescribed period of time may be calculated. It will be appreciated that the particular data monitored and/or calculated by the vending apparatus 10 are vast and that any particular variation is contemplated by, and is within the scope of, the invention. [0274] With reference to FIG. 16, the data that the central data center 90 receives over the network 88 concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 preferably includes at least some of the data monitored by the vending apparatus 10 as discussed above. For example, these data preferably include at least one of: (i) information concerning vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus 10 ; (ii) information concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 obtained using a goods identification scanning device (e.g., the article ID device 254 ) of the vending apparatus 10 ; (iii) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus 10 vends the goods; and (iv) information concerning a user's second selection of goods from the vending apparatus 10 in response to the user's first selection of goods being out of inventory in the vending apparatus 10 . [0275] It is noted that details concerning this data (and/or other data) concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 were discussed hereinabove with respect to FIG. 17 and apply equally here concerning the data that the central data center 90 receives over the network 88 . This includes that the central data center 90 may receive raw data concerning sales of goods and/or any other data from the vending apparatus 10 as discussed above. Preferably, the central data center 90 is operable to compute additional (or final) data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 based on the raw data. Such processing is preferably carried out by the processor 98 of the central data center 90 . Thus, for example, if the vending apparatus 10 does not compute the final data, and releases raw data to the central computer 90 , the processor 98 preferably computes the final data. Various illustrative examples of such computations have been discussed above and apply equally here. [0276] Preferably, the database 96 has information concerning at least one of the contractual obligations, the limitations on how goods are vended, etc. such that the central data center 90 may receive prescribed data (concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 ) and the processor 98 may determine whether one or more obligations among entities with an interest in the sale of goods from the vending apparatus 10 have been met based on the prescribed data. Various illustrative examples of the mechanisms and/or processes for making such determinations have been discussed above with respect to the vending apparatus 10 , which apply equally here. [0277] Further, the central data center 90 is preferably operable to generate and/or make the continuation code, the disable code, and/or the re-enable code available to the vending apparatus 10 . The preferred mechanisms and/or processes for generating or making these codes available to the vending apparatus have been described in detail above and apply equally here. [0278] Preferably, the central data center 90 is further operable to facilitate the computation and/or distribution of revenue from the vending apparatus 10 and/or other entities among the interested entities in accordance with agreed to processes and protocols. [0279] Preferably, the data received by, and/or released from, the central data center 90 has been encrypted such that advantageous authentication of the data may be performed. Further details concerning the encryption, decryption, and authentication of data (by the vending apparatus 10 and/or the central computer 90 ) are presented later in this description. [0280] The central data center 90 preferably releases at least some of the data that it receives over the network 88 and/or calculates (e.g., using the processor 98 ) to at least one interested party, such as one or more of the entities 80 , 82 (FIGS. 8 and 9). Preferably, the central data center 90 requires that the interested party provide an authorization code prior to releasing the data. It is noted that the interested party may include one or more of the manufacturer of the vending apparatus 10 , the operator, the seller of goods, the lender, the lessor, the owner of property, etc. [0281] Thus, an interested entity may obtain valuable information from the central data center concerning the sale of goods from the vending apparatus 10 . For example, if the central data center 90 is operable to perform one or more of the actions discussed above with respect to FIG. 17, an interested party (e.g., the seller of goods) may be able to obtain information concerning what subsequent choices users would make if a particular article was not available from the vending apparatus 10 . Alternatively, an interested entity may obtain information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus 10 vends the goods (e.g., to verify that they are authorized). Advantageously, this permits entities to obtain information concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 without the need to physically inspect the vending apparatus 10 (either directly or through a representative). [0282] As discussed hereinabove, at least some of the apparatus and methods of the invention rely on data obtained at the vending apparatus 10 and provided to an interested entity. Some entities may not be comfortable with entering into certain relationships with other entities concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 without assurances that the data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 may be relied upon. For example, if an operator and a seller have entered into an agreement in which the operator is obliged to sell a prescribed quantity of the seller's goods through the vending apparatus 10 , then the seller of goods would be interested in authenticating the data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 . Indeed, the seller of goods may be concerned that the operator may attempt to alter the data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 to benefit himself (and to the detriment of the seller of goods). Advantageously, the vending apparatus 10 in accordance with one or more aspects of the present invention is operable to produce ciphertext from the data concerning the sale of goods therefrom, such that, e.g., the seller of goods may be confident that the data received are accurate. [0283] Reference is now made to FIG. 18, which is a flow diagram illustrating a process that is preferably carried out by the vending apparatus 10 in accordance with one or more further aspects of the present invention. It is preferred that the process is implemented utilizing the control system 400 , where a software program provides instructions to the microprocessor 402 (FIG. 6). Preferably action 760 is substantially similar to action 760 of FIG. 17 and the discussion hereinabove with respect thereto applies equally here. Accordingly, the details of the preferred mechanisms and/or processes for the monitoring of data by the vending apparatus 10 concerning sales of goods will not be repeated. At action 770 , the data monitored by the vending apparatus 10 are preferably at least temporarily stored, e.g., within the memory 404 (FIG. 6). [0284] At action 774 , the vending apparatus 10 preferably encrypts at least some of the data concerning the sales of goods and, at action 776 , the encrypted data is preferably released from the vending apparatus 10 to an interested and/or authorized party. The vending apparatus 10 may release the data directly to the interested party, to one or more intermediate parties, and/or to an intermediate device, such as a portable computing device connected to the communications unit 410 of the vending apparatus 10 . It is noted that the flow of data among the vending apparatus 10 and the one or more interested parties may be consistent with the data flows of the embodiments discussed hereinabove that reference FIGS. 8, 9, and 16 . Accordingly, a detailed discussion of the flow of such data will not be repeated here. [0285] The encryption algorithm employed at action 774 may be any of the known cryptographic algorithms, such as those involving transposition, substitution, polyalphabetic substitution, conventional key encryption, public key encryption, cipher systems, code systems, etc. For example, with reference to FIG. 19, the data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 may be subject to an encryption algorithm 300 in which a secret key is utilized to encrypt the data and produce so-called ciphertext (e.g., text in which the data can not be discerned without a decryption key). Advantageously, the one or more interested parties may receive the ciphertext and utilize the same to authenticate the data contained therein. For example, the one or more interested parties may be privy to the decryption key which, when input into a substantially similar encryption algorithm 300 (along with the ciphertext) yields the original data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 . This provides the interested party with a high degree of confidence that the data are authentic and worthy of reliance. [0286] In some circumstances, it is preferred that the vending apparatus 10 is operable to produce the ciphertext in a way that cannot be decrypted without a non-public (e.g., secret) decryption key (e.g., FIG. 19). In this way, an entity that is not privy to the non-public decryption key cannot decrypt the ciphertext and gain access to the data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 . [0287] With reference to FIG. 20, other circumstances may dictate that an entity that is not privy to the non-public decryption key may nevertheless have a need to gain access to the data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 . For example, this entity may need the data to meet its obligations to one or more other entities. These other entities may be privy to the non-public decryption key. By way of example, an operator may be obligated to provide a share of the total sales from the vending apparatus 10 to a seller of goods. Thus, the operator would need access to the total sales data to compute the share. Such total sales data, however, may be encrypted into ciphertext such that the seller of goods can authenticate the total sales data Thus, the vending apparatus 10 may be operable to produce the ciphertext in a way that may be decrypted utilizing both a public decryption key and a non-public decryption key. [0288] To that end, and with reference to FIG. 20, the encryption algorithm 302 produces ciphertext in accordance with a non-public (e.g., secret) encryption key that may be decrypted utilizing algorithm 302 A and a public key. Thus, for example, the operator may monitor the data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 and take appropriate actions to ensure that he meets his obligations to the seller of goods. Furthermore, another entity that is privy to the non-public (e.g., secret) decryption key (e.g., the seller of goods) may authenticate the data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 utilizing algorithm 302 B and the secret decryption key. [0289] In order to assist in authenticating the data contained in the ciphertext, the ciphertext preferably includes some known data (e.g., an identification number, a vending apparatus identification number, a date, a time, a sequence number, a vending apparatus location number, etc.). The entity that is privy to the secret decryption key may search the decrypted ciphertext to determine whether the known data is included. If it is, then that entity may have a high degree of confidence that the data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 are authentic and have not been tampered with. [0290] In accordance with alternative aspects of the present invention, and with reference to FIG. 21, the vending apparatus 10 may be operable to encrypt the data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 in such a way that the vending data are substantially unaltered by an encryption algorithm 304 . The vending apparatus 10 may produce a digital signature by encrypting the vending data and other known data using algorithm 304 and a secret encryption key. The digital signature may only be decrypted utilizing a non-public decryption key. Thus, one or more entities (e.g., the operator) may utilize the vending data to carry out various actions, including meeting his or her obligations, while one or more other entities (e.g., the seller of goods) may decrypt the digital signature to authenticate the vending data. [0291] In accordance with one or more further alternative aspects of the apparatus and methods of the present invention, the vending apparatus 10 may be operable to produce a code associated with at least some of the data concerning sales of goods. The code need not be produced using encryption, but preferably provides an indication as to whether the data have been tampered with. For example, the vending apparatus 10 may insert the vending data into an electronic file and the code may indicate a number of times that the electronic file has been opened. If the code indicates that the electronic file has never been opened, then an entity receiving the electronic file (and the code) may reasonably assume that the data have not been tampered with. Preferably, when the data are stored at least temporarily within the vending apparatus (action 770 , FIG. 18), the storage is preferably carried out in a secure manner so that the data may not be tampered with prior to being inserted into the electronic file and/or prior to being released from the vending apparatus 10 . [0292] It will be appreciated from the discussion thus far that many relationships may be established among the entities with an interest in the sale of goods from the vending apparatus 10 (or a plurality of such vending apparatus) and that many forms and paths for communicating various data among the entities may be employed in accordance with the invention. Some general and specific examples of these relationships, communication paths, and data exchanges have been presented above (e.g., with reference to FIGS. 8 and 9). Some further illustrative examples of these relationships, communication paths, and data exchanges will now be presented. Any or all of the entities in the descriptions below may each use one or more computer systems to enable communication among them to carry out the communication of data as described herein. [0293] With reference to FIG. 22, an example is illustrated of one or more relationships and communications between the seller of goods 82 and the authorized third party 84 (e.g., an asset and data management company (ADMC)). In this example, the ADMC 84 performs functions and actions that assist the seller of goods 82 in enjoying the financial benefits of the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 . For example, the seller of goods 82 may have an agreement (e.g., via contract) with the operator (not shown) such that mutual financial benefits may be enjoyed by both parties. As was discussed in detail hereinabove, rules relating to vending (e.g., specific rules guiding the limitations under which the vending apparatus 10 vends the goods) are preferably established by way of the contractual agreement between the seller of goods 82 and the operator. [0294] The ADMC 84 is preferably privy to prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 (e.g., as discussed above with respect to FIG. 9). The ADMC 84 preferably provides at least some of the prescribed data to the seller of goods 82 such that the seller of goods 82 may determine for itself whether the agreed to rules concerning limitations on vending are being followed and, therefore, whether the contractual obligations between the seller of goods 82 and, for example, the operator are being met. Preferably, the prescribed data are authenticated by the ADMC 84 using, for example, the encryption mechanisms and/or processes discussed hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 18 - 21 . Alternatively, the ADMC 84 may itself determine whether compliance with the rules concerning limitations on vending exists and supply rule compliance data to the seller of goods 82 . Advantageously, this alleviates the burden on the seller of goods 82 from making such determinations and permits it to focus on other matters. [0295] The seller of goods 82 may provide the ADMC 84 with agreement control information, such as the conditions under which a continuation code, a disable code, a limitation modification code, and/or a re-enable code should be made available to the vending apparatus 10 . This agreement control information may also include the authorization to generate and/or make the codes available to the vending apparatus 10 , thereby providing the seller of goods 82 with leverage to ensure that the operator complies with the limiting rules regarding vending and, further, complies with its contractual obligations. (It is noted that these conditions concerning disabling the vending apparatus 10 are preferably established during the process of negotiating the agreement between the seller of goods 82 and the operator.) The seller of goods 82 also preferably provides the ADMC 84 with information concerning the contractual obligations that should be followed concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 . These contractual obligations are preferably defined by the agreement between the seller of goods 82 and the operator and may include, for example, information concerning any revenue sharing between the operator and the seller of goods 82 . Since the ADMC 84 is privy to the prescribed data concerning, for example, sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 , it may compute revenue shares and facilitate the distribution of such shares (e.g., payments) to the seller of goods 82 and/or any other entities. [0296] With reference to FIG. 23, the information concerning the contractual obligations provided to the ADMC 84 (FIG. 22) may include information relating to providing payments to the vending machine manufacturer 86 . These contractual obligations may be defined by, for example, a separate agreement between the seller of goods 82 and the vending machine manufacturer 86 and/or an agreement between the operator and the vending machine manufacturer 86 . In order to provide the vending machine manufacturer 86 with at least some leverage to obtain such payments, the ADMC 84 may need to receive data from the vending machine manufacturer 86 to generate and/or cause the generation of the disable control information (e.g., the continuation codes, the disable codes, the re-enable codes, etc.) for the vending apparatus 10 . Such data may include the serial number of the vending apparatus 10 or any other such machine specific information. Advantageously, if the vending machine manufacturer 86 does not receive its payments, it may withhold the data and prevent, for example, continuation codes from being made available to the vending apparatus 10 . [0297] With reference to FIG. 24, the ADMC 84 may also communicate with yet another entity 88 , such as a financial institution, a lender, a lessor, etc. (hereinafter “financial institution 88 ”). More specifically, the ADMC 84 may communicate rule compliance information and/or other data to the financial institution 88 relating to whether another of the entities, e.g., the operator, is in compliance with the terms of an agreement. As discussed above, the financial institution 88 may have an agreement with, for example, the operator concerning a sale, lease, loan, etc. of the vending apparatus 10 to the operator. Thus, the financial institution 88 may expect to receive payments from the operator (e.g., fixed payments and/or payments dependent on sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 ). The financial institution 88 may provide the terms of the sale, loan, lease, etc. to the ADMC 84 such that the ADMC may determine compliance by the operator. Therefore, in this example the ADMC is acting as an agent for the financial institution 88 by releasing codes (e.g., continuation codes, etc.) to the operator as per the agreement between the operator and the financial institution 88 . Advantageously, the ADMC 84 may simply provide an indication to the financial institution 88 as to whether compliance with the sale, loan, lease, etc. has been met. [0298] With reference to FIG. 25, the above discussion concerning the relationships among the seller of goods 82 , the ADMC 84 , the vending apparatus manufacturer 86 , and the financial institution 88 hinges, at least to some extent, on whether the vending machine operator 80 provides or causes prescribed data (e.g., concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 ) to be provided to the ADMC 84 . The prescribed data may include, for example, rule compliance information, sales data, etc. The vending machine operator 80 may be motivated to provide this data to the ADMC 84 when he or she must rely on whether the vending apparatus 10 receives disable control information, such as continuation codes, disable codes, re-enable codes, etc., in order to obtain financial benefits from the vending apparatus 10 . [0299] With reference to FIG. 26, an alternative example is illustrated of relationships, communications, and data exchanges between various entities concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 . In this example, the seller of goods 82 and the vending machine operator 80 have entered into an agreement concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 . In addition, the vending machine operator 80 and the vending machine manufacturer 86 have entered into an agreement concerning, for example, the sale (or lease) of the vending apparatus 10 to the vending machine operator 80 . While the seller of goods 82 may be privy to the limiting rules under which the vending apparatus 10 vends goods by way of the negotiations with the vending machine operator 80 , the seller of goods 82 preferably receives the terms of the agreement between the vending machine manufacturer 86 and the vending machine operator 80 as illustrated by line 60 . [0300] The seller of goods 82 utilizes the terms of its agreement with the vending machine operator 80 and the terms of the agreement between the vending machine manufacturer 86 and the vending machine operator 80 to formulate a set of limiting rules under which the vending apparatus 10 must vend the goods (including any disable conditions). These rules are communicated to the vending machine operator 80 (and/or directly to the vending machine apparatus 10 ) as illustrated by line 62 . [0301] The vending machine operator 80 (or vending apparatus 10 ) needs information (and/or must avoid receiving certain information) from the vending machine manufacturer 86 in order to ensure that the vending apparatus 10 is capable of vending the goods, such as, continuation codes, disable codes, re-enable codes, etc., as illustrated by line 64 . To receive (and/or avoid) this information, however, the vending machine operator 80 must provide prescribed data concerning the sale of goods from the vending apparatus 10 , which may include rule compliance information, sales data, etc. to the seller of goods 82 . Further, the operator 80 may be required to provide other information and/or payments to the vending machine manufacturer 86 as prescribed by the agreement therebetween. [0302] In turn, the seller of goods 82 may provide compliance information (e.g., concerning the terms of the agreement between the manufacturer 86 and the operator 80 and/or the terms of the agreement between the operator 80 and the seller of goods 82 ) to the vending machine manufacturer 86 as illustrated by line 68 . The vending machine manufacturer 86 may ensure that it receives such compliance information by, for example, releasing disable control information (e.g., the continuation codes, disable codes, re-enable codes, etc.) to the vending machine operator 80 (and/or to the vending apparatus 10 directly) only when it receives the compliance information and/or only when compliance exists. It is noted that compliance may involve fulfillment of both agreements (i.e., between the seller of goods 82 and the operator 80 , and between the vending machine manufacturer 86 and the operator 80 ). [0303] With reference to FIG. 27, a further example is illustrated of relationships, communications, and data exchanges among the vending machine operator 80 , the seller of goods 82 , and the financial institution 88 . The relationship, communication, and data exchange between the vending machine operator 80 and the seller of goods 82 may be, for example, substantially similar to those described above with respect to FIG. 26. In the example illustrated in FIG. 27, the vending machine operator 80 also enters into an agreement with the financial institution 88 dictating the sale, loan, or lease of the vending apparatus 10 . The terms of this agreement are communicated to the seller of goods 82 as illustrated by line 60 . The terms of this agreement may dictate that the vending machine operator 80 provide payments to the financial institution 88 (which may be fixed and/or dependent on the sale of goods from the vending apparatus 10 ) as illustrated by line 70 A. [0304] In order to ensure that the financial institution 88 receives its payments and the seller of goods 82 receives any financial benefits defined by its agreement with the vending machine operator 80 , the financial institution 88 may release, for example, continuation codes, re-enable codes, disable codes, etc. to the vending machine operator 80 (and/or the vending apparatus 10 directly) as illustrated by line 64 A. Thus, the financial institution 88 may withhold the continuation codes if, for example, it does not receive payments from the vending machine operator 80 and/or if the compliance information (line 68 ) provided by the seller of goods 82 indicates that the seller of goods 82 is not receiving its financial benefits from the vending machine operator 80 . [0305] With reference to FIG. 28, a further example is illustrated of relationships, communications, and data exchanges among the vending machine operator 80 , the ADMC 84 , and one or more of the vending machine manufacturer 86 and the financial institution 88 . In this example, certain responsibilities and burdens are shifted from the seller of goods 82 and/or the vending machine manufacturer 86 (and/or the financial institution 88 ) as compared with the previous examples discussed hereinabove. For example, the ADMC 84 receives prescribed data concerning the sale of goods from the vending apparatus 10 (line 66 ) and preferably makes a determination of the propriety of releasing disable control information, for example, continuation codes to the vending machine operator 80 (and/or directly to the vending apparatus 10 ) as illustrated by line 62 . [0306] By way of example, the vending machine operator 80 may have entered into an agreement with the vending machine manufacturer 86 (or financial institution 88 ) concerning the sale and/or lease of the vending apparatus 10 , which agreement may prescribe that the vending machine operator 80 provide payments to the vending machine manufacturer 86 (or financial institution 88 ). (It is noted that these payments may be fixed or subject to the sales of goods from the vending apparatus 10 ). Information concerning the terms of this agreement may be communicated to the ADMC 84 as illustrated by line 60 . The vending manufacturer 86 (or financial institution 88 ) may provide information to the ADMC 84 as to compliance by the vending machine operator 80 in making the prescribed payments as illustrated by line 68 . Advantageously, the vending machine manufacturer 86 may ensure that it receives such prescribed payments from the vending machine operator 80 because the ADMC 84 may, for example, withhold the continuation codes from the vending machine operator 80 if such payments are not made. [0307] With reference to FIG. 29, a further example is illustrated of one or more relationships, communications, and data exchanges among the vending machine operator 80 , the seller of goods 82 , and the ADMC 84 . One skilled in the art will appreciate that many of the details concerning the relationships, communications, and data exchanges may be readily determined in light of the previous examples presented hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 22 - 28 and will not be repeated here. It is noted, however, that the example shown in FIG. 29 contemplates an agreement between the seller of goods 82 and the vending machine operator 80 that dictates that the vending machine operator 80 provide certain prescribed data to the seller of goods 82 in order to partially or fully comply with the terms of the agreement. Such data may include, for example, information concerning the habits and/or preferences of users of the vending apparatus 10 , for example, what a user's next choice is likely to be when the user's first choice of goods is not in inventory in the vending apparatus 10 . Advantageously, the mechanisms and/or processes contemplated by the example of FIG. 29 ensure that the seller of goods 82 receives such prescribed data from the vending machine operator 80 . Indeed, if the vending machine operator 80 fails to provide such prescribed data in accordance with its obligations, the seller of goods 82 may authorize the ADMC 84 to, for example, withhold the continuation codes (line 62 ) from the vending machine operator 80 , thereby preventing him from enjoying the financial benefits of the vending apparatus 10 . [0308] With reference to FIG. 30, one skilled in the art will appreciate from the disclosure herein that many variations and modifications on the relationships, communication paths, data exchanges, etc. illustrated hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 22 - 29 (and the other figures and discussions in this description) may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. In the example illustrated in FIG. 30, the relationships, communications, data exchanges, etc. discussed hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 27 and 28 have been combined. It is noted that in this example, the vending machine operator 80 must rely on receiving information (or avoiding receiving information), such as continuation codes, re-enable codes, disable codes, etc., from two entities, namely, the financial institution 88 and the ADMC 84 in order to enjoy the financial benefits of the vending apparatus 10 . The agreements among these entities may be set up such that at least one or both of the sources of disable code information must be received (e.g., when the information includes continuation codes) or avoided (e.g., when the information includes disable codes) in order to ensure that the vending apparatus 10 is capable of vending goods. In this way, multiple entities may be ensured that the vending machine operator 80 complies with its contractual obligation with them. [0309] With reference to FIG. 31, a further example is illustrated of relationships, communications, data exchanges, etc., among the operator 80 , seller of goods 82 , ADMC 84 , the vending machine manufacturer 86 , and the financial institution 88 . One skilled in the art will appreciate that this example is comprised of a combination of the examples illustrated in FIGS. 23, 28 and 29 and, therefore, a repeat of details already discussed hereinabove with respect to those figures will not be made here. It is noted, however, that the entities may ensure that compliance with the one or more agreements may be ensured by way of, for example, one source of disable control information (line 62 ) that may include continuation codes, re-enable codes, disable codes, etc. Indeed, the advantages of employing the ADMC 84 as a central hub for information and control is apparent in that compliance of many contractual obligations among the entities may be ensured by way of a single source (e.g., the ADMC 84 ) of the disable control information. [0310] The following numbered paragraphs provide further details concerning the elements, actions, and/or steps that are contemplated as falling within the scope of the methods and/or apparatus of the present invention: [0311] 1. A vending apparatus, comprising: [0312] at least one storage area being operable to store goods for sale; [0313] at least one retrieving device operable to retrieve the goods from the storage area and to dispense the goods from the vending apparatus; and [0314] a processing unit operable to (i) permit the dispensing of goods from the vending apparatus for an interval, (ii) partially disable the vending apparatus from dispensing at least some of the goods at an end of the interval, and (iii) not at least partially disable the vending apparatus at the end of the interval if a continuation code is received by the vending apparatus before the end of the interval. [0315] 2. The vending apparatus of paragraph 1, wherein the processing unit is further operable to (iii) continue the partial disablement of the vending apparatus for a predefined period of time after the end of the interval irrespective of whether the continuation code was received before the end of the interval, and (iv) at least partially re-enable the vending apparatus if the continuation code is received by the vending apparatus before or after the end of the interval. [0316] 3. The vending apparatus of paragraph 1, wherein the goods are packaged goods. [0317] 4. The vending apparatus of paragraph 1, wherein the interval represents at least one of (i) one or more predefined periods of time; (ii) one or more predefined numbers of vends of goods from the vending apparatus; (iii) one or more predefined quanta of sales by the vending apparatus. [0318] 5. The vending apparatus of paragraph 4, wherein the processing unit is further operable to at least one of reset and modify the interval in response to the vending apparatus receiving the continuation code. [0319] 6. The vending apparatus of paragraph 5, wherein the continuation code includes an interval modification instruction and the processing unit is further operable to at least one of reset and modify the interval in response thereto. [0320] 7. The vending apparatus of paragraph 6, wherein the processing unit is further operable to at least one of increase and decrease the interval in response to the interval modification instruction. [0321] 8. The vending apparatus of paragraph 1, wherein the processing unit is further operable to decode the continuation code, the continuation code having been encrypted prior to making it available to the vending apparatus. [0322] 9. The vending apparatus of paragraph 1, further comprising at least one of: [0323] a goods selection keypad into which the continuation code may be entered into the vending apparatus; [0324] a dedicated keypad into which the continuation code may be entered into the vending apparatus; [0325] a data port through which the continuation code may be entered into the processing unit of the vending apparatus; and [0326] a communications unit operable to connect the vending apparatus to a communications network such that the continuation code may be input into the vending apparatus over the communications network. [0327] 10. The vending apparatus of paragraph 9, wherein the communications network includes at least one of a wire network, a telephone network, a radio frequency link, an infrared link, a local area network, a wide area network, and the Internet. [0328] 11. The vending apparatus of paragraph 1, wherein the processing unit is further operable to subject the sales of goods from the vending apparatus to at least one limitation. [0329] 12. The vending apparatus of paragraph 11, wherein processing unit is further operable to modify the at least one limitation in response to at least one limitation modification instruction contained in the continuation code. [0330] 13. The vending apparatus of paragraph 11, wherein the at least one limitation includes at least one of: (i) that the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) that inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) that goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) that advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) that a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) that a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) that prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (viii) that a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (ix) that a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) that a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; and (xi) that the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0331] 14. The vending apparatus of paragraph 13, wherein the limitation that the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods includes at least one of: (i) selling only goods of an authorized type; (ii) selling only goods of an authorized brand; (iii) selling only goods of an authorized size; (iv) selling only goods of an authorized weight; (v) selling only goods of an authorized expiration date; (vi) selling only goods of an authorized package type; (vii) selling only goods of an authorized period of manufacture; and (viii) selling only goods of an authorized place of manufacture. [0332] 15. The vending apparatus of paragraph 13, further comprising an article ID device operable to scan each article of goods that is dispensed from the vending apparatus and to provide information to the processing unit as to whether the limitation that the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods is either met or violated. [0333] 16. The vending apparatus of paragraph 15, wherein the article ID device includes at least one of a bar code scanner (reader), an optical reader, an image recognition system, an analog and/or digital still camera, an analog and/or digital video camera, a radio frequency identification device, and a magnetic reader. [0334] 17. The vending apparatus of paragraph 1, wherein the processing unit is further operable to enable the vending apparatus for sequential intervals so long as respective continuation codes are received by the vending apparatus for each interval, and no two sequential continuation codes are identical. [0335] 18. The vending apparatus of paragraph 1, wherein the processing unit is further operable to automatically enable the vending apparatus after a predefined period of time has elapsed after the vending apparatus has been disabled. [0336] 19. The vending apparatus of paragraph 1, wherein the processing unit is further operable to disable the vending apparatus from dispensing only a subset of the goods when the continuation code is not received before or after the end of the interval. [0337] 20. A method, comprising: [0338] permitting the dispensing of goods from a vending apparatus for an interval, the vending apparatus including at least one storage area being operable to store goods for sale and at least one retrieving device operable to retrieve the goods from the storage area and to dispense the goods from the vending apparatus; [0339] at least partially disabling the vending apparatus from dispensing at least some of the goods at an end of the interval; and [0340] not at least partially disabling the vending apparatus at the end of the interval if a continuation code is received by the vending apparatus before the end of the interval. [0341] 21. The method of paragraph 20 , further comprising: [0342] continuing the partial disablement of the vending apparatus for a predefined period of time after the end of the interval irrespective of whether the continuation code was received before the end of the interval; and [0343] at least partially re-enabling the vending apparatus if the continuation code is received by the vending apparatus before or after the end of the interval. [0344] 22. The method of paragraph 20, wherein the goods are packaged goods. [0345] 23. The method of paragraph 20, wherein the interval represents at least one of (i) one or more predefined periods of time; (ii) one or more predefined numbers of vends of goods from the vending apparatus; (iii) one or more predefined quanta of sales by the vending apparatus. [0346] 24. The method of paragraph 23, further comprising at least one of resetting and modifying the interval in response to the vending apparatus receiving the continuation code. [0347] 25. The method of paragraph 24, wherein the continuation code includes an interval modification instruction and the method further comprises at least one of resetting and modifying the interval in response thereto. [0348] 26. The method of paragraph 25, further comprising at least one of increasing and decreasing the interval in response to the interval modification instruction. [0349] 27. The method of paragraph 20, further comprising decoding the continuation code, the continuation code having been encrypted prior to making it available to the vending apparatus. [0350] 28. The method of paragraph 20, further comprising subjecting the sales of goods from the vending apparatus to at least one limitation. [0351] 29. The method of paragraph 28, further comprising modifying the at least one limitation in response to at least one limitation modification instruction contained in the continuation code. [0352] 30. The method of paragraph 28, wherein the at least one limitation includes at least one of: (i) that the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) that inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) that goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) that advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) that a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) that a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) that prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (viii) that a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (ix) that a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) that a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; and (xi) that the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0353] 31. The method of paragraph 30, wherein the limitation that the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods includes at least one of: (i) selling only goods of an authorized type; (ii) selling only goods of an authorized brand; (iii) selling only goods of an authorized size; (iv) selling only goods of an authorized weight; (v) selling only goods of an authorized expiration date; (vi) selling only goods of an authorized package type; (vii) selling only goods of an authorized period of manufacture; and (viii) selling only goods of an authorized place of manufacture. [0354] 32. A method, comprising: [0355] entering into at least one contractual obligation with at least one entity concerning sales of goods from a vending apparatus; and [0356] agreeing with the at least one entity that (i) the vending apparatus may be enabled to dispense the goods for an interval, (ii) the vending apparatus is at least partially disabled from dispensing at least some of the goods at an end of the interval, and (iii) the vending apparatus is not at least partially disabled at the end of the interval if a continuation code is received by the vending apparatus before the end of the interval. [0357] 33. The method of paragraph 32, wherein the step of agreeing with the at least one entity includes that (iii) the vending apparatus remains at least partially disabled for a predefined period of time after the end of the interval irrespective of whether the continuation code was received before the end of the interval, and (iv) the vending apparatus is at least partially re-enabled if the continuation code is received by the vending apparatus before or after the end of the interval. [0358] 34. The method of paragraphs 32, wherein the goods are packaged goods. [0359] 35. The method of paragraph 32, wherein the interval represents at least one of (i) one or more predefined periods of time; (ii) one or more predefined numbers of vends of goods from the vending apparatus; (iii) one or more predefined quanta of sales by the vending apparatus. [0360] 36. The method of paragraph 35, wherein the interval is at least one of reset and modified in response to the vending apparatus receiving the continuation code. [0361] 37. The method of paragraph 36, wherein the continuation code includes an interval modification instruction and the interval is at least one of reset and modified in response thereto. [0362] 38. The method of paragraph 37, wherein the interval is at least one of increased and decreased in response to the interval modification instruction. [0363] 39. The method of paragraph 32, further comprising agreeing with the at least one entity that the continuation code is made available to the vending apparatus after a determination is made that the at least one contractual obligation with the at least one entity has been at least one of satisfied and waived. [0364] 40. The method of paragraph 32, further comprising: [0365] determining whether the at least one contractual obligation with the at least one entity has been at least one of satisfied and waived; and [0366] making the continuation code available to the vending apparatus. [0367] 41. The method of paragraph 40, further comprising encrypting the continuation code prior to making it available to the vending apparatus. [0368] 42. The method of paragraph 40, further comprising making the continuation code available to the vending apparatus if the at least one contractual obligation has been at least one of satisfied and waived. [0369] 43. The method of paragraph 40, further comprising making the continuation code available to the vending apparatus even if the at least one contractual obligation has not been at least one of satisfied and waived. [0370] 44. The method of paragraph 40, wherein an authorized third party receives prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus, determines whether the at least one contractual obligation with the at least one entity has been satisfied based on at least some of the prescribed data, and makes the continuation code available to the vending apparatus. [0371] 45. The method of paragraph 40, further comprising: [0372] communicating with an authorized third party responsible for receiving prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; and [0373] determining whether the at least one contractual obligation with the at least one entity has been satisfied based on at least some of the prescribed data [0374] 46. The method of paragraph 43, further comprising making the continuation code available to the vending apparatus if the at least one contractual obligation has been at least one of satisfied and waived. [0375] 47. The method of paragraph 43, further comprising authorizing the third party to make the continuation code available to the vending apparatus. [0376] 48. The method of paragraph 40, 44 or 47, wherein the step of making the continuation code available to the vending apparatus includes at least one of: [0377] generating the continuation code and releasing the continuation code to the vending apparatus, to an intermediary entity, or to an entity responsible for inputting the continuation code into the vending apparatus; and [0378] authorizing a third party to at least one of generate the continuation code and release the continuation code to the vending apparatus, to an intermediary entity, or to an entity responsible for inputting the continuation code into the vending apparatus. [0379] 49. The method of paragraph 48, wherein at least one of the step of releasing the continuation code to the vending apparatus and inputting the continuation code into the vending apparatus includes at least one of: [0380] entering the continuation code into the vending apparatus through a goods selection keypad on the vending apparatus; [0381] entering the continuation code into the vending apparatus through a dedicated keypad on the vending apparatus; [0382] entering the continuation code into the vending apparatus through a portable computing device operable to connect to a data port of the vending apparatus; and [0383] entering the continuation code into the vending apparatus over a communications network to which the vending apparatus is connected. [0384] 50. The method of paragraph 49, wherein the communications network includes at least one of a wire network, a telephone network, a radio frequency link, an infrared link, a local area network, a wide area network, and the Internet. [0385] 51. The method of paragraph 32, further comprising agreeing with the at least one entity that the sales of goods from the vending apparatus are subject to at least one limitation. [0386] 52. The method of paragraph 51, wherein the continuation code includes at least one limitation modification instruction and the at least one limitation is modified in response thereto. [0387] 53. The method of paragraph 52, wherein the at least one limitation includes at least one of: (i) that the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) that inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) that goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) that advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) that a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) that a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) that prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (viii) that a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (ix) that a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) that a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; and (xi) that the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0388] 54. The method of paragraph 39 or 40, wherein the at least one contractual obligation includes at least one of: (i) an obligation not to steal receipts; (ii) an obligation to provide a quantum of money to the at least one entity based on the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; and (iii) an obligation not to tamper with the vending apparatus. [0389] 55. The method of paragraph 54, wherein tampering with the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) tampering with a goods identification sensor of the vending apparatus that is operable to determine details of a particular good as it is vended from the vending apparatus; (ii) tampering with a controller of the vending apparatus; and (iii) relocating the vending apparatus. [0390] 56. The method of paragraph 39 or 40, wherein the at least one contractual obligation includes at least one of: (i) an obligation to vend only authorized goods; (ii) an obligation to maintain inventory of one or more goods in the vending apparatus; (iii) an obligation not to steal receipts; (iv) an obligation to provide a quantum of money to the at least one entity based on the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; (v) an obligation to display goods in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (vi) an obligation to display advertising indicia on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (vii) an obligation to maintain a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus; (viii) an obligation to maintain a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus; (ix) an obligation to dispense prescribed quanta of one or more goods from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (x) an obligation to receive a prescribed quantum of money at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (xi) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods; (xii) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods in a predefined period of time; (xiii) an obligation to make prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus available to the at least one entity; (xiv) an obligation to maintain the vending apparatus in operation to a prescribed degree; and (xv) an obligation not to tamper with the vending apparatus. [0391] 57. The method of paragraph 56, wherein the obligation to sell only authorized goods includes at least one of: (i) selling only goods of an authorized type; (ii) selling only goods of an authorized brand; (iii) selling only goods of an authorized size; (iv) selling only goods of an authorized weight; (v) selling only goods of an authorized expiration date; (vi) selling only goods of an authorized package type; (vii) selling only goods of an authorized period of manufacture; and (viii) selling only goods of an authorized place of manufacture. [0392] 58. The method of paragraph 56, further comprising determining that the prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus are authentic prior to making the continuation code available to the vending apparatus. [0393] 59. The method of paragraph 58, wherein the determination that the prescribed data are authentic is based on at least one of encryption and a code among the prescribed data. [0394] 60. The method of paragraph 56, wherein the prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) a quantum of one or more types of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (ii) a quantum of one or more brands of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (iii) a ratio of one or more types of the goods sold to one or more other types of the goods sold in a predefined period of time; (iv) a ratio of one or more brands of the goods sold to one or more other brands of the goods sold in a predefined period of time; (v) respective dates of vends from the vending apparatus; (vi) respective times of vends from the vending apparatus; (vii) information concerning whether a particular good was out of inventory; (viii) information concerning what a next choice of goods was made by a purchaser when a particular good was out of inventory; (ix) information concerning whether the vending apparatus was operational; and (x) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods. [0395] 61. The method of paragraph 60, wherein the information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods includes information concerning at least one of (i) whether the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) whether inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) whether goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) whether advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) whether a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) whether a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) whether prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (viii) whether a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (ix) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; and (xi) whether the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0396] 62. The method of paragraph 56, wherein tampering with the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) tampering with a goods identification sensor of the vending apparatus that is operable to determine details of a particular good as it is vended from the vending apparatus; (ii) tampering with a controller of the vending apparatus; and (iii) relocating the vending apparatus. [0397] 63. The method of paragraph 32, wherein the vending apparatus may be enabled for sequential intervals so long as respective continuation codes are received by the vending apparatus for each interval, and no two sequential continuation codes are identical. [0398] 64. The method of paragraph 32, wherein after having been disabled at the end of an interval, the vending apparatus is automatically enabled after a predefined period of time has elapsed. [0399] 65. The method of paragraph 64, wherein the vending apparatus produces the continuation code after the predefined period of time has elapsed such that the vending apparatus is automatically enabled. [0400] 66. The method of paragraph 32, wherein the vending apparatus is disabled from vending only a subset of the goods when the continuation code is not received before or after the end of the interval. [0401] 67. The method of paragraph 32, wherein the at least one entity includes at least one of a manufacturer of the vending apparatus, an operator responsible to at least stock the vending apparatus with the goods and collect receipts from the vending apparatus, a seller of one or more goods to be vended from the vending apparatus, a distributor or agent of the seller of one or more goods, a lender of money to an entity to purchase the vending apparatus, a lessor of the vending apparatus to an entity, and a holder of property on which the vending apparatus is located. [0402] 68. The method of paragraph 67, further comprising the operator entering into a contract with at least one of the lender, the lessor, and the holder, wherein the at least one contractual obligation includes at least one of: (i) an obligation on the part of the operator not to steal receipts; (ii) an obligation on the part of the operator to provide one or more quanta of money to one or more of the lender, the lessor, and the holder based on the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; and (iii) an obligation on the part of the operator not to tamper with the vending apparatus. [0403] 69. The method of paragraph 67, further comprising the operator entering into a contract with at least one of the seller of goods, the distributor, and the agent, wherein the at least one contractual obligation includes at least one of: (i) an obligation to vend only authorized goods; (ii) an obligation to maintain inventory of one or more goods in the vending apparatus; (iii) an obligation not to steal receipts; (iv) an obligation to provide a quantum of money to the at least one entity based on the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; (v) an obligation to display goods in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (vi) an obligation to display advertising indicia on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (vii) an obligation to maintain a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus; (viii) an obligation to maintain a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus; (ix) an obligation to dispense prescribed quanta of one or more goods from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (x) an obligation to receive a prescribed quantum of money at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (xi) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods; (xii) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods in a predefined period of time; (xiii) an obligation to make prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus available to the at least one entity; (xiv) an obligation to maintain the vending apparatus in operation to a prescribed degree; and (xv) an obligation not to tamper with the vending apparatus. [0404] 70. The method of paragraph 69, further comprising at least one of the seller of goods, the distributor, and the agent providing the manufacturer of the vending apparatus a quantum of money for making the vending apparatus available to the operator, wherein the vending apparatus includes limitations under which it vends the goods and will automatically be at least partially disabled if the limitations are not met. [0405] 71. The method of paragraph 70, wherein the limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods includes at least one of (i) that the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) that inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) that goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) that advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) that a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) that a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) that prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (viii) that a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (ix) that a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) that a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; and (xi) that the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0406] 72. The method of paragraph 68 or 69, wherein the continuation code is made available to the vending apparatus after a determination is made that the at least one contractual obligation with the lessor has been at least one of satisfied and waived. [0407] 73. The method of paragraph 68 or 69, wherein at least one of the lender, the lessor, the holder, the seller of goods, the distributor, and the agent determines whether the operator has satisfied the at least one contractual obligation and makes the continuation code available to the vending apparatus after the determination has been made. [0408] 74. The method of paragraph 73, wherein: [0409] the vending apparatus is not at least partially disabled at the end of the interval if a plurality of continuation codes are received by the vending apparatus before the end of the interval; and [0410] at least two of the lender, the lessor, the holder, the seller of goods, the distributor, and the agent makes the plurality of continuation codes available to the vending apparatus after the determination has been made. [0411] 75. A vending apparatus, comprising: [0412] at least one storage area being operable to store goods for sale; [0413] at least one retrieving device operable to retrieve the goods from the storage area and to dispense the goods from the vending apparatus; and [0414] a processing unit operable to (i) permit the dispensing of the goods from the vending apparatus, and (ii) at least partially disable the vending apparatus from dispensing at least some of the goods when an externally generated disable code is received by the vending apparatus. [0415] 76. The vending apparatus of paragraph 75, wherein the goods are packaged goods. [0416] 77. The vending apparatus of paragraph 75, wherein the processing unit is further operable to decode the disable code, the disable code having been encrypted prior to being received by the vending apparatus. [0417] 78. The vending apparatus of paragraph 75, further comprising a goods selection keypad into which the disable code may be entered into the vending apparatus; [0418] a dedicated keypad into which the disable code may be entered into the vending apparatus; [0419] a data port through which the disable code may be entered into the processing unit of the vending apparatus; and [0420] a communications unit operable to connect the vending apparatus to a communications network such that the disable code may be input into the vending apparatus over the communications network. [0421] 79. The vending apparatus of paragraph 78, wherein the communications network includes at least one of a wire network, a telephone network, a radio frequency link, an infrared link, a local area network, a wide area network, and the Internet. [0422] 80. The vending apparatus of paragraph 75, wherein the processing unit is operable to disable the vending apparatus from dispensing only a subset of the goods when the disable code is not received before or after the end of the interval. [0423] 81. A method, comprising: [0424] permitting the dispensing of goods from a vending apparatus, the vending apparatus including at least one storage area being operable to store the goods for sale and at least one retrieving device operable to retrieve the goods from the storage area and to dispense the goods from the vending apparatus; and [0425] at least partially disabling the vending apparatus from dispensing at least some of the goods when an externally generated disable code is received by the vending apparatus. [0426] 82. The method of paragraph 81, wherein the goods are packaged goods. [0427] 83. The method of paragraph 81, further comprising decoding the disable code, the disable code having been encrypted prior to being received by the vending apparatus. [0428] 84. The method of paragraph 81, further comprising disabling the vending apparatus from dispensing only a subset of the goods when the disable code is not received before or after the end of the interval. [0429] 85. A method, comprising: [0430] entering into at least one contractual obligation with at least one entity concerning sales of goods from a vending apparatus; and [0431] agreeing with the at least one entity that (i) the vending apparatus may be enabled to dispense the goods, and (ii) the vending apparatus may be at least partially disabled from dispensing at least some of the goods when an externally generated disable code is received by the vending apparatus. [0432] 86. The method of paragraph 81, wherein the goods are packaged goods. [0433] 87. The method of paragraph 81, further comprising agreeing with the at least one entity that the disable code may be made available to the vending apparatus after a determination is made that the at least one contractual obligation with the at least one entity has not been at least one of satisfied and waived. [0434] 88. The method of paragraph 81, further comprising: [0435] determining whether the at least one contractual obligation with the at least one entity has been at least one of satisfied and waived; and [0436] making the disable code available to the vending apparatus if the at least one contractual obligation has not been at least one of satisfied and waived. [0437] 89. The method of pararaph 88, further comprising encrypting the disable code prior to making it available to the vending apparatus. [0438] 90. The method of paragraph 88, wherein an authorized third party receives prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus, determines whether the at least one contractual obligation with the at least one entity has been satisfied based on at least some of the prescribed data, and makes the disable code available to the vending apparatus if the at least one contractual obligation has not been at least one of satisfied and waived. [0439] 91. The method of paragraph 88, further comprising: [0440] communicating with an authorized third party responsible for receiving prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; and [0441] determining whether the at least one contractual obligation with the at least one entity has been satisfied based on at least some of the prescribed data. [0442] 92. The method of paragraph 91, further comprising making the disable code available to the vending apparatus if the at least one contractual obligation has not been at least one of satisfied and waived. [0443] 93. The method of paragraph 91, further comprising authorizing the third party to make the disable code available to the vending apparatus if the at least one contractual obligation has not been at least one of satisfied and waived. [0444] 94. The method of paragraph 88, 90 or 93, wherein the step of making the disable code available to the vending apparatus includes at least one of: [0445] generating the disable code and releasing the disable code to the vending apparatus, to an intermediary entity, or to an entity responsible for inputting the disable code into the vending apparatus; and [0446] authorizing a third party to at least one of generate the disable code and release the disable code to the vending apparatus, to an intermediary entity, or to an entity responsible for inputting the disable code into the vending apparatus. [0447] 95. The method of paragraph 94, wherein at least one of the step of releasing the disable code to the vending apparatus and inputting the disable code into the vending apparatus includes at least one of: [0448] entering the disable code into the vending apparatus through a goods selection keypad on the vending apparatus; [0449] entering the disable code into the vending apparatus through a dedicated keypad on the vending apparatus; [0450] entering the disable code into the vending apparatus through a portable computing device operable to connect to a data port of the vending apparatus; and [0451] entering the disable code into the vending apparatus over a communications network to which the vending apparatus is connected. [0452] 96. The method of paragraph 95, wherein the communications network includes at least one of a wire network, a telephone network, a radio frequency link, an infrared link, a local area network, a wide area network, and the Internet. [0453] 97. The method of paragraph 87 or 88, wherein the at least one contractual obligation includes at least one of: (i) an obligation not to steal receipts; (ii) an obligation to provide a quantum of money to the at least one entity based on the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; and (iii) an obligation not to tamper with the vending apparatus. [0454] 98. The method of paragraph 97, wherein tampering with the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) tampering with a goods identification sensor of the vending apparatus that is operable to determine details of a particular good as it is vended from the vending apparatus; (ii) tampering with a controller of the vending apparatus; and (iii) relocating the vending apparatus. [0455] 99. The method of paragraph 87 or 88, wherein the at least one contractual obligation includes at least one of: (i) an obligation to vend only authorized goods; (ii) an obligation to maintain inventory of one or more goods in the vending apparatus; (iii) an obligation not to steal receipts; (iv) an obligation to provide a quantum of money to the at least one entity based on the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; (v) an obligation to display goods in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (vi) an obligation to display advertising indicia on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (vii) an obligation to maintain a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus; (viii) an obligation to maintain a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus; (ix) an obligation to dispense prescribed quanta of one or more goods from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (x) an obligation to receive a prescribed quantum of money at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (xi) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods; (xii) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods in a predefined period of time; (xiii) an obligation to make prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus available to the at least one entity; (xiv) an obligation to maintain the vending apparatus in operation to a prescribed degree; and (xv) an obligation not to tamper with the vending apparatus. [0456] 100. The method of paragraph 99, wherein the obligation to sell only authorized goods includes at least one of: (i) selling only goods of an authorized type; (ii) selling only goods of an authorized brand; (iii) selling only goods of an authorized size; (iv) selling only goods of an authorized weight; (v) selling only goods of an authorized expiration date; (vi) selling only goods of an authorized package type; (vii) selling only goods of an authorized period of manufacture; and (viii) selling only goods of an authorized place of manufacture. [0457] 101. The method of paragraph 99, wherein the prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) a quantum of one or more types of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (ii) a quantum of one or more brands of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (iii) a ratio of one or more types of the goods sold to one or more other types of the goods sold in a predefined period of time; (iv) a ratio of one or more brands of the goods sold to one or more other brands of the goods sold in a predefined period of time; (v) respective dates of vends from the vending apparatus; (vi) respective times of vends from the vending apparatus; (vii) information concerning whether a particular good was out of inventory; (viii) information concerning what a next choice of goods was made by a purchaser when a particular good was out of inventory; (ix) information concerning whether the vending apparatus was operational; and (x) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods. [0458] 102. The method of paragraph 101, wherein the information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods includes information concerning at least one of (i) whether the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) whether inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) whether goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) whether advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) whether a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) whether a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) whether prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (viii) whether a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (ix) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; and (xi) whether the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0459] 103. The method of paragraph 99, wherein tampering with the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) tampering with a goods identification sensor of the vending apparatus that is operable to determine details of a particular good as it is vended from the vending apparatus; (ii) tampering with a controller of the vending apparatus; and (iii) relocating the vending apparatus. [0460] 104. The method of paragraph 81, wherein the vending apparatus is disabled from vending only a subset of the goods when the disable code is not received before or after the end of the interval. [0461] 105. The method of paragraph 81, wherein the at least one entity includes at least one of a manufacturer of the vending apparatus, an operator responsible to at least stock the vending apparatus with the goods and collect receipts from the vending apparatus, a seller of one or more goods to be vended from the vending apparatus, a distributor or agent of the seller of one or more goods, a lender of money to an entity to purchase the vending apparatus, a lessor of the vending apparatus to an entity, and a holder of property on which the vending apparatus is located. [0462] 106. The method of paragraph 105, further comprising the operator entering into a contract with at least one of the lender, the lessor, and the holder, wherein the at least one contractual obligation includes at least one of: (i) an obligation on the part of the operator not to steal receipts; (ii) an obligation on the part of the operator to provide one or more quanta of money to one or more of the lender, the lessor, and the holder based on the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; and (iii) an obligation on the part of the operator not to tamper with the vending apparatus. [0463] 107. The method of paragraph 105, further comprising the operator entering into a contract with at least one of the seller of goods, the distributor, and the agent, wherein the at least one contractual obligation includes at least one of: (i) an obligation to vend only authorized goods; (ii) an obligation to maintain inventory of one or more goods in the vending apparatus; (iii) an obligation not to steal receipts; (iv) an obligation to provide a quantum of money to the at least one entity based on the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; (v) an obligation to display goods in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (vi) an obligation to display advertising indicia on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (vii) an obligation to maintain a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus; (viii) an obligation to maintain a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus; (ix) an obligation to dispense prescribed quanta of one or more goods from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (x) an obligation to receive a prescribed quantum of money at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (xi) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods; (xii) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods in a predefined period of time; (xiii) an obligation to make prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus available to the at least one entity; (xiv) an obligation to maintain the vending apparatus in operation to a prescribed degree; and (xv) an obligation not to tamper with the vending apparatus. [0464] 108. The method of paragraph 107, further comprising at least one of the seller of goods, the distributor, and the agent providing the manufacturer of the vending apparatus a quantum of money for making the vending apparatus available to the operator, wherein the vending apparatus includes limitations under which it vends the goods and will automatically be at least partially disabled if the limitations are not met. [0465] 109. The method of paragraph 108, wherein the limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods includes at least one of (i) that the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) that inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) that goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) that advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) that a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) that a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) that prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (viii) that a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (ix) that a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) that a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; and (xi) that the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0466] 110. The method of paragraph 106 or 107, wherein the disable code is made available to the vending apparatus after a determination is made that the at least one contractual obligation with the lessor has not been at least one of satisfied and waived. [0467] 111. The method of paragraph 106 or 107, wherein at least one of the lender, the lessor, the holder, the seller of goods, the distributor, and the agent determines whether the operator has satisfied the at least one contractual obligation and makes the disable code available to the vending apparatus after the determination has been made. [0468] 112. The method of paragraph 111, wherein: [0469] the vending apparatus is not at least partially disabled unless a plurality of disable codes are received by the vending apparatus; and [0470] at least two of the lender, the lessor, the holder, the seller of goods, the distributor, and the agent makes the plurality of disable codes available to the vending apparatus after the determination has been made. [0471] 113. A vending apparatus, comprising: [0472] at least one storage area being operable to store goods for sale; [0473] at least one retrieving device operable to retrieve the goods from the storage area and to dispense the goods from the vending apparatus; and [0474] a processing unit operable to (i) permit the vending apparatus to dispense goods, (ii) at least partially disable the vending apparatus from dispensing at least some of the goods when a condition has occurred, and (iii) at least partially re-enabling the vending apparatus based on receiving a re-enable code. [0475] 114. The vending apparatus of paragraph 113, wherein the condition includes at least one of: [0476] one or more limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods are violated; [0477] one or more of the obligations have not been at least one of satisfied and waived; [0478] the vending apparatus receives an externally generated disable code; and [0479] the vending apparatus reaches an end of a predefined interval without having received a continuation code that permits the vending apparatus to dispense at least some of the goods. [0480] 115. The vending apparatus of paragraph 113, wherein the goods are packaged goods. [0481] 116. The vending apparatus of paragraph 114, wherein the interval represents at least one of (i) one or more predefined periods of time; (ii) one or more predefined numbers of vends of goods from the vending apparatus; (iii) one or more predefined quanta of sales by the vending apparatus. [0482] 117. The vending apparatus of paragraph 113, wherein the re-enable code is made available to the vending apparatus after a determination is made as to whether a resolution condition has been at least one of satisfied and waived. [0483] 118. The vending apparatus of paragraph 117, wherein the resolution condition includes at least one of: [0484] the one or more contractual obligations have been satisfied; and [0485] a penalty has been paid. [0486] 119. The vending apparatus of paragraph 113, wherein the processing unit is further operable to decode the re-enable code, the re-enable code having been encrypted prior to making it available to the vending apparatus. [0487] 120. The vending apparatus of paragraph 113, further comprising at least one of: [0488] a goods selection keypad into which the re-enable code may be entered into the vending apparatus; [0489] a dedicated keypad into which the re-enable code may be entered into the vending apparatus; [0490] a data port through which the re-enable code may be entered into the processing unit of the vending apparatus; and [0491] a communications unit operable to connect the vending apparatus to a communications network such that the re-enable code may be input into the vending apparatus over the communications network. [0492] 121. The vending apparatus of paragraph 120, wherein the communications network includes at least one of a wire network, a telephone network, a radio frequency link, an infrared link, a local area network, a wide area network, and the Internet. [0493] 122. The vending apparatus of paragraph 114, wherein, the condition includes that one or more limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods are violated, and the one or more limitations include: (i) that the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) that inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) that goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) that advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) that a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) that a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) that prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (viii) that a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (ix) that a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) that a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; and (xi) that the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0494] 123. The vending apparatus of paragraph 114 or 118, wherein the at least one contractual obligation includes at least one of: (i) an obligation not to steal receipts; (ii) an obligation to provide a quantum of money to the at least one entity based on the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; and (iii) an obligation not to tamper with the vending apparatus. [0495] 124. The vending apparatus of paragraph 123, wherein tampering with the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) tampering with a goods identification sensor of the vending apparatus that is operable to determine details of a particular good as it is vended from the vending apparatus; (ii) tampering with a controller of the vending apparatus; and (iii) relocating the vending apparatus. [0496] 125. The vending apparatus of paragraph 114 or 118, wherein the at least one contractual obligation includes at least one of: (i) an obligation to vend only authorized goods; (ii) an obligation to maintain inventory of one or more goods in the vending apparatus; (iii) an obligation not to steal receipts; (iv) an obligation to provide a quantum of money to the at least one entity based on the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; (v) an obligation to display goods in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (vi) an obligation to display advertising indicia on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (vii) an obligation to maintain a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus; (viii) an obligation to maintain a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus; (ix) an obligation to dispense prescribed quanta of one or more goods from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (x) an obligation to receive a prescribed quantum of money at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (xi) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods; (xii) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods in a predefined period of time; (xiii) an obligation to make prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus available to the at least one entity; (xiv) an obligation to maintain the vending apparatus in operation to a prescribed degree; and (xv) an obligation not to tamper with the vending apparatus. [0497] 126. The vending apparatus of paragraph 125, wherein the obligation to sell only authorized goods includes at least one of: (i) selling only goods of an authorized type; (ii) selling only goods of an authorized brand; (iii) selling only goods of an authorized size; (iv) selling only goods of an authorized weight; (v) selling only goods of an authorized expiration date; (vi) selling only goods of an authorized package type; (vii) selling only goods of an authorized period of manufacture; and (viii) selling only goods of an authorized place of manufacture. [0498] 127. The vending apparatus of paragraph 125, further comprising determining that the prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus are authentic prior to making the re-enable code available to the vending apparatus. [0499] 128. The vending apparatus of paragraph 127, wherein the determination that the prescribed data are authentic is based on at least one of encryption and a code among the prescribed data. [0500] 129. The vending apparatus of paragraph 125, wherein the prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) a quantum of one or more types of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (ii) a quantum of one or more brands of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (iii) a ratio of one or more types of the goods sold to one or more other types of the goods sold in a predefined period of time; (iv) a ratio of one or more brands of the goods sold to one or more other brands of the goods sold in a predefined period of time; (v) respective dates of vends from the vending apparatus; (vi) respective times of vends from the vending apparatus; (vii) information concerning whether a particular good was out of inventory; (viii) information concerning what a next choice of goods was made by a purchaser when a particular good was out of inventory; (ix) information concerning whether the vending apparatus was operational; and (x) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods. [0501] 130. The vending apparatus of paragraph 129, wherein the information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods includes information concerning at least one of (i) whether the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) whether inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) whether goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) whether advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) whether a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) whether a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) whether prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (viii) whether a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (ix) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; and (xi) whether the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0502] 131. The vending apparatus of paragraph 125, wherein tampering with the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) tampering with a goods identification sensor of the vending apparatus that is operable to determine details of a particular good as it is vended from the vending apparatus; (ii) tampering with a controller of the vending apparatus; and (iii) relocating the vending apparatus. [0503] 132. A method, comprising: [0504] permitting a vending apparatus to dispense goods, the vending apparatus including at least one storage area being operable to store the goods for sale and at least one retrieving device operable to retrieve the goods from the storage area and to dispense the goods from the vending apparatus; [0505] at least partially disabling the vending apparatus from dispensing at least some of the goods when a condition has occurred; and [0506] at least partially re-enabling the vending apparatus based on receiving a re-enable code. [0507] 133. The method of paragraph 132, wherein the condition includes at least one of: [0508] one or more limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods are violated; [0509] one or more of the obligations have not been at least one of satisfied and waived; [0510] the vending apparatus receives an externally generated disable code; and [0511] the vending apparatus reaches an end of a predefined interval without having received a continuation code that permits the vending apparatus to dispense at least some of the goods. [0512] 134. The method of paragraph 132, wherein the goods are packaged goods. [0513] 135. The method of paragraph 133, wherein the interval represents at least one of (i) one or more predefined periods of time; (ii) one or more predefined numbers of vends of goods from the vending apparatus; (iii) one or more predefined quanta of sales by the vending apparatus. [0514] 136. The method of paragraph 132, wherein the re-enable code is made available to the vending apparatus after a determination is made as to whether a resolution condition has been at least one of satisfied and waived. [0515] 137. The method of paragraph 136, wherein the resolution condition includes at least one of: [0516] the one or more contractual obligations have been satisfied; and [0517] a penalty has been paid. [0518] 138. The method of paragraph 132, further comprising decoding the re-enable code, the re-enable code having been encrypted prior to making it available to the vending apparatus. [0519] 139. The method of paragraph 133,wherein, the condition includes that one or more limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods are violated, and the one or more limitations include: (i) that the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) that inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) that goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) that advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) that a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) that a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) that prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (viii) that a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (ix) that a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) that a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; and (xi) that the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0520] 140. The method of paragraph 133 or 137, wherein the at least one contractual obligation includes at least one of: (i) an obligation not to steal receipts; (ii) an obligation to provide a quantum of money to the at least one entity based on the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; and (iii) an obligation not to tamper with the vending apparatus. [0521] 141. The method of paragraph 140, wherein tampering with the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) tampering with a goods identification sensor of the vending apparatus that is operable to determine details of a particular good as it is vended from the vending apparatus; (ii) tampering with a controller of the vending apparatus; and (iii) relocating the vending apparatus. [0522] 142. The method of paragraph 133 or 137, wherein the at least one contractual obligation includes at least one of: (i) an obligation to vend only authorized goods; (ii) an obligation to maintain inventory of one or more goods in the vending apparatus; (iii) an obligation not to steal receipts; (iv) an obligation to provide a quantum of money to the at least one entity based on the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; (v) an obligation to display goods in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (vi) an obligation to display advertising indicia on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (vii) an obligation to maintain a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus; (viii) an obligation to maintain a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus; (ix) an obligation to dispense prescribed quanta of one or more goods from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (x) an obligation to receive a prescribed quantum of money at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (xi) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods; (xii) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods in a predefined period of time; (xiii) an obligation to make prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus available to the at least one entity; (xiv) an obligation to maintain the vending apparatus in operation to a prescribed degree; and (xv) an obligation not to tamper with the vending apparatus. [0523] 143. The method of paragraph 142, wherein the obligation to sell only authorized goods includes at least one of: (i) selling only goods of an authorized type; (ii) selling only goods of an authorized brand; (iii) selling only goods of an authorized size; (iv) selling only goods of an authorized weight; (v) selling only goods of an authorized expiration date; (vi) selling only goods of an authorized package type; (vii) selling only goods of an authorized period of manufacture; and (viii) selling only goods of an authorized place of manufacture. [0524] 144. The method of paragraph 142, further comprising determining that the prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus are authentic prior to making the re-enable code available to the vending apparatus. [0525] 145. The method of paragraph 144, wherein the determination that the prescribed data are authentic is based on at least one of encryption and a code among the prescribed data. [0526] 146. The method of paragraph 142, wherein the prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) a quantum of one or more types of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (ii) a quantum of one or more brands of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (iii) a ratio of one or more types of the goods sold to one or more other types of the goods sold in a predefined period of time; (iv) a ratio of one or more brands of the goods sold to one or more other brands of the goods sold in a predefined period of time; (v) respective dates of vends from the vending apparatus; (vi) respective times of vends from the vending apparatus; (vii) information concerning whether a particular good was out of inventory; (viii) information concerning what a next choice of goods was made by a purchaser when a particular good was out of inventory; (ix) information concerning whether the vending apparatus was operational; and (x) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods. [0527] 147. The method of paragraph 146, wherein the information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods includes information concerning at least one of (i) whether the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) whether inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) whether goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) whether advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) whether a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) whether a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) whether prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (viii) whether a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (ix) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; and (xi) whether the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0528] 148. The method paragraph 142, wherein tampering with the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) tampering with a goods identification sensor of the vending apparatus that is operable to determine details of a particular good as it is vended from the vending apparatus; (ii) tampering with a controller of the vending apparatus; and (iii) relocating the vending apparatus. [0529] 149. A method, comprising: [0530] entering into at least one contractual obligation with at least one entity concerning sales of goods from a vending apparatus; and [0531] agreeing with the at least one entity that (i) the vending apparatus may be enabled to dispense the goods, (ii) the vending apparatus may be at least partially disabled from dispensing at least some of the goods when a condition has occurred, and (iii) the vending apparatus may be at least partially re-enabled by receiving a re-enable code after having been at least partially disabled. [0532] 150. The method of paragraph 149, wherein the condition includes at least one of: [0533] one or more limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods are violated; [0534] one or more of the obligations have not been at least one of satisfied and waived; [0535] the vending apparatus receives an externally generated disable code; and [0536] the vending apparatus reaches an end of a predefined interval without having received a continuation code that permits the vending apparatus to dispense at least some of the goods. [0537] 151. The method of paragraph 149, wherein the goods are packaged goods. [0538] 152. The method of paragraph 150, wherein the interval represents at least one of (i) one or more predefined periods of time; (ii) one or more predefined numbers of vends of goods from the vending apparatus; (iii) one or more predefined quanta of sales by the vending apparatus. [0539] 153. The method of paragraph 149, further comprising agreeing with the at least one entity that the re-enable code is made available to the vending apparatus after a determination is made as to whether a resolution condition has been at least one of satisfied and waived. [0540] 154. The method of paragraph 153, wherein the resolution condition includes at least one of: [0541] the one or more contractual obligations have been satisfied; and [0542] a penalty has been paid. [0543] 155. The method of paragraph 149, further comprising: [0544] determining whether a resolution condition has been at least one of satisfied and waived; and [0545] making the re-enable code available to the vending apparatus. [0546] 156. The method of paragraph 155, further comprising encrypting the re-enable code prior to making it available to the vending apparatus. [0547] 157. The method of paragraph 155, further comprising making the re-enable code available to the vending apparatus if at least one of (i) the at least one contractual obligation has been at least one of satisfied and waived; and (ii) a penalty has been paid. [0548] 158. The method of paragraph 155, wherein an authorized third party receives prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus, determines whether the resolution condition has been satisfied based on at least some of the prescribed data, and makes the re-enable code available to the vending apparatus. [0549] 159. The method of paragraph 155, further comprising: [0550] communicating with an authorized third party responsible for receiving prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; and [0551] determining whether the resolution condition has been satisfied based on at least some of the prescribed data. [0552] 160. The method of paragraph 159, further comprising making the re-enable code available to the vending apparatus if the at least one resolution condition has been at least one of satisfied and waived. [0553] 161. The method of paragraph 160, further comprising authorizing the third party to make the re-enable code available to the vending apparatus. [0554] 162. The method of paragraph 155, 158 or 161, wherein the step of making the re-enable code available to the vending apparatus includes at least one of: [0555] generating the re-enable code and releasing the re-enable code to the vending apparatus, to an intermediary entity, or to an entity responsible for inputting the re-enable code into the vending apparatus; and [0556] authorizing a third party to at least one of generate the re-enable code and release the re-enable code to the vending apparatus, to an intermediary entity, or to an entity responsible for inputting the re-enable code into the vending apparatus. [0557] 163. The method of paragraph 162, wherein at least one of the step of releasing the re-enable code to the vending apparatus and inputting the re-enable code into the vending apparatus includes at least one of: [0558] entering the re-enable code into the vending apparatus through a goods selection keypad on the vending apparatus; [0559] entering the re-enable code into the vending apparatus through a dedicated keypad on the vending apparatus; [0560] entering the re-enable code into the vending apparatus through a portable computing device operable to connect to a data port of the vending apparatus; and [0561] entering the re-enable code into the vending apparatus over a communications network to which the vending apparatus is connected. [0562] 164. The method of paragraph 163, wherein the communications network includes at least one of a wire network, a telephone network, a radio frequency link, an infrared link, a local area network, a wide area network, and the Internet. [0563] 165. The method of paragraph 150, wherein, the condition includes that one or more limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods are violated, and the one or more limitations include: (i) that the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) that inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) that goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) that advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) that a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) that a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) that prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (viii) that a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (ix) that a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) that a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; and (xi) that the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0564] 166. The method of paragraph 150 or 154, wherein the at least one contractual obligation includes at least one of: (i) an obligation not to steal receipts; (ii) an obligation to provide a quantum of money to the at least one entity based on the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; and (iii) an obligation not to tamper with the vending apparatus. [0565] 167. The method of paragraph 166, wherein tampering with the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) tampering with a goods identification sensor of the vending apparatus that is operable to determine details of a particular good as it is vended from the vending apparatus; (ii) tampering with a controller of the vending apparatus; and (iii) relocating the vending apparatus. [0566] 168. The method of paragraph 150 or 154, wherein the at least one contractual obligation includes at least one of: (i) an obligation to vend only authorized goods; (ii) an obligation to maintain inventory of one or more goods in the vending apparatus; (iii) an obligation not to steal receipts; (iv) an obligation to provide a quantum of money to the at least one entity based on the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; (v) an obligation to display goods in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (vi) an obligation to display advertising indicia on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (vii) an obligation to maintain a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus; (viii) an obligation to maintain a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus; (ix) an obligation to dispense prescribed quanta of one or more goods from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (x) an obligation to receive a prescribed quantum of money at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (xi) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods; (xii) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods in a predefined period of time; (xiii) an obligation to make prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus available to the at least one entity; (xiv) an obligation to maintain the vending apparatus in operation to a prescribed degree; and (xv) an obligation not to tamper with the vending apparatus. [0567] 169. The method of paragraph 168, wherein the obligation to sell only authorized goods includes at least one of: (i) selling only goods of an authorized type; (ii) selling only goods of an authorized brand; (iii) selling only goods of an authorized size; (iv) selling only goods of an authorized weight; (v) selling only goods of an authorized expiration date; (vi) selling only goods of an authorized package type; (vii) selling only goods of an authorized period of manufacture; and (viii) selling only goods of an authorized place of manufacture. [0568] 170. The method of paragraph 168, further comprising determining that the prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus are authentic prior to making the re-enable code available to the vending apparatus. [0569] 171. The method of paragraph 170, wherein the determination that the prescribed data are authentic is based on at least one of encryption and a code among the prescribed data. [0570] 172. The method of paragraph 168, wherein the prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) a quantum of one or more types of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (ii) a quantum of one or more brands of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (iii) a ratio of one or more types of the goods sold to one or more other types of the goods sold in a predefined period of time; (iv) a ratio of one or more brands of the goods sold to one or more other brands of the goods sold in a predefined period of time; (v) respective dates of vends from the vending apparatus; (vi) respective times of vends from the vending apparatus; (vii) information concerning whether a particular good was out of inventory; (viii) information concerning what a next choice of goods was made by a purchaser when a particular good was out of inventory; (ix) information concerning whether the vending apparatus was operational; and (x) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods. [0571] 173. The method of paragraph 172, wherein the information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods includes information concerning at least one of (i) whether the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) whether inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) whether goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) whether advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) whether a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) whether a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) whether prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (viii) whether a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (ix) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; and (xi) whether the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0572] 174. The method of paragraph 168, wherein tampering with the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) tampering with a goods identification sensor of the vending apparatus that is operable to determine details of a particular good as it is vended from the vending apparatus; (ii) tampering with a controller of the vending apparatus; and (iii) relocating the vending apparatus. [0573] 175. The method of paragraph 149, wherein after having been disabled, the vending apparatus is automatically enabled after a predefined period of time has elapsed. [0574] 176. The method of paragraph 175, wherein the vending apparatus produces the re-enable code after the predefined period of time has elapsed such that the vending apparatus is automatically enabled. [0575] 177. The method of paragraph 149, wherein the vending apparatus is disabled from vending only a subset of the goods when the re-enable code is not received before or after the end of the interval. [0576] 178. The method of paragraph 149, 150, or 154, wherein the at least one entity includes at least one of a manufacturer of the vending apparatus, an operator responsible to at least stock the vending apparatus with the goods and collect receipts from the vending apparatus, a seller of one or more goods to be vended from the vending apparatus, a distributor or agent of the seller of one or more goods, a lender of money to an entity to purchase the vending apparatus, a lessor of the vending apparatus to an entity, and a holder of property on which the vending apparatus is located. [0577] 179. The method of paragraph 178, further comprising the operator entering into a contract with at least one of the lender, the lessor, and the holder, wherein the at least one contractual obligation includes at least one of: (i) an obligation on the part of the operator not to steal receipts; (ii) an obligation on the part of the operator to provide one or more quanta of money to one or more of the lender, the lessor, and the holder based on the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; and (iii) an obligation on the part of the operator not to tamper with the vending apparatus. [0578] 180. The method of paragraph 178, further comprising the operator entering into a contract with at least one of the seller of goods, the distributor, and the agent, wherein the at least one contractual obligation includes at least one of: (i) an obligation to vend only authorized goods; (ii) an obligation to maintain inventory of one or more goods in the vending apparatus; (iii) an obligation not to steal receipts; (iv) an obligation to provide a quantum of money to the at least one entity based on the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; (v) an obligation to display goods in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (vi) an obligation to display advertising indicia on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (vii) an obligation to maintain a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus; (viii) an obligation to maintain a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus; (ix) an obligation to dispense prescribed quanta of one or more goods from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (x) an obligation to receive a prescribed quantum of money at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (xi) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods; (xii) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods in a predefined period of time; (xiii) an obligation to make prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus available to the at least one entity; (xiv) an obligation to maintain the vending apparatus in operation to a prescribed degree; and (xv) an obligation not to tamper with the vending apparatus. [0579] 181. The method of paragraph 180, further comprising at least one of the seller of goods, the distributor, and the agent providing the manufacturer of the vending apparatus a quantum of money for making the vending apparatus available to the operator, wherein the vending apparatus includes limitations under which it vends the goods and will automatically be at least partially disabled if the limitations are not met. [0580] 182. The method of paragraph 181, wherein the limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods includes at least one of (i) that the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) that inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) that goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) that advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) that a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) that a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) that prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (viii) that a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (ix) that a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) that a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; and (xi) that the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0581] 183. The method of paragraph 179 or 180, wherein the re-enable code is made available to the vending apparatus after a determination is made that the at least one contractual obligation with the lessor has been at least one of satisfied and waived. [0582] 184. The method of paragraph 179 or 180, wherein at least one of the lender, the lessor, the holder, the seller of goods, the distributor, and the agent determines whether the operator has satisfied the at least one contractual obligation and makes the re-enable code available to the vending apparatus after the determination has been made. [0583] 185. A vending apparatus, comprising: [0584] at least one storage area being operable to store goods for sale; [0585] at least one retrieving device operable to retrieve the goods from the storage area and to dispense the goods from the vending apparatus; and [0586] a processing unit operable to (i) monitor a first selection of goods for purchase made by a user of the vending apparatus; (ii) determine whether the first selection is for at least some goods that are out of inventory within the vending apparatus; and (iii) monitor at least a second selection of goods for purchase made by the user in response to the first selection of goods being out of inventory. [0587] 186. The vending apparatus of paragraph 185, wherein the processing unit is further operable to determine whether goods of at least one of a particular type, a particular brand, a particular price, a particular size, a particular weight, a particular expiration date, a particular package type, a particular period of manufacture, and a particular place of manufacture, are out of inventory within the vending apparatus. [0588] 187. The vending apparatus of paragraph 185, wherein the processing unit is further operable to release the data from the vending apparatus to at least one interested entity. [0589] 188. The vending apparatus of paragraph 187, further comprising a communications unit through which the data may be released to at least one of (i) a portable computing device operable to connect to the communications unit; and (ii) a communications network to which the vending apparatus is connectable. [0590] 189. The vending apparatus of paragraph 188, wherein the communications network includes at least one of a wire network, a telephone network, a radio frequency link, an infrared link, a local area network, a wide area network, and the Internet. [0591] 190. The vending apparatus of paragraph 188, wherein the at least one interested entity includes one or more computers disposed at one or more remote locations from the vending apparatus. [0592] 191. The vending apparatus of paragraph 187, wherein the processing unit is further operable to encode the data prior to the step of releasing the data. [0593] 192. The vending apparatus of paragraph 191, wherein the function of encoding includes at least one of encrypting the data and augmenting the data with a code. [0594] 193. The vending apparatus of paragraph 185 wherein the vending apparatus is of a type that the user cannot see the goods inside the vending apparatus prior to making the first or second selections. [0595] 194. A vending apparatus, comprising: [0596] at least one storage area being operable to store goods for sale; [0597] at least one retrieving device operable to retrieve the goods from the storage area and to dispense the goods from the vending apparatus; and [0598] a processing unit operable to (i) monitor data concerning sales of the goods from the vending apparatus; and (ii) release the data from the vending apparatus to at least one interested entity, [0599] wherein the data include at least one of (i) information concerning vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus; (ii) information concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus obtained using a goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus; and (iii) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods. [0600] 195. The vending apparatus of paragraph 194, wherein the information concerning the vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) vending only goods of an authorized type; (ii) vending only goods of an authorized brand; (iii) vending only goods of an authorized size; (iv) vending only goods of an authorized weight; (v) vending only goods of an authorized expiration date; (vi) vending only goods of an authorized package type; (vii) vending only goods of an authorized period of manufacture; and (viii) vending only goods of an authorized place of manufacture. [0601] 196. The vending apparatus of paragraph 194, wherein the information concerning the vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus includes a number of times that unauthorized goods were vended or that attempts were made at vending unauthorized goods. [0602] 197. The vending apparatus of paragraph 194, wherein the goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) at least one bar code reader; (ii) at least one optical reader; (iii) at least one image recognition system; (iv) at least one digital still camera; (v) at least one video camera; (vi) at least one RF identification device; and (vii) at least one magnetic reader. [0603] 198. The vending apparatus of paragraph 194, wherein the information concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus obtained using a goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) a type of goods; (ii) a brand of the goods; (iii) a size of the goods; (iv) a weight of the goods; (v) an expiration date of the goods; (vi) a package type of the goods; (vii) a period of manufacture of the goods; and (viii) a place of manufacture of the goods. [0604] 199. The vending apparatus of paragraph 194, wherein the information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods includes information concerning at least one of (i) whether the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) whether inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) whether goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) whether advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) whether a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) whether a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) whether prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predetermined period of time; (viii) whether a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predetermined period of time; (ix) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predetermined period of time; and (xi) whether the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0605] 200. The vending apparatus of paragraph 194, wherein the data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus further includes at least one of: (i) a quantum of one or more types of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (ii) a quantum of one or more brands of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (iii) a ratio of one or more types of the goods sold to one or more other types of the goods sold in a predetermined period of time; (iv) a ratio of one or more brands of the goods sold to one or more other brands of the goods sold in a predetermined period of time; (v) respective dates of vends from the vending apparatus; (vi) respective times of vends from the vending apparatus; (vii) information concerning whether a particular good was out of inventory; (viii) information concerning what a next choice of goods was made by a purchaser when a particular good was out of inventory; and (ix) information concerning whether the vending apparatus was operational. [0606] 201. The vending apparatus of paragraph 194, further comprising a communications unit through which the data may be released to at least one of (i) a portable computing device operable to connect to the communications unit; and (ii) a communications network to which the vending apparatus is connectable. [0607] 202. The vending apparatus of paragraph 201, wherein the communications network includes at least one of a wire network, a telephone network, a radio frequency link, an infrared link, a local area network, a wide area network, and the Internet. [0608] 203. The vending apparatus of paragraph 202, wherein the at least one interested entity includes one or more computers disposed at one or more remote locations from the vending apparatus. [0609] 204. The vending apparatus of paragraph 194, wherein the processing unit is further operable to encode the data prior to the step of releasing the data. [0610] 205. The vending apparatus of paragraph 204, wherein the function of encoding includes at least one of encrypting the data and augmenting the data with a code. [0611] 206. A method of monitoring data concerning sales of goods from a vending apparatus, comprising: [0612] monitoring a first selection of goods for purchase made by a user of the vending apparatus; [0613] using the vending apparatus to determine whether the first selection is for at least some goods that are out of inventory within the vending apparatus; and [0614] using the vending apparatus to monitor at least a second selection of goods for purchase made by the user in response to the first selection of goods being out of inventory. [0615] 207. The method of paragraph 206, further comprising using the vending apparatus to determine whether goods of at least one of a particular type, a particular brand, a particular price, a particular size, a particular weight, a particular expiration date, a particular package type, a particular period of manufacture, and a particular place of manufacture, are out of inventory within the vending apparatus. [0616] 208. The method of paragraph 206, further comprising releasing the data from the vending apparatus to at least one interested entity. [0617] 209. The method of paragraph 208, wherein the step of releasing the data includes at least one of: [0618] releasing the data to a portable computing device operable to connect to a data port of the vending apparatus; and [0619] releasing the data over a communications network to which the vending apparatus is connectable. [0620] 210. The method of paragraph 209, wherein the communications network includes at least one of a wire network, a telephone network, a radio frequency link, an infrared link, a local area network, a wide area network, and the Internet. [0621] 211. The method of paragraph 209, wherein the at least one interested entity includes one or more computers disposed at one or more remote locations from the vending apparatus. [0622] 212. The method of paragraph 208, further comprising encoding the data prior to the step of releasing the data. [0623] 213. The method of paragraph 212, wherein the step of encoding includes at least one of encrypting the data and augmenting the data with a code. [0624] 214. The method of paragraph 206, wherein the vending apparatus is of a type that the user cannot see the goods inside the vending apparatus prior to making the first or second selections. [0625] 215. A method, comprising: [0626] using a vending apparatus to monitor data concerning sales of goods therefrom; and [0627] releasing the data from the vending apparatus to at least one interested entity, [0628] wherein the data include at least one of (i) information concerning vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus; (ii) information concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus obtained using a goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus; and (iii) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods. [0629] 216. The method of paragraph 215, wherein the information concerning the vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) vending only goods of an authorized type; (ii) vending only goods of an authorized brand; (iii) vending only goods of an authorized size; (iv) vending only goods of an authorized weight; (v) vending only goods of an authorized expiration date; (vi) vending only goods of an authorized package type; (vii) vending only goods of an authorized period of manufacture; and (viii) vending only goods of an authorized place of manufacture. [0630] 217. The method of paragraph 215, wherein the information concerning the vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus includes a number of times that unauthorized goods were vended or that attempts were made at vending unauthorized goods. [0631] 218. The method of paragraph 215, wherein the goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) at least one bar code reader, (ii) at least one optical reader; (iii) at least one image recognition system; (iv) at least one digital still camera; (v) at least one video camera; (vi) at least one RF identification device; and (vii) at least one magnetic reader. [0632] 219. The method of paragraph 215, wherein the information concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus obtained using a goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) a type of goods; (ii) a brand of the goods; (iii) a size of the goods; (iv) a weight of the goods; (v) an expiration date of the goods; (vi) a package type of the goods; (vii) a period of manufacture of the goods; and (viii) a place of manufacture of the goods. [0633] 220. The method of paragraph 215, wherein the information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods includes information concerning at least one of (i) whether the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) whether inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) whether goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) whether advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) whether a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) whether a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) whether prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predetermined period of time; (viii) whether a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predetermined period of time; (ix) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predetermined period of time; and (xi) whether the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0634] 221. The method of paragraph 215, wherein the data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus further includes at least one of: (i) a quantum of one or more types of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (ii) a quantum of one or more brands of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (iii) a ratio of one or more types of the goods sold to one or more other types of the goods sold in a predetermined period of time; (iv) a ratio of one or more brands of the goods sold to one or more other brands of the goods sold in a predetermined period of time; (v) respective dates of vends from the vending apparatus; (vi) respective times of vends from the vending apparatus; (vii) information concerning whether a particular good was out of inventory; (viii) information concerning what a next choice of goods was made by a purchaser when a particular good was out of inventory; and (ix) information concerning whether the vending apparatus was operational. [0635] 222. The method of paragraph 215, wherein the step of releasing the data includes at least one of: [0636] releasing the data to a portable computing device operable to connect to a data port of the vending apparatus; and [0637] releasing the data over a communications network to which the vending apparatus is connectable. [0638] 223. The method of paragraph 222, wherein the communications network includes at least one of a wire network, a telephone network, a radio frequency link an infrared link, a local area network, a wide area network, and the Internet. [0639] 224. The method of paragraph 223, wherein the at least one interested entity includes one or more computers disposed at one or more remote locations from the vending apparatus. [0640] 225. The method of paragraph 215, further comprising encoding the data prior to the step of releasing the data. [0641] 226. The method of paragraph 225, wherein the step of encoding includes at least one of encrypting the data and augmenting the data with a code. [0642] 227. A processing system, comprising: [0643] a data processor that is remote from at least one vending apparatus and operable to receive data from the vending apparatus concerning sales of goods from the vending apparatus; and [0644] a database operable to store at least some of the data, [0645] wherein the data include at least one of (i) information concerning vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus; (ii) information concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus obtained using a goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus; (iii) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods; and (iv) information concerning a user's second selection of goods from the vending apparatus in response to the user's first selection of goods being out of inventory in the vending apparatus. [0646] 228. The processing system of paragraph 227, wherein the information concerning the vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) vending only goods of an authorized type; (ii) vending only goods of an authorized brand; (iii) vending only goods of an authorized size; (iv) vending only goods of an authorized weight; (v) vending only goods of an authorized expiration date; (vi) vending only goods of an authorized package type; (vii) vending only goods of an authorized period of manufacture; and (viii) vending only goods of an authorized place of manufacture. [0647] 229. The processing system of paragraph 227, wherein the information concerning the vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus includes a number of times that unauthorized goods were vended or that attempts were made at vending unauthorized goods. [0648] 230. The processing system of paragraph 227, wherein the goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) at least one bar code reader; (ii) at least one optical reader; (iii) at least one image recognition system; (iv) at least one digital still camera; (v) at least one video camera; (vi) at least one RF identification device; and (vii) at least one magnetic reader. [0649] 231. The processing system of paragraph 227, wherein the information concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus obtained using a goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) a type of goods; (ii) a brand of the goods; (iii) a size of the goods; (iv) a weight of the goods; (v) an expiration date of the goods; (vi) a package type of the goods; (vii) a period of manufacture of the goods; and (viii) a place of manufacture of the goods. [0650] 232. The processing system of paragraph 227, wherein the information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods includes information concerning at least one of (i) whether the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) whether inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) whether goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) whether advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) whether a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) whether a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) whether prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predetermined period of time; (viii) whether a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predetermined period of time; (ix) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predetermined period of time; and (xi) whether the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0651] 233. The processing system of paragraph 227, wherein the data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus further includes at least one of: (i) a quantum of one or more types of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (ii) a quantum of one or more brands of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (iii) a ratio of one or more types of the goods sold to one or more other types of the goods sold in a predetermined period of time; (iv) a ratio of one or more brands of the goods sold to one or more other brands of the goods sold in a predetermined period of time; (v) respective dates of vends from the vending apparatus; (vi) respective times of vends from the vending apparatus; (vii) information concerning whether a particular good was out of inventory; (viii) information concerning what a next choice of goods was made by a purchaser when a particular good was out of inventory; and (ix) information concerning whether the vending apparatus was operational. [0652] 234. The processing system of paragraph 233, further comprising computing at least some of the data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus using the data processor. [0653] 235. The processing system of paragraph 227, wherein the goods of at least one of a particular type, a particular brand, a particular price, a particular size, a particular weight, a particular expiration date, a particular package type, a particular period of manufacture, and a particular place of manufacture, are out of inventory within the vending apparatus. [0654] 236. The processing system of paragraph 227 further comprising a communications unit through which the data may be at least one of received and transmitted to or from at least one of (i) a portable computing device operable to connect to the communications unit; and (ii) a communications network to which the data processor is connectable. [0655] 237. The processing system of paragraph 236, wherein the communications network includes at least one of a wire network, a telephone network, a radio frequency link, an infrared link, a local area network, a wide area network, and the Internet. [0656] 238. The processing system of paragraph 227, wherein the data processor is further operable to decode the data, the data having been encrypted prior to being received. [0657] 239. The processing system of paragraph 238, wherein the data processor is further operable to authenticate the data based on the data having been encrypted. [0658] 240. The processing system of paragraph 227, wherein the data processor is further operable to release the data to at least one interested party. [0659] 241. The processing system of paragraph 227, wherein the data processor is further operable to require that the at least one interested party provide an authorization code prior to releasing the data. [0660] 242. The processing system of paragraph 240, wherein the at least one interested party includes at least one of a manufacturer of the vending apparatus, an operator responsible to at least stock the vending apparatus with the goods and collect receipts from the vending apparatus, a seller of one or more goods to be vended from the vending apparatus, a distributor or agent of the seller of one or more goods, a lender of money to an entity to purchase the vending apparatus, a lessor of the vending apparatus to an entity, and a holder of property on which the vending apparatus is located. [0661] 243. The processing system of paragraph 227, wherein the data processor is further operable to produce at least one of a continuation code, a disable code, and a re-enable code, based on at least some of the data received from the vending apparatus, wherein the continuation code is for use by the vending apparatus to remain in an enabled state such that at least some of the goods may be dispensed therefrom, the disable code is for use in disabling the vending apparatus from dispensing at least some of the goods, and the re-enable code is for use in re-enabling the vending apparatus such that at least some of the goods may be dispensed therefrom after that vending apparatus has been at least partially disabled. [0662] 244. The processing system of paragraph 243, wherein the data processor is further operable to release at least one of the continuation code, the disable code, and the re-enable code, to the vending apparatus upon authorization by an interested party. [0663] 245. The processing system of paragraph 243, wherein the data processor is further operable to: [0664] determine whether at least one contractual obligation between at least two interested parties has been at least one of satisfied and waived using the central data processing system based on at least some of the data received from the vending apparatus; and [0665] produce at least one of the continuation code, the disable code, and the re-enable code, in response to the determination. [0666] 246. The processing system of paragraph 245, wherein the at least one contractual obligation includes at least one of: (i) an obligation to vend only authorized goods; (ii) an obligation to maintain inventory of one or more goods in the vending apparatus; (iii) an obligation not to steal receipts; (iv) an obligation to provide a quantum of money to the at least one entity based on the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; (v) an obligation to display goods in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (vi) an obligation to display advertising indicia on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (vii) an obligation to maintain a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus; (viii) an obligation to maintain a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus; (ix) an obligation to dispense prescribed quanta of one or more goods from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (x) an obligation to receive a prescribed quantum of money at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (xi) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods; (xii) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods in a predefined period of time; (xiii) an obligation to make prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus available to the at least one entity; (xiv) an obligation to maintain the vending apparatus in operation to a prescribed degree; and (xv) an obligation not to tamper with the vending apparatus. [0667] 247. The processing system of paragraph 246, wherein the obligation to sell only authorized goods includes at least one of: (i) selling only goods of an authorized type; (ii) selling only goods of an authorized brand; (iii) selling only goods of an authorized size; (iv) selling only goods of an authorized weight; (v) selling only goods of an authorized expiration date; (vi) selling only goods of an authorized package type; (vii) selling only goods of an authorized period of manufacture; and (viii) selling only goods of an authorized place of manufacture. [0668] 248. The processing system of paragraph 246, wherein the prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) a quantum of one or more types of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (ii) a quantum of one or more brands of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (iii) a ratio of one or more types of the goods sold to one or more other types of the goods sold in a predefined period of time; (iv) a ratio of one or more brands of the goods sold to one or more other brands of the goods sold in a predefined period of time; (v) respective dates of vends from the vending apparatus; (vi) respective times of vends from the vending apparatus; (vii) information concerning whether a particular good was out of inventory; (viii) information concerning what a next choice of goods was made by a purchaser when a particular good was out of inventory; (ix) information concerning whether the vending apparatus was operational; and (x) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods. [0669] 249. The processing system of paragraph 248, wherein the information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods includes information concerning at least one of (i) whether the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) whether inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) whether goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) whether advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) whether a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) whether a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) whether prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (viii) whether a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (ix) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; and (xi) whether the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0670] 250. The processing system of paragraph 249, wherein tampering with the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) tampering with a goods identification sensor of the vending apparatus that is operable to determine details of a particular good as it is vended from the vending apparatus; (ii) tampering with a controller of the vending apparatus; and (iii) relocating the vending apparatus. [0671] 251. A method, comprising: [0672] providing a central data processing system that is remote from at least one vending apparatus and operable to receive data from the vending apparatus concerning sales of goods from the vending apparatus; and [0673] receiving the data from the vending apparatus, [0674] wherein the data include at least one of (i) information concerning vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus; (ii) information concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus obtained using a goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus; (iii) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods; and (iv) information concerning a user's second selection of goods from the vending apparatus in response to the user's first selection of goods being out of inventory in the vending apparatus. [0675] 252. The method of paragraph 251, wherein the information concerning the vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) vending only goods of an authorized type; (ii) vending only goods of an authorized brand; (iii) vending only goods of an authorized size; (iv) vending only goods of an authorized weight; (v) vending only goods of an authorized expiration date; (vi) vending only goods of an authorized package type; (vii) vending only goods of an authorized period of manufacture; and (viii) vending only goods of an authorized place of manufacture. [0676] 253. The method of paragraph 251, wherein the information concerning the vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus includes a number of times that unauthorized goods were vended or that attempts were made at vending unauthorized goods. [0677] 254. The method of paragraph 251, wherein the goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) at least one bar code reader; (ii) at least one optical reader; (iii) at least one image recognition system; (iv) at least one digital still camera; (v) at least one video camera; (vi) at least one RF identification device; and (vii) at least one magnetic reader. [0678] 255. The method of paragraph 251, wherein the information concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus obtained using a goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) a type of goods; (ii) a brand of the goods; (iii) a size of the goods; (iv) a weight of the goods; (v) an expiration date of the goods; (vi) a package type of the goods; (vii) a period of manufacture of the goods; and (viii) a place of manufacture of the goods. [0679] 256. The method of paragraph 251, wherein the information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods includes information concerning at least one of (i) whether the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) whether inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) whether goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) whether advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) whether a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) whether a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) whether prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predetermined period of time; (viii) whether a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predetermined period of time; (ix) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predetermined period of time; and (xi) whether the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0680] 257. The method of paragraph 251, wherein the data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus further includes at least one of: (i) a quantum of one or more types of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (ii) a quantum of one or more brands of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (iii) a ratio of one or more types of the goods sold to one or more other types of the goods sold in a predetermined period of time; (iv) a ratio of one or more brands of the goods sold to one or more other brands of the goods sold in a predetermined period of time; (v) respective dates of vends from the vending apparatus; (vi) respective times of vends from the vending apparatus; (vii) information concerning whether a particular good was out of inventory; (viii) information concerning what a next choice of goods was made by a purchaser when a particular good was out of inventory; and (ix) information concerning whether the vending apparatus was operational. [0681] 258. The method of paragraph 257, further comprising computing at least some of the data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus using the central data processing system. [0682] 259. The method of paragraph 251, wherein the goods of at least one of a particular type, a particular brand, a particular price, a particular size, a particular weight, a particular expiration date, a particular package type, a particular period of manufacture, and a particular place of manufacture, are out of inventory within the vending apparatus. [0683] 260. The method of paragraph 251, wherein the step of receiving the data includes at least one of: [0684] receiving the data from a portable computing device operable to connect to the central data processing system; and [0685] receiving the data over a communications network to which the central data processing system is connectable. [0686] 261. The method of paragraph 260, wherein the communications network includes at least one of a wire network, a telephone network, a radio frequency link, an infrared link, a local area network, a wide area network, and the Internet. [0687] 262. The method of paragraph 251, further comprising decoding the data using the central data processing system, the data having been encrypted prior to being received. [0688] 263. The method of paragraph 262, further comprising authenticating the data based on the data having been encrypted. [0689] 264. The method of paragraph 251, further comprising releasing the data from the central data processing system to at least one interested party. [0690] 265. The method of paragraph 264, further comprising requiring that the at least one interested party provide an authorization code to the central data processing system prior to releasing the data. [0691] 266. The method of paragraph 264, wherein the at least one interested party includes at least one of a manufacturer of the vending apparatus, an operator responsible to at least stock the vending apparatus with the goods and collect receipts from the vending apparatus, a seller of one or more goods to be vended from the vending apparatus, a distributor or agent of the seller of one or more goods, a lender of money to an entity to purchase the vending apparatus, a lessor of the vending apparatus to an entity, and a holder of property on which the vending apparatus is located. [0692] 267. The method of paragraph 251, further comprising producing at least one of a continuation code, a disable code, and a re-enable code, based on at least some of the data received from the vending apparatus, wherein the continuation code is for use by the vending apparatus to remain in an enabled state such that at least some of the goods may be dispensed therefrom, the disable code is for use in disabling the vending apparatus from dispensing at least some of the goods, and the re-enable code is for use in re-enabling the vending apparatus such that at least some of the goods may be dispensed therefrom after that vending apparatus has been at least partially disabled. [0693] 268. The method of paragraph 267, further comprising releasing at least one of the continuation code, the disable code, and the re-enable code, to the vending apparatus upon authorization by an interested party. [0694] 269. The method of paragraph 267, further comprising: [0695] determining whether at least one contractual obligation between at least two interested parties has been at least one of satisfied and waived using the central data processing system based on at least some of the data received from the vending apparatus; and [0696] producing at least one of the continuation code, the disable code, and the re-enable code, in response to the determination. [0697] 270. The method of paragraph 269, wherein the at least one contractual obligation includes at least one of: (i) an obligation to vend only authorized goods; (ii) an obligation to maintain inventory of one or more goods in the vending apparatus; (iii) an obligation not to steal receipts; (iv) an obligation to provide a quantum of money to the at least one entity based on the sales of goods from the vending apparatus; (v) an obligation to display goods in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (vi) an obligation to display advertising indicia on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (vii) an obligation to maintain a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus; (viii) an obligation to maintain a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus; (ix) an obligation to dispense prescribed quanta of one or more goods from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (x) an obligation to receive a prescribed quantum of money at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (xi) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods; (xii) an obligation to sell a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods in a predefined period of time; (xiii) an obligation to make prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus available to the at least one entity; (xiv) an obligation to maintain the vending apparatus in operation to a prescribed degree; and (xv) an obligation not to tamper with the vending apparatus. [0698] 271. The method of paragraph 270, wherein the obligation to sell only authorized goods includes at least one of: (i) selling only goods of an authorized type; (ii) selling only goods of an authorized brand; (iii) selling only goods of an authorized size; (iv) selling only goods of an authorized weight; (v) selling only goods of an authorized expiration date; (vi) selling only goods of an authorized package type; (vii) selling only goods of an authorized period of manufacture; and (viii) selling only goods of an authorized place of manufacture. [0699] 272. The method of paragraph 270, wherein the prescribed data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) a quantum of one or more types of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (ii) a quantum of one or more brands of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (iii) a ratio of one or more types of the goods sold to one or more other types of the goods sold in a predefined period of time; (iv) a ratio of one or more brands of the goods sold to one or more other brands of the goods sold in a predefined period of time; (v) respective dates of vends from the vending apparatus; (vi) respective times of vends from the vending apparatus; (vii) information concerning whether a particular good was out of inventory; (viii) information concerning what a next choice of goods was made by a purchaser when a particular good was out of inventory; (ix) information concerning whether the vending apparatus was operational; and (x) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods. [0700] 273. The method of paragraph 272, wherein the information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods includes information concerning at least one of (i) whether the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) whether inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) whether goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) whether advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) whether a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) whether a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) whether prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (viii) whether a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; (ix) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predefined period of time; and (xi) whether the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0701] 274. The method of paragraph 273, wherein tampering with the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) tampering with a goods identification sensor of the vending apparatus that is operable to determine details of a particular good as it is vended from the vending apparatus; (ii) tampering with a controller of the vending apparatus; and (iii) relocating the vending apparatus. [0702] 275. A vending apparatus, comprising: [0703] at least one storage area being operable to store goods for sale and at least one retrieving device operable to dispense the goods from the vending apparatus; and [0704] a processing unit operable to produce a code associated with at least some data obtained by the vending apparatus concerning sales of the goods therefrom, the code providing an indication as to whether the at least some data have been tampered with, at least one of the code and the at least some data concerning sales of goods from the vending apparatus being releasable from the vending apparatus to at least one interested entity such that a determination may be made as to whether the at least some data have been tampered with. [0705] 276. The vending apparatus of paragraph 275, wherein the processing unit is further operable to encrypt at least some data obtained by the vending apparatus concerning sales of goods therefrom to produce the code. [0706] 277. The vending apparatus of paragraph 275, wherein the processing unit is further operable to produce an electronic file containing the at least some data, wherein the code indicates a number of times that the electronic file has been opened. [0707] 278. The vending apparatus of paragraph 276, wherein the processing unit is further operable to produce ciphertext data from the at least some data that cannot be decrypted without a non-public decryption key. [0708] 279. The vending apparatus of paragraph 276, wherein the processing unit is further operable to produce ciphertext data from the at least some data that can be decrypted with a public decryption key but cannot be created without a non-public encryption key. [0709] 280. The vending apparatus of paragraph 279, wherein the at least some data includes at least some information known to the at least one interested entity. [0710] 281. The vending apparatus of paragraph 280, wherein the information known to the at least one interested entity includes at least one of: an identification number, an interested entity identification number, a vending apparatus identification number, a date, a time, a sequence number, a vending apparatus location number ,______. [0711] 282. The vending apparatus of paragraph 276, wherein the processing unit is further operable to permit the data concerning sales of goods to be un-encrypted such that it may be read without decryption, and to produce a digital signature from at least some of the data concerning sales of goods that cannot be created without a non-public encryption key. [0712] 283. The vending apparatus of paragraph 275, wherein the data concerning sales of goods include at least one of (i) information concerning vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus; (ii) information concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus obtained using a goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus; and (iii) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods. [0713] 284. The vending apparatus of paragraph 283, wherein the information concerning the vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) vending only goods of an authorized type; (ii) vending only goods of an authorized brand; (iii) vending only goods of an authorized size; (iv) vending only goods of an authorized weight; (v) vending only goods of an authorized expiration date; (vi) vending only goods of an authorized package type; (vii) vending only goods of an authorized period of manufacture; and (viii) vending only goods of an authorized place of manufacture. [0714] 285. The vending apparatus of paragraph 283, wherein the information concerning the vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus includes a number of times that unauthorized goods were vended or that attempts were made at vending unauthorized goods. [0715] 286. The vending apparatus of paragraph 283, wherein the goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) at least one bar code reader; (ii) at least one optical reader; (iii) at least one image recognition system; (iv) at least one digital still camera; (v) at least one video camera; (vi) at least one RF identification device; and (vii) at least one magnetic reader. [0716] 287. The vending apparatus of paragraph 283, wherein the information concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus obtained using a goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) a type of goods; (ii) a brand of the goods; (iii) a size of the goods; (iv) a weight of the goods; (v) an expiration date of the goods; (vi) a package type of the goods; (vii) a period of manufacture of the goods; and (viii) a place of manufacture of the goods. [0717] 288. The vending apparatus of paragraph 283, wherein the information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods includes information concerning at least one of (i) whether the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) whether inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) whether goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) whether advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) whether a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) whether a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) whether prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predetermined period of time; (viii) whether a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predetermined period of time; (ix) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predetermined period of time; and (xi) whether the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0718] 289. The vending apparatus of paragraph 283, wherein the data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus further includes at least one of: (i) a quantum of one or more types of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (ii) a quantum of one or more brands of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (iii) a ratio of one or more types of the goods sold to one or more other types of the goods sold in a predetermined period of time; (iv) a ratio of one or more brands of the goods sold to one or more other brands of the goods sold in a predetermined period of time; (v) respective dates of vends from the vending apparatus; (vi) respective times of vends from the vending apparatus; (vii) information concerning whether a particular good was out of inventory; (viii) information concerning what a next choice of goods was made by a purchaser when a particular good was out of inventory; (ix) information concerning whether the vending apparatus was operational; and (x) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods. [0719] 290. The vending apparatus of paragraph 276, wherein the processing unit is further operable to permit the release of at least one of the code and the at least some data, wherein the release includes at least one of: [0720] releasing the at least one of the encrypted data and the at least some data concerning sales of goods from the vending apparatus to a portable computing device operable to connect to a data port of the vending apparatus; and [0721] releasing the at least one of the encrypted data and the at least some data concerning sales of goods from the vending apparatus over a communications network to which the vending apparatus is connectable. [0722] 291. The vending apparatus of paragraph 290, wherein the communications network includes at least one of a wire network, a telephone network, a radio frequency link, an infrared link, a local area network, a wide area network, and the Internet. [0723] 292. The vending apparatus of paragraph 291, wherein the at least one interested entity includes one or more computers disposed at one or more remote locations from the vending apparatus. [0724] 293. A method, comprising: [0725] using a vending apparatus to produce a code associated with at least some data obtained by the vending apparatus concerning sales of goods therefrom, the code providing an indication as to whether the at least some data have been tampered with; and [0726] releasing at least one of the code and the at least some data concerning sales of goods from the vending apparatus to at least one interested entity such that a determination may be made as to whether the at least some data have been tampered with. [0727] 294. The method of paragraph 293, further comprising using the vending apparatus to encrypt at least some data obtained by the vending apparatus concerning sales of goods therefrom to produce the code. [0728] 295. The method of paragraph 293, further comprising using the vending machine to produce an electronic file containing the at least some data, wherein the code indicates a number of times that the electronic file has been opened. [0729] 296. The method of paragraph 294, wherein the step of encrypting includes producing ciphertext data from the at least some data that cannot be decrypted without a non-public decryption key. [0730] 297. The method of paragraph 294, wherein the step of encrypting data includes producing ciphertext data from the at least some data that can be decrypted with a public decryption key but cannot be created without a non-public encryption key. [0731] 298. The method of paragraph 297, wherein the at least some data includes at least some information known to the at least one interested entity. [0732] 299. The method of paragraph 298, wherein the information known to the at least one interested entity includes at least one of: an identification number, an interested entity identification number, a vending apparatus identification number, a date, a time, a sequence number, a vending apparatus location number, _______. [0733] 300. The method of paragraph 294, wherein the step of encrypting includes permitting the data concerning sales of goods to be un-encrypted such that it may be read without decryption, and producing a digital signature from at least some of the data concerning sales of goods that cannot be created without a non-public encryption key. [0734] 301. The method of paragraph 293, wherein the data concerning sales of goods include at least one of (i) information concerning vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus; (ii) information concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus obtained using a goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus; and (iii) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods. [0735] 302. The method of paragraph 301, wherein the information concerning the vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) vending only goods of an authorized type; (ii) vending only goods of an authorized brand; (iii) vending only goods of an authorized size; (iv) vending only goods of an authorized weight; (v) vending only goods of an authorized expiration date; (vi) vending only goods of an authorized package type; (vii) vending only goods of an authorized period of manufacture; and (viii) vending only goods of an authorized place of manufacture. [0736] 303. The method of paragraph 301, wherein the information concerning the vending or attempts at vending unauthorized goods from the vending apparatus includes a number of times that unauthorized goods were vended or that attempts were made at vending unauthorized goods. [0737] 304. The method of paragraph 301, wherein the goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) at least one bar code reader; (ii) at least one optical reader; (iii) at least one image recognition system; (iv) at least one digital still camera; (v) at least one video camera; (vi) at least one RF identification device; and (vii) at least one magnetic reader. [0738] 305. The method of paragraph 301, wherein the information concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus obtained using a goods identification scanning device of the vending apparatus includes at least one of: (i) a type of goods; (ii) a brand of the goods; (iii) a size of the goods; (iv) a weight of the goods; (v) an expiration date of the goods; (vi) a package type of the goods; (vii) a period of manufacture of the goods; and (viii) a place of manufacture of the goods. [0739] 306. The method of paragraph 301, wherein the information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods includes information concerning at least one of (i) whether the vending apparatus is required to vend only authorized goods; (ii) whether inventory of one or more goods must be maintained in the vending apparatus; (iii) whether goods must be displayed in the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (iv) whether advertising indicia must be displayed on the vending apparatus in a prescribed way; (v) whether a prescribed ratio of a quantum of one or more goods to a quantum of storage space for goods in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vi) whether a prescribed number of goods selections in the vending apparatus must be maintained; (vii) whether prescribed quanta of one or more goods must be dispensed from the vending apparatus in a predetermined period of time; (viii) whether a prescribed quantum of money must be received at the vending apparatus in a predetermined period of time; (ix) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus; (x) whether a prescribed ratio of one or more of the goods to one or more others of the goods must be vended from the vending apparatus in a predetermined period of time; and (xi) whether the vending apparatus must be maintained in operation to a prescribed degree. [0740] 307. The method of paragraph 301, wherein the data concerning the sales of goods from the vending apparatus further includes at least one of: (i) a quantum of one or more types of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (ii) a quantum of one or more brands of goods sold during one or more prescribed periods of time; (iii) a ratio of one or more types of the goods sold to one or more other types of the goods sold in a predetermined period of time; (iv) a ratio of one or more brands of the goods sold to one or more other brands of the goods sold in a predetermined period of time; (v) respective dates of vends from the vending apparatus; (vi) respective times of vends from the vending apparatus; (vii) information concerning whether a particular good was out of inventory; (viii) information concerning what a next choice of goods was made by a purchaser when a particular good was out of inventory; (ix) information concerning whether the vending apparatus was operational; and (x) information concerning any limitations under which the vending apparatus vends the goods. [0741] 308. The method of paragraph 294, wherein the step of releasing includes at least one of: [0742] releasing the at least one of the encrypted data and the at least some data concerning sales of goods from the vending apparatus to a portable computing device operable to connect to a data port of the vending apparatus; and [0743] releasing the at least one of the encrypted data and the at least some data concerning sales of goods from the vending apparatus over a communications network to which the vending apparatus is connectable. [0744] 309. The method of paragraph 308, wherein the communications network includes at least one of a wire network, a telephone network, a radio frequency link, an infrared link, a local area network, a wide area network, and the Internet. [0745] 310. The method of paragraph 309, wherein the at least one interested entity includes one or more computers disposed at one or more remote locations from the vending apparatus. [0746] Although the invention herein has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present invention. It is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims. [0747] Exhibit A, if attached, describes further embodiments of a vending machine useful in accordance with the present invention.	A method and apparatus relating to the renting, leasing and/or loaning, etc. of electronic equipment operable and/or controllable by a computer, wherein one entity not in physical possession and/or control of the equipment desires control over another entity which has physical possession and/or control of the equipment. Such equipment may comprise a washing machine, medical, office or industrial equipment, a vending machine, etc. A central computer system includes software which enables management and execution of financial transactions between the entities. Such transactions may include debiting or crediting of accounts held by these or other entities or creating a bill or invoice for one entity to present to another entity. Information used in making these financial transactions can be determined by analysis of information which may be communicated to the central computer system from at least one other source. Such source may include the control system of the controlled equipment, such as from a vending machine or, for example, the computer network or system of an interested entity.	6
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION (1) Field of the Invention The present invention relates to testing tubular materials and structures, and more particularly the seams or joints thereof which are tested under mechanical load comparable to service conditions. (2) Description of the Prior Art In the previous practice of testing butt welds, lap welds, and the like, at room temperature, a tubular specimen was mounted with one end secured rigidly in a suitable frame with the weld or seam to be tested adjacent a movable series of loose spherical balls or spheres adapted to contact the seam area. The spheres were only temporarily retained in sockets on a mandrel, and following considerable mechanical loading, tended to separate from the mandrel with great force upon breakage of the weld or seam area. In this practice, the series of spheres are moved simultaneously on and with the mandrel to place internal loading on the weld or seam area. As stated, upon breakage, such spheres tend to fly at random with explosive force creating a potential serious injury hazard. Shielding of such testing apparatus is normally required. Another type of previous practice of testing welds, especially at elevated temperature and pressure, consisted of mounting the tubular specimen rigidly in a stationary frame in a manner such that the weld or seam to be tested was adjacent a fixed support. The opposite end of the specimen was then subjected to a bearing force of cyclical nature, normally in one plane of motion. Partial tests of tube welds were performed in this manner. However, the flexing action thus applied did not stress all portions of the weld accurately and did not reproduce service conditions of temperature and pressure simultaneously. Therefore, such weld tests previously made have been inadequate in determining the suitability of certain weld types for prescribed service usage. Another type of apparatus for testing tube welds consists of a test stand for subjecting a tubular specimen to fatigue tests under repeated stressing of known loading amounts with the forces equally distributed on all sides of the cylindrical shape. This apparatus is adapted to duplicating in the tube welds similar severe conditions of temperature and pressure. Such apparatus is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,761,310 to Siegel, issued Sept. 4, 1956. A still further type of device for weld testing is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,500,679 to Smith, issued Mar. 17, 1970. This device provides a test stand for bending the welded specimen into a substantially U-shape with anti-friction elements to assist in such bending. The following additional patents pertain to testing welds in metals by various methods: U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,200,086; 1,925,718; 2,002,552; 2,742,782; 2,776,695; 3,410,133; 3,636,758; 4,107,979. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to apparatus and method for testing tube welds, and more specifically the seams or joints of tubular metal pipe which may be tested rapidly and efficiently under mechanical load conditions which are applied stepwise. The mechanical loading is safely applied to indicate threshold internal forces which the tubing is capable of retaining under loads comparable to service conditions. The apparatus employs a movable mandrel having a unitary member near its extremity comprising progressively larger bulbous portions adapted to penetrate and load the tubing internally. The bulbous portions have exterior surfaces which are generally spherical in contour to contact the internal surface of the weld. The increasingly larger bulbous portions permit stepwise loading of the tubing to a point where breakage will occur. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a top plan view of the material testing apparatus which embodies features of the present invention. FIG. 2 is an enlarged fragmentary view of a portion of FIG. 1, showing the mandrel member and tubular test material of the apparatus. FIG. 3 is a further enlarged, vertical sectional view of the mandrel member of the apparatus taken along the line 3--3 of FIG. 2. FIG. 4 is an end view of the mandrel member shown in FIG. 3 illustrating its working portion. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT FIG. 1 shows a testing machine for a tubular material specimen 10 which comprises a base plate 11 having a hydraulic ram numeral 12 mounted thereon. The ram is comprised of a hollow cylinder 12 having a movable piston 14 therein on one end of which is mounted a mandrel member 15. The piston 14 is forcefully moved by hydraulic fluid supplied by a pump 16 and connecting motor 17. The pump is adapted to supply the hydraulic cylinder with fluid at increased pressure for powering mandrel member 15 forwardly into extended position in a conventional manner, without rotation. In accordance with the present invention, test specimen 10 consists of a short length of tubular material which is normally metal having a lineal seam 10a in the form of a butt weld, lap weld or other type of weld or joint. The specimen is placed in co-axial alignment with mandrel member 15. The end of the specimen is placed in stationary relation against a fixed vertical crosshead 18, having the form of a stationary flat vertical plate. The faces of such plate and the specimen are mounted in co-planar facing relation to ensure uniform loading of the specimen. The mandrel member 15 of the apparatus is movable having a unitary member 20 mounted fixedly on a cylindrical segment thereof. The unitary member 20 has a lineal series so progressively-larger rigid bulbous portions 21, 22 and 23 which are located near the cantilevered extremity of mandrel member 15. The unitary member 20 may be affixed to a slot in the mandrel by a bolt 24 extending from the opposite side of the mandrel in countersunk relation. The specimen 10 is placed with its weld portion in lineal alignment with the rigid bulbous portions of the unitary member. The smallest bulbous portion 21 in conjunction with the remainder of the mandrel normally provides a slightly larger diameter than the internal diameter of the tubular specimen to be tested. The bulbous portions affixed in rigid stationary relation on the mandrel have a generally-spherical exterior contour to present a ball-shaped configuration to the internal surface of the weld or joint. Such application of forces serves to stress the weld or joint by straining in circumferential tension from within, usually resulting in stretching of same to the point of fracture. When the apparatus is employed to test a specimen by tension, the hydraulic pump is energized to move the mandrel and the unitary member 20 into the open end of the specimen. The bulbous portions 21, 22 and 23 serve to impart stepwise tensile loading on the weld area of the specimen from an inner direction outwardly. The bulbous portions thus exert stepwise loading on the specimen to a threshold at which breakage will occur. The action generated provides a substantial mechanical advantage according to the common principles of wedge action. There is no opportunity for the bulbous portions to separate from the fixed unitary member on specimen breakage and no possibility of specimen slippage. Also geometric strain produced is accurately repeatable. The fixed unitary member provides means for applying the loading to the specimen slowly and positively. The bulbous portions being comprised of a single durable member provide a safety feature. While some flow of the metal of the weld area does occur immediately prior to breakage on increased loading, the bulbous portions permit a prescribed form of classifying the strength of the specimen tested, and cannot separate from the mandrel in an uncontrolled manner. The specimen may be classified as capable of withstanding two or more levels of loading, since the bulbous portions may number 2, 3, 4 or more in making up the unitary member. The slowly increasing compressive force supplied by the mandrel permits determination of the stress, deformation and breaking strength of the tube seam area. Various modifications may be resorted to within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.	This invention relates to apparatus and method for testing tube welds, and more specifically the seams or joints of tubular metal pipe which may be tested rapidly and efficiently under mechanical load conditions which are applied stepwise.	6
RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/298,912, filed 9 Dec. 2005 by inventors Yi Ying Liao, Wen Jer Tsai and Chih Chieh Yeh entitled Gated Diode Nonvolatile Memory Cell Array. This application is incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] 1. Field of the Invention [0003] The present invention relates to electrically programmable and erasable non-volatile memory, and more particularly to charge storage memory with a bias arrangement that reads the contents of the charge storage structure of the memory cell with great sensitivity. [0004] 2. Description of Related Art [0005] Electrically programmable and erasable non-volatile memory technologies based on charge storage structures known as EEPROM and flash memory are used in a variety of modern applications. A number of memory cell structures are used for EEPROM and flash memory. As the dimensions of integrated circuits shrink, greater interest is arising for memory cell structures based on charge trapping dielectric layers, because of the scalability and simplicity of the manufacturing processes. Various memory cell structures based on charge trapping dielectric layers include structures known by the industry names PHINES, NROM, and SONOS, for example. These memory cell structures store data by trapping charge in a charge trapping dielectric layer, such as silicon nitride. As more net negative charge is trapped, the threshold voltage of the memory cell increases. The threshold voltage of the memory cell is reduced by removing negative charge from, or adding positive charge to, the charge trapping layer. [0006] Conventional memory cell structures rely on a transistor structure with source, drain, and gate. However, common transistor structures have drain and source diffusions that are laterally separated from each other by a self-aligned gate. This lateral separation is a factor that resists further miniaturization of nonvolatile memory. [0007] Thus, a need exists for a nonvolatile memory cell that is open to further miniaturization and whose contents can be read with great sensitivity. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0008] A gated diode nonvolatile memory device, an array of gated diode nonvolatile memory devices, methods of operating a gated diode nonvolatile memory device and an array of gated diode nonvolatile memory devices, and methods of manufacturing a gated diode nonvolatile memory device and an array of gated diode nonvolatile memory devices, are disclosed. [0009] The gated diode nonvolatile memory device has a charge storage structure, dielectric structures(s), and a diode structure. Examples of a charge storage structure materials include floating gate material, charge trapping material, and nanocrystal material. Depending on the threshold voltage scheme of the charge storage structure, the charge storage state of the charge storage structure stores one bit or multiple bits. [0010] The dielectric structures(s) are at least partly between the charge storage structure and the diode structure, and at least partly between the charge storage structure and a source of gate voltage, such as a word line. The diode structure has a first node and a second node separated by a junction. Example junctions of the diode are a homojunction, a heterojunction, and a graded heterojunction. Example diode structure with the first node and second node, include a pn diode and a Schottky diode. [0011] The first node and the second node are at least partly adjacent to the one or more storage dielectric structures. The diode structure has a cross-section in which the second node has opposite sides isolated from neighboring devices by isolation dielectric. Despite this isolation dielectric on opposite side of the second node, the second node may be connected to neighboring devices. For example, if the neighboring devices are also gated diode nonvolatile memory devices, a lower portion of the second node beyond the isolation dielectric may be connected to neighboring devices via a second node of each of the neighboring devices. In this way, the same bit line combines the current flowing through diode structures otherwise separated by isolation dielectric. In another embodiment, the second node is connected to a bit line distinct from bit lines connected to second nodes of the neighboring devices. In this case, the second node does not have a lower portion beyond the isolation dielectric that is connected to neighboring devices. [0012] Additional logic circuitry applies a bias arrangement to determine a charge storage state of the charge storage structure and to measure a read current flowing through the diode structure in reverse bias to determine the charge storage state of the charge storage structure. The read current includes a band-to-band read current component. [0013] The bias arrangement applied by the logic circuitry causes multiple voltage differences in the gated diode nonvolatile memory device, such as a voltage difference between a source of gate voltage (typically a word line) and the second node of the diode structure, and another voltage difference between the first node and the second node of the diode structure. These voltage differences resulting from the bias arrangement cause sufficient band-to-band tunneling current for measuring the read current to determine the charge storage state of the charge storage structure. At the same time, these voltage differences fail to change the charge storage state of the charge storage structure. In one example, the voltage difference between the gate and the second node is at least about 10 V, and the voltage difference between the first node and the second node is at least about 2V. [0014] In addition to the bias arrangement for reading the contents of the gated diode nonvolatile memory device, other bias arrangements are applied to change the contents of the gated diode nonvolatile memory device. For example, other bias arrangements adjust the charge storage state of the charge storage structure by increasing a net positive charge in the charge storage structure, and by increasing a net negative charge in the charge storage structure. Example charge movement mechanisms to increase a net positive charge in the charge storage structure are band-to-band hot hole tunneling and Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. The electron movement can be between the charge storage structure and the diode structure, between the charge storage structure and the gate, or both. [0015] Example charge movement mechanisms to increase a net negative charge in the charge storage structure are band-to-band hot electron tunneling and Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. The electron movement can be between the charge storage structure and the diode structure, between the charge storage structure and the source of gate voltage, or both. [0016] An embodiment of a nonvolatile memory device integrated circuit includes an array of the gated diode nonvolatile memory devices. In some embodiments, to increase the storage density, multiple arrays that are vertically displaced from each other are combined. Depending on the addressing scheme used, the sources of gate voltage (typically word lines), the first nodes of the diode structures, and the second nodes of the diode structures, are interconnected between different vertically displaced arrays, or isolated between different vertically displaced arrays. Generally, a greater degree of interconnection simplifies the addressing and the fabrication, at the cost of increased power consumption from charging and discharging extra circuitry. [0017] In one interconnection scheme, the word lines of different arrays are interconnected, but the first nodes and second nodes of different arrays are isolated from each other. In another interconnection scheme, the word lines of different arrays are isolated from each other, but the first nodes and second nodes of different arrays are interconnected. In yet another interconnection scheme, the word lines of different arrays, and the first nodes and second nodes of different arrays are isolated from each other. [0018] Some embodiments of an array of gated diode nonvolatile memory cells include diode columns, gate rows, and nonvolatile storage structures. Each diode column has a first node column and a second node column separated by a junction. Opposite sides of the second node column are isolated from neighboring diode columns by isolation dielectric. The gate rows overlap the diode columns at intersections. These intersections are the locations of the nonvolatile storage structures. Typically, these nonvolatile storage structures are part of nonvolatile storage structure columns. [0019] Each nonvolatile storage structure has a charge storage structure and one or more storage dielectric structures. The dielectric structures are at least partly between the charge storage structure and the particular diode column at the intersection, at least partly between the charge storage structure and the particular gate row at the intersection, and at least partly adjacent to the first node column and the second node column of the particular diode column at the intersection. [0020] Despite this isolation of the second node column on opposite sides of the second node column, the second node column may be connected to neighboring diode columns. For example, a lower portion of the second node column beyond isolation dielectric may be connected to neighboring diode columns via the second node column of the neighboring diode columns. In this way, the same bit line combines the current flowing through diode structures otherwise isolated from each other. In another embodiment, the second node column is connected to a bit line distinct from bit lines connected to second nodes columns of the neighboring diode columns. In this case, the second node column does not have a lower portion beyond isolation dielectric that is connected to neighboring diode columns. [0021] In some embodiments, the substrate region is a well in a semiconductor substrate. In other embodiments, the substrate region is simply the semiconductor substrate. [0022] In other embodiments, the nonvolatile memory cell has a floating gate design or a nanocrystal design. In another embodiment, the nonvolatile memory cell has a charge trapping material design. [0023] Applicant incorporates herein by reference U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/024,339 filed on 28 Dec. 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,130,215, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/023,747 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,072,219 filed on 28 Dec. 2004, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/024,075 filed 28 Dec. 2004 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,072,220, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/973,176 filed 26 Oct. 2004, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/608,528 filed 9 Sep. 2004, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/608,455 filed 9 Sep. 2004, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/973,593, filed 26 Oct. 2004, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/191,365 filed 28 Jul. 2005, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/191,366 filed 28 Jul. 2005, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/191,329 filed 28 Jul. 2005, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/191,367 filed 28 Jul. 2005, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/298,288 filed on 9 Dec. 2005 (Attorney Docket No. MXIC 1640-1) and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/299,310 filed on 9 Dec. 2005 (Attorney Docket No. MXIC 1642-1). [0024] Other aspects and advantages of the technology presented herein can be understood with reference to the figures, the detailed description and the claims, which follow. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0025] FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell. [0026] FIGS. 2A, 2B , and 2 C are simplified diagrams of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell, showing various charge storage structures having different materials. [0027] FIGS. 3A, 3B , 3 C, and 3 D are simplified diagrams of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell, showing various examples of a diode structure, such as the pn diode and the Schottky diode. [0028] FIGS. 4A and 4B are simplified diagrams of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell, showing examples of a pn diode with a homojunction. [0029] FIG. 5 is a simplified diagram of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell, showing an example of a pn diode with a heterojunction. [0030] FIGS. 6A and 6B are simplified diagrams of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell operation performing electron tunnel injection. [0031] FIGS. 7A and 7B are simplified diagrams of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell operation performing band-to-band hot electron injection. [0032] FIGS. 8A and 8B are simplified diagrams of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell operation performing hole tunnel injection. [0033] FIGS. 9A and 9B are simplified diagrams of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell operation performing band-to-band hot hole injection. [0034] FIGS. 10A and 10B are simplified diagrams of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell operation performing band-to-band sensing with different amounts of net positive or net negative charge characterizing the charge storage structure. [0035] FIGS. 11A and 11B are simplified diagrams of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell operation performing band-to-band sensing with different amounts of net positive or net negative charge characterizing the charge storage structure, but with a different diode node arrangement than in FIGS. 10A and 10B . [0036] FIGS. 12A and 12B are simplified diagrams of neighboring gated diode nonvolatile memory cells, with and without interconnected second nodes. [0037] FIGS. 13A and 13B are simplified diagrams of an array of gated diode nonvolatile memory cells with interconnected second node columns, performing band-to-band sensing. [0038] FIGS. 14A and 14B are simplified diagrams of an array of gated diode nonvolatile memory cells without interconnected second node columns, performing band-to-band sensing. [0039] FIGS. 15A and 15B are simplified diagrams of an array of gated diode nonvolatile memory cells with interconnected second node columns, performing band-to-band sensing, where the doping arrangement of the diode structures is different from FIGS. 13A, 13B , 14 A, and 14 B. [0040] FIGS. 16A and 16B are simplified diagrams of an array of gated diode nonvolatile memory cells without interconnected second node columns, performing band-to-band sensing, where the doping arrangement of the diode structures is different from FIGS. 13A, 13B , 14 A, and 14 B. [0041] FIGS. 17A and 17B are simplified diagrams of neighboring gated diode nonvolatile memory cells without interconnected second nodes, in which electron tunnel injection is performed on selected cells. [0042] FIGS. 18A, 18B , and 18 C are simplified diagrams of neighboring gated diode nonvolatile memory cells without interconnected second nodes, in which band-to-band hot hole injection is performed on selected cells. [0043] FIGS. 19A, 19B , and 19 C are exploded view diagrams of multiple arrays of gated diode nonvolatile memory cells, with different interconnections of the word lines, first node columns, and second node columns, between different arrays. [0044] FIG. 20 is a simplified diagram of an integrated circuit with an array of gated diode nonvolatile memory cells and control circuitry. [0045] FIGS. 21A-21H illustrate a sample process flow for multiple arrays of gated diode nonvolatile memory cells. [0046] FIGS. 22A and 22B are simplified diagrams of neighboring gated diode nonvolatile memory cells without interconnected second nodes, in which band-to-band sensing is performed on selected cells. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0047] FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell. Nodes 102 and 104 form a diode separated by a junction. A combined charge storage and dielectric structure 106 substantially surrounds the first diode node 102 . The combined charge storage and dielectric structure 106 is also partly adjacent to the second diode node 104 . In this cross-sectional view, dielectric 110 on either side of the second diode node 104 isolates the second diode node 104 from neighboring devices, such as other gated diode nonvolatile memory cells. The gate structure 108 applies a gate voltage. [0048] FIGS. 2A, 2B , and 2 C are simplified diagrams of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell, showing various charge storage structures having different materials. In FIG. 2A , a charge trapping material structure 202 locally stores charge, schematically shown here as positive charge on the portion of the charge trapping material near the diode junction. Oxide structures are between the charge trapping material structure 202 and the gate structure, and between the charge trapping material structure 202 and the diode structure. Representative dielectrics between the charge trapping material structure 202 and the gate structure include silicon dioxide and silicon oxynitride having a thickness of about 5 to 10 nanometers, or other similar high dielectric constant materials including for example Al 2 O 3 . Representative between the charge trapping material structure 202 and the diode structure include silicon dioxide and silicon oxynitride having a thickness of about 2 to 10 nanometers, or other similar high dielectric constant materials. [0049] Representative charge trapping structures include silicon nitride having a thickness of about 3 to 9 nanometers, or other similar high dielectric constant materials, including metal oxides such as Al 2 O 3 , HfO 2 , and others. [0050] In some embodiments, the gate structure comprises a material having a work function greater than the intrinsic work function of n-type silicon, or greater than about 4.1 eV, and preferably greater than about 4.25 eV, including for example greater than about 5 eV. Representative gate materials include p-type poly, TiN, Pt, and other high work function metals and materials. Other materials having a relatively high work function suitable for embodiments of the technology include metals including but not limited to Ru, Ir, Ni, and Co, metal alloys including but not limited to Ru—Ti and Ni-T, metal nitrides, and metal oxides including but not limited to RuO 2 . High work function gate materials result in higher injection barriers for electron tunneling than that of the typical n-type polysilicon gate. The injection barrier for n-type polysilicon gates with silicon dioxide as the outer dielectric is around 3.15 eV. Thus, embodiments of the present technology use materials for the gate and for the outer dielectric having an injection barrier higher than about 3.15 eV, such as higher than about 3.4 eV, and preferably higher than about 4 eV. For p-type polysilicon gates with silicon dioxide outer dielectrics, the injection barrier is about 4.25 eV, and the resulting threshold of a converged cell is reduced about 2 volts relative to a cell having an n-type polysilicon gate with a silicon dioxide outer dielectric. [0051] FIG. 2B shows a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell resembling the gated diode nonvolatile memory cell of FIG. 2A , but with a floating gate 204 , often made of polysilicon. FIG. 2C shows a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell resembling the nonvolatile memory cell of FIG. 2A , but with a nanoparticle charge storage structure 206 . [0052] Each charge storage structure can store one bit or multiple bits. For example, if each charge storage structure stores two bits, then there are four discrete levels of charge stored by the gated diode nonvolatile memory cell. [0053] In some embodiments, programming refers to making more positive the net charge stored in the charge trapping structure, such as by the addition of holes to or the removal of electrons from the charge storage structure; and erasing refers to making more negative the net charge stored in the charge storage structure, such as by the removal of holes from or the addition of electrons to the charge trapping structure. However, in other embodiments programming refers to making the net charge stored in the charge storage structure more negative, and erasing refers to making the net charge stored in the charge storage structure more positive. Various charge movement mechanisms are used, such as band-to-band tunneling induced hot carrier injection, E-field induced tunneling, and direct tunneling from the substrate. [0054] FIGS. 3A, 3B , 3 C, and 3 D are simplified diagrams of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell, showing various examples of a diode structure, such as the pn diode and the Schottky diode. In FIGS. 3A and 3B , the diode structure is a pn diode. In FIG. 3A , the first node 302 substantially surrounded by the combined charge storage and dielectric structure is doped n-type, and the second node 304 is doped p-type. The gated diode nonvolatile memory cell of FIG. 3B interchanges the node materials of FIG. 3A , such that the first node 312 substantially surrounded by the combined charge storage and dielectric structure is doped p-type, and the second node 314 is doped n-type. In FIGS. 3C and 3D , the diode structure is a Schottky diode. In FIG. 3C , the first node 322 substantially surrounded by the combined charge storage and dielectric structure is a metal material, and the second node 324 is a semiconductor material. The gated diode nonvolatile memory cell of FIG. 3D interchanges the node materials of FIG. 3C , such that the first node 332 substantially surrounded by the combined charge storage and dielectric structure is a semiconductor material, and the second node 334 is a metal material. [0055] FIGS. 4A and 4B are simplified diagrams of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell, showing examples of a pn diode with a homojunction. In FIG. 4A , both the first node 402 and the second 404 of the diode structure are silicon. In FIG. 4B , both the first node 412 and the second 414 of the diode structure are germanium. Because of the smaller bandgap of germanium compared to silicon, the gated diode nonvolatile memory cell tends to generate a greater band-to-band current with the configuration of FIG. 4B than with the configuration of FIG. 4A . Regardless of the material used in the homojunction diode structure, the diode structure can be single crystal or polycrystalline. A polycrystalline design results in higher memory cell density, due to the ability to deposit multiple layers of memory cells in the vertical direction. [0056] FIG. 5 is a simplified diagram of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell, showing an example of a pn diode with a heterojunction. The first node 502 substantially surrounded by the combined charge storage and dielectric structure is germanium. The second node 504 is silicon. The first node 502 and the second node 504 are joined by a graded transition layer junction 506 . [0057] FIGS. 6A and 6B are simplified diagrams of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell operation performing electron tunnel injection. In FIG. 6A , the electron tunnel injection mechanism moves electrons from the gate structure 608 biased at −10 V to the charge storage structure 606 . The first diode node is biased at 10 V or is floating, and the second diode node 604 is biased at 10 V. In FIG. 6B , the electron tunnel injection mechanism moves electrons from the first diode node 602 biased at −10 V or is floating, to the charge storage structure 606 . The gate structure 608 is biased at 10 V, and the second diode node 604 is biased at −10 V. [0058] FIGS. 7A and 7B are simplified diagrams of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell operation performing band-to-band hot electron injection. In FIG. 7A , the band-to-band hot electron injection moves electrons from the diode structure to the charge storage structure 606 . The n-type first diode node 602 biased at 0 V, the gate structure 608 is biased at 10 V, and holes of the resulting electron-hole pairs flow into the p+-type second node 604 biased at −5 V. In FIG. 7B , the band-to-band hot electron injection moves electrons from the diode structure to the charge storage structure 606 . The n-type second diode node 604 biased at 0 V, the gate structure 608 is biased at 10 V, and holes of the resulting electron-hole pairs flow into the p+-type first node 602 is biased at −5 V. [0059] FIGS. 8A and 8B are simplified diagrams of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell operation performing hole tunnel injection. In FIG. 8A , the hole tunnel injection mechanism moves holes from the gate structure 608 biased at 10 V to the charge storage structure 606 . The first diode node is biased at −10 V or is floating, and the second diode node 604 is biased at −10 V. In FIG. 8B , the hole tunnel injection mechanism moves holes from the first diode node 602 biased at 10 V or is floating, to the charge storage structure 606 . The gate structure 608 is biased at −10 V, and the second diode node 604 is biased at 10 V. [0060] FIGS. 9A and 9B are simplified diagrams of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell operation performing band-to-band hot hole injection. In FIG. 9A , the band-to-band hot hole injection moves holes from the diode structure to the charge storage structure 606 . The p-type first diode node 602 is biased at 0 V, the gate structure 608 is biased at −10 V, and electrons of the resulting electron-hole pairs flow into the n+-type second node 604 is biased at 5 V. In FIG. 9B , the band-to-band hot hole injection moves holes from the diode structure to the charge storage structure 606 . The p-type second diode node 604 is biased at 0 V, the gate structure 608 is biased at −10 V, and electrons of the resulting electron-hole pairs flow into the n+-type first node 602 biased at 5 V. [0061] Band-to-band currents flowing through the diode structure determine the charge storage state of the charge storage structure with great precision, due to combined vertical and lateral electrical fields. Larger vertical and lateral electrical fields give rise to larger band-to-band currents. A bias arrangement is applied to the various terminals, such that the energy bands bend sufficiently to cause band-to-band current in the diode structure, while keeping the potential difference between the diode nodes sufficiently low enough such that programming or erasing does not occur. [0062] In example bias arrangements, the diode structure is reverse biased. Additionally, the voltage of the gate structure causes the energy bands to bend sufficiently such that band-to-band tunneling occurs through the diode structure. A high doping concentration in the one of the diode structure nodes, with the resulting high charge density of the space charge region, and the accompanying short length of the space charge region over which the voltage changes, contributes to the sharp energy band bending. Electrons in the valence band on one side of the diode structure junction tunnel through the forbidden gap to the conduction band on the other side of the diode structure junction and drift down the potential hill, deeper into the n-type diode structure node. Similarly, holes drift up the potential hill, away from either n-type diode structure node, and toward the p-type diode structure node. [0063] The voltage of the gate structure controls the voltage of the portion of the diode structure by the dielectric structure which is between the diode structure and the charge storage structure. As the voltage of the gate structure becomes more negative, the voltage of the portion of the diode structure by this dielectric structure becomes more negative, resulting in deeper band bending in the diode structure. More band-to-band current flows, as a result of at least some combination of 1) an increasing overlap between occupied electron energy levels on one side of the bending energy bands, and unoccupied electron energy levels on the other side of bending energy bands, and 2) a narrower barrier width between the occupied electron energy levels and the unoccupied electron energy levels (Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices, 1981). [0064] The net negative or net positive charge stored on the charge storage structure further affects the degree of band bending. In accordance with Gauss's Law, when a negative voltage is applied to the gate structure relative to the diode structure, a stronger electric field is experienced by portions of the diode structure which are near portions of the charge storage structure having relatively higher net negative charge. Similarly, when a positive voltage is applied to the gate structure relative to the diode structure, a stronger electric field is experienced by portions of the diode structure which are near portions of the charge storage structure having relatively higher net positive charge. [0065] The different bias arrangements for reading, and bias arrangements for programming and erasing, show a careful balance. For reading, the potential difference between the diode structure terminals should not cause a substantial number of charge carriers to transit a dielectric to the charge storage structure and affect the charge storage state. In contrast, for programming and erasing, the potential difference between the diode structure terminals can be sufficient to cause a substantial number of carriers to transit a dielectric and affect the charge storage state by band-to-band hot carrier injection. [0066] FIGS. 10A and 10B are simplified diagrams of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell operation performing band-to-band sensing with different amounts of net positive or net negative charge characterizing the charge storage structure. In FIGS. 10A and 10B , band-to-band sensing mechanism creates electron-hole pairs in the diode structure. Resulting electrons flow into the n+-type first diode node 602 biased at 2 V, and resulting holes flow into the p-type second diode node 604 biased at 0 V. The gate structure 608 is biased at −10 V. In FIG. 10A , the charge storage structure 606 stores relatively more negative net charge by the diode structure junction between the n+-type first diode node 602 and the p-type second diode node 604 . In FIG. 10B , the charge storage structure 606 stores relatively more positive net charge by the diode structure junction between the n+-type first diode node 602 and the p-type second diode node 604 . Greater band bending in the diode structure occurs in FIG. 10A than in FIG. 10B , and greater band-to-band sensing current flows in FIG. 10A than in FIG. 10B . [0067] FIGS. 11A and 11B are simplified diagrams of a gated diode nonvolatile memory cell operation performing band-to-band sensing with different amounts of net positive or net negative charge characterizing the charge storage structure, but with a different diode node arrangement from FIGS. 10A and 10B . In particular, the first node 602 of the diode structure substantially surrounded by the combined charge storage and dielectric structure is p+-type, and the second node of the diode structure 604 is n-type. The band-to-band sensing mechanism creates electron-hole pairs in the diode structure. Resulting holes flow into the p+-type first diode node 602 biased at −2 V, and resulting electrons flow into the n-type second diode node 604 biased at 0 V. The gate structure 608 is biased at 10 V. In FIG. 11A , the charge storage structure 606 stores relatively more negative net charge by the diode structure junction between the p+-type first diode node 602 and the n-type second diode node 604 . In FIG. 11B , the charge storage structure 606 stores a relatively more positive net charge by the diode structure junction between the p+-type first diode node 602 and the n-type second diode node 604 . Greater band bending in the diode structure occurs in FIG. 11B than in FIG. 11A , and greater band-to-band sensing current flows in FIG. 11B than in FIG. 11A . [0068] In other embodiments, the more heavily doped node is the second node of the diode structure, and the less heavily doped node is the first node of the diode structure substantially surrounded by the combined charge storage and dielectric structure. [0069] FIGS. 12A and 12B are simplified diagrams of neighboring gated diode nonvolatile memory cells, with and without interconnected second nodes. In FIG. 12A , neighboring gated diode nonvolatile memory cells respectively have second nodes 1204 and 1205 . Both second nodes 1204 and 1205 of the neighboring gated diode nonvolatile memory cells extend beyond the oxide which isolates the upper portions of the second nodes 1204 and 1205 from each other, and connect into a common node structure 1214 . This common node structure is treated as a same bit line used by both neighboring gated diode nonvolatile memory cells. In FIG. 12B , both second nodes 1204 and 1205 of the neighboring gated diode nonvolatile memory cells do not extend beyond the oxide which isolates the second nodes 1204 and 1205 from each other. Each of the second nodes 1204 and 1205 is treated as a distinct bit line, and the two second nodes 1204 and 1205 are not treated as a same bit line. [0070] FIGS. 13A and 13B are simplified diagrams of an array of gated diode nonvolatile memory cells with interconnected second node columns, performing band-to-band sensing. The first node columns of the diode structures substantially surrounded by the combined charge storage and dielectric structures are n-type, and the second node columns of the diode structures are p-type. Neighboring second node columns of the diode structures extend beyond the oxide which isolates the upper portions of the second node columns from each other, and connect into a common bit line structure. In FIG. 13A , the first node columns of the diode structures are shown with bit line labels DL 1 to DL 6 , the second node columns of the diode structures are shown with the bit line label CL, and the word lines are shown with word line labels WL 1 to WL 6 . In FIG. 13B , voltages are applied to the diode columns and the word lines. The first node column DL 3 is biased at 2 V, and the remaining first node columns are biased at 0 V. The second node columns are biased at 0 V. The word line WL 5 is biased at −10 V, and the remaining word lines are biased at 0 V. A band-to-band sensing operation is thereby performed on the gate diode memory cell at the intersection of word line WL 5 and the first node column DL 3 . By measuring the current flowing through the first node column DL 3 or the second node columns CL, the charge storage state of the charge storage structure of that gate diode memory cell is determined. [0071] FIGS. 14A and 14B are simplified diagrams of an array of gated diode nonvolatile memory cells without interconnected second node columns, performing band-to-band sensing. Unlike the interconnected common bit line structure of the second node columns shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B , in FIGS. 14A and 14B neighboring second node columns of the diode structures are treated as distinct bit lines. In FIG. 14A , the second node columns of the diode structures are shown with bit line labels CL 1 to CL 6 . In FIG. 14B , voltages are applied to the diode columns and the word lines. The first node column DL 3 is biased at 2 V, and the remaining first node columns are biased at 0 V. The second node columns are biased at 0 V. The word line WL 5 is biased at −10 V, and the remaining word lines are biased at 0 V. A band-to-band sensing operation is thereby performed on the gate diode memory cell at the intersection of word line WL 5 and the first node column DL 3 /second node column CL 3 . By measuring the current flowing through the first node column DL 3 or second node column CL 3 , the charge storage state of the charge storage structure of that gate diode memory cell is determined. [0072] FIGS. 15A and 15B are simplified diagrams of an array of gated diode nonvolatile memory cells with interconnected second node columns, performing band-to-band sensing, where the doping arrangement of the diode structures is different from FIGS. 13A, 13B , 14 A, and 14 B. In FIGS. 15A and 15B , the first node columns of the diode structures substantially surrounded by the combined charge storage and dielectric structures are p-type, and the second node columns of the diode structures are n-type. Like FIGS. 13A and 13B , neighboring second node columns of the diode structures extend beyond the oxide which isolates the upper portions of the second node columns from each other, and connect into a common bit line structure. In FIG. 15A , the first node columns of the diode structures are shown with bit line labels DL 1 to DL 6 , the second node columns of the diode structures are shown with the bit line label CL, and the word lines are shown with word line labels WL 1 to WL 6 . In FIG. 15B , voltages are applied to the diode columns and the word lines. The first node column DL 3 is biased at −2 V, and the remaining first node columns are biased at 0 V. The second node columns are biased at 0 V. The word line WL 5 is biased at 10 V, and the remaining word lines are biased at 0V. A band-to-band sensing operation is thereby performed on the gate diode memory cell at the intersection of word line WL 5 and the first node column DL 3 . By measuring the current flowing through the first node column DL 3 or the second node columns CL, the charge storage state of the charge storage structure of that gate diode memory cell is determined. [0073] FIGS. 16A and 16B are simplified diagrams of an array of gated diode nonvolatile memory cells without interconnected node columns, performing band-to-band sensing, where the doping arrangement of the diode structures is like FIGS. 15A and 15B . Unlike the interconnected bit line structure of the second node columns shown in FIGS. 15A and 15B , in FIGS. 16A and 16B neighboring second node columns of the diode structures are treated as distinct bit lines. In FIG. 16A , the second node columns of the diode structures are shown with bit line labels CL 1 to CL 6 . In FIG. 16B , voltages are applied to the diode columns and the word lines. The first node column DL 3 is biased at −2 V, and the remaining first node columns are biased at 0 V. The second node columns are biased at 0 V. The word line WL 5 is biased at 10 V, and the remaining word lines are biased at 0 V. A band-to-band sensing operation is thereby performed on the gate diode memory cell at the intersection of word line WL 5 and the first node column DL 3 /second node column CL 3 . By measuring the current flowing through the first node column DL 3 or second node column CL 3 , the charge storage state of the charge storage structure of that gate diode memory cell is determined. [0074] FIGS. 17A and 17B are simplified diagrams of neighboring gated diode nonvolatile memory cells without interconnected second nodes, in which electron tunnel injection is performed as in FIG. 6A , but on selected cells. In FIG. 17A , the electron tunnel injection mechanism moves electrons from the gate structure 608 biased at −10 V to the charge storage structures 606 and 607 . The first diode nodes 602 and 603 are biased at 10 V or are floating, and the second diode nodes 604 and 605 are biased at 10 V. In FIG. 17B , the first diode node 602 is biased at 10 V or is floating, but the first diode node 603 is biased at −10 V. The electron tunnel injection mechanism selectively moves electrons from the gate structure 608 biased at −10 V to the charge storage structure 606 but not to the charge storage structure 607 . In other embodiments, the electron tunnel injection mechanism moves electrons from the first diode node to the charge storage structure as in FIG. 6B , but on selected cells. In other embodiments, the hole tunnel injection mechanism moves holes from the gate structure to the charge storage structure as in FIG. 8A , but on selected cells. In other embodiments, the hole tunnel injection mechanism moves holes from the first diode node to the charge storage structure as in FIG. 8B , but on selected cells. [0075] FIGS. 18A, 18B , and 18 C are simplified diagrams of neighboring gated diode nonvolatile memory cells without interconnected second nodes, in which band-to-band hot hole injection is performed as in FIG. 9B , but on selected cells. In FIG. 18A , the band-to-band hot hole injection mechanism moves holes from the diode structure to the charge storage structure 606 . The p-type second diode nodes 604 and 605 are biased at 0 V, the gate structure 608 is biased at −10 V, and electrons of the resulting electron-hole pairs flow into the n+-type first nodes 602 and 603 biased at 5 V. In FIG. 18B , the first diode node 602 is biased at 5 V, but the first diode node 603 is biased at 0 V. The band-to-band hot hole injection mechanism selectively moves holes from the diode structure to the charge storage structure 606 but not to the charge storage structure 607 . FIG. 18C also shows band-to-band hot hole injection being performed selectively on the diode structure formed by the first diode node 602 and the second diode node 604 , but not on the diode structure formed by the first diode node 603 and the second diode node 605 , as in FIG. 18B . However, in FIG. 18C , the first diode node 603 is biased at 5 V and the second diode node 605 is biased at 5 V. Because a sufficient reverse bias is still absent in the diode structure formed by the first diode node 603 and the second diode node 605 , the band-to-band hot hole injection mechanism is still absent in this diode structure. In other embodiments, the band-to-band hot hole injection mechanism selectively moves holes from the diode structure with a p-type first diode node and a n+-type second diode node to the charge storage structure as in FIG. 9A , but on selected cells. In other embodiments, the band-to-band hot electron injection mechanism selectively moves electrons from the diode structure with a p+-type first diode node and an n-type second diode node to the charge storage structure as in FIG. 7B , but on selected cells. In other embodiments, the band-to-band hot electron injection mechanism selectively moves electrons from the diode structure with an n-type first diode node and a p+-type second diode node to the charge storage structure as in FIG. 7A , but on selected cells. [0076] FIGS. 22A and 22B are simplified diagrams of neighboring gated diode nonvolatile memory cells without interconnected second nodes, in which band-to-band sensing is performed as in FIGS. 10A and 10B , but on selected cells. In FIG. 22A , the band-to-band hot hole sensing mechanism creates electron-hole pairs in the diode structure formed by the n+-type first diode node 602 biased at 2 V and the p-type second diode node 604 biased at 0 V. Resulting electrons flow into the n+-type first diode node 602 , and resulting holes flow into the p-type second diode node 604 . This band-to-band sensing current indicates the amount of net positive or net negative charge characterizing the charge storage structure 606 . The gate structure 608 is biased at −10 V. In the diode structure formed by the n+-type first diode node 603 biased at 0 V and the p-type second diode node 605 biased at 0 V, a band-to-band sensing current indicating the amount of charge characterizing the charge storage structure 607 does not flow, because a sufficient reverse bias is absent. FIG. 22B also shows band-to-band sensing being performed selectively on the diode structure formed by the first diode node 602 and the second diode node 604 , but not on the diode structure formed by the first diode node 603 and the second diode node 605 , as in FIG. 22A . However, in FIG. 22B , the first diode node 603 is biased at 2 V and the second diode node 605 is biased at 2 V. Because a sufficient reverse bias is still absent in the diode structure formed by the first diode node 603 and the second diode node 605 , the band-to-band sensing mechanism is still absent. In other embodiments, the band-to-band sensing mechanism selectively flows in a diode structure with a p-type first diode node and a n+-type second diode node as in FIGS. 11A and 11B , but on selected cells. [0077] FIGS. 19A, 19B , and 19 C are exploded view diagrams of multiple arrays of gated diode nonvolatile memory cells, with different interconnections of the word lines, first node columns, and second node columns, between different arrays. Each of the vertically displaced arrays is like the array shown in FIGS. 16A and 16B . Although the multiple arrays displaced vertically from one another by isolation oxide 1904 are part of the same integrated circuit, the multiple arrays are shown in exploded view to show the labels for all word lines and bit lines of the multiple arrays. [0078] In FIG. 19A , the word lines of different arrays 1900 and 1902 are interconnected. The word lines of array 1900 and the word lines of array 1902 are both labeled WL 1 to WL 6 . However, the first node columns and second node columns of different arrays are isolated from each other. The first node columns of array 1900 are labeled DL 1 to DL 6 , and the first node columns of array 1902 are labeled DL 7 to DL 12 . The second node columns of array 1900 are labeled CL 1 to CL 6 , and the second node columns of array 1902 are labeled CL 7 to CL 12 . [0079] In FIG. 19B , the word lines of different arrays 1910 and 1912 are isolated from each other. The word lines of array 1910 are labeled WL 1 to WL 6 , and the word lines of array 1912 are labeled WL 7 to WL 12 . However, the first node columns and second node columns of the different arrays 1910 and 1912 are interconnected. The first node columns of array 1910 and array 1912 are both labeled DL 1 to DL 6 , and the second node columns of array 1910 and array 1912 are both labeled CL 1 to CL 6 . [0080] In FIG. 19C , the word lines of different arrays 1920 and 1922 , and the first node columns and second node columns of different arrays 1920 and 1922 , are isolated from each other. The word lines of array 1920 are labeled WL 1 to WL 6 , and the word lines of array 1922 are labeled WL 7 to WL 12 . The first node columns of array 1920 are labeled DL 1 to DL 6 , and the first node columns of array 1922 are labeled DL 7 to DL 12 . The second node columns of array 1920 are labeled CL 1 to CL 6 , and the second node columns of array 1922 are labeled CL 7 to CL 12 . [0081] In other embodiments, the multiple arrays have interconnected second node columns, such that a particular array of the multiple arrays has a common bit line structure for the second node columns of that array, or alternatively, for all of the arrays. In other embodiments, the first node columns are n-type and the second columns are p-type. [0082] FIG. 20 is a simplified diagram of an integrated circuit with an array of gated diode nonvolatile memory cells and control circuitry. The integrated circuit 2050 includes a memory array 2000 implemented using gate diode nonvolatile memory cells, on a semiconductor substrate. The gated diode memory cells of array 2000 may be individual cells, interconnected in arrays, or interconnected in multiple arrays. A row decoder 2001 is coupled to a plurality of word lines 2002 arranged along rows in the memory array 2000 . A column decoder 2003 is coupled to a plurality of bit lines 2004 arranged along columns in the memory array 2000 . Addresses are supplied on bus 2005 to column decoder 2003 and row decoder 2001 . Sense amplifiers and data-in structures in block 2006 are coupled to the column decoder 2003 via data bus 2007 . Data is supplied via the data-in line 2011 from input/output ports on the integrated circuit 2050 , or from other data sources internal or external to the integrated circuit 2050 , to the data-in structures in block 2006 . Data is supplied via the data-out line 2015 from the sense amplifiers in block 2006 to input/output ports on the integrated circuit 2050 , or to other data destinations internal or external to the integrated circuit 2050 . A bias arrangement state machine 2009 controls the application of bias arrangement supply voltages 2008 , such as for the erase verify and program verify voltages, and the arrangements for programming, erasing, and reading the memory cells, such as with the band-to-band currents. [0083] FIGS. 21A-21H illustrate a sample process flow for multiple arrays of gated diode nonvolatile memory cells. FIG. 21A shows a structure with a p-type polysilicon layer 2112 on an oxide layer 2104 on a silicon substrate 2102 . In FIG. 21B , sacrificial oxide 2116 is formed and nitride 2118 is formed. Shallow trench isolation is performed, resulting in multiple p-type polysilicon structures 2113 . In FIG. 21C , the sacrificial oxide 2116 and nitride 2118 are removed. The multiple p-type polysilicon structures 2113 are implanted, resulting in p-type second nodes 2114 and n+-type first nodes 2121 of the gated diode nonvolatile memory cells. In FIG. 21D , the combined charge storage and dielectric structure 2123 and gate polysilicon 2132 are formed, completing the first array of gated diode nonvolatile memory cells. In FIG. 21E , another layer of oxide 2104 and another layer of p-type polysilicon 2112 are formed. In FIGS. 21F-21H , the steps of FIGS. 21 B-D are substantially repeated to form another array of gated diode nonvolatile memory cells that is displaced vertically from the first array. [0084] While the present invention is disclosed by reference to the technology and examples detailed above, it is to be understood that these examples are intended in an illustrative rather than in a limiting sense. It is contemplated that modifications and combinations will readily occur to those skilled in the art, which modifications and combinations will be within the spirit of the invention and the scope of the following claims.	A gated diode nonvolatile memory cell with a charge storage structure includes a diode structure with an additional gate terminal. Example embodiments include the individual memory cell, an array of such memory cells, methods of operating the memory cell or array of memory cells, and methods of manufacturing the same.	6
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation application of pending U.S. application Ser. No. 12,133,176, filed Jun. 4, 2008, entitled “GENETIC PROFILING AND BANKING SYSTEM AND METHOD,” which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/426,823, filed Jun. 27, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,401,026, entitled “GENETIC PROFILING AND BANKING SYSTEM AND METHOD,” which was a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/691,205 filed Oct. 21, 2003, now abandoned, entitled “GENETIC PROFILING AND BANKING SYSTEM AND METHOD,” which was a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/425,085, filed Oct. 22, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,640,211, entitled “GENETIC PROFILING AND BANKING SYSTEM AND METHOD,” the contents of each application is hereby incorporated by reference. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT Not applicable. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a system for profiling and banking genetic information about individuals. Genetic information derived from a sample can be used to determine medical and other information about an individual. Obtaining genetic samples and testing those samples raises concerns about privacy, access, and the use of the resulting information. Such information could, however, be useful for individuals and medical practitioners. Currently there are companies that provide banking services for storing physical samples of genetic material from biological tissue, such as blood or cheek cells. That material can be retrieved from storage and tested as desired. Removing the sample and having it tested is time consuming and may be repetitive if multiple tests are needed over time. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention includes systems and methods for storing and accessing genetic information. The systems and methods preferably provide protection against unauthorized access and use, but provide convenience in accessing and using genetic information if such use is properly authorized. In a first aspect of the present invention, a method for determining authorization for a third party is provided. The method includes providing information representative of genetic data associated with a physical sample in an accessible format, and receiving a set of access rights defining conditions under which third parties can access the information. Further, the method includes receiving a request from a third party to access the information to perform a test on the information and comparing the third party request with the access rights to confirm that the third party is authorized to access the information requested. If the third party is authorized, the method includes performing the requested test on the information. If the third party is not authorized, access is denied. In a second aspect of the present invention, a system embodied on a computing device having a processing system and a testing system is provided for determining authorization for a third party. The system includes a processing system configured for receiving a request from a third party to access genetic data for the purpose of performing a test, wherein the genetic data is stored in a database and an access control system configured for determining whether the third party is authorized to access the genetic data for the purpose of the test based on stored access rights. If the third party is authorized to access the genetic data, the test is performed on the genetic data. If the third party is not authorized to access the genetic data, access is denied to the third party and the test is not performed. In a third aspect of the present invention, a method embodied on a computing device having a processing system and a testing system for determining authorization for a third party. The method includes receiving from a third party at the computing device a request to access stored genetic data of a patient to perform a test to determine the presence or absence of a gene or genetic variant or level of expression of a marker associated with a specified disease. Further, the method includes determining whether the third party is authorized to access the genetic data for the purpose of the test based on stored access rights. If the third party user is authorized to access the genetic data for the purpose of the test, the test is performed on the genetic data and the results are reported to the third party requesting the test information. If the third party is not authorized to access the genetic data for the purpose of the test, access to the third party is denied and the test is not performed. In a method according to the present invention, a patient enrolls in a genetic banking system and provides a source of genetic material, such as a blood sample. The sample is processed using a combination of experimental and/or in silico techniques to produce a genetic profile for the patients. The processed data is stored in a database to create a genetic profile for that patient. A remaining portion of the physical sample may also be stored for further use if needed. The patient, either at the time of enrollment or after a sample is processed, can dictate access rights, including the ability of third parties (other than the individual or the genetic bank itself), such as medical practitioners, to access this profile, and the specific purposes for which the profile can be accessed and used. Thus, the patient can specify both the people who will have access, and the uses for which they have access. The system provides user interfaces for the user to enter identification information and access rights. The bank can prepare standard protocols that describe allowed and proscribed data sharing. A medical practitioner authorized to have access by the patient and confirmed by the access control system can access the profile that is stored and can run tests based on the profile as stored in the database; for example, such a test can be run to determine the presence or absence of certain markers. In another aspect, a system according to the present invention includes a database for storing genetic data on individuals and an access control system that controls access to the database and manages the tests that are to be done. The control system interacts with (or includes) a testing system to cause the testing system to process the profile data to conduct the desired test. The control system authorizes the test and provides the results. The system allows users to store a comprehensive digitized DNA profile based on a sample, in addition to storage of physical samples. The patient has control to voluntarily allow access to particular people and for particular purposes, thus protecting the privacy of that information. Because the samples have been processed and digitized, additional tests can be performed without requiring repetitive use of actual physical samples. Other features and advantages will become apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments, drawings, and claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system according to the present invention. FIGS. 2-4 are flow charts showing methods according to the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS A genetic banking system 10 has a database 18 for storing genetic profiles, and a processing system 12 for controlling interactions between a patient 14 and database 18 , and between a medical practitioner 16 and database 18 . System 10 may also include data integration and analysis functionalities and a testing system 20 that is linked to database 18 , and may also include physical storage 22 for storing physical samples of genetic material. Processing system 12 maintains access rights that allow a patient to specify and control the access to the profile by others such as medical practitioners, enforces the access rights that are voluntarily provided from the patient, causes testing system 20 to perform a desired test, and provides results to the medical practitioner. Database 18 may be a relational database with a relational database management system (RDBMS), or it may use technology such as that in ACEDB, a genome database system that has a custom database kernel, a data model designed specifically for handling scientific data flexibly, and a graphical user interface with many specific displays and tools for genomic data. ACEDB software and supporting tools are publicly available via the Internet by download. Processing system 12 and the testing system 20 may each include a special purpose computer, a workstation, a server, or some combination of linked computers, workstations, and/or servers for interfacing with users, processing, information and performing tests. The connections employed are preferably high speed, TCP/IP connections, such as T 1 lines. The testing system may be independent and remote from processing system 12 that interacts with users and medical practitioners, or the testing system and processing system may be part of one larger processing system. Referring to the flow chart of FIG. 2 , a source of genetic material, such as a blood sample, is provided by a patient for testing purposes after the patient enrolls with the system ( 100 ). This enrollment process includes the processing system 4 providing a user interface to the patient, and the patient providing information about himself/herself through the user interface to the processing system about himself/herself. The patient, using the user interface, voluntarily establishes conditions under which the genetic information can be accessed, preferably through use of a menu of standard protocols or by selecting a standard protocol and customizing it. The patient can thus determine access rights, including both who gets access and the uses that can be made of that genetic information. Thus, at least-some authorized third parties users may have access for some purposes and not for other purposes, or some third parties may have access rights set to all for all purposes. To confirm selections regarding access and use made by the patients, the system preferably employs a process of querying and confirming through the user interface, and preferably also includes information for the patient about the system and about the tests. Redundancies and checks can be provided in the interaction between the patient and the user interface during the enrollment process so that the patient understands the possible uses of the profile and the consequences of selecting who gets access and the uses for that access. To enroll, the patient preferably either obtains from the processing system a password at the time of enrollment, or the patient may have previously been provided with a password for confidentiality. The system preferably provides a high level of security and may include mechanisms such as digital certificates in addition to the password protection. The enrollment can take place-on a private or other closed or dedicated network, such as a LAN or Intranet, or with appropriate security measures, over the Internet, and can be performed without additional human intervention (i.e., additional to the user). For Internet interaction, the processing system can include a web server for providing pages or forms and for receiving information entered onto those forms. When the patient is enrolled, the patient has a physical source of genetic material shipped to the genetic banking system or some other desired location for processing ( 102 ). At a later time, the patient can use the password or a new password to change selections for who can get access and the uses for which access can be made. In addition, the selections can “time out” such that the user must re-confirm selections after some period of time or else the access rights are terminated. The physical sample is processed by the testing system and the results of the processing are stored in the database. The processing that is performed on the sample can vary depending on the genetic banking and testing services that are provided, but can include genotyping and bioinformatic profiling of general and/or specific genetic marker panels. Such information can be used to determine risks of many diseases including, without limitation, cancer, Huntington's Disease, Alzheimer's Disease, and hypertension. The tests can be done through a number of different methods, such as fluorescence, optical density, mass spectroscopy, DNA sequencing, microarray-based assays, or other current methods or methods to be developed. The data that is provided from these tests is digitally stored in the database as a genetic profile of the patient for subsequent analysis and tests. After the tests are done, the actual physical sample (or at least any remaining portion) may be stored if desired in case it is needed for confirmation or other future purposes ( 106 ). This physical storage can be done using known cryogenic techniques. Referring to FIG. 3 , a third party, such as a medical practitioner (i.e., a party other than the patient or people associated with the management and/or operation of the genetic banking system), may seek access to an enrolled individual's profile in the database ( 110 ) using a user interface provided from the processing system to the practitioner. The practitioner is authenticated, such as through the use of digital certificates and/or password protection before he/she can access the information. The system compares the access rights entered by the patient into the system with that third party practitioner seeking access to the patient's profile. The system then determines whether access is allowed for that third party practitioner ( 112 ). If the access is allowed, the practitioner can seek to have a test performed, such as a search of the profile for markers for Huntington's Disease ( 114 ). The system determines whether the test is authorized by comparing the type of test that is desired with the access rights entered by the patient ( 116 ) (a practitioner may have access for some purposes but not others). If the test is authorized, the processing system forwards the request to the testing system to perform the test. The results of the test can be analyzed in the processing system if needed and provided to the practitioner, preferably in an encrypted form ( 118 ). The connections that are provided, particularly between database 18 and testing system 20 , should have high bandwidth to allow a significant amount of data to be quickly provided to the testing system for the results. Testing system 20 should be sufficiently computationally intensive in order to perform the requested tests. If access by the practitioner is not allowed; or if the particular test is not authorized, the patient can log in to the system to provide the appropriate authorizations for access ( 120 , 122 ). The practitioner can seek access over a dedicated or closed network, or with appropriate security, over the Internet. The processes of seeking access, confirming access, performing the test, and reporting results can all be performed without additional human intervention (other than the medical practitioner himself/herself). The patient mayor may not have access to have tests run individually and without the tests being performed for a medical practitioner. It may be desirable for the patient only to have access through a medical practitioner who can explain to the patient the actual meaning of the tests. However, it would also be possible to allow the patient to have tests performed and to have access to the results. Referring to FIG. 4 , a more detailed example of the sample processing process is shown. In this process, the DNA is extracted from the sample, such as the blood sample ( 130 ). Extraction of DNA from a sample of cells may be accomplished by any standard method. Using the patient's DNA sample, a complete genotype (GT) and pan-loci ID are performed ( 132 ). For example, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) map may be generated from the patient's DNA sample. In the alternate, if the patient has or is predisposed to develop a specific disease, genes (e.g., mutations, aberrant expression patterns) associated with those diseases may be directly sequenced from the patient's sample. Next, high-throughput (HT) genotyping is executed ( 134 ). The results of the genotyping data are provided in reports that are preferably customized for convenient use ( 136 ). Several non-limiting genes, and the diseases with which they are associated, which can be sequenced and/or from which a SNP map can be generated according to the methods of the invention are provided in Pulst S. M. (1999) Neurol. 56(6): 667-672; Ballantyne et al. (1997) J. Cardiovasc. Risk 4(5-6):353-356; Marian, A. J. (1997) J. Cardiovasc. Risk 4(5-6): 341-345; Marian, A. J. (1997) J. Cardiovasc. Risk 4(5-6): 333-339; Hallman, D. M. et al. (1997) J. Cardiovasc. Risk 4(5-6): 325-331; Ballantyne et al. (1997) J. Cardiovasc. Risk 4(5-6): 321-323. Additional genes the diseases with which they are associated are listed in Table 1. TABLE I Gene Disease Reference* p53 cervical cancer Zehbe et al. (1999) Lancet 354(9174): 218-219 BRCA1 breast cancer Hakansson et al. (1997) Am. J. Hum. Genet 60(5): 1068-1078 BRCA2 breast cancer Hakansson et al. (1997) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 60(5): 1068-1078 CTLA-4 thyroid Vaidya et al. (1999) Lancet associated 354(9180): orbitopathy 743-744 nitric oxide synthase coronary artery Liao et al. (1999) Angiology (eNOS) disease 50(8): 671-676 gene encoding Tangier disease Rust et al. (1999) Nat. Genet. human ATP 22(4): 352-355; Brooks-Wilson cassette-binding (1999) Genet. 22(4): 336-345 transporter 1 (ABC1) CTLA-4 multiple sclerosis Ligers et al. (1999) J. Neuroimmunol. 97(1-2): 182-190 genetic marker multiple sclerosis Shinar et al. (1998) J. Mol. D65461 Neurosci. 11(3): 265-269 Microdeletions at Van der Woude Schutte et al. (1999) Am. J. chromosome bands syndrome Med. Genet. 84(2): 145-150 1q32-q41 chromosome 21q22 bipolar affective Aita et al. (1999) Am. J. Hum. disorder Genet. 64(1): 210-217. *each reference is hereby incorporated by reference In addition to specific genes associated with specific diseases, many diseases are characterized by their association with a set of at least one genetic marker which can be detected using the methods of the present invention. For example, a marker in the UCP-2/UCP-3 gene cluster has been linked to a genetic susceptibility to anorexia nervosa (Campbell et al. (1999) Mol. Psychiatry 4(1): 68-70) Likewise, genetic markers in addition to apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphism has been associated with Alzheimer's disease (Scacchi et al. (1999) Neurosci. Lett. 259(1): 33-36). Parkinson's disease is similarly associated with a certain combined alpha-synuclein/apolipoprotein E genotype (Kruger et al. (1999) Ann. Neural. 45(5): 611-617). The methods of the invention may also be employed to detect the presence of a multigenetic disease (or the predisposition to develop such a disease) that is associated with and/or caused by the allelic variants of more than one gene. For the purposes of the invention, it matters not whether the disease is caused by and/or correlated with the associated genetic marker or whether the associated genetic marker is caused by and/or correlated with the disease. What is relevant is that certain genetic markers, such as allelic variants, are associated with certain disease phenotypes and/or predisposition to develop the disease. The invention provides an accessible confidential database that creates and stores genetic information, such as an SNP map, from patient DNA. As more patient samples are added to the database of the invention, and as researchers find more associations between genetic markers and particular disease phenotypes, use of the invention provides an on-going self-perpetuating advancement into the development of associations between genetic markers and certain diseases. Moreover, with appropriate security and privacy cautions, the database can be used in an anonymous manner to allow researchers to access a body of genetic information for research and analysis purposes. The system of the present invention thus allows a patient to voluntarily bank genetic information that can be used quickly to determine genetic and medical information about that individual, particularly information that relates to whether the individual carries genetic information associated with known diseases. The system provides restrictions, however, that allow the user to retain privacy and limit. unauthorized access to his/her genetic information. The system is thus unlike a system, for example, in which DNA information, like fingerprint information, is stored for identification purposes to use DNA information to identify individuals involved in specific criminal activities; in such a case, the individual who provides the sample would generally not have voluntary control to establish the ability of others to access the information, and such systems would generally not have the ability to test for a number of different medical purposes for which the DNA information can be accessed by others. The patents and scientific literature referred to herein establish the knowledge of those with skill in the art and are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. Any conflict between any reference cited herein and the specific teachings of this specification shall be resolved in favor of the latter. Likewise, any conflict between an art-understood definition of a word or phrase and a definition of the word or phrase as specifically taught in this specification shall be resolved in favor of the latter. Having described a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it should be apparent that modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. For example, the authorization is described as a two-step process of checking the user then the purpose, although the authorization could combine user and purpose into one combined access right. While components of the preferred embodiment may have certain benefits and advantages noted herein, other systems and components thereof may nonetheless be within the scope of the claims without necessarily having each and everyone of the noted benefits and advantages.	A method is provided for determining whether a third party is authorized to access information representative of genetic data. This information representative of genetic data is associated with a physical sample and is provided in an accessible format. A set of access rights is received that define which third parties can access the information and how the information can be used. A third party requests to access the information for the purposes of performing a test. The request is compared to the access rights. If the third party is authorized, the test is performed on the information. If, however, the third party is not authorized, access is denied.	6
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS The present patent application claims the right of priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 and 35 U.S.C. 365 of International Application No. PCT/EP98/04734, filed Jul. 29, 1998, which was published in German as International Patent Publication No. WO 99/07782 on Feb. 18, 1999, which is entitled to the right of priority of German Patent Application No. 197 34 661.8, filed Aug. 11, 1997. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to flame-proof polycarbonate ABS moulding compositions containing phosphate compounds and inorganic materials which have excellent resistance to stress cracking. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION EP-A 0 174 493 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,983,658) describes flame-proofed, halogen-containing polymer mixtures consisting of aromatic polycarbonate, styrene-containing graft copolymer, monophosphates and a specific polytetrafluoroethylene formulation. Although these mixtures are adequate in terms of fire behaviour and level of mechanical values, shortcomings may arise as regards resistance to stress cracking. U.S. Pat. No. 5,030,675 describes flame-proof thermoplastic moulding compositions consisting of aromatic polycarbonate, ABS polymer, polyalkylene terephthalate as well as monophosphates and fluorinated polyolefins as flame-proofing additives. Good resistance to stress cracking is contrasted by disadvantages in the form of shortcomings as regards notch impact strength and inadequate thermostability under high thermal load such as the processing process. Diphosphates are known as flame-proofing additives. JA 59 202 240 describes the production of such a product from phosphorus oxychloride, diphenols such as hydroquinone or bisphenol A and monophenols such as phenol or cresol. These diphosphates may be used in polyamide or polycarbonate as flame-proofing agents. In this literature, however, there is no indication of improved resistance to stress cracking by addition of the oligomeric phosphate to polycarbonate moulding compositions. EP-A 0 363 608 (=U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,394) describes polymer mixtures consisting of aromatic polycarbonate, styrene-containing copolymer or graft copolymer and oligomeric phosphates as flame-proofing additives. U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,745 describes polymer mixtures consisting of aromatic polycarbonate, ABS graft polymer and/or styrene-containing copolymer and monophosphates as flame-proofing additives. The level of the stress cracking resistance of these mixtures is often inadequate for the production of thin-walled housing parts. EP-A 0 767 204 describes flame-proof polyphenylene oxide (PPO) and/or polycarbonate mixtures which contain a mixture consisting of oligophosphates (bisphenol A (BPA)-oligophosphate type) and monophosphates as flame-proofing agents. High flame-proofing agent contents lead to disadvantageous mechanical properties and reduced heat deflection temperature. EP-A 0 611 798 and WO 96/27600 describe moulding compositions which contain oligomeric, terminally alkylated phosphoric acid esters of the BPA type in addition to polycarbonate. Because of the alkylation, high contents are required in order to achieve effective flame-proofing, and this is very disadvantageous for many technical application properties. EP-A 0 754 531 describes reinforced PC/ABS moulding compositions which are suitable for precision components. Inter alia, oligophosphates of the BPA type are used as flame-proofing agents. The high filler contents have a very disadvantageous effect on the mechanical properties. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Surprisingly it has now been found that flame-proof polycarbonate ABS moulding compositions have excellent stress cracking resistance and notch impact strength as well as a high heat deflection temperature when they contain an additive combination consisting of a specific phosphorus compound and a synergistically acting quantity of one or more inorganic materials. A particularly favourable property combination is achieved when the phosphorus compound is made up of bisphenol A units. These moulding compositions are particularly suitable for producing thin-walled housing parts (data processing housing parts) where high processing temperatures and pressures lead to considerable stress on the material used. The invention provides flame-proof thermoplastic moulding compositions containing A. 40 to 98 parts by weight, preferably 50 to 95 parts by weight, particularly preferably 60 to 90 parts by weight of an aromatic polycarbonate, B. 0 to 50, preferably 1 to 30 parts by weight, of a vinyl (co)polymer consisting of at least one monomer selected from the series styrene, α-methylstyrene, ring-substituted styrenes, C 1 -C 8 -alkyl methacrylates, C 1 -C 8 -alkyl acrylates with at least one monomer from the series acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, C 1 -C 8 -alkyl methacrylates, C 1 -C 8 -alkyl acrylates, maleic anhydride, N-substituted maleinimides, C. 0.5 to 60 parts by weight, preferably 1 to 40 parts by weight, particularly preferably 2 to 30 parts by weight of a graft polymer, D. 0.5 to 20 parts by weight, preferably 1 to 18 parts by weight, particularly preferably 2 to 15 parts by weight of a phosphorus compound of formula (I) in which R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 independently of each other mean C 1 -C 8 alkyl optionally substituted by halogen, C 5 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10 -aryl or C 7 -C 12 -aralkyl optionally substituted by halogen and/or alkyl in each case, n independently of each other means 0 or 1, q independently of each other means 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, N means 0.1 to 5 and R 5 and R 6 independently of each other mean C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, preferably methyl or halogen, preferably chlorine and/or bromine, Y means C 1 -C 7 -alkylidene, C 1 -C 7 -alkylene, C 5 -C 12 -cycloalkylene, C 5 -C 12 -cycloalkylidene, —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO 2 — or —CO—, E 0.05 to 5 parts by weight, preferably 0. 1 to 1 part by weight, particularly preferably 0.1 to 0.5 parts by weight of a fluorinated polyolefin, F. 0.01 to 50 parts by weight, preferably 0.1 to 20 parts by weight, particularly preferably 0.5 to 10 parts by weight of finely divided inorganic powder with an average particle diameter ≦200 nm. The sum of all parts by weight A+B+C+D+E+F is 100. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Component A Thermoplastic aromatic polycarbonates suitable according to the invention according to Component A are those based on diphenols of formula (II) in which A is a single bond C 1 -C 5 -alkylene, C 2 -C 5 -alkylidene, C 5 -C 6 -cycloalkylidene, —S— or —SO 2 —, B is chlorine, bromine, q is 0,1 or 2 and p is 1 or 0, or alkyl-substituted dihydroxyphenyl cycloalkanes of formula (III) in which R 7 and R 8 independently of each other, in each case mean hydrogen, halogen, preferably chlorine or bromine, C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, C 5 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, C 6 -C 10 -aryl, preferably phenyl, and C 7 -C 12 -aralkyl, preferably phenyl-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, particularly benzyl, m means a whole number of 4, 5, 6 or 7, preferably 4 or 5, R 9 and R 10 , individually selectable for each Z and independently of each other mean hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, and Z means carbon, with the proviso that on at least one atom Z R 9 and R 10 simultaneously mean alkyl. Examples of suitable diphenols of formula (H) are hydroquinone, resorcinol, 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl, 2,2-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propane, 2,4-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylbutane, 1,1-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-cyclohexane, 2,2-bis-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propane, 2,2-bis-(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propane. Preferred diphenols of formula (II) are 2,2-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propane, 2,2-bis-(3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propane and 1,1-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-cyclohexane. Preferred diphenols of formula (III) are 1,1-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyl-cyclohexane, 1,1-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexane and 1,1-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4,4-trimethyl-cyclopentane. Polycarbonates suitable according to the invention are both homopolycarbonates and copolycarbonates. Component A may also be a mixture of the thermoplastic polycarbonates defined above. Polycarbonates may be produced in known manner from diphenols with phosgene by the interface process or with phosgene by the process in homogeneous phase, the so-called pyridine process, wherein the molecular weight can be set in known manner by means of a corresponding quantity of known chain terminators. Examples of suitable chain terminators are phenol, p-chlorophenol, p-tert.-butyl phenol or 2,4,6-tribromophenol, but also long-chain alkyl phenols such as 4-(1,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenol according to DE-OS 2 842 005 or monoalkyl phenol and/or dialkyl phenol with a total of 8 to 20 C atoms in the alkyl substituents according to German patent application P 3 506 472.2 such as 3,5-di-tert.-butyl phenol, p-iso-octyl phenol, p-tert.-octyl phenol, p-dodecyl phenol and 2-(3,5-dimethyl-heptyl)-phenol and 4-(3,5-dimethyl-heptyl)-phenol. The quantity of chain terminators is generally between 0.5 and 10 mole %, related to the sum of the diphenols of formulae (II) and/or (III) used in each case. The polycarbonates A suitable according to the invention have average molecular weights ({overscore (M)} w ), weight average, measured by ultracentrifuging or scattered light measurement for example) of 10,000 to 200,000, preferably 20,000 to 80,000. The polycarbonates A suitable according to the invention may be branched in known manner, and indeed preferably by the incorporation of 0.05 to 2 mole %, related to the sum of the diphenols used, of tri- or more than trifunctional compounds, such as those with three or more than three phenolic groups. In addition to the bisphenol A homopolycarbonate, preferred polycarbonates are the copolycarbonates of bisphenol A with up to 15 mole %, related to the mole sum of diphenols, of 2,2-bis-(3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propane and the copolycarbonates of bisphenol A with up to 60 mole %, related to the mole sum of diphenols, of 1,1-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,3,5 -trimethyl cyclohexane. The polycarbonates A may be partially or completely replaced by aromatic polyester carbonates. The aromatic polycarbonates of Component A may also contain polysiloxane blocks. Their production is described in DE-OS 3 334 872 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,821,325 for example. Component B Vinyl (co)polymers according to Component B which can be used according to the invention are those consisting of at least one monomer from the series: styrene, α-methylstyrene and/or ring-substituted styrenes, C 1 -C 8 -alkyl methacrylate, C 1 -C 8 -alkyl acrylate (B.1) with at least one monomer from the series: acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, C 1 -C 8 -alkyl methacrylate, C 1 -C 8 -alkyl acrylate, maleic anhydride and/or N-substituted maleinimides (B.2). C 1 -C 8 -alkyl acrylates and/or C 1 -C 8 -alkyl methacrylates are esters of acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid and monohydric alcohols with 1 to 8 C atoms. Methacrylic acid methyl ester, ethyl ester and propyl ester are particularly preferred. Methylmethacrylate is quoted as particularly preferred methacrylic acid ester. Thermoplastic (co)polymers with a composition according to Component B may be formed as a by-product of graft polymerization to produce Component C, particularly when large quantities of monomer are grafted onto small amounts of rubber. The amount of (co)polymer B to be used according to the invention does not include these by-products of the graft polymerization. The (co)polymers according to Component B are resin-like, thermoplastic and rubber-free. The thermoplastic (co)polymers B contain 50 to 98, preferably 60 to 95 parts by weight of B.1 and 50 to 2, preferably 40 to 5 parts by weight of B.2. Particularly preferred (co)polymers B are those consisting of styrene with acrylonitrile and optionally with methyl methacrylate, of α-methylstyrene with acrylonitrile and optionally with methyl methacrylate, or of styrene and α-methylstyrene with acrylonitrile and optionally with methyl methacrylate. The styrene/acrylonitrile copolymers according to Component B are known and may be produced by radical polymerization, particularly by emulsion, suspension, solution or bulk polymerization. The copolymers according to Component B preferably have molecular weights {overscore (M)} w (weight average, determined by light scattering or sedimentation) between 15,000 and 200,000. Particularly preferred copolymers B according to the invention are also statistically synthesized copolymers consisting of styrene and maleic anhydride which may be produced from the corresponding monomers by a continuous bulk or solution polymerization with incomplete reactions. The contents of the two components of the statistically synthesized styrene/maleic anhydride copolymers suitable according to the invention may be varied within wide limits. The preferred maleic anhydride content is 5 to 25 wt. %. The molecular weights (number average ({overscore (M)} n ) of the statistically synthesized styrene/maleic anhydride copolymers according to Component B suitable according to the invention may vary over a wide range. The range of 60,000 to 200,000 is preferred. An intrinsic viscosity of 0.3 to 0.9 (measured in dimethyl formamide at 25° C.; see Hoffmann, Krömer, Kuhn, Polymeranalytik I, Stuttgart 1977, page 316 ff.) is preferred for these products. Instead of styrene the vinyl (co)polymers B may also contain ring-substituted styrenes such as p-methylstyrene, vinyl toluene, 2,4-dimethylstyrene and other substituted styrenes such as α-methylstyrene. Component C Graft polymers C comprise, for example, graft copolymers with rubber-elastic properties, which are substantially obtainable from at least two of the following monomers: chloroprene, buta-1,3-diene, isopropene, styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, vinyl acetate and (meth)acrylic acid ester with 1 to 18 C atoms in the alcohol component; i.e. polymers as are described, for example, in “Methoden der Organischen Chemie” (Houben-Weyl), Vol. 14/1, Georg Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart 1961, p. 393-406 and in C B Bucknall, “Toughened Plastics”, Appl. Science Publishers, London 1977. Preferred polymers C are partially crosslinked and contain gel contents of over 20 wt. %, preferably over 40 wt. %, particularly over 60 wt. %. Preferred graft polymers C comprise: C.1 5 to 95, preferably 30 to 80 parts by weight of a mixture comprising C.1.1 50 to 95 parts by weight of styrene, α-methylstyrene, halogen or methyl ring-substituted styrene, C 1 -C 8 -alkyl methacrylate, particularly methyl methacrylate, C 1 -C 8 -alkyl acrylate, particularly methyl methacrylate or mixtures of these compounds and C.1.2 5 to 50 parts by weight of acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, C 1 -C 8 -alkyl methacrylates, particularly methyl methacrylate, C 1 -C 8 -alkyl acrylate, particularly methacrylate, maleic anhydride, C 1 -C 4 -alkyl- and/or phenyl-N-substituted maleinimides or mixtures of these compounds on C.2 5 to 95, preferably 20 to 70 parts by weight of polymer with a glass transition temperature below −10° C. Examples of preferred graft polymers C are polybutadienes, butadiene/styrene copolymers and acrylate rubbers grafted with styrene and/or acrylonitrile and/or alkyl (meth)acrylates; i.e. copolymers of the type described in DE-OS 1 694 173 (=U.S. Pat. No. 3,564,077); polybutadienes, butadiene/styrene or butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymers, polyisobutenes or polyisoprenes grafted with alkyl acrylates or methacrylates, vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, styrene and/or alkyl styrenes, such as are described in DE-OS 2 348 377 (=U.S. Pat. No. 3,919,353). Examples of particularly preferred polymers C are ABS polymers such as are described in DE-OS 2 035 390 (=U.S. Pat. No. 3,644,574) or in DE-OS 2 248 242 (=GB-PS 1 409 275) for example. Particularly preferred graft polymers C are graft polymers which are obtainable by graft reaction of I. 10 to 70, preferably 15 to 50, particularly 20 to 40 wt. %, related to graft product, of at least one (meth)acrylic acid ester or 10 to 70, preferably 15 to 50, particularly 20 to 40 wt. % of a mixture consisting of 10 to 50, preferably 20 to 35 wt. %, related to mixture, of acrylonitrile or (meth)acrylic acid ester and 50 to 90, preferably 65 to 80 wt. %, related to mixture, of styrene, on II. 30 to 90, preferably 50 to 85, particularly 60 to 80 wt %, related to graft product, of a butadiene polymer with at least 50 wt. %, related to II, of butadiene groups as graft base, wherein preferably the gel content of the graft base II is at least 70 wt. % (measured in toluene), the degree of graft G 0.15 to 0.55 and the average particle diameter d 50 of the graft polymer 0.05 to 2 μm, preferably 0.1 to 0.6 μm. (Meth)acrylic acid esters I are esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid and monohydric alcohols with 1 to 18 C atoms. Methylacrylic acid methyl, ethyl and propyl esters are particularly preferred. In addition to butadiene groups the graft base II may contain up to 50 wt. %, related to II, of groups of other ethylenically unsaturated monomers such as styrene, acrylonitrile, esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid with 1 to 4 C atoms in the alcohol component (such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate), vinyl esters and/or vinyl ethers. The preferred graft base II consists of pure polybutadiene. The degree of graft G denotes the weight ratio between grafted graft monomers and the graft base and is dimensionless. The average particle size d 50 is the diameter above and below which 50 wt. % of the particles lie in each case. It may be determined by ultracentifuge measurement (W. Scholtan, H. Lange, Kolloid, Z. und Z. Polymere 250 (1972), 782-796). Examples of particularly preferred polymers C are also graft polymers consisting of (a) 20 to 90 wt. %, related to C, of acrylate rubber with a glass transition temperature below −20° C. as graft base and (b) 10 to 80 wt. %, related to C, of at least one polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated monomer (cf. C.1) as graft monomer. The acrylate rubbers (a) of polymers C are preferably polymers of acrylic acid alkyl esters, optionally with up to 40 wt. %, related to (a), of other polymerizable ethylenically unsaturated monomer. C 1 -C 8 -alkyl esters, such as methyl, ethyl, butyl, n-octyl and 2-ethyl hexylester; halogen alkyl esters, preferably halogen-C 1 -C 8 -alkyl esters, such as chloroethyl acrylate, and mixtures of these monomers, belong to the preferred polymerizable acrylic acid esters. For crosslinking, monomers with more than one polymerizable double bond may be copolymerized. Preferred examples of crosslinking monomers are esters of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids with 3 to 8 C atoms and unsaturated monohydric alcohols with 3 to 12 C atoms or saturated polyols with 2 to 4 OH groups and 2 to 20 C atoms, such as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, allyl methacrylate; polyunsaturated heterocyclic compounds such as trivinyl and triallyl cyanurate; polyfunctional vinyl compounds such as di- and tri-vinyl benzenes; but also triallyl phosphate and diallyl phthalate. Preferred crosslinking monomers are allyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethyl-acrylate, diallyl phthalate and heterocyclic compounds which have at least three ethylenically unsaturated groups. Particularly preferred crosslinking monomers are the cyclic monomers triallyl cyanurate, triallyl isocyanurate, trivinyl cyanurate, triacryloylhexahydro-s-triazine, triallyl benzenes. The quantity of crosslinking monomers is preferably 0.02 to 5, particularly 0.05 to 2 wt. %, related to the graft base (a). In the case of cyclic crosslinking monomers with at least three ethylenically unsaturated groups it is advantageous to limit the quantity to below 1 wt. % of the graft base (a). Examples of preferred “other” polymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated monomers which may also optionally serve to produce the graft base (a) in addition to the acrylic acid esters, are acrylonitrile, styrene, α-methylstyrene, acrylamides, vinyl-C 1 -C 6 -alkylethers, methyl methacrylate, butadiene. Preferred acrylate rubbers as graft base (a) are emulsion polymers which have a gel content of at least 60 wt. %. Further suitable graft bases are silicone rubbers with graft-active sites, such as are described in published patent applications DE-OS 3 704 657, DE-OS 3 704 655, DE-OS 3 631 540 and DE-OS 3 631 539. The gel content of the graft base (a) is determined at 25° C. in dimethyl formamide (M. Hoffmann, H. Krömer, R. Kuhn, Polymeranalytik I and II, George Thieme-Verlag publishers, Stuttgart 1977). Since in the graft reaction, the graft monomers are not necessarily completely grafted onto the graft base, as is known, according to the invention graft polymers C are also understood to mean those products which are obtained by polymerization of the graft monomers in presence of the graft base. Component D As flame-proofing agents the moulding compositions according to the invention contain phosphorus compounds according to formula (I), in which the groups have the meanings quoted above. The phosphorus compounds according to Component D suitable according to the invention are generally known (see for example Ullmanns Encyklopäidie der Technischen Chemie, Vol. 18, p. 301 ff., 1979; Houben-Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie, Vol. 12/1, p. 43; Beulstein, Vol. 6, p. 177). Preferred substituents R 1 to R 4 comprise methyl, butyl, octyl, chloroethyl, 2-chloropropyl, 2,3-dibromopropyl, phenyl, cresyl, cumyl, naphthyl, chlorophenyl, bromophenyl, pentachlorophenyl and pentabromophenyl. Methyl, ethyl, butyl, phenyl and naphthyl are particularly preferred. The aromatic groups R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 may be substituted with halogen and/or C 1 -C 4 -alkyl. Particularly preferred aryl groups are cresyl, phenyl, xylenyl, propylphenyl or butylphenyl and also the brominated and chlorinated derivatives thereof. Independently of each other R 5 and R 6 preferably mean methyl or bromine. Y preferably stands for C 1 -C 7 -alkylene, particularly for isopropylidene or methylene. In formula (I), n may be 0 or 1, independently of each other, preferably n is equal to 1. q may be 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, preferably q is 0,1 or 2. N may assume values of 0.1 to 5, preferably 0.3 to 2. Mixtures of different phosphates may also be used as Component D according to the invention. In this case N has an average value of 0.1 to 5, preferably 0.3 to 2. As phosphorus compounds this mixture may also contain monophosphorus compounds (N=0). Monophosphorus compounds according to formula (I) where N=0 are preferably tributyl phosphate, tris-(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, diphenylcresyl phosphate, diphenyloctyl phosphate, diphenyl-2-ethylcresyl phosphate, tri-(isopropylphenyl) phosphate, halogen-substituted aryl phosphates, methyl phosphoric acid dimethyl esters, methyl phosphonic acid diphenyl esters, phenyl phosphonic acid diethyl esters and triphenyl phosphine oxide. Component E The fluorinated polyolefins E are high-molecular and have glass transition temperatures of above −30° C., generally above 100° C. Their fluorine contents are preferably 65 to 76, particularly 70 to 76 wt. %. Their average particle diameters d 50 are generally 0.05 to 1,000, preferably 0.08 to 20 μm. Generally speaking the fluorinated polyolefins E have a density of 1.2 to 2.3 g/cm 3 . Preferred fluorinated polyolefins E are polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene and ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymers. The fluorinated polyolefins are known (cf. “Vinyl and Related Polymers” by Schildknecht, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1962, page 484 to 494; “Fluorpolymers” by Wall, Wiley Interscience, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, Vol. 13, 1970, page 623 to 654; “Modem Plastics Encyclopedia”, 1970 to 1971, Vol. 47, No. 10A, October 1970, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, page 134 and 774; “Modem Plastics Encyclopedia”, 1975 to 1976, October 1975, Vol. 52, No. 10A, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, page 27, 28 and 472 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,671,487, 3,723,373 and 3,838,092). They may be produced by known processes, such as by polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene in aqueous medium with a catalyst forming free radicals, such as sodium, potassium or ammonium peroxydisulphate at pressures of 7 to 71 kg/cm 2 and at temperatures of 0 to 200° C., preferably at temperatures of 20 to 100° C. (For further details see U.S. Pat. No. 2,393,967 for example). Depending on the form of use, the density of these materials may be between 1.2 and 2.3 g/cm 3 , the average particle size between 0.05 and 1,000 μm. Preferred fluorinated polyolefins E are tetrafluoroethylene polymers. They have average particle diameters of 0.05 to 20 μm, preferably 0.08 to 10 μm, and a density of 1.2 to 1.9 g/cm 3 and are preferably used in the form of a coagulated mixture of emulsions of the tetrafluoroethylene polymers E with emulsions of the graft polymers. C. Suitable fluorinated polyolefins E which can be used in powder form are tetrafluoroethylene polymers with average particle diameters of 100 to 1,000 μm and densities of 2.0 g/cm 3 to 2.3 g/cm 3 . To produce a coagulated mixture of C and E, initially an aqueous emulsion (latex) of a graft polymer C with average latex particle diameters of 0.05 to 2 μm, particularly 0.1 to 0.6 μm, is mixed with a finely divided emulsion of a tetrafluoroethylene polymer E in water with average particle diameters of 0.05 to 20 μm, particularly 0.08 to 10 μm; suitable tetrafluoroethylene polymer emulsions conventionally have solids contents of 30 to 70 wt. %, particularly 50 to 60 wt. %. The emulsions of the graft polymers C have solids contents of 25 to 50 wt. %, preferably 30 to 45 wt. %. The quantity quoted in the description of Component C does not include the content of the graft polymer in the coagulated mixture of graft polymer and fluorinated polyolefins. In the emulsion mixture the weight ratio of graft polymer C to tetrafluoroethylene polymer E is 95:5 to 60:40. The emulsion mixture is coagulated in known manner, such as by spray-drying, freeze-drying or coagulation by adding inorganic or organic salts, acids, bases or organic solvents miscible with water, such as alcohols, ketones, preferably at temperatures of 20 to 150° C., particularly 50 to 100° C. If required, drying may take place at 50 to 200° C., preferably 70 to 100° C. Suitable tetrafluoroethylene polymer emulsions are conventional commercial products and are offered as Teflon® 30 N by DuPont, for example. Component F Finely divided inorganic compounds according to Component F consist of compounds of one or more metals of main groups 1 to 5 and sub-groups 1 to 8 of the periodic system, preferably main groups 2 to 5 and sub-groups 4 to 8, particularly preferably main groups 3 to 5 and sub-groups 4 to 8 with at least one element selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, boron, phosphorus, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and silicon. Examples of preferred compounds are oxides, hydroxides, hydrous oxides, sulfates, sulfites, sulfides, carbonates, carbides, nitrates, nitrites, nitrides, borates, silicates, phosphates, hydrides, phosphites or phosphonates. Examples of preferred finely divided inorganic compounds are TIN, TiO 2 , SnO 2 , WC, ZnO, Al 2 O 3 , AlO(OH), ZrO 2 , Sb 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , iron oxides, Na 2 SO 4 , BASO 4 , vanadium oxides, zinc borate, silicates such as Al silicates, Mg silicates, one, two, three dimensional silicates, mixtures and doped compounds may also be used. Furthermore these nano-scale particles may be surface-modified with organic molecules, to obtain better compatibility with the polymers. Hydrophobic or hydrophilic surfaces may be produced in this way. The average particle diameters are not great,r than 200 nm, preferably not greater than 150 nm, particularly 1 to 100 nm. Throughout, particle size and particle diameter mean the average particle diameter d 50 , determined by ultracentrifuge measurements according to W. Scholtan et al., Kolloid-Z. und Z. Polymere 250 (1972), p. 782 to 796. The inorganic compounds may be present as powders, pastes, sols, dispersions or suspensions. Powders may be obtained from dispersions, sols or suspensions by precipitation. The powders may be incorporated into the thermoplastic plastics by conventional methods, such as by direct mixing or extrusion of the constituents of the moulding compositions and the finely divided inorganic powders. Preferred methods are the production of a masterbatch, e.g. in flame-proofing additives, other additives, monomers, solvents, in Component A or the co-precipitation of dispersions of Components B or C with dispersions, suspensions, pastes or sols of the finely divided inorganic materials. The moulding compositions according to the invention may contain conventional additives, such as lubricants and mould release agents, nucleating agents, anti-static agents, stabilizers, fillers and reinforcing materials as well as dyes and pigments. The filled and/or reinforced moulding compositions may contain up to 60, preferably 10 to 40 wt. %, related to the filled and/or reinforced moulding composition, of fillers and/or reinforcing materials. Preferred reinforcing materials are glass fibres. Preferred fillers, which may also have a reinforcing effect, are glass marbles, mica, silicates, quartz, talc, titanium dioxide, wollastonite. The moulding compositions according to the invention consisting of Components A to F and optionally further known additives such as stabilizers, dyes, pigments, lubricants and mould release agents, fillers and reinforcing materials, nucleating agents and anti-static agents, are produced by mixing the particular constituents in known manner and melt-compounding or melt-extruding them at temperatures of 200° C. to 300° C. in conventional equipment such as internal mixers, extruders and twin screw extruders, wherein Component E is preferably used in the form of the above-mentioned coagulated mixture. The moulding compositions according to the invention may optionally contain flame-proofing agents different from compounds of formula (I) in a quantity up to 20 parts by weight. Synergistically acting flame-proofing materials are preferred. Examples of further flame-proofing agents are organic halogen compounds such as decabromobisphenylether, tetrabromobisphenol, inorganic halogen compounds such as ammonium bromide, nitrogen compounds such as melamine, melamine/formaldehyde resins or siloxane compounds. The moulding compositions according to the invention may optionally contain inorganic substances different from the inorganic compounds F, for example, inorganic hydroxide compounds such as Mg, Al-hydroxide, inorganic compounds such as aluminium oxide, antimony oxides, barium metaborate, hydroxoantimonate, zirconium oxide, zirconium hydroxide, molybdenum oxide, ammonium molybdate, zinc borate, ammonium borate, barium metaborate and tin oxide. The invention therefore also provides a process for producing thermoplastic moulding compositions consisting of Components A to F as well as optionally stabilizers, dyes, pigments, lubricants and mould release agents, fillers and reinforcing materials, nucleating agents and anti-static agents, which is characterized in that after mixing, the components and additives are melt-compounded or melt-extruded in conventional equipment at temperatures of 200 to 300° C., wherein Component E is preferably used in the form of a coagulated mixture with Component C. The individual constituents may be mixed in known manner both successively and simultaneously, and at both approx. 20° C. (room temperature) and at higher temperature. The moulding compositions of the present invention may be used to produce moulded bodies of all kinds. In particular moulded bodies may be produced by injection moulding. Examples of moulded bodies which can be produced are: housing components of all kinds, such as for domestic appliances such as juicers, coffee machines, mixers, for office machines such as computers, printers, monitors or cover panels for the building sector and components for the motor vehicle sector. They are also used in the field of electrical engineering because they have very good electrical properties. The moulding compositions are particularly suitable for producing thin-walled moulded parts (e.g. data processing housing parts) where the plastics used are required to meet particularly high demands as regards notch impact strength and resistance to stress cracking. A further form of processing is the production of moulded bodies by blow-moulding or by thermoforming from previously produced sheets or films. EXAMPLES Component A Polycarbonate based on bisphenol A with a relative solution viscosity of 1.26 to 1.28, measured in methylene chloride at 25° C. and in a concentration of 0.5 g/100 ml. Component B Styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer with a styrene/acrylonitrile ratio of 72:28 and an intrinsic viscosity of 0.55 dl/g (measurement in dimethyl formamide at 20° C.). Component C Graft polymer consisting of 45 parts by weight of styrene and acrylonitrile in the ratio 72:28 on 55 parts by weight of particulate crosslinked polybutadiene rubber (average particle diameter d 50 , 0.4 μm), produced by emulsion polymerization. Component D D.2: Triphenyl phosphate (Disflamoll® (TPP), Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany D.3: Fyrolflex RDP, Akzo, based on m-phenylene-bis(di-phenyl-phosphate). Component E Tetrafluoroethylene polymer as coagulated mixture of an SAN graft polymer emulsion according to Component C in water and a tetrafluoroethylene polymer emulsion in water. The weight ratio of graft polymer C to tetrafluoroethylene polymer E in the mixture is 90 wt. % to 10 wt. %. The tetrafluoroethylene polymer emulsion has a solids content of 60 wt. %, the average particle diameter is between 0.05 and 0.5 μm. The SAN graft polymer emulsion has a solids content of 34 wt. % and an average latex particle diameter of 0.4 μm. Production of E The emulsion of the tetrafluoroethylene polymer (Teflon 30 N, DuPont) is mixed with the emulsion of the SAN graft polymer C and stabilized with 1.8 wt. %, related to polymer solids, of phenolic anti-oxidants. At 85 to 95° C. the mixture is coagulated with an aqueous solution of MgSO 4 (Epsom salts) and acetic acid at pH 4 to 5, filtered and washed until virtually electrolyte-free; the majority of the water is then removed by centrifuging and the mixture is then dried to a powder at 100° C. This powder may then be compounded with the further components in the equipment described. Component F Pural 200, an aluminium oxide-hydroxide (Condea, Hamburg, Germany) is used as finely divided inorganic compound. The average particle size of the material is approx. 50 nm. Producing and Testing the Moulding Compositions According to the Invention Components A to F are mixed on a 3 liter internal mixer. The moulded bodies are produced on an Arburg 270E type injection moulding machine at 260° C. Stress cracking behaviour is tested on rods of dimensions 80×10×4 mm, mass temperature 260° C. A mixture consisting of 60 vol. % of toluene and 40 vol. % of isopropanol is used as test medium. The test bodies are pre-strained by means of a circular arc template (pre-strain 1.2 to 2.4%) and stored in the test medium at room temperature. Stress cracking behaviour is evaluated by means of crack formation as a function of the pre-strain and/or fracture, according to the exposure time in the test medium. The flame test is carried out according to UL 94/IEC 707FV. Notch impact strength a k is determined by ISO method 180 1A using rods of dimension 80×10×4 mm at room temperature. Vicat B heat deflection temperature is determined to DIN 53 460. The composition of the materials tested and the data obtained are summarized in Table 1 below. TABLE 1 2 3 Examples Compar. Compar. Compar. 4 5 Components: [parts by weight] A 67.0 67.0 67.0 67.0 67.0 B 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 C 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 D.1 12.0 — — 12.0 14.0 D.2 — 12.0 — — — D.3 — — 12.0 — — E 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 F — — — 1.0 1.0 Properties: Vicat B 103 88 94 103 108 120 [° C.] a k [kJ/m 2 ] 43 37 33 44 48 ESC behaviour 2.4% BR5:00 BR5:50 BR7:00 1.8% BR4:30 1.6% BR4:00 UL 94V V-2 V-0 V-0 V-0 V-0 1.6 mm The Table shows that although comparison example 1, which contains Component D.1 as flame-proofing agent, has better mechanical properties than comparison examples 2 and 3 which contain Components D.2 and D.3 as flame-proofing agent, it has disadvantages as regards flame-proofing behaviour (V2). This disadvantage is equalized only by addition of the finely divided inorganic material (Examples 4 and 5). The mechanical properties such as notch impact strength and stress cracking behaviour of Examples 4 and 5 according to the invention are also distinctly improved. The examples according to the invention demonstrate the desired favourable property combination of flame-proofness, mechanical properties and high heat deflection temperature.	A flame resistant thermoplastic molding composition is disclosed. The composition contains aromatic polycarbonate, graft polymer, a specifically structured phosphorous compound, fluorinated polyolefin and inorganic compound with an average particle size no greater that 200 nm and an optional vinyl(co)polymer. The inventive composition is characterized in its improved stress cracking resistance and mechanical properties.	2
[0001] TECHNICAL FIELD [0002] The present invention concerns an assembly of components connected by a device that maintains the integrity of the surface of one of the components. BACKGROUND [0003] FIG. 1 illustrates an air intake structure of the prior art, with electric de-icing. [0004] As known in itself, such an air intake structure 1 includes an outer panel 3 , i.e. situated at the outer periphery of the nacelle, as well as an air intake lip 5 , forming the leading edge of the nacelle, and situated in the extension of an annular inner part 7 , often designated by the term “shroud,” this shroud also being able to have sound absorption properties. [0005] An internal partition 9 makes it possible to strengthen the air intake structure. [0006] With the aim of reducing sound emissions from the nacelle, the air intake lip 5 is traditionally equipped with a sound attenuation panel P, having a honeycomb structure, the lip 5 being provided with perforations 6 . [0007] The inner partition 9 is typically riveted on one hand on the inner skin of the monolithic portion 11 of the panel P, and on the other hand on the inner skin 13 of a connecting member 15 also having a honeycomb structure, this honeycomb structure as well as the ends 17 a, 17 b of the inner skin 13 being fastened by adhesion to the inside of the outer skin 3 . [0008] The use of such an intermediate connecting member 15 makes it possible to prevent the connecting rivets of the partition 9 from protruding towards the outside of the outer panel 3 , and thus do not disrupt the aerodynamic performance of the air intake structure. [0009] An electric de-icing means, known in itself, is integrated into the air intake lip 5 . [0010] The connecting member 15 , the honeycomb structure of which is generally metal, has a weight that is important to be able to reduce. [0011] Moreover, if one wishes to use a pneumatic de-icing instead of the electric de-icing, the temperatures inside the compartment 19 delimited by the partition 9 are high: typically in the vicinity of 400° C. [0012] At these temperatures, the fastening glue of the connecting member 15 does not stand up, which poses a problem for the resistance of the make-up of the structure. BRIEF SUMMARY [0013] The present invention in particular generally aims to provide a connecting device adapted to connect two components while preserving the integrity of the surface of one of the two components, which has a lower weight than the honeycomb structure connecting member 15 . [0014] Another aim of the invention is to provide a connecting member of the aforementioned type that can be installed in a zone where the temperatures are high, as is for example the case in the pneumatic de-icing compartment of an air intake structure. [0015] This aim of the invention is achieved with an assembly comprising a first component, a second component, and a connecting device between said two components, the device being of the type making it possible to preserve the integrity of the surface of the second component, this assembly being remarkable in that it comprises a structural skin fixed to said first component and a porous material attached on said structural skin and assembled by contact on said second component. [0016] “Assembly by contact” refers to non-invasive fixing on the second component, and in particular fixing by brazing or adhesion. [0017] The use of a porous material, i.e. a material having numerous cells not filled with material, allows substantial weight savings in relation to a connecting member of the honeycomb type of the prior art. [0018] According to other optional features of the assembly: said porous material is chosen in the group comprising foams, expanding materials, felts, aggregates of small elements; said porous material has closed cells, i.e. not communicating; said porous material has open cells, i.e. communicating; said porous material is fixed by brazing or adhesion on said structural skin and/or on said second component; said structural skin extends beyond said porous material and its ends are also fastened by contact on said second component; said first component is fixed by riveting on said structural skin; the material forming said porous material is chosen in the group comprising metal, polymer, ceramic or composite materials; said porous material is selected in the group comprising materials resisting temperatures of up to 200° C., material resisting temperatures up to 400° C., materials resisting temperatures up to 600° C., and materials resisting temperatures up to 800°: this type of porous material can in particular be used to connect an inner partition of a de-icing compartment with the inner face of an outer panel of an air intake structure with pneumatic de-icing; the material forming said porous material is chosen in the group comprising metal or ceramic materials; said ceramic material is carbon foam; said porous material is adhered to said structural skin; said structural skin is formed in materials chosen from the group comprising metal alloys, ceramics, metal matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites; said porous material is formed by a superposition of layers of porous materials with different characteristics, in the direction of the thickness of the material; said porous material is formed by a juxtaposition of blocks of porous materials with different characteristics, in the direction parallel to the middle plane of the material; at least one honeycomb structure is juxtaposed with said porous material, this structure and this material being sandwiched by said structural skin and said second component. [0034] The present invention also concerns an air intake structure for a turbojet engine nacelle with pneumatic de-icing, including an air intake lip, an outer panel and an inner partition connecting said air intake lip to said outer panel and defining a pneumatic de-icing compartment, remarkable in that said inner partition is connected to said outer panel by a connecting member comprising a structural skin fixed to said inner partition and a porous material attached on said structural skin and fixed by contact inside said outer panel, such that said inner partition, said connecting member and said outer panel form an assembly according to the preceding. [0035] According to other optional features of this air intake structure: said air intake lip is provided with at least a first sound attenuation panel made of an open cell porous material able to withstand a temperature of up to 400° C. and with a high thermal conductivity, situated inside said de-icing compartment and maintained by an upstream maintenance sheet and a downstream maintenance sheet, this acoustic panel and the downstream maintenance sheet defining, with said inner partition and said lip, an assembly according to the preceding; said air intake structure comprises a second sound attenuation panel made of an open cell porous material fixed inside said air intake lip downstream of the inner partition, separated from the first panel by a joint made of an open cell porous material able to withstand a temperature of up to 400° C. and having a low heat conductivity; said second sound attenuation panel is chosen in the group comprising a panel with a porous material and open cells according to the preceding, able to withstand a temperature of up to 120° C., and a panel with a honeycomb structure; said first panel, said joint in a porous material and said second panel are covered with a shared sheet on which said inner partition is fixed, preferably by riveting, said inner partition, said shared sheet and said panels defining an assembly according to the preceding; said air intake structure is of the type in which the air intake lip forms a single-piece assembly with the outer wall of the air intake structure, this single-piece assembly being able to slide in relation to the fan case of the turbojet engine, as described in document FR 2 906 568 for example. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0041] Other features and advantages of the present invention will appear in light of the following description, and upon examination of the appended figures, where: [0042] FIG. 1 illustrates an air intake structure of the prior art, as described in the preamble of this description; [0043] FIG. 2 illustrates, diagrammatically and in cross-section, on a large scale, one embodiment of a connecting member able to be incorporated into an assembly according to the invention, and [0044] FIGS. 3 to 7 illustrate different embodiments of air intake structures for a turbojet nacelle incorporating assemblies according to the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0045] In all of these figures, similar or identical references designate similar or identical members or assemblies of members. [0046] As shown in FIG. 2 , a connecting member 19 intended to be incorporated into an assembly according to the invention includes a structural skin 21 , formed in a sheet. [0047] Attached on this structural skin 21 is a porous material 23 , i.e. a material i.e. a material having numerous cells not filled with material. [0048] This porous material, which can assume the form of foam, or an expanded form, or the form of felt, or the form of an aggregate of small elements such as beads, can be fixed by adhesion or brazing on the structural skin 21 . [0049] Depending on whether or not one is seeking sound absorption properties, this porous material may have open, i.e. communicating, cells, or closed, i.e. non-communicating, cells, respectively. The porous material 23 can be formed from commercially available metal, polymer, ceramic or composite materials. [0050] This porous material 23 is chosen as a function of the usage conditions of the connecting member 19 . [0051] The table below provides, as an example, different types of foams that may be suitable for use as porous material for different usage conditions of the connecting member: [0000] Examples of commercially Features Nature of the foams available foams Foams resistant to relatively Nickel-chrome alloy-based RECEMAT ® - marketed by high temperatures (up to foams - density of 0.6 to 0.65 g/cm3 the company RECEMAT 600° C. and beyond) INTERNATIONAL, or metal foams from the company FiberNide Carbon foam - can withstand beyond 600° C. Foam resistant to relatively Aluminum-based foams - Foams by the company low temperatures (up to 200° C.) density from 0.2 to 0.4 g/cm3 CYMAT Polymethacrylimide foam - ROHACELL ® - marketed by density of 0.05 g/cm3 the company EMKAY PLASTICS Foams having a relatively Nickel-based foams - high thermal conductivity conductivity can reach 9 W/ mK for a minimum porosity of 90% Aluminum and copper alloy- based foams - conductivity can reach 10 W/mK for a minimum porosity of 65% Carbon foam - conductivity can reach 25 W/mK for a minimum porosity of 78% Foams having a relatively Ceramic foam - conductivity low thermal conductivity from 0.01 to 1 W/mK for a density from 0.02 to 0.4 g/cm3 Polymethacrylimide foam - ROHACELL 31 ® marketed conductivity of 0.031 W/mK by the company EMKAY for a density of 0.032 g/cm3 PLASTICS [0052] In the particular case where the connecting member 19 is intended to be installed in high temperature areas of an aircraft nacelle (in particular in the exhaust gas discharge area of the turbojet engine), it is provided that the porous material 23 is formed in a material able to resist temperatures of up to 800° C.: carbon foam may be suitable, for instance. [0053] Concerning the material used for the structural skin 1 of the connecting member 19 , the choice will be made as a function of the weight, temperature, and mechanical stress constraints. [0054] This material may be chosen among metal alloys, ceramics, metal matrix composites (MMC) and ceramic matrix composites (CMC). [0055] It will be noted that the porous material 23 may not be homogeneous, but rather on the contrary may have zones with different sound absorption characteristics. [0056] These different zones can be zones where material is absent (cavities), and/or zones of porous materials of different natures (different foam densities, for example). [0057] Such a heterogeneity of the porous material 23 can be obtained by superpositions of layers of different porous materials in the thickness of the connecting member and/or by juxtaposition of blocks of porous materials following the direction of the middle plane of the panel. [0058] Such a heterogeneity of the porous material 23 makes it possible to produce a custom connecting member, i.e. that is perfectly adapted to the conditions (geometry, temperature, sound absorption characteristics, weight restrictions . . . ) in which it is meant to be used. [0059] The following examples illustrate different embodiments of an assembly according to the invention, incorporating connecting members of the type just described. [0060] All of these examples are applicable to the particular case of an aircraft air intake structure similar to that described in the preamble of this description, but it goes without saying that these examples are in no way limiting, and that an assembly according to the present invention could be used in particular in other areas of an aircraft turbojet engine nacelle. [0061] In the following, we will endeavor to describe only the distinctive characteristics in relation to those of the air intake structure mentioned in the preamble of this description. [0062] In reference to FIG. 3 , a hot air manifold 25 is shown connected to at least one hot air feed pipe 27 , itself connected to the hot area of the turbojet engine (not shown). [0063] This hot air manifold 25 makes it possible to distribute the hot air 29 inside the compartment 19 , and thereby to raise the temperature of said compartment to temperatures of up to 400° C.: in this way it is possible to perform a so-called “pneumatic” de-icing of the lip 5 of the air intake structure 1 . [0064] In an operating situation, the flow of air F runs along the lip 5 and the shroud 7 before passing inside the turbojet engine arranged inside the nacelle. [0065] In the following, the terms “upstream” and “downstream” must be understood in relation to the air circulation direction, as indicated by arrow F. [0066] The air intake structure 1 can be of the type in which the air intake lip 5 and the outer panel 3 form a single-piece assembly, able to slide in relation to the shroud 7 during maintenance operations, as taught for example in document FR 2 906 568: in this case the structure is commonly called “laminar forward cowl” (LFC). [0067] It will, however, be noted that the invention is in no way limited to this particular type of air intake structure. [0068] In the example illustrated in FIG. 3 , the air intake lip 5 does not have a sound absorption means, and the inner partition 9 is directly fixed on said lip. [0069] This inner partition 9 is, at its other end, connected to the outer panel 3 via a connecting member 19 according to the preceding: more precisely, the concerned end of the inner partition 9 is fixed using fixing means such as rivets 31 on the structural skin 21 of the connecting member 19 , and the porous material 23 is fixed by contact, for example adhesion or brazing, inside the outer panel 3 . [0070] In this particular application, the porous material 23 can be composed of a foam resistant to high temperatures (up to 400° C.) and with low thermal conductivity, for example a ceramic foam. [0071] A foam with good thermal conductivity can, however, be chosen if one wishes to perform efficient de-icing of the portion of the outer panel 3 situated at the connecting member 19 . [0072] It is therefore understood that this connecting member makes it possible to connect the inner partition 9 to the outer panel 3 without intrusion in this outer panel, such that the aerodynamic characteristics of this outer panel are not altered. [0073] The use of a porous material 23 makes it possible to considerably lighten the connecting means of the inner partition 9 at the outer panel 3 in relation to the honeycomb-type solutions of the prior art (see FIG. 1 ). [0074] Moreover, by choosing a porous material 23 adapted to the temperature conditions prevailing in this particular area of the nacelle, one is freed from stability problems at high temperatures of honeycomb-type connecting structures. [0075] It should also be noted that the connecting member 19 , which can be made with commercially available foams, is very economical. [0076] The alternative illustrated in FIG. 4 shows that the structural skin of the connecting member 19 can advantageously be provided so as to extend beyond the porous material 23 , and its ends 33 a, 33 b fixed by adhesion or brazing inside the outer panel 3 . [0077] In the alternative illustrated in FIG. 5 , a honeycomb structure 35 is provided arranged in the extension of the porous material 23 , the structural skin 21 covering both the porous material 23 and the structure 35 : in this way the porous material 23 is in a hot zone, and the honeycomb structure 35 , situated downstream of the inner partition 9 , is in a cold zone. [0078] In this alternative, the length and the characteristics of the porous material 23 are chosen such that at its downstream end, the temperatures are compatible with the honeycomb structure 35 . [0079] Several porous materials can even be chosen so as to obtain good heat conduction towards the portion of the outer panel 3 situated at the inner partition on one hand, and a dam with regard to heat transmission towards the honeycomb structure 35 on the other hand. [0080] The alternative of FIG. 6 differs from that of FIG. 3 in that the air intake lip 5 comprises a sound attenuation panel P itself formed in a porous material (and not a honeycomb structure as in the case of the air intake structure of FIG. 1 ), and maintained by an upstream sheet 36 and a downstream sheet 37 . [0081] The inner partition 9 is typically riveted on the downstream sheet 37 . [0082] The porous material of the sound attenuation panel P is chosen so as to be able to withstand a temperature of up to 400° C. [0083] One will also ensure that this porous material has high heat conductivity, so as to allow the heat from the hot air situated inside the de-icing compartment 19 to radiate to the surface of the air intake lip 5 , thereby enabling efficient de-icing. [0084] In the alternative illustrated in FIG. 7 , a panel P 1 similar to the panel P of the alternative of FIG. 6 is shown, downstream of which is a panel P 2 according to the invention, and the porous material of which is chosen so as to withstand a temperature of up to 120° C. [0085] Between these two panels P 1 and P 2 is a substantially annular joint 39 , preferably formed in a porous material able to withstand temperatures of up to 400° C. [0086] As visible in FIG. 7 , the joint 33 and the sound attenuation panel P 2 are situated downstream of the inner partition 9 . More precisely, a sheet 41 covers the downstream portion of the panel P 1 , the joint 39 and the panel P 2 , the return 43 of the inner partition 25 preferably being fixed by riveting on the upstream portion of the sheet 41 . [0087] In the particular case where the air intake structure is of the aforementioned LFC type, centering members 45 can be provided fixed on the sheet 41 , making it possible to center the air intake structure 1 in relation to the shroud 7 . [0088] As in the case of FIG. 6 , the skin of the air intake lip 5 forms the structural skin of the panels P 1 and P 2 , this structural skin being provided with perforations 6 . [0089] Of course, different acoustic properties can be chosen for each of the panels P 1 and P 2 , and the assembly of the panels P, P 1 , P 2 can be formed by juxtaposition and/or superposition of blocks of foam, possibly provided with cavities. [0090] Of course, one may also consider replacing the sound attenuation panel P 2 made from a porous material according to the invention with a traditional sound attenuation panel, of the type comprising a honeycomb structure: the zone in which the panel P 2 is located being significantly less hot than the zone in which the panel P 1 is located, the use of a traditional sound attenuation panel is indeed possible. [0091] It will also be noted that one will preferably choose, for the joint 39 , a porous material having a low heat conductivity, so as to correctly insulate the panel P 2 in relation to the panel P 1 : a ceramic foam may, for example, be suitable for said joint. [0092] It is understood that in the alternatives of FIGS. 6 and 7 , the sheet 37 or 41 and the panel P or P 1 constitute connecting members of the inner partition 9 to the lip 5 according to the precepts of the invention, i.e. the outer partition 9 is fixed on a structural skin 37 , 41 which itself is adhered or brazed on a porous material P or P 1 , itself adhered or brazed to the inside of the lip 5 , allowing a non-invasive connection with said lip, and therefore preservation of the aerodynamic features of the lip. [0093] Of course, this invention is in no way limited to the embodiment described and illustrated, provided as a mere example.	This assembly comprises a first component ( 9 ), a second component ( 3 ), and a connecting device ( 19 ) for connecting these two components together, this device ( 19 ) being of the type that maintains the integrity of the surface of said second component ( 3 ), and the assembly being noteworthy in that said connecting device ( 19 ) comprises a structural skin ( 21 ) fixed to said first component ( 9 ) and a porous material ( 23 ) attached to this structural skin and fixed by contact to said second component ( 3 ).	8
FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] This invention relates to a management system for the efficient management and evaluation of medical support groups in the pharmaceutical, bio-pharmaceutical and medical device industries. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Virtually all major pharmaceutical companies have deployed field-based medical support programs. Medical liaison personnel have supported a range of customers, including medical thought leaders (MTL), investigators, and health care decision makers. The necessity of support will increase with technological advances, consolidation of decision making, and the increasing complexity of health care decisions. [0003] Field-based medical support programs were established as a result of the necessity for more knowledgeable personnel to support and advise the medical industry. Initially, a small group of technically-oriented sales representatives was formed with the goal of improving the image of the company with researchers, key opinion leaders, and investigators. These medical science liaisons (MSLs), as they were known, utilized face-to-face peer interactions to better understand what their customers needed and to leverage products into ongoing research activities. [0004] Today, professionals having advanced degrees constitute the majority of pharmaceutical company medical personnel. As a result of their advanced education, training, and clinical experience, field-based medical personnel are regarded as more knowledgeable than pharmaceutical company sales representatives and account executives and are favored by some customer segments in clinical peer discussions. The services offered by field-based medical personnel have evolved over time with the increasing complexity of marketed products and customer medical information and education needs. [0005] Due to the changes in patient treatment options today, field-based medical liaisons work with a continually changing mix of opinion leaders and decision makers. Although most health care providers are interested in traditional safety and efficacy information, some seek information on health economic/pharmacoeconomic analyses, outcomes, disease management information, and clinical programs (i.e. treatment algorithms, practice guidelines, and care mapping). Ultimately, they desire this data for their own practice setting or environment in order to reflect the clinical and cost structures unique to their patient mix. [0006] Until now, there has been little or no means available for assessment of the impact of MSL activity on the sponsor company's business objectives. Internal evaluation, if any, has been typically limited to merely recording the activities of the individuals on a MSL team. [0007] Consequently, there is a need for a system to optimize the management of an MSL team and establish business metrics (measuring elements) to accurately track the MSL team activities, track the time spent performing various tasks and in customer interaction, and measure the business impact of the MSL team. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0008] The present invention is a system that provides a means to generate business metrics that enable the MSL team to plan for and manage their activities, effectively allocate resources, and measure their accomplishments. The assignment of specific business outcomes toward a targeted MTL allows for the MSL team's efforts to be incorporated into the sponsor company's overall business planning process and business objectives. [0009] The methods of the present invention may be used by pharmaceutical company in determining the appropriate use of access channels to the customer. The metrics derived from the methods of the present invention enable executive management to optimally allocate resources across customer-interfacing groups within the organization in order to achieve vital business objectives. [0010] The methods of the present invention are organized into a cyclic process consisting of three phases: Planning, Executing, and Evaluating. [0011] The Planning phase provides methods for determining “real world” MSL capacity, MTL targeting and selection, incorporating MSL business objectives in support of the sponsor company's overall business strategy, and defining performance metrics. [0012] During the Executing phase, the system provides for the assessment of performance and documentation of MSL activities. This information is summarized to produce the targeted customer lists (TCL) and to efficiently focus the resources of the sponsor company. [0013] The Evaluating phase involves assessment of MSL impact through analysis of achieved business outcomes, MSL-specific surveys of targeted MTLs, impact on prescribing behavior of targeted MTLs and their influence network, and analysis of the value provided by the MSL's internal activities (training sales, reviewing protocols, etc.). The outputs of the Executing phase's activity assessment and Evaluation phase allow for refinement of future planning and execution, thereby providing a cyclic system for continuous business improvement. [0014] A system and method for managing customer interaction activities of medical liaison personnel of a sponsor organization with health professional customers to achieve one or more desired business outcomes is disclosed. The system uses a customer relation database to record data regarding customer interaction activity of the medical liaison personnel and data regarding the business outcomes achieved or not achieved during the predetermined time period. The system correlates the customer interaction activity data and the business outcome data so that it can be used to conduct capacity and tactical assessments for future medical liaison activities. A method for targeting medical thought leaders or other health professionals who are most likely to achieve the business outcomes is also disclosed. In one embodiment, the system also provides a method for surveying the health professional customers to determine their level of satisfaction with medical liaison personnel and sponsor organization. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0015] [0015]FIG. 1 is a schematic of the relationship of the data structures, execution phase and evaluation output. [0016] [0016]FIG. 2 is a schematic of the planning, execution and evaluation phases. [0017] [0017]FIG. 3 is a flow chart diagram of a preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0018] With reference to FIGS. 1 through 3, the flow path relationship of the activities of the planning, execution and evaluation phases will be based on the desired information needed to obtain a specific business objective. The activities of the MSLs in each phase and the evaluation of the information obtained by these activities is discussed herein. [0019] [0019]FIG. 1 shows an illustration of data structures, execution sub-processes and evaluation output. Block 10 shows examples of data types to be tracked in a customer relation database table from MSL timesheets. Block 12 is a sample data structure for and MSL Activity/Business Outcome table and block 14 is a sample data structure for data relating to Outcome Details. The data may be recorded in a relational database as is well known in the art. Circle 16 illustrates an overview of the sub-processes executed by the sponsor organization (or the consultants or outside advisers) of the present system. Data is collected regarding the MTLs, the activities of the MSLs, the business outcomes achieved or not achieved, and MTK satisfaction. This data is recorded in a database or databases and may be used for planning or evaluation of the impact of the MSL activities on the sponsor organization business objectives. Block 18 illustrates types of output from the databases that may be used by the management of the sponsor organization to analyze the results of MSL activities. [0020] [0020]FIG. 2 illustrates the iterative nature of the system. Block 22 lists sample factors for assessing the capacity of an MSL team for a predetermined time period such as a month, calendar quarter or year. Once capacity has been determined, it is correlated to desired business outcomes such as those set forth in block 24 . After the plan has been executed, the sponsor organization management can evaluate the impact of the MSL activity on the business outcomes as illustrated in block 26 . The measures of business outcome correlated with activity data can then be assessed and used by management as shown in block 28 and used to establish plans for future capacity allocation and tactical planning. [0021] A preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 3. In step 30 , the sponsor organization's business objectives are established. Typically, these objectives would conform to generally accepted industry objectives. Desired business outcomes of the MSL activity such as those set forth in detail below are defined in step 31 . The types or attributes of MTL interaction activities to be carried out by the MSLs are defined in step 32 . In step 33 , management assesses the capacity of the MSL team to accomplish the desired business outcomes. To optimize potential success of the plan, specific MTLs are targeted for achieving the business outcomes in step 34 . More detail regarding a preferred method of targeting MTLs is set forth below. The MTL interaction activities of the MSL team and the business outcomes achieved or not achieved are recorded in the database for a given time period as shown in steps 35 and 36 . The activity and business outcome data are correlated in step 37 . In step 38 the business outcomes are evaluated relative to the activities performed. The targeted MTLs are surveyed preferably using the survey method set forth below in step 39 to determine MTL satisfaction with the MSL activities and other factors such as educational support or product. In step 40 , the impact of the business outcomes and/or the interaction activities are evaluated relative to the planned business objectives. This evaluation may be used to re-start the overall process as illustrated by arrow 41 . Optionally, if no new activity attributes are defined, step 32 may be omitted in subsequent iterations as indicated by arrow 42 . [0022] Planning and Executing Phases [0023] The system of the present invention begins with a planning and initialization phase wherein the desired objective of the sponsor company initiates an assessment method for a desired outcome. [0024] Time Tracking/Capacity Assessment and Workload Build-Up [0025] Time tracking is accomplished by implementing a system that allows time spent in a set of time categories to be documented. Generally, a set of time categories is established and each is assigned an activity attribute also known as an Activity Type. Examples of Activity Types and a corresponding activity code are set forth in Table 1. TABLE 1 Activity Code Activity Type BUSSOL Business Solution - MSL helps provide a solution that improves MTL's ability to utilize the Sponsor's products. MEDSOL Medical Solution - MSL helps provide a solution to MTL's disease management practices. KX Knowledge Exchange - Interaction focuses on the exchange of scientific/competitor information. RECRUIT Recruit - Engage in conversation with topic being the MTL participating in a Sponsor event/ activity (e.g., Investigator, Speaker, Consultant, Author) COACH Coach - Coaching; helping prepare MTL for talk, formulary presentation, other presentation, etc. REL Relationship Building - Engaging and nurturing relationship with knowledge exchange not being the focus. Interaction is more social/personal in nature. NET Networking - Activities that connect customers. Allows MSL to become the hub for MTL to MTL/other interactions. ASSESS Assess - Investigate potential clinical investigational sites. [0026] The available categories are not limited to those listed in Table 1, but can be expanded or deleted as necessary to obtain a desired business objective. If an internal tracking system is not available or unable to incorporate the MSL-specific time tracking categories, a computer-based system utilizing commercially available customer relation management (CRM) software for time tracking and resource allocation metrics can be modified for utilization. [0027] In order to determine the amount of time available for engaging in customer interactions, one must first determine the number of days that a MSL has available to meet with customers. Example 1 illustrates a typical capacity calculation for a MSL individual EXAMPLE 1 MSL Capacity Calculation [0028] 240 workdays per year minus [0029] 15 days Society Meetings (3 mtgs/year); [0030] 12 days Team Meetings (quarterly); [0031] 4 days Sub-Team Meetings; [0032] 4 days Departmental alignment meetings (Quarterly); [0033] 10 days ad hoc project meetings with HQ staff; [0034] 10 days Advisory Board Meetings (5 mtgs/year); [0035] 10 days Professional/career development; and [0036] 10 to 15 vacation days equals [0037] 165 potential days (i.e. 33 weeks or 69% of their total time) [0038] Upon determining the number of available customer days, one must determine the time spent conducting tasks that take away from time spent in customer interactions. EXAMPLE 2 Time Away From Targeted Customers [0039] 0.5 day/week Travel; [0040] 0.5 day/week Knowledge Acquisition/Management; [0041] 0.5 day/week Project management (e.g., list activity, protocol review etc.); [0042] 0.5 day/week Administrative activities (e.g., CRM data input, expenses, routing/scheduling; equals [0043] 2 days/week away from customers [0044] Thus, by way of illustration, an MSL will have an average of three days per week available to interact with customers. If one multiplies the number of days per week by the number of available weeks, the days available per year to interact with customers is obtained, e.g., three days times 33 weeks equals 99 days with customers. [0045] Thereafter, the amount of time can be further broken down by the amount of customer interactions that can be conducted per day in the field and, on average, how many times per year each customer should be visited to achieve the sponsor company's objectives. [0046] Again, by way of illustration, experience in the industry has shown that an MSL can have approximately five face-to-face interactions per day on prospective MTLs. Therefore, an MSL could make approximately 500 calls per year (5 calls per day multiplied by the ˜100 available days. If the total number of calls possible by the MSL team per year was divided by the number of times an MSL member should meet with an MTL, for example, 6 meeting per year, that equates to interaction with 83 MTLs. [0047] Based on this information combined with the results of the systems discussed below (i.e. MTL targeting system, CRM, statistical analysis and survey), at certain intervals of time, for example, annually, the sponsor company may evaluate the MSL group to ascertain whether its desired objective have been obtained. If the objective has not been obtained, the time spent on the elements noted in the above example can be changed to produce a different outcome which is closer to or meets the initial sponsor company objective based on analysis in the evaluation phase. [0048] Establishing and Implementing Business Outcomes [0049] In the system of the present invention, the desired business outcomes are defined by their attributes. Business outcomes are defined so that they are objective, measurable, and obvious to stakeholders when achieved. The business outcomes are typically chosen to reflect the activities of the customer physicians that the MSL group is able to influence. Typical MTL activities include, for example, publishing medical articles, conducting clinical investigations, attending formulary meetings, and lecturing. Generally, each defined business outcome is assigned a business outcome attribute also known as a Business Outcome Type. Examples of Business Outcome Types and a corresponding business outcome code are set forth in Table 2. TABLE 2 Business Outcome Code Business Outcome Type INVESTIGATOR Investigator - MTL becomes a Sponsor investigator. FORMULARY Formulary Supporter - MTL advocates Sponsor SUPPORTER product at formulary meeting. SPEAKER Speaker - MTL speaks on Sponsor-selected topic. CONSULTANT Consultant - MTL serves as regional or national consultant. AUTHOR Author - MTL publishes article favorable to Sponsor product or disease management strategy. PRESCRIBER Prescriber - MTL prescribes Sponsor's product to a predetermined level (e.g., market share, prescription volume). [0050] The available Business Outcome Types are not limited to those listed in Table 2, but can be expanded or deleted as necessary to obtain a desired business objective. [0051] Targeting Specific MTLs Using MTL Attributes The present invention includes a process for selecting and prioritizing MTLs according to a multiple attribute system that can assign specific weight to individual attributes to support the sponsor's customer management strategy to obtain a desired objective. The attributes measured are quantifiable and objective in nature. The MTL attributes can be categorized into measures of “voice” in the marketplace, i.e. publications, presentations, and relevant clinical investigation experience and measures of commercial potential/class prescription volume. [0052] The attributes in the market place “voice” category are crucial for increasing product/brand awareness in the relevant medical communities and also reflect the degree of influence that an MTL exerts in these communities. These attributes can be used to prioritize MTLs along the dimension of influence on the practices of physicians in their sphere of influence. Such influence by MTLs has a major impact on acceptance and market uptake of pharmaceuticals. Commercial attributes, such as dollar volume of prescription writing, can be used to target MTLs who may have a direct business impact via their prescription writing for FDA approved indications. By assessing these attributes, MTLs are targeted in a manner that supports the sponsor company's business strategy. It is the responsibility of the MSL to develop business plans that outline major goals set for quarterly or annual evaluation, for example, the number of MTL journal publications, presentations, clinical investigations and number in prescription written. [0053] Below is an example of an MTL prioritization process in accordance with the present invention. In this framework, quantifiable MTL attributes representative of “market voice” and commercial importance are identified and assigned a value. The value is then normalized by converting it into an Individual Component Relative Ranking Index (ICRRI) by the following equation: ICRRI =value/((highest value−lowest value)/10) [0054] which will result in an ICRRI with a value between approximately 1 and 10. Each attribute is evaluated based on the same equation: Publications=Value/(highest value−lowest value)/10= ICRRI Presentations=Value/(highest value−lowest value)/10= ICRRI Investigations=Value/(highest value−lowest value)/10= ICRRI Commercial Measure/Prescriptions=Value/(highest value−lowest value)/10= ICRRI [0055] For example, the relative ranking index for publications may be calculated as follows: Publications Relative Ranking Index=number of publications/((most publications by any MTL in the group−lowest number of publications by any MTL in the group)/10) EXAMPLE 3 Using 10 Publications [0056] [0056] Publication   Relative   Ranking   Index = 10 / ( ( 50 - 2 ) / 10 ) = 2.083 EXAMPLE 4 Using 20 Publications [0057] [0057] Publication   Relative   Ranking   Index = 20 / ( ( 50 - 2 ) / 10 ) = 4.17 [0058] This same approach for calculating an ICRRI for the other MTL attributes such as Presentations, Investigations, and Commercial Measure. EXAMPLE 5 ICRRI for Evaluation of MTL During Different Stages of Product Development and Market Life [0059] Upon obtaining the index for each attribute as described above during the FDA approval process, e.g., [0060] Publication RRI=2.083 [0061] Presentation RRI=2.791 [0062] Investigations RRI=2.622 [0063] Commercial RRI=0 (note: since drug not approved, no prescriptions could be written) [0064] The final MTL Relative Ranking Index is obtained by multiplying each ICRRI by a weighting value (making sure all weights sum to 1; e.g., 0.2, 0.4, 0.3, 0.1) and then sum the weight-adjusted component indices for the prioritization. The assignment of the weighting value corresponds to the importance of a particular attribute at a particular time. MTL Attribute weighted component = 1.0 value Publication RRI = 2.083 × 0.4 = 0.83 Presentation RRI = 2.791 × 0.5 = 1.40 Investigations RRI = 2.622 × 0.1 = 0.26 Commercial RRI = 0.0 × 0.0 = 0.0 [0065] This would then be evaluated by the sponsor company's goals as discussed above. Here, the amount of presentation would be found as the most prevalent attribute of the MTL targeted and should correspond to the goals set by the sponsor company at the particular time for a particular product. [0066] However, the weighting of the index allows for changing the weights based on product lifecycle stage, without having to do major recalculations i.e., commercial can be weighted as zero during product development, or can be weighted heavily i.e., 0.8 for late phases in the product lifecycle. For example using the number achieved above but making evaluating 1 year after FDA approval: MTL   Attribute _ weighted   component = 1.0 _ value _ Publication   RRI = 2.083 × 0.1 = 0.2 Presentation   RRI = 2.791 × 0.1 = 0.2 Investigations   RRI = 2.622 × 0.0 = 0.0 Commercial   RRI = 20.0 × 0.8 = 16.0 [0067] If the highest ranking attribute coincides with the goal set by the sponsor company, the MSL has succeeded in obtaining the required objective. At a time of one year after FDA approval as illustrated above, the most predominate attribute may be commercial productivity, i.e. prescription writing, having a value of 16. This value should coincide with the objective of the sponsor company at one year after FDA approval. [0068] Using sample data, Table 3 illustrates how a group of potential MTLs may be prioritized by ranking them according to the ICRRI. The attributes shown in this illustration are publications, presentations, clinical investigations, and commercial value of the individual prescription writing. TABLE 3 Illustration of Prioritization of MTLs Using MTL Attributes Total Neoplasms MM Onc ASCO ASH Oral ESMO Total Clinical Last Name First Name Pubs Pubs Pubs Presents Presents Presents Presents Investgtns Barlogie Bart 264 35 299 17 9 5 31 35 Alexanian Raymond 145 9 154 15 6 6 27 25 Berenson James 85 24 109 13 8 7 28 19 Blade Joan 96 16 112 18 6 5 29 16 Ahmed Tausee 97 1 98 9 4 5 18 20 Anderson Kenneth 89 42 131 7 2 6 15 17 Attal Michel 19 10 29 4 1 4 9 13 Akhtar N 5 2 7 4 3 4 11 7 Alsina Melissa 36 5 41 8 2 2 12 6 Bensinger William 9 3 12 8 3 5 16 4 Besa Emmanuel 3 1 4 5 3 3 11 3 Barrett A 7 2 9 3 1 7 11 3 Agha M 3 1 4 5 1 2 8 4 Commercial Pubs Presents Investigtns Commercial Value ($ Ranking Ranking Ranking Ranking Prioritization Last Name MM scripts) Variable Variable Variable Variable Index Value Barlogie $2,789,369 10.136 13.478 10.938 7.158 11.161 Alexanian $3,819,765 5.220 11.739 7.813 9.802 8.671 Berenson $3,896,778 3.695 12.174 5.938 10.000 7.766 Blade $1,907,222 3.797 12.609 5.000 4.894 7.031 Ahmed $2,689,996 3.322 7.826 6.250 6.903 6.203 Anderson $2,893,565 4.441 6.522 5.313 7.426 5.712 Attal $798,007 0.983 3.913 4.063 2.048 3.200 Akhtar $3,002,298 0.237 4.783 2.188 7.705 3.128 Alsina $978,232 1.390 5.217 1.875 2.510 2.844 Bensinger $478,563 0.407 6.957 1.250 1.228 2.791 Besa $298,786 0.136 4.783 0.938 0.767 1.914 Barrett $0 0.305 4.783 0.938 0.000 1.871 Agha $1,000,277 0.136 3.478 1.250 2.567 1.827 [0069] The results obtained by the attribute system may serve as part of the basis for the planning stage of a second cycle in obtaining another business objective defined by the sponsor company. The results of the components in the Evaluation Phase and in the CRM discussed below will also serve as the basis. [0070] Customer Relation Management System (CRM) [0071] The system of the present invention requires that customer interactions be documented and that certain attributes regarding the nature, duration, costs and date of each interaction be captured for retrospective analysis. A mechanism for tracking MSL activities and their impact is incorporated into a Customer Relation Management System (CRM). MSL-specific activity attributes may be incorporated into an existing CRM (using commercially available software with modifications) for the purposes of providing the data for analyses. The CRM allows for the assignment of specific business outcomes (see types and definitions above) to specifically targeted MTLs and preferably will define an end point when an outcome is achieved. Each customer interaction is documented in the CRM and is classified according to an activity type (see types and their definitions below). The CRM is capable of providing queries by MSL, MTL, Business Outcome Type, and Activity Type etc. [0072] The present invention allows the information to be evaluated in order to provide for more efficient use of the time of interaction between the MSL and the MTL. This is based on the Customer Relation Management System (described below) which memorializes the interactions between the MSL and the MTL. [0073] The data obtained from CRM is available for periodic reporting of activities and outcome achievement. As illustrated in Table 4, the periodic reporting format may be in the form of a “Scorecard”. The Scorecard consists of territory, regional, and national level data (the resolution to be defined by the Sponsor's MSL organizational structure). Information that may be included is the number of activities by type and by duration, funds spent/track to plan, time utilization, and position vacancies. These categories are not limiting and may be modified as needed to meet the predefined business objectives. TABLE 4 CRM Data for MSL Dr. John Know by MTL for Targeted Investigator Outcome Targeted Outcome Interaction MTL Last MTL First Activity Duration of Business Achieved Date Name Name Type Interaction Outcome (Y/N)? Jan. 5, 2002 Adams Joan REL 30 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Adams Joan KX 25 Investigator N Mar. 8, 2002 Adams Joan KX 10 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Adams Joan ASSESS 40 Investigator N May 10, 2002 Adams Joan RECRUIT 60 Investigator N Jun. 3, 2002 Adams Joan REL 120 Investigator Y Jul. 9, 2002 Adams Joan KX 50 Investigator Y Aug. 2, 2002 Adams Joan KX 40 Investigator Y Aug. 28, 2002 Adams Joan NET 45 Investigator Y Jan. 5, 2002 Aden A REL 40 Investigator N Feb. 14, 2002 Aden A ASSESS 60 Investigator N Mar. 19, 2002 Aden A RECRUIT 120 Investigator N May 18, 2002 Aden A RECRUIT 50 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Aden A REL 20 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Aden A KX 40 Investigator Y Jan. 5, 2002 Benek James REL 120 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Benek James ASSESS 50 Investigator N Mar. 8, 2002 Benek James KX 20 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Benek James RECRUIT 40 Investigator N May 10, 2002 Benek James RECRUIT 60 Investigator N Jun. 3, 2002 Benek James KX 30 Investigator N Jul. 9, 2002 Benek James REL 25 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Benek James KX 10 Investigator N Aug. 28, 2002 Benek James REL 40 Investigator N Jan. 5, 2002 Casey N REL 10 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Casey N KX 40 Investigator N Mar. 9, 2002 Casey N ASSESS 60 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Casey N RECRUIT 120 Investigator N May 15, 2002 Casey N RECRUIT 50 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Casey N REL 20 Investigator N Jul. 20, 2002 Casey N RECRUIT 40 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Casey N KX 60 Investigator N Aug. 28, 2002 Casey N REL 30 Investigator N Jan. 5, 2002 Dodds Kenneth REL 50 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Dodds Kenneth ASSESS 20 Investigator N Mar. 8, 2002 Dodds Kenneth RECRUIT 40 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Dodds Kenneth REL 60 Investigator N May 15, 2002 Dodds Kenneth KX 30 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Dodds Kenneth KX 25 Investigator N Jul. 20, 2002 Dodds Kenneth KX 10 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Dodds Kenneth KX 40 Investigator Y Aug. 28, 2002 Dodds Kenneth REL 60 Investigator Y Jan. 4, 2002 Emrick Michel REL 120 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Emrick Michel ASSESS 50 Investigator N Mar. 9, 2002 Emrick Michel RECRUIT 20 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Emrick Michel RECRUIT 40 Investigator N May 15, 2002 Emrick Michel REL 60 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Emrick Michel REL 30 Investigator N Jul. 20, 2002 Emrick Michel RECRUIT 25 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Emrick Michel KX 10 Investigator N Aug. 28, 2002 Emrick Michel RECRUIT 40 Investigator N Jan. 4, 2002 Fitch Raymond REL 25 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Fitch Raymond KX 10 Investigator N Mar. 8, 2002 Fitch Raymond ASSESS 40 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Fitch Raymond RECRUIT 60 Investigator N May 10, 2002 Fitch Raymond REL 120 Investigator N Jun. 3, 2002 Fitch Raymond NET 50 Investigator N Jul. 9, 2002 Fitch Raymond REL 20 Investigator Y Jul. 20, 2002 Fitch Raymond KX 40 Investigator Y Aug. 28, 2002 Fitch Raymond KX 60 Investigator Y Jan. 5, 2002 Gerber M REL 20 Investigator N Feb. 14, 2002 Gerber M KX 40 Investigator N Mar. 19, 2002 Gerber M ASSESS 60 Investigator N May 18, 2002 Gerber M NET 30 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Gerber M RECRUIT 25 Investigator Y Aug. 2, 2002 Gerber M REL 10 Investigator Y Jan. 5, 2002 Hicks Melissa REL 30 Investigator N Mar. 19, 2002 Hicks Melissa ASSESS 25 Investigator N May 18, 2002 Hicks Melissa RECRUIT 10 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Hicks Melissa KX 40 Investigator Y Aug. 2, 2002 Hicks Melissa BUSSOL 60 Investigator Y Aug. 28, 2002 Hicks Melissa KX 120 Investigator Y Jan. 4, 2002 Howe Tausee REL 40 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Howe Tausee REL 60 Investigator N Mar. 8, 2002 Howe Tausee ASSESS 120 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Howe Tausee KX 50 Investigator N May 10, 2002 Howe Tausee KX 20 Investigator N Jun. 8, 2002 Howe Tausee RECRUIT 40 Investigator N Jul. 9, 2002 Howe Tausee NET 60 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Howe Tausee MEDSOL 30 Investigator Y Aug. 28, 2002 Howe Tausee REL 25 Investigator Y Jan. 4, 2002 Keeler Bart REL 60 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Keeler Bart ASSESS 120 Investigator N Mar. 8, 2002 Keeler Bart RECRUIT 50 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Keeler Bart KX 20 Investigator N May 10, 2002 Keeler Bart REL 40 Investigator N Jun. 3, 2002 Keeler Bart COACH 60 Investigator N Jul. 9, 2002 Keeler Bart BUSSOL 30 Investigator N Jul. 20, 2002 Keeler Bart REL 25 Investigator Y Aug. 28, 2002 Keeler Bart REL 10 Investigator Y Jan. 4, 2002 Lucas Emmanuel REL 60 Investigator N Feb. 14, 2002 Lucas Emmanuel KX 120 Investigator N Mar. 19, 2002 Lucas Emmanuel ASSESS 50 Investigator N May 18, 2002 Lucas Emmanuel RECRUIT 20 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Lucas Emmanuel REL 40 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Lucas Emmanuel REL 60 Investigator N Jan. 4, 2002 Markley William REL 60 Investigator N Feb. 14, 2002 Markley William RECRUIT 30 Investigator N Mar. 19, 2002 Markley William RECRUIT 25 Investigator N May 18, 2002 Markley William KX 10 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Markley William REL 40 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Markley William REL 60 Investigator N Jan. 5, 2002 Martin Joan REL 30 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Martin Joan KX 25 Investigator N Mar. 8, 2002 Martin Joan MEDSOL 10 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Martin Joan ASSESS 40 Investigator N May 10, 2002 Martin Joan RECRUIT 60 Investigator N Jun. 3, 2002 Martin Joan REL 120 Investigator Y Jul. 9, 2002 Martin Joan KX 50 Investigator Y Aug. 2, 2002 Martin Joan KX 40 Investigator Y Aug. 28, 2002 Martin Joan NET 45 Investigator Y Jan. 5, 2002 Metzger A REL 40 Investigator N Feb. 14, 2002 Metzger A KX 60 Investigator N Mar. 19, 2002 Metzger A ASSESS 120 Investigator N May 18, 2002 Metzger A RECRUIT 50 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Metzger A BUSSOL 20 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Metzger A KX 40 Investigator Y Jan. 5, 2002 Milnes James REL 120 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Milnes James REL 50 Investigator N Mar. 8, 2002 Milnes James ASSESS 20 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Milnes James RECRUIT 40 Investigator N May 10, 2002 Milnes James RECRUIT 60 Investigator N Jun. 3, 2002 Milnes James KX 30 Investigator N Jul. 9, 2002 Milnes James REL 25 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Milnes James KX 10 Investigator N Aug. 28, 2002 Milnes James REL 40 Investigator N Jan. 5, 2002 Myers N REL 10 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Myers N KX 40 Investigator N Mar. 9, 2002 Myers N ASSESS 60 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Myers N RECRUIT 120 Investigator N May 15, 2002 Myers N RECRUIT 50 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Myers N REL 20 Investigator N Jul. 20, 2002 Myers N RECRUIT 40 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Myers N KX 60 Investigator N Aug. 28, 2002 Myers N REL 30 Investigator N Jan. 5, 2002 Nichols Kenneth REL 50 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Nichols Kenneth ASSESS 20 Investigator N Mar. 8, 2002 Nichols Kenneth RECRUIT 40 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Nichols Kenneth REL 60 Investigator N May 15, 2002 Nichols Kenneth KX 30 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Nichols Kenneth KX 25 Investigator N Jul. 20, 2002 Nichols Kenneth KX 10 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Nichols Kenneth KX 40 Investigator Y Aug. 28, 2002 Nichols Kenneth REL 60 Investigator Y Jan. 4, 2002 Nolan Michel REL 120 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Nolan Michel KX 50 Investigator N Mar. 9, 2002 Nolan Michel ASSESS 20 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Nolan Michel RECRUIT 40 Investigator N May 15, 2002 Nolan Michel REL 60 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Nolan Michel REL 30 Investigator N Jul. 20, 2002 Nolan Michel RECRUIT 25 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Nolan Michel KX 10 Investigator N Aug. 28, 2002 Nolan Michel RECRUIT 40 Investigator N Jan. 4, 2002 Osborne Raymond REL 25 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Osborne Raymond ASSESS 10 Investigator N Mar. 8, 2002 Osborne Raymond RECRUIT 40 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Osborne Raymond KX 60 Investigator N May 10, 2002 Osborne Raymond REL 120 Investigator N Jun. 3, 2002 Osborne Raymond NET 50 Investigator N Jul. 9, 2002 Osborne Raymond REL 20 Investigator Y Jul. 20, 2002 Osborne Raymond KX 40 Investigator Y Aug. 28, 2002 Osborne Raymond KX 60 Investigator Y Jan. 5, 2002 Owens M REL 20 Investigator N Feb. 14, 2002 Owens M KX 40 Investigator N Mar. 19, 2002 Owens M REL 60 Investigator N May 18, 2002 Owens M NET 30 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Owens M REL 25 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Owens M REL 10 Investigator N Jan. 5, 2002 Padva Melissa REL 30 Investigator N Mar. 19, 2002 Padva Melissa REL 25 Investigator N May 18, 2002 Padva Melissa REL 10 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Padva Melissa KX 40 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Padva Melissa KX 60 Investigator N Aug. 28, 2002 Padva Melissa KX 120 Investigator N Jan. 4, 2002 Patterson Tausee REL 40 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Patterson Tausee REL 60 Investigator N Mar. 8, 2002 Patterson Tausee KX 120 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Patterson Tausee ASSESS 50 Investigator N May 10, 2002 Patterson Tausee RECRUIT 20 Investigator N Jun. 8, 2002 Patterson Tausee REL 40 Investigator N Jul. 9, 2002 Patterson Tausee NET 60 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Patterson Tausee MEDSOL 30 Investigator Y Aug. 28, 2002 Patterson Tausee REL 25 Investigator Y Jan. 4, 2002 Petty Bart REL 60 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Petty Bart ASSESS 120 Investigator N Mar. 8, 2002 Petty Bart RECRUIT 50 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Petty Bart KX 20 Investigator N May 10, 2002 Petty Bart REL 40 Investigator N Jun. 3, 2002 Petty Bart COACH 60 Investigator N Jul. 9, 2002 Petty Bart KX 30 Investigator N Jul. 20, 2002 Petty Bart REL 25 Investigator Y Aug. 28, 2002 Petty Bart REL 10 Investigator Y Jan. 4, 2002 Philbin Emmanuel REL 60 Investigator N Feb. 14, 2002 Philbin Emmanuel KX 120 Investigator N Mar. 19, 2002 Philbin Emmanuel RECRUIT 50 Investigator N May 18, 2002 Philbin Emmanuel RECRUIT 20 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Philbin Emmanuel REL 40 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Philbin Emmanuel REL 60 Investigator N Jan. 4, 2002 Pollack William REL 60 Investigator N Feb. 14, 2002 Pollack William RECRUIT 30 Investigator N Mar. 19, 2002 Pollack William RECRUIT 25 Investigator N May 18, 2002 Pollack William KX 10 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Pollack William REL 40 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Pollack William REL 60 Investigator N Jan. 5, 2002 Potter Joan REL 30 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Potter Joan KX 25 Investigator N Mar. 8, 2002 Potter Joan KX 10 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Potter Joan ASSESS 40 Investigator N May 10, 2002 Potter Joan RECRUIT 60 Investigator N Jun. 3, 2002 Potter Joan REL 120 Investigator Y Jul. 9, 2002 Potter Joan KX 50 Investigator Y Aug. 2, 2002 Potter Joan KX 40 Investigator Y Aug. 28, 2002 Potter Joan NET 45 Investigator Y Jan. 5, 2002 Ramsey A REL 40 Investigator N Feb. 14, 2002 Ramsey A KX 60 Investigator N Mar. 19, 2002 Ramsey A RECRUIT 120 Investigator N May 18, 2002 Ramsey A RECRUIT 50 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Ramsey A REL 20 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Ramsey A KX 40 Investigator N Jan. 5, 2002 Reinhart James REL 120 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Reinhart James REL 50 Investigator N Mar. 8, 2002 Reinhart James KX 20 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Reinhart James RECRUIT 40 Investigator N May 10, 2002 Reinhart James RECRUIT 60 Investigator N Jun. 3, 2002 Reinhart James KX 30 Investigator N Jul. 9, 2002 Reinhart James REL 25 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Reinhart James KX 10 Investigator N Aug. 28, 2002 Reinhart James REL 40 Investigator N Jan. 5, 2002 Richards N REL 10 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Richards N KX 40 Investigator N Mar. 9, 2002 Richards N REL 60 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Richards N RECRUIT 120 Investigator N May 15, 2002 Richards N RECRUIT 50 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Richards N REL 20 Investigator N Jul. 20, 2002 Richards N RECRUIT 40 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Richards N KX 60 Investigator N Aug. 28, 2002 Richards N REL 30 Investigator N Jan. 5, 2002 Rosen Kenneth REL 50 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Rosen Kenneth ASSESS 20 Investigator N Mar. 8, 2002 Rosen Kenneth RECRUIT 40 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Rosen Kenneth REL 60 Investigator N May 15, 2002 Rosen Kenneth KX 30 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Rosen Kenneth KX 25 Investigator N Jul. 20, 2002 Rosen Kenneth KX 10 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Rosen Kenneth KX 40 Investigator Y Aug. 28, 2002 Rosen Kenneth REL 60 Investigator Y Jan. 4, 2002 Ryan Michel REL 120 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Ryan Michel KX 50 Investigator N Mar. 9, 2002 Ryan Michel RECRUIT 20 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Ryan Michel RECRUIT 40 Investigator N May 15, 2002 Ryan Michel REL 60 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Ryan Michel REL 30 Investigator N Jul. 20, 2002 Ryan Michel RECRUIT 25 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Ryan Michel KX 10 Investigator N Aug. 28, 2002 Ryan Michel RECRUIT 40 Investigator N Jan. 4, 2002 Saxton Raymond REL 25 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Saxton Raymond RECRUIT 10 Investigator N Mar. 8, 2002 Saxton Raymond RECRUIT 40 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Saxton Raymond KX 60 Investigator N May 10, 2002 Saxton Raymond REL 120 Investigator N Jun. 3, 2002 Saxton Raymond NET 50 Investigator N Jul. 9, 2002 Saxton Raymond REL 20 Investigator N Jul. 20, 2002 Saxton Raymond KX 40 Investigator N Aug. 28, 2002 Saxton Raymond KX 60 Investigator N Jan. 5, 2002 Schmitt M REL 20 Investigator N Feb. 14, 2002 Schmitt M KX 40 Investigator N Mar. 19, 2002 Schmitt M RECRUIT 60 Investigator N May 18, 2002 Schmitt M NET 30 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Schmitt M BUSSOL 25 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Schmitt M REL 10 Investigator Y Jan. 5, 2002 Stewart Melissa REL 30 Investigator N Mar. 19, 2002 Stewart Melissa REL 25 Investigator N May 18, 2002 Stewart Melissa REL 10 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Stewart Melissa KX 40 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Stewart Melissa KX 60 Investigator N Aug. 28, 2002 Stewart Melissa KX 120 Investigator N Jan. 4, 2002 Thompson Tausee REL 40 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Thompson Tausee REL 60 Investigator N Mar. 8, 2002 Thompson Tausee ASSESS 120 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Thompson Tausee KX 50 Investigator N May 10, 2002 Thompson Tausee KX 20 Investigator N Jun. 8, 2002 Thompson Tausee REL 40 Investigator N Jul. 9, 2002 Thompson Tausee NET 60 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Thompson Tausee REL 30 Investigator N Aug. 28, 2002 Thompson Tausee REL 25 Investigator N Jan. 4, 2002 Ulshafer Bart REL 60 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Ulshafer Bart ASSESS 120 Investigator N Mar. 8, 2002 Ulshafer Bart RECRUIT 50 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Ulshafer Bart KX 20 Investigator N May 10, 2002 Ulshafer Bart REL 40 Investigator N Jun. 3, 2002 Ulshafer Bart COACH 60 Investigator N Jul. 9, 2002 Ulshafer Bart KX 30 Investigator N Jul. 20, 2002 Ulshafer Bart REL 25 Investigator Y Aug. 28, 2002 Ulshafer Bart REL 10 Investigator Y Jan. 4, 2002 Vogel Emmanuel REL 60 Investigator N Feb. 14, 2002 Vogel Emmanuel KX 120 Investigator N Mar. 19, 2002 Vogel Emmanuel RECRUIT 50 Investigator N May 18, 2002 Vogel Emmanuel RECRUIT 20 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Vogel Emmanuel REL 40 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Vogel Emmanuel REL 60 Investigator N Jan. 4, 2002 Wellington William REL 60 Investigator N Feb. 14, 2002 Wellington William RECRUIT 30 Investigator N Mar. 19, 2002 Wellington William RECRUIT 25 Investigator N May 18, 2002 Wellington William KX 10 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Wellington William REL 40 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Wellington William REL 60 Investigator N [0074] Referring to Table 4, a scorecard is illustrated summarizing various types of activities and recorded information based on the interaction between the MSL representative, Dr. John Know and various MTLs over a predefined period of time. These particular activities were concentrated for the particular business outcome goal of investigator (as described above). This information is further summarized in Table 5, wherein the time spent is particularly broken down in order to be able to use the information based on whether the business outcome (investigator) had been achieved and what types of activities may need to be done, in terms of changing the activities when interacting with a particular MTL. Table 5 illustrates the activity data for each particular MSL in a certain period of time. This output allows (a) evaluation by management as to the daily activity of an MSL and (b) a journal for organization and planning of the MSL activity in the future. TABLE 5 Frequency by Activity Type and Cumulative Duration by MTL Total In- teractions Prior to Average Cumulative Outcome RE- AS- Achieving Interaction Interactions Achieved Business MTL CRUIT COACH REL NET SESS BUSSOL MEDSOL KX Outcome Duration Duration (Y/N) Outcome Abptar 3 3 1 2 9 47.8 430 N Investigator Agha 1 2 1 1 1 6 35.0 210 Y Investigator Ahmed 1 3 1 1 1 2 9 52.8 475 Y Investigator Akhtar 3 3 1 2 9 47.8 430 N Investigator Alexanian 1 3 1 1 3 9 49.4 445 Y Investigator Alixandor 1 3 1 1 3 9 49.4 445 Y Investigator Alsina 1 1 1 1 2 6 54.2 325 Y Investigator Anderson 1 3 1 4 9 41.7 375 Y Investigator Andersten 1 3 1 4 9 41.7 375 Y Investigator Attal 4 3 1 1 9 43.9 395 N Investigator Baholst 1 1 1 1 2 6 61.7 370 Y Investigator Barlogie 1 1 4 1 1 1 9 48.9 440 Y Investigator Barrett 2 2 1 1 6 61.7 370 Y Investigator Barsot 1 1 4 1 2 9 48.9 440 Y Investigator Bensinger 2 3 1 6 37.5 225 N Investigator Bensoner 2 4 1 2 9 43.9 395 N Investigator Bentinger 2 3 1 6 37.5 225 N Investigator Berenson 2 3 1 3 9 43.9 395 N Investigator Besa 1 3 1 1 6 58.3 350 N Investigator Besalt 2 3 1 6 58.3 350 N Investigator Blade 1 2 1 1 4 9 60.0 540 Y Investigator Burnast 4 1 1 6 29.2 175 N Investigator Cahmet 1 4 1 1 1 1 9 52.8 475 Y Investigator Calsina 3 3 6 17.5 105 N Investigator Codst 3 3 1 2 9 43.9 395 N Investigator Dickerson 1 2 1 1 1 3 9 60.0 540 Y Investigator Fabptar 3 4 2 9 47.8 430 N Investigator Fahmet 5 1 1 2 9 49.4 445 N Investigator Falexan 2 3 1 3 9 47.2 425 N Investigator Falsina 3 3 6 47.5 285 N Investigator Feholst 2 2 2 6 55.0 330 N Investigator Fendersten 1 3 1 4 9 42.8 385 Y Investigator Fensoner 2 4 3 9 43.9 395 N Investigator Fersot 1 1 4 1 2 9 48.9 440 Y Investigator Fickerson 1 2 1 1 4 9 60.0 540 Y Investigator Fodsten 4 3 2 9 43.9 395 N Investigator Funtinger 2 3 1 6 37.5 225 N Investigator Furnast 1 2 1 1 1 6 30.8 185 Y Investigator Fusalt 2 3 1 6 58.3 350 N Investigator [0075] Table 6 below illustrates yet another view of the exemplary data in which the frequency and duration of customer interaction are set forth by activity type for each MTL having a successful investigator outcome. TABLE 6 Summary of Frequency and Duration by Activity Type Resulting in Successful Investigation Outcome Outcome Achieved (Y/N)? Y Targeted MTL Business Last Activity Outcome Name Type Data Total Inves- Gerber RECRUIT Count of 1 tigator Activity Type Sum of Duration 25 of Interaction REL Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 10 of Interaction Gerber Count of Activity Type 2 Gerber Sum of Duration of Interaction 35 Howe MEDSOL Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 30 of Interaction REL Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 25 of Interaction Howe Count of Activity Type 2 Howe Sum of Duration of Interaction 55 Fitch KX Count of 2 Activity Type Sum of Duration 100 of Interaction REL Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 20 of Interaction Fitch Count ofActivity Type 3 Fitch Sum of Duration of Interaction 120 Osborne KX Count of 2 Activity Type Sum of Duration 100 of Interaction REL Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 20 of Interaction Osborne Count of Activity Type 3 Osborne Sum of Duration of Interaction 120 Hicks BUSSOL Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 60 of Interaction KX Count of 2 Activity Type Sum of Duration 160 of Interaction Hicks Count of Activity Type 3 Hicks Sum of Duration of Interaction 220 Dodds KX Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 40 of Interaction REL Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 60 of Interaction Dodds Count of Activity Type 2 Dodds Sum of Duration of Interaction 100 Nichols KX Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 40 of Interaction REL Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 60 of Interaction Nichols Count of Activity Type 2 Nichols Sum of Duration of Interaction 100 Metzger KX Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 40 of Interaction Metzger Count of Activity Type 1 Metzger Sum of Duration of Interaction 40 Keeler REL Count of 2 Activity Type Sum of Duration 35 of Interaction Keeler Count of Activity Type 2 Keeler Sum of Duration of Interaction 35 Aden KX Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 40 of Interaction Aden Count of Activity Type 1 Aden Sum of Duration of Interaction 40 Petty REL Count of 2 Activity Type Sum of Duration 35 of Interaction Petty Count of Activity Type 2 Petty Sum of Duration of Interaction 35 Adams KX Count of 2 Activity Type Sum of Duration 90 of Interaction NET Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 45 of Interaction REL Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 120 of Interaction Adams Count of Activity Type 4 Adams Sum of Duration of Interaction 255 Patterson MEDSOL Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 30 of Interaction REL Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 25 of Interaction Patterson Count of Activity Type 2 Patterson Sum of Duration of Interaction 55 Martin KX Count of 2 Activity Type Sum of Duration 90 of Interaction NET Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 45 of Interaction REL Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 120 of Interaction Martin Count of Activity Type 4 Martin Sum of Duration of Interaction 255 Rosen KX Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 40 of Interaction REL Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 60 of Interaction Rosen Count of Activity Type 2 Rosen Sum of Duration of Interaction 100 Ulshafer REL Count of 2 Activity Type Sum of Duration 35 of Interaction Ulshafer Count of Activity Type 2 Ulshafer Sum of Duration of Interaction 35 Potter KX Count of 2 Activity Type Sum of Duration 90 of Interaction NET Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 45 of Interaction REL Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 120 of Interaction Potter Count of Activity Type 4 Potter Sum of Duration of Interaction 255 Schmitt REL Count of 1 Activity Type Sum of Duration 10 of Interaction Schmitt Count of Activity Type 1 Schmitt Sum of Duration of Interaction 10 Investigator Count of Activity Type 42 Investigator Sum of Duration of Interaction 1865 Total Count of Activity Type 42 Total Sum of Duration of Interaction 1865 [0076] The data incorporated into the CRM are particularly useful for prompt, accurate and specific “activity to outcome” analysis. For example, the interactions with MTL Adams yielded a desired outcome of investigator based on the activities and time as highlighted in FIG. 2. In contrast, the desired outcome of investigator was not achieved by the activities and time spent on MTL Philbin. [0077] Evaluating Phase [0078] The Evaluating phase examines metrics of different categories from a variety of sources. Among these sources are commercial data, i.e., increased prescriptions of particular product, business outcomes analyses, i.e., based on the Scorecard information, internal services provided to the MTL, and survey results. [0079] Direct Analysis [0080] The impact of MSL activities may be measured in commercial terms. By targeting MSL efforts toward a select group of physicians/outcomes, the conditions are met to enable comparison of product prescribing between the targeted physicians/institutions and the relevant physician/institution universe. For example, to examine the impact of MSL activities, the targeted customer's product utilization uptake can be compared to the appropriate customer universe. More rapid uptake would result in an increase in the slope of the sales curve over the time since launch, compared to the slope of the sales curve of the comparator population. Historically, the rate of market uptake following launch is a major determinant of total sales over the commercial life of the drug. [0081] Indirect Analysis [0082] The statistical tests (e.g., ANCOVA) detect variables that co-vary (in this case, activity types and business outcome types) with a given outcome status (achieved or non-achieved). This permits objective measurement of the effort required to achieve a targeted business outcome, thereby increasing the accuracy of MSL capacity assessments and commercial planning efforts. During the Evaluating phase, the data pertaining to business outcomes, and activities conducted in the attempt to achieve these outcomes, is analyzed. The analyses determine which activities and at what frequency/duration resulted in achieved outcomes, versus those activities and frequency/duration that resulted in non-achievement of a targeted outcome. The determination is accomplished through conducting a statistical analysis that provides the aggregate weight of individual activity types for a specific business outcome type differentiated by achievement and non-achievement. [0083] Tables 7 and 8 illustrate a statistical analysis of the average frequency of interactions by activity type with respect to achievement and non-achievement of an investigator outcome based on the data in Table 4. TABLE 7 Statistical Analysis of Investigator Outcome Data Outcome Business Achieved Average Outcome (Y/N) Data Interactions StdDevP Investigator N Average of 2.412 0.771 RECRUIT Investigator N Average of COACH Investigator N Average of 3.238 0.610 REL Investigator N Average of 1.000 0.000 NET Investigator N Average of 1.000 0.000 ASSESS Investigator N Average of BUSSOL Investigator N Average of MEDSOL Investigator N Average of 1.857 0.774 KX Investigator Y Average of 1.056 0.229 RECRUIT Investigator Y Average of 1.000 0.000 COACH Investigator Y Average of 2.667 0.943 REL Investigator Y Average of 1.000 0.000 NET Investigator Y Average of 1.000 0.000 ASSESS Investigator Y Average of 1.000 0.000 BUSSOL Investigator Y Average of 1.000 0.000 MEDSOL Investigator Y Average of 2.444 1.165 KX Investigator Average of RECRUIT 1.714 0.881 Investigator Average of COACH 1.000 0.000 Investigator Average of REL 2.974 0.832 Investigator Average of NET 1.000 0.000 Investigator Average of ASSESS 1.000 0.000 Investigator Average of BUSSOL 1.000 0.000 Investigator Average of MEDSOL 1.000 0.000 Investigator Average of KX 2.128 1.017 Total Average of RECRUIT 1.714 0.881 Total Average of COACH 1.000 0.000 Total Average of REL 2.974 0.832 Total Average of NET 1.000 0.000 Total Average of ASSESS 1.000 0.000 Total Average of BUSSOL 1.000 0.000 Total Average of MEDSOL 1.000 0.000 Total Average of KX 2.128 1.017 [0084] [0084] TABLE 8 N Data N Data Sum of Average StdDevP Difference StdDevPs Significance 2.412 0.771 −1.356 1.000 S− RECRUIT 1.000 0.000 S+ COACH 3.238 0.61 −0.571 1.553 NS REL 1 0 0.000 0.000 NS NET 1 0 0.000 0.000 NS ASSESS 1.000 0.000 S+ BUSSOL 1.000 0.000 S+ MEDSOL 1.857 0.774 0.587 1.939 NS KX [0085] Several conclusions may be drawn from the statistical analyses in Tables 7 and 8. For example, the data average for recruiting type activity suggests that if the MSL does not get a commitment after two recruiting interactions, then an investigator outcome is highly unlikely. Also, based on this exemplary data, coaching, medical solutions and business solutions interactions improve the likelihood of a successful investigator outcome. The data suggest that a successful approach to achieve an investigator outcome may be obtained through the following set of interactions: 1.056 RECRUIT interactions 1.000 COACH interactions 2.667 REL interactions 1.000 NET interactions 1.000 ASSESS interactions 1.000 BUSSOL interactions 1.000 MEDSOL interactions 2.444 KX interactions 11.167 Total interactions plus or minus 3.111 [0086] A statistical analysis based on duration rather than frequency of interactions and activity types may also be derived from the data in a similar manner. [0087] Tables 9 and 10 illustrate a sample data and statistical analysis report for a second exemplary set of interactions in which multiple business outcomes were targeted over a predetermined period of time. TABLE 9 CRM Data for All MTL and All Targeted Business Outcomes Targeted Outcome Interaction MTL Last MTL First Duration of Business Achieved Date Name Name Activity Type Interaction Outcome (Y/N)? Jan. 5, 2002 Adams Joan REL 30 Author N Feb. 7, 2002 Adams Joan KX 25 Author N Mar. 8, 2002 Adams Joan KX 10 Author N Apr. 2, 2002 Adams Joan KX 40 Author N May 10, 2002 Adams Joan RECRUIT 60 Author N Jun. 3, 2002 Adams Joan REL 120 Author Y Jul. 9, 2002 Adams Joan KX 50 Author M Aug. 2, 2002 Adams Joan KX 40 Author M Aug. 28, 2002 Adams Joan NET 45 Author M Jan. 5, 2002 Aden A REL 40 Consultant N Feb. 14, 2002 Aden A KX 60 Consultant N Mar. 19, 2002 Aden A RECRUIT 120 Consultant N May 18, 2002 Aden A RECRUIT 50 Consultant N Jun. 24, 2002 Aden A REL 20 Consultant N Aug. 2, 2002 Aden A KX 40 Consultant Y Jan. 5, 2002 Benek James REL 120 Consultant N Feb. 7, 2002 Benek James REL 50 Consultant N Mar. 8, 2002 Benek James KX 20 Consultant N Apr. 2, 2002 Benek James RECRUIT 40 Consultant N May 10, 2002 Benek James RECRUIT 60 Consultant N Jun. 3, 2002 Benek James KX 30 Consultant N Jul. 9, 2002 Benek James REL 25 Consultant N Aug. 2, 2002 Benek James KX 10 Consultant N Aug. 28, 2002 Benek James REL 40 Consultant N Jan. 5, 2002 Casey N REL 10 Consultant N Feb. 7, 2002 Casey N KX 40 Consultant N Mar. 9, 2002 Casey N REL 60 Consultant N Apr. 2, 2002 Casey N RECRUIT 120 Consultant N May 15, 2002 Casey N RECRUIT 50 Consultant N Jun. 24, 2002 Casey N REL 20 Consultant N Jul. 20, 2002 Casey N RECRUIT 40 Consultant N Aug. 2, 2002 Casey N KX 60 Consultant N Aug. 28, 2002 Casey N REL 30 Consultant N Jan. 5, 2002 Dodds Kenneth REL 50 Author N Feb. 7, 2002 Dodds Kenneth KX 20 Author N Mar. 8, 2002 Dodds Kenneth RECRUIT 40 Author N Apr. 2, 2002 Dodds Kenneth REL 60 Author N May 15, 2002 Dodds Kenneth KX 30 Author N Jun. 24, 2002 Dodds Kenneth KX 25 Author N Jul. 20, 2002 Dodds Kenneth KX 10 Author N Aug. 2, 2002 Dodds Kenneth KX 40 Author Y Aug. 28, 2002 Dodds Kenneth REL 60 Author M Jan. 4, 2002 Emrick Michel REL 120 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Emrick Michel KX 50 Investigator N Mar. 9, 2002 Emrick Michel RECRUIT 20 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Emrick Michel RECRUIT 40 Investigator N May 15, 2002 Emrick Michel REL 60 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Emrick Michel REL 30 Investigator N Jul. 20, 2002 Emrick Michel RECRUIT 25 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Emrick Michel KX 10 Investigator N Aug. 28, 2002 Emrick Michel RECRUIT 40 Investigator N Jan. 4, 2002 Fitch Raymond REL 25 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Fitch Raymond RECRUIT 10 Investigator N Mar. 8, 2002 Fitch Raymond ASSESS 40 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Fitch Raymond KX 60 Investigator N May 10, 2002 Fitch Raymond REL 120 Investigator N Jun. 3, 2002 Fitch Raymond NET 50 Investigator N Jul. 9, 2002 Fitch Raymond REL 20 Investigator Y Jul. 20, 2002 Fitch Raymond KX 40 Investigator M Aug. 28, 2002 Fitch Raymond KX 60 Investigator M Jan. 5, 2002 Gerber M REL 20 Prescriber N Feb. 14, 2002 Gerber M KX 40 Prescriber N Mar. 19, 2002 Gerber M REL 60 Prescriber N May 18, 2002 Gerber M NET 30 Prescriber N Jun. 24, 2002 Gerber M REL 25 Prescriber Y Aug. 2, 2002 Gerber M REL 10 Prescriber M Jan. 5, 2002 Hicks Melissa REL 30 Prescriber N Mar. 19, 2002 Hicks Melissa REL 25 Prescriber N May 18, 2002 Hicks Melissa REL 10 Prescriber N Jun. 24, 2002 Hicks Melissa KX 40 Prescriber Y Aug. 2, 2002 Hicks Melissa KX 60 Prescriber M Aug. 28, 2002 Hicks Melissa KX 120 Prescriber M Jan. 4, 2002 Howe Tausee REL 40 Prescriber N Feb. 7, 2002 Howe Tausee REL 60 Prescriber N Mar. 8, 2002 Howe Tausee KX 120 Prescriber N Apr. 2, 2002 Howe Tausee KX 50 Prescriber N May 10, 2002 Howe Tausee KX 20 Prescriber N Jun. 8, 2002 Howe Tausee REL 40 Prescriber N Jul. 9, 2002 Howe Tausee NET 60 Prescriber N Aug. 2, 2002 Howe Tausee MEDSOL 30 Prescriber Y Aug. 28, 2002 Howe Tausee REL 25 Prescriber M Jan. 4, 2002 Keeler Bart REL 60 Speaker N Feb. 7, 2002 Keeler Bart KX 120 Speaker N Mar. 8, 2002 Keeler Bart RECRUIT 50 Speaker N Apr. 2, 2002 Keeler Bart KX 20 Speaker N May 10, 2002 Keeler Bart REL 40 Speaker N Jun. 3, 2002 Keeler Bart COACH 60 Speaker N Jul. 9, 2002 Keeler Bart KX 30 Speaker N Jul. 20, 2002 Keeler Bart REL 25 Speaker Y Aug. 28, 2002 Keeler Bart REL 10 Speaker M Jan. 4, 2002 Lucas Emmanuel REL 60 Speaker N Feb. 14, 2002 Lucas Emmanuel KX 120 Speaker N Mar. 19, 2002 Lucas Emmanuel RECRUIT 50 Speaker N May 18, 2002 Lucas Emmanuel RECRUIT 20 Speaker N Jun. 24, 2002 Lucas Emmanuel REL 40 Speaker N Aug. 2, 2002 Lucas Emmanuel REL 60 Speaker N Jan. 4, 2002 Markley William REL 60 Speaker N Feb. 14, 2002 Markley William RECRUIT 30 Speaker N Mar. 19, 2002 Markley William RECRUIT 25 Speaker N May 18, 2002 Markley William KX 10 Speaker N Jun. 24, 2002 Markley William REL 40 Speaker N Aug. 2, 2002 Markley William REL 60 Speaker N Jan. 5, 2002 Martin Joan REL 30 Author N Feb. 7, 2002 Martin Joan KX 25 Author N Mar. 8, 2002 Martin Joan KX 10 Author N Apr. 2, 2002 Martin Joan KX 40 Author N May 10, 2002 Martin Joan RECRUIT 60 Author N Jun. 3, 2002 Martin Joan REL 120 Author Y Jul. 9, 2002 Martin Joan KX 50 Author M Aug. 2, 2002 Martin Joan KX 40 Author M Aug. 28, 2002 Martin Joan NET 45 Author M Jan. 5, 2002 Metzger A REL 40 Consultant N Feb. 14, 2002 Metzger A KX 60 Consultant N Mar. 19, 2002 Metzger A RECRUIT 120 Consultant N May 18, 2002 Metzger A RECRUIT 50 Consultant N Jun. 24, 2002 Metzger A REL 20 Consultant N Aug. 2, 2002 Metzger A KX 40 Consultant Y Jan. 5, 2002 Milnes James REL 120 Consultant N Feb. 7, 2002 Milnes James REL 50 Consultant N Mar. 8, 2002 Milnes James KX 20 Consultant N Apr. 2, 2002 Milnes James RECRUIT 40 Consultant N May 10, 2002 Milnes James RECRUIT 60 Consultant N Jun. 3, 2002 Milnes James KX 30 Consultant N Jul. 9, 2002 Milnes James REL 25 Consultant N Aug. 2, 2002 Milnes James KX 10 Consultant N Aug. 28, 2002 Milnes James REL 40 Consultant N Jan. 5, 2002 Myers N REL 10 Consultant N Feb. 7, 2002 Myers N KX 40 Consultant N Mar. 9, 2002 Myers N REL 60 Consultant N Apr. 2, 2002 Myers N RECRUIT 120 Consultant N May 15, 2002 Myers N RECRUIT 50 Consultant N Jun. 24, 2002 Myers N REL 20 Consultant N Jul. 20, 2002 Myers N RECRUIT 40 Consultant N Aug. 2, 2002 Myers N KX 60 Consultant N Aug. 28, 2002 Myers N REL 30 Consultant N Jan. 5, 2002 Nichols Kenneth REL 50 Author N Feb. 7, 2002 Nichols Kenneth KX 20 Author N Mar. 8, 2002 Nichols Kenneth RECRUIT 40 Author N Apr. 2, 2002 Nichols Kenneth REL 60 Author N May 15, 2002 Nichols Kenneth KX 30 Author N Jun. 24, 2002 Nichols Kenneth KX 25 Author N Jul. 20, 2002 Nichols Kenneth KX 10 Author N Aug. 2, 2002 Nichols Kenneth KX 40 Author Y Aug. 28, 2002 Nichols Kenneth REL 60 Author M Jan. 4, 2002 Nolan Michel REL 120 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Nolan Michel KX 50 Investigator N Mar. 9, 2002 Nolan Michel RECRUIT 20 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Nolan Michel RECRUIT 40 Investigator N May 15, 2002 Nolan Michel REL 60 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Nolan Michel REL 30 Investigator N Jul. 20, 2002 Nolan Michel RECRUIT 25 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Nolan Michel KX 10 Investigator N Aug. 28, 2002 Nolan Michel RECRUIT 40 Investigator N Jan. 4, 2002 Osborne Raymond REL 25 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Osborne Raymond RECRUIT 10 Investigator N Mar. 8, 2002 Osborne Raymond ASSESS 40 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Osborne Raymond KX 60 Investigator N May 10, 2002 Osborne Raymond REL 120 Investigator N Jun. 3, 2002 Osborne Raymond NET 50 Investigator N Jul. 9, 2002 Osborne Raymond REL 20 Investigator Y Jul. 20, 2002 Osborne Raymond KX 40 Investigator M Aug. 28, 2002 Osborne Raymond KX 60 Investigator M Jan. 5, 2002 Owens M REL 20 Prescriber N Feb. 14, 2002 Owens M KX 40 Prescriber N Mar. 19, 2002 Owens M REL 60 Prescriber N May 18, 2002 Owens M NET 30 Prescriber N Jun. 24, 2002 Owens M REL 25 Prescriber Y Aug. 2, 2002 Owens M REL 10 Prescriber M Jan. 5, 2002 Padva Melissa REL 30 Prescriber N Mar. 19, 2002 Padva Melissa REL 25 Prescriber N May 18, 2002 Padva Melissa REL 10 Prescriber N Jun. 24, 2002 Padva Melissa KX 40 Prescriber Y Aug. 2, 2002 Padva Melissa KX 60 Prescriber M Aug. 28, 2002 Padva Melissa KX 120 Prescriber M Jan. 4, 2002 Patterson Tausee REL 40 Prescriber N Feb. 7, 2002 Patterson Tausee REL 60 Prescriber N Mar. 8, 2002 Patterson Tausee KX 120 Prescriber N Apr. 2, 2002 Patterson Tausee KX 50 Prescriber N May 10, 2002 Patterson Tausee KX 20 Prescriber N Jun. 8, 2002 Patterson Tausee REL 40 Prescriber N Jul. 9, 2002 Patterson Tausee NET 60 Prescriber N Aug. 2, 2002 Patterson Tausee MEDSOL 30 Prescriber Y Aug. 28, 2002 Patterson Tausee REL 25 Prescriber M Jan. 4, 2002 Petty Bart REL 60 Speaker N Feb. 7, 2002 Petty Bart KX 120 Speaker N Mar. 8, 2002 Petty Bart RECRUIT 50 Speaker N Apr. 2, 2002 Petty Bart KX 20 Speaker N May 10, 2002 Petty Bart REL 40 Speaker N Jun. 3, 2002 Petty Bart COACH 60 Speaker N Jul. 9, 2002 Petty Bart KX 30 Speaker N Jul. 20, 2002 Petty Bart REL 25 Speaker Y Aug. 28, 2002 Petty Bart REL 10 Speaker M Jan. 4, 2002 Philbin Emmanuel REL 6.0 Speaker N Feb. 14, 2002 Philbin Emmanuel KX 120 Speaker N Mar. 19, 2002 Philbin Emmanuel RECRUIT 50 Speaker N May 18, 2002 Philbin Emmanuel RECRUIT 20 Speaker N Jun. 24, 2002 Philbin Emmanuel REL 40 Speaker N Aug. 2, 2002 Philbin Emmanuel REL 60 Speaker N Jan. 4, 2002 Pollack William REL 60 Speaker N Feb. 14, 2002 Pollack William RECRUIT 30 Speaker N Mar. 19, 2002 Pollack William RECRUIT 25 Speaker N May 18, 2002 Pollack William KX 10 Speaker N Jun. 24, 2002 Pollack William REL 40 Speaker N Aug. 2, 2002 Pollack William REL 60 Speaker N Jan. 5, 2002 Potter Joan REL 30 Formulary N Supporter Feb. 7, 2002 Potter Joan KX 25 Formulary N Supporter Mar. 8, 2002 Potter Joan KX 10 Formulary N Supporter Apr. 2, 2002 Potter Joan KX 40 Formulary N Supporter May 10, 2002 Potter Joan RECRUIT 60 Formulary N Supporter Jun. 3, 2002 Potter Joan REL 120 Formulary Y Supporter Jul. 9, 2002 Potter Joan KX 50 Formulary M Supporter Aug. 2, 2002 Potter Joan KX 40 Formulary M Supporter Aug. 28, 2002 Potter Joan NET 45 Formulary M Supporter Jan. 5, 2002 Ramsey A REL 40 Consultant N Feb. 14, 2002 Ramsey A KX 60 Consultant N Mar. 19, 2002 Ramsey A RECRUIT 120 Consultant N May 18, 2002 Ramsey A RECRUIT 50 Consultant N Jun. 24, 2002 Ramsey A REL 20 Consultant N Aug. 2, 2002 Ramsey A KX 40 Consultant Y Jan. 5, 2002 Reinhart James REL 120 Formulary N Supporter Feb. 7, 2002 Reinhart James REL 50 Formulary N Supporter Mar. 8, 2002 Reinhart James KX 20 Formulary N Supporter Apr. 2, 2002 Reinhart James RECRUIT 40 Formulary N Supporter May 10, 2002 Reinhart James RECRUIT 60 Formulary N Supporter Jun. 3, 2002 Reinhart James KX 30 Formulary N Supporter Jul. 9, 2002 Reinhart James REL 25 Formulary N Supporter Aug. 2, 2002 Reinhart James KX 10 Formulary N Supporter Aug. 28, 2002 Reinhart James REL 40 Formulary N Supporter Jan. 5, 2002 Richards N REL 10 Consultant N Feb. 7, 2002 Richards N KX 40 Consultant N Mar. 9, 2002 Richards N REL 60 Consultant N Apr. 2, 2002 Richards N RECRUIT 120 Consultant N May 15, 2002 Richards N RECRUIT 50 Consultant N Jun. 24, 2002 Richards N REL 20 Consultant N Jul. 20, 2002 Richards N RECRUIT 40 Consultant N Aug. 2, 2002 Richards N KX 60 Consultant N Aug. 28, 2002 Richards N REL 30 Consultant N Jan. 5, 2002 Rosen Kenneth REL 50 Author N Feb. 7, 2002 Rosen Kenneth KX 20 Author N Mar. 8, 2002 Rosen Kenneth RECRUIT 40 Author N Apr. 2, 2002 Rosen Kenneth REL 60 Author N May 15, 2002 Rosen Kenneth KX 30 Author N Jun. 24, 2002 Rosen Kenneth KX 25 Author N Jul. 20, 2002 Rosen Kenneth KX 10 Author N Aug. 2, 2002 Rosen Kenneth KX 40 Author Y Aug. 28, 2002 Rosen Kenneth REL 60 Author M Jan. 4, 2002 Ryan Michel REL 120 Investigator N Feb. 7, 2002 Ryan Michel KX 50 Investigator N Mar. 9, 2002 Ryan Michel RECRUIT 20 Investigator N Apr. 2, 2002 Ryan Michel RECRUIT 40 Investigator N May 15, 2002 Ryan Michel REL 60 Investigator N Jun. 24, 2002 Ryan Michel REL 30 Investigator N Jul. 20, 2002 Ryan Michel RECRUIT 25 Investigator N Aug. 2, 2002 Ryan Michel KX 10 Investigator N Aug. 28, 2002 Ryan Michel RECRUIT 40 Investigator N Jan. 4, 2002 Saxton Raymond REL 25 Formulary N Supporter Feb. 7, 2002 Saxton Raymond RECRUIT 10 Formulary N Supporter Mar. 8, 2002 Saxton Raymond RECRUIT 40 Formulary N Supporter Apr. 2, 2002 Saxton Raymond KX 60 Formulary N Supporter May 10, 2002 Saxton Raymond REL 120 Formulary N Supporter Jun. 3, 2002 Saxton Raymond NET 50 Formulary N Supporter Jul. 9, 2002 Saxton Raymond REL 20 Formulary N Supporter Jul. 20, 2002 Saxton Raymond KX 40 Formulary N Supporter Aug. 28, 2002 Saxton Raymond KX 60 Formulary N Supporter Jan. 5, 2002 Schmitt M REL 20 Prescriber N Feb. 14, 2002 Schmitt M KX 40 Prescriber N Mar. 19, 2002 Schmitt M REL 60 Prescriber N May 18, 2002 Schmitt M NET 30 Prescriber N Jun. 24, 2002 Schmitt M REL 25 Prescriber Y Aug. 2, 2002 Schmitt M REL 10 Prescriber M Jan. 5, 2002 Stewart Melissa REL 30 Prescriber N Mar. 19, 2002 Stewart Melissa REL 25 Prescriber N May 18, 2002 Stewart Melissa REL 10 Prescriber N Jun. 24, 2002 Stewart Melissa KX 40 Prescriber N Aug. 2, 2002 Stewart Melissa KX 60 Prescriber N Aug. 28, 2002 Stewart Melissa KX 120 Prescriber N Jan. 4, 2002 Thompson Tausee REL 40 Prescriber N Feb. 7, 2002 Thompson Tausee REL 60 Prescriber N Mar. 8, 2002 Thompson Tausee KX 120 Prescriber N Apr. 2, 2002 Thompson Tausee KX 50 Prescriber N May 10, 2002 Thompson Tausee KX 20 Prescriber N Jun. 8, 2002 Thompson Tausee REL 40 Prescriber N Jul. 9, 2002 Thompson Tausee NET 60 Prescriber N Aug. 2, 2002 Thompson Tausee REL 30 Prescriber N Aug. 28, 2002 Thompson Tausee REL 25 Prescriber N Jan. 4, 2002 Ulshafer Bart REL 60 Speaker N Feb. 7, 2002 Ulshafer Bart KX 120 Speaker N Mar. 8, 2002 Ulshafer Bart RECRUIT 50 Speaker N Apr. 2, 2002 Ulshafer Bart KX 20 Speaker N May 10, 2002 Ulshafer Bart REL 40 Speaker N Jun. 3, 2002 Ulshafer Bart COACH 60 Speaker N Jul. 9, 2002 Ulshafer Bart KX 30 Speaker N Jul. 20, 2002 Ulshafer Bart REL 25 Speaker Y Aug. 28, 2002 Ulshafer Bart REL 10 Speaker M Jan. 4, 2002 Vogel Emmanuel REL 60 Speaker N Feb. 14, 2002 Vogel Emmanuel KX 120 Speaker N Mar. 19, 2002 Vogel Emmanuel RECRUIT 50 Speaker N May 18, 2002 Vogel Emmanuel RECRUIT 20 Speaker N Jun. 24, 2002 Vogel Emmanuel REL 40 Speaker N Aug. 2, 2002 Vogel Emmanuel REL 60 Speaker N Jan. 4, 2002 Wellington William REL 60 Speaker N Feb. 14, 2002 Wellington William RECRUIT 30 Speaker N Mar. 19, 2002 Wellington William RECRUIT 25 Speaker N May 18, 2002 Wellington William KX 10 Speaker N Jun. 24, 2002 Wellington William REL 40 Speaker N Aug. 2, 2002 Wellington William REL 60 Speaker N [0088] [0088] TABLE 10 Statistical Analysis for Multiple Targeted Business Outcomes Outcome Business Outcome Achieved Data Average StdDevP Author 1 Average of BUSSOL Author 1 Average of MEDSOL Author 1 Average of KX 4.20 0.98 Author 1 Average of RECRUIT 1.00 0.00 Author 1 Average of COACH Author 1 Average of REL 2.00 0.00 Author 1 Average of NET Author 1 Average of ASSESS Author 1 Author Average of BUSSOL Author 1 Author Average of MEDSOL Author 1 Author Average of KX 4.20 0.98 Author 1 Author Average of RECRUIT 1.00 0.00 Author 1 Author Average of COACH Author 1 Author Average of REL 2.00 0.00 Author 1 Author Average of NET Author 1 Author Average of ASSESS Consultant 0 Average of BUSSOL Consultant 0 Average of MEDSOL Consultant 0 Average of KX 2.40 0.49 Consultant 0 Average of RECRUIT 2.60 0.49 Consultant 0 Average of COACH Consultant 0 Average of REL 4.00 0.00 Consultant 0 Average of NET Consultant 0 Average of ASSESS Consultant 1 Average of BUSSOL Consultant 1 Average of MEDSOL Consultant 1 Average of KX 2.00 0.00 Consultant 1 Average of RECRUIT 2.00 0.00 Consultant 1 Average of COACH Consultant 1 Average of REL 2.00 0.00 Consultant 1 Average of NET Consultant 1 Average of ASSESS Consultant 2 Consultant Average of BUSSOL Consultant 2 Consultant Average of MEDSOL Consultant 2 Consultant Average of KX 2.25 0.43 NS Consultant 2 Consultant Average of RECRUIT 2.38 0.48 S − Consultant 2 Consultant Average of COACH Consultant 2 Consultant Average of REL 3.25 0.97 S − Consultant 2 Consultant Average of NET Consultant 2 Consultant Average of ASSESS Formulary Supporter 0 Average of BUSSOL Formulary Supporter 0 Average of MEDSOL Formulary Supporter 0 Average of KX 3.00 0.00 Formulary Supporter 0 Average of RECRUIT 2.00 0.00 Formulary Supporter 0 Average of COACH Formulary Supporter 0 Average of REL 3.50 0.50 Formulary Supporter 0 Average of NET 1.00 0.00 Formulary Supporter 0 Average of ASSESS Formulary Supporter 1 Average of BUSSOL Formulary Supporter 1 Average of MEDSOL Formulary Supporter 1 Average of KX 3.00 0.00 Formulary Supporter 1 Average of RECRUIT 1.00 0.00 Formulary Supporter 1 Average of COACH Formulary Supporter 1 Average of REL 2.00 0.00 Formulary Supporter 1 Average of NET Formulary Supporter 1 Average of ASSESS Formulary Supporter 2 Formulary Supporter Average of BUSSOL Formulary Supporter 2 Formulary Supporter Average of MEDSOL Formulary Supporter 2 Formulary Supporter Average of KX 3.00 0.00 NS Formulary Supporter 2 Formulary Supporter Average of RECRUIT 1.67 0.47 S − Formulary Supporter 2 Formulary Supporter Average of COACH Formulary Supporter 2 Formulary Supporter Average of REL 3.00 0.82 S − Formulary Supporter 2 Formulary Supporter Average of NET 1.00 0.00 S − Formulary Supporter 2 Formulary Supporter Average of ASSESS Investigator 0 Average of BUSSOL Investigator 0 Average of MEDSOL Investigator 0 Average of KX 2.00 0.00 Investigator 0 Average of RECRUIT 4.00 0.00 Investigator 0 Average of COACH Investigator 0 Average of REL 3.00 0.00 Investigator 0 Average of NET Investigator 0 Average of ASSESS Investigator 1 Average of BUSSOL Investigator 1 Average of MEDSOL Investigator 1 Average of KX 1.00 0.00 Investigator 1 Average of RECRUIT 1.00 0.00 Investigator 1 Average of COACH Investigator 1 Average of REL 3.00 0.00 Investigator 1 Average of NET 1.00 0.00 Investigator 1 Average of ASSESS 1.00 0.00 Investigator 2 Investigator Average of BUSSOL Investigator 2 Investigator Average of MEDSOL Investigator 2 Investigator Average of KX 1.60 0.49 S − Investigator 2 Investigator Average of RECRUIT 2.80 1.47 S − Investigator 2 Investigator Average of COACH Investigator 2 Investigator Average of REL 3.00 0.00 NS Investigator 2 Investigator Average of NET 1.00 0.00 S + Investigator 2 Investigator Average of ASSESS 1.00 0.00 S + Prescriber 0 Average of BUSSOL Prescriber 0 Average of MEDSOL Prescriber 0 Average of KX 3.00 0.00 Prescriber 0 Average of RECRUIT Prescriber 0 Average of COACH Prescriber 0 Average of REL 4.00 1.00 Prescriber 0 Average of NET 1.00 0.00 Prescriber 0 Average of ASSESS Prescriber 1 Average of BUSSOL Prescriber 1 Average of MEDSOL 1.00 0.00 Prescriber 1 Average of KX 1.57 0.90 Prescriber 1 Average of RECRUIT Prescriber 1 Average of COACH Prescriber 1 Average of REL 3.00 0.00 Prescriber 1 Average of NET 1.00 0.00 Prescriber 1 Average of ASSESS Prescriber 2 Prescriber Average of BUSSOL Prescriber 2 Prescriber Average of MEDSOL 1.00 0.00 S + Prescriber 2 Prescriber Average of KX 1.89 0.99 S − Prescriber 2 Prescriber Average of RECRUIT Prescriber 2 Prescriber Average of COACH Prescriber 2 Prescriber Average of REL 3.22 0.63 NS Prescriber 2 Prescriber Average of NET 1.00 0.00 NS Prescriber 2 Prescriber Average of ASSESS Speaker 0 Average of BUSSOL Speaker 0 Average of MEDSOL Speaker 0 Average of KX 1.00 0.00 Speaker 0 Average of RECRUIT 2.00 0.00 Speaker 0 Average of COACH Speaker 0 Average of REL 2.83 0.37 Speaker 0 Average of NET Speaker 0 Average of ASSESS Speaker 1 Average of BUSSOL Speaker 1 Average of MEDSOL Speaker 1 Average of KX 3.00 0.00 Speaker 1 Average of RECRUIT 1.00 0.00 Speaker 1 Average of COACH 1.00 0.00 Speaker 1 Average of REL 3.00 0.00 Speaker 1 Average of NET Speaker 1 Average of ASSESS Speaker 2 Speaker Average of BUSSOL Speaker 2 Speaker Average of MEDSOL Speaker 2 Speaker Average of KX 1.67 0.94 S + Speaker 2 Speaker Average of RECRUIT 1.67 0.47 S − Speaker 2 Speaker Average of COACH 1.00 0.00 S + Speaker 2 Speaker Average of REL 2.89 0.31 NS Speaker 2 Speaker Average of NET Speaker 2 Speaker Average of ASSESS Total Average of BUSSOL Total Average of MEDSOL 1.00 0.00 Total Average of KX 2.26 1.15 Total Average of RECRUIT 1.93 0.93 Total Average of COACH 1.00 0.00 Total Average of REL 2.95 0.71 Total Average of NET 1.00 0.00 Total Average of ASSESS 1.00 0.00 [0089] Formulary Supporter 2 Formulary Supporter Average of COACH [0090] Survey Analysis [0091] Another source of performance information is the use of a survey designed to evaluate customer perception of the value of the MSL team. The survey methodology of the present invention measures physician perception along multiple dimensions, allowing the results to be used in operational management, as well as an indicator of the MSL team's progress over time. The data from the surveys, in combination with the quantitative activity data, is useful in identifying adjustments needed to optimize MSL team size, structure, and strategy. The survey method incorporates questions that allow for the identification of the most valued MSL activities. The activities most valued by the targeted customer are likely to be the most effective activities for increasing brand advocacy. [0092] Survey Architecture [0093] The survey method is a tool for measuring brand advocacy among targeted MTLs and the perceived quality and utility of the MSL role. Further, this method is used to measure brand advocacy and the perceived value of the MSL organization within the MSL customer universe. The results obtained from the MSL customer universe can then be compared to the pharmaceutical company's overall customer universe to assess the value added to pharmaceutical company by the MSL organization. The MSL customer universe is defined by the collective Targeted Customer Lists (TCL) for all MSLs of the company. Although multiple attributes are considered for the inclusion of a physician in a TCL, they can generally be considered MTLs. [0094] Specifically, this survey method is designed to obtain and integrate multidimensional physician perception data into a quantitative index that is a relevant predictor of physician perceptions. The index integrates the perception dimensions of customer satisfaction, product value, MSL value, and customer service into a quantitative value. The sub-group of physicians that respond “very satisfied” to all perception dimensions under a categorical scale are labeled Brand Advocates. The positive effects of strong brand advocacy on a company's commercial success are a well-established tenet in marketing. Thus, the index provides a quantitative measure of a MSL organization's contribution to its parent company's commercial success. Since the questions are categorized according to MSL activity type, the index can be used as a business metric to assess organizational performance and identify areas in need of improvement. [0095] The index is used as a rating of the relative perceived importance of categories of MSL activities. These categories are: MSL-Physician Interactions, Educational Funding, and Knowledge Exchange. This ranking function allows the index to be used in tactical business planning. [0096] Survey Methodologies [0097] Depending upon resources and/or survey methodologies utilized, all TCL physicians can be surveyed (mailed/paper-based surveys) or a random sample of MSL TCL physicians can be surveyed (telephone surveys). Each survey methodology has its advantages and disadvantages (inconvenience of timing of the call, low return rate, etc.). Given an estimated 5% return rate for a mailed survey, this data gathering methodology will provide a sufficient number of evaluable respondents, provided the customer universe is not unusually small (less than 500 targeted customers). Since most MSL groups interact with more than 500 physicians, even if the return rate is lower than 5%, the mailed survey methodology may still be the most cost-effective and provide a sufficient number of respondents upon which to base the analysis of the data. [0098] The questions comprising the survey are designed to assess satisfaction for each of the categories of MSL activities, organized into perception dimensions of Customer Satisfaction (C), Product Value (P), MSL Value (M), and Customer Service (S), and the answers are categorized according to: Very Satisfied (1.00), Satisfied (0.75), Neutral (0.50), and Dissatisfied (0.00); or Strongly Disagree (0.00), Disagree (0.50), Agree (0.75), Strongly Agree (1.00), depending upon the context of the question. [0099] The mean score from all respondents on all perception dimensions comprises the index converted to a decimal. Multiple sub-analyses are performed according to the way the questions are categorized. The questions are preferably designed to fit into each of two categories: MSL Activity Type and Customer Perception Dimension. The questions also focus on attributes that can be acted upon by the MSL organization. [0100] Below are listed the exemplary questions categorized according to MSL Activity Type and to their relationship to the identified perception dimension, represented as C, P, M or S as discussed above. In addition, a corresponding response value has been added. EXAMPLE 6 [0101] MSL-Physician Interactions Questions Perception Response Question Dimension Data MSL is trustworthy S 0.5 MSL is considerate of your time and S 0.5 practice MSL is not “pushy” S 0.0 MSL relationship with you and your staff C 0.75 MSL is a trusted source of information M 0.0 regarding products and the disease states related to their use MSL provides services valuable to your M 0.5 practice MSL calls on you frequently enough S 0.5 [0102] Educational Funding Questions Perception Response Question Dimension Data Educational support was not promotional C 1.0 Educational support was convenient S 1.0 Educational support meets the needs of C 0.75 your practice Speakers provided were valued C 0.75 sources of credible information Educational support provided has had M 0.5 an impact on the way you practice medicine [0103] Knowledge Exchange Questions Perception Response Question Dimension Data Information provided was not too promotional C 0.75 Information provided was relevant C 0.5 Information provided has had an impact M 0.5 on your medical practice Information was provided in a timely manner S 0.5 Information provided demonstrated a C 0.75 high caliber of scientific knowledge [0104] Product Satisfaction Questions Perception Response Question Dimension Data Product(s) is/are safe to prescribe P 1.0 Product(s) is/are effective P 1.0 Product(s) is/are easy to dose optimally P 1.0 MSL provides information that allows M 0.75 for optimal use of product(s), improving product satisfaction Product(s) is/are adequately covered by P 0.75 most health plans Knowledge provided to you by the MSL M 0.5 has enabled you to use the products appropriately [0105] Analyses [0106] The index is used in a number of different analyses, mostly differentiated by predefined criteria for categorizing questions and categorization of respondents based on overall index score. For example, the mean index sub-score for each of the MSL Activity Type categories may be used to identify areas of excellence as well as areas in need of improvement. These analyses may be driven down to the level of an individual question from which a specific activity can be targeted and assessed. [0107] Using the example above, the average score of all of the responses is 0.64, obtained by taking the total value of all responses 14.75 and dividing by the number of questions 23. This illustrates the customers evaluation of all the services provided in the example is between neutral (0.5) and satisfied (0.75). [0108] Further, each activity may be evaluated to find the strengths and weaknesses of the MSL. Again using the example above, the average score for product satisfaction is 0.85 confirming a high approval rating. Conversely, the average score of MSL-Physician Interactions is 0.39 illustrating a low approval rating. Moreover, the score may be based on the perception dimension of customer satisfaction. For example, all of the perception dimensions combined will equal 0.64 as calculated for the MSL activities above. However, the score for customer satisfaction is 0.75 corresponding to a satisfactory rating. [0109] This survey method and feedback is used to improve and modify the activities of the MSL and to increase customer approval and efficiency of the MSL. Specifically, the survey results may be used to modify other components of the method to obtain the desired business goal of the sponsor company. Eventually, by continuous cyclic repetition of the method, the average score of the entire survey and of particular activity and perception groups will rise to near the 1.0 “very satisfied” rating. [0110] Value Provided [0111] In order to perform analyses of the perceived value added by the MSL organization, the MSL customer universe can be subdivided into those physicians on whom only MSLs call and those physicians on which both MSLs and the company's traditional sales force call. Comparisons of survey scores and business outcomes (script volume and market share) can then be made between these groups and to the entire physician population in order to examine the relationship of index scores to increased brand advocacy. These measures can then be tracked over multiple assessments and the information used to allocate resources among the categories of MSL activities, change MSL practices, and improve the MSL organization's business model through the enabling of continuous business improvements. [0112] The system of the present invention permits the user to normalize data to headcount for trend analyses since the anticipated sharp increase in recorded activities resulting from addition of new MSLs may make projections inaccurate. The absolute numbers will also be available, enabling senior management to determine their ROI in the MSL team. [0113] Effective implementation of MSL team activities will facilitate the appropriate use of the sponsor company's products. The above-described business system and methods provides the information needed to maximize effectiveness of the MSL team. [0114] Business Management Tools/Scorecards [0115] Returning to the example in the execution phase of Dr. John Know, a review of the activities and time spent with MTL Adams may illustrate the needed activities and time to achieve the business outcome of investigator with MTL Philbin. Thus, a feedback system is established to guide the modification of the activities and time spent in the “subsequent” planning phase with any MTL to obtain the desired business outcome. This method can be applied to any objective discussed above in the attribute system to obtain the desired business outcomes, i.e. more publications, presentations, investigation or higher amount of prescriptions written, depending on the sponsor company's objective. [0116] Further, as discussed above the time/capacity model can be modified based on the information obtained performing the attribute and CRM assessment. For example, the MSLs may be encouraged to input their activities into the CRM tool on a weekly basis (e.g., by Friday 5 PM Pacific Time), and strongly encouraged to input their activities more frequently (2 times per week). In addition to the regular weekly reporting, it is also desirable to input activities into the CRM on the last working day of the reporting period (the regular weekly input of activities can substitute for this if performed on the last business day of the reporting period). [0117] Although this invention has been illustrated by specific embodiments, it is not intended that the invention be limited to these embodiments. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made which clearly fall within the scope of the invention. The invention is intended to be protected broadly within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.	A system and method for managing customer interaction activities of medical liaison personnel of a sponsor organization with health professional customers to achieve one or more desired business outcomes is disclosed. The system uses a customer relation database to record data regarding customer interaction activity of the medical liaison personnel and data regarding the business outcomes achieved or not achieved during the predetermined time period. The system correlates the customer interaction activity data and the business outcome data so that it can be used to conduct capacity and tactical assessments for future medical liaison activities. A method for targeting medical thought leaders or other health professionals who are most likely to achieve the business outcomes is also disclosed. In one embodiment, the system also provides a method for surveying the health professional customers to determine their level of satisfaction with medical liaison personnel and sponsor organization.	6
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION It has long been recognized that the lighter weight and better heat transfer properties make aluminum alloys the logical choice as a material for internal combustion engine blocks and liners. However, most aluminum alloys lack wear resistance and it has been customary in the past to chromium-plate the cylinder bores in the engine block, or alternately, to apply cast iron liners to the cylinder bores. It is difficult to uniformly plate the cylinder bores and, as a result, plating is an expensive operation, and in the case of chromium plating, not environmentally friendly. The use of cast iron liners increases the overall cost of the engine block, as well as the weight of the engine. Aluminum-silicon alloys containing less than about 11.6% by weight of silicon are referred to as hypoeutectic alloys, while alloys containing more than 11.6% silicon are referred to as hypereutectic alloys. Hypoeutectic aluminum-silicon alloys have seen extensive use in the past. The unmodified alloys have a microstructure consisting of primary aluminum dendrites, with a eutectic composed of acicular silicon in an aluminum matrix. However, the hypoeutectic aluminum-silicon alloys lack wear resistance. On the other hand, hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloys, those containing more than about 11.6% silicon, contain primary silicon crystals which are precipitated as the alloy is cooled between the liquidus temperature and the eutectic temperature. Due to the large precipitated primary silicon crystals, these alloys have good wear resistant properties, and while alloys of this type have good fluidity, they have a relatively large or wide solidification range. The solidification range, which is a temperature range over which the alloy will solidify, is the range between the liquidus temperature and the invariant eutectic temperature. The wider the solidification range, the longer it will take for an alloy to solidify at a given rate of cooling. Thus, for casting purposes, a narrow solidification range is desired. Typical wear resistant aluminum-silicon alloys are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,603,665 and 4,969,428. U.S. Pat. No. 4,603,665 describes a hypereutectic aluminum-silicon casting alloy having particular use in casting engine blocks for marine engines. The alloy of that patent is composed by weight of 16% to 19% silicon, 0.4% to 0.7% magnesium, less than 0.37% copper, and the balance aluminum. The alloy has a narrow solidification range providing the alloy with excellent castability, and as the copper content is maintained at a minimum, the alloy has improved resistance to salt water corrosion. U.S. Pat. No. 4,969,428 is directed to a hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloy containing in excess of 20% by weight of silicon, and having an improved distribution of primary silicon in the microstructure. Due to the high silicon content of the alloy, along with the uniform distribution of primary silicon in the microstructure, improved wear resistance is achieved. It has been recognized that as the silicon content of hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloys is increased, the volume fraction of primary silicon particles in the microstructure will correspondingly increase, and this microstructure change will be associated with an increase in wear resistance for the alloy. However, it has also been recognized that as the silicon content of the hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloy is increased, feeding problems, as well as floatation problems, can occur because the solidification range increases with an increased silicon content. As a result, the wear resistant properties achieved by an increased silicon content in hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloys have been compromised, for the attainment of casting properties that allow sound castings to be produced. Various casting techniques have been used in the past to cast alloys having a wide solidification range. One casting process, referred to as "squeeze" casting, applies pressure to the molten metal through use of a hydraulic ram, and acts to forge the "mushy" liquid and solid phases for casting soundness. However, the "squeeze" casting process is slow, and is restricted to simple shapes or configurations. Another casting process utilized in the past for alloys having a relatively wide solidification range is centrifugal casting. Cast iron pipes and liners have been made in the past by centrifugal casting techniques, and the centrifugal casting process is capable of producing shrink-free iron pipe castings of high quality. Because the microstructure of cast iron consists of a continuous graphite phase intermingled within another continuous phase, i.e. the matrix ferrous phase, segregation of the graphite phase and the ferrous phase does not occur to any significant degree in the centrifugal casting process. As a result, centrifugal casting can produce sound iron castings by feeding the shrinkage without a modification of the distribution of the phase constituents. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention is directed to a centrifugally cast hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloy having a higher volume fraction of primary silicon at the surface which is subjected to wear in service. The invention has particular application to the production of cylinder bore liners for engine blocks, in which the inner diameter surface of the liners, where the wear resistance is needed, has a higher volume fraction of primary silicon than the outer diameter surface of the liner. To produce the liner, a molten aluminum-silicon alloy, containing more than about 12% by weight of silicon, is introduced into a rotating or spinning metal mold having an insulating inner sand shell or cup. The mold is rotated at a speed greater than 1,000 rpm, causing the molten alloy to be thrown outwardly by centrifugal force against the sand shell to produce the cylindrical liner. Solidification of the alloy causes precipitation of silicon particles and during rotation of the mold, the heavier weight liquid eutectic will be moved outwardly by centrifugal force, causing an inward migration of the silicon particles toward the inner surface of the liner. The insulating sand shell increases the fluid life of the molten alloy, retarding the solidification and enabling the discrete silicon particles to migrate toward the inner diameter surface of the liner, which is the surface of the liner which is subjected to wear during service. Thus, the combination of the insulating sand shell, along with the centrifugal casting, produces a liner having an increased volume fraction of silicon particles in the inner portion of the wall thickness of the liner, while the outer portion of the wall thickness is substantially denuded of silicon particles. Therefore, a liner can be produced with a wear resistance comparable to that of a higher silicon alloy, yet utilizing a lower silicon alloy having better casting properties. Other objects and advantages will appear in the course of the following description. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawings: FIGS 1A and 1B are photomicrographs of the wall thickness of a cylinder bore liner produced in accordance with the invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The invention is directed to a centrifugally cast hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloy having improved wear resistance, and more particularly to a cast hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloy cylinder bore liner having a higher concentration of silicon particles adjacent the inner diameter surface which is subjected to wear during service. The casting alloy is a hypereutectic aluminum silicon alloy containing more than 12% silicon, which is in the form of precipitated particles or crystals. In general, the aluminum-silicon alloy contains by weight from, 12% to 30% silicon, 0.4% to 1.0% magnesium, less than 1.45% iron, less than 0.3% manganese, less than 0.37% copper, and the balance aluminum. More particularly, the casting alloy can be composed of an aluminum-silicon alloy as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,969,428, and having the following composition in weight percent: ______________________________________Silicon 20.0%-30.0%Magnesium 0.4%-1.6%Iron Less than 1.45%Manganese Less than 0.30%Copper Less than 0.25%Aluminum Balance______________________________________ Alternately, the casting alloy can be a hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloy as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,821,694 having the following composition in weight percent: ______________________________________Silicon 16.0%-19.0%Magnesium 0.4%-0.7%Iron Less than 1.4%Manganese Less than 0.3%Copper Less than 0.37%Aluminum Balance______________________________________ The silicon, being present as discrete precipitated particles or crystals, contributes to the wear resistance of the alloy. The magnesium acts to strengthen the alloy through age hardening, while the iron and manganese tend to harden the alloy, decrease its ductility, increase its machinability, and aid in maintaining the mechanical properties of the alloy at elevated temperatures. By minimizing the copper content, the corrosion resistance of the alloy to salt water environments is greatly improved. The alloy can also contain small amounts, up to 0.2% each, of residual hardening elements, such as nickel, chromium, zinc or titanium. The cylinder bore liners are produced using a centrifugal casting process. In the casting operation, an insulating shell sand cup is placed inside an outer mold formed of a metal, such as steel. The shell sand cup has a cylindrical wall with a thickness generally in the range of 0.125 to 0.250 inch, and is composed of sand with the sand particles bonded together by a conventional bonding agent, such as phenolic urethane. The shell has a coefficient of thermal conductivity of about 0.5 BTU/hr. ft.° F. The hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloy can be phosphorous-refined, although phosphorous refining is not essential, by phosphorous additions to the melt, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 1,397,900. The addition of small amounts of phosphorous causes a precipitation of aluminum-phosphorous particles, which serve as an active nucleant for the primary silicon phase. Due to the phosphorous refinement, the primary silicon particles are of a smaller size and have a more uniform distribution. The molten alloy at a pouring temperature, generally in the range of 1500° F. to 1550° F., is introduced into the inner shell sand cup while the mold is rotated at a speed generally in the range of about 1,000 to 5,000 rpm, and preferably about 2,800 rpm for a shell sand cup having a 3.5 inch diameter when producing a liner having a wall thickness of 0.187 inch. The insulating shell reduces the rate of heat transfer from the molten alloy to the metal mold, thus increasing the fluid life of the molten metal and retarding solidification. As the molten alloy solidifies, primary silicon particles are precipitated, and as the precipitated particles have a lesser density than that of the eutectic liquid (the density of the silicon particles is approximately 2.3 gm/cm 3 as compared to a density of 2.6 gm/cm 3 for the eutectic), the eutectic liquid will be thrown outwardly by the centrifugal force causing an inward migration of the silicon particles toward the inner diameter surface of the liner, resulting in an increased volume fraction of primary silicon in the inner portion of the wall thickness of the liner. The increased concentration of silicon particles adjacent the inner diameter surface is at a location which is subjected to wear in service. Therefore, the liner has an increased wear resistance over that which would be expected for a given silicon content and the increased wear resistance is at the location which is exposed to wear during service. Following the casting operation, the solidified cast liner can be removed from the mold either by hand or can be automatically ejected by conventional mechanical equipment. The increased volume fraction of silicon particles in the inner portion of the cast part is achieved by mechanical force considerations when the system is acted upon by external centrifugal forces. Since the external force is readily controlled by the speed of rotation of the mold, the extent of silicon migration or "siliconizing" can be easily controlled in a production environment. Using a metal mold without the sand shell cup will not achieve the desired migration of silicon particles, due to the fact that heat is transferred more rapidly from the molten alloy to the outer mold, causing early solidification of the alloy and preventing the migration of silicon particles under the G forces. While the invention produces a microstructure modification in hypereutectic aluminum silicon alloys containing precipitated silicon particles, similar results are not achieved with hypoeutectic aluminum-silicon alloys containing less than 11.6% silicon. Hypoeutectic alloys form a continuous aluminum-dendrite network upon solidification before the eutectic transformation occurs. As a result, the centrifugal casting process would only move and feed the interdendritic liquid through the tortuous aluminum-dendritic network and would hold that liquid in place until the eutectic temperature is reached, so that solidification would be completed without modifying the distribution of the phase constituents. The drawing is a photomicrograph of a cylinder bore liner made in accordance with the method of the invention. The liner had a thickness of 0.187 inch and the photomicrograph shows the microstructure of the liner from the outer diameter surface to the inner diameter surface. FIG. 1B is a continuation of FIG. 1a, so that the two figures taken together show the entire wall thickness of the liner. In producing the liner shown in the drawings, a hypereutectic aluminum-silicon casting alloy was utilized having the following composition in weight percent: ______________________________________ Silicon 19.0% Magnesium 0.40% Iron 0.18% Manganese 0.10% Copper 0.01% Aluminum Balance______________________________________ The molten alloy at a temperature of 1500° F. was introduced into a spinning metal mold having an inner sand shell with a thickness of 0.187 inch. The mold was rotated at a speed of 2,800 rpm. After solidification of the molten alloy, the resulting cast liner was removed from the mold and the liner was sectioned to provide the photomicrographs as shown in the drawings. The photomicrograph, FIG. 1A, shows that the outer portion of the liner is substantially free or denuded of primary silicon and the silicon particles, which are the gray areas in the photomicrographs, have migrated toward the inner diameter surface (FIG. 1B), with the result that the inner portion of the wall thickness has an increased concentration of the silicon particles. It should be noted from FIG. 1A that a small concentration of silicon particles became attached to the outer diameter solidified skin of the casting, and therefore could not follow the mass movement of silicon particles toward the inner diameter surface. The migration of the silicon particles toward the inner diameter surface of the liner is unique and unexpected and occurs during rotation of the mold because of the difference in density between the silicon particles and the liquid eutectic and insulating effect of the sand shell. Through use of the invention, a liner is produced having a wear resistance along the inner diameter surface which is substantially greater than the wear resistance which would ordinarily be achieved by the silicon content of the alloy. This enables hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloys having a lesser silicon content and having better casting properties to be utilized in forming the wear resistant cylinder bore liners. Various modes of carrying out the invention are contemplated as being within the scope of the following claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which is regarded as the invention.	A hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloy cylinder bore liner is produced by feeding the molten alloy into a metal mold having an inner shell sand cup, while rotating the mold at a speed in excess of 1,000 rpm, to cause the molten alloy to be thrown outwardly by centrifugal force to form a cylindrical liner. On solidification of the alloy, discrete silicon particles are precipitated and the use of the sand shell increases the fluid life of the alloy to enable the lighter weight silicon particles to migrate inwardly under the centrifugal force of rotation, to produce a solidified liner having a greater volume fraction of silicon particles in the inner portion of the liner where greater wear resistance is desired.	5
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. General Field My invention is in the field of fiber optics, and particularly relates to connectors for fiber-optic circuits. Though my invention has broad general application for such connectors, it has in particular a specialized application in the area of "penetrators" or feed-throughs across high-pressure barriers. 2. Prior Art Conventional fiber-optic connectors consist of accurately polished tips on the ends of the two fibers to be connected, flat and perpendicular to the axes of the respective fibers, and elaborate hardware for presenting the two flat tips in precise conaxial alignment for mutual abutment. It is a characteristic of such connectors that the two fiber end-faces must seat accurately against each other each time the connector is plugged together. Ideally the separation of the faces is zero. If they are separated slightly, power transmission between them falls off, following an inverse-square law. On the other hand, if the faces are moved together too forcefully they can grind each other. Moreover, as will be discussed in greater detail below, accuracy is also essential in aligning the fibers laterally. Aside from the apparent mechanical design constraints and resulting costs imposed by these accurate-seating requirements, such connection geometries invite malfunction of the optical circuit--and also an aggravated possibility of damage by scratching--if even a very small particle of foreign matter is trapped between the two faces of the connector. To my knowledge no connector design avoiding this accurate-seating requirement and suitable for practical production-quantity application has been placed in general use or even proposed heretofore. In recent years there has developed a new kind of optical element, particularly suited for fiber-optic circuits: the "graded-index rod," sometimes abbreviated "GRIN rod." Such rods, which are characteristically many times larger in diameter than typical fibers, have systematically varied index of refraction--generally a maximum value along the central axis of the rod, with refractive index gradually decreasing (usually as a nearly parabolic function) with radial distance from the axis. The pattern of refractive index versus radius is cylindrically symmetrical to a high degree of accuracy. GRIN rods have a remarkable property: within such a rod, optical rays diverging from the axis are progressively deflected (refracted) toward the axis. Those rays which leave the axis within a maximum-apex-angle cone, depending on the precise function followed by the refractive index and also on the total outside diameter of the rod, eventually become parallel to the axis--and then, under continuing influence of the gradation of refractive index, continue to be deflected toward the axis and finally cross the axis. Because of the cylindrical symmetry of the index gradation, all rays diverging from a particular point on the axis reconverge on the axis at a common point regardless of the initial angles (about the axis) at which they are oriented. Moreover, the refractive-index variation is such that the reconvergence point is independent of initial angle of divergence from the axis. The path of each ray is nearly sinusoidal, crossing and recrossing the rod axis with progress down the rod, the distance between nodes depending only on the wavelength of the light. It is common to refer to a GRIN rod whose length is exactly equal to the distance between adjacent nodes, which is to say half of the "wavelength" of the sinusoid, as a "half-pitch rod." Such a rod refocuses light diverging from a point on its axis at one end to the corresponding point on the axis at its other end. Moreover, such a half-pitch rod refocuses light from any point at one end to the corresponding point on the other end of the rod--with an inversion relative to the axis. In other words, a half-pitch GRIN rod is an imaging device, which inverts the image. Such rods have received wide use in imaging applications, and some limited use in pressure-hull penetrators as discussed immediately below, but to my knowledge no utilization relating to fiber-optic connectors as such, heretofore. Fiber-optic systems have considerable appeal for signal transmission between the modules of undersea rescue or exploration vehicles, for use at extreme depths and extremely high pressures. To avoid failure of such vehicles under the pressures involved, they are sometimes constructed in the form of a plurality of spheres, with one or more carrying human divers and the remainder carrying equipment. Operational monitoring and control signals between these spherical modules can be carried by optical fibers, but the penetration of the spherical hulls by the fibers must be effected in such a way as to avoid forming a stress point in a hull, or of inducing even a small leak. Along these lines, physically penetrating a spherical hull with a small-diameter optical fiber can produce some awkward problems. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,825,320, which issued July 23, 1974 to John T. Redfern, discloses two variations of an optical penetrator for undersea use. One of these makes use of a cylindrical half-pitch GRIN rod (31a in FIG. 2 of that patent), held by epoxy in a cylindrical bore, and the other uses a tapered optic-fiber bundle, within a tapered plug (element 29 in FIG. 1 of that patent). The cylindrical-rod design relies on the epoxy to prevent the rod from being rammed into the interior of the vessel by the pressure differential. The tapered-core design seeks to minimize that risk by the self-sealing characteristic of a conical frustum pressured at its base; but by converting the axial force on the plug and fiber bundle to radial force on the hull this design applies a splitting force to the hull. The tapered plug has the potential for acting as a wedge to rupture the hull. The fundamental weakness in such a design relates from the use of small-diameter fittings actually physically penetrating the hull, rather than large-diameter, plate-shaped structures applied parallel to and thus reinforcing the hull. But a GRIN rod such as that in the referenced patent cannot (at least in the present state of the art) be made in the form of a large-diameter plate-shaped element. My invention in its basic embodiment avoids the accurate-seating requirement of the fiber-optic connector art, and in another embodiment provides a deep-undersea-hull optical penetrator design which is naturally compatible with large-diameter reinforcing-plate geometries. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION My invention makes use of a GRIN rod to avoid the problems of abutment--and consequent requirement of accurate seating, and danger of scratching damage--in a fiber-optic connector. As a byproduct my invention provides a means for reliable optical-signal penetration of a spherical diving hull without physical penetration by an optical fiber. The connector design is based on use of a quarter-pitch GRIN rod. A rod of this length functions as a collimator; its behavoir is the same as a lens separated from an image by a distance equal to its own focal length. Thus it may be said that the length of the rod is one focal length. Rays diverging from a point on the axis at one end of such a rod are collimated upon exit at the other end. Each of the two fibers to be mated is cemented to one end of a one-focal-length GRIN rod, with a diameter much larger than the fiber. The light from the emitting fiber is spread and collimated, and leaves the rod as a collimated beam. The receiving rod performs the inverse transformation, focusing the light into the end face of the receiving fiber. When the connector is made, each fiber is positioned very accurately so that the light is collimated parallel to the axis of the rod. Customarily the rod is a right circular cylinder, whose geometric axis is congruent with the optical axis, so the collimated light is parallel to the cylindrical outer wall of the rod, and perpendicular to the flat, polished end faces of the emitting and receiving rods through which the collimated beam respectively exits and enters. With each fiber positioned in this way with respect to its respective rod, each fiber-rod pair is cemented together permanently. In effect each optical fiber is now terminated by a permanently affixed and aligned collimator. When the two end-faces of the respective rods are faced toward each other, light from the emitting fiber is collimated by the attached rod, passes between the two rods and is refocused by the second rod into the attached receiving fiber--provided only that the two rods are held in precise angular alignment. If one side is cocked with respect to the other, then the input fiber will not be focused on the output fiber. Such misalignment is prevented by providing suitable alignment means, such as (if the two GRIN rods are of the same outside diameter) plugging both sides into a tight-fitting cylindrical sleeve. Since the beam passing between the rods is collimated parallel to the system axis, the two rods need not touch each other. Since the light is collimated, there is no significant change in the focus when they are separated, as long as angular alignment is maintained. Moreover, the refractive index in the gap is immaterial since the rod faces are plane. Therefore a pressure window can pass through this gap; this is the basis for embodying the invention in a pressure-hull penetrator. The principles and features introduced above, and their advantages, may be more-fully understood from the detailed disclosure hereunder, with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an optical schematic diagram of a connector made in accordance with my invention. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional elevation of a pressure-hull feedthrough or penetrator embodying the principle of my invention. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS As illustrated in FIG. 1, the emitting optical fiber 11 is cemented with its end-face 12 abutting the end 32 of quarter-pitch graded-index rod 31, at the axis of rod 31, and with the axes of fiber 11 and rod 33 congruent. The diameter of the rod 31 is much larger than that of the fiber 11, so that not even rays at the outside of the output cone of light from fiber 11 can escape through the cylindrical wall 33 of rod 31 before being deflected parallel to the axis of rod 31. As a result of these constraints, all light rays (e.g., rays 35 and 36) which diverge from the end 12 of rod 11 must leave the remote face 34 of the rod 31 mutually parallel, and parallel to the axis of the rod 11 and parallel also to its outer cylindrical surface 33. The rays proceed across intervening space 51, as at 55, maintaining the same parallelism, and enter polished flat end-face 44 of the receiving quarter-pitch graded-index rod 41. Face 44 is carefully oriented to be parallel to face 34, so the rays all enter face 44 perpendicular to that face, and parallel to the axis of rod 41 and to its outer cylindrical surface 43. All of these parallel rays (e.g., rays 45 and 46) then converge to a focus at the remote face 42 of the rod 41, and on the axis of the rod 41. The end-face 22 of receiving optical fiber 21 is cemented in abutment with the end-face 42 of rod 41, at the axis of rod 41, and with the axes of fiber 11 and rod 41 congruent. These constraints result in all of the converging rays being coupled efficiently into the end-face 22 of receiving fiber 21. To the extent that the rays 55 are accurately collimated parallel to the axis of the system, the width of intervening space 51 has no effect upon the refocusing of the beam into fiber end-face 22. To the extent that the fiber 11 is not at the axis of the rod 31, the rays 51 will fail to be perpendicular to the faces 34 and 44, negating the advantages of paraxial collimation. To the extent that fiber 11 is not parallel to the axis of rod 31, the image of end 12 at face 42 will contain rays exceeding the maximum acceptance angle (for total internal reflection) of receiving fiber 21--resulting in energy loss at interface 22. If the nonparallelism between fiber 11 and rod 31 is severe, some rays may even escape through the cylindrical outer wall 33 of rod 31, causing an additional component of energy loss. Of course, if fiber 11 is properly aligned with rod 31, then fiber 21 likewise must be (1) on-axis with respect to rod 41 (or part of the image of end 12 at face 42 will simply miss the end aperture 22 of fiber 21); and (2) the axis of fiber 21 must be parallel with the axis of rod 41 or part of the image energy will be lost by entering at an angle exceeding the maximum acceptance angle. In practical terms, one does not expect such alignment constraints to be satisfied "perfectly." Operability of an invention in the field of optics (and therefore the claimable scope of such an invention) often depends on the sensitivity of system response to nonideal conditions such as misalignment. In theory for the present invention, at least to a first-order approximation, misalignment of one sort can be compensated by misalignment of another sort. For example, if emitting fiber 11 is off-axis with respect to rod 31, the result is primarily an angular error of the still-collimated beam at 51; cocking rod 41 with respect to rod 31 would provide a first-order correction. Likewise if emitting fiber 11 is on, but at an angle to, the axis of rod 31, a first-order correction to the resulting acceptance-mismatch problem is obtained by placing fiber 21 at a like angle with respect to rod 41. There are three limitations to this sort of approach: (1) aberrations would prevent total elimination of higher-order mismatches and hence energy loss; (2) the need to cock the two rods with respect to each other would preclude use of a simple continuous cylindrical sleeve for alignment of the rods; and (3) each connector would consist of a pair of custom-matched rod-and-fiber terminations, so only one fiber could be coupled into any other with assurance of good energy efficiency. This last point would in turn have two adverse implications. First, even though in a given laboratory or equipment numerous cross-connections might be theoretically possible and useful, and the connector bodies might all look alike, the user could only lose track of the originally provided pairings at his peril. Second, it would be virtually impossible to make half-connectors commercially available as spare parts or otherwise. Moreover, modern production techniques, using jigs and alignment fixtures, are amenable to uniform conaxial alignment of all half-connectors, so there is little technical reason to custom-align connectors. For all these reasons the conaxial configuration described above is strongly to be preferred. Nevertheless, custom alignment is feasible, to the extent and with the qualifications already noted, and is within the scope of my invention and certain of the appended claims. At an engineering level of analysis it must be noted that slight divergence of the beam at 51 necessarily results from the noninfinitesimal diameter of the emitting fiber 11: even when the fiber 11 and rod 31 are precisely conaxial, the periphery of the fiber is off-axis. The beam divergence is readily calculated, and places a constraint upon the maximum permissible separation of faces 34 and 44. A single connector constructed in accordance with my invention can carry a great multiplicity of signals. Multiplexing can be effected on the basis of electronic modulation of the source, physical "chopping" of the light beam, optical wavelength, and/or fiber "mode" (angle). In using optical-wavelength multiplexing, care must be taken to limit the total wavelength range used, inasmuch as chromatic effects displace images axially even for a continuous half-pitch GRIN rod. These effects are even more troublesome in the case of optically coupling two separated quarter-pitch rods. Nonetheless, where the separation of faces 34 and 44 is moderate, engineering calculations will reveal a substantial number of usable optical-wavelength intervals. "Mode" refers to the angle at which a tightly collimated beam enters an optical fiber, with respect to the fiber axis. Subject to various constraints and qualifications well-known in the fiber-optics art, the angle of such a beam is conserved in passing along an optic fiber. Even a separated pair of quarter-pitch GRIN rods preserves the mode--irrespective (within engineering limits) of separation distance. Consequently connectors embodying my invention are compatible with mode-multiplexing systems. FIG. 2 illustrates the adaptation of the principle of my invention to a pressure-hull penetrator. Here the GRIN rods 131 and 141, with their attached optical fibers 111 and 121 respectively, are separated by a window 64 forming a part of pressure hull 61. Plate 62 is secured to the high-pressure side of hull 61 by multiple bolts, typified by bolts 65. The seal is made watertight by O-rings 63. Cylindrical channels 66 and 67 are accurately conaxial, so as to hold the GRIN rods 141 and 131, respectively (and additional like pairs of rods for which the channels 68 and 69 shown unused in FIG. 2 are reserved), in accurate angular alignment even when enormous pressures of deep-undersea operation are applied to the hull. To obtain such stability it is necessary to use quite thick hull 61 and plate 62 members, and many bolts 65. Principle advantages of my invention with respect to its use as a penetrator for submersibles arise from the area-amplification effect of the GRIN rods. Underwater apparatus is subjected to enormous forces, leading to distortion. Such bending, squeezing and warping in the region of a fiber-optic connector interface can misalign the two elements of a connector. Calculations indicate that a 10-micron mismatch between two directly abutted optical fibers result in a very large fractional power loss; whereas with the GRIN-rod connector of my invention a mismatch of 250 microns decreases power transmission by less than 3 dB. This insensitivity to displacement is not attained in the Redfern prior-art undersea system, wherein the fiber at each end of the GRIN rod is merely abutted, not secured, to the rod. There is no area-amplification effect at the ends of a half-pitch rod. Window 64 (and the mating metal components) may have plane parallel surfaces, or spherical surfaces of identical radius, without in principle disturbing the collimated beam through the window. A small and designably negligible defocusing arises from use of a window with two concentric spherical surfaces. Consequently it is possible to use an optical penetrator pursuant to my invention in conjunction with a submersible formed as a transparent glass or plastic sphere. In such a case the alignment sleeves or receptacles would be glued or otherwise fastened to the inner and outer sphere surfaces in proper alignment. It will be noted that the end-faces 32 and 42 of GRIN rods 31 and 41, respectively, in FIG. 1 are not used for optical transmission except at the limited areas near the axes of the rods. Hence the outer areas, away from the axis, need not be optically finished. In fact, in principle it is not necessary to optically finish the near-axial areas either, if a cement is used between the fiber and corresponding GRIN rod which has the same index of refraction as does the rod near its axis. In practice, however, a good optical finish is usually put on faces 32 and 42, as well as the intermediate faces 34 and 44. The foregoing disclosure is intended to be exemplary only, not to limit the scope of my invention--which scope is to be ascertained by reference to the following claims.	Each of two optical fibers to be mated is cemented to one end of a respective quarter-pitch segment of graded-index rod, at the axis of the rod. The opposite end of each of the two quarter-pitch segments is polished flat, perpendicular to the axis. The two polished ends are faced toward each other and held in precise parallelism, but not necessarily touching, by a suitable connector housing. An optical signal from one optical fiber is collimated by its attached graded-index rod segment for transmission across the gap to the other rod, which in turn focuses the parallel rays onto the receiving tip of its attached optical fiber. A planar window, such as a pressure window of a deep-underwater craft, may be interposed between the two sides of the connector without disturbing performance.	6
CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims the benefit of the French patent application No. 1450747 filed on Jan. 30, 2014, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by way of reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates to a screwing/unscrewing tool. [0003] In order to screw/unscrew a screwing element, such as, for example, a screw or a nut, a technician conventionally uses a screwing/unscrewing tool, such as a spanner for example. [0004] In a crowded environment, a tool of this type is not always appropriate, since the angular clearance of the tool is incompatible with the presence of the other components which constitute the environment of the screwing element, since the tool strikes against these components. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0005] An objective of the present invention is to propose a screwing/unscrewing tool which does not have the disadvantages of the prior art, and which in particular makes it possible to screw/unscrew a screwing element which is disposed in a crowded environment. [0006] For this purpose, a screwing/unscrewing tool is proposed which is designed to screw/unscrew a screwing element, and comprises: a screwing/unscrewing module comprising a lever which extends radially relative to a drive axis, and is mobile in rotation around the said drive axis, and a first transmission element which is rotated around the drive axis by the lever; and a transmission module comprising a second transmission element which is designed to cooperate with the first transmission element, a third transmission element which is mobile in rotation around a screwing/unscrewing axis parallel to, and spaced from, the drive axis, a transmission system comprising an element for transmission of the rotation of the second transmission element to the third transmission element, and an adapter with a fourth transmission element which is designed to cooperate with the third transmission element, and a cavity, the form of which is adapted to the screwing element, [0009] the tool being characterized in that it additionally comprises a wedge on which at least one adapter is mounted such as to be mobile in rotation, in that, for each adapter, the wedge comprises two support surfaces which are contained on planes parallel to the drive axis and are disposed opposite one another such as to define a groove which is designed to receive an end of the transmission module situated on the third transmission element side. [0010] A tool of this type thus makes it possible to offset the drive axis from the screwing/unscrewing axis, and therefore facilitate access to the screwing element. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0011] The aforementioned characteristics of the invention, as well as others, will become more apparent from reading the following description of an embodiment, the said description being provided in relation with the appended drawings, in which: [0012] FIG. 1 shows a screwing/unscrewing tool according to the invention in the position of use; and [0013] FIG. 2 shows the tool in FIG. 1 in exploded view. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0014] FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show a screwing/unscrewing tool 100 which is designed to screw/unscrew a screwing element, such as, for example, a screw or a nut. [0015] The tool 100 comprises a screwing/unscrewing module 102 and a transmission module 104 . [0016] The screwing/unscrewing module 102 has a lever 106 which extends radially relative to a drive axis 50 , and is mobile in rotation around the said drive axis 50 and a first transmission element 208 , which is rotated around the drive axis 50 by the lever 106 . [0017] The transmission module 104 comprises a second transmission element 212 , a third transmission element 214 , a transmission system 216 , and an adapter 116 . [0018] The second transmission element 212 constitutes the input of the transmission module 104 . The second transmission element 212 cooperates with the first transmission element 208 , and is thus rotated around the drive axis 50 by the latter. [0019] The third transmission element 214 constitutes the output of the transmission module 104 , and is mobile in rotation around a screwing/unscrewing axis 52 , which is parallel to, and spaced from, the drive axis 50 . [0020] The transmission system 216 comprises elements to transmit the rotation of the second transmission element 212 to the third transmission element 214 . [0021] The adapter 116 has a fourth transmission element 118 , which cooperates with the third transmission element 214 , and is thus rotated around the screwing/unscrewing axis 52 by the latter. [0022] The adapter 116 also has a cavity, the form of which is adapted to the screwing element to be screwed/unscrewed. [0023] The rotation of the lever 106 will thus, by means of successive driving operations, rotate the adapter 116 , which will screw/unscrew the screwing element. [0024] The offsetting between the drive axis 50 and the screwing/unscrewing axis 52 makes it possible to space the lever 106 from the screwing element, and therefore to be clear from the crowded area around the screwing element. [0025] The transmission module 104 has an elongate form, one of the ends of which is situated on the second transmission element 212 side, and the other end of which is situated on the third transmission element 214 side. [0026] In order to obtain a substantial screwing torque at the level of the adapter 116 without needing to have a lever 106 with a long length, the screwing/unscrewing module 102 comprises a torque multiplier 110 , which is placed between the lever 106 and the first transmission element 208 . The torque multiplier 110 thus has an input which is driven by the lever 106 , and an output which drives the first transmission element 208 . [0027] In this case, the first transmission element 208 is in the form of a male square, and in this case the second transmission element 212 is in the form of a female square, in which the first transmission element 208 fits. [0028] In this case, the third transmission element 214 is in the form of a male square. [0029] In this case, the adapter 116 is in the form of a bush, the fourth transmission element 118 of which is in the form of a female square in which the third transmission element 214 fits. [0030] In order to block the rotation of the screwing/unscrewing module 102 relative to the transmission module 104 during the manipulation of the lever 106 , the screwing/unscrewing module 102 has first blocking element 120 and the transmission module 104 has second blocking element 122 . The first blocking element 120 and the second blocking element 122 are thus designed to cooperate together in order to block this rotation. [0031] In this case the first blocking element 120 are in the form of a male element 224 , and in this case the second blocking element 122 are in the form of a female element 226 in which the male element 224 fits. The male element 224 and the female element 226 have a longitudinal axis which is parallel to the drive axis 50 , but is offset relative to the latter. It will be appreciated that it is possible to envisage that the first blocking element 120 take the form of a female element, and the second blocking element 122 take the form of a male element. [0032] In the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 2 , the transmission system 216 comprises a housing 130 , on which the female element 226 is arranged, and a gear train 228 , which is accommodated in the housing 130 , and comprises a first gear 228 which is integral with the second transmission element 212 , a final gear 228 which is integral with the third transmission element 214 , and optionally at least one other gear 228 between the first gear 228 and the final gear 228 . In this case, there are three gears 228 between the first gear 228 and the final gear 228 . [0033] Each gear 228 is mounted such as to be mobile in rotation in the housing 130 around its axis of rotation which is parallel to the drive axis 50 . [0034] According to a particularly advantageous embodiment, the lever 106 is in the form of a digital torque wrench which makes it possible to carry out screwing with precision of approximately 2%. [0035] The torque multiplier 110 has for example a ratio of 22 between its input and its output. [0036] In order to ensure the stability of the transmission module 104 , the tool 100 comprises a support module 132 which has securing elements 134 and at least one support wing 136 a - b integral with the securing elements 134 . [0037] The securing elements 134 are designed to secure the support module 132 on a surrounding fixed component (not represented in the figures). In the installation case in which an aircraft engine is secured to a strut, the surrounding fixed component is the engine support system known as a “BOOTSTRAP” in aeronautical jargon. [0038] The or each support wing 136 a - b makes it possible to support the transmission module 104 , and more particularly the housing 130 , when in use. The supporting of the transmission module 104 on the support wing 136 a - b is carried out by the end which is situated on the second transmission element 212 side. [0039] In this case, the securing elements 134 comprise two jaws 138 , and a screwing system 140 which is designed to screw the jaws 138 against the fixed component. In this case, the screwing system 140 comprises a threaded rod 142 and two nuts 144 a - b . The two jaws 138 are fitted between the two nuts 144 a - b on the threaded rod 142 . Thus, the screwing of the nuts 144 a - b will screw the jaws 138 on both sides of the fixed component. [0040] In order to take up the screwing counter-torque at the level of the adapter 116 , the tool 100 comprises a wedge 146 on which the said adapter 116 is fitted such as to be mobile in rotation. The wedge 146 comprises retention elements which are designed to prevent it from rotating around the screwing/unscrewing axis 52 , and two support surfaces 148 a - b. [0041] The retention elements can comprise any appropriate elements. For example, they can be contact surfaces 150 a - b which are supported against surrounding fixed components. According to the environment of the screwing element, the wedge 146 can thus have different forms. [0042] Each of the two support surfaces 148 a - b is contained on a plane parallel to the drive axis 50 . The two support surfaces 148 a - b are disposed opposite one another, and define a groove in which there is placed the transmission module 104 , and more particularly the end of the transmission module 104 which is situated on the third transmission element 214 side. Thus, the rotation of the transmission module 104 is blocked by the two support surfaces 148 a - b which are placed on both sides of the transmission module 104 . [0043] In order to carry out faster screwing/unscrewing when there is a plurality of adjacent screwing elements, the wedge 146 has an adapter 116 for each of the screwing elements, and the form of the wedge 146 is designed such that, when it is put into place, each adapter 116 is placed opposite the screwing element which it is designed to screw/unscrew. For each adapter 116 , the wedge 146 comprises two support surfaces 148 a - b. [0044] Thus, the technician can screw/unscrew each screwing element without displacing the wedge 146 , and by displacing only the screwing/unscrewing module 102 and the transmission module 104 . [0045] The wedge 146 thus comprises at least one adapter 116 , and, for each adapter 116 , two support surfaces 148 a - b. [0046] In the embodiment of the invention shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 , the wedge 146 comprises three adapters 116 , which correspond to three different screwing elements disposed adjacent to one another. When the wedge 146 with its adapters 116 and the support module 132 are put into place, the technician can place the screwing/unscrewing module 102 and the transmission module 104 in succession in the three positions which are defined by each pair of support surfaces 148 a - b , such as to screw/unscrew each of the screwing elements. [0047] While at least one exemplary embodiment of the present invention(s) is disclosed herein, it should be understood that modifications, substitutions and alternatives may be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art and can be made without departing from the scope of this disclosure. This disclosure is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the exemplary embodiment(s). In addition, in this disclosure, the terms “comprise” or “comprising” do not exclude other elements or steps, the terms “a” or “one” do not exclude a plural number, and the term “or” means either or both. Furthermore, characteristics or steps which have been described may also be used in combination with other characteristics or steps and in any order unless the disclosure or context suggests otherwise. This disclosure hereby incorporates by reference the complete disclosure of any patent or application from which it claims benefit or priority.	A tool to screw/unscrew a screwing element, having a module comprising a lever extending radially from and rotatable around a drive axis, a first transmission element rotatable around the drive axis by the lever, a transmission module comprising a second transmission element cooperating with the first element, a third transmission element rotatable around a screwing/unscrewing axis parallel to, and spaced from, the drive axis, a transmission system comprising an element transmitting the second element rotation to the third element, and an adapter with a fourth transmission element cooperating with the third element, and a cavity confirming to the screwing element. The tool includes a wedge with at least one rotatable adapter mounted thereon. The wedge comprises two support surfaces on planes parallel to the drive axis and disposed opposite one another to define a groove receiving an end of the transmission module on the third element side.	1
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to tools and pertains to particularly to a ratcheting T-Bar handle screwdriver. Screwdrivers having a multiple detachable shank are very useful and are generally known. Screwdrivers having a ratcheting handle in the form of a large spherical ball are also known. These, however, have some drawbacks which the present invention is designed to overcome. The problem of most detachable shank screwdrivers is that they are not ratcheting. The ratcheting handle is very helpful in close work, that is, where room to manipulate the screwdriver and or other tools is lacking. For this reason the ratcheting type handle is very useful. The ball type handle screwdrivers however, have a major drawback in that they are large and take up a considerable amount of room and do not provide for maximum torque for a given size. It is therefore desirable that an improved ratcheting screwdriver be available that is effective to provide high torque to the screwdriver shank. SUMMARY OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION It is the primary object of the present invention to overcome the above problems of the prior art. Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved ratcheting screwdriver that is simple and inexpensive to manufacture. A further object of the present invention is to provide an improved ratcheting screwdriver that provides means for applying maximum torque to a screw. In accordance with a primary aspect of the present invention, a screwdriver assembly includes a generally cylindrical handle having a ratcheting socket intermediate the ends thereof and transverse to the axis thereof for receiving the shank of a screwdriver for applying to the screwdriver shank a maximum torque. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The above and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description when read in conjunction with the drawings wherein. FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a screwdriver assembly in accordance with the invention. FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of the screwdriver with portions broken away in section to show detail. FIG. 3 is a top view of the screwdriver of FIG. 1 with portions and sections to details. FIG. 4 is an elevational view of a screwdriver with the handle and shank in a different orientation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Turning to the drawings, there is shown in FIG. 1 a screwdriver assembly designated generally by the numeral 10 in accordance with the present invention and having a generally cylindrical handle 12 having a screwdriver shank 14 shown detachably mounted in a ratcheting socket assembly to be described. Turning to FIG. 2, the assembly is shown in section, illustrating a ratchet wheel or rotor 16 rotatably mounted within a generally cylindrical bore 18 extending transverse through the axis of the generally cylindrical handle 12. The ratchet wheel 16 includes a hub extending axially to both sides of the central wheel portion and one of the hubs extending into a reduced stepped portion of the bore 18. The ratcheting wheel 16 abrupts against a shoulder formed by the wall between the stepped bore 18, 20. A retaining ring or washer 22, and a retaining ring or the like 24 retains the rotor or ratchet wheel 16 within the bore. The ratchet wheel 16 includes serrations or teeth on the outer surface or diameter thereof, which teeth are engaged by a pawl member 26. The pawl member 26 is mounted within a generally square or rectangular channel or bore 28 extending generally parallel to the axis of the handle 12. A spring 30 is mounted in bore 28 and the pawl 26 into engagement with the ratchet wheel 16. The spring and ratchet pawl member are retained in position by means of a socket plug or member 32 which is preferably pressed fitted within a bore or the like 34 formed in the end of the handle 12. The socket is preferably non-rotatably mounted and fixed within the end of the handle and includes a shank receiving socket 36 for receiving the shank end of a screwdriver member 14. The ratchet wheel 16 includes a through bore or the like forming a socket 38 opening on opposite sides of the handle 12 for receiving the shank end 40 of the tool or screwdriver 14. Turning to FIG. 3 of the drawing, the pawl member 26 is shown offset to one side of the axis of the ratchet wheel 16 and the axis of the handle 12. This places the pawl to one side to prevent rotation of the ratchet of the ratchet wheel 16 as shown in FIG. 3 in the clockwise direction but permits rotation in the counterclockwise direction. This permits the handle to be ratcheted in the clockwise direction with torque applied to a screwdriver shank mounted in the socket and extending away from the observer. Likewise, movement of the handle in the counterclockwise direction will rotate the ratchet wheel and shank with the handle. The pawl member 26 and spring 30 are retained in the channel 28 in which they are mounted by means of the socket member 32. This above-described construction provides a simple inexpensive ratcheting mechanism which can be reversed simply by pulling the handle 12 off the end of the screwdriver shank and rotating it a 180° about its axis and placing it back on the end of the shank. A complex reversing mechanism is therefore not required. Preferably, the bore 28 within the ratchet wheel or rotor 16 is either square or hexagonal in configuration or some similar cross-sectional configuration to permit the application of rotary torque to the screwdriver. The T-handle construction as shown herein permits a large amount of torque to be applied to the shank of the screwdriver. The lever arm provided by the handle 12 provides an extensive torque applying mechanism. This handle also provides a large area for applying force along the screwdriver shank such as by the palm or heel of the hand. The handle 12 is preferably knurled or roughened to provide for a good nonslip grip by the hand. The T-Bar construction also provides a handle which is preferably of a comfortable diameter and of a length to extend substantially across the palm of an operator's hand such that the hand palm or heel of the hand can be used to apply a force on the handle forcing the screwdriver into tight engagement with the screw at the same time that torque is being applied thereto. In addition to these advantages, the fixed socket 32 in the end of the handle permits the screwdriver shank to be inserted in that socket for use in a conventional manner. Any number of different size and type screwdriver shanks and or wrench assemblies can be utilized in conjunction with the handle. Preferably, detent retainers are utilized to retain the shanks in the position in the socket. Position type ball detents 34 are illustrated as an example. With this arrangement, the handle and a considerable number of screwdriver tips or other tool shanks can be bundled together in a compact bundle and be placed in a tool chest and be available when needed. This eliminates the extensive space requirement of multiple screwdrivers as well as the conventional popular ball handle type screwdriver. In addition, the above-described construction is simple and inexpensive and eliminates complex reversing mechanism. While I have illustrated and described my invention by means of specific embodiments it is to be understood that numerous changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.	A screwdriver assembly includes a detachable handle, a fixed non-rotatable socket and a dual ratcheting socket extending transverse to the axis of the handle to the screwdriver with the dual sockets to obtain reversal of the screwdriver rotation.	1
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates in general to spin valve magnetoresistive sensors for reading information signals from a magnetic medium and, in particular, to a spin valve sensor with multiple antiparallel coupling layers in the pinned layer for improved bias properties. 2. Description of Related Art Computers often include auxiliary memory storage devices having media on which data can be written and from which data can be read for later use. A direct access storage device (disk drive) incorporating rotating magnetic disks is commonly used for storing data in magnetic form on the disk surfaces. Data is recorded on concentric, radially spaced tracks on the disk surfaces. Magnetic heads including read sensors are then used to read data from the tracks on the disk surfaces. In high capacity disk drives, magnetoresistive (MR) read sensors, commonly referred to as MR sensors, are the prevailing read sensors because of their capability to read data from a surface of a disk at greater track and linear densities than thin film inductive heads. An MR sensor detects a magnetic field through the change in the resistance of its MR sensing layer (also referred to as an “MR element”) as a function of the strength and direction of the magnetic flux being sensed by the MR layer. The conventional MR sensor operates on the basis of the anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) effect in which an MR element resistance varies as the square of the cosine of the angle between the magnetization in the MR element and the direction of sense current flowing through the MR element. Recorded data can be read from a magnetic medium because the external magnetic field from the recorded magnetic medium (the signal field) causes a change in the direction of magnetization in the MR element, which in turn causes a change in resistance in the MR element and a corresponding change in the sensed current or voltage. Another type of MR sensor is the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensor manifesting the GMR effect. In GMR sensors, the resistance of the MR sensing layer varies as a function of the spin-dependent transmission of the conduction electrons between magnetic layers separated by a non-magnetic layer (spacer) and the accompanying spin-dependent scattering which takes place at the interface of the magnetic and non-magnetic layers and within the magnetic layers. GMR sensors using only two layers of ferromagnetic material (e.g., Ni—Fe) separated by a layer of non-magnetic material (e.g., copper) are generally referred to as spin valve (SV) sensors manifesting the SV effect. FIG. 1 shows a prior art SV sensor 100 comprising end regions 104 and 106 separated by a central region 102 . A first ferromagnetic layer, referred to as a pinned layer 120 , has its magnetization typically fixed (pinned) by exchange coupling with an antiferromagnetic (AFM) layer 125 . The magnetization of a second ferromagnetic layer, referred to as a free layer 110 , is not fixed and is free to rotate in response to the magnetic field from the recorded magnetic medium (the signal field). The free layer 110 is separated from the pinned layer 120 by a non-magnetic, electrically conducting spacer layer 115 . Leads 140 and 145 formed in the end regions 104 and 106 , respectively, provide electrical connections for sensing the resistance of SV sensor 100 . IBM's U.S. Pat. No. 5,206,590 granted to Dieny et al., incorporated herein by reference, discloses a SV sensor operating on the basis of the GMR effect. Another type of SV sensor is an antiparallel (AP)-pinned SV sensor. In AP-pinned SV sensors, the pinned layer is a laminated structure of two ferromagnetic layers separated by a non-magnetic coupling layer such that the magnetizations of the two ferromagnetic layers are strongly coupled together antiferromagnetically in an antiparallel orientation. The AP-pinned SV sensor provides improved exchange coupling of the antiferromagnetic (AFM) layer to the laminated pinned layer structure than is achieved with the pinned layer structure of the SV sensor of FIG. 1 . This improved exchange coupling increases the stability of the AP-pinned SV sensor at high temperatures which allows the use of corrosion resistant and electrically insulating antiferromagnetic materials such as NiO for the AFM layer. Referring to FIG. 2, an AP-pinned SV sensor 200 comprises a free layer 210 separated from a laminated AP-pinned layer structure 220 by a nonmagnetic, electrically-conducting spacer layer 215 . The magnetization of the laminated AP-pinned layer structure 220 is fixed by an AFM layer 230 . The laminated AP-pinned layer structure 220 comprises a first ferromagnetic layer 226 and a second ferromagnetic layer 222 separated by an antiparallel coupling (APC) layer 224 of nonmagnetic material (usually ruthenium (Ru)). The two ferromagnetic layers 226 , 222 (FM 1 and FM 2 ) in the laminated AP-pinned layer structure 220 have their magnetization directions oriented antiparallel, as indicated by the arrows 227 , 223 (arrows pointing out of and into the plane of the paper respectively). The transfer curve (readback signal of the spin valve head versus applied signal from the magnetic disk) for a spin valve is linear and is defined by sin θ where θ is the angle between the directions of the magnetic moments of the free and pinned layers. FIG. 3 a is an exemplary transfer curve for a spin valve sensor having a bias point (operating point) 300 at the midpoint of the transfer curve, at which point the positive and negative readback signals V 1 and V 2 (positive and negative changes in the GMR of the spin valve above and below the bias point) are equal (symmetrical) when sensing positive and negative fields having the same magnitude from the magnetic disk. FIGS. 3 b and 3 c illustrate transfer curves having bias points 302 and 304 shifted in the positive and negative directions, respectively, so that the readback signals V 1 and V 2 are asymmetrical with respect to the bias point. The desirable symmetric bias transfer curve of FIG. 3 a is obtained when the SV sensor is in its quiescent state (no magnetic signal from the disk) and the direction of the magnetic moment of the free layer is perpendicular to the magnetic moment of the pinned layer which is fixed substantially perpendicular to the disk surface. The bias point may be shifted from the midpoint of the transfer curve by various influences on the free layer which in the quiescent state can act to rotate its magnetic moment relative to the magnetic moment of the pinned layer. The bias point is influenced by four major forces on the free layer, namely a ferromagnetic coupling field H FC between the pinned layer and the free layer, a demagnetization field H demag on the free layer from the pinned layer, a sense current field Hsc from all conductive layers of the spin valve except the free layer, and the AMR effect from the free layer which is also present in a spin valve sensor. The influence of the AMR on the bias point is the same as a magnetic influence thereon and can be defined in terms of magnitude and direction referred to herein as the AMR EFFECT. IBM's U.S. Pat. No. 5,828,529 to Gill, incorporated herein by reference, discloses an AP-pinned spin valve with bias point symmetry obtained by counterbalancing the combined influence of H FC , H demag and H SC by the influence of the AMR EFFECT on the free layer. A problem with the prior art sensors arises as the size of spin valve sensors is decreased in order to address the need for higher storage density disk files. The AMR effect in the thinner free layer decreases and therefore the AMR EFFECT is no longer sufficient to counterbalance the influences of H FC , H demag and H SC resulting in a shift of the bias point toward a positive asymmetry. The asymmetric bias results in asymmetric readback signal response for positive and negative magnetic signals and to reduced signal output and dynamic range of the SV sensor. Therefore there is a need for an SV sensor that provides a symmetric bias point on the transfer curve and improved signal output without sacrificing other desirable characteristics such as the strength of pinning of the pinned layer and in-file resettability of the antiferromagnetic layer. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to disclose a spin valve sensor which provides high amplitude with near zero signal asymmetry while maintaining bias polarity for pinning and in-file resettability of the antiferromagnet. It is another object of the present invention to disclose a spin valve sensor having an effectively thicker ruthenium layer while maintaining stronger antiparallel coupling. It is a further object of the present invention to disclose a spin valve sensor having an effectively thicker ruthenium layer to increase the signal amplitude. It is yet another object of the present invention to disclose a spin valve sensor having an AP-pinned structure with multiple ruthenium antiparallel coupling (APC) layers. In accordance with the principles of the present invention, there is disclosed a preferred embodiment of the present invention wherein a spin valve sensor has a plurality of APC layers (e.g., ruthenium) interleaved between ferromagnetic pinned layers, in order to effectively increase the ruthenium thickness while avoiding a decrease in the antiferromagnetic coupling between ferromagnetic layers which would normally accompany a substantial increase in the thickness of a single ruthenium layer. In the preferred embodiment, the spin valve sensor has a laminated AP-pinned layer comprising two APC layers, preferably made of ruthenium, separating three ferromagnetic pinned layers. With this AP-pinned layer structure, the forces on the free layer that influence the bias point on the sensor transfer curve are oriented so that the combined effects of the demagnetization field H demag and the sense current field H SC are counterbalanced by the combined effects of the AMR EFFECT and the ferromagnetic coupling field H FC resulting in near zero asymmetry of the read signal. When the SV sensor of the present invention is positioned asymmetrically between first and second shield layers, a net image field H image due to images of the free layer current in the first and second shields is present at the free layer and has an influence on the bias point on the transfer curve. With the center of the free layer positioned a greater distance from the nearest surface of the first shield than the distance of the center of the free layer from the nearest surface of the second shield, H image is in the same direction as H FC and the AMR EFFECT. The combined influences of H image , H FC and the AMR EFFECT counterbalance the combined influences of H demag and H SC resulting in near zero asymmetry of the read signal. The above, as well as additional objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent in the following detailed written description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention, as well as the preferred mode of use, reference should be made to the following detailed description read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. In the following drawings, like reference numerals designate like or similar parts throughout the drawings. FIG. 1 is an air bearing surface view, not to scale, of a prior art SV sensor; FIG. 2 is an air bearing surface view , not to scale, of a prior art AP-pinned SV sensor; FIG. 3 a is a transfer curve for a spin valve sensor having a bias point at the midpoint of the transfer curve so that positive and negative readback signals are symmetrical about a zero bias point; FIG. 3 b is a transfer curve for a spin valve sensor having a bias point shifted in the positive direction of the transfer curve so that positive and negative readback signals are asymmetrical about the bias point; FIG. 3 c is a transfer curve for a spin valve sensor having a bias point shifted in the negative direction of the transfer curve so that positive and negative readback signals are asymmetrical about the bias point; FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a magnetic recording disk drive system; FIG. 5 is a vertical cross-section view (not to scale) of a “piggyback” read/write magnetic head; FIG. 6 is a vertical cross-section view (not to scale) of a “merged” read/write magnetic head; FIG. 7 is an air bearing surface view (not to scale) of the improved spin valve sensor of the present invention; FIG. 8 is a side cross-section view (not to scale) of the improved spin valve sensor of the present invention; and FIG. 9 is a vertical cross-section view (not to scale) of a read head portion of a read/write magnetic head with the improved spin valve sensor of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The following description is the best embodiment presently contemplated for carrying out the present invention. This description is made for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the present invention and is not meant to limit the inventive concepts claimed herein. Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown a disk drive 400 embodying the present invention. As shown in FIG. 4, at least one rotatable magnetic disk 412 is supported on a spindle 414 and rotated by a disk drive motor 418 . The magnetic recording media on each disk is in the form of an annular pattern of concentric data tracks (not shown) on the disk 412 . At least one slider 413 is positioned on the disk 412 , each slider 413 supporting one or more magnetic read/write heads 421 where the head 421 incorporates the SV sensor of the present invention. As the disks rotate, the slider 413 is moved radially in and out over the disk surface 422 so that the heads 421 may access different portions of the disk where desired data is recorded. Each slider 413 is attached to an actuator arm 419 by means of a suspension 415 . The suspension 415 provides a slight spring force which biases the slider 413 against the disk surface 422 . Each actuator arm 419 is attached to an actuator 427 . The actuator as shown in FIG. 4 may be a voice coil motor (VCM). The VCM comprises a coil movable within a fixed magnetic field, the direction and speed of the coil movements being controlled by the motor current signals supplied by a controller 429 . During operation of the disk storage system, the rotation of the disk 412 generates an air bearing between the slider 413 (the surface of the slider 413 which includes the head 421 and faces the surface of the disk 412 is referred to as an air bearing surface (ABS)) and the disk surface 422 which exerts an upward force or lift on the slider. The air bearing thus counter-balances the slight spring force of the suspension 415 and supports the slider 413 off and slightly above the disk surface by a small, substantially constant spacing during normal operation. The various components of the disk storage system are controlled in operation by control signals generated by the control unit 429 , such as access control signals and internal clock signals. Typically, the control unit 429 comprises logic control circuits, storage chips and a microprocessor. The control unit 429 generates control signals to control various system operations such as drive motor control signals on line 423 and head position and seek control signals on line 428 . The control signals on line 428 provide the desired current profiles to optimally move and position the slider 413 to the desired data track on the disk 412 . Read and write signals are communicated to and from the read/write heads 421 by means of the data recording channel 425 . The above description of a typical magnetic disk storage system, and the accompanying illustration of FIG. 4 are for representation purposes only. It should be apparent that disk storage systems may contain a large number of disks and actuator arms, and each actuator arm may support a number of sliders. FIG. 5 is a side cross-sectional elevation view of a “piggyback” magnetic read/write head 500 , which includes a write head portion 502 and a read head portion 504 , the read head portion employing a spin valve sensor 506 according to the present invention. The spin valve sensor 506 is sandwiched between nonmagnetic insulative first and second read gap layers 508 and 510 , and the read gap layers are sandwiched between ferromagnetic first and second shield layers 512 and 514 . In response to external magnetic fields, the resistance of the spin valve sensor 506 changes. A sense current I S conducted through the sensor causes these resistance changes to be manifested as potential changes. These potential changes are then processed as readback signals by the processing circuitry of the data recording channel 425 shown in FIG. 4 . The write head portion 502 of the magnetic read/write head 500 includes a coil layer 516 sandwiched between first and second insulation layers 518 and 520 . A third insulation layer 522 may be employed for planarizing the head to eliminate ripples in the second insulation layer 520 caused by the coil layer 516 . The first, second and third insulation layers are referred to in the art as an insulation stack. The coil layer 516 and the first, second and third insulation layers 518 , 520 and 522 are sandwiched between first and second pole piece layers 524 and 526 . The first and second pole piece layers 524 and 526 are magnetically coupled at a back gap 528 and have first and second pole tips 530 and 532 which are separated by a write gap layer 534 at the ABS 540 . An insulation layer 536 is located between the second shield layer 514 and the first pole piece layer 524 . Since the second shield layer 514 and the first pole piece layer 524 are separate layers this read/write head is known as a “piggyback” head. FIG. 6 is the same as FIG. 5 except the second shield layer 514 and the first pole piece layer 524 are a common layer. This type of read/write head is known as a “merged” head 600 . The insulation layer 536 of the piggyback head in FIG. 5 is omitted in the merged head 600 of FIG. 6 . FIG. 7 shows an air bearing surface (ABS) view of an antiparallel (AP)-pinned spin valve (SV) sensor 700 according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The SV sensor 700 comprises end regions 712 and 714 separated from each other by a central region 716 . The substrate 725 can be any suitable substance, including glass, semiconductor material, or a ceramic material, such as alumina (Al 2 O 3 ). The seed layer 723 is a layer deposited to modify the crystallographic texture or grain size of the subsequent layers, and may not be needed depending on the material of the subsequent layer. If used the seed layer may be formed of tantalum (Ta), zirconium (Zr), nickel-iron (Ni—Fe), or Al 2 O 3 . An antiferromagnetic (AFM) layer 724 is deposited over seed layer 723 to the thickness at which the desired exchange properties are achieved, typically 200-500 Å. A laminated AP-pinned layer 720 is formed on the AFM layer 724 in the central region 716 . A free layer (free ferromagnetic layer) 718 is separated from the pinned layer 720 by a nonmagnetic, electrically conducting spacer layer 722 . The magnetization of the free layer 718 is preferably parallel to the ABS in the absence of an external field as indicated by the arrow 740 . A cap layer 742 formed on the free layer 718 , completes the central region 716 of the SV sensor 700 . In the present embodiment, the cap layer 742 is formed of tantalum (Ta). As can be seen in the view of FIG. 7, the AP-pinned layer 720 comprises a first ferromagnetic pinned layer (FM 1 ) 758 , a second ferromagnetic pinned layer (EM 2 ) 754 , and a third ferromagnetic pinned layer (FM 3 ) 750 . The FM 1 layer 758 and the M 2 layer 754 are separated by a first antiparallel coupling (APC 1 ) layer 756 . Similarly, the FM 2 layer 754 and the FM 3 layer 750 are separated by a second antiparallel coupling (APC 2 ) layer 752 . The APC 1 layer 756 and the APC 2 layer 752 are formed of a nonmagnetic material, preferably ruthenium (Ru), that allows the FM 1 layer 758 , FM 2 layer 754 and the FM 3 layer 750 to be strongly coupled together antiferromagnetically. The SV sensor 700 further comprises layers 726 and 728 formed on the end regions 712 and 714 , respectively, for providing a longitudinal bias field to the free layer 740 to ensure a single magnetic domain state in the free layer. Lead layers 731 and 732 are also deposited on the end regions 712 and 714 , respectively, to provide electrical connections for the flow of a sensing current I s from a current source 750 to the SV sensor 700 . A signal detector 760 which is electrically connected to leads 731 and 732 senses the change in resistance due to changes induced in the free layer 718 by the external magnetic field (e.g., field generated by a data bit stored on a disk). The external magnetic field acts to rotate the direction of magnetization of the free layer 718 relative to the direction of magnetization of the pinned layer 720 which is preferably pinned perpendicular to the ABS. The signal detector 760 preferably comprises a partial response maximum likelihood (PRML) recording channel for processing the signal detected by SV sensor 700 . Alternatively, a peak detect channel or a maximum likelihood channel (e.g., 1,7 ML) may be used. The design and implementation of the aforementioned channels are known to those skilled in the art. The signal detector 760 also includes other supporting circuitries such as a preamplifier (electrically placed between the sensor and the channel) for conditioning the sensed resistance changes as is known to those skilled in the art. The SV sensor 700 is fabricated in a magnetron sputtering or an ion beam sputtering system to sequentially deposit the multilayer structure shown in FIG. 7 . The sputter deposition process is carried out in the presence of a transverse magnetic field of about 40 Oe. The AFM layer 724 formed of NiO, generally having a thickness in the range of 200-500 Å and preferably having a thickness of about 400 Å, is directly deposited on an Al 2 O 3 substrate layer 725 by sputtering a nickel target in the presence of a reactive gas that includes oxygen. The FM 1 layer 758 is formed of Ni—Fe (permalloy) having a thickness in the range of 5-30 Å deposited on the AFM layer 724 . The APC 1 layer 756 is formed of Ru having a thickness of about 6 Å deposited on the EM 1 layer 758 . The FM 2 layer 754 is formed of NiFe having a thickness in the range of 5-30 Å deposited on the APC 1 layer 756 . The APC 2 layer 752 is formed of Ru having a thickness of about 6 Å deposited on the FM 2 layer 754 . The FM 3 layer 750 is formed of cobalt (Co) having a thickness in the range of 10-30 Å deposited on the APC 2 layer 752 . Alternatively, the FM 1 layer 758 and the FM 2 layer 754 may be formed of FeCo. The thicknesses of the FM 1 , FM 2 and FM 3 layers 758 , 754 and 750 are selected to achieve a net magnetic thickness of the pinned layer 720 equivalent to about 10 Å of NiFe. The nonmagnetic, conducting spacer layer 722 is formed of copper (Cu) having a thickness of about 20 Å deposited on the FM 3 layer 750 . The free layer 718 is formed of NiFe having a thickness in the range of 20-50 Å deposited on the spacer layer 722 . The cap layer 742 is formed of Ta having a thickness in the range of 20-50 Å deposited on the free layer 718 . After the deposition of the central portion 716 is completed, the sensor is annealed in the presence of a magnetic field of about 800 Oe oriented in the transverse direction to the ABS and is then cooled while still in the magnetic field to set the exchange coupling of the AFM layer 724 with the laminated pinned layer 720 transverse to the ABS. The FM 1 layer 758 has a surface which interfaces with a surface of the AFM layer 724 so that the AFM layer pins the magnetic moment 748 (represented in FIG. 7 by the tail of an arrow pointing into the plane of the paper) of the FM 1 layer 758 in a direction perpendicular to and away from the ABS. The moment of the FM 1 layer 758 is pinned in this direction by exchange coupling with the AFM layer 724 . The APC 1 layer 756 is very thin (about 6 Å) which allows an antiferromagnetic exchange coupling between the FM 1 layer 758 and the FM 2 layer 754 . Accordingly, the magnetic moment 746 (represented by the head of an arrow pointing out of the plane of the paper) of the FM 2 layer 754 is directed in an opposite direction to the magnetic moment 748 of the FM 1 layer 758 , namely perpendicular to and towards the ABS. Similarly, the APC 2 layer 752 allows an antiferromagnetic exchange coupling between the FM 2 layer 754 and the FM 3 layer 750 . The magnetic moment 744 of the FM 3 layer 750 is directed in an opposite direction to the magnetic moment 746 of the FM 2 layer 754 , namely perpendicular to and away from the ABS. FIG. 8 is a side cross-sectional view perpendicular to the ABS 540 of the SV sensor 700 of the present invention. The thicknesses of the FM 1 , FM 2 and FM 3 layers 758 , 754 and 750 determine the net magnetic moment of the AP-pinned layer 720 and are chosen so that the net magnetic moment of the AP-pinned layer 720 is approximately equivalent to 10 Å of NiFe directed perpendicular to and away from the ABS 540 . The small magnitude of the net magnetic moment promotes strong antiferromagnetic coupling of the pinned layer 720 to the AFM layer 724 leading to good thermal stability of the SV sensor 700 . The direction of the net magnetic moment of the pinned layer 720 is important in achieving the desired symmetric bias point for operation of the SV sensor 700 of the present invention to be described in detail hereafter. The FM 1 layer 758 has a preferred thickness in the range of 15-30 Å, the FM 2 layer 754 has a preferred thickness in the range of 15-30 Å, and the FM 1 layer 750 has a preferred equivalent thickness of NiFe in the range of 15-30 Å in the present embodiment of the invention. Various influences on the free layer 718 and consequently various influences on the bias point of the transfer curve for the SV sensor 700 are shown in FIG. 8 . The influences on the magnetic moment 740 of the free layer 718 are H demag 810 , H FC 816 , the AMR EFFECT 814 , and H SC 812 . H demag 810 is due to the net moment of the AP-pinned layer 720 , H FC 816 is due to a ferromagnetic coupling between the free layer 718 and the FM 3 layer 750 , the AMR EFFECT 814 is due to an AMR effect which is proportional to the thickness of the free layer 718 , and H SC 812 is the net sense current field on the free layer due to conduction of the sense current through the layers 758 , 756 , 754 , 752 , 750 and 722 . An advantage of the SV sensor 700 is that the influences on the free layer 718 of the AMR EFFECT 814 and H FC 816 are in the same direction and opposite in direction to the influences of H demag 810 and H SC 812 . Accordingly, the influences on the free layer 718 of the AMR EFFECT 814 and H FC 816 act to counterbalance the influence of H demag 810 and H SC 812 . Referring to FIGS. 3 a , 3 b and 3 c , the AMR EFFECT 814 and H FC 816 act on the free layer 718 so as to cause the bias point on the transfer curve to be shifted in the negative direction (as indicated by bias point 304 in FIG. 3 c ) causing an asymmetry so that positive readback signals V 1 will be greater than negative readback signals V 2 . Conversely, H demag 810 and H SC 812 act on the free layer 718 so as to cause the bias point on the transfer curve to be shifted in the positive direction (as indicated by bias point 302 in FIG. 3 b ) causing an asymmetry so that negative readback signals V 2 will be greater than positive readback signals V 1 . Due to the counterbalancing of the influences of the AMR EFFECT 814 and H FC 816 by the influences of H derng 810 and H SC 812 , the resulting bias point on the transfer curve of the SV sensor 700 will be more nearly at the midpoint of the curve (as indicated by bias point 300 in FIG. 3 a ) resulting in a symmetric or nearly symmetric response to positive and negative readback signals. The net influence on the free layer of H FC , H demag the AMR effect and H SC is considered to be substantially zero when the asymmetry of the readback signal response is less than ±10% (asymmetry is defined by (V 1 −V 2 )/V 1 ×100% for V 1 >V 2 or by (V 1 −V 2 )/V 2 ×100% for V 2 >V 1 ). It should be noted that having a second Ru layer (APC 2 752 ) and an additional ferromagnetic pinned layer (FM 3 750 ) in the laminated AP-pinned layer 720 of the SV sensor 700 allows the direction of the ferromagnetic coupling field H FC 816 to be directed opposite to the two other fields H SC 812 and H demag 810 . As a result, H FC 816 adds to the AMR EFFECT 814 to counterbalance the net effect of H SC 812 and H demag 810 to achieve near zero asymmetry. In the prior art AP-pinned SV sensor having a single Ru layer in the AP-pinned layer, H FC is in the same direction as H SC and H demag resulting in bias point asymmetry. Referring back to FIG. 5, in the foregoing description, the free layer of SV sensor 506 has been assumed to be symmetrically located between the first shield 512 and the second shield 514 . However, if the free layer of the SV sensor 506 is not equidistant from the first and second shields 512 and 514 , a net image field H image from the first and second shields due to the free layer sense current acts on the magnetic moment of the free layer and may become a significant factor affecting the bias point of the transfer curve. FIG. 9 shows a read head 900 having an SV sensor 910 located asymmetrically within the gap between the first shield 512 and the second shield 514 . The SV sensor 910 is positioned so that the center of the free layer 718 is a distance G 1 from the nearest surface of the first shield 512 and a distance G 2 from the nearest surface of the second shield 514 . When G 1 =G 2 , the image field from the first shield 512 due to the current current flowing in the free layer 718 is cancelled by the image field from the second shield 514 due to the same current flowing in the free layer 718 . However, when G 1 is significantly larger than G 2 , a net image field H image 920 directed perpendicular to and away from the ABS 540 is present at the free layer 718 . Accordingly, the influences on the free layer 718 of H image 920 , H FC 816 and the AMR EFFECT 814 are in the same direction and opposite in direction to the influences of H demag 810 and H SC 812 . The influences on the free layer 718 of H image 920 , H FC 816 and the AMR EFFECT 814 act to counterbalance the influence of H demag 810 and H SC 812 . The resulting bias point on the transfer curve of the SV sensor 910 will be nearly at the midpoint of the curve (as indicated by the bias point 300 in FIG. 3 a ) resulting in a nearly symmetric response to positive and negative readback signals. The influence of H image 920 in obtaining an exact or nearly exact counterbalance of the influences on the free layer 718 is particularly important when the AMR EFFECT 814 is small or negligible and G 1 is approximately twice G 2 so that the combined influences of Hinge 920 and H FC 816 are sufficient to counterbalance the combined influences of H demag 810 and H SC 812 . Another advantage of an AP-pinned layer having multiple Ru layers (antiparallel coupling layers) is that the resultant SV valve structure has greater total Ru layer thickness. It has been experimentally observed that as the Ru layer thickness increases, for example from 6 Å to 10 Å, read head amplitude increases by about 40%. However, with the usual AP-pinned SV sensor having a single APC layer formed of Ru, a thicker Ru layer results in a decrease of the antiferromagnetic coupling between the ferromagnetic pinned layers resulting in weaker pinning of the pinned layer magnetization. With the multiple Ru layer structure of the AP-pinned SV sensor 700 of the present invention, the effective Ru thickness is increased while maintaining strong antiferromagnetic coupling by limiting the thickness of individual APC layers formed of Ru to about 6 Å. A further advantage of the SV sensor 700 of the present invention is that the sense current through the free layer 718 will cause a sense current field which is imposed on and increases the magnetic strength of the pinning moment 748 of the FM 1 layer 758 . This will promote thermal stability of the sensor from the standpoint that high temperature incursions due to contact with asperities on the rotating disk or electrostatic discharge from an object will not disorient the direction of the magnetic moment 748 until a higher temperature is reached. However, should this higher temperature be reached, which is referred to as the blocking temperature of the antiferromagnetic layer 724 , there is provided a unipolar amplifier 770 for resetting the orientation of the antiferromagnetic layer 724 by conducting a resetting current I reset through the SV sensor 700 . This current is of a higher magnitude than the sense current Is and typically would be three times Is for a very short period of time, such as 30 nanoseconds, to avoid overheating the antiferromagnetic layer 724 . It should be noted that the direction of the reset current I reset is in the same direction as the sense current I s . In-file resettability of the AFM layer 724 is an advantage of SV sensor 700 made possible by having the magnetic moment 748 of the FM 1 layer 758 oriented in the same direction as the sense current field at the FM 1 layer 758 . While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made without departing from the spirit, scope and teaching of the invention. Accordingly, the disclosed invention is to be considered merely as illustrative and limited only as specified in the appended claims.	An antiparallel (AP)-pinned spin valve (SV) sensor is provided which has positive and negative read signal symmetry about a zero bias point of a transfer curve upon sensing positive and negative magnetic incursions of equal magnitude from a moving magnetic medium. The SV sensor includes a ferromagnetic free layer which has a magnetic moment which is free to rotate in first and second directions from a position which corresponds to the zero bias point upon sensing positive and negative magnetic incursions, respectively, an AP-pinned layer, an antiferromagnetic layer which pins the magnetic moment of the AP-pinned layer along a pinned direction, and a spacer layer sandwiched between the AP-pinned layer and the free layer. The AP-pinned layer includes at least two antiparallel coupling (APC) layers made of ruthenium interleaved between ferromagnetic pinned layers in order to effectively increase the ruthenium thickness while avoiding a decrease in the antiferromagnetic coupling between the ferromagnetic pinned layers. With this AP-pinned layer structure, the forces on the free layer that influence the bias point on the sensor transfer curve are oriented so that the combined effects of a demagnetization field and a sense current field are counterbalanced by the combined effects of an anisotropic magnetoresistive effect and a ferromagnetic coupling field resulting in near zero asymmetry of the read signal.	1
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The preferred embodiment of the present invention generally relates to a method and apparatus for forming molding on a surface. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Decorative moldings of various shapes, sizes, and styles have been widely used in residential homes, commercial buildings, and in many consumer products to enhance the aesthetic appearance of the same. It has previously been known to form moldings from such materials as wood, plastic, and metal. Conventional methods for installing molding are laborious, time consuming, and expensive. Furthermore, conventional methods have required the skill of a craftsman to properly install the molding. Previously known methods of installation include the following steps. First, the material is machined to a desired configuration. Subsequently, the material is cut to the precise length needed. The ends of adjoining sections which form, for example, the inside corners of a room, the outside corners of a room, doorway corners and window corners are mitered. Once all cutting and mitering steps have been performed, the molding is secured to the surface by finishing nails and the like. A filling material, for example wood putty, is used to fill the holes formed in the molding by the finishing nails. There are numerous drawbacks to installing molding in the aforementioned manner. Specifically, the machining step is expensive and requires special machinery to perform the same. Additionally, the material is usually machined at a location remote from the location where the molding is installed. Thus, the molding must be transported, sometimes over considerable distances, which further increases the cost and the likelihood of the molding becoming damaged. The cutting and mitering steps are very time consuming and thus significantly increase the time expended in installing the molding. Moreover, any imprecisions in either the cutting or mitering steps will lead to one of wasted material, the need for additional cutting or mitering, and unsightly imperfections in the installed molding. The step of securing the molding to the surface by finishing nails or similar fasteners generally requires two or more laborers. Also, the additional step of filling must be performed when using finishing nails or similar fasteners. OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and method for installing molding which overcomes the disadvantages associated with the prior art. Another object of the present invention is to provide a tool for installing molding which eliminates the need for machining the material used to form the molding. A further object of the present invention is to provide a tool for shaping, sizing, and securing a flowable material to a surface for forming molding thereon. Yet a further object of the present invention is to provide a tool for joining ends of adjacent strips of molding to form inside room corners, outside room corners, doorway corners, and window corners without mitering the same by conventional methods. Still yet a further object of the present invention is to provide a tool that can form molding on elevated sections of a surface without the use of a ladder or similar support structures. Another object of the present invention is to provide a tool with a plurality of independently moveable sections thereby permitting the tool to readily traverse objects on and around the surface such as door hinges and the like. Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a tool with means for providing a flowable material with a woodtype finish. Still a further object of the present invention is to provide a tool with a control valve and an actuating device, the actuating device being disposed adjacent the handle of the tool thereby permitting an individual to engage the actuating device with the same hand gripping the handle. Yet a further object of the present invention is to provide a method for installing molding which obviates the need for saws, nails, nail sets, hammers, wood files, filling material, sandpaper and conventional mitering equipment. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for installing molding which shapes and sizes a flowable material to a desired configuration and length while the material is applied to a surface. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a tool for installing molding which can be easily and readily operated with the use of a single hand. A further object of the present invention is to provide a tool for installing molding on a surface which can be readily operated by the unskilled as well as skilled laborer. Still yet another object of the present invention is to provide a tool for receiving flowable material, forming and securing the flowable material to a wall surface thereby forming molding thereon with a finished surface. The aforementioned objects and advantages of the present invention, as well as others, will be readily apparent from a review of the detailed description of the invention. In summary, the present invention is directed to an apparatus and method for applying a flowable material to a surface for forming strips of molding thereon. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a front elevational view of a molding installation system formed in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a molding head formed in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of the central portion of a molding head formed in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3A is a front elevational view of the closure plate. FIG. 3B is a plan view of the closure plate. FIG. 4 is a fragmentary plan view of a molding head formed in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a fragmentary perspective view of an end of a molding head formed in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 6 is a side elevational view of a molding head formed in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 7 is an exploded perspective view of one end of a molding head formed in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 4 taken along lines A--A. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The preferred embodiment of the present invention will hereinafter be described. Referring to FIG. 1, a molding installation system A includes a pneumatic pressure source B, a storage tub C, and a molding tool D. The molding tool D includes a molding head E and an extension arm F. The pneumatic pressure source B supplies air, under a desired pressure, to the storage tub C by way of pressure line 2. The pneumatic pressure source B is of conventional design. It will be readily appreciated that hydraulic pressure sources and the like could be used. The storage tub C stores a flowable material which possess adhesive and hardening characteristics. In the preferred embodiment, a spackling compound distributed by Red Devil under the trademark ONE TIME is used. However, it will be readily appreciated that other materials such as mastics may be used. The pressurized air passing through line 2 forces the material from the tub C through supply lines 4 to the molding head E. Each of the supply lines 4 may be inserted in a different storage tub C having a unique composition stored therein. In this manner, features such as the finish or color of the molding may be varied. Referring to FIG. 2, the molding head E will hereinafter be explained in detail. Molding head E includes a handle G (substituted for extension arm F in FIG. 1), a central body member H, and independently moveable sections I, J, and K. It will be readily appreciated that either handle G and/or extension arm F may be detachably connected to the molding head E such that the same may be removed when not in use. As seen in FIG. 3, central body member H includes a substantially trapezoidal shaped top plate 6, a cover plate 8, and a molding plate 10. The top plate 6 includes a pair of front columns 12 and a pair of rear columns 14. Three spaced orifices 16, 18 and 20 are formed in the upper surface of the top plate 6. The orifices 16, 18 and 20 are internally threaded. The left orifice 16 is substantially cylindrical in shape and extends from an upper surface 22 of top plate 6 to, and communicates with, substantially V-shaped passageway 24. Central orifice 18, similarly, is substantially cylindrical in shape and extends from the upper surface 22 of top plate 6 to, and communicates with, passageway 26. Right end orifice 20 is also cylindrical in shape and extends from the upper surface 22 of top plate 6 to, and communicates with, substantially V-shaped passageway 28. The top plate 6 has a recess 30 formed in a lower surface 32 thereof for receiving cover plate 8. An opening 34 extends from the upper surface 22 of top plate 6 through the lower surface 32. Front surface 35 of top plate 6 is recessed from the front columns 12 forming a step 37. The top plate 6 further includes left and right surfaces 39 and 41. An opening 36 is formed in cover plate 8 and cooperates with opening 34 extending through top plate 6. First, second, and third rows of openings 38, 40, and 42, respectively, are formed in substantially the center of the cover plate 8. The first and third rows 38 and 42 each include four circular openings extending through top plate 8. The openings in first and third rows 38 and 42 are aligned with corresponding recesses 43 of undulating ends 45 and 47 of substantially V-shaped passageways 24 and 28. The openings in the first and second rows 38 and 42 extend from the forwardmost to the rearwardmost portions of passageways 24 and 28. The second row of openings 40 includes three oblong openings which extend from the forwardmost to the rearwardmost portions of passageway 26. The cover plate 8 has a thickness which is substantially less than the depth of recess 30 in top plate 6 for reasons which will be explained below. The molding plate 10 includes a backing plate 44 and a substantially trapezoidal shaped body member 46. The backing plate 44 includes ends 48 and 50, each of which is formed on a 45° angle. The body member 46 includes an upper surface 52 and a bottom surface 54. The bottom surface 54 is shaped to form the desired configuration of molding. Although a particular shape is shown in the drawings, it will be readily appreciated that the shape may be varied to form different configurations of molding as may be desired. Body member 46 further includes left and right ends 56 and 58 which are formed on a 45° angle. Ends 56 and 58 include chamfered portions 60 disposed adjacent upper surface 52. The ends 48 and 50 of plate 44 include chamfered portions 62 corresponding to portions 60. Left and right ends 56 and 58 lie in the same plane as left and right ends 39 and 41. Thus, chamfered portions 60 and 62 form a substantially V-shaped cavity between plates 6 and 10. A substantially rectangularly shaped opening 64 extends from the upper surface 52 through the bottom surface 54. A control valve assembly L is associated with the opening 64 for controlling the flow of material through the molding head E. Control valve assembly L includes a closure plate 66, a spring 68, an anchoring pin 70, an actuating cable 72, and guide plates 74 and 76. Referring to FIGS. 3A and 3B, the closure plate 66 includes a front face 78, left side 80, right side 82, and rear face 84. The front face 78 has a height substantially greater than rear face 84, and, thus the closure plate 68 is tapered in the direction of backing plate 44. This taper conforms to the variations in depth of the bottom surface 54, as best seen in FIG. 8. The left and right side faces 80 and 82 include a vertical section 86 and an angled or chamfered sections 88 extending between the front and rear faces 78 and 84. Closure plate 66 further includes chamfered sections 89 and 91. A pin 90 extends from the upper surface of closure plate 66. The spring 68 is connected at one end to anchoring pin 70 and the other end to pin 90. The spring 68 biases the closure plate 66 in the closed position to seal off opening 64. The closure plate 66 has a width greater than that of opening 64. Thus, when the closure plate 66 is in the closed position a portion of the closure plate 66 rests on shelf 92. The shelf 92 and guide plates 74 and 76 prevent the closure plate 66 from moving in the vertical direction. The actuating cable 72 is connected to the pin 90 and passes through openings 36 and 34 in cover plate 8 and top plate 6, respectively. The actuating cable 72 is used to overcome the force of spring 68 to horizontally displace the closure plate 66 to the open position, shown in FIG. 3. As seen in FIGS. 2 and 4, the upper portion of actuating cable 72 is substantially U-shaped and is disposed adjacent the handle G, thereby permitting an individual to engage actuating cable 72 with the hand gripping handle G. End 73 of the actuating cable 72 is secured to top plate 6 by a conventional fastener. As seen in FIG. 8, recess 30 in bottom surface 32 of top plate 6 provides the necessary clearance for anchor pin 70, pin 90 and spring 68. Conventional fasteners such as bolts and the like may be used to secure cover plate 8 and molding plate 10 to top plate 6. Referring to FIGS. 2, 4, 5 and 7, the independently movable sections I and K will now be described. Since sections I and K are identical, only the details of section I will be described. Section I includes a front plate 96 bolted to a corner plate 98. Front plate 96 includes an end 100 formed on a 45° angle to cooperate with the corresponding end of section J. Corner plate 98 includes an upper surface 102 and a bottom surface 104. The upper surface 102 includes a pair of tabs 106 for pivotally mounting independently movable section I to the bracket assembly 108. The bottom surface 104, as seen in FIG. 5, is configured in an identical manner to that of bottom surface 54 of molding plate 10. The right end of corner plate 98 is similarly formed on a 45° angle to be compatible with the 45° angle of the adjacent end of body member H. A substantially triangularly shaped lip 109 extends along the entire distance of the right end of plate 98. Lip 109 is received in the cavity formed by chamfered portions 60 and 62, and aligns section I with central body member H, see FIG. 7. Bracket assembly 108 includes a pair of L-shaped brackets 110 each having an opening formed in the lower end thereof. A threaded rod 114 extends through the tabs 106 and the openings in brackets 110. Nuts 116 are threaded on each end of rod 114. A spring 118 is disposed on rod 114 and acts to bias independently movable section I in the operating position shown in FIG. 2. The L-shaped brackets 110 are secured to the corresponding front and rear columns 12 and 14 of top plate 6 by bolts or similar fastening mechanisms. As seen in FIGS. 2 and 4, an actuating cable 120 is secured to bolt 122 at one end and looped end 124 is disposed adjacent handle G. An operator merely pulls actuating cable 120 with the hand gripping handle G to raise the independently movable section I to the position shown in FIG. 5. In this manner, the independently movable section I is pivoted away from the surface the molding strip is being applied to and out of the way of any obstacles formed on or thereabout such as door hinges and the like. Referring to FIG. 7, an angle forming assembly 126 is disposed adjacent independently movable section I. The angle forming assembly 126 includes a blade 128 having recessed portions 130 formed therein. The recessed portions 130 receive the adjacent portions of L-shaped brackets 110, as seen in FIG. 2, such that said portions and blade 128 are substantially aligned in the vertical direction. The blade 128 is secured to L-shaped support member 132 by conventional means. The L-shaped support member 132 includes openings 134 formed therein for receiving bolts 136. A pair of springs 138 (only one of which is shown) are disposed on bolts 136 and abut the lip of L-shaped support member 132 to maintain the blade 128 in the storage position shown in FIG. 2. Referring to FIG. 2, actuating cable 140 includes a first end 142 secured to the upper surface of blade 128. The other end of actuating cable 140 is disposed about the handle G and includes an actuating knob 146 having a recess 148 for receiving the thumb of an operator. To lower the blade 128 to an operating position, an operator must first raise the independently movable section I to the position shown in FIG. 5 by pulling on cable 120 and, subsequently depress actuating knob 146. Referring to FIGS. 2, 4 and 8, independently movable section J will now be described. Section J includes a jump plate 150, a handle 152, a pair of bolts 154, and a pair of springs 156. The jump plate 150 has a recess 158 formed therein corresponding to step 37 of top plate 6, as seen in FIG. 8. Bolts 156 are embedded in molding plate 10, but do not extend through the bottom surface 54, to secure the movable section J to the central body member H. The springs 156 act to bias the jump plate 150 downwardly in the operating position shown in FIG. 2. The jump plate 150 can be moved upwardly into a storage position by merely pulling on handle 152 to overcome the force of springs 156. Once the jump plate 150 is in the storage position (not shown), that portion of the molding head E adjacent the jump plate 150 can traverse an object such as a door hinge which may be located on or about the surface the molding is being applied to. The handle 152 and actuating cable 72 are aligned with handle G in a horizontal direction. Thus, an operator can grip handle G, actuating cable 72 and handle 152 at the same time. The ends of the jump plate 150 are formed at 45° angles to conform to the angled ends 100 of corresponding plates 96. Referring to FIG. 2, the handle G is secured at opposite ends to horizontally extending plates 162 which in turn are secured to corresponding front and rear columns 12 and 14, respectively. Eyelets 164 are formed on plates 162 to receive cables 140. Similar eyelets may be formed on the underside of plates 162 to receive actuating cables 120. The handle G is disposed substantially directly above actuating cable 72. Referring to FIG. 8, a hollow connector 170, having a threaded portion 172 joins supply lines 4 with corresponding orifices 16, 18 and 20. It will be readily appreciated that connector 170 may be omitted by threading supply lines 4 directly into orifices 16, 18 and 20. Extension arm F, when used, may be pivotally connected to molding head E by a conventional ball and socket joint. As seen in FIGS. 6 and 8, plates 96 of sections I and K and jump plate 150 of section J each include a step 176 formed therein. The step 176 includes a horizontal surface 178 which extends in the same plane as horizontal surface 180 of plate 44. The step 176 further includes a vertically extending lip 182. While the lower edges of plates 96, 150 and 44 are shown as being square, it will be readily appreciated that said edges may be rounded to facilitate movement of the head E along a wall surface. METHOD OF OPERATION The manner of operation of the molding installation system A will now be explained. Specifically, the steps for forming molding about a doorway will be recited hereinafter. However, it will be readily appreciated that the present invention is not limited to the application of molding about a doorway. Rather, the present invention may be used to form molding in numerous other locations. Air, under pressure, is passed from pressure source B to storage tub C via pressure line 2. The pressurized air forces the molding material from the storage tub C through the supply lines 4 to molding head E. For most doorways, the extension arm F is not needed, rather the operator grips the molding head E by handle G. Initially, the valve 66 is biased in the closed position by spring 68 preventing the material from flowing through the molding head E. The step 176 is used to properly align the molding head E on the wall surface. More specifically, the step 176 is positioned at the base of the doorway such that lip 182 abuts the doorjamb while the surface 178 rests on the surrounding wall The operator subsequently pulls upwardly on the handle 72 to move valve 66 to the position shown in FIG. 3, thereby permitting the material to flow through opening 64. The operator must wait a sufficient time to permit the material to completely fill the bottom cavity of the molding head E. Once the bottom cavity is filled, the molding head E is moved upwardly along the doorway to form the left vertically extending strip of molding. Upon encountering the first door hinge, section K is raised by pulling on cable 120 and the molding head E is moved such that Section J abuts the hinge. At this point, section J is raised by pulling on handle 152 and the molding head E is moved such that section I abuts the hinge. Section K is lowered by releasing the corresponding cable 120 and section I is raised by pulling on the corresponding cable 120. Sections J and I are lowered as the molding head E passes by the door hinge. Any other door hinges which are encountered are traversed in a similar manner. A 45° angle is formed in the uppermost portion of the left vertical strip of molding adjacent the upper left hand corner of the doorway in the following manner. Section K is raised by pulling on cable 120 and blade 128 is lowered by depressing knob 146. The molding head E is held in a stationary position to form an angled end in the left vertical strip of molding. Thereafter, the operator releases cable 72 to close opening 64 to prohibit the flow of material through the head E. The molding head E is positioned adjacent the raised horizontal portion of the doorway. Section I is raised by pulling cable 120 and blade 128 is maintained in the raised or storage position. The left edge of central body member H is positioned in abutting contact with the angled end just formed in the left vertical strip of molding. The cable 72 is pulled upwardly to permit the material to flow through the molding head E. The head E is maintained in that position for several seconds to permit formation of a corresponding angled end in the horizontally extending strip of molding formed above the doorway. Subsequently, the head E is moved to the right and section I is lowered once the head has moved a sufficient distance to prevent deformation of the corner section of molding just formed. An angled end is formed in the right end of the horizontal strip by raising section K and lowering the corresponding blade 128. To form the final vertical strip of molding, the molding head E is positioned adjacent the right angled corner of the horizontal strip of molding with lip 182 abutting the doorjamb. Section I is raised and blade 128 is maintained in the raised or storage position. The molding head E is positioned such that the left edge of central body member is in abutting contact with the right angled corner of the horizontal strip of molding. Subsequently, the molding head E is moved downwardly. Section I is lowered once the molding head E has moved away from the right corner section of molding a sufficient distance to prevent deformation thereof. In the above manner, molding readily and easily can be formed about a doorway. It will be readily appreciated that the sequence of forming the strips of molding may be varied as desired. The first, second and third rows of openings 38, 40, and 42 provide the molding with a wood-type finish. The angled sections 88, 89 and 91 of the closure plate 66 facilitate the movement thereof to open and close opening 64. While this invention has been described as having a preferred design, it is understood that it is capable of further modifications, uses and/or adaptions of the invention following in general the principle of the invention including such departures from the present disclosure as come within the known or customary practice in the art to which the invention pertains, and as may be applied to the central features set forth and fall.	The present invention is directed to a method and apparatus for applying a flowable material to a surface for forming molding thereon. An embodiment of the present invention includes a body member having top, bottom, front and rear surfaces. An inlet is operably associated with the body member for receiving flowable material from a supply source. An outlet is operably associated with the body member to dispense the flowable material through the body member. At least one passageway extends between the inlet and the outlet. A molding head formed in the body member shapes the flowable material to form at least one strip of molding on the surface.	4
FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a process for producing ceramic whiskers. More particularly, this invention relates to a process for producing high purity silicon nitride whiskers. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The incorporation of whisker or fiber materials in a ceramic, glass or metal matrix has often resulted in improved mechanical properties of the resulting composites. The use of reinforcing whiskers to improve the fracture toughness of structural ceramics such as silicon carbide or silicon nitride has been advocated so as to make these materials more resistant to the mechanical and thermal stresses inherent in exacting applications such as advanced vehicular engine components. In making ceramic composites for these demanding applications it is preferred to use whiskers of the same composition so as not to compromise the excellent material properties of a monolithic ceramic such as silicon nitride by the admixture of a material with inferior characteristics. However, silicon nitride whiskers of the requisite purity for ceramic engine applications are not available. Thus, a commercially available silicon nitride whisker product made by Tateho Chemical Industries of Japan contains large amounts of impurities, particularly calcium and iron, which adversely affect the high-temperature strength and oxidation resistance of silicon nitride. Another process for the growth of Si 3 N 4 whiskers (J. V. Milewski, F. D. Gac and J. J. Petrovic, Rpt. DE83008282, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Feb. 83) uses stainless steel as a catalyst which also results in unacceptable levels of iron contamination. Other techniques alluded to in an article by W. P. Clancy [Microscopy, 22, 279, (1974)] consist either of high temperature and high pressure (1800° C. at 275 psi) or long treatment (24 to 48 hours) at 1425° C., neither of which is convenient for industrial production. Furthermore, the purity of the latter materials was not reported. OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved method for the growth of silicon nitride whiskers which is a simple and convenient technique readily implemented industrially. It is another object of the present invention to provide a technique for the growth of silicon nitride whiskers of high purity, suitable for use in structural ceramics intended for vehicular engine applications. The advantages of this process will become apparent from the description below. Further and other objects of the present invention will become apparent from the description contained herein. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with one aspect of this invention, a new and improved method for making silicon nitride whiskers having a purity greater than 99.9% comprises the steps: Step 1--From about 0.5 to about 10 parts of carbon are mixed with one part of silicon dioxide to form a mixture. Step 2--From about 0.001 to about 0.5 weight percent of a whisker forming additive is added to the mixture from step 1. Step 3--The product from step 2 is heated in a graphite container from about 1400° C. to about 1550° C. for about 2 to about 12 hours in a flowing nitrogen atmosphere at about 0.5 to about 5 cm/sec to grow whiskers of alpha silicon nitride having an aspect ratio greater than 10 and a purity greater than 99.9%. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING In the drawing FIG. 1 is a SEM, scanning electron microscope photograph, of silicon nitride whiskers of the present invention magnified at 1000×. FIG. 2 is a SEM of FIG. 1 magnified at 5000×. FIG. 3 is an X-ray diffraction chart of silicon nitride whiskers of the present invention. For a better understanding of the present invention together with other and further objects, advantages and capabilities thereof, reference is made to the following disclosure and appended claims in connection with the above-described drawings. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION An intimate mixture of carbon and silicon dioxide is prepared to which are added small amounts of transition metals such as chromium, magnesium, and nickel. The carbon and silica are mixed in a weight ratio in the range of 0.5 to 10 with the preferred ratio being in the range of 1 to 4 and particularly 2 (two parts by weight of carbon to one of silica). Any combination of silica and carbon materials is suitable for whisker growth but, in order to minimize impurity content, the experiments were conducted using Cab-O-Sil M-5 silica and Monarch 1100 carbon, both manufactured by the Cabot Corporation, Boston, Mass. The metallic whisker growth promoters are added in the form of fine metal powders or as oxides or salts decomposable to oxides upon heating. The amount added is in the range of 0.001 to 0.5 w/o of the carbon and silica mixture with 0.005 to 0.05 w/o being the preferred range. The material mixture is placed in a suitable container, such as a graphite boat, and heated in a flowing nitrogen gas atmosphere at temperatures in the range of 1400° C.-1550° C. for periods between 2 and 12 hours. The preferred heat treatment is for 7 hours at 1480° C. with a nitrogen gas velocity of 2.5 cm/sec, although velocities in the range of 0.5-5 cm/sec are useful. The product of this reaction consists of two parts. The bottom part, hereafter referred to as the substrate layer, is a mixture of carbon and silicon nitride which is usually obtained in the synthesis of silicon nitride by carbothermal reduction of silica. The conditions outlined above are appropriate for this purpose. A light and spongy upper layer is found atop the substrate layer which consists of filament-like particles of large aspect ratio as shown in scanning electron microscope photographs (FIGS. 1 and 2). These particles are tens of microns long and a fraction of a micron wide thereby having an aspect ratio greater than 10. X-ray diffraction shows these whiskers to consist of alpha-Si 3 N 4 (FIG. 3). The growth of the whiskers occurs only in the presence of the metal impurities in the substrate layer; in their absence no whisker formation takes place (see reference sample in Table I). The growth mechanism is thought to occur through the vapor phase as indicated by the very light, almost white color of the whisker layer grown atop a carbon/silicon nitride powder bed. This postulate is supported by the low level of impurities observed in the whisker layer as compared to the substrate bed on which it was grown (see Table I). It is believed that the presence of the metal promotes the reduction of silicon dioxide to silicon monoxide by the carbon in the system. The silicon monoxide, which is a vapor species at the growth temperatures, reacts in the gas phase with the nitrogen gas flowing in the system to form silicon nitride, which crystallizes on nucleation centers of the substrate layer. Subsequent crystal growth occurs in whisker form on these crystalline nuclei. The resulting crystalline whiskers are very pure (see Table I) because only the vapor phase species silicon monoxide is involved in the whisker forming reaction while the metal powders remain in the substrate layer. The whiskers grown in this manner are much purer than those obtained by other techniques (see Table II) and therefore better suitable for structural ceramic applications. EXAMPLE A mixture of 1 part by weight of M-5 grade silicon dioxide and 2 parts by weight of Monarch 1100 grade carbon black was heated in a graphite boat at 1480° C. for 7 hours in a stream of nitrogen flowing at a velocity of 2.5 cm/sec. No whisker formation was observed in this experiment which is being included here as a reference example. The contents of the boat was then heated at 600° C. in air to oxidize and volatilize the excess carbon as carbon dioxide. X-ray diffraction of the powder residue found it to be alpha-Si 3 N 4 with a minor phase of beta-Si 3 N 4 ; the impurity levels of this powder, as determined by semi-quantitative emission spectroscopy, are listed in Table I. Another preparation was made in an identical fashion, using the same lots of the M-5 and Monarch 1100 reactants but adding to the reactant mixture about 0.006 w/o of chromium, 0.006 w/o of nickel and 0.014 w/o of magnesium. A light spongy layer up to 1 cm in thickness and easily separable was found atop the substrate layer. This layer consisted of whisker-like crystallites of high aspect ratio, greater than 10 (FIGS. 1 and 2). Examination of these whiskers by X-ray diffraction showed them to be only single phase alpha-Si 3 N 4 (FIG. 3). The semi-quantitative emission spectroscopic analysis of the whiskers shows that they are much purer that the substrate on which they were grown (see Table I) confirming the vapor phase mechanism for their growth. The resulting whiskers are much purer than those prepared by other techniques (see Table II). The data in Table I shows that the key elements in the promotion of whisker growth are chromium, magnesium and nickel because they are present in a concentration of several hundred ppm in the substrate layer and in a much greater concentration in the substrate layer than in the reference material which did not produce whiskers. The data in Table II show the advantage of this growth technique which results in whiskers with impurity levels which are in some cases as much as two orders of magnitude lower than those of the best silicon nitride whiskers prepared to date. [The chromium, magnesium and nickel impurity levels reported in Table I for the substrate layer are different and greater than the amounts added to the starting reactant mixture because the silicon nitride yield is of the order of 20% of the initial mass. Silica comprises only 33.3% of the reactant mixture and in its carbothermal conversion to silicon nitride ##STR1## it can yield no more than 77.8% of its original weight and thus only 25.9% of the initial reactant weight. The overall yield of silicon nitride was excellent, exceeding 90% of the theoretical value of 25.9%. A portion of it was used up in the growth of the whiskers while the remainder, about 20% of the original reactant weight, formed the substrate layer]. TABLE I______________________________________Impurity Content of Si.sub.3 N.sub.4 Materials Whisker Substrate ReferenceElement (in ppm) Layer Layer Example______________________________________Fe 100 1000 700Cr n.d. (<10) 300 n.d. (<10)Al 10 200 300Mg 10 700 100Ti 20 20 10Cu 20 80 n.d. (<10)Mn <10 30 50Ni 10 300 10Mo <10 50 <10V n.d. (<10) n.d. (<10) 10Ca n.d. (<100) 500 800______________________________________ n.d. () not detected (detectability no whisker formation TABLE II______________________________________Impurity Levels of Si.sub.3 N.sub.4 WhiskersElement (in ppm) This Invention Los Alamos* Tateho*______________________________________Mg 10 250 2000Al 10 2500 1000Ca n.d. (<100)+ 100 1200Ti 20 40 50Cr n.d. (<10)+ 30 70Mn 10 40 150Fe 100 800 2000Ni 10 50 60______________________________________ J. V. Milewski et al, Rpt. DE83008282, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Feb. 1983. **loc. cit. +n.d. () not detected (detectability limit) While there has been shown and described what is at present considered the preferred embodiment of the invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.	A process for the growth of silicon nitride whiskers consists of reacting a mixture of carbon and silicon dioxide powders at elevated temperature in a stream of nitrogen, said reaction mixture containing small amounts of metals such as chromium, magnesium, and nickel which promote the growth of silicon nitride whiskers by vapor phase transport. The whiskers obtained as a result of this invention are of much higher purity than those obtained by prior art.	2
FIELD OF INVENTION [0001] The invention relates to having antitumor antibiotics. More particularly, the invention relates to analogs of thiocoraline and BE-22179 having DNA bisintercalation and antitumor antibiotic activities. BACKGROUND [0002] Thiocoraline (1, FIG. 1) is a potent antitumor antibiotic (Romeo, F., et al., J. Antibiot 1997, 50, 734; Perez Baz, et al., J. Antibiot. 1997, 50, 738; Perez Baz, J., et al., PCT Int. Appl ., WO952773, 1995 ; Chem. Abst. 1995, 124, 115561) isolated from Micromonospora sp . L-13-ACM2-092. It constitutes the newest member of the two-fold symmetric bicyclic octadepsipeptides which include the antitumor antibiotics BE-22179 (Okada, H., et al., J. Antibiot. 1994, 47, 129) (2), triostin A (Shoji, J., et al., J. Antibiot. 1961, 14, 335; Shoji, J., et al., J. Org. Chem. 1965, 30, 2772; Otsuka, H., et al., Tetrahedron 1967, 23, 1535; Otsuka, H., et al., J. Antibiot 1976, 29, 107) (3), and echinomycin (Corbaz, R., et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 1957, 40, 199; Keller-Schierlein, W., et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 1957, 40, 205; Keller-Schierlein, W., et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 1959, 42, 305; Martin, D. G., et al., J. Antibiot. 1975, 28, 332; Dell, A., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 2497) (4), which bind to DNA with bisintercalation (Waring, M. J., et al., Nature 1974, 252, 653; Wang, A. H.-J., et al., Science 1984, 225, 1115; Quigley, G. J., et al., Science 1984, 232, 1255; Yoshinari, T., et al., Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1994, 85, 550). Unlike BE-22179, thiocoraline does not inhibit DNA topoisomerase I or II, but it does inhibit DNA polymerase α at concentrations that inhibit cell cycle progression and clonogenicity (Erba, E., et al., British J. Cancer 1999, 80, 971; Yoshinari, T., et al., Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1994, 85, 550). It was found to unwind double-stranded DNA (Erba, E., et al., British J. Cancer 1999, 80, 971; Yoshinari, T., et al., Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 1994, 85, 550), and was suggested to bind to DNA with bisintercalation analogous to triostin, echinomycin, and members of the larger cyclic decadepsipeptides including sandramycin (FIG. 2) (Isolation: Matson, J. A., et al., J. Antibiot. 1989, 42, 1763; Total synthesis: Boger, D. L., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 11624; Boger, D. L., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1629; Boger, D. L., et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1999, 7, 315; Boger, D. L., et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1998, 6, 85), the luzopeptins (Boger, D. L., et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1999, 7, 315; Boger, D. L., et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1998, 6, 85; Isolation: Konishi, M., et al., J. Antibiot. 1981, 34, 148; Structure and stereochemistry: Arnold, E., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1243; Total synthesis (luzopeptins A-C): Boger, D. L., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1098; Boger, D. L., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 11375; Luzopeptin E2: Ciufolini, M. A., et al., J. Heterocyclic Chem. 1999, 36, 1409; Ciufolini, M. A., et al., Angew. Chem., Int Ed. 2000, 39, 2493), and the quinoxapeptins (Isolation: Lingham, R. B, et al., J. Antibiot. 1996, 49, 253; Total synthesis: Boger, D. L., et al., Jin, Q. Angew. Chem., Int Ed. 1999, 38, 2424). The initial studies on thiocoraline as well as BE-22179 established their two-dimensional structures but not their relative and absolute stereochemistry (Romeo, F., et al., J. Antibiot. 1997, 50, 734; Perez Baz, J, et al., J. Antibiot. 1997, 50, 738; Perez Baz, J., et al., PCT Int. Appl ., WO952773, 1995; Chem. Abst 1995, 124, 115561; Okada, H., et al., J. Antibiot. 1994, 47, 129). Triostin A and echinomycin possess a D-stereochemistry at the α-position of the amide linkage to the quinoxaline chromophore (D-Ser) and L-stereochemistry at the remaining stereogenic centers. It has been shown that the analogous centers of sandramycin (Isolation: Matson, J. A., et al., J. Antibiot. 1989, 42, 1763; Total synthesis: Boger, D. L., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 11624; Boger, D. L., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1629) and the quinoxapeptins (Isolation: Lingham, R. B., et al., J. Antibiot. 1996, 49, 253; Total synthesis: Boger, D. L., et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 2424), like the luzopeptins (Isolation: Konishi, M., et al., J. Antibiot. 1981, 34, 148; Structure and stereochemistry: Arnold, E., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1243; Total synthesis (luzopeptins A-C): Boger, D. L., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1098; Boger, D. L., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 11375; Luzopeptin E2: Ciufolini, M. A., et al., J. Heterocyclic Chem. 1999, 36, 1409; Ciufolini, M. A., et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 2493), also incorporate D-Ser. Moreover, it was reported that a synthetic analog of 3 possessing an all L-stereochemistry showed no appreciable DNA binding (Ciardelli, T. L., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 7684). [0003] What is needed is a total synthesis of thiocoraline and of BE-22179. What is needed is the establishment of the relative and absolute stereochemistry of these compounds (Boger, D. L., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 2956) and a characterization of their activities. What is needed is the design and preparation of analogues. SUMMARY [0004] Full details of the total synthesis of thiocoraline and BE-22179, C2 symmetric bicyclic octadepsipeptides possessing two pendant 3-hydroxyquinoline chromophores, are described and served to establish their relative and absolute stereochemistry. Key elements of the approach include the late stage introduction of the chromophore, symmetrical tetrapeptide coupling, macrocyclization of the 26-membered octadepsipeptide conducted at the single secondary amide site following disulfide formation, and a convergent assemblage of the tetradepsipeptide with introduction of the labile thiol ester linkage in the final coupling reaction under near racemization free conditions. By virtue of the late stage introduction of the chromophore and despite the challenges this imposes on the synthesis, this approach provides ready access of a range of key chromophore analogues. Thiocoraline and BE-22179 were shown to bind to DNA by high-affinity bisintercalation analogous to echinomycin, but with little or no perceptible sequence selectivity. Both 1 and 2 were found to exhibit exceptional cytotoxic activity (IC 50 =200 and 400 pM, respectively, L1210 cell line) comparable to echinomycin and one analogue, which bears the luzopeptin chromophore, was also found to be a potent cytotoxic agent. [0005] One aspect of the invention is directed to a compound represented by the following structure: [0006] In the above structure, X 1 and X 2 can be either ═CH 2 or —CH 2 SMe. R 1 and R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Cbz, FMOC, and radicals represented by the following structure: [0007] In the above structure, Y can be either C and N; R 3 can be either absent or —O(C1-C6 alkyl); and R 4 can be either hydrogen or hydroxyl. However, the following provisos pertain: if X, is ═CH 2 , then “a” represents a double bond and neither R 1 nor R 2 is hydrogen; if X 1 is —CH 2 SMe, then “a” represents a single bond; if X 2 is ═CH 2 , then “b” represents a double bond and neither R 1 nor R 2 is hydrogen; if X 1 is —CH 2 SMe, then “b” represents a single bond; and if R 3 is absent, then Y is N or R 4 is hydrogen. A preferred embodiment of this aspect of the invention is represented by the following diastereomeric structure: [0008] A subgenus of this aspect of the invention is represented by the following diastereomeric structure: [0009] Preferred species of this subgenus are represented by the following diastereomeric structures: [0010] A second subgenus of this aspect of the invention is represented by the following diastereomeric structure: [0011] Preferred species of this second subgenus are represented by the following diastereomeric structures [0012] A third subgenus of this aspect of the invention is represented by the following diastereomeric structures: [0013] Preferred species of this third subgenus are represented by the following diastereomeric structures: [0014] A fourth subgenus of this aspect of the invention is represented by the following diastereomeric structure: [0015] Preferred species of this fourth subgenus are represented by the following diastereomeric structures: [0016] A fifth subgenus of this aspect of the invention is represented by the following diastereomeric structure: [0017] Preferred species of this fifth subgenus are represented by the following diastereomeric structures: [0018] A further preferred species of this aspect of the invention is represented by the following diastereomeric structure: [0019] Another aspect of the invention is directed to a process for killing a cancer cell. The process comprises the step of contacting said cancer cell with a composition containing a concentration of thiocoraline, BE-22179, or any of the analogues of thiocoraline, BE-22179 described above, the concentration being sufficient to be cytotoxic with respect to said cancer cell. [0020] Another aspect of the invention is directed to a process for binding thiocoraline, BE-22179, or or any of the analogues of of thiocoraline, BE-22179 described above to a deoxyoligonucleotide or to a deoxypolynucleotide. The process comprises the step of binding the thiocoraline, BE-22179, or any of the analogues of of thiocoraline, BE-22179 described above to such deoxyoligonucleotide or to such deoxypolynucleotide by bisintercalation. [0021] Another aspect of the invention is directed to a process for synthesizing an advanced intermediate. The process comprises the step of cyclizing a first intermediate represented by the following structure: [0022] for producing the advanced intermediate represented by the following structure: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES [0023] [0023]FIG. 1 illustrates the structures of thiocoraline (1), BE-22179 (2), triostin A (3) and echinomycin (4). [0024] [0024]FIG. 2 illustrates the structures of members of the larger cyclic decadepsipeptides including sandramycin, the luzopeptins, and the quinoxapeptins. [0025] [0025]FIG. 3 illustrates a scheme showing a convergent assemblage of key tetradepsipeptide 16 from tripeptide 15 and N-Cbz-D-Cys-OTce (11) along with the preparation of the three suitably functionalized Cys residues found in 1. [0026] [0026]FIG. 4 illustrates a scheme for the synthesis of 2, 26, 27 and 28. [0027] [0027]FIG. 5 illustsrates a scheme showing the series of steps required for the macrocyclization of 31. [0028] [0028]FIG. 6 illustrates an approach in which the pendant chromophore was introduced at the initial stages of the synthesis. [0029] [0029]FIG. 7 illustrates two plots of fluorescence vs. the DNA to drug ratio and the resulting Scatchard plot for each. [0030] [0030]FIG. 8 illustsrates a table of comparative DNA binding properties. [0031] [0031]FIG. 9 illustrates an electrophoresis gel of DNase footprinting of echinomycin bound to w794 DNA. [0032] [0032]FIG. 10 illustrates an electrophoresis gel of DNase footprinting of thiocoraline bound to w794 DNA. [0033] [0033]FIG. 11 illustrates a series of three electrophoresis agarose gels in which thiocoraline, echinomycin, BE-22179, and 27 are tested for their ability to uncoil DNA. [0034] [0034]FIG. 12 illustrates a table showing that thiocoraline binds to DNA with high affinity, but with little or no selectivity. [0035] [0035]FIG. 13 illustrate a table summarizing the biological activity of the compounds synthesized and similar natural compounds. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0036] Key elements of the approach include the late stage introduction of the chromophore, symmetrical tetrapeptide coupling, macrocyclization of the 26-membered octadepsipeptide conducted at the single secondary amide site following disulfide formation, and a convergent assemblage of the tetradepsipeptide with introduction of the labile thiol ester linkage in the final coupling reaction under near racemization free conditions. By virtue of the late stage introduction of the chromophore and despite the challenges this imposes on the synthesis because of a potential intramolecular S—N acyl transfer with cleavage of the macrocyclic thiol ester, this approach provided ready access to a range of chromophore analogues. [0037] Tetradepsipeptide Synthesis. [0038] The convergent assemblage of key tetradepsipeptide 16 from tripeptide 15 and N-Cbz-D-Cys-OTce (11) along with the preparation of the three suitably functionalized Cys residues found in 1 are summarized in FIG. 3. Sequential S- and N-protection of N-Me-Cys-OH (5) (Blondeau, P., et al., Can. J. Chem. 1967, 45, 49) with an acetamidomethyl (Acm) group (1.5 equiv of N-hydroxymethylacetamide, H 2 SO 4 ) and BOC group (BOC 2 O, 62%) gave 6, the precursor to the bridging disulfide Cys residue. Selective S-methylation of N-Me-Cys-OH (5), (Blondeau, P., et al., Can. J. Chem. 1967, 45, 49) Mel, NaHCO 3 ) followed by BOC protection (BOC 2 O, NaOH, 73%) provided 7. Esterification of 7 (TMSCHN 2 , 89%) followed by BOC deprotection of 8 (3 M HCl-EtOAc, 91%) provided 9, the precursor to the second functionalized L-Cys residue. Alternative attempts to esterify 7 under basic conditions (Mel, NaHCO 3 , DMF) or the exposure of 8 or 9 to tertiary amines (Et 3 N, CH 2 Cl 2 ) led to occasional extensive β-elimination of MeSH to provide the dehydro amino acid. Compound 11, constituting the chromophore bearing D-Cys residue, was prepared by the reduction of its disulfide precursor 10 (Ph 3 P, 2-mercaptoethanol, 99%) which in turn was obtained by stepwise Cbz (CbzCl, NaHCO 3 ) and Tce (trichloroethanol, DCC, (DCC=dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; EDCl=1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride; HOBt=1-hydroxybenzotriazole; HOAt=1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole) HOBt, 76%) protection of D-cystine. The esterification reaction with trichloroethanol proved sensitive to racemization and when conducted in the absence of HOBt (33% de vs 100% de) or in the presence of DMAP (33% de) led to extensive racemization. Coupling of 6 with 9 (EDCl, HOAt, 78%) provided 12 and slightly lower conversions was obtained with HOBt vs HOAt. BOC deprotection of 12 (3 M HCl-EtOAc, 100%), coupling with N-BOC-Gly-OH (EDCl, HOAt, 68%) and methyl ester hydrolysis of 14 (LiOH, 100%) provided 15. [0039] The key thiol esterification reaction linking the D-cysteine derivative 11 and the tripeptide 15 was accomplished under near racemization free conditions with use of EDCl-HOAt (83%) in the absence of added base to afford the depsipeptide 16 (de 95:5). Much lower conversions were observed using DPPA (DPPA=diphenyl phosphorazidate; DEPC=diethyl phosphorocyanidate; Yamada, S., et al., J. Org. Chem. 1974, 39, 3302; Yokoyama, Y., et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1977, 25, 2423) or DEPC and Et 3 N due in part to competitive base-catalyzed formation of disulfide 10. Analogous to prior reports (DPPA=diphenyl phosphorazidate; DEPC=diethyl phosphorocyanidate; Yamada, S., et al., J. Org. Chem. 1974, 39, 3302; Yokoyama, Y., et al., Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1977, 25, 2423), near complete racemization was observed (16:epi-16=58:42) when the nonpolar solvent CH 2 Cl 2 was used. In addition, the use of base in all reactions following formation of the thiol ester 16 was found to lead to competitive β-elimination or direct cleavage of the thiol ester and was necessarily avoided. [0040] Cyclic Octadepsipeptide Formation and Completion of the Total Synthesis of Thiocoraline and BE-22179. [0041] Linear octadepsipeptide formation was accomplished by deprotection of the amine (3 M HCl-EtOAc, 100%) and carboxylic acid (Zn, 90% aq. AcOH, 99%) of 16 to provide 17 and 18, respectively, which were coupled with formation of the secondary amide in the absence of added base (EDCl, HOAt, CH 2 Cl 2 , 83%) to obtain 19 (FIG. 4). Cyclization of 19 to provide the 26-membered cyclic octadepsipeptide 23 with ring closure conducted at the single secondary amide site was accomplished by sequential Tce ester deprotection (Zn, 90% aq. AcOH), disulfide bond formation (Kamber, B., et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 1980, 63, 899) (12, CH 2 Cl 2 -MeOH, 25° C., 0.001 M, 53% for 2 steps), and BOC deprotection (3 M HCl-dioxane) followed by treatment with EDCl-HOAt (0.001 M CH 2 Cl 2 , −20° C., 6 h, 61% for 2 steps). Reversing the N-BOC deprotection and disulfide bond formation steps in this 4-step sequence resulted in lower conversions (13% overall for 4 steps). To date, all attempts to effect ring closure followed by disulfide bond formation have not been successful. Even though the 26-membered ring macrocyclization reaction unconstrained by the disulfide bond proceeds exceptionally well (>50%), the subsequent disulfide bond formation (I 2 , CH 2 Cl 2 —MeOH, 25° C.) within the confines of the 26-membered ring failed to occur. Thus, the order of steps enlisted for formation of 23 was not to improve macrocyclization via the constrained disulfide, but rather to permit disulfide bond formation. While it is possible this may be due to constraints within the macrocycle destabilizing the disulfide, the lack of similar observations with 3 and 4 suggest the origin of the difficulties may lie with competitive intramolecular cleavage of the adjacent thiol ester by the liberated bridging thiol within the 26-membered macrocycle. [0042] Removal of the Cbz protecting group under mild conditions (Kiso, Y., et al., J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1980, 101) (TFA-thioanisole, 25° C., 4 h) and coupling of the resulting amine 24 with 3-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid (25, (Prepared from methyl 3-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylate (Boger, D. L., et al., J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7369) by treatment with LiOH, THF-MeOH—H 2 O 3/1/1, 25° C., 2 h (71%)) EDCl, DMAP, 43%) without protection of the chromophore phenol provided (−)-1, [α] 25 D -180 (c 0.11, CHCl 3 ) [lit 1 [α] 25 D -191 (c 1.1, CHCl 3 )], identical in all respects with the properties reported for natural material (Romeo, F., et al., J. Antibiot. 1997, 50, 734; Perez Baz, J., et al., J. Antibiot. 1997, 50, 738; Perez Baz, J., et al., PCT Int. Appl. , WO952773, 1995 ; Chem. Abst. 1995, 124, 115561). Under these conditions, a problematic intramolecular S—N acyl migration of the liberated amine with cleavage of the thiol ester was minimized. Treatment of 1 with NalO 4 served to provide the corresponding bis-sulfoxide as a mixture of diastereomers which was warmed in CH 2 Cl 2 (reflux, 6 h, 66% overall) to promote elimination and provide (−)-BE-22179 (2), [α] D 25 -89 (c 0.01, CHCl 3 ) [lit (Okada, H., et al., J. Antibiot. 1994, 47, 129) [α] D 25 -94 (c0.44, CHCl 3 )], identical all respects with the properties reported for the natural material (Okada, H., et al., J. Antibiot. 1994, 47, 129). The correlation of synthetic and natural 1 and 2 confirmed the two dimensional structure assignments and established their relative and absolute stereochemistries as those shown in FIG. 4. [0043] Interestingly, both 23 and thiocoraline (1) as well as the related natural product analogues 26-28 adopt a single solution conformation that is observed by 1 H NMR in well defined spectra. That of synthetic 1 proved identical to the published 1 H NMR spectrum of natural 1 (Romeo, F., et al., J. Antibiot. 1997, 50, 734; Perez Baz, J., et al., J. Antibiot. 1997, 50, 738; Perez Baz, J., et al., PCT Int Appl., WO952773, 1995; Chem. Abst. 1995, 124, 115561). In contrast, BE-22179 exhibits a more complex, but still well defined, 1 H NMR spectrum consistent with its adoption of two unsymmetrical or four symmetrical conformers in near equal proportions. The NMe signals (2 NMe) and the two olefin signals (C═CHH) appear as eight, near 1:1, well resolved singlets in the 1 H NMR spectrum. Importantly, the 1 H NMR spectrum of synthetic 2 proved identical to that published for natural 2 (Okada, H., et al., J. Antibiot. 1994, 47, 129). [0044] Alternative Approaches. [0045] Prior to implementing the successful sequence, preliminary studies were first conducted enlisting an FMOC protecting group and basic deprotection conditions versus a Cbz protecting group on 23 (FIG. 5). Thus, tetradepsipeptide 30 and octadepsipeptide 31 were prepared by the procedures described for the synthesis of 16 and 19. Cyclization of 31 to provide the bridged 26-membered cyclic octadepsipeptide 32 was accomplished by sequential Tce ester deprotection (Zn, 90% aq. AcOH), BOC deprotection (3 M HCl-dioxane), and disulfide bond formation (I 2 , CH 2 Cl 2 -MeOH, 25° C., 0.001 M) followed by treatment with EDCl-HOAt (0.001 M CH 2 Cl 2 , −20° C., 6 h, 16% for 4 steps). However, exposure of 32 to Et 2 NH or piperidine led to decomposition of the macrocycle rather than clean FMOC deprotection. Alternative treatment of 32 with other amines including dicyclohexylamine, Et 3 N, or DMAP also failed to provide the cyclic amine 24 which is attributed herein to the sensitivity of the thiol ester to nucleophiles, the competitive β-elimination induced by the deprotonation of the α-position of the Cys residues, and a potential intramolecular S—N acyl transfer to the liberated amine with cleavage of the thiol ester. However, efforts to trap the liberated amine in situ to obtain 1 directly (25, EDCl, DMAP) or a protected derivative of 24 (BOC 20 or CbzCl, Et 3 N) were also unsuccessful. [0046] Also examined was the approach in which the bridged 26-membered macrocycle is formed via simultaneous formation of both secondary amides. However, intermolecular disulfide bond formation (I 2 , MeOH) and sequential deprotection of Tce and BOC group and the treatment of the resulting symmetrical disulfide with EDCl and HOAt gave complex mixtures of products including a range of oligomers and higher order macrocycles in which the formation of 32 was not observed (FIG. 5). [0047] Finally, also examined was an approach in which the pendant chromophore was introduced at the initial stages of the synthesis. Thus, the coupling reaction of 15 and 34 (EDCl, HOAt, 86%) gave tetradepsipeptide 35 which possesses the substituted quinoline chromophore (FIG. 6). However, elimination of thiol ester was problematic under the conditions of BOC deprotection (HCl or 90% aq. TFA, 0° C.) or Tce ester hydrolysis (Zn, 90% aq. HOAc, 0° C.) and the following coupling reaction which gave only a trace of the desired linear octadepsipeptide. Presumably, this may be attributed to the increased acidity of the α-proton of the activated N-acyl-D-Cys derivative bearing an amide versus carbamate protecting group. [0048] Analogue Synthesis. [0049] The late stage generation of amine 24 followed by introduction of the pendant chromophore provided the opportunity to examine chromophore analogs of 1 and 2. Thus, the amine 24 was also coupled with quinoline-2-carboxylic acid, quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (which is the chromophore found in echinomycin and triostin A), and 3-hydroxy-6-methoxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid (Isolation: Konishi, M., et al., J. Antibiot. 1981, 34, 148; Structure and stereochemistry: Arnold, E., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1243; Total synthesis (luzopeptins A-C): Boger, D. L., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1098; Boger, D. L., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 11375; Luzopeptin E2: Ciufolini, M. A., et al., J. Heterocyclic Chem. 1999, 36, 1409; Ciufolini, M. A., et al., Angew. Chem., Int Ed. 2000, 39, 2493; Boger, D. L., et al., J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7369) (which is the chromophore found in the luzopeptins) to afford the key chromophore analogues 26-28 (FIG. 4). The corresponding analogues of 2 may be obtained by oxidation of 26-28 in a manner similar to the method shown in FIG. 4 for the oxidation of 1 to obtain 2. [0050] DNA Binding Affinity. [0051] Apparent absolute binding constants and apparent binding site sizes were obtained by measurement of the fluorescence quenching upon titration of 1 and 2 with calf thymus (CT) DNA. The excitation and emission spectra for thiocoraline and BE-22179 were determined in aqueous buffer (Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 75 mM NaCl). Both thiocoraline and BE-22179, which have the same chromophore, exhibited an intense fluorescence in solution with enhanced excitation (380 nm) and emission (510 nm) maxima which was quenched upon DNA binding. Moreover, the intensity of this fluorescence greatly facilitated the measurement of fluorescence quenching and allowed measurements to be carried out at low initial agent concentrations of 1-10 μM where the compounds are soluble. Analogous measurements with echinomycin could not be conducted because of its less intense fluorescence emission and low solubility. For the titrations, small aliquots of CT-DNA (320 μM in base pair) were added to 2 mL of a solution of the agent (2 μM) in Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 75 mM NaCl buffer. Additions were carried out at 15-min intervals to allow binding equilibration. Scatchard analysis (Scatchard, G. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1949, 51, 660) of the titration results was conducted using the equation r b /c=Kn−Kr b , where r b is the number of molecules bound per DNA nucleotide phosphate, c is the free drug concentration, K is the apparent binding constant, and n is the number of the agent binding sites per nucleotide phosphate. A plot of r b /c versus r b gives the association constant (slope) and the apparent binding site size (x-intercept) for the agents (FIG. 7 and FIG. 8). [0052] Thiocoraline was found to exhibit a relatively high affinity for duplex DNA (K B =2.6×10 6 M −1 ) with a saturating stoichiometry of high affinity binding at a 1:6.5 agent to base pair ratio. BE-22179, which is structurally distinct possessing two exocyclic olefins, also displayed a similar affinity and binding site size with CT-DNA. The high affinity binding of one molecule per 5.86.5 base pairs approaches that of the saturated limit of 4 base pairs assuming bisintercalation spanning two base pairs suggesting thiocoraline and BE-22179 bind to DNA with limited selectivity among available sites. This proved consistent with attempts to establish a selectivity of DNA binding by DNase I (Galas, D. J., et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 1978, 5, 3157) and MTE footprinting (Tullius, T. D., et al., Methods Enzymol. 1987, 155, 537) on w794 DNA (Boger, D. L., et al., Tetrahedron 1991, 47, 2661), using protocols successfully applied to sandramycin (Isolation: Matson, J. A., et al., J. Antibiot. 1989, 42, 1763; Total synthesis: Boger, D. L., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 11624; Boger, D. L., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 1629) and echinomycin, which failed to reveal a distinguishable selectivity for 1 (FIGS. 9 and 10). Previous studies of sandramycin, the luzopeptins, and quinoxapeptins, which are larger symmetrical cyclic decadepsipeptides, revealed that they exhibit a higher affinity for CT-DNA (K B =1.0-3.4×10 7 M −1 ). Since thiocoraline and BE-22179 possess the same chromophore as sandramycin (K B =3.4×10 7 M −1 ), this indicates that the differing ability to bind duplex DNA arises from the cyclic depsipeptide, its ring size and differing peptide backbone and not the structure of the chromophore. [0053] Similarly, echinomycin and triostin A bind to DNA by bisintercalation and are the most extensively studied natural products in these series. In contrast to sandramycin and the luzopeptins which bind 5′-PyPuPyPu sites and exhibit the highest affinity for 5′-CATG spanning a two base pair 5′-AT site (Boger, D. L., et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1999, 7, 315; Boger, D. L., et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1998, 6, 85; Isolation: Konishi, M., et al., J. Antibiot. 1981, 34, 148; Structure and stereochemistry: Arnold, E., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1243; Total synthesis (luzopeptins A-C): Boger, D. L., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1098; Boger, D. L., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 11375. Luzopeptin E2: Ciufolini, M. A., et al., J. Heterocyclic Chem. 1999, 36, 1409; Ciufolini, M. A., et al., Angew. Chem., Int Ed. 2000, 39, 2493), the quinoxalines bisintercalate preferentially at 5′-CG sites, e.g. 5′-GCGT or 5′-PuPyPuPy, also spanning two base pairs with each intercalation occurring at a PuPy vs PyPu step. The structural distinctions between 1 and 2 versus triostin A (3) are subtle. Beyond the different chromophores, they include the conservative side chain CH 2 SCH 3 vs NMe-Val CH(Me) 2 alteration and the more significant Gly vs L-Ala (H vs Me) substitution, and the thioester vs ester (S vs 0) backbone alteration. Nonetheless, these changes abolished the DNA binding selectivity and, as shown below, may reduce the stability of the bisintercalation complexes. [0054] Bifunctional Intercalation. [0055] Confirmation that thiocoraline and BE-22179 bind to DNA with bisintercalation was derived from their ability to induce the unwinding of negatively supercoiled DNA. This was established by their ability to gradually decrease the agarose gel electrophoresis mobility of supercoiled ΦX174 DNA (unwinding) at increasing concentrations followed by a return to normal mobility (rewinding) at even higher concentrations. Under the conditions employed, echinomycin unwound ΦX174 DNA at a 0.044 agent/base pair ratio (FIG. 11 and FIG. 12). Thiocoraline completely unwound ΦX174 DNA at a higher 0.11 agent/base pair ratio, whereas BE-22179 required even higher concentrations producing the unwinding at an agent/base pair ratio of 1.1. Complete rewinding of the supercoiled DNA occurred at an agent/base pair ratio of 0.44 for thicoraline vs 0.22 for echinomycin whereas BE-22179 failed to produce the rewinding of ΦX174 DNA at the concentrations examined. The thiocoraline analogue 27, which bears the quinoxaline chromophore of echinomycin, was found to behave in a manner indistinguishable from thiocoraline itself. Thus, the distinctions in 1 and 2 and echinomycin detected here appear to be related to the nature of the cyclic depsipeptide and not the structure of the chromophore. Under these conditions, ethidium bromide, a monointercalater, does not unwind supercoiled DNA although it can unwind supercoiled DNA under conditions which prevent dissociation of the bound agent during electrophoresis. Thus, the unwinding of negatively supercoiled DNA and the subsequent positive supercoiling of the DNA by thiocoraline and 27, indicative of bisintercalation, were similar although slightly less effective than echinomycin, whereas that of BE-22179 was substantially less effective. This suggests that BE-22179 binds with a smaller unwinding angle, with lower stability, or with faster off-rates than echinomycin and thiocoraline. [0056] Also examined was the ability of 1 or 2 to cleave, alkylate, or cross-link DNA. In particular, the electrophilic unsaturation found in BE-22179 might be expected to serve as an alkylation site for covalent attachment to DNA, especially following bisintercalation binding. No evidence was found to suggest that either 1 or 2 cleave DNA in simple assays monitoring the conversion of supercoiled ΦX174 DNA (Form I) to relaxed (Form II) or linear (Form III) DNA under a range of conditions. Similarly, sequencing cleavage studies conducted with w794 DNA enlisting the thermal depurination and cleavage detection of adenine N3 or N7 or guanine N3 or N7 alkylation sites did not reveal alkylation by 2. However, these studies do not exclude alkylation at non thermally labile sites including the guanine C2 amine. Additional assays conducted with w794 DNA following established protocols (Boger, D. L., et al., Tetrahedron 1991, 47, 2661) provided no evidence of DNA interstrand cross-linking. These studies would detect both thermally labile and non thermally labile alkylation sites, but only those engaged in interstrand cross-linking. Given the C2 symmetric nature of 2, bisintercalation analogous to echinomycin and triostin A places the two electrophilic sites in positions to react only with the complementary strands of duplex DNA (interstrand DNA cross-linking) and would preclude intrastrand DNA cross-linking. Thus, these studies safely excluded DNA cross-linking by 2 even with reaction of non thermally labile sites (e.g. G C2 amine), but do not rule out monoalkylation events at non thermally labile sites. [0057] DNA Binding Selectivity. [0058] The preceding studies suggested that thiocoraline binds to DNA with high affinity, but with little or no selectivity. Consequently, the binding of 1 was examined with a set of four duplex deoxyoligonucleotides, 5′-GCXXGC-3′ where XX=TA, AT, GC, CG, incorporating the high affinity intercalation sites of the related bisintercalatiors echinomycin (5′-PuCGPy) (Corbaz, R., et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 1957, 40, 199; Keller-Schierlein, W., et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 1957, 40, 205; Keller-Schierlein, W., et al., Helv. Chim. Acta 1959, 42, 305; Martin, D. G., et al., J. Antibiot. 1975, 28, 332; Dell, A., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1975, 97, 2497), sandramycin (5′-CATG) (Boger, D. L., et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1999, 7, 315; Boger, D. L., et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1998, 6, 85), and the luzopeptins (5′-CATG) (Isolation: Konishi, M., et al., J. Antibiot. 1981, 34, 148; Structure and stereochemistry: Arnold, E., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1243. Total synthesis (luzopeptins A-C): Boger, D. L., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1098; Boger, D. L., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 11375; Luzopeptin E2: Ciufolini, M. A., et al., J. Heterocyclic Chem. 1999, 36, 1409; Ciufolini, M. A., et al., Angew. Chem., int Ed. 2000, 39, 2493). The binding constants were established by titration using the fluorescent quenching that is observed upon DNA binding. The excitation and emission spectra for thiocoraline and BE-22179 were recorded in aqueous buffer (Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 75 mM NaCl). To minimize fluorescence decrease due to dissolution or photobleaching, the solutions were stirred in 4-mL cuvettes in the dark with the minimum exposure to the excitation beam necessary to obtain a reading. The titrations were carried out with a 15-min equilibration time after each deoxyoligonucleotide addition. Scatchard plots of thiocoraline binding to the deoxyoligonucleotides exhibited a downward convex curvature which is interpreted herein to indicate a high-affinity bisintercalation and a lower affinity binding potentially involving monointercalation. Using the model described by Feldman (Feldman, H. A. Anal. Biochem. 1972, 48, 317) which assumes one ligand with two binding sites, the curves were deconvoluted according to the equation r b /c =½[( K 1 ( n 1 −r b )+ K 2 ( n 2 −r b ))+{square root}{square root over (( K 1 ( n 1 −r b )− K 2 ( n 2 −r b )) 2 +4 K 1 K 2 n 1 n 2 ])} (1) [0059] where K 1 and K 2 represent the association constants for high- and low-affinity binding, and n 1 and n 2 represent the number of bound agents per duplex for the separate binding events. Scatchard plots of the data revealed 1:1 binding in each case. That of the high affinity binding is consistent with binding of a single molecule with bisintercalation surrounding a central two base pair site. A small preference was observed for GC-rich binding with 5′-GCGCGC and 5′-GCCGGC exhibiting the tightest binding, but the differences are small ranging from 3-7×10 6 M −1 for the four deoxyoligonucleotides (FIG. 12). Thus, consistent with the results of footprinting and other related studies herein, the binding of 1 with the deoxyoligonucleotides exhibited little selectivity. [0060] Biological Properties. [0061] [0061]FIG. 13 summarizes the biological properties of echinomycin, thiocoraline, and BE-22179 along with those of precursor 23 and their analogues. Thiocoraline and BE-22179 exhibit exceptionally potent cytotoxic activity in the L1210 assays (IC 50 =200 and 400 pM, respectively) being slightly less potent than echinomycin. Compounds 23 and 32 lacking both chromophores and containing the Cbz and FMOC protecting groups were inactive and >10 5 times less potent than thiocoraline. Analogue 28, which bears the same chromophore as the luzopeptins, also exhibited potent activity while 26, lacking the quinoline C3 phenol, and 27, bearing the quinoxaline chromophore of echinomycin and triostin A, exhibited less potent cytotoxic activity. In addition, thiocoraline, like echinomycin, was found to be only a weak inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. [0062] Most notable of these observations is that both thiocoraline and BE-22179 are exceptionally potent cytotoxic agents joining the small group of compounds that exhibit IC 50 's at subnanomolar or low picomolar concentrations (200-400 pM). EXPERIMENTAL SECTION [0063] N-BOC-NMe- L --Cys(Acm)-OH (6). [0064] A solution of NMe- L --Cys-OH hydrochloride salt (5, 1.35 g, 10.0 mmol) and acetamidomethanol (13.4 g, 15 mmol) in water (5 mL) was treated with conc. HCl (0.64 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in 100 mL of THF-H 2 O (1:1) and the resulting solution was brought to pH 8 by adding 1 N aqueous NaOH. Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (2.62 g, 12.0 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h maintaining a pH 8. The reaction mixture was poured onto 1 N aqueous HCl (150 mL) and extracted with CHCl 3 (3×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography (SiO 2 , 3×15 cm, 4% MeOH—CHCl 3 eluent) afforded 6 (1.89 g, 6.21 mmol, 62%) as a white foam. [0065] N-BOC-NMe- L --Cys(Me)-OH (7). [0066] A solution of NMe-L-Cys-OH hydrochloride salt (5, 1.35 g, 10.0 mmol) in 100 mL of THF-H 2 O (1:1) was sequentially treated with NaHCO 3 (1.68 g, 20.0 mmol) and Mel (0.65 mL, 10.5 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture was brought to pH 8 by adding 1 N aqueous NaOH. Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (2.62 g, 12.0 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h maintaining a pH 8. The reaction mixture was poured onto 1 N aqueous HCl (150 mL) and extracted with CHCl 3 (3×100 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography (SiO 2 , 3×15 cm, 2% MeOH—CHCl 3 eluent) afforded 7 (1.89 g, 7.63 mmol, 76%) as a colorless oil. [0067] N-BOC-NMe- L -Cys(Me)-OMe (8). [0068] Trimethylsilyl diazomethane (2.0 M hexane solution, 3.70 mL, 0.74 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of 7 (1.86 g, 7.40 mmol) in 100 mL of benzene-MeOH (5:1) at 0° C. Following the addition, the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography (SiO 2 , 3×15 cm, 20% EtOAc-hexane eluent) afforded 8 (1.77 g, 6.73 mmol, 91%) as a colorless oil. [0069] NMe- L -Cys(Me)-OMe (9). [0070] Compound 8 (1.32 g, 5.0 mmol) was treated with 5 mL of 3 M HCl-EtOAc and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 30 min before the volatiles were removed in vacuo. The residual HCl was removed by adding Et 2 O (10 mL) to the hydrochloride salt followed by its removal in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in CHCl 3 (200 mL) and the organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (100 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (100 mL). The organic phase was dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give 9 (746 mg, 91%) as a colorless oil which was used directly in the next reaction without further purification. [0071] (N-Cbz-D-Cys-OTce) 2 (10). [0072] A solution of D-cystine (500 mg, 2.1 mmol) and NaOH (352 mg, 8.4 mmol) in 20 mL of THF-H 2 O (1:1) was treated with CbzCl (0.63 mL, 4.4 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 1 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (50 mL) and washed with CHCl 3 (3×50 mL). The aqueous phase was acidified with 6 N aqueous HCl (50 mL) and extracted with CHCl 3 (3×50 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in pyridine (20 mL), and HOBt (840 mg, 6.3 mmol) and trichloroethanol (0.69 mL, 5.3 mmol) were added. The mixture was cooled to −20° C., treated with DCC (1.29 g, 6.3 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at −20° C. under Ar for 24 h. The white precipitate of DCU was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was diluted with EtOAc (100 mL), and the organic phase was washed with 1 N aqueous HCl (100 mL), saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (100 mL), and saturated aqueous NaCl (50 mL). The organic phase was dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography (SiO 2 , 3×15 cm, 20% EtOAc-hexane eluent) afforded 10 (1.23 g, 1.6 mmol, 76%) as a colorless oil. [0073] N-Cbz-D-Cys-OTce (11). [0074] A solution of 10 (771 mg, 1.0 mmol) in 10 mL of THF was treated with Ph 3 P (262 mg, 1.0 mmol), 2-mercaptoethanol (70 μL, 1.0 mmol), and water (180 μL, 10 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 5 h before being concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography (SiO 2 , 3×18 cm, 20% EtOAc-hexane eluent) afforded 11 (764 mg, 1.98 mmol, 99%) as a colorless oil. [0075] N-BOC-NMe-L-Cys(Acm)-NMe- L -Cys(Me)-OMe (12). [0076] A solution of 6 (1.75 g, 5.74 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (57 mL) was treated sequentially with HOAt (781 mg, 5.74 mmol) and EDCl (1.10 g, 5.74 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 15 min. A solution of 9 (935 mg, 5.74 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 12 h. The reaction mixture was poured onto 1 N aqueous HCl (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (100 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (50 mL), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography (SiO 2 , 3×15 cm, EtOAc eluent) afforded 12 (2.01 g, 4.46 mmol, 78%) as a white foam. [0077] N-BOC-Gly-NMe- L -Cys(Acm)-NMe- L -Cys(Me)-OM (14). [0078] A sample of 12 (2.01 g, 4.46 mmol) was treated with 4.5 mL of 3 M HCl-EtOAc and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 30 min before the volatiles were removed in vacuo. The residual HCl was removed by adding Et 2 O (10 mL) to the hydrochloride salt 13 followed by its removal in vacuo. After repeating this procedure three times, 1.96 g of 13 (100%) was obtained and used directly in the following reaction without further purification. [0079] A solution of N-BOC-Gly-OH (773 mg, 4.46 mmol) and hydrochloride salt 13 (1.96 g, 4.46 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (45 mL) was treated sequentially with HOAt (909 mg, 6.69 mmol), EDCl (1.26 g, 6.69 mmol), and NaHCO 3 (549 mg, 6.69 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was poured onto 1 N aqueous HCl (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×100 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (100 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (50 mL), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography (SiO 2 , 5×14 cm, 20% acetone-EtOAc eluent) afforded 14 (1.54 g, 3.03 mmol, 68%) as a white foam. [0080] N-BOC-Gly-NMe- L -Cys(Acm)-NMe- L -Cys(Me)-OH (15). [0081] Lithium hydroxide monohydrate (92 mg, 2.31 mmol) was added to a solution of 14 (394 mg, 0.77 mmol) in 10 mL of THF-MeOH—H 2 O (3:1:1) at 0° C. and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 1.5 h. The reaction mixture was poured onto 1 N aqueous HCl (100 mL) and extracted with CHCl 3 (3×50 mL). The combined organic phases were dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give 15 (393 mg, 100%) as a white foam which was used without further purification. [0082] N-Cbz- D -Cys[N-BOC-Gly-NMe- L -Cys(Acm)-NMe- L --Cys(Me)]-OTce (16). [0083] A solution of 15 (393 mg, 0.77 mmol) in DMF (8 mL) was treated sequentially with HOAt (150 mg, 0.92 mmol) and EDCl (183 mg, 0.92 mnol), and the mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 15 min. A solution of 11 (300 mg, 0.77 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 4 h. The reaction mixture was poured onto 1 N aqueous HCl (100 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (100 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (100 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (50 mL), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography (SiO 2 , 3×15 cm, 33% EtOAc-hexane eluent) afforded 16 (551 mg, 0.64 mmol, 83%) as a white foam and epi-16 (28 mg, 0.032 mmol, 4%) as a white foam. [0084] N-Cbz- D -Cys[N-Cbz- D -Cys(N-BOC-Gly-NMe- L -Cys(Acm)-NMe- L -Cys(Me))-Gly-NMe- L -Cys(Acm)-NMe- L --Cys(Me)]-OTce (19). [0085] Compound 16 (432 mg, 0.5 mmol) was treated with 5.0 mL of 3 M HCl-EtOAc and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 30 min before the volatiles were removed in vacuo. The residual HCl was removed by adding Et 2 O (10 mL) to the hydrochloride salt 17 followed by its removal in vacuo. After repeating this procedure three times, 429 mg of 17 (100%) was obtained and used directly in the following reaction without further purification. [0086] A solution of 16 (432 mg, 0.5 mmol) in 90% aqueous AcOH (15 mL) was treated with Zn (1.62 g, 25 mmol) and the resulting suspension was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. The zinc was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was poured onto 1 N aqueous HCl (50 mL) and extracted with CHCl 3 (3×50 mL). The combined organic phase was dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give 18 (430 mg, 100%) as a white foam which was employed directly in the next reaction without further purification. A solution of 17 (429 mg, 0.5 mmol) and 18 (430 mg, 0.5 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (5.0 mL) was treated sequentially with HOAt (98 mg, 0.6 mmol) and EDCl (119 mg, 0.6 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 6 h. The reaction mixture was poured onto 1 N aqueous HCl (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (50 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (30 mL), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography (SiO 2 , 4×15 cm, 20% acetone-EtOAc eluent) afforded 19 (613 mg, 0.42 mmol, 83%) as a white foam. [0087] N-Cbz-D-Cys[N-Cbz-D-Cys(N-BOC-Gly-NMe-L-Cys-NMe-L-Cys(Me)]-Gly-NM-L-Cys-NMe-L-Cys(Me)]-OH (21). [0088] A solution of 19 (500 mg, 0.34 mmol) in 90% aqueous AcOH (15 mL) was treated with Zn (1.08 g, 17.0 mmol) and the resulting suspension was stirred at 0° C. for 2 h. The zinc was removed by filtration and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was poured onto 1 N aqueous HCl (100 mL) and extracted with CHCl 3 (3×50 mL). The combined organic phase was dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue in CH 2 Cl 2 (100 mL) was added dropwise to a solution of iodine (868 mg, 3.4 mmol) in 340 mL of CH 2 Cl 2 -MeOH (10:1) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was cooled in an ice bath and 5% aqueous Na 2 S 2 O 3 was added until the color of iodine disappeared. The mixture was washed with 1 N aqueous HCl (50 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (30 mL), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography (SiO 2 , 3×16 cm, 10% MeOH—CHCl 3 eluent) afforded 21 (201 mg, 0.17 mmol, 49%, typically 49-53%) as a pale yellow foam. [0089] [N-Cbz- D -Cys-Gly-NMe- L --Cys-NMe- L --Cys(Me)] 2 (Cysteine Thiol) Dilactone (23). [0090] A sample of 21 (180 mg, 0.15 mmol) was treated with 1.5 mL of 3 M HCl-dioxane and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 30 min before the volatiles were removed in vacuo. The residual HCl was removed by adding Et 2 O (5 mL) to the hydrochloride salt followed by its removal in vacuo. The residue in CH 2 Cl 2 (150 mL) was treated sequentially with HOAt (122 mg, 0.75 mmol) and EDCl (149 mg, 0.75 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 6 h. The reaction mixture was poured onto 1 N aqueous HCl (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 (50 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (30 mL), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Flash chromatography (SiO 2 , 4×15 cm, 25% EtOAc-hexane eluent) afforded 23 (84 mg, 77 μmol, 52%, typically 52-61%) as a white solid. [0091] Thi Coraline (1). [0092] A sample of 23 (14.0 mg, 12.9 μmol) was treated with 2 mL of TFA-thioanisole (10:1) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 6 h before being concentrated in vacuo. The residue was treated with 3 M HCl-EtOAc and the volatiles were removed in vacuo to give the hydrochloride salt. [0093] A solution of 25 (11.9 mg, 64.5 μmol) and DMAP (7.7 mg, 64.5 μmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (1 mL) was treated with EDCl (12.6 mg, 64.5 μmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 30 min. The hydrochloride salt 24 was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 3 d. The reaction mixture was poured onto 1 N aqueous HCl (5 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×5 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (3 mL), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. PTLC (SiO 2 , CHCl 3 :EtOAc:HOAc=10:20:0.3 eluent) afforded 1 (6.5 mg, 5.5 μmol, 43%) as a white solid which exhibited a 1 H NMR spectrum identical to the chart published for authentic 1 (Romeo, F., et al., J. Antibiot. 1997, 50, 734; Perez Baz, J., et al., J. Antibiot. 1997, 50, 738; Perez Baz, J., et al., PCT Int. Appl., WO952773, 1995 ; Chem. Abst. 1995, 124, 115561). [0094] BE-22179 (2). [0095] A sample of 1 (1.0 mg, 0.85 μmol) in 30% aqueous acetone (400 μL) was treated with NalO 4 (0.4 mg, 8.5 μmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 12 h before being quenched by adding aqueous Na 2 S 2 O 3 . The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was extracted with EtOAc (2×2 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with saturated aqueous NaCl (3 mL), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give the crude sulfoxides. A solution of the crude sulfoxides in CH 2 Cl 2 (400 μL) was warmed at reflux for 6 h and the volatiles were removed in vacuo. PTLC (SiO 2 , CHCl 3 :EtOAc:HOAc=10:20:0.3 eluent) afforded 2 (0.6 mg, 0.56 μmol, 66%) as a pale yellow solid which exhibited a 1 H NMR spectrum identical to the chart published for authentic 2 (Okada, H., et al., J. Antibiot 1994, 47, 129). [0096] [N-(2-Quinoline Carboxyl)- D -Cys-Gly-NMe- L --Cys-NMe- L --Cys(Me)] 2 (Cysteine Thiol) Dilactone (26). [0097] In the manner described for 1, the reaction of 23 (5.0 mg, 4.6 μmol) with quinoline-2-carboxylic acid (4.0 mg, 23.0 μmol), EDCl (4.5 mg, 23.0 μmol), and DMAP (2.8 mg, 23.0 μmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (300 μL) and purification by PTLC (SiO 2 , CHCl 3 :EtOAc:HOAc=10:20:0.3 eluent) afforded 26 (2.8 mg, 2.4 μmol, 52%) as a white foam. [0098] [N-(2-Quinoxaline carboxyl)- D -Cys-Gly-NMe- L --Cys-NMe- L --CYS(Me)] 2 (Cysteine Thiol) Dilactone (27). [0099] In the manner described for 1, the reaction of 23 (5.0 mg, 4.6 μmol) with quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (4.0 mg, 23.0 μmol), EDCl (4.5 mg, 23.0 μmol), and DMAP (2.8 mg, 23.0 μmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (300 mL) and purification by PTLC (SiO 2 , CHCl 3 :EtOAc:HOAc=10:20:0.3 eluent) afforded 27 (2.0 mg, 2.2 μmol, 47%) as a white foam. [0100] [N-(3-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-quinoline carboxyl)- D -Cys-Gly-NMe- L --CyS-NMe- L --Cys(Me)] 2 (Cysteine Thiol) Dilactone (28). [0101] In the similar manner described for 1, the reaction of 23 (5.0 mg, 4.6 μmol) with 3-hydroxy-6-methoxy-quinoline-2-carboxylic acid (Isolation: Konishi, M., et al., J. Antibiot. 1981, 34, 148. Structure and stereochemistry: Arnold, E., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 1243; Total synthesis (luzopeptins A-C): Boger, D. L., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc: 1999, 121, 1098; Boger, D. L., et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 11375; Luzopeptin E2: Ciufolini, M. A., et al., J. Heterocyclic Chem. 1999, 36, 1409; Ciufolini, M. A., et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2000, 39, 2493; Boger, D. L., et al., J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 7369) (4.0 mg, 23.0, μmol), EDCl (4.5 mg, 23.0 μmol), and DMAP (2.8 mg, 23.0 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (300 μL) and purification by PTLC (SiO 2 , CHCl 3 :EtOAc:HOAc=10:20:0.3 eluent) afforded 28 (2.5 mg, 2.4 μmol, 51%) as a white foam. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES [0102] [0102]FIG. 1 shows the structures of thiocoraline (1), BE-22179 (2), triostin A (3) and echinomycin (4). Thiocoraline is a potent antitumor antibiotic isolated from Micromonospora sp. L-13-ACM2-092. It constitutes the newest member of the two-fold symmetric bicyclic octadepsipeptides which include the antitumor antibiotics BE-22179 (2), triostin A (3), and echinomycin (4), which bind to DNA with bisintercalation. [0103] [0103]FIG. 2 shows the structures of members of the larger cyclic decadepsipeptides including sandramycin, the luzopeptins, and the quinoxapeptins. Triostin A and echinomycin possess a D-stereochemistry at the a-position of the amide linkage to the quinoxaline chromophore (D-Ser) and L-stereochemistry at the remaining stereogenic centers. The analogous centers of sandramycin and the quinoxapeptins like the luzopeptins, also incorporate D-Ser. [0104] [0104]FIG. 3 is a scheme showing a convergent assemblage of key tetradepsipeptide 16 from tripeptide 15 and N-Cbz- D -Cys-OTce (11) along with the preparation of the three suitably functionalized Cys residues found in 1. Sequential S- and N-protection of N-Me-Cys-OH (5) with an acetamidomethyl (Acm) group (1.5 equiv of N-hydroxymethylacetamide, H 2 SO 4 ) and BOC group (BOC 2 O, 62%) gave 6, the precursor to the bridging disulfide Cys residue. Selective S-methylation of N-Me-Cys-OH (5), Mel, NaHCO 3 ) followed by BOC protection (BOC 2 O, NaOH, 73%) provided 7. Esterification of 7 (TMSCHN 2 , 89%) followed by BOC deprotection of 8 (3 M HCl-EtOAc, 91%) provided 9, the precursor to the second functionalized L-Cys residue. Compound 11, constituting the chromophore bearing D-Cys residue, was prepared by the reduction of its disulfide precursor 10 (Ph 3 P, 2-mercaptoethanol, 99%) which in turn was obtained by stepwise Cbz (CbzCl, NaHCO 3 ) and Tce (trichloroethanol, DCC, (DCC=dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; EDCl=1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride; HOBt=1-hydroxy-benzotriazole; HOAt=1-hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole) HOBt, 76%) protection of D-cystine. The esterification reaction with trichloroethanol proved sensitive to racemization and when conducted in the absence of HOBt (33% de vs 100% de) or in the presence of DMAP (33% de) led to extensive racemization. Coupling of 6 with 9 (EDCl, HOAt, 78%) provided 12 and slightly lower conversions was obtained with HOBt vs HOAt. BOC deprotection of 12 (3 M HCl-EtOAc, 100%), coupling with N-BOC-Gly-OH (EDCl, HOAt, 68%) and methyl ester hydrolysis of 14 (LiOH, 100%) provided 15. The key thiol esterification reaction linking the D-cysteine derivative 11 and the tripeptide 15 was accomplished under near racemization free conditions with use of EDCl-HOAt (83%) in the absence of added base to afford the depsipeptide 16 (de 95:5). [0105] [0105]FIG. 4 is a scheme for the synthesis of 2, 26, 27 and 28. The starting amine 17 and the free acid 18 were mixed in the absence of added base (EDCl, HOAt, CH 2 Cl 2 , 83%) to obtain 19 (FIG. 4). Cyclization of 19 to provide the 26-membered cyclic octadepsi-peptide 23 with ring closure conducted at the single secondary amide site was accomplished by sequential Tce ester deprotection (Zn, 90% aq. AcOH), disulfide bond formation (12, CH 2 Cl 2 -MeOH, 25° C., 0.001 M, 53% for 2 steps), and BOC deprotection (3 M HCl-dioxane) followed by treatment with EDCl-HOAt (0.001 M CH 2 Cl 2 , −20° C., 6 h, 61% for 2 steps). Reversing the N-BOC deprotection and disulfide bond formation steps in this 4-step sequence resulted in lower conversions (13% overall for 4 steps). To date, all attempts to effect ring closure followed by disulfide bond formation have not been successful. Even though the 26-membered ring macrocyclization reaction unconstrained by the disulfide bond proceeds exceptionally well (>50%), the subsequent disulfide bond formation (I 2 , CH 2 Cl 2 -MeOH, 25° C.) within the confines of the 26-membered ring failed to occur. Thus, the order of steps enlisted for formation of 23 was not to improve macrocyclization via the constrained disulfide, but rather to permit disulfide bond formation. While it is possible this may be due to constraints within the macrocycle destabilizing the disulfide, the lack of similar observations with 3 and 4 suggest the origin of the difficulties may lie with competitive intramolecular cleavage of the adjacent thiol ester by the liberated bridging thiol within the 26-membered macrocycle. [0106] [0106]FIG. 5 is a scheme showing the successful synthesis of 32. Tetradepsipeptide 30 and octadepsipeptide 31 were prepared by the procedures described for the synthesis of 16 and 19. Cyclization of 31 to provide the bridged 26-membered cyclic octadepsipeptide 32 was accomplished by sequential Tce ester deprotection (Zn, 90% aq. AcOH), BOC deprotection (3 M HCl-dioxane), and disulfide bond formation (I 2 , CH 2 Cl 2 -MeOH, 25° C., 0.001 M) followed by treatment with EDCl-HOAt (0.001 M CH 2 Cl 2 , −20° C., 6 h, 16/o for 4 steps). [0107] However, exposure of 32 to Et 2 NH or piperidine led to decomposition of the macrocycle rather than clean FMOC deprotection. Alternative treatment of 32 with other amines including dicyclohexylamine, Et 3 N, or DMAP also failed to provide the cyclic amine 24 which were attributed to the sensitivity of the thiol ester to nucleophiles, the competitive b-elimination induced by the deprotonation of the a-position of the Cys residues, and a potential intramolecular S—N acyl transfer to the liberated amine with cleavage of the thiol ester. However, efforts to trap the liberated amine in situ to obtain 1 directly (25, EDCl, DMAP) or a protected derivative of 24 (BOC 20 or CbzCl, Et 3 N) were also unsuccessful. [0108] [0108]FIG. 6 shows an approach in which the pendant chromophore was introduced at the initial stages of the synthesis. Thus, the coupling reaction of 15 and 34 (EDCl, HOAt, 86%) gave tetradepsipeptide 35 which possesses the substituted quinoline chromophore. [0109] [0109]FIG. 7 shows two plots of fluorescence vs. the DNA to drug ratio and the resulting Scatchard plot for each. Scatchard analysis (Scatchard, G. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1949, 51, 660) of the titration results was conducted using the equation r b /c=Kn−Kr b , where r b is the number of molecules bound per DNA nucleotide phosphate, c is the free drug concentration, K is the apparent binding constant, and n is the number of the agent binding sites per nucleotide phosphate. A plot of r b /c versus r b gives the association constant (slope) and the apparent binding site size (x-intercept) for the agents. (a) Fluorescence quenching of thiocoraline (excitation at 380 nm and emission at 510 nm in Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) and 75 mM NaCl buffer solution) with increasing CT-DNA concentration. (b) Scatchard plot of fluorescence quenching of part a. (c) Fluorescence quenching of BE-22179 (excitation at 380 nm and emission at 510 nm in Tris-HCl (pH 7.4) and 75 mM NaCl buffer solution) with increasing CT-DNA concentration. (d) Scatchard plot of fluorescence quenching of part c. [0110] [0110]FIG. 8 is a table of comparative DNA binding properties. a Calf thymus DNA, KB=apparent binding constant determined by fluorescence quenching. The value in paren-theses is the agent/base pair ratio at saturated high-affinity binding and may be considered a measure of the selectivity of binding. b Agent/base pair ratio required to unwind negatively supercoiled FX174 DNA (form I to form II gel mobility, 0.9% agarose gel). c Agent/base pair ratio required to induce complete rewinding or positive super-coiling of FX174 DNA (form II to form I gel mobility, 0.9% agarose gel). d Binding constant established by footprinting at a 5′-CCGC site (FIG. 9). [0111] [0111]FIG. 9 is an electrophoresis gel of DNase footprinting of echinomycin bound to w794 DNA. Lane 13, G, C and A Sanger sequencing reactions; lane 4, native DNA; lane 5, control DNA without treatment of DNase I; lanes 6-14; 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 mM echinomycin with DNase I treatment (1 min). [0112] [0112]FIG. 10 is an electrophoresis gel of DNase footprinting of thiocoraline bound to w794 DNA. Lane 1, native DNA; lane 2, control DNA without treatment of DNase I; lanes 3-6, G, C, A, and T Sanger sequencing reactions; lanes 7-26; 0, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, and 0 mM thiocoraline with DNase I treatment (1 min). [0113] [0113]FIG. 11 shows a series of three electrophoresis agarose gels in which thiocoraline, echinomycin, BE-22179, and 27 are tested for their ability to uncoil DNA. (A) Lane 1, untreated supercoiled FX174 DNA, 95% form 1 and 5% form II; lanes 2-8, thiocoraline-treated FX174 DNA; lanes 9-14, echinomycin-treated FX174 DNA. The [agent]-to-[base pair] ratios were 0.022 (lanes 2 and 9), 0.033 (lanes 3 and 10), 0.044 (lanes 4 and 11), 0.066 (lanes 5 and 12), 0.11 (lanes 6 and 13), 0.22 (lanes 7 and 14), and 0.44 (lane 8). (B) Lane 1, untreated supercoiled FX174 DNA, lanes 2-12, BE-22179-treated FX174 DNA. The [agent]-to-[base pair] ratios were 0.022, (lane 2), 0.033 (lane 3), 0.044 (lane 4), 0.066 (lane 5), 0.11 (lane 6), 0.22 (lane 7), and 0.33 (lane 8), 0.44 (lane 9), 0.66 (lane 10), 1.1 (lane 11), and 2.2 (lane 12). (C) Lane 1, untreated supercoiled FX174 DNA, 95% form 1 and 5% form II; lanes 2-8, thiocoraline analogue (27)-treated FX174 DNA. The [agent]-to-[base pair] ratios were 0.022 (lane 2), 0.033 (lane 3), 0.044 (lane 4), 0.066 (lane 5), 0.11 (lane 6), 0.22 (lane 7), and 0.44 (lane 8). [0114] [0114]FIG. 12 is a table showing that thiocoraline binds to DNA with high affinity, but with little or no selectivity. The binding of 1 was examined with a set of four duplex deoxyoligonucleotides, 5′-GCXXGC-3′ where XX=TA, AT, GC, CG, incorporating the high affinity intercalation sites of the related bisintercalatiors echinomycin (5′-PuCGPy), sandramycin (5′-CATG), and the luzopeptins (5′-CATG). A small preference was observed for GC-rich binding with 5′-GCGCGC and 5′-GCCGGC exhibiting the tightest binding, but the differences are small ranging from 3-7×10 6 M −1 for the four deoxyoligonucleotides. Thus, consistent with the results of footprinting and other related studies herein, the binding of 1 with the deoxyoligonucleotides exhibited little selectivity. [0115] [0115]FIG. 13 summarizes the biological properties of echinomycin, thiocoraline, and BE-22179 along with those of precursor 23 and their analogues. Thiocoraline and BE-22179 exhibit exceptionally potent cytotoxic activity in the L1210 assays (IC 50 =200 and 400 pM, respectively) being slightly less potent than echinomycin. Compounds 23 and 32 lacking both chromophores and containing the Cbz and FMOC protecting groups were inactive and >10 5 times less potent than thiocoraline. Analogue 28, which bears the same chromophore as the luzopeptins, also exhibited potent activity while 26, lacking the quinoline C3 phenol, and 27, bearing the quinoxaline chromophore of echinomycin and triostin A, exhibited less potent cytotoxic activity. In addition, thiocoraline, like echinomycin, was found to be only a weak inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.	A process for the total synthesis of thiocoraline and BE-22179 establishes the relative and absolute stereochemistry of these compounds and enables the construction and characterization of a series of related analogues. The mechanism for the bioactivity of thiocoraline, BE-22179 and their related analogues is charaterized. Thiocoraline, BE-22179, and their related analogues are disclosed to bind to DNA by high-affinity bisintercalation and are disclosed to exhibit exceptional cytotoxic activity.	2
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This patent application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent application 60/970,944 filed 8 Sep. 2007. TECHNICAL FIELD [0002] The present disclosure provides a fuel cell having an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte and a fuel mixture. More particularly, the invention disclosure provides for liquid fuel compositions for fuel cells derived from crude glycerin. The fuel cells comprise a polymeric-ion conducting membrane and electrocatalyst oxidize the fuel directly and with an air-oxidant form a low-temperature power source in the presence of an external resistive load. BACKGROUND [0003] Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert the chemical energy of a reaction into electrical power. In such cells, a fuel and an oxidant (generally oxygen from air) are supplied at the electrodes. Theoretically, a fuel cell can produce electrical energy for as long as the fuel and oxidant are supplied to the electrodes. In reality, degradation or malfunction of the components limits the practical operating life of fuels cells. [0004] A variety of fuel cells are known. In U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,013,908 and 3,113,049, a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is described. Some fuel cells have a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with a proton exchange membrane (PEM). Examples include fuel cells using H 2 , direct fuel cells oxidize fuels directly without reforming a hydrogen-containing liquid, solid or gaseous fuel, including alcohols and polyhydric alcohols (methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol), and other direct oxidation fuel cells (sugars, carbohydrates, aldehydes, saturated hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids, alkali metal borohydrides, hydrazine). [0005] Common components of a fuel cell are an electrolyte, an ion-conductive polymeric membrane, and electrodes (anode and cathode). The electrodes contain metals or metal particles, often dispersed on conductive, porous support materials. The electrodes incorporate a catalyst to enhance the rates of the electrode reactions. The membrane has the role of separating the electrodes and allows the transport or conduction of ions. An ion-exchange polymer electrolyte membrane is either a cation conducting polymer or an anion conducting polymer. [0006] MEA or membrane electrode assembly is an ion-exchange polymer electrolyte membrane on both sides of which are the electrodes (on one side the cathode, or positive electrode, and the anode, or negative electrode onto the other side). The electrodes are generally formed by conductive and gas-permeable materials (for example graphitic materials) on which are deposited metal complexes, metals or metal particles. Catalysts employed for oxidizing the fuel (for example H 2 , methanol or other short-chain alcohol) are often platinum, platinum in conjunction with other metals (e.g., ruthenium, ruthenium-molybdenum, tin), gold (activated), silver, or nickel in conjunction with iron and/or cobalt. The electrodes and the ion-exchange membrane should be contiguous and optimizing the mutual conjunction of these components optimizes the performance of the fuel cell. In the case of proton-exchange membrane, the cathode side of the membrane typically cannot be directly metallized by the metal element that catalyzes the oxygen reduction because the water that forms during the electrochemical reaction hinders the adsorption and diffusion of oxygen to the catalyst surface. Moreover, the membrane can become fouled or clogged due to various salt deposits, leading to the fuel cell ceasing to function properly, thereby wasting expensive noble metal catalysts. Anion exchange membrane fuel cells have MEAs containing an anion-exchange membrane allows hydroxide ion conduction from the cathode to the anode and can be used in direct alcohol fuel cells (for example, the reversible potentials of ethanol and methanol are −0.743 and −0.770 V in alkaline medium and +0.084 and +0.046 V in acidic medium, respectively) (PCT/EP 2003/006592). [0007] PEM membranes have demonstrated excellent chemical, mechanical, thermal, electrochemical stability and high ionic conductivity. The kinetics of fuel oxidation and oxygen reduction at the electrode—membrane—electrode interfaces has been found to be more facile in an alkaline environment, such as in a fuel cell containing an AEM (anion exchange membrane). Whereas PEM fuel cells can be operated at temperatures as high as 120° C. for Nafion-type fluoro polymers, AEM fuel cells tends to degrade at temperatures higher than 80° C. [0008] Biodiesel processing from various plant triglyceride oils (such as soy oil and palm oil) creates the methyl esters that are used for diesel fuel and approximately 10-15% (by volume) of a waste product that is crude glycerol in an alkaline solution. The waste product can be purified to pure glycerol, but a glut of glycerol has severely depressed prices and demand (mostly for cosmetics and lotions) has not increased despite the increase in supply. Therefore, there is a need to either find new uses for pure glycerol or to find uses for the crude biodiesel waste product. The present disclosure addresses this need. Given the rising supply of biodiesel waste and the lack of an ability to dispose of it, there is a need to be able to make productive use of this waste product that does not generate an even greater waste problem. SUMMARY [0009] This disclosure provides a process and fuel cell design that can utilize biodiesel waste as a fuel source to generate power and oxidize the glycerin waste into various oxidation products. A polyhydric alcohol mixture is used as fuel in a direct oxidation fuel cell. Such a fuel cell shows higher performance than a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) and other currently reported direct oxidation fuel cells. [0010] The present disclosure provides a method for using a liquid fuel composition obtained from biodiesel waste as the fuel in a fuel cell having an anion exchange membrane, wherein the liquid fuel composition comprises 5-80% glycerin, 1-20% hydroxyl ion, 0.5-10% methanol, and from about 1-40% of impurities selected from the group consisting of trace methyl or ethyl esters, ethanol, ethylene glycol, propanol, soaps, incomplete transesterification of triglycerides, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the hydroxyl ion is from a salt selected from the group consisting of LiOH, NaOH, KOH and mixtures thereof. [0011] The present disclosure provides a fuel cell device for oxidizing a biodiesel processing waste comprising: [0012] (a) a chamber having a first and a second sealed outer walls defining an inner chamber having three compartments; [0013] (b) an oxygen compartment defined be the first outer wall of the chamber and a cathode polymeric strand electro-catalyst assembly; [0014] (c) a biodiesel waste compartment defined by the second outer wall of the chamber and an a anode polymeric strand electro-catalyst assembly; and [0015] (d) an electrolyte compartment defined by the cathode polymeric strand electro-catalyst assembly and the anode polymeric strand electro-catalyst assembly, wherein the electrolyte compartment comprises a base solution. [0016] Preferably, the anode and cathode polymeric strand electro-catalyst assembly comprise (i) a porous conducting polymer material, (ii) coated with an electrically conductive metal layer that, itself, acts as a support material for (iii) catalytically active metals or metal compounds. Preferably, the metallic coating layer is composed of a metal compound selected from the group consisting of Ag, Au, Ni, Co, Cu, Pd, Sn, Ru, and alloys thereof. Preferably the metallic coating layer is selected from the group consisting of nickel and cobalt citrate, potassium tetrachloroplatinate, silver nitrate, cobalt nitrate, potassium tetrachloroaurate, and mixtures thereof. Preferably, the anode polymeric strand electro-catalyst assembly is made from a metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Au, Ag, Ni, Co, Fe, Ru, Sn, Pd, and combinations thereof. Most preferably, the porous conducting polymer material is composed of a polymeric material selected from the group consisting of polyporryphrin, polyolefins, fluorinated ethylene/polypropylene copolymers, polysulfones, ethylene oxide-polyepichlorohydrin copolymers, chloromethylation or sulfochloromethylation. Preferably, the ethylene oxide-polyepichlorohydrin copolymers are prepared by grafting with radiation. Most preferably, the anode catalysts are selected from the group consisting of Pt, Au, Ag, Ni, Co, Fe, Ru, Sn, Pd and combinations thereof. Most preferably, the cathode catalysts are selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel and rhodium phthalocyanine or tetraphenylporphyrin, Co N,N′-bis(salicylidene)ethylendiamine, Ni N,N′-bis(salicylidene)ethylendiamine silver oxide, and combinations thereof. Preferably, the oxygen compartment further comprises an oxygen source that is a gas or a liquid, wherein the gas is air or pure oxygen. Preferably, the base solution is selected from the group consisting of potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, hydrazine, hydrazine hydrate, alkali metal borohydrides, alkaline metal hydrosulfite, alkaline metal sulphites, and combinations thereof. [0017] The present disclosure further provides a liquid fuel cell that utilizes glycerol or biodiesel waste as a fuel, comprising: [0018] (a) an anode chamber comprising a sealed endplate, an anion exchange membrane having a first side and a second side, and the glycerol or biodiesel processing waste fuel, wherein the endplate and the first side of the anion exchange membrane form the anode chamber; and [0019] (b) a oxygen chamber comprising a second sealed endplate, the second side of the anion exchange membrane, a cathode polymeric strand electro-catalyst assembly, and an oxygen source. [0020] Preferably, the oxygen source is a gas or a liquid, wherein the gas is air or pure oxygen, and wherein the liquid is a peroxide solution. Preferably, the anion exchange membrane is made from a quaternized polymers selected from the group consisting of polysiloxane containing a quaternary ammonium group, poly(oxyethylene)methacrylates containing ammonium groups, quaternized polyethersulfone cardo anion exchange membranes, radiation-grafted polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polytetrafluoroethylene-co-hexafluoropropylene (FEP), and combinations thereof. Preferably, the anode and cathode membrane electrode assembly (MEA) comprise (i) a porous conducting polymer material, (ii) coated with an electrically conductive metal layer that, itself, acts as a support material for (iii) catalytic metals or metal compounds. More preferably, the metallic coating layer is composed of a metal compound selected from the group consisting of Ag, Au, Ni, Co, Cu, Pd, potassium tetrachloroplatinate, silver nitrate, cobalt nitrate, potassium tetrachloroaurate, and combinations thereof. More preferably, the anode MEA is made from a metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Au, Ag, Ni, Co, Fe, Ru, Sn, Pd, and combinations thereof. Most preferably, the porous conducting polymer material is composed of a polymeric material selected from the group consisting of polyporryphrin, polyolefins, fluorinated ethylene/polypropylene copolymers, polysulfones, ethylene oxide-polyepichlorohydrin copolymers, chloromethylation or sulfochloromethylation. [0021] The present disclosure further provides a liquid fuel cell that utilizes glycerol or biodiesel waste as the fuel, comprising: [0022] (a) an anode chamber comprising a sealed endplate, the glycerol or biodiesel waste fuel, and anode membrane electrode assembly, and a proton exchange membrane having a first side and a second side, wherein the endplate and the first side of the proton exchange membrane form the anode chamber, and [0023] (b) a oxygen chamber defined by a second sealed endplate and the second side of the proton exchange membrane and comprising a cathode polymeric strand electro-catalyst assembly (cathode MEA) and an oxygen source. [0024] Preferably, the oxygen source is a gas or a liquid, wherein the gas is air or pure oxygen, and wherein the liquid is a peroxide solution. Preferably, the proton exchange membrane (PEM) is made from a fluoropolymer having sulfonated functional groups, wherein the fluoropolymer having sulfonated functional groups is a poly-perfluorovinyl ether terminated with sulfonate groups onto a tetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) backbone. Preferably, the anode and cathode membrane electrode assembly (MEA) comprise (i) a porous conducting polymer material, (ii) coated with an electrically conductive metal layer that, itself, acts as a support material for (iii) catalytically active metals or metal compounds. More preferably, the metallic coating layer is composed of a metal compound selected from the group consisting of Ag, Au, Ni, Co, Cu, Pd, Sn, Ru, potassium tetrachloroplatinate, silver nitrate, cobalt nitrate, potassium tetrachloroaurate, and combinations thereof. More preferably, the anode MEA is made from a metal selected from the group consisting of Pt, Au, Ag, Ni, Co, Fe, Ru, Sn, Pd compounds, and combinations thereof. Most preferably, the porous conducting polymer material is composed of a polymeric material selected from the group consisting of polyporryphrin, polyolefins, fluorinated ethylene/polypropylene copolymers, polysulfones, ethylene oxide-polyepichlorohydrin copolymers, chloromethylation or sulfochloromethylation. Most preferably, the anode catalysts are selected from the group consisting of Pt, Au, Ag, Ni, Co, Fe, Ru, Sn, Pd, and combinations thereof. Most preferably, the cathode catalysts are selected from the group consisting of cobalt, nickel and rhodium phthalocyanine or tetraphenylporphyrin, Co N,N′-bis(salicylidene)ethylendiamine, Ni N,N′-bis(salicylidene)ethylendiamine, silver nitrate, and combinations thereof. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0025] FIG. 1 shows a schematic of the fuel cell used in the examples provided herein. [0026] FIG. 2 is a graph of cell voltage (V), current (mA), and corresponding power (mW) at a given resistance for a fuel cell containing a proton-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode, a Pt/C cathode, 1.5 M glycerol fuel, and ambient-air oxidant. [0027] FIG. 3 is a graph of voltage response (V) and corresponding energy (mWh) at a constant resistive load for a fuel cell containing a proton-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode, a Pt/C cathode, 1.5 M glycerol fuel, and ambient-air oxidant. [0028] FIG. 4 is a graph of voltage response (V) and corresponding energy (mWh) at a constant resistive load for a fuel cell containing a proton-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode, a Pt/C cathode, 10% ethanol fuel, and ambient-air oxidant. [0029] FIG. 5 is a graph of cell voltage (V), current (mA), and corresponding power (mW) at a given resistance for a fuel cell containing a proton-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode, a Pt/C cathode, 1 M ethylene glycol fuel, and ambient-air oxidant. [0030] FIG. 6 is a graph of voltage response (V) and corresponding energy (mWh) at a constant resistive load for a fuel cell containing a proton-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode, a Pt/C cathode, 1 M ethylene glycol fuel, and ambient-air oxidant. [0031] FIG. 7 is a graph of cell voltage (V), current (mA), and corresponding power (mW) at a given resistance for a fuel cell containing a proton-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode, a Pt/C cathode, 3 M propanediol fuel, and ambient-air oxidant. [0032] FIG. 8 is a graph of cell voltage (V), current (mA), and corresponding power (mW) at a given resistance for a fuel cell containing an anion-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode, a Pt/C cathode, 3% methanol fuel, 1 M KOH, and ambient-air oxidant. [0033] FIG. 9 is a graph of cell voltage (V), current (mA), and corresponding power (mW) at a given resistance for a fuel cell containing an anion-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode, a Pt/C cathode, 3% methanol fuel, 1 M KOH, and ambient-air oxidant. [0034] FIG. 10 is a graph of cell voltage (V), current (mA), and corresponding power (mW) at a given resistance for a fuel cell containing an anion-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode, a Pt/C cathode, 5% glycerol fuel, 3 M KOH, and ambient-air oxidant. [0035] FIG. 11 is a graph of voltage response (V) and corresponding energy (mWh) at a constant resistive load for a fuel cell containing an anion-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode, a Pt/C cathode, 5% glycerol fuel in 3 M KOH, and ambient-air oxidant. [0036] FIG. 12 is a graph of cell voltage (V), current (mA), and corresponding power (mW) at a given resistance for a fuel cell containing an anion-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode, a Pt/C cathode, 25% glycerol fuel, 3 M KOH, and ambient-air oxidant. [0037] FIG. 13 is a graph of voltage response (V) and corresponding energy (mWh) at a constant resistive load for a fuel cell containing an anion-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode, a Pt/C cathode, 50% glycerol fuel, saturated KOH, and ambient-air oxidant. [0038] FIG. 14 is a graph of voltage response (V) and corresponding energy (mWh) at a constant resistive load for a fuel cell containing an anion-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode, a Pt/C cathode, 10% crude glycerol fuel, saturated KOH and ambient-air oxidant. [0039] FIG. 15 is a graph of cell voltage (V), current (mA), and corresponding power (mW) at a given resistance for a fuel cell containing an anion-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode, a Pt/C cathode, 25% crude glycerol fuel, saturated KOH, and ambient-air oxidant. [0040] FIG. 16 is a graph of cell voltage (V), current (mA), and corresponding power (mW) at a given resistance for a fuel cell containing an anion-exchange membrane, a Pd—Ni—Fe anode, a Pd—Co cathode, 25% crude glycerol fuel, saturated KOH, and ambient-air oxidant. [0041] FIG. 17 is a graph of voltage response (V) and corresponding energy (mWh) at a constant resistive load for a fuel cell containing an anion-exchange membrane, a Pd—Ni—Fe anode, a Pd—Co cathode, 25% crude glycerol fuel, saturated KOH, and ambient-air oxidant. [0042] FIG. 18 is a graph of voltage response (V) and corresponding energy (mWh) at a constant resistive load for a fuel cell containing a proton-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode, a Pt/C cathode, 30% methanol fuel, and ambient-air oxidant. [0043] FIG. 19 is a graph of voltage response (V) and corresponding energy (mWh) at a constant resistive load for a fuel cell containing a proton-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode, a Pt/C cathode, 30% isopropyl alcohol fuel, and ambient-air oxidant. [0044] FIG. 20 is a graph of cell voltage (V), current (mA), and corresponding power (mW) at a given resistance for a fuel cell containing an anion-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode, a Pt/C cathode, 3 M propanediol fuel, 3 M KOH, and ambient-air oxidant. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0045] The present disclosure provides a direct oxidation fuel cell for bio-renewable byproducts, such as polyhydric compounds consisting of the group containing glycerin and other secondary poly-alcohols as the fuel. It is an object of this disclosure to provide a fuel cell using secondary alcohols and polyalcohols as the fuel. It is another object of the disclosure to provide a fuel cell using crude glycerin and polyhydric alcohol mixtures as the fuel. It is yet another object of this disclosure to provide a fuel cell whose fuel crossover is much less than a typical direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) using a proton exchange membrane (PEM). It is yet another object of this disclosure to provide a fuel cell whose anode catalyst is electrochemically active for the direct oxidation of fuels obtained from biodiesel processing waste. It is yet another object of this disclosure to provide a fuel cell whose cathode catalyst is electrochemically active for ambient-air oxidant. [0046] A schematic of the fuel cell used is shown in FIG. 1 . Specifically, FIG. 1 depicts a typical single-cell direct fuel cell where 7 is a MEA consisting of a membrane, an anode electrode and a cathode electrode. In the assembled cell the electrodes are in contact with current collectors 5 , 8 to provide electrical conduction from the electrodes to an external load. To prevent electrical short circuiting and to seal the cell gaskets 1 , 6 are used. In addition, 1 has the function of sealing the fuel reservoir 4 that is embedded in the anode plate 2 such that fuel injected into the fuel cell through the inlet and outlet ports 3 will be contained within the cell. The single cell design has stripped out the balance of plant such that the disclosed embodiments are examples of a passive fuel cell, operating under ambient temperature and pressure with improved performance. The cathode operates using ambient-air as the oxidant. The cathode plate 9 has slots that allow air to reach the cathode. [0047] In a preferred embodiment, fuel mixtures are obtained from crude biodiesel waste for use in a direct fuel cell. Without being bound by theory, the undergoing oxidation reaction in the fuel cell facilitated cleavage of carbon-oxygen or carbon-carbon bonds. Although the bond cleavage was facilitated at various anode catalysts, oxidation reactions that did not require breaking of the carbon-carbon were also observed. For example, converting glycerin into oxidized products, such as the following oxidation products of glycerol, were observed in the direct fuel cells and disclosed herein. Oxidized products of glycerol that were identified include, lactic acid, glycolic acid, polyether, 1,2,3-butanetriol, glyceric acid, and tartronic acid. In addition, selective oxidation of glycerol in a fuel cell include, but are not limited to dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehydes, hydroxymethyl glyoxal, hydroxypyruvic acid, mesoxalic acid, oxalic acid, glyoxylic acid, and formic acid. These species were identified by using GC/MS. Crude Glycerin Composition [0048] The concentration of glycerol may range from 5% to 80% by weight in water and is preferably from 30% to 50% by weight. A fuel composition of from about 10% to about 35% glycerin, and from about 0.2% to about 10% C1 to C4 alkyl alcohol is also preferred. The composition, including from about 1% to 15% residue by-product from the oxidation reaction of glycerol in a fuel cell, produces multiple oxidation products that are oxidized into multiple carboxylic acids, aldehydes and polyalcohols. The continued oxidation of these residual products leads to extended power and prolonged use of the disclosed fuel cells. Such output is surprising and is not typical for fuel cells practiced in the prior art. [0049] One preferred source of the polyhydric fuel is crude glycerin obtained as a byproduct of the transesterification of glycerides from bio-renewable resources (i.e., biodiesel processing). The tendency of crude glycerin is for it to darken. This is due to the presence of water and non-glycerin organic matter. Crude glycerin obtained as a byproduct of the biodiesel industry was used instead of refined or USP glycerol. Biodiesel is produced using fats and oils. The processes and procedures described in this disclosure are generally applicable to refined glycerol as well as crude glycerol. [0050] Crude Glycerin obtained from a biodiesel manufacturer (T-1100 composite from Imperium Renewables, Seattle and Grays Harbor, Wash.) was prepared for use in a direct fuel cell. The crude glycerin was analyzed internally in a laboratory at the biodiesel manufacturer. The composition of the crude glycerin used to prepare the polyhydric fuel mixture used herein had an approximate composition as listed in Table 1. [0051] Soap lye crude glycerol (Soap lye crude glycerol was prepared by evaporation of the purified lyes obtained from the manufacture of soap.) Hydrolyser crude glycerol was prepared by evaporation of the sweet waters obtained from the hydrolysis of fats under pressure or in the presence of catalysts. Crude Glycerine sourced from Europe with the purity of 90-93% minimum is also available (see composition in Table 1.). [0000] TABLE 1 Component Units Test Method T-1100 Soap Lye Hydrolyser Crude (EU)* Glycerin % wt AOCS Ea 6-94 73.2 80 88 90-93 Methanol % wt GC/FID <2 — Water % wt AOCS Ea 8-58 <1* 10 — 1-3 Alkalinity pH Direct Insertion 7.5 neutral Ash % wt AOCS Ea 2-38 <8%* 10 1 4-6 M.O.N.G.* % wt Calculation 17.8 2.5 1.5 0.5-1.0 1,3 Propanediol % wt GC/FID — 0.5 0.5 — Salt (Chloride) % wt 70% KCl — — — 4% M.O.N.G. = matter organic non-glycerol Woollatt, E., The Manufacture of Soaps, Other Detergents and Glyerine, Ellis Horwood, Ltd., Chichester, UK, 1985. (Originally British Standard Specifications.) *http://www.oilbaseindia.com/castor.html#crude Preparation of Polyhydric Fuel Mixtures [0052] Preparation of the polyhydric fuel mixture included neutralizing and diluting the crude glycerin and forming a substantially insoluble solid salt, soap and oil layer, then separating the resulting clarified polyhydric mixture. A process for producing a preferred fuel mixture from crude glycerin comprises the following steps including adjusting the pH of the crude glycerin to achieve an alkaline pH greater than pH 7 using an alkali hydroxide, separating polyhydric alcohol fuel and water from the crude glycerin. The amount of organic matter in the polyhydric feedstock was substantially dependent upon the fat or oil from which the glycerol was obtained. The organic matter (other than glycerol) is typically fatty-acid derivatives. One method for mitigating residual organic matter is by filtration. Alternatively, one can decant insoluble organics from the crude glycerin in a gravity separator at temperatures between 15 and 60° C. [0053] In another preparation method, an anion-exchange resin was used in a column and the crude glycerin was run through the column. The clarified glycerol was then suitable for use in a fuel cell. [0054] The polyhydric fuel source may contain high amounts of water. The ability to use polyhydric fuels that contain high amounts of water can advantageously reduces costs for this process over other uses for glycerin. The water content in the polyhydric fuel mixture was between 50 to 95%. In a preferred fuel mixture the combined concentrations of C1 to C6 alcohols was more than about 50%. [0055] Various polyhydric compounds were identified to be present in prepared fuel mixtures obtained from crude glycerin samples and were used successfully as fuels in the fuel cells described in this disclosure. Polyhydric alcohols identified include ethylene glycol, glycolic acid, 3-Methoxy-1,3-propanediol, 1,2,3-butanetriol, 1,2,3,4,5-pentanol, and 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid. Catalysts [0056] A catalyst is preferably a heterogeneous catalyst selected from the group consisting of platinum, ruthenium, palladium, iridium, rhodium, gold, nickel, iron, cobalt, titanium, copper, zinc, chromium, and combinations thereof. Suitable catalysts include, without limitation, metals such as platinum, ruthenium, palladium, iridium, rhodium, gold, nickel, iron, cobalt, titanium, copper, zinc, chromium, and combinations thereof. Catalysts may be deposited on any suitable substrate, such as alumina, and alumina oxides, silica, and carbon. [0057] Commercial catalysts preferably include, for example, 80% Platinium—Ruthenium on Vulcan XC-72 (Fuel Cell Store, Item #: 592778); Copper chromite catalyst, BaO 9.7%; Raney-Nickel; Copper chromium catalyst; Nickel, 65 wt. % on silica/alumina (powder surface area 190 m 2 /g. Reduced and stabilized. Aldrich 208779), and others. [0058] Barium and manganese increase the stability of the catalyst, that is, the effective catalyst life. The nominal compositions for barium expressed as barium oxide can vary 0-20 wt % and that for silica/alumina can vary from 0-35 wt %. [0059] A preferred class of catalyst is the copper chromite catalyst, (CuO) x (Cr 2 O 3 ) y . In this class of catalyst, the nominal compositions of copper expressed as CuO and chromium expressed as Cr 2 O 3 may vary from about 30-80 wt % of CuO and 20-60 wt % of Cr 2 O 3 . Catalyst compositions containing about 40-60 wt % copper and 40-50 wt % of chromium are preferred. Another preferred catalyst is a powder catalyst at 30 m 2 /g surface area, 45% CuO, 47% Cr 2 O 3 , 3.5% MnO 2 and 2.7% BaO. [0060] Catalytic hydrogenation of glycerol using a copper/zinc catalyst at temperatures greater than 200° C. is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,214,219 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,181. Membranes [0061] The electrode kinetics of oxygen reduction are enhanced in an alkaline medium. A promising advantage of alkaline direct fuel cells is the use of nonprecious metals, such as silver catalysts and perovskite-type oxides. These catalysts are not only inexpensive, they are also tolerant to fuel crossover, and are active for the reduction of oxygen to OH − in alkaline solution, but are almost inactive for alcohol oxidation. [0062] Alkaline fuel cells have advantages over proton exchange membrane fuel cells for both cathode kinetics and ohmic polarization. The faster kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction in an alkaline fuel cell allows the use of non-noble metal electrocatalysts that contribute directly to lower short-term costs also have environmental benefits. In addition, the anodic oxidation of glycerol in alkaline media is more viable than that in acidic media. [0063] Anion exchange membranes are based on quaternized polymers applied for alkaline alcohol fuel cells, such as, polysiloxane containing a quaternary ammonium group, poly(oxyethylene)methacrylates containing ammonium groups, quaternized polyethersulfone cardo anion exchange membranes, radiation-grafted PVDF and FEP. [0064] Preferred membranes are anion-exchange membranes based on quaternized polymers applied for alkaline alcohol fuel cells, such as, polysiloxane containing a quaternary ammonium group, poly(oxyethylene)methacrylates containing ammonium groups, quaternized polyethersulfone cardo anion-exchange membranes, and radiation-grafted PVDF and FEP. [0065] Commercially Available Anion-Exchange Membranes include, for example, Tokuyama: AHA—006; AGC: AMT, ASV, AHT, AMV; eVionyx: and an AEM composition. Custom Membranes [0066] This example illustrates the preparation of an OH − form anion exchange membrane. Ammonium-type anion exchange membranes, e.g., Cl − form membranes available from Tokuyama Co., Japan, are used as the membrane or electrolyte in a direct-fuel cell. In a preferred embodiment, the membrane or electrolyte is composed of fixed cation groups, such as tetraalkyl ammonium groups, bonded to a polyolefin backbone chain. The Cl − form of the membrane or electrolyte is converted to the OH − form. The Cl − form membranes are rinsed several times with ultra-pure water, and then immersed in a 1 M KOH aqueous solution at 40° C. for 2 hours to exchange Cl − with OH − . The membranes are washed with ultra-pure water and then immersed in ultra-pure water at 40° C. for 2 hours and at 25° C. for 24 hours. Conductivity of this type of membrane is 5-50 mS/cm and the membrane thickness ranges from 20 μm to 500 μm. [0067] The preparation of quaternized polyethersulfone Cardo membrane is a three step process. First, 20 g polyethersulfone Cardo polymer (PES-C, average molecular weight 120,000) is dissolved in 100 ml of 1,2-dichloroethane at room temperature. The solution of PES-C is heated to 60° C. with reflux condensation under stirring. Then the complex solution of chloromethylether and zinc chloride is prepared, with 1.5 g ZnCl dissolved into 20 g chloromethylether. The total amount of the prepared complex solution is added into the PES-C solution, and the reaction is processed for 6 h at 60° C. and cooled to room temperature. Then, the polymer solution is gradually precipitated into hot water under mechanical agitation. Chloromethylated polymer is precipitated from solution, and filtered, washed several times with distilled water and dried under vacuum at 60° C. for 24 hours. Then, the chloromethylated PES-C is dissolved in dimethyldormamide to make a 10 wt % solution, which is then cast onto a flat glass. The cast membrane is dried at 60° C. for 6 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the resultant membrane is peeled from the glass in distilled water. This membrane is immersed into 30 wt % trimethylamine solution for 48 h to induct quaternary groups into the membrane. Then the membrane is put into 1 M NaOH solution for 24 hours. The quaternized PES-C (QPES-C) membrane is washed several times with distilled water and stored wet until use. [0068] The chemical stability of QPES-C membrane is investigated by immersing the membrane into NaOH solution. Membrane is steady in NaOH solutions up to concentrations of 2 M at room temperature. Over this concentration, a white color is observed on the membrane, which means that the structure of membrane is degraded. At 70° C., this degradation is faster in 2 M NaOH solution. In addition, membrane is steady in 1 M NaOH solution over the temperature range 25-70° C. [0069] Ion exchange capacity of QPES-C membranes is 1.25 meq/g. Ionic conductivity increases with increasing the NaOH solution concentration. It reaches a maximum value when the NaOH solution concentration is 4 M. Ionic conductivities are superior to 10 −2 S/cm for NaOH concentrations between 0.3 and 6.5 M (5.24×10 −2 S/cm was obtained in 4M OH − at room temperature). The QPES-C membrane has adequate conductivity for fuel cell application. [0070] The Teflon (ethylene trifluoroethylene) ETFE-based anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are produced using, for example, an irradiation procedure. ETFE (25-μm thick, Nowoflon ET-6235 film), available from Nowofol, Germany, is irradiated with an electron source. The irradiated ETFE is then submerged in nitrogen-purged vinylbenzyl chloride monomer (VBC, Dow Chemicals, 1:1 meta-/para-mix, used as received without removal of inhibitors) at 60° C. for 120 hours. The resulting ETFE grafted-poly(vinylbenzyl chloride) copolymer is immersed in aqueous trimethylamine (50% wt, Acros Organics) at room temperature for 4 hours. Immersion of the resulting anion-exchange membrane in 1 M OH − for 1 hour yielded the target AEM. The AEM has a thickness of 50 μm and an ion-exchange capacity of 1.4 meq/g (as determined using a standard back titration method). The thermal stability of the membrane is up to 120° C. [0071] For the preparation of membrane containing quaternary ammonium groups, five grams of (poly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) PPESK is dissolved in 50 ml chloroform at room temperature. Excess paraformaldehyde and hydrochloric acid (HCl), as chloromethylation agents, and zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ) as catalyst are used to perform the chloromethylation reaction. The mixture is then vigorously stirred for 5 hours at 0° C. The reaction product, chloromethylated poly(phthalazinon ether sulfone ketone) or CMPPESK, is precipitated with ice water. Finally, the CMPPESK is filtered and washed with distilled-deionized water until neutral in pH and then dried under vacuum at 60° C. for 24 hours. [0072] The CMPPESK is dissolved in N-methylpyrolidone (NMP) to make a 5 wt % solution. This solution is cast on a glass plate and dried at 70° C. for 24 hours. The membrane is unstuck from the glass plate in the aid of 80 wt % ethanol/water solution. The cast membrane is soaked in 30 wt % trimethylamine solution at 90° C. for 10 hours to introduce quaternary ammonium groups into the membrane. The membrane thickness is controlled in the range of 20-200 μm. Before the use, the membranes are treated by immersing in 1 M KOH solution overnight to convert the membrane from Cl − form into OH − form and then washed with water. [0073] Assuming complete oxidation of glycerol to CO 2 (14e-) and 100% efficiency (500 mV/cell), 10 kWh of electrical power per gallon of glycerol is available. In a preferred embodiment, we have produced 1000 mAh. In another preferred embodiment we have produced 2000 mAh. The preferred fuel cell has passed 200 mAh, about 20% of theory. Typical direct methanol fuel cells run at 30-40%, assuming 6e − oxidation for MeOH and calculating the energy density by volume (not mass), the energy density of glycerol is equivalent to methanol. [0074] The density of methanol is 0.792 g/mL whereas the density of glycerol is 1.226 g/mL, providing a 1.55 (ratio). Expressed as electrons transferred provides 14 for glycerol versus 6 for methanol, 2.33 ratio. 2.331.55=3.6, providing a fuel cell having a fuel that is almost 4 times as energy dense as methanol. Moreover, methanol must be run at dilute concentrations, in contrast to glycerol that can be run as 100% glycerol or even approximately 90% glycerol, the concentration in biodiesel waste. This provides up to 36 to 120 times the energy density of standard methanol fuel cells. [0075] Complete conversion of methanol to CO 2 generates HCO 3 − and CO 3 2− (carbonic acid) in the presence of base. Carbonic acid fouls an anode catalyst in a standard alkaline fuel cell arrangement. However, this problem is overcome with the use of glycerol because complete conversion to CO 2 was not observed until after the majority of glycerol was consumed. Lower CO 2 concentration also extended the lifespan of the anode catalyst. [0076] The present disclosure provides anode and cathode catalysts for fuel cells that utilize glycerol or biodiesel waste as the fuel source. In a preferred embodiment, the catalysts comprise metal complexes formed by platinum salts or alloys thereof and template polymers (WO2004/036674, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein) prepared by condensation of a 4-{1-[(fenil-2,4-disubstituted)-hydrazine]-alkyl}-benzene-1,3-diol with a 3,5-disubstituted phenol and formaldehyde or para-formaldehyde in the presence of an acid or basic catalysts in water/alcohol mixtures and at a temperature comprised between 20-150° C. The metals to be used in combination with platinum are preferably selected from the group consisting of Au, Ag, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Mo, Sn, La, V, Mn, and combinations thereof. It is intended the fuel cells disclosed contain another liquid electrolyte, for example, a solution containing KOH, NaOH, LiOH or other electrolyte, either alkaline, neutral or acidic. [0077] In addition a fuel cell is disclosed that incorporates a stack of disclosed fuel cells. This stack configuration avoids electrical short circuiting. For example, a series of pumps, valves, junctions, and/or check valves enable transfer and/or isolation of each individual fuel cell. [0078] Preferred catalytic metal precursors for anode catalysts are iron, cobalt and nickel acetates and mixtures thereof coordinated to synthetic resins such as those described in the patent application PCT/EP2003/006592 (the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein) and specifically selected from the group consisting of acetate, palladium dichloride, iridium trichloride, rhodium trichloride, tin tetrachloride, ruthenium trichloride, and combinations thereof. Preferred catalytic metal precursors to cathode catalysts are cobalt, nickel and rhodium phthalocyanine or tetraphenylporphyrin, Co salen, Ni salen (salen ═N,N′-bis(salicylidene)ethylendiamine), silver nitrate, and combinations thereof. Preferred reducing agents have a reducing potential greater than the reducing potential of the metal compound from which the metal is to be reduced and is selected from the group consisting of hydrazine, hydrazine hydrate, alkali metal borohydrides, alkaline metal hydrosulfite, alkaline metal sulphites, and combinations thereof. [0079] A platinum salt or a compound containing platinum, preferentially hexachloroplatinic acid (H 2 PtCl 6 ), dissolved in water is added to an aqueous suspension of a templating polymer such as those described in WO 2004/036674, PCT/EP2003/006592, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. The solid product which is formed is filtered off, washed with water and dried in the air. Once dry, this solid is added to a suspension of a porous and conductive carbonaceous material, either amorphous or graphitic in nature, for instance Vulcan XC-72 or other activated carbon, in acetone or other organic solvents. The resultant product is treated with a reducing agent (for instance NaBH 4 or NH 2 NH 2 ), filtered off, washed with water and dried. [0080] The present disclosure provides an anodic and cathode electrode/catalysts for glycerol or biodiesel waster fuel cells comprising having either a Pt loading or a low content of platinum, consisting of metal complexes of platinum salts, or alloys thereof, and polymers obtained by condensation of a 4-{1-[(fenil-2,4-disubstituted)-hydrazine]-alkyl}-benzene-1,3-diol with a 3,5-disubstituted phenol and formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde in the presence of an acid or basic catalysts in water/alcohol mixtures and at a temperature comprised between 20-150° C. [0081] Method 1: A platinum salt or a compound containing platinum, preferentially hexachloroplatinic acid (H 2 PtCl 6 ), dissolved in water and a salt or a compound of another metal of the Periodic Table of the Elements, preferentially Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Mo, Sn, La, V, Mn dissolved in water, are added to an aqueous suspension of the polymer. The solid product, which is formed after stirring for some hours is filtered off, washed with water and dried in the air. Once dry, this solid is added to a suspension of a porous and conductive carbonaceous material, either amorphous or graphitic in nature, for example Vulcan XC-72 or active carbon, in acetone or other organic solvents. The resultant product is treated with a reducing agent, for example, NaBH 4 or NH 2 NH 2 , filtered off, washed with water and dried. Alternatively, the product obtained by treatment of the polymer containing Pt and another metal with the carbonaceous material is isolated by solvent evaporation. After stirring for hours, the resultant material is filtered off, washed with water and dried; then, the metal complexed by the polymer and supported on the metal oxide is reduced with any of the methods described above. [0082] Method 2: A platinum salt or a compound containing platinum, preferentially hexachloroplatinic acid (H 2 PtCl 6 ), dissolved in water and a salt or a compound of another metal of the Periodic Table of the Elements dissolved in water and a third salt or compound of another metal dissolved in water (preferentially the two metals are in the group constituted by Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Mo, Sn, La, V, Mn) are added to an aqueous suspension of the polymer. The solid product which is formed after stirring for some hours is filtered off, washed with water and dried in the air. [0083] This solid is added to a suspension of a porous and conductive carbonaceous material, either amorphous or graphitic in nature, for example Vulcan XC-72 or active carbon, in acetone, isopropyl alcohol or other organic solvents. The resultant product is treated in situ with a reducing agent, for example, NaBH 4 or NH 2 NH 2 . The resultant product is filtered and dried or is isolated eliminating the solvent under reduced pressure. After stirring for hours, the resultant material is filtered off, washed with water and dried; then, the metals complexed by the polymer and supported on the metal oxide are reduced with any of the methods described above. Anode Preparation: [0084] Method (a). The catalysts supported on conductive carbonaceous materials prepared by methods 1, 2 or 3 above are suspended into a water/ethanol mixture. This suspension is vigorously stirred and heated at a temperature between 60 and 80° C. PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) is added to the suspension and the resultant flocculous product is separated and then spread onto appropriate conductive supports such as carbon paper, steel nets or nickel or Ti plates or. The resultant electrode is heated to 350° C. for 10 hours. [0085] Method (b). The products obtained by the reaction of the metal salts or metal compounds with the polymer are dissolved in a polar organic solvent such as acetone or dimethylformamide. A chosen aliquot of the resultant solution is deposited onto electrodes, dried and treated with a reducing agent (e.g., NaBH 4 or NH 2 NH 2 ). Cathode Preparation and Catalysts [0086] Method 3. A platinum salt or a compound containing platinum, preferentially hexachloroplatinic acid (H 2 PtCl 6 ), dissolved in water is added to an aqueous suspension of the polymer. The solid product that is formed after stirring for 1 hour is filtered off, washed with water and dried. This solid is added to a suspension, in acetone or dimethylformamide or other polar organic solvent, of a conductive and porous carbonaceous material such as Vulcan XC-72 or active carbon. After stirring for hours, the solvent is removed under reduced pressure. [0087] Method 4. A platinum salt or a compound containing platinum, preferentially hexachloroplatinic acid (H 2 PtCl 6 ), dissolved in water and a salt or a compound of a metal of the Periodic Table of the Elements, preferentially nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, lanthanum, vanadium manganese, dissolved in water are added to an aqueous suspension containing the polymer. The solid product which is formed after hours is filtered off, washed and dried. The resultant solid product is added to an acetone or dimethylformamide suspension of a porous and conductive material such as Vulcan XC-72 or active carbon. After stirring, the solvent is removed under reduced pressure and the solid residue is heated in an oven to a temperature between 500 to 900° C. Cathode Preparation [0088] The catalytic material previously obtained with methods 4 and 5 above is suspended in a hot mixture of water and ethanol. PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) is added to this suspension and the flocculous product that separates is spread and then pressed at room temperature onto appropriate conductive support materials such as carbon paper or stainless steel grids, Ti mesh, Ni Plates or Ti Plates. Then, the catalyzed support is heated to a temperature between 300 and 350° C. under an atmosphere of inert gas. [0089] The metal particles of the catalysts are formed in originating structures featured by an anodic and cathodic activity in various kinds of fuel cells containing liquid electrolytes. The catalysts, whatever the metal or the combination of metals, do not form strong chemical bonds to gaseous CO. The anodes made with the catalysts can convert, into electrons and CO 2 , a large variety of oxygenated compounds containing hydrogen atoms such as methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, octane, acetaldehyde, formic acid, glucose, ascorbic acid, sorbitol, and structurally related hydrocarbon fuels, at ambient temperature and pressure. In general, however, the catalysts and the electrodes made with them can be used to catalyze the oxidation of any fuel containing hydrogen. [0090] The cathodes made with the catalysts convert pure oxygen or oxygen from air into water or into hydroxide ions (OH − ). [0091] The catalyzed anode and cathode electrodes, with platinum alone or in combination with other metals, for example, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Mo, Sn, V, Mn, are used in liquid fuel cells. Anodes for liquid fuel cells containing platinum alone or in combination with other metals, for example, Fe, Ru, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Mo, Sn, La, V, Mn allow the use of polyhydric alcohols and fuel, such as glycerol. Such fuel cells contain a quantity of platinum preferably 0.20 mg/cm 2 or lower. Such fuel cells allow use of the whole specific energy of glycerol fuel converting it into highly oxidized polyhydric species. [0092] The utility of using various polyhydric mixtures, including crude glycerin in a direct fuel cell, can be analyzed from the fuel cell performance. The fuel cell performance can be determined by a standard polarization curve. Polarization curves were obtained for fuel combinations and mixtures, membranes, and catalysts. The polarization curve includes the measured cell voltage, current, and the calculated current and power output of the cell at a given resistive load. To obtain the polarization curve the cell voltage is measured for a series of resistances. The current and power are both calculated from Ohm's law, V=I/R. It is to be noted that all of the following examples of fuel mixtures, membranes and catalysts exhibited suitable fuel cell performances. [0093] The fuel cell performance over extended periods was determined by placing a constant resistance across the cell. The voltage response during the testing period was measured and the total energy produced by the electrochemical oxidation of the polyhydric mixtures was determined by integrating the fuel cell power output over the length of the experiment. [0094] An example of a polyhydric alcohol used directly in a single-cell direct fuel cell is a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) comprising a proton-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode and a Pt/C cathode. The performance of fuel cells containing said MEA for polyhydric fuels and fuel mixtures are given in FIG. 2 through FIG. 7 , FIGS. 18 and 19 . [0095] FIG. 2 is the polarization curve and FIG. 3 is the voltage response (V) and corresponding energy (mWh) at a constant resistive load for 1.5 M glycerol fuel and ambient-air oxidant. Whereas FIG. 4 is the voltage response (V) and corresponding energy (mWh) at a constant resistive load for 10% ethanol fuel and ambient-air oxidant. [0096] FIG. 5 is the polarization curve for 1M ethylene glycol fuel and FIG. 7 is the polarization curve for 3 M propanediol fuel. FIG. 6 is the total power from the 1 M ethylene glycol fuel. All the cells were tested under ambient conditions using air as the oxidant. [0097] An example of a polyhydric alcohol used directly in a single-cell direct fuel cell is a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) consisting of an anion-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode and a Pt/C cathode. The performance of fuel cells containing said MEA for polyhydric fuels and fuel mixtures are given in FIG. 8 through FIG. 15 and FIG. 20 . [0098] FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 are polarization curves for 3% methanol in 3 M KOH. The MEA of FIG. 8 comprises an anion-exchange membrane obtained from Tokuyama (AHA-006) and FIG. 9 had an MEA consisting of an undisclosed anion-exchange membrane obtained from eVionyx. Both examples used ambient-air as oxidant. [0099] In another preferred embodiment, 5% glycerol in 3 M KOH is used as fuel. FIG. 10 is the cell voltage (V), current (mA), and corresponding power (mW) at a given resistance and FIG. 11 is the voltage response (V) and corresponding energy (mWh) at a constant resistive load for a fuel cell containing an anion-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode, a Pt/C cathode. [0100] FIG. 12 is the cell voltage (V), current (mA), and corresponding power (mW) at a given resistance for a fuel cell containing an anion-exchange membrane obtained from AGC (AHT) with a Pt—Ru/C anode, a Pt/C cathode, and 25% glycerol fuel, 3 M KOH, and ambient-air oxidant. [0101] FIG. 13 is the voltage response (V) and corresponding energy (mWh) for 50% glycerol fuel saturated KOH at a constant resistive load and FIG. 14 is the voltage response (V) and corresponding energy (mWh) for 10% glycerol both fuel cells contain an anion-exchange membrane obtained from eVionyx, with a Pt—Ru/C anode, a Pt/C cathode and ambient-air oxidant. FIG. 20 is the cell voltage (V), current (mA), and corresponding power (mW) for 3 M propanediol fuel, with 3 M KOH. [0102] FIG. 15 is the cell voltage (V), current (mA), and corresponding power (mW) at a given resistance for a fuel cell containing an anion-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode, a Pt/C cathode, and 25% crude glycerol fuel that is saturated with KOH. FIG. 16 is the cell voltage (V), current (mA), and corresponding power (mW) at a given resistance for a fuel cell containing an anion-exchange membrane, a Pd—Ni—Fe anode, a Pd—Co cathode, 25% crude glycerol fuel, saturated KOH, and ambient-air oxidant. Whereas, FIG. 17 is the voltage response (V) and corresponding energy (mWh) at a constant resistive load for a fuel cell containing an anion-exchange membrane, a Pd—Ni—Fe anode, a Pd—Co cathode, 25% crude glycerol fuel, saturated KOH, and ambient-air oxidant. [0103] FIG. 18 and FIG. 19 demonstrate the total power and power duration for 30% methanol and 30% 2-propanol fuels at a constant resistive load. Although the power output for both these fuels is exceptionally high, the duration of the power output is significantly lower than other examples disclosed. The alcohols were used directly in a single-cell direct fuel cell is a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) consisting of a proton-exchange membrane, a Pt—Ru/C anode and a Pt/C cathode. All the cells were tested under ambient conditions using air as the oxidant. EXAMPLE 1 [0104] This example describes a method for catalyst preparation forming catalyst on a polymer substrate. To a suspension of 1 g of the known polymer in 100 ml of water is added 0.2 g of hexachloroplatinic acid (H 2 PtCl 6 ). The pH of the resulting mixture is fixed at 9 by addition of 50 mL of NaOH. 1.0M of the mixture is vigorously stirred at room temperature for 6 hours. A dark red precipitate is formed which is filtered off, washed several times with distilled water and dried under reduced pressure at 70° C. until constant weight. Yield=0.8 g. Pt content=6 wt. %. [0105] A suspension of 0.5 g of the red precipitate in 100 mL of acetone (finely dispersed by sonication for 30 min) is added 5 g of Vulcan XC-72R (previously activated and purified by reflux in 100 mL of 1 M HNO 3 , filtered off, washed with water several times and heated at 600° C. for 2 hours). This suspension is vigorously stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. Then it is cooled to 0° C., and 0.7 g of NaBH 4 is slowly added portion-wise. The mixture is allowed to reach room temperature and after 2 hours, the solid residue is filtered off, washed with water (3×50 ml) and dried under reduced pressure at 70° C. until constant weight. Pt content=0.55 wt. %. EXAMPLE 2 [0106] This example illustrates a preparation of a Pt—Ru anodic catalyst. To a suspension of 1 g of POLIMER in 100 mL of water is added 0.2 g of hexachloroplatinic acid (H 2 PtCl 6 ) dissolved in 20 mL of water and 0.31 g of ruthenium trichloride trihydrate (RuCl 3 3H 2 O) dissolved in 20 mL of water. The pH of the resulting mixture is fixed at 9 by adding 50 mL of NaOH (1M) and the mixture is vigorously stirred at room temperature for 6 hours. A dark brown product is formed, which is filtered off, washed several times with distilled water and dried under reduced pressure at 70° C. until constant weight. Yield 0.9 g. Pt content=6 wt. %, Ru content=7 wt. %. [0107] A suspension of 0.5 g of the dark brown product is suspended in 100 mL of acetone (finely dispersed by sonication for 30 min.) and added to 5 g Vulcan XC-72R (previously activated and purified by reflux in 100 mL of 1 N HNO 3 , filtered off, washed with water several times and heated at 800° C. for 2 h). This suspension is vigorously stirred at room temperature for 4 hours and then cooled to 0° C. and then added portion-wise to 1.5 g of NaBH 4 . The resulting mixture is allowed to reach room temperature for 2 hours. EXAMPLE 3 [0108] This example illustrates the preparation of platinum-ruthenium-nickel anodic catalyst. To a suspension of 1 g of polymer in 100 mL of water is added 0.2 g of hexachloroplatinic acid (H 2 PtCl 6 ) dissolved in 20 mL of water and 0.31 g of ruthenium trichloride trihydrate (RuCl 3 3H 2 O) dissolved in 20 mL of water, and 0.06 g of nickel acetate tetrahydrate [Ni(CH 3 CO 2 ) 2 4H 2 O] dissolved in 20 mL of water. The pH of the resulting mixture is fixed at 9 by adding 50 mL of NaOH 1M and the mixture is vigorously stirred at room temperature for 6 hours. A dark red product is formed, which is filtered off, washed several times with distilled water and dried under reduced pressure at 70° C. until constant weight. Yield 0.9 g. Pt content=6 wt. %, Ru content=7 wt. %, Ni content 1.2 wt %. [0109] A suspension of 0.5 g of the dark red product is suspended in 100 mL of acetone (finely dispersed by sonication for 30 min) and added 5 g Vulcan XC-72R (previously activated and purified by reflux in 100 mL of 1 N HNO 3 , filtered off, washed with water several times and heated at 800° C. for 2 hours). This suspension is vigorously stirred at room temperature for 4 hours and then cooled to 0° C. and then added portion-wise to 1.5 g of NaBH 4 . The resulting mixture is allowed to reach room temperature for 2 hours. Afterwards, the solid residue is filtered off, washed with water (3×50 mL) and dried under reduced pressure at 70° C. until constant weight. Pt content=0.55 wt. %, Ru contents 0.66 wt. %, Ni content=0.1 wt. % (ICP-AES). [0110] Alternatively, the reduction of the metal can be achieved using a stream of hydrogen gas (1 bar). In this case, 5 g of the mixture containing the Polymer-Pt—Ru—Ni and Vulcan (1:10 w/w), is introduced into quartz tubular reactor and then heated in a stream of hydrogen at 360° C. for 2 hours. Pt content=0.55 wt. %; Ru content=Ru-0.66 wt. %, Ni content=0.1 wt. % (ICP-AES). Atomic ratio (%)=Pt41Ru50Ni9. EXAMPLE 4 [0111] This example illustrates the preparation of platinum-based cathodic catalyst. To a suspension of 2 g of the Polymer in 200 mL of water is added 0.4 g of hexachloroplatinic acid (H 2 PtCl 6 ). The pH of the resulting mixture is fixed at 9 by addition of 100 mL of NaOH 1M. The, the mixture is vigorously stirred at room temperature for 10 hours. A dark red precipitate is formed which is filtered off, washed several times with distilled water and dried under reduced pressure at 70° C. until constant weight. Yield=1.8 g. Pt content=6 wt. %. [0112] A suspension of 0.5 g of the dark red precipitate is suspended in 100 mL of acetone (finely dispersed by sonication for 30 min) and added 5 g Vulcan XC-72R (previously activated and purified by reflux in 100 mL of HNO 3 1N, filtered off, washed with water several times and heated at 800° C. for 2 h). This suspension is vigorously stirred at room temperature for 3 hours and then the solvent is evaporated under reduced pressure. The solid residue is heated at 600° C. for 2 hours. Pt content=0.55 wt %). EXAMPLE 5 [0113] This example shows the preparation of platinum-nickel cathodic catalyst. A suspension of 2 g of Polymer in 200 mL of water is added 0.4 g of hexachloroplatinic acid (H 2 PtCl 6 ) dissolved in 30 mL of water and 0.1 g of nickel acetate tetrahydrate [Ni(CH 3 CO 2 ) 2 4H 2 O] dissolved in 20 mL of water. The pH of the resulting mixture is fixed at 9 by adding 100 mL of 1 M NaOH and the mixture is vigorously stirred at room temperature for 10 hours. A dark red product is formed, which is filtered off, washed several times with distilled water and dried under reduced pressure at 70° C. until constant weight. Yield 1.8 g. Pt content=6 wt. %, Ni content=0.6 wt. %. [0114] A suspension of 0.5 g of the dark red product is suspended in 100 mL of acetone (finely dispersed by sonication for 30 min.) and added 5 g Vulcan XC-72R (previously activated and purified by reflux in 100 mL of 1 N HNO 3 , filtered off, washed with water several times and heated at 800° C. for 2 hours in a stream of an inert gas). This suspension is vigorously stirred at room temperature for 3 hours and then the solvent is evaporated under reduced pressure. The solid residue is introduced into a quartz reactor and heated at 600° C. for 2 hours. Pt content=0.55 wt %, Ni content=0.06 wt. %. Atomic ratio (%)=Pt90Ni10. EXAMPLE 6 [0115] This example describes the preparation of a platinum-cobalt cathodic catalyst. To a suspension of 2 g of Polymer in 200 mL of water is added 0.4 g of hexachloroplatinic acid (H 2 PtCl 6 ) dissolved in 30 mL of water and 0.1 g of cobalt acetate tetrahydrate [Co(CH 3 CO 2 )4H 2 O] dissolved in 20 mL of water. The pH of the resulting mixture is fixed at 9 by adding 100 mL of 1 M NaOH and the mixture is vigorously stirred at room temperature for 10 hours. A dark red product is formed, which is filtered off, washed several times with distilled water and dried under reduced pressure at 70° C. until constant weight. Yield 1.8 g. Pt content=6 wt. %, Co content=0.7 wt. %. [0116] A suspension of 0.5 g of the dark red product is suspended in 100 mL of acetone (finely dispersed by sonication for 30 min) is added 5 g Vulcan XC-72R (previously activated and purified by reflux in 100 mL of 1 N HNO 3 , filtered off, washed with water several times and heated at 800° C. for 2 hours). This suspension is vigorously stirred at room temperature for 3 hours and then the solvent is evaporated under reduced pressure. The solid residue is heated at 600° C. for 2 hours. Pt content=0.55 wt %, Co content=0.07 wt. %, Atomic ratio (%)=Pt89Co11. EXAMPLE 7 [0117] This example shows the preparation of an anode for a fuel cell. 10 g of a compound obtained with the procedure described in examples 1, 2 and 3 was suspended in 100 mL of a water/ethanol mixture (1:1, v:v). This suspension was vigorously stirred and 3.5 g of PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) dispersed in water (60 wt %) was added. After 20 min., a flocculous product was formed which is separated by decantation. In alternative to Vulcan, all the conductive carbonaceous materials can be used, such as active carbon, R-5000, NSN-III or graphite or Ketjen black. [0118] Method (a): 200 mg of the product was uniformly spread on a carbon paper disc (Teflon®-treated carbon paper, Fuel Cell Scientific). The electrode so formed was sintered by heating at a 350° C. for 30 minutes. Method (b): 200 mg of the product FC were uniformly spread on a stainless steel, Ti, or Ni grid which is then pressed at 100 Kg/cm 2 . The electrode so formed was sintered by heating in an oven at a 350° C. for 30 minutes. Method (c): 0.5 ml of a suspension in acetone (50 ml) of 200 mg of the Polymer containing the metal compounds described in examples 1, 2 and 3, before they are reduced with the methods describe, were deposited on various supports differing for the shape and dimensions of a conductive material, for instance silver or nickel powders pressed and sintered. The supports containing the catalyst were then immersed into an aqueous solution (100 ml) of 1 g of NaBH 4 for 10 min. at room temperature. The reduction of the metal salts can also be achieved by introducing the supports impregnated with the metal(s)-containing Polymer was heated at 365° C. for 2 hours. EXAMPLE 8 [0119] This example illustrates the preparation of a cathode for a fuel cell. 10 g of the compound obtained with the methods described in examples 4, 5 and 6 was suspended in 100 mL of a 1:1 (v/v) water/ethanol mixture. This suspension was vigorously stirred, and 3.5 g of PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) dispersed in water (60 wt. %) was added. After 20 min. a flocculous product (CF) was generated, which was separated by decantation. In the place of Vulcan, active carbon RDBA, R-5000, NSN-III, or Ketjen black, and other materials may be used as conductive support. [0120] Method (a): 100 mg of product were spread onto a stainless-steel, Ni, or Ti net or grid which was then pressed at 100 Kg/cm 2 . The electrode so formed was sintered by heating in an oven at 350° C. for 30 minutes [0121] Method (b): 0.5 mL of a suspension of 200 mg of the Polymer containing the metals described in examples 4, 5 and 6, in 50 mL of acetone is deposited on a support obtained by pressing conductive metals, such as powdered Silver or nickel. The support is heated to 500° C. for 30 minutes. EXAMPLE 9 [0122] This example shows the electrochemical oxidative properties of biodiesel waste byproducts. We used solutions containing 3% methanol or glycerol with 0.1M KCl, NaOH or KOH or HCl to mimic various biodiesel waste processing streams. The biodiesel waste solution used was 3-4% glycerol, by weight. It was neutralized with HCl to bring the putative glycerol concentration to as high as 0.3M and the pH to the 6.5-7.0 range. The solution turned opaque white (likely due to soap residue). EXAMPLE 10 [0123] Electrocatalytic oxidation of several oxygenated organic compounds was investigated on gold electrodes both in acid and alkaline medium using cyclic voltametry. The oxygenated organic compounds were ethanol, ethylene glycol, acetaldehyde, glycoaldehyde, glyoxal, acetic acid, glycolic acid, glyoxylic acid, oxalic acid, glycerol and four butanol isomers. Gold was a poor electrocatalyst in an acid medium, except for the oxidation of glyoxylic acid and oxalic acid. However, it was determined that gold was a good electrocatalyst in an alkaline medium for the oxidation of aldehyde or alcohol moieties. [0124] For the anode and glycerol, C 3 H 8 O 3 +14OH − yielded 3CO 2 +11H 2 O+14e − . Overall the yield was C 3 H 8 O 3 +7/2O 2 yielded 3CO 2 +4H 2 O.	There is disclosed a fuel cell having an anode and cathode and using either glycerol or biodiesel process waste (containing about 90% glycerol) as a fuel source to generate power and oxidize glycerol to oxidized fragments and carbon dioxide. More particularly, there is disclosed a liquid fuel cell incorporating a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) wherein the electrocatalysts are embedded in or adjacent a polymeric conducting membrane with which they form the fuel cell body and glycerol or biodiesel process waste is oxidized to form the power source.	8
FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to drawing machines and, in particular, to sliver packaging machines, that is to say drawing machines in which sliver from a drawing head is wound with a very slight twist on to large flanged bobbins in preparation for subsequent stages of drawing and spinning, instead of being fed to cans as has been traditional in the past. The sliver is given a very small degree of twist to provide sufficient cohesion for handling purposes. Although, strictly speaking, such twist converts the sliver into rove, the terms "sliver" and "rove" are used without distinction in the present specification to define the same basic material. The use of large bobbins instead of cans has many advantages. The invention is concerned with a number of inventive features involved in the production of such wound bobbins; these features can be used in combination or independently of one another. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings shows in plan view a conventional sliver packaging machine in which feed slivers 2 are taken from cans 4 on a creel 6 to a drawing zone 8 to be combed and drafted. The drawing zone 8 is virtually completely under cover and the slivers are drafted between feed rollers (hidden by the cover) and drawing rollers 10 from which they pass to delivery rollers 12. Slivers from separate cans may be combined to pass as one through the drafting zone; for example, twelve slivers may be fed in pairs to provide six slivers. From there, the slivers are delivered to flyers 14 where they are wound with a slight twist on to large bobbins (e.g. having a wound diameter of approximately 20 cm by 38 cm long, and a weight of approximately 7 kg). The flyers 14 lie in a row transverse to the length of the drawing zone. The faller gill bed of the drawing zone need only be wide enough to accommodate the slivers which are fairly closely spaced, and it is advantageous to restrict the width of the drawing zone as much as practicable. However, because of the large diameter of the bobbins and the associated flyers, the span of the row of flyers greatly exceeds the width of the drawing zone (e.g. by a factor of three). Therefore, as the drafted slivers emerge from the delivery rollers 12, at least the outermost slivers must be deflected from the line which they have been following through the drawing zone and fan out to their respective flyers 14. For this purpose, the slivers pass along tubes or conductors 13 of varying lengths and angles. Deviation from the straight line path has an adverse effect on the slivers, which at this stage are normally completely untwisted, as it can cause false drafting. Furthermore, sliver friction against the wall of the tube or conductor can result in a build-up of static electricity which, in turn, can cause tangled fibres and slubs in the sliver, even to the extent of blocking the tube and breaking the sliver. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The overall purpose of the invention is to produce a high quality sliver on a drawing machine which has its own flyer winding apparatus to wind the drawn slivers on to the large flanged bobbins referred to and to reduce the manual labor and time required in operating the machine and doffing and donning the bobbins. The present provides various novel features, not all of which are claimed herein. However, this invention relates to each and every novel feature herein, alone or in combination with any other features, novel or otherwise. According to a primary feature of the present invention, flyers in a drawing machine are arranged in a direction generally longitudinal of the paths of the slivers through the drawing zone. The necessary spacing between the flyers is obtained, without the need for lateral spacing substantially greater than that between adjacent slivers in the drawing zone. As a result, and particularly when there is one flyer per sliver, the slivers can follow substantially parallel, straight line paths from the delivery rollers to just above the flyers, thus avoiding or significantly reducing the disadvantages just referred to. In addition, the machine is rendered considerably less wide, and therefore more compact than known machines, since the total transverse span of the complete row of flyers need not be substantially greater than the width of the drawing zone. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Preferably, the flyers are arranged in echelon formation, that is to say with the first flyer in the row closest to the delivery rollers and each successive flyer spaced progressively further from the delivery rollers so that a straight line drawn through the flyers makes an acute angle with the paths of the slivers. Other formations are possible, however. For example, an arrowhead formation can be used, that is to say with a central flyer spaced furthest from the delivery rollers and flyers on either side of it spaced progressively closer to the delivery rollers. As a further alternative, the flyers can be divided into groups, each in an individual echelon formation. In each case, the spacing between adjacent flyers is obtained primarily in a longitudinal direction, thus reducing the lateral spread of the flyers, as already explained. Another feature of the invention which contributes to the compactness of the machine lies in the provision throughout the drawing zone of dividers which separate adjacent slivers and which preferably converge towards one another at their downstream end so as to reduce migration of the fibres as they pass from the fallers to the drafting rollers. This enables the spacing between adjacent slivers to be reduced without any increase in the migration of fibres. In order to accommodate these dividers, the fallers may be constructed with unpinned sections to coincide with the pitch of the dividers. In order to facilitate automatic threading of the slivers, and to support them, they may pass through guide tubes or conductors which may be in the form of tubes, leading to the respective flyers, each of which may have a pair of flyer feed rollers. Beneath the flyer feed rollers, a cylindrical or otherwise tubular guide may extend down the flyer to a rove layer which guides the sliver on to the surface of the bobbin. The flyer may have a false twister at the input end of its tubular passage or may be provided with sliver support means, such as are described in GB-A-1282001, along the axis of its bearing support. According to a further feature of the invention, the sliver guide down the leg of the flyer is enclosed or substantially enclosed, preferably tubular, and follows a sinuous path which assists in binding the fibres of the sliver together since, as already mentioned, the sliver has only minimal twist. The leg of the flyer may be hollow and shaped so as to provide a sinuous path for the sliver, so that the leg itself forms the sliver guide. Preferably the guide is fully enclosed from entrance to exit, but it may have a fine slot or small apertures to give access, if required, to the sliver. The rove layer may also be tubular, so that the sliver is effectively totally enclosed between the sliver feed rollers and the surface of the bobbin. The rove layer is pivoted, in order that it can move from an initial position in contact with or close to the surface of the barrel of the bobbin to a position in which it is clear of the surface of the sliver when the bobbin is fully wound. Preferably, the rove layer has a biasing mechanism which automatically causes it to snap into one or other of its two extreme positions as it approaches that position. In other words, at the start of winding, as the rove layer is moved inwardly, it automatically snaps into position in engagement with or close to the barrel of the bobbin, from which position it is gradually moved outwardly as the sliver builds up on the bobbin. Similarly, as the bobbin approaches the fully wound condition, the biasing mechanism causes the rove layer to snap into its outermost position in which it is clear of the surface of the sliver on the bobbin. Another important feature of the invention is concerned with the operation of the mechanism for traversing the sliver along the length of the bobbin during winding. The actual traversing motion is provided by a conventional cam, for example a heart cam, which produces a steady motion from one end of the bobbin to the other and back, with a slight dwell at each end caused by the tip of the cam and the diametrically opposite recess. This produces a rocking movement in a pivoted lever of which one end is connected to a belt or chain which passes over an idler pulley, the other end of the belt or chain being connected to the bobbin carriage so that the latter reciprocates with the traversing lever. In accordance with this feature of the invention, the pivot of the traversing lever or the pivot mounting is automatically adjustable between a position at which normal winding occurs and at least one other position in preparation for doffing. Preferably, the traversing lever is pivoted to a bracket which is formed as a nut for movement along a vertical screw which, during normal traversing movement, is stationary. When the required length has been wound on the bobbin, an automatic control decelerates the speed of the machine and eventually stops it with the bobbin carriage in its lowest winding position. At this point, the sliver is wound around the topmost part of the barrel of the bobbin. The automatic control then starts a further motor to drive the screw on which the bracket for the traversing lever is threaded and thus drives this downwardly, causing the traversing lever to pivot about its point of contact with the heart cam and to raise its opposite end, thus lowering the bobbin carriage below its lowest traversing position and then stopping it in a position in which the rove layer of the flyer is opposite the top flange of the bobbin or an extension thereof which is constructed so as to retain the tail of the sliver. Preferably, the flange is formed with a converging groove so that a few turns of sliver are wound in the groove, after which rotation of the bobbin is stopped. Alternatively, for example, an extension above the flange may have a textured surface so as to cause the sliver to adhere to it. The next step in the automatic control is to turn the bobbin in the reverse direction sufficiently to create a slackness in the sliver between the end of the rove layer and the bobbin. Downward movement of the bobbin carriage under the control of the traverse lever then resumes until the bobbin carriage reaches the doffing position, the sliver being broken in the process. As just described, the bobbin carriage is lowered for doffing purposes until it rests on a transfer mechanism, preferably in the form of a pair of toothed racks driven by respective gear wheels. According to a further feature of the invention, the transfer mechanism supports two bobbin carriages and when one carriage is moved laterally away from the flyers, the second carriage, complete with a set of empty bobbins, is moved into position beneath the flyers ready for the next cycle of operation. Instead of two bobbin carriages, the machine may have two sets of bobbin carriages, each set comprising a number of carriages, but, for convenience the specification will relate only to two carriages. The machine restarts, and the full bobbins are then doffed and replaced by empty bobbins. At the end of the next cycle, the transfer mechanism is moved in the opposite direction to bring the first carriage with the empty bobbins into position beneath the flyers and to move the second carriage with full bobbins laterally into a doffing position on the other side of the array of flyers. As a consequence of this alternating movement of the transfer mechanism, bobbins are doffed alternately on opposite sides. Signalling means may be provided which operate in accordance with the direction of movement or position of the carriage. Preferably, each side includes a respective position sensor which is activated by the carriage when the doffing position is reached. This provides a signal to an overhead lifting mechanism comprising a motorized doffing and donning carriage running on gantry-like rails above the flyer mechanism. The signal from the position sensor causes the carriage to run on its rails to a position immediately above the bobbins, whereupon telescopic arms descend to grip the full bobbins and lift them off the spindles of the bobbin carriage and then to deposit them on a doffing support, e.g. in the form of a tray or conveyor. Having deposited the full bobbins, a set of empty bobbins is picked up from the same tray and then transferred to the empty bobbin carriage. At the end of the next cycle, the carriage carrying the full bobbins is transferred to the opposite side of the flyers, as already described, and operation of the position sensor on that side then signals the motorized doffing and donning carriage to move along its rails to a position above the newly-transferred bobbin carriage, after which the sequence is repeated. During winding, each bobbin rests on a rotatable bobbin carrier which, on its underside, has a friction pad or ring which bears against the stationary spindle base to provide the necessary drag or winding tension. Owing to the considerable weight of the full bobbins and the relative shortness of the winding and doffing cycles, e.g. 15 minutes, a considerable amount of heat is generated as a result of the friction between each pad or ring and the spindle base. In the past, using lighter bobbins and longer cycles of operation, the heat accumulated in the spindle assembly has had time to disperse; with an arrangement in accordance with the invention, this is no longer the case. In order to combat this, in accordance with yet a further feature of the invention, each spindle is mounted for rotation in the bobbin carriage and is provided with cooling blades or fins on the underside of its base, which suck in air when rotated. Drive is provided to each spindle so that, after the full bobbins have been doffed and preferably before they are replaced with empty ones, the spindles are rotated so that each assembly is rapidly air-cooled. Preferably, this is achieved by fitting each spindle with a toothed pulley engaged by a drive, preferably in the form of a toothed belt which is common to all the spindles and is driven in an enclosed loop by an electric motor. During the winding operation, the motor is stopped and braked so as to hold the spindles stationary, in the normal way, but as soon as the full bobbins have been doffed, the motor is automatically started so as to air-cool the spindle assemblies very rapidly. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A complete sliver packaging machine embodying all the various features of the invention just set forth will now be described in more detail, by way of example only, with reference to FIGS. 2 to 19 of the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 2 is a general, diagrammatic perspective view of the whole machine; FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of the drafting zone, showing only a single faller, for simplicity; FIG. 4 is a plan view showing the paths of slivers through the machine, FIG. 5 is a plan view showing bobbin carriages for supporting bobbins to be wound; FIG. 6 illustrates the vertical drive to the bobbin carriages; FIG. 7 illustrates part of the drive shown in FIG. 6; FIG. 8 shows a lifting bracket for a bobbin carriage; FIG. 9 is an elevation of an empty bobbin used in the machine, shown in relation to the lower part of a flyer, both in position for the start of a new winding cycle; FIG. 10 shows a full bobbin after completion of the winding operation and with the sliver end tucked into the top flange; FIG. 11 shows the top portion of a full bobbin lowered to the doffing position; FIG. 12 is a plan view of the lower part of the bobbin and flyer shown in FIG. 9; FIG. 13 is a side elevation of the flyer; FIG. 14 is a plan view of a bobbin carriage with the flyers in the doffing position; FIG. 15 illustrates positioning mechanism for rove layers on the respective flyers; FIG. 16 illustrates the drive to one of the flyers; FIGS. 17A and 17B are associated elevation and plan views respectively of the bobbin carriage and illustrate spindle, cooling mechanism; FIG. 18 is a diagrammatic illustration of the doffing mechanism; FIG. 19 is a circuit diagram for apparatus for use in controlling the machine; and FIG. 20 shows electro-pneumatic connections used in the same control. FIG. 1 has already been referred to as illustrating a conventional sliver packaging machine. Comparison with FIGS. 2 and 4 immediately brings out one major feature of the invention, namely that the slivers leaving the delivery rollers 12 continue along substantially straight line paths to the flyers 14. The disadvantages of the deflection of the slivers, as shown in FIG. 1, are thus avoided. As seen in FIGS. 2 and 4, the flyers 14 are arranged in echelon formation away from the delivery rollers 12 (and drawing rollers 10); a line passing through the centers of the first and last flyers makes an acute angle with the path of the sliver back from any of the flyers to the delivery rollers, this angle being shown as α in FIG. 4. As illustrated, the slivers continue in straight line paths so that the transverse width of the array of flyers is equal to the width of the drawing zone. It is not essential that these two widths should be identical, but the width of the array of flyers should not be substantially greater than the width of the drawing zone, in order to ensure the advantages of a substantially straight line path. As already explained, echelon formation, as illustrated, is not essential; alternatives are possible. Turning to FIG. 2 in more detail, the slivers 2 on leaving the drawing zone 8 are each assisted by so-called "airmovers" 18, only one sliver and its associated airmover being illustrated for simplicity. Airmovers are devices operated by compressed air and providing a flow of air around each sliver which reduces friction with any supporting surface and generally assists the onward passage of the sliver in question. On leaving the delivery rollers 12, further airmovers 19 direct the slivers into straight guide tubes or conductors 13 which increase in length in accordance with the distance between the delivery rollers and the respective flyers 14. Above each flyer is a pair of flyer feed rollers 20 and a further airmover 21 which feeds the respective sliver down into the neck portion 22 of its flyer 14. If desired, the flyer feed rollers may be positioned directly in line with the exit of the tube so as further to reduce any deflection in the sliver paths up to the feed rollers 20. The airmovers are primarily used to feed the slivers to their respective flyers and bobbins when piecing up the ends, but they can also be used, continuously or intermittently, to provide a cushion of supporting air for the sliver during the operation of the machine. Any such use or requirement may depend on the type and quality of the sliver being processed. FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic showing of the drawing zone in which the slivers are indicated by arrows and are separated by dividers 28 which (as is preferred) converge towards each other at their downstream ends 28A, so as to reduce migration of the fibres as they pass from the faller gill bed to the drafting rollers. For simplicity, only a single faller 27 is shown. It will be seen that there are gaps (as at 29) in the pinning 30 of the faller 27, to accommodate the dividers 28. Each faller may be chain-driven or alternatively they may, for example, be screw-driven or of the push bar type. While it is in general important to include pin fallers in the drawing head, the invention relates more broadly to any type of drawing head such as is used, for example, in roller and apron drafting. One of the flyers 14 is shown in FIG. 13; the flyer, which is mounted for rotation in bearings in a housing 32, has a tubular sliver guide 31. At the head of the flyer, the tube bends outwardly towards one of the flyer legs 14A (the other being 14B) and then zig-zags down the leg so as to form a sinuous path 33 for the sliver. The tube is formed at its lower end with a condenser 34 which co-operates with a tubular rove layer 36 which guides the sliver on to a bobbin. The rove layer is pivoted by means of a pin 38 which is fixed to the rove layer, and is located in a fixed boss 40 secured to the lower ring 42 of the flyer. A spring 43 both exerts torsional control in biasing the rove layer towards a bobbin barrel and also acts as a tension spring so as to force a collar 44 attached to the bottom of the pin 38 upwardly against the underside of the fixed boss 40. The underside of the boss 40 is formed with a V-shaped projecting ridge 41. FIG. 12 shows V-shaped grooves 45 and 46 in the upper face of the collar 44, which correspond with the V-shaped ridge 41, and define limiting positions of the rove layer 36. The rove layer 36 is biased by the tension in the spring 43 which forces the ridge 41 into one or other of the grooves. When the ridge 41 is in engagement with the groove 46, the rove layer 36 takes up the position shown in FIG. 12 in which it is in contact with the barrel of the bobbin 16. As the package on the bobbin builds up, the rove layer is forced outwardly and the ridge 41 is thus forced out of the groove 46 against the bias of the spring 43. As the winding approaches completion, such that the diameter 17 of a full bobbin is reached, the ridge 41 approaches the groove 45 and, at this stage, the biasing effect of the spring causes the ridge 41 to snap into the groove 45, thus moving the rove layer away from the surface of the package just as winding is complete. The purpose of this will be explained later. The purpose of the sinuous path down the leg of the flyer is to assist in binding the fibres of the sliver together as they are subjected to tension while being wound on to the bobbin. As already explained, the sliver is twisted only to an extremely slight extent, so that the drawing operations at the next processing stage, are not adversely affected. The sinuosity of the path helps to counteract the resultant lack of cohesion in the sliver. The principle of a sinuous path to improve the cohesion of a sliver is not new in itself, but not previously in conjunction with a completely or substantially completely enclosed path from the top to the bottom of a flyer, i.e. along the guide tube 31, through the condenser 34 and thence via the rove layer 36 to the surface of the package. This continuous path throughout the height of the flyer is of great importance in threading up the machine automatically at the beginning of an operational cycle, or when piecing-up a broken end. At the start of operation, the slivers are fed from the cans 4 shown in FIG. 4 at the back of the machine into the nip of the back feed rollers and so to the drawing zone 8, by the machine operator. The machine is then started up to run slowly until the combed and drafted slivers pass from the drawing rollers 10 at the front of the drawing zone. It is at that point that the airmovers play an important role. Once the slivers have emerged from the drawing rollers 10, the operator need then only present them to their respective airmovers 18 (FIG. 2) which suck them in and project them to the nip of the delivery rollers 12. After passing through the delivery rollers, the slivers are drawn into their respective airmovers 19 which then feed them along the guide tubes 13 to the respective flyer feed rollers 20. From there they are then sucked into airmovers 21 which project them along the respective flyer guide tubes 22 and thence via the rove layers 36 to the surfaces of the barrels of the empty bobbins 16. FIG. 9 shows one of the bobbins 16 in more detail. The bobbin has a top flange 70 including a converging groove 72. To facilitate doffing, as explained below, an extension in the form of a knob 74 having a groove 78 is provided above the flange 70. At the start of winding, each rove layer 36 is located adjacent the upper end of the barrel of the bobbin 16, which is formed or provided with a textured surface 37. The sliver emerging from the rove layer therefore adheres to the barrel so that, after the first few wraps have been wound on to the bobbin, the machine can be accelerated to its normal operating speed. Each bobbin is mounted on a bobbin carrier which rotates on a spindle, as will be described in more detail later. The carriers are pulled around the axis of the spindle by the rove in the flyer as the flyer rotates; winding tension or drag is provided in the usual way by a friction pad or pads attached to the underside of the base of the bobbin carrier and resting under the weight of the bobbin against the base of the spindle. As the winding continues, the sliver needs to be traversed up and down the barrel of the bobbin; mechanism which causes the bobbin carrier rail to reciprocate upwardly and downwardly is illustrated in FIG. 6. The bobbins are supported on a carriage 23, the drive to which includes a conventional heart cam motion in which a gear wheel 51 on the shaft of a variable speed motor 52 drives a meshing gear wheel 53 on which the heart cam 54 is mounted. The heart cam, in turn, engages with a follower 55 which is mounted for rotation on a traverse lever 56 which is pivoted at 57 to a bracket 58 mounted for linear movement along a screw 59. During the normal winding operation, as the bobbin is being wound, the bracket 58 remains in a set position. At the end of the lever 56, opposite to its pivot, is connected a belt 60 which passes around a pulley 61 to a lifting bracket 24. The lifting bracket has locating studs 65 that locate in holes in the carriage which rests on the lifting brackets. Therefore, as the heart cam rotates, it pivots the traverse lever 56 so as to raise and lower the bobbin carriage 23. There are two lifting brackets 24, one at each end of the machine, and these are mounted on slide rods which ensure that there is no lateral movement of the bobbin carriage. FIG. 8 shows the lifting bracket 24 in greater detail. FIG. 8 shows also a lower proximity switch 62 which determines the bobbin doffing position of the bracket. When the required yardage has been wound on the bobbin, the machine as a whole is signalled to decelerate (e.g. by means of a yardage counter, microprocessor and a brake motor 94; see FIG. 19). When a positioner 69 (see FIG. 7) on the heart cam gear wheel 53 reaches a proximity switch 66, the brake motor 52 is signalled to stop, at which point the cam follower 55 is in the dwell of the heart cam and the bobbin carriage 23 is therefore in its lowest winding position wherein the sliver is wound around the bobbin at the topmost part of its barrel. The rest of the machine, which is driven independently of the brake motor 52 but which is synchronized with it, continues to decelerate. The signal from the proximity switch 66 also starts a further brake motor 67 to rotate the screw 59 in a direction such that the bracket 58 which is threaded on to it is driven downwardly, the pivot end of the traverse lever 56 is lowered and its opposite end raised. This causes the lifting brackets 24 and bobbin carriage 23 to move downwardly below their lowest traverse position until a positioner 65 on the bracket 58 reaches a proximity switch 63 which signals the further brake motor 67 to stop at a point at which the rove layer 36 of the flyer is opposite the converging groove 72 in the top flange 70 of the bobbin 16 (see FIG. 10). The switch 63 also sends a signal to bring the brake motor 94, which drives the flyers through a P.I.V. box (134, see FIG. 16) to a halt after a few (predetermined) wraps of sliver have been wound around the groove in the bobbin flange, the shape of which causes them to lock into it. As previously described, as the winding of a bobbin is complete, the groove 45 in the collar 44 ensures that the rove layer 36 is held away from the surface of the bobbin, in a position directly over the bottom flyer ring 42 which is clear of the largest diameter of the package. The rove layer is then locked in position. Soon after the flyer comes to rest with the wraps wound into the groove in the top flange of the bobbin, a time sequence triggered by the switch 63 through the micro-processor causes a motor 144 (FIG. 17) to operate. The bobbin is turned, in reverse, through a predetermined angle so as to unwind a short length of sliver from the groove in the top bobbin flange and, hence, create a slackness in the sliver between the end of the rove layer 36 and the bobbin. A motor 128 (see FIG. 16) then stops and simultaneously, in the predetermined controlled sequence, the motor 67 starts again to drive the screw 59 in the direction to lower the bracket 58 from the position illustrated in FIG. 6 opposite the switch 63 to the lower proximity switch 62 which determines the doffing position of the bobbins. At this position, the bobbin carriage 23 rests upon the doffing racks 25 (FIGS. 2 and 5) and the lifting bracket studs 65 are out of the locating holes in the bobbin carriage (see FIG. 8). In this position there is sufficient slackness in the sliver (as illustrated in FIG. 11) to enable the sliver to break easily during the doffing movement. The doffing of the full bobbins from beneath the flyers will now be described with particular reference to FIGS. 2, 4 and 5. In conventional arrangements for the handling of bobbin carriages on spinning machines, there is a rack on which the two sets of bobbin carriages can sit side-by-side. Bobbin lifter brackets are first raised to lift one set to the highest position underneath the flyers, and the rack is then moved inwardly so as to move the other set below and beyond the first set so that, during winding of the bobbins on the first set, the carriages, when traversing up and down, do not foul the tops of the empty bobbins on the second set. The rack is then moved outwardly again, the second set being held in the back position by pawls. When the bobbins on the first set are full, the lifter brackets are lowered until the carriage rests on the rack, whereupon the rack is moved outwardly from the flyers so as to move the first set with the full bobbins from underneath the flyers while at the same time moving the second set, with the empty bobbins, underneath the flyers. Another conventional method is to employ a rotary member instead of a rack, on which the two sets of carriage are seated side-by-side. The member is then rotated to bring one or other of the carriages, as required, under and in line with the flyers. As shown in FIG. 5, on a machine in accordance with the invention, toothed racks 25 are driven by way of a motor 47 which drives a shaft 48 carrying gear wheels 49 that engage the teeth in a rack 25 to move it, and hence the bobbin carriage with the full bobbins, from below the flyer to one side of the machine; there, it is unobstructed by the machine, enabling automatic doffing apparatus to lower on to the full bobbins, to rise, lifting the full bobbins off the spindles on the bobbin carriage, and to lower again in order to allow empty bobbins to be put on. However, to reduce the time taken for this operation the rack is arranged to be driven in both directions so that, at the end of one winding cycle, the bobbin carriages with the full bobbins are moved to the right-hand side of the machine (as seen in FIG. 2) and, in the next cycle, the full bobbins are moved to the left-hand side. In each instance, the carriage with the empty bobbins is moved underneath and aligned with the flyers. During the next winding cycle, the full bobbins are automatically doffed from the carriage at one or other side of the machine and replaced with empty ones in readiness for the next doff. In FIGS. 2 and 5, the carriage below the flyers is shown as 23 and that with the empty bobbins at the side of the machine as 23A. One important point is that, during the movement of the full bobbins to the side of the machine, the slack in the rove 76 between the flyer and the bobbin (FIG. 11) is taken up and the rove draws apart, leaving the reserve wraps held in the groove of the top flange to facilitate piecing-up at the next processing stage, at which the bobbins will provide the supply source for drafting and spinning into yarn. FIG. 18 shows bobbin lifting apparatus which may be used in a machine in accordance with the invention for the doffing of the full bobbins and donning of the empty bobbins. The doffing of full bobbins from the displaced bobbin carriage can be effected at any time during the next winding cycle. There is no need for any delay in starting the next winding cycle once the full bobbins have been moved to the side of the machine and have been replaced by empty bobbins. The doffing and donning apparatus (FIG. 18) comprises horizontal rails 150 which extend cross-wise above the machine and are supported by pillars 152. The rail supports a motorized carriage 154 on which a telescopic lifting arm 156 is mounted. At the bottom end of the arm 156, a pivotable support member 158 carries a row of grippers pitched to correspond with the bobbin carrier spindles. In its inoperative position, the carriage 154 sits at position "A" above a tray 155 having pitched spigots for holding empty bobbins and a conveyor 157 for removing full bobbins. As seen in FIG. 18, in which no flyers are shown, the full bobbins have been doffed to the right-hand side, and the empty bobbins on the bobbin carriage 23 are in the winding position. The two bobbins shown on the bobbin carriers represent the first and last bobbins in the echelon formation. Most conveniently, when the carriage 23A arrives at the doffing position at the side of the machine, it operates a switch 160A (FIGS. 5 and 18) which sends a signal telling the motorized carriage 154 to which side of the machine the bobbins have been doffed. The carriage 154 then moves to that side, i.e. position "B" in FIG. 18, and the telescopic arm 156 descends to cause the grippers on the pivotable plate 158 to cover and grip the bobbin knobs 74. The arm then rises, lifting the full bobbins above the height of the machine, and the carriage 154 moves back across the rail 150 to position "A". During this time, the gripper plate pivots to move the bobbins from their echelon disposition, so that they are parallel with the conveyor 157 on to which the bobbins will then be lowered and released, before being conveyed away from the machine. The grippers are then raised so as to be at a height greater than the bobbins, the carriage 154 moves to cause them to be above the replacement empty bobbins on tray 155 at position "D", and the grippers lower and grip the empty bobbins and lift them up off the tray. The carriage then moves over to position "B" again, the gripper plate 158 pivots to the echelon alignment with the spindles on bobbin carriage 23A, and lowers so as to place the bobbins on the spindles in readiness for the next doffing cycle. As will be appreciated, when the bobbin carriage 23 is doffed to the left-hand side of the machine, the movements of the carriage 154 are automatically programmed to accommodate the fact that the doffed bobbins will then be at position "C" which is closer to the conveyor 157 and tray 155. Again, the signal starting the motorized carriage is provided by a switch 160 at that side of the machine. Novelty, with respect to this aspect of the apparatus, lies primarily in the feature of sensing means in the form of the switches 160 and 160A at each side of the machine. These signal the bobbin doffing apparatus so as to direct it to the appropriate side. This principle can be utilized independently of the type of bobbin doffing apparatus used. Referring again to FIG. 6, when the bobbin carrier 23A with the full bobbins has been moved on the rack 25 (FIGS. 2 and 5) from underneath the flyers and replaced by the bobbin carrier 23 with the empty bobbins, activation of the switch 160, 160A signals the motor 67 to re-start, but this time in the opposite direction. The bracket 58 is therefore screwed up the screw 59, thus raising the pivoted end of the transverse lever 56 to pivot it about the follower 55, lowering the opposite end and raising the bobbin carriage 23. When the bracket 58 reaches the position of the proximity switch 64 the motor 67 stops, at which point the bobbin is in the start-up position, and the rove layer 36 (as see in FIG. 9) is opposite the textured surface at the top of the barrel of the bobbin but held in the "out" position over the bottom ring of the flyer due to the engagement of the V-cam projection 41 with groove 45 (FIGS. 12 and 13). During the winding operation, the main drive to the machine is transmitted to the flyers 14 through the P.I.V. box 134 (FIG. 16) by toothed belts 118 and pulley 120. A drive shaft 122 is driven by a free-wheel unit 124 while running freely on a similar free-wheel unit 126. After the main drive has been stopped, a motor 128 is activated to turn the second free-wheel unit 126 slowly to drive the shaft 122 to the flyers, the shaft 122 now turning freely in the first free-wheel unit 124, so that only the flyers are driven and not the remainder of the machine. As shown also in FIG. 15, one of the flyer drive pulleys has a metal projection (positioner) 130 which, when it comes round to a sensor switch 132, causes the motor 128 to stop. This ensures that, before the doffing cycle commences, the flyers are all positioned with their rove layers in a predetermined position. They remain in that position until the full bobbins are moved to the doffing position at the side of the machine and have been substituted by the empty bobbins raised to the position as illustrated in FIG. 9. FIG. 14 shows the predetermined position: the rove layers 36 on alternate flyers are on opposite sides. This has the effect of equalizing any small out-of-balance loads caused by the provision of the flyer tube on one leg of the flyer. FIG. 14 also shows rails 80 and 82 parallel to the line of the bobbins, and on which are positioned air cylinders 84 aligned with the rove layers 36 on the flyers. The rove layers are locked in their "out" position away from the barrel of the bobbin, as previously described. The cylinders 84 are automatically operated when the bobbin carriage again reaches the start-up position shown in FIG. 9 by a signal sent from the proximity switch 64 to a solenoid (100, see FIG. 19) so that the cylinder pistons strike the pivotable rove layers 36 and force the cam projection 41 out of the groove 45. The spring bias pivots the cam projection 41 inwardly until it is adjacent the empty barrel of the bobbin, at which point it clicks into the groove 46 to ensure that the rove layer is pushed against the barrel of the bobbin in readiness for start-up without need of operator assistance. The sliver is assisted through the flyer guide tube 33 and pivoted rove layer 36 on start-up of the machine by the airmover 21 (FIG. 2). As already mentioned, and as shown in FIG. 17A, the large heavy bobbins are supported on rotatable bobbin carriers 148, the undersides of which have friction pads or rings to provide the necessary drag against the stationary spindle base. Owing to the weight of these bobbins, and the comparatively short time between doffs, much more heat is generated than on conventional machines, and this is transmitted to the spindle assembly. The short intervals between winding cycles do not allow sufficient time for the heat to dissipate and, as a result, the effect is cumulative. Accordingly, as shown in FIGS. 17A and 17B, each spindle is fitted with a toothed pulley 140 and is mounted for rotation in bearings (not shown) in the bobbin carriage 23. The bobbin carriage also carries a brake motor 144 which drives all the spindles through a common toothed belt 142. During the winding operation of the machine, the motor is stopped and braked so as to maintain the spindle stationary and thereby provide the required drag. Each spindle is provided with appropriately shaped cooling blades or fins 146, on the underside of its base, which suck in air when rotated. After the full bobbins have been doffed from the spindles and before they are replaced by empty ones, the motor 144 is automatically started so as to air-cool the spindle assemblies rapidly. FIG. 19 shows the circuit diagram, and FIG. 20 pneumatic connections, which have been used in controlling the operation of a machine according to the invention. The operation (which to some extent duplicates the information given above) and control sequence steps are as follows: 1. The thread-up sequence is initiated by pressing a push-button 90 which causes an input signal to be sent to a microprocessor 92 which then sends an output voltage to contactor Cl. Motor 94 is started at slow speed and the slivers 2 are moved through the drawing zone to the drawing rollers 10. Also on receipt of the signal from push-button 90, the microprocessor outputs voltages to solenoids 102, 103 and 104 of 3-port spring return pneumatic valves 112, 113 and 114 (see FIG. 20) which open and cause airmovers 18,19 and 21 to start sucking. FIG. 20 shows only one of each type of valve, but a bank of a number, e.g. 6, of such solenoids, valves and airmovers, the same number as the number of slivers, is used in practice. 2. The airmovers 18 (one per sliver), at the downstream side of the drawing rollers 10, suck in the slivers 2 and forward them to the delivery rollers 12 which feed the slivers to the respective airmovers 19 which suck them in and forward each sliver along a respective enclosed conductor (tube) to feed rollers 20. Feed rollers 20 pass the slivers to respective airmovers 21 positioned above the neck portions 22 of flyers 14 which suck in the slivers and forward them down the tubular neck portions of the flyers and down the enclosed flyer leg guide 33 and along the tubular rove layer 36 of each flyer, to the barrel of the respective bobbin 16 which has a textured surface so as to cause the sliver to cling to it. 3. A push-button 91 is then pressed to start normal operation, thereby sending a signal to microprocessor 92 which then stops outputting voltages to solenoids 102, 103 and 104 of 3-port spring return valves 112, 113 and 114, which then close and so cause airmovers 18, 19 and 21 to stop sucking. This is the end of the thread-up sequence. 4. The microprocessor then outputs a voltage to contactor C2, causing a motor 94 to accelerate so as to run the machine at the predetermined winding speed, and to contactor C4, to start the brake motor 52 and cause the bobbin carriage 23 to traverse. 5. When a predetermined length (yardage) has been wound on to the bobbins, as measured by a yardage counter 93, a signal is sent to the microprocessor 92. On receipt of this signal, the microprocessor stops outputting a voltage to contactor C2 and so causes the brake motor 94 which drives the machine to decelerate. This is the end of the winding sequence and the start of the auto-doff sequence. 6. The microprocessor then waits until it receives a signal when the proximity sensor 66 (FIGS. 6 and 7) senses a positioner 69 on the point of the heart cam gear wheel 53. The microprocessor then stops sending an output voltage to contactor C4 and so stops the brake motor 52 (which drives the heart cam 54) so as to stop the traverse of the bobbin carriage 23 at its lowest winding position. 7. Also on receipt of the signal from the yardage counter 93, and after a pre-programmed brief interval, the microprocessor outputs a voltage to contactor Cl to cause the motor 94 to drive the machine at slow speed. 8. The proximity sensor 66 also signals the microprocessor 92 to output a voltage to contactor C12 to start the further brake motor 67 so as to rotate the screw 59 to drive a threaded bracket 58 downwardly to lower pivot 57 of the traverse lever 56 (FIG. 6), this causing the bobbin carriage 23 to move down below its lowest traverse position. 9. When the positioner 68 on the bracket 58 reaches the proximity sensor 63, a signal is sent to microprocessor 92 to stop outputting a voltage to contactor C12, and so causes the brake motor 67 to stop with the rove layers 36 in line with the groove 72 in the top flange 70 of the respective bobbins. 10. Also on receipt of the signal from sensor 63, the microprocessor stops outputting a voltage to contactor C1 and so causes the brake motor 94 to stop the machine after the flyers have wound a few turns of sliver into the grooves of their respective bobbins. It should be noted that the brake motor 94 drives the flyers through PIV Box 134 (FIG. 16). 11. After a preprogrammed brief pause, the microprocessor outputs a voltage to contactor C20 so that the motor 128 is started to turn slowly the freewheel unit 126 and hence drive shaft 122 which drives only the flyers. 12. When a flag positioner 130 comes into line with a sensor switch 132 (FIG. 15), a signal is sent to the microprocessor 92 which responds by stopping the output voltage to contactor C20 so as to stop motor 128 and hence all the flyers in predetermined positions adjacent air cylinder 84. 13. After a pre-programmed short pause, and depending on whether the microprocessor is in receipt of a signal from a sensor 160A or 160 (FIG. 18) respectively, the microprocessor sends an output voltage either to contactor C7 or to contactor C10, which causes a brake motor 144 (FIG. 17) or a brake motor 144A to operate to rotate the spindles and bobbin carriers 148, on which the bobbins are mounted, in the reverse direction to winding. A short length of sliver is thus underwound from the grooves 72 in the bobbin flange, to create a slackness in the sliver between the end of the rove layer and the bobbin. (Motors 144 and 144A respectively drive the bobbins in the two bobbin carriages 23 and 23A. Sensors 160 and 160A respectively detect whether bobbin carriage 23 or 23A is in the doffing position). 14. After a pre-programmed interval, the microprocessor stops outputting a voltage to the contactor C7 (or C10), so causing motor 144 (or 144A) to stop. 15. Simultaneously with step 14, the microprocessor outputs a voltage to contactor C12 which causes the motor 67 to restart and to lower the bracket 58 from the position opposite sensor 63 to the position opposite sensor 62 which determines the doffing position of the bobbins. On receipt of a signal from the sensor 62, the microprocessor stops outputting a voltage to contactor C12, thereby stopping the motor 67. 16. Also on receipt of the signal from sensor 62, and depending on whether the microprocessor is in receipt of a signal from sensor 160A or 160, the microprocessor outputs a voltage to a contactor C13 or C14, which causes motor 47 to start and drive a shaft 48 and a rack 25 on which the bobbin carriages 23,23A rest. The bobbin carriage 23 or 23A with the full bobbins is thus moved from below the flyers (the slivers between them and the bobbins being broken in consequence) to one or other of the two sides of the machine. At the same time, the carriage 23A or 23, respectively, with the empty bobbins, is moved into place below the flyers. On receipt of a signal from the other sensor 160 or 160A, as the full bobbin carriage 23 or 23A reaches the doffing position, the microprocessor stops outputting a voltage to contactor C13 or C14 and so stops motor 47 (FIG. 5). 17. Also on receipt of the signal from sensor 160 or 160A, the microprocessor outputs a voltage to contactor C23 which starts a motor 98 (illustrated only in FIG. 19) and drives the bobbin lifting device 154 across the top of the machine to the side where the bobbin carriage with the full bobbins has been moved. The operation of the bobbin lifting device 154 during the remainder of the auto-doff sequence in doffing the full bobbin and donning the empty bobbins is not claimed as part of this invention; the full circuitry for this can be readily devised but is not included herein. Briefly, however, a further motor 96 (FIG. 19 only) which drives the bobbin lifting device in a vertical direction is started and stopped via contactors C21 and C22, to drive it upwards and downwards, and a contactor C24 is used to start and stop motor 98, to drive the bobbin lifting device 154 horizontally in the opposite direction to that using contactor C23 mentioned previously. The whole sequence whereby the full bobbins are removed from, and empty bobbins are placed on, the bobbin carriage in the doffing position is controlled by the microprocessor in the manner in which it is pre-programmed to respond to signal receipts from various sensors etc. (not shown). Empty spindles on that bobbin carriage in the doffing position are rotated in order to cool them before empty bobbins are located on the carriers. This is achieved via contactor C6 or C9, to cause motor 144 or 144A to rotate the spindles at high speed. 18. During step 17 and as a separate part of the auto-doff sequence, also on receipt of the signal from sensor 160 or 160A, the microprocessor outputs a voltage to contactor C11 to cause motor 67 to restart in the opposite direction, so as to drive bracket 58 up the screw 59. When bracket 58 reaches sensor 64, a signal is sent to the microprocessor which then stops outputting a voltage to contactor C11, causing the motor 67 to stop, at which point the bobbins are in the appropriate position for the start of the next winding cycle. 19. Also on receipt of the signal from sensor 64, and before the machine is restarted, the microprocessor outputs a voltage to solenoids 100 of a three-port spring return valve 110 (see FIG. 20), to operate the air cylinders 84, so that the cylinder pistons strike the pivotable rove layers 36 and move them to engage the barrels of the bobbins. 20. After a pre-programmed interval, the microprocessor stops outputting a voltage to solenoids 100, thereby closing the valves 110 and retracting the cylinder pistons to their inoperative position, clear of the flyers. 21. The microprocessor then returns to step 4 above and proceeds as before in the next winding cycle.	A drawing machine having a drawing zone (8) for drawing silvers (2), and a plurality of flyers (14) for winding the silvers on to bobbins (16), is made compact by arranging the flyers substantially longitudinally of the paths of the silvers through the drawing zone, e.g. in echelon formation with respect to the silver paths.	3
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to a weight cart for transporting scale testing weights. More particularly the weight cart is a compact three-wheel vehicle that is easily maneuvered by an operator to position the scale testing weights in the desired location. Platform scales are well known in the art and are utilized for many purposes. For example, platform type scales are used in commercial grain operation for measuring the amount of grain brought to an elevator. In addition, such scales are frequently used to weigh livestock in the food industry. State governments also utilize platform scales in their vehicle limit inforcement program to determine if semi-trailer and tractor units are complying with their highway load limits. The scales may be either mechanical or electrical scales. In either event, the scales often have a plurality of individual scale platforms, for example, a series of three platforms. By mechanical linkage or by electronic load cells, as a vehicle rests on one or more of the platforms, the weight is indicated on the scale. During the operation of the scales dirt and friction have a tendency to build up at critical points in mechanical scale mechanisms and restrict action of the pivots. When this occurs, the scale no longer accurately measures the load on the scale. Similarly, drift in the electronic components of such scales affect their calibration. In either event, the consequences are an inaccurate indication of the weight for the load or item on the scale. Accordingly, the prior art has recognized that it is important to periodically calibrate platform scales. It is known that the calibration accuracy of the scale will vary at different loadings and with the loads placed on varying locations on the platform scale. Therefore, calibration techniques required by state agencies often require platform scales to be calibrated at the different loadings and with the loads placed at varying locations on the platform scale. To accurately calibrate the platform scales it is therefore necessary to be able to place scale test weights on the platform scales and to move the weights to different locations on the scale. However, it is difficult and time consuming to place the scale test weights on various individual scale platforms and to move the scale test weights to various locations on the individual scale platforms. Further it is difficult to transport the scale test weights into relatively narrow, inaccessable areas which are frequently encountered when calibrating platform scales which are used to weigh livestock. Accordingly, there is a need for a weight cart that can quickly and effectively transport scale test weights to platform scales and reposition the scale test weights on various areas of the platform scales with a minimum of difficulty. In addition, the weight cart should be highly maneuverable and compact in size to facilitate transporting the scale testing weights into confined areas. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the invention, there is provided a cart for transporting scale testing weights having a support member. Two plates are connected to the support member and the plates are positioned adjacent the sides of the support member. The plates extend from the support member in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the support member. An opening is defined in the support member and the opening is located in the portion of the support member positioned between the two plates. A wheel assembly is rotatably connected to each of the plates and the wheel assemblies are in substantial alignment. The wheel assemblies moveably support the plates. A driven wheel is pivotally connected to the support member. The driven wheel is spaced apart from the plates and is in substantial alignment with the wheel assemblies on the plates. A drive means is operatively connected to the driven wheel for controlling the rotation of the driven wheel. A control handle is operatively connected to the driven wheel and the drive means. The handle controls pivotal movement of the driven wheel with respect to the support member and the rotation of the driven wheel by the drive means. A lifting means is positioned on the support member and the lifting means includes a lifting hook that extends through the opening in the support member. The lifting hook is positioned for engaging and lifting the scale testing weights. It is an object of the invention to provide a weight cart for transporting scale testing weights. It is also an object of the invention to provide a weight cart that is compact and highly maneuverable for transporting scale testing weights. Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent as the invention is described hereinafter in detail and with reference to the accompanying drawings. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of the weight cart in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 2 is a plan view of the weight cart; FIG. 3 is a rear elevational view of the weight cart; FIG. 4 is a front elevational view of the weight cart; FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the weight cart taken along line 5--5 in FIG. 2; FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the weight cart taken along line 6--6 of FIG. 2; and FIG. 7 is a partial cross sectional view of another embodiment for the weight cart of the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT This invention relates to a weight cart for lifting and transporting scale testing weights. More particularly the invention is directed to a three-wheeled cart that can be controlled by an operator walking adjacent to the cart. The details of the invention will be more readily understood by referring to the attached drawings in connection with the following description. The weight cart 1 has a substantially flat support member 3. The support member is positioned in a substantially horizontal plain. One end of the support member 3 has substantially converging sides 5 that terminate in a radiused section 7. An aperture 9 is located in the support member 3 adjacent the radiused section 7. The aperture 9 is positioned substantially along the center line of the support member 3. An opening 11 is positioned on the portion of the support member 3 that is spaced apart from the converging sides 5. The opening 11 is positioned substantially along the center line of the support member 3. Connected to the support member 3 are plates 15. The plates are positioned along the sides of the support member 3 and extend from the support member in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the support member. The plates 15 extend from the end of the support member that is opposite to the radiused end 7 to a point that is approximately at the midpoint of the support member 3. Gussetts 17 can be positioned between the support member 3 and the plates 15 to provide additional support for the plates. Connected to the ends of the plates 15 that are spaced apart from the support member 3 are wheel assemblies 21. The wheel assemblies 21 are comprised of wheels 23 that are rotatably secured to the plates 15 by axles 25. The wheels 23 and axles 25 are positioned in substantial alignment on the opposed plates 15. The wheels and axles are secured to the exterior surface of the plates 15. The wheels 23 act to moveably support the plates 15. Positioned in contact with the radiused section 7 of the support member 3 is a driven wheel assembly 29. The driven wheel assembly 29 comprises a wheel 31 secured to an axel 33. The wheel 31 is held in position in a fork 35 that straddles the driven wheel 31. The fork contains a u-shaped notch 37 and the axel 33 is secured to the notch. The fork 35 is connected to a shaft 39 and the shaft extends through the aperture 9 in the support member 3. The shaft 39 is rotatably supported in bearing sleeve 41 that is located adjacent both surfaces of the support member 3. Reinforcing gussetts 43 can be positioned in contact with the support member 3 and the bearing sleeves 41 to position and provide support for the bearing sleeves 41. Positioned on the end of the shaft 39 that is spaced apart from the fork 35 is a collar 45 and a handle 47 is pivotally connected to the collar. A motor 49 is operatively connected to one end of the axel 33 to provide the driving force for the driven wheel 31. The motor 49 is normally a hydraulic motor that can be connected to a source of hydraulic fluid for controlling the rotation of the driven wheel 31. However, it should be recognized that any suitable motor can be utilized for driving the wheel 31. A protective bracket 51 is positioned adjacent the motor 49 to protect the motor during the operation of the weight cart and to protect any hydraulic couplings to the motor. Positioned on the support member 3, on the surface opposite the plates 15, is an engine 55. The engine 55 is normally connected to hydraulic pumps which are located in housings 57. However, it should be recognized that drive means other than hydraulic pumps can be utilized to operate the weight cart. Positioned on each side of the support member 3, adjacent the engine 55, are braces 59. The braces 59 extend along the edge of the support member 3 and are connected to reinforcing members 61 that are located on the lower surface of the support member. The braces 59 can be bolted to the reinforcing member or connected in any other suitable manner. The braces 59 extend from the reinforcing members in a direction substantially perpendicular to the surface of the support member. The braces extend from the reinforcing member 61 in a direction towards the engine 55 and terminate at a point above the engine 55. Positioned on the support member 3 adjacent the opening 11 are columns 65. The columns 65 extend from the surface of the support member 3 in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the surface of the support member. The columns are located on the surface of the support member that is opposite to the surface upon which the plates 15 are positioned. The columns 65 terminate at a point above the engine 55 and the columns are substantially the same height as the braces 59. A gussett 67 is positioned in contact with the columns 65 and the support member 3 to hold the columns in position on the support member. The columns 65 are substantially u-shaped and the open end of the u-shaped columns are in opposed relationship. Positioned in contact with the ends of the columns 65 that are spaced apart from the support member 3 is a connecting member 71. The connecting member defines a passage way 73. A hydraulic cylinder 79 is positioned between the columns 65. One end of the hydraulic cylinder contains flanges 81 that extend from the end of the hydraulic cylinder. The flanges define apertures 83 that are in substantial alignment and that have substantially the same diameter as the passageways 73 and the connecting members 71. The flanges 81 are disposed on the hydraulic cylinder 79 to straddle the connecting member 71. When the hydraulic cylinder 79 is properly positioned between the columns 65 the aperture 83 in the flanges 81 will be in alignment with the passageway 73 in the connecting member 71. A pin 85 is positioned in the apertures 83 and the passageway 73 to secure the hydraulic cylinder 79 to the connecting member 71. A retaining pin 87 can be positioned on each end of the pin 85 to maintain the pin 85 in the proper location with respect to the connecting member 71 and the flanges 81. With the pin 85 properly positioned the columns 65 and connecting member 71 act to support the hydraulic cylinders 79. The other end of the hydraulic cylinder 79 has a rod 91 that extends therefrom. The rod is connected to the piston (not shown) in the interior of the cylinder. Normally inlets for hydraulic fluid are provided on each end of the hydraulic cylinder 79 so that hydraulic fluid can be introduced on either side of the piston to cause the piston and rod to advance within the hydraulic cylinder. The end of the rod 91 that extends from the hydraulic cylinder 79 is connected to a yoke 93. The yoke is generally u-shaped and an opening 95 is defined in the legs of the yoke. A flange 101 is positioned between the legs of the u-shaped yoke 93. The flange contains an aperture 103 that is substantially the same diameter as the openings 95 and the opening 93. When the flange is properly positioned in the yoke the aperture 103 will be in alignment with the opening 95. A pin 107 is positioned in the openings 95 and the aperture 103 to secure the flange 101 to the yoke 103. The flange 101 is connected to header 109 and hooks 111 are secured to the header. The hooks 111 are positioned or disposed to engage a lifting rod 113 on a scale testing weight 115. A gussett 110 is positioned in contact with the flange 101 and the header 109 to provide additional support between the flange and the header. Positioned adjacent the opening 11 in the support member 3 are spacers 119. The spacers are positioned on the surface of the support member to which the plates 15 are connected. Channels 121 and bumpers 123 are connected to the spacers 119. The channels and bumpers extend from the spacers away from the support member 3. The bumpers 123 are made of a resilient material and the bumpers are positioned to engage the top of the scale testing weights as shown in FIG. 6. Positioned adjacent the hydraulic cylinder 79 are guides 127. The guides are secured to the flange 101 and extend from the flange towards the hydraulic cylinder 79. The guides are positioned in the opening formed in the u-shaped columns 65. The guides 127 are constructed so that there is very little clearance between the sidewalls of the columns 65 and the guides. A pointer or cite guage 129 can be positioned on a portion of the guides 127. Cross braces 135 are secured to the ends of braces 59 that are located above the engine 55. The cross braces 135 are generally converging and are secured to a lifting bar 137. The lifting bar 137 is substantially u-shaped and the open ends of the lifting bar 137 are connected to columns 65. The closed end of the lifting bar 137 is disposed at an angle with respect to the remainder of the lifting bar and forms a lifting eye 139. Additional support for the lifting bar 137 is provided by reinforcing members 141. The reinforcing members extend from the lifting bar 137 to the columns 65 to provide additional support for the lifting bar. Controls for the weight cart 1 are located on the handle 47. A plurality of valves 145 are located on the handle. The valves are operatively connected to the hydraulic pumps in the housing 57. At least one of the plurality of valves 145 is operatively connected to the hydraulic cylinder 79 and at least one of the plurality of valves 135 is operatively connected to the drive motor 49. Normally hydraulic lines will extend from the housings 57 to the plurality of valves 145 and from the plurality of valves to the hydraulic cylinder and the drive motor. A hydraulic hose holder 147 is provided to maintain the hydraulic hoses in the proper position during the operation of the weight cart. The hydraulic valve that is connected to the hydraulic cylinder 79 is controlled by a lever 149. By advancing the lever 149 towards the hydraulic valve 145 the rod 91 of the hydraulic cylinder will be caused to advance in a direction towards the flanges 81 attached to one end of the hydraulic cylinder. By advancing the lever away from the valves 145 the rod 91 of the hydraulic cylinder 79 will be caused to advance in a direction away from the flanges 81. The hydraulic valve 145 that operates the drive motor 49 is controlled by rotatable handlebar grips 151. The rotatable grips 151 are positioned at the end of the handle 47 that is spaced apart from the collar 45 and the grips are substantially perpendicular to the handle 47. Rotation of the grips 151 in a clockwise direction from the position shown in FIG. 1 will cause the weight cart to advance in a forward direction. Rotation of the grips 151 in a counterclockwise direction will cause the weight cart to advance in a rearward or reverse direction. The handle 47 is pivotally connected to the collar 45 so that the handle can be pivoted to the position shown in broken lines in FIG. 1 when the weight cart is not in use. A tab 155 has been provided on the handle adjacent the collar 45 to restrict the pivotal movement of the handle 47. During the use of the weight cart 1 it is necessary to have the weight cart properly calibrated so that the weight cart is properly balanced and the proper weight for use in scale testing. Accordingly, weights 159 have been secured to each of the plates 15 to assist in balancing the weight cart. In addition, container 161 is positioned on the support member 3. The container 161 has an opening 163 on the side of the container that is spaced apart from the support member 3 and a cap 165 is provided to removably seal the opening 163. The container 161 is designed to receive ballast, normally in the form of lead or steal shot, that can be added or removed from the container to balance the weight cart. A bumper or stop 167 is connected to the support member 3 and extends from the support member in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the support member. The stop 167 extends from the support member in the same direction as the plates 15. The stop terminates at a point that is substantially in alignment with the wheels 23 and driven wheel 31. A resilient surface 169 is provided on the surface of the stop that faces the plates 15. The stop 167 extends substantially across the entire width of the driven wheel 31. The stop 167 is positioned to prevent a scale testing weight 115 positioned on the hooks 111 from coming into contact with the driven wheel 31. FIG. 7 shows another embodiment for a lifting hook to be used with the weight cart of the present invention. In this embodiment a hydraulic cylinder 79 is supported on column 65. A rod 91 extends from the hydraulic cylinder and terminates in a yolk 93. A flange 101 is connected to the yolk by means of a pin 107. The hydraulic cylinder 79, rod 91, yolk 93, flange 101 and pin 107 are all connected in the manner previously described. On the end of the flange 101 that extends from the yolk 93 there is a header 173. The header 173 is positioned substantially perpendicular to the support member 3. Connected to the header 173 is a single lifting hook 175. The lifting hook has substantially the same configuration as the previously described hook 111. The lifting hook 175 is disposed for engaging the lifting rod 113 on a scale testing weight 115. A gussett 177 can be positioned between the flange 101 and the header 173 to provide additional support for the lifting hook 175. The operation of the weight cart will be more readily understood by referring to the attached drawings in connection with the folowing description. The weight cart 1 is designed to be transported in the back of a tractor trailer rig in which the scale testing weights 115 are also transported. When the scale testing cart is being transported the handle 47 is placed in the position shown in broken lines in FIG. 1. When the tractor trailer rig is at the location where the weight cart is to be utilized a lifting device can be attached to the lifting eye 139 and the weight cart unloaded from the trailer. When the weight cart is suspended on the lifting eye 139 the ballast in container 161 can be varied to ensure that the weight cart is properly balanced. When the weight cart is positioned on the ground the handle 47 is unfolded and the engine 55 is started to supply hydralic fluid to the hydraulic pump located in housing 57. Hydraulic fluid will then be supplied to the control valve 145 that controls the operation of the weight cart. After scale testing weights 115 have also been unloaded from the trailer the handle grips 151 can be rotated by an operator and the driven wheel 31 steered by the rotation of the handle 47 to position the weight cart with respect to the scale testing weights. Normally the scale testing weights 115 are positioned between the opposed plates 15 on the weight cart. Then the lever 149 can be advanced to operate the hydraulic cylinder 79 to position the hooks 111 in the proper position to engage the lifting rods 113 on the scale testing weights 115. The weight cart can then be positioned to place the hooks 111 adjacent the rods 113. The lever 149 can then be advanced to cause the rod 91 of the hydraulic cylinder 79 to advance towards the flanges 81. This will result in the hooks 111 engaging the rods 113 and the scale testing weights 115 being lifted by the hydraulic cylinder. Normally the rod 91 will be advanced until the portion of the scale testing weights 115 adjacent the rod 113 is in contact with the bumpers 123. In this position the scale testing weights will be secured against the bumper and the weight cart will be properly prepared for transporting the scale testing weights. With the scale testing weights in position against the bumpers 123 an operator can drive the scale testing cart by rotating the grips 151 and pivoting the handle 47 to advance and steer the weight cart to the proper location for testing a particular scale. During the transporting of the scale testing weights loads will be imparted to the hooks 111, header 109, flange 101, yoke 93, rod 91 and hydraulic cylinder 79. However, guides 127 are positioned adjacent the flange 101 and hydraulic cylinder 79 to prevent unwanted deflection or movement in the hydraulic lifting mechanism. In addition, the stop 167 will prevent the scale testing weights 115 from advancing towards the driven wheel 31 and engaging or contacting the driven wheel. To disengage the hooks 111 from the scale testing weights 115 the lever 149 is advanced to cause the rod 91 to move away from the flanges 81. The weights 115 are lowered until they are resting on the ground and the hooks 111 no longer engage the lifting rods 113 on the weights. Then the grips 151 can be rotated to cause the driven wheel 31 to be rotated to advance the weight cart out of engagement with the scale testing weights 115. A pointer 129 can be attached to the guide 127 to assist the operator in determining the position of th hooks 111. Additional marks can be provided on the column 65 so that the operator will know when the hooks 111 are in position to pass under the lifting rods 113, when the hooks have engaged and lifted the weights 115, when the weights are in position against the bumpers 123 and when the hooks are in the full upward position and not engaging the lifting rods of the scale testing weights. Having described the invention in detail and with reference to the attached drawings it should be understood that such specifications are given only for the sake of explanation. Various modifications and substitutions, other than those cited, can be made without departing from the scope of the following claims.	A scale testing cart for transporting and positioning weights to effect the calibration of a platform scale is disclosed. The cart includes a frame with two opposed wheels located at one end of the frame. A rotatable driven wheel is located at the opposite end of the frame for steering and driving said cart. A hydraulically operated lifting hook is provided on the frame for engaging and lifting said scale testing weights.	6
RELATED APPLICATION This is a nonprovisional application claiming the benefit of provisional application Ser. No. 61/129,226, filed Jun. 12, 2008, herein incorporated by reference. FIELD OF INVENTION The present invention is generally directed to wave action electric generating systems and in particular to a wave action electric generating system that harnesses the rocking motion of a floating platform. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A floating platform uses a device which provides drag when pulled through water, which is connected via cables, pulleys, and/or hydraulic or pressurized means to convert wave energy into electric energy. The rocking/pulling motion of the platform in rough seas allows the drags to exert a pulling force on the cables/hydraulic lines connected to the generator. A wave action electric generating system comprises a platform floating on water, the platform being subject to rocking from side to side from wave action; an electric generator disposed on the platform; a pulley engagable with the generator in a first direction to power the generator, and free-wheeling with the generator in a second direction opposite the first direction; a spring to rewind the cable; an arm extending over the water, the arm including a far end that moves substantially up and down over the water as the platform rocks from side to side; a cable operably connected to the pulley and supported by the far end, the cable pulling on the pulley in the first direction and rewinding around the pulley in the second direction; a member disposed in the water and connected to another end of the cable, the member resisting lifting as the far end moves upwardly from wave action thereby to unwind the cable and drive the generator, the member resisting sinking as the far end moves downwardly, thereby to rewind the cable. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is schematic perspective view of a wave action electric generator made in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of FIG. 1 , showing the platform tilting to the right due to wave action. FIG. 3 is a side elevational view of FIG. 1 , showing the platform tilting to the left due to wave action. FIG. 4 is a schematic side elevational view of a pulley/generator arrangement, with portions shown in cross-section. FIGS. 5-7 are schematic side elevational views of a drag member that changes its configuration, generating more or less drag, depending on the direction of pull, as it moves through the water. FIG. 8 is a schematic perspective view of another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 9 is a schematic side elevational view of a pulley/generator arrangement used in the system of FIG. 8 , with portions shown in cross-section. FIG. 10 is a side elevational view of FIG. 8 , showing the platform tilting to the right due to wave action. FIG. 11 is a side elevational view of FIG. 8 , showing the platform tilting to the left due to wave action. FIG. 12 is a schematic side elevational view of another embodiment of the present invention, showing the drag member being pulled out due to water currents. FIG. 13 is a schematic side elevational view of the embodiment of FIG. 11 , showing the drag member being pulled in by a rewinding mechanism, with the drag member collapsed to present minimum drag. FIG. 14 is a schematic side elevational view of FIG. 1 , showing the system anchored to the sea bottom. FIG. 15 is a schematic side elevational view of a pulley/generator arrangement in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, with portions shown in cross-section DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION A wave action electric generating system R is disclosed. A floating platform 2 , such as a barge, boat etc. includes drag members 4 designed to provide drag when being pulled through fluid. These drag members 4 are attached to high strength cable 6 and or hydraulic lines or levers, which in turn are connected to a pulley 7 connected to the shaft of a generator 8 . Booms or arms 9 extend over the water to guide the cable 6 . Pulleys 11 allow the cables 6 to change direction as they course from the generators 8 to the drag members 4 . The generators 8 are equipped with flywheels 13 to even out the rotational energy imparted by the cables 6 . A single or multitude of these structures could be rigged to a single or multiple generators. When the cable 6 is pulled out (when the floating structure moves upward by way of wave movement), the pulley 7 spins and turns the generator shaft, which exerts force on the generator. When the pulling ceases (when the floating structure begins its downward motion) a spring 10 recoils the cable 6 by counter rotating the pulley 7 to rewind the cable 6 . The pulley 7 is connected to the generator shaft through a one-way clutch 15 such that the shaft rotates only in one direction but not in the opposite direction. Specifically, the shaft does not turn when the pulley 7 is rewinding from the force of the spring 10 , as shown in FIG. 4 . An example of the one-way clutch 15 is a mechanism found in a standard ratchet wrench where force can be exerted in one direction while able to spin freely in the other rotational direction. The one-way clutch 15 may also be electrically operated, wherein the clutch is engaged when rotating in one direction, but electrically disengaged when the reverse direction is sensed. The recoiling mechanism allows the cable 6 to rewind itself so the process can repeat itself. With the use of the one-way clutch 15 , force is exerted on the generator in one direction by way of the dragging force of the drag members 4 on the cables 6 , and force from the spring 10 is used to rewind the cable 6 without turning the generator. The one-way clutch 15 also allows the flywheel 13 to continue to rotate while the cable 6 is rewinding or the pulley 7 is stopped. Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3 , during operation, a wave 12 causes the platform 2 to tilt toward the right of the page, causing the right cable 6 to rewind, without exerting any torque on its associated generator shaft, while the cable 6 on the left exerts a turning force on the generator crankshaft, thereby generating electricity. As the wave 12 passes through, another wave 14 moves in, causing the platform to tilt toward the left of the page, thus causing the cable on the right to exert a torque on the associated generator 8 , while the cable on the left rewinds, without causing any turning force on its associated generator 8 . The floating platform 2 is designed to maximize the natural rocking motion imparted by the waves, allowing for the maximum amount of flux in any given wave conditions. Thus the bottom could be rounded, flat, or angled. The structure 2 could be built to maximize size and weight, for added inertia, or minimized to minimize inertia, depending on the prevalent wave conditions. A heavy large platform 2 could exert great pressures on relatively large drags, in large waves, while a lighter more buoyant platform could be optimal for smaller waves. The more the edges of the platform rock the more power can be generated by the generators 8 . Thus the structure 2 should be designed to maximize its natural instability. However the drag members 4 counter this instability. Relative stability of the platform could be adjusted by the amount of torque power allowed to be exerted on the crankshaft. The more torque power allowed upon the crankshaft, the more stable the platform. Less torque could yield more instability. The electric output is determined by the size of the waves/swell, the size of the drags, the frequency of cable pulls per given unit of time, and the amount of torque exerted on the generator crankshaft (determined in part by float mass and buoyancy). The drag members 4 contain a certain level of counter-resistance to water pressure when sinking. Referring to FIG. 1 , each of the drag members 4 is hollow member that fills up with water, and presents a large internal surface 16 to the water as the cable 6 tries to lift it up as the platform tilts to the right, in the case of the drag member 4 on the left, as shown in FIG. 2 . The larger the horizontal projection of the internal surface 16 to the direction of motion of the cable, the greater the drag force. The curved surface of the internal surface 16 also provides a stabilizing effect to the drag member 4 due to the water deflecting off the curved surface 16 as the cable 6 tries to lift up the drag member. The outside surface 18 provides a counter-resistance to the water as the drag member 4 sinks, as indicated for the drag member 4 on the right side of FIG. 2 . This is needed for the re-coil spring 10 , so the recoil can take place with little or no energy. Referring to FIGS. 5-7 , another embodiment of the drag member is disclosed. The drag member 20 is shaped like an inverted umbrella. In this case, when the umbrella shaped drag member 20 is pulled on, the drag member 20 opens up progressively, as shown in FIGS. 4-6 , and resists the upward movement. When sinking, the drag member 20 also resists the sinking motion as well (to a lesser extent). The drag members could be situated such that they sit deep in the water, or near the surface. If near the surface, and if pulled above the water line, the weight of the water held within the drag member will pull the drag member back into the water (based on the setting of the torque on the rewind device). This is one way to provide the most torque power with the smallest size drag member, since pulling water above the water line exerts more power than merely dragging through the water. In another embodiment, the system disclosed in FIG. 1 is modified so that both the left and right drag members are connected to a single generator 8 , as shown in FIG. 8 . The cables are connected to two pulleys 22 and 24 , as shown in FIG. 9 . The pulleys are arranged so that one of the drag members 4 is used to drive the generator, while the other drag member is used to rewind the cable. The pulleys are connected to the generator shaft through the one-way clutch 15 that allows rotation of the shaft only in one direction. In this embodiment, the recoil spring is eliminated. Referring to FIGS. 10 and 11 , the right hand drag member 4 may be used to turn the generator 8 , while the drag member on the left is used to rewind the cable of the right hand cable. In FIG. 10 , the cable on the left is extended after rewinding the cable on the right. As the platform 2 tilts to the left, as shown in FIG. 11 , the cable on the right extends, causing the generator shaft to turn, while rewinding the cable on the left, which is then ready to rewind the cable on the right as the platform tilts to the right. The system can also be arranged such that two drag members 4 are connected to the pulleys 22 and 24 with each pulley having their own one-way clutches 15 and 17 and rewind spring 10 that allows each pulley to rewind independently of the other pulley, as shown in FIG. 15 . The cables 6 on the right and left hand of FIG. 10 will be arranged such that when torque is applied by either cable on the generator, the shaft is rotated only in one direction. Both cables on the right and left will be wound in the same direction on the associated pulleys 22 and 24 . The left hand side cable 6 shown in dashed lines in FIGS. 10 and 11 is wound around its pulley in the same direction as the right hand cable 6 such that either cable will be imparting torque to the generator in the same direction. As the cable 6 on the right is extending, as shown in FIG. 10 , imparting torque to the generator, the cable 6 on the left hand side would be rewinding. In the same manner, as the cable on the left hand side is extending to drive the generator, the cable 6 on the right is rewinding. In this manner, the left and right side drag members 4 are effective in imparting torque to the generator. Another embodiment of the present invention includes drag members that incorporate a mechanism as part of the drag cable, that alters the degree to which the walls of the drag members are set, and thus the amount of drag they produce. This may be necessary in order to keep the cable centered or positioned at a preferred depth, and to provide a preferred amount of drag/back pressure etc, as well as maintain a limited amount of line to be drawn out. Another embodiment of the present invention is disclosed in FIGS. 12 and 13 . A parachute-like drag member 26 is situated at a slight distance from the platform 2 (so as not to interfere with the vertical drags). The drag member 26 is used to minimize the pull of the platform in current and/or wind. The drag member 26 will pull out the cable 6 based on the current and wind exerted on the platform 2 , as shown in FIG. 12 , thereby driving the generator 8 . When the drag member 26 reaches a certain distance from the platform, the drag member 26 will collapse and/or a mechanism that reduces the drag will be initiated such that the device can be recoiled by a relatively strong recoil device, such as the spring 10 , as shown in FIG. 13 . Referring to FIG. 14 , the system R is shown anchored to the bottom of the sea with cables 28 tied to anchors 30 and cable 32 tied to a pivoting ball 34 . Advantageously, the various embodiments of the present invention can be used to great avail and easy implementation on boats. Boats currently incorporate drag structures to stabilize boats, and parachutes to keep boats from drifting too much. The present invention provides the means to extract the energy from such devices. The system disclosed herein is not only potentially capable of creating an immense amount of electricity for use on an industrial scale, but it also can provide stability for the platform such that it may be of commercial interest for use in fish-farming or other open ocean ventures. The present invention disposes the majority of its components that may need to be maintained or replaced above the water and on the floating platform for easy accessibility. Whereas many previous wave action generator designs, have critical components located underwater, the present invention has critical components, such as the generators, above the water. The present invention makes use of the dynamic, oscillating movement that a platform undergoes in oceanic or turbulent waters. When incorporating a multitude of these devices on one floatation device, one can effectively harvest the energy exerted on each side/area of the platform, in effect also making angled movements (of the platform as a whole) useful for energy extraction as well. If for example, one has a square floatation barge, and a wave hits a certain corner of a the barge, that corner in itself is generating electricity by way of the aforementioned method, before the wave passes to the remainder of the barge and as each station lifts each station cranks a generator, or a central generator. While this invention has been described as having preferred design, it is understood that it is capable of further modification, uses and/or adaptations following in general the principle of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which the invention pertains, and as may be applied to the essential features set forth, and fall within the scope of the invention or the limits of the appended claims.	A wave action electric generating system comprises a platform floating on water, the platform being subject to rocking from side to side from wave action; an electric generator disposed on the platform; a pulley engagable with the generator in a first direction to power the generator, and free-wheeling with the generator in a second direction opposite the first direction; a spring to rewind the cable; an arm extending over the water, the arm including a far end that moves substantially up and down over the water as the platform rocks from side to side; a cable operably connected to the pulley and supported by the far end, the cable pulling on the pulley in the first direction and rewinding around the pulley in the second direction; a member disposed in the water and connected to another end of the cable, the member resisting lifting as the far end moves upwardly from wave action thereby to unwind the cable and drive the generator, the member resisting sinking as the far end moves downwardly, thereby to rewind the cable.	5
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] 1. Field of the Invention [0002] The present invention relates to a gas abatement system that abates (detoxifies) silane (SiH4) and gaseous fluorides such as nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), and more particularly, to a gas abatement system including piping that can be made overall more compact, with better serviceability, and at a lower cost. [0003] 2. Description of the Related Art [0004] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a conventional gas abatement system in a semiconductor production plant, a flat panel display plant or a solar panel plant. In a semiconductor production plant, various processes, for instance CVD (chemical vapor deposition), etching and the like are carried out in respective air-tight chambers C 1 , C 2 . . . Cn. Process gases, for instance silane, that are used in these processes, as well as gaseous substances that are generated secondarily in the processes, are fed to a gas abatement system 1 , where they are abated. Cleaning gases such as nitrogen trifluoride or the like that are used in plasma automatic cleaning of the air-tight chambers C 1 , C 2 . . . Cn are likewise fed to the gas abatement system 1 , where they are abated. [0005] In the gas abatement system 1 , gases discharged out of the air-tight chambers C 1 , C 2 . . . Cn (hereafter, “gases to be processed”) undergo combustion decomposition in a combustion-type abatement apparatus 6 . The processed gas after combustion decomposition is fed to a bag filter BF, and dust in the processed gas (dust in the form of silica (SiO 2 ) powder, since the gas that undergoes combustion decomposition is silane) is collected in the bag filter BF and is recovered in a compacting container BF 1 . The processed gas after dust collection passes through a pipe 4 in the plant, and is fed to a plant scrubber facility 5 , where the gas undergoes an abatement process, for instance, an acid treatment by spraying of shower water. [0006] However, the problems below arise upon abatement (detoxification) of silane and nitrogen trifluoride using the above-described conventional gas abatement system. [0007] (1) Silica powder, which results from combustion decomposition of silane, is present in the bag filter BF and the compacting container BF 1 ; also, a large amount of hydrofluoric acid (HF), generated upon combustion decomposition of nitrogen trifluoride, passes through the bag filter BF. Therefore, the passing hydrofluoric acid reacts with the silica powder in the bag filter BF and the compacting container BF 1 , giving rise to silicon tetrafluoride gas (SiF4). The generated silicon tetrafluoride gas passes through the pipe 4 and flows into the plant scrubber facility 5 . As a result, a large amount of silica powder sludge is generated again in the plant scrubber facility 5 on account of the reaction between the silicon tetrafluoride gas and shower water. Recovery of this sludge requires hence frequent maintenance. [0008] (2) Large amounts of hydrofluoric acid generated upon combustion decomposition of nitrogen trifluoride are ultimately subjected to an acid treatment at the plant scrubber facility 5 . Therefore, the pipe 4 and so forth, plus the entire piping from the combustion-type abatement apparatus 6 to the plant scrubber facility 5 , as well as the bag filter BF, must be treated against corrosion (for instance, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2007-232308 discloses one instance of such anti-corrosion treatment). [0009] (3) In order to convey, up to the bag filter BF, silica powder that is present in the processed gas after silane combustion decomposition, and in order to lower the temperature of the processed gas after combustion decomposition, the airflow in the entire piping system from the combustion-type abatement apparatus 6 up to the plant scrubber facility 5 (including the pipe 4 ) must amount to a substantial air volume (for instance, about 60 m 3 /min); also, the entire piping system must of large diameter and must be made up of a metal such as stainless steel, in order to cope with that substantial air volume. Alternatively, the interior of the pipes must have an anti-corrosion coating, or there must be used a large plant scrubber facility 5 having large processing capacity , which inevitably makes the entire gas abatement system, including the plant scrubber facility 5 , into a large-scale, high-cost system. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0010] In order to solve the above problems, it is an object of the present invention to provide a gas abatement system that can be made overall more compact, with better serviceability, and at a lower cost, including piping. [0011] To attain the above goal, the present invention is a gas abatement system that abates gases to be processed, in a plant, wherein the gas abatement system includes: a water-cooled combustion-type abatement apparatus that performs combustion decomposition and scrub dust collection on the gases to be processed; an electrostatic precipitator that performs electric dust collection on processed gas after performing the combustion decomposition and scrub dust collection; and a pipe that feeds the processed gas, after the electric dust collection, to an existing scrubber facility in the plant. [0012] In the above invention, the pipe may be a metal pipe of stainless steel or other metals having an inner face not subjected to an anti-corrosion treatment, or a resin pipe formed of vinyl chloride or some other resin. [0013] In the above invention, the gas abatement system may be provided with an exhaust pump. In such a configuration, the gases to be processed are discharged by the exhaust pump. [0014] Examples of the gases to be processed include, for instance, silane, being a semiconductor material gas, as well as a gaseous fluoride such as NF3, CF4, C2F6, SF6, CHF3 or CF6, that is used as a cleaning gas, for instance, in plasma cleaning of air-tight chambers of a plasma CVD apparatus or the like. [0015] For instance, silica powder and hydrofluoric acid are generated as products of combustion decomposition in a case where silane or nitrogen trifluoride, as a gas to be processed, is abated in the plant. By virtue of the above features of the present invention, however, hydrofluoric acid is collected by dust scrubbing at the water-cooled combustion-type abatement apparatus, which lies upstream of the pipe. As a result, the concentration of hydrofluoric acid that flows into the pipe is kept no greater than a TLV value (allowable concentration), and hence the inner face of the pipe need not be subjected to an anti-corrosion treatment. Also, the processed gas after combustion decomposition is cooled by scrub dust collection in the water-cooled combustion-type abatement apparatus. Accordingly, airflow in the pipe maybe small, and no large-diameter and durable pipe need be used. Therefore, the pipe that is used can be a small-diameter inexpensive pipe having a simple structure, for instance a small-diameter resin pipe formed of vinyl chloride or other resin; or a small-diameter metal pipe of stainless steel or other metals, the inner face of which has not been subjected to an anti-corrosion treatment. Since the air volume in the pipe may be small, the size of the plant scrubber facility can be reduced in accordance with that air volume, and the cost and scale of the gas abatement system as a whole, including the pipe, can be reduced. [0016] In the present invention, silica powder is recovered by being dissolved into waste water, through scrub dust collection in the water-cooled combustion-type abatement apparatus. Therefore, the amount of silica powder that flows into the plant scrubber facility is significantly reduced. Hydrofluoric acid as well is collected through scrub dust collection in the water-cooled combustion-type abatement apparatus. Therefore, maintenance of the plant scrubber facility is easy, in that no silicon tetrafluoride gas is generated through reaction between hydrofluoric acid and silica powder in the plant scrubber facility, and in that the generated silicon tetrafluoride gas does not form silica powder anew, through reaction with water, in the plant scrubber facility. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0017] FIG. 1 is a system schematic diagram of an example where a gas abatement system in an embodiment of the present invention is used in a semiconductor production plant; and [0018] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of a conventional gas abatement system in a semiconductor production plant, a flat panel display plant or a solar panel plant. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0019] Preferred embodiments of the invention will be explained next with reference to accompanying drawings. [0020] FIG. 1 is a system schematic diagram of an example where a gas abatement system in an embodiment of the present invention is used in a semiconductor production plant. [0021] In the semiconductor production plant of FIG. 1 , various processes, for instance CVD (chemical vapor deposition), etching and the like are carried out in respective air-tight chambers C 1 , C 2 . . . Cn. Process gases, for instance silane, used in these processes, as well as gaseous substances that are generated secondarily in the processes, are discharged out of the air-tight chambers C 1 , C 2 . . . Cn by exhaust pumps, not shown, that are connected to the air-tight chambers C 1 , C 2 . . . Cn. Cleaning gases, such as nitrogen trifluoride, that are used in plasma automatic cleaning of the air-tight chambers C 1 , C 2 . . . Cn, are similarly discharged out of the air-tight chambers C 1 , C 2 . . . Cn. The gases to be processed that are discharged by the exhaust pumps out of the air-tight chambers C 1 , C 2 . . . Cn are abated in the gas abatement system 1 in the plant. [0022] The gas abatement system 1 comprises: a water-cooled combustion-type abatement apparatus 2 that performs combustion decomposition and scrub dust collection on gases to be processed that are discharged by the air-tight chambers C 1 , C 2 . . . Cn; an electrostatic precipitator 3 that performs electric dust collection on the processed gas after combustion decomposition and scrub dust collection; and a pipe 4 that feeds the processed gas, after electric dust collection, to a plant scrubber facility 5 (scrubber facility already installed in the plant). [0023] The water-cooled combustion-type abatement apparatus 2 comprises a combustion furnace 20 provided with a combustion chamber 20 A into which there flow the gases to be processed that are discharged out of the air-tight chambers C 1 , C 2 . . . Cn; a water scrubber process chamber that is built into the combustion furnace 20 (hereafter referred to as “combustion furnace built-in water scrubber process chamber 20 B”); a water scrubber 21 provided downstream of the combustion furnace 20 ; and a wastewater tank 22 that recovers and stores waste water from the combustion furnace built-in water scrubber process chamber 20 B and the water scrubber 21 . The water-cooled combustion-type abatement apparatus 2 is configured in such a manner that the gases to be processed that are discharged out of the air-tight chambers C 1 , C 2 . . . Cn pass sequentially through the combustion chamber 20 A, the combustion furnace built-in water scrubber process chamber 20 B, the wastewater tank 22 , and the water scrubber 21 , and pass then into the electrostatic precipitator 3 . [0024] In the combustion chamber 20 A, the gases to be processed that are discharged out of the air-tight chambers C 1 , C 2 . . . Cn undergo combustion decomposition at high-temperature. The processed gas after combustion decomposition flows into the combustion furnace built-in water scrubber process chamber 20 B. [0025] Shower water is sprayed in the combustion furnace built-in water scrubber process chamber 20 B, such that the processed gas after combustion decomposition passes through this shower water spraying region; as a result, hazardous components are removed from the processed gas after combustion decomposition, in that, for instance, the shower water captures dust in the processed gas (for instance, silica powder generated as a result of combustion decomposition of silane) and in that the shower water collects gas components, out of the processed gas, that are readily soluble in water (for instance, hydrofluoric acid that is generated through combustion decomposition of nitrogen trifluoride, which is used as a cleaning gas in the air-tight chambers C 1 , C 2 . . . Cn). The removed hazardous components flow into the wastewater tank 22 together with waste water of the shower water. The combustion furnace built-in water scrubber process chamber 20 B functions also as cooling means that cools, by means of the shower water, the processed gas after combustion decomposition. [0026] The water scrubber 21 has a shower water region section 21 B inward of a cylindrical scrubber outer case 21 A, and a gas contact region section 21 C that is provided with ring packing to afford increased surface area. The water scrubber 21 is configured in such a manner that gas processed in the combustion chamber 20 A and the combustion furnace built-in water scrubber process chamber 20 B (processed gas after combustion decomposition and scrub dust collection) flows into the water scrubber 21 from the bottom of the cylindrical scrubber outer case 21 A. The shower water in the shower water region section 21 B is supplied also, through dripping, into the gas contact region section 21 C. Thus, the processed gas, after combustion decomposition and scrub dust collection, that flows into the cylindrical scrubber outer case 21 A, passes through the gas contact region section 21 C and flows into the overlying shower water region section 21 B. At this time, dust in the processed gas is captured by coming into contact with shower water in the shower water region section 21 B and in the portion provided with ring packing, for increased surface area, of the gas contact region section 21 C. The water scrubber 21 functions also as cooling means that, by way of the shower water, further cools the processed gas after combustion decomposition and scrub dust collection. [0027] The wastewater tank 22 has a structure wherein waste water from the combustion furnace built-in water scrubber process chamber 20 B and waste water from the water scrubber 21 flow into the wastewater tank 22 , in such a manner that the water surface in the wastewater tank 22 constitutes a gas flow path. In the way towards the water scrubber 21 , the processed gas that has been processed in the combustion furnace built-in water scrubber process chamber 20 B passes over the water surface in the wastewater tank 22 , and becomes thereupon cooled by cold air from the water surface. That is, the wastewater tank 22 as well functions as cooling means that cools processed gas. [0028] The electrostatic precipitator 3 utilizes a structure wherein a potential difference arises between a metal rod 31 that is provided at the inner central portion of each dust collection drum 30 , and an inner face 30 A of the dust collection drum 30 ; a structure wherein a water flow film is formed on the inner face 30 A of each dust collection drum 30 ; and a structure wherein gas processed in the water-cooled combustion-type abatement apparatus 2 (processed gas after combustion decomposition and scrub dust collection) flows into the electrostatic precipitator 3 from the top of the dust collection drums 30 . Dust in the processed gas that flows into the dust collection drums 30 is drawn towards the inner face 30 A of each dust collection drum 30 , on account of the potential difference, is captured and washed off by the water flow film that flows along the inner face, and flows into the wastewater tank 32 out of the bottom of the dust collection drums 30 . The processed gas, after having had dust thus removed therefrom by electric dust collection, passes over the water surface in the wastewater tank 32 and flows into the pipe 4 . That is, also the wastewater tank 32 of the electrostatic precipitator 3 functions as cooling means of processed gas, like the wastewater tank 22 of the water-cooled combustion-type abatement apparatus 2 . The inner space of the dust collection drums 30 constitutes a cold-air atmosphere on account of the flow of water along the inner faces of the dust collection drums 30 . Therefore, the dust collection drums 30 as well function as cooling means of processed gas. [0029] As the pipe 4 there can be used a small-diameter inexpensive pipe having a simple structure, for instance a small-diameter resin pipe comprising vinyl chloride or other resin; or a small-diameter metal pipe of stainless steel or other metals, the inner face of which has not been subjected to an anti-corrosion treatment. The reasons for this are as follows. [0030] If the interior of the pipe 4 is moist, small amounts of dust that fails to be collected by the electrostatic precipitator 3 adhere to, and become deposited on, the inner face of the pipe 4 . The pipe 4 must be serviced as a result frequently, to remove such deposits. In the present embodiment, therefore, dry air is supplied by a blower fan 4 A provided in the vicinity of the inlet of the pipe 4 , in such a way so as to keep the interior of the pipe 4 at or below a given wetness, at all times. [0031] A gas process operation in the gas abatement system is explained next. The explanation below on a gas process operation is based on an example where silane and nitrogen trifluoride gases are abated (detoxified). An exhaust pump causes these gases to flow into the water-cooled combustion-type abatement apparatus 2 from the air-tight chambers C 1 , C 2 . . . Cn. [0032] <Silane Abatement> [0033] Silane that flows into the water-cooled combustion-type abatement apparatus 2 undergoes firstly combustion decomposition at the combustion furnace 20 . Silica powder is generated as a product upon abatement of silane by combustion decomposition. The generated silica powder flows into the combustion furnace built-in water scrubber process chamber 20 B along with gas (processed gas) that is generated as a result of combustion decomposition, the silica powder is collected by the shower water, and flows, accompanying the flow of water, into the wastewater tank 22 of the water-cooled combustion-type abatement apparatus 2 . [0034] The processed gas that passes into the wastewater tank 22 of the water-cooled combustion-type abatement apparatus 2 comprises silica powder that has failed to be captured in the combustion furnace built-in water scrubber process chamber 20 B. The processed gas, which comprises such silica powder, flows into the water scrubber 21 , while being cooled upon passing over the water surface in the wastewater tank 22 , and passes through the gas contact region section 21 C and the shower water region section 21 B, towards the electrostatic precipitator 3 . The silica powder in the processed gas is collected herein mainly through contact with shower water. The collected silica powder flows into the wastewater tank 22 accompanying the flow of shower water. [0035] The processed gas, after combustion decomposition and scrub dust collection, that reaches the electrostatic precipitator 3 comprises silica powder that has failed to be collected in the combustion furnace built-in water scrubber process chamber 20 B, the shower water region section 21 B and so forth. The silica powder in such processed gas is drawn towards the inner face of the dust collection drums 30 , on account of the potential difference, is captured and washed off by the water film that flows along the inner face, and flows into the wastewater tank 32 out of the bottom of the dust collection drums 30 . [0036] The silica powder that flows into, and is recovered from, the wastewater tanks 22 , 32 and that comes from the combustion furnace built-in water scrubber process chamber 20 B and the water scrubber 21 of the water-cooled combustion-type abatement apparatus 2 , and from the electrostatic precipitator 3 , has a particle size of about 1μ. Therefore, the silica powder does not precipitate, but remains suspended in the water in the wastewater tank 22 . [0037] <Nitrogen Trifluoride Abatement> [0038] Nitrogen trifluoride (or F 2 that is formed by plasma) that flows into the water-cooled combustion-type abatement apparatus 2 undergoes also, firstly, combustion decomposition at the combustion furnace 20 , in the same way as the silane explained above. Nitrogen trifluoride generates hydrofluoric acid as a product upon abatement by combustion decomposition. The generated hydrofluoric acid passes through the combustion furnace built-in water scrubber process chamber 20 B and flows into the wastewater tank 22 . However, hydrofluoric acid dissolves into the shower water, and hence the concentration of hydrofluoric acid that flows into the wastewater tank 22 is significantly reduced. Even though hydrofluoric acid flows thus into the wastewater tank 22 , no reaction takes place therefore between the hydrofluoric acid and the silica powder recovered in the wastewater tank 22 . The shower water into which the hydrofluoric acid is dissolved (acidic waste water) flows into the wastewater tank 22 . [0039] The remaining hydrofluoric acid that flows into the wastewater tank 22 (i.e. fraction that does not dissolve into the shower water of the combustion furnace built-in water scrubber process chamber 20 B) passes over the water surface in the wastewater tank 22 , while being cooled thereby, and flows into the water scrubber 21 . The inflowing hydrofluoric acid passes through the gas contact region section 21 C and the shower water region section 21 B, and reaches the electrostatic precipitator 3 . A greater part of the hydrofluoric acid dissolves into the shower water of the shower water region section 21 B, through contact with the shower water, so that the concentration of the hydrofluoric acid is significantly lowered as a result. The shower water into which the hydrofluoric acid has dissolved (acidic waste water) flows into the wastewater tank 22 . Hydrofluoric acid is collected also by being dissolved into the flowing water in the electrostatic precipitator 3 . The flowing water having hydrofluoric acid dissolved therein (acidic waste water) flows into the wastewater tank 32 of the electrostatic precipitator 3 . [0040] A small amount of hydrofluoric acid that fails to be removed at the combustion furnace built-in water scrubber process chamber 20 B, the shower water region section 21 B and the electrostatic precipitator 3 , passes over the water surface in the wastewater tank 32 , flows into the pipe 4 , passes through the latter, and reaches the plant scrubber facility 5 . At the plant scrubber facility 5 , the small amount of hydrofluoric acid is sprayed with shower water; as a result, the hydrofluoric acid becomes abated by dissolving into the shower water. [0041] The acidic waste water in the wastewater tanks 22 , 32 undergoes heat removal in a heat exchanger, and has the pH thereof adjusted. The silica powder is recovered by a filter, and the waste water is supplied thereafter, as replenishment water, to the wastewater tanks 22 , 32 . [0042] In the present gas abatement system 1 as explained above, the pipe 4 that is used can be a small-diameter inexpensive pipe having a simple structure, for instance a small-diameter resin pipe comprising vinyl chloride or other resin; or a small-diameter metal pipe of stainless steel or other metals, the inner face of which has not been subjected to an anti-corrosion treatment. The reasons for this are as follows. [0043] (1) Hydrofluoric acid is collected in the shower water region section 21 B and the combustion furnace built-in water scrubber process chamber 20 B of the water scrubber 21 , upstream of the pipe 4 . As a result, the concentration of hydrofluoric acid that flows into the pipe 4 is kept no greater than a TLV value. Therefore, the inner face of the pipe 4 need not be subjected to an anti-corrosion treatment. [0044] (2) The processed gas after combustion decomposition is cooled at the water scrubber 21 , the combustion furnace built-in water scrubber process chamber 20 B and the wastewater tank 22 of the water-cooled combustion-type abatement apparatus 2 , and also at the dust collection drums 30 and the wastewater tank 32 of the electrostatic precipitator 3 , upstream of the pipe 4 . Therefore, the air volume in the pipe may be of about 9 m 3 /min, and no large-diameter pipe need be used. [0045] As explained above, the air volume in the pipe 4 in the present gas abatement system 1 may be small. Therefore, the size of the plant scrubber facility 5 may be reduced in accordance with that air volume. [0046] In the present gas abatement system 1 , silica powder dissolved in waste water is recovered in the wastewater tank 22 of the water-cooled combustion-type abatement apparatus 2 and in the wastewater tank 32 of the electrostatic precipitator 3 , and hence the amount of silica powder that flows into the plant scrubber facility 5 is significantly reduced. Also, hydrofluoric acid is collected at the shower water region section 21 B and the combustion furnace built-in water scrubber process chamber 20 B of the water scrubber 21 , upstream of the plant scrubber facility 5 . At the plant scrubber facility 5 , therefore, no silicon tetrafluoride gas is generated, through reaction of hydrofluoric acid and silica powder, and no silica powder is formed anew through reaction between the generated silicon tetrafluoride gas and shower water. Maintenance of the plant scrubber facility 5 becomes easier as a result. [0047] Besides the semiconductor production plant of FIG. 1 , the gas abatement system according to the present invention can be used as a gas abatement system in other plants, for instance flat panel display plants and solar panel plants.	Provided is a gas abatement system including piping. This system can be made overall more compact, with better serviceability, and at a lower cost. A gas abatement system is provided with: a water-cooled combustion-type abatement apparatus that performs combustion decomposition and scrub dust collection on gases to be processed that include silane, which is a semiconductor material gas, as well as a gaseous fluoride such as NF3, CF4, C2F6, SF6, CHF3 or CF6, that is used as a cleaning gas, for instance, in plasma cleaning of air-tight chambers C 1, C 2 . . . Cn of a plasma CVD apparatus or the like; an electrostatic precipitator that performs electric dust collection on the processed gas after performing combustion decomposition and scrub dust collection; and a pipe that feeds the processed gas after electric dust collection to a plant scrubber facility.	1
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] The present application is a continuation-in-part (CIP) application based on the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/960,052 filed on Oct. 8, 2004 and claiming priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 from Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-350,430 which was filed on Oct. 9, 2003. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] 1. Field of the Invention [0003] The invention relates to a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor, and a method of fabricating the same, and more particularly to a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor including a hood for enhancing an aperture ratio of a pixel, and a method of fabricating the same. [0004] 2. Description of the Related Art [0005] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2001-215151 has suggested a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor which is capable of allowing a thermal-type infra-red ray detector to have higher sensitivity and enhancing an aperture ratio. [0006] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view along a current path in a unit pixel in a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor suggested in the above-mentioned Publication. [0007] The illustrated solid-state image sensor is comprised of a silicon integrated circuit substrate 1 in which a signal-readout circuit 24 is fabricated, a reflection film 2 composed of metal and formed on the substrate 1 , a first electrically insulating protection film 18 formed on the substrate 1 to cover the reflection film 2 therewith, a infra-red ray receiver 19 formed above the first electrically insulating protection film 18 , and a pair of supports 6 supporting the infra-red ray receiver 19 such that the infra-red ray receiver 19 floats above the first electrically insulating protection film 18 with a cavity 20 therebetween. [0008] The infra-red ray receiver 19 is in the form of a diaphragm (accordingly, the infra-red ray receiver 19 is often called “a diaphragm”), and is arranged in each of pixels. [0009] The infra-red ray receiver 19 is comprised of a bolometer thin film 11 acting as a temperature detector, two electrodes of a metal wire 13 making electrical contact with the bolometer thin film 11 , and electrically insulating protection films 21 , 22 and 23 surrounding the bolometer thin film 11 and the two electrodes. [0010] The support 6 is comprised of the electrically insulating protection films 21 , 22 and 23 , and includes a beam 6 a extending in parallel with a surface of the substrate 1 , and a leg 6 b connected to one of ends of the beam 6 a . The electrically insulating protection films 21 , 22 and 23 defining the support 6 surrounds the metal wire 13 . Though the beam 6 a may seem quite short in FIG. 1 , the beam 6 a actually extends along a side of the infra-red ray receiver 19 in order to reduce thermal conductance, and is connected at an end to the infra-red ray receiver 19 . The metal wire 13 is electrically connected at one end (that is, an electrode) to the bolometer thin film 11 , and at the other end (that is, the other electrode) to a contact electrode 3 of the signal-readout circuit 24 . [0011] A hood 10 extends from the infra-red ray receiver 19 so as to cover the electrodes of the infra-red ray receiver 19 , the support 6 and the contact electrode 3 therewith with a space therebetween. [0012] When infra-red ray is irradiated to the electrically insulating protection films 21 , 22 and 23 and the hood 10 , a part of the infra-red ray is absorbed into the electrically insulating protection films 21 , 22 and 23 and the hood 10 , and resultingly, the electrically insulating protection films 21 , 22 and 23 and the hood 10 are heated. The rest of the infra-red ray passes through the infra-red ray receiver 19 , the hood 10 and the support 6 , and goes towards the substrate 1 . Then, the infra-red ray having passed through the infra-red ray receiver 19 , the hood 10 and the support 6 is reflected at the reflection film 2 , the metal wire 13 and the contact electrode 3 towards the infra-red ray receiver 19 and the hood 10 , and thus, enters the electrically insulating protection films 21 , 22 and 23 and the hood 10 again. As a result, the electrically insulating protection films 21 , 22 and 23 and the hood 10 are further heated. [0013] Heat generated in the hood 10 is transferred to the bolometer thin film 11 through the electrically insulating protection films 21 , 22 and 23 . As a result of heat transfer to the bolometer thin film 11 from the electrically insulating protection films 21 , 22 and 23 and the hood 10 , a temperature of the bolometer thin film 11 varies, and hence, a resistance of the bolometer thin film 11 varies. The signal-readout circuit 24 of the substrate 1 converts the variance of a resistance of the bolometer thin film 11 into variance of a voltage. An external circuit reads out the thus converted voltage as an electric signal, and makes infra-red images based on the read-out voltage. [0014] In the thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor illustrated in FIG. 1 , since the hood 10 extending from the infra-red ray receiver 19 covers the electrodes of the infra-red ray receiver 19 , the support 6 and the contact electrode 3 therewith with a space therebetween, it is possible for each of pixels to have a higher aperture ratio and absorb much infra-red ray, ensuring higher sensitivity. [0015] In the thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor illustrated in FIG. 1 , the infra-red ray receiver 19 , the support 6 and the hood 10 are all comprised of a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxide film or a silicon oxynitride film. The infra-red ray receiver 19 and the support 6 are comprised of an electrically insulating protection film in a common layer. To the contrary, since the hood 10 is designed to extend to cover the electrodes of the infra-red ray receiver 19 , the support 6 and the contact electrode 3 of the substrate 1 therewith with a space therebetween, the hood 10 is comprised of a film in a different layer from that of the infra-red ray receiver 19 and the support 6 . This causes a problem that there is an unnecessary portion of the electrically insulating film of which the hood 10 is comprised (hereinbelow, such a portion is referred to simply as “unnecessary film portion”), existing directly on the infra-red ray receiver 19 , and not contributing to enhancement of an aperture ratio. If the unnecessary film portion remains as it is without being removed, there would be caused unnecessary increase in a thermal mass in the infra-red ray receiver 19 with the result of deterioration in thermal response performance of the infra-red ray receiver 19 . [0016] In order to such deterioration in thermal response performance of the infra-red ray receiver 19 , it is necessary to remove the unnecessary film portion by etching. Hence, the unnecessary film portion is removed in the thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor illustrated in FIG. 1 (the unnecessary film portion is not illustrated on the infra-red ray receiver 19 in FIG. 1 ). According to the above-mentioned Publication, in a step of patterning an electrically insulating film into a hood, the unnecessary film portion is etched for removal. [0017] Since it is necessary in the step of patterning an electrically insulating film into a hood to surely separate the electrically insulating film into hoods in each of pixels, the electrically insulating film has to be over-etched such that the electrically insulating film is etched in a depth equal to or greater than a thickness of the electrically insulating film. Accordingly, the thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor suggested in the above-mentioned Publication is accompanied with a problem that an electrically insulating film of which the infra-red ray receiver 19 is comprised is much etched, and furthermore, it is difficult to control etching of the electrically insulating film, resulting in variance in characteristics among pixel, wafers and/or lots. Furthermore, if the electrically insulating film is too over-etched, the electrically insulating film of which the infra-red ray receiver 19 is comprised is broken with the result that the bolometer thin film is damaged. [0018] In order to avoid such problems, it is necessary to enhance an accuracy with which a step of etching the electrically insulating film of which the hood 10 is comprised is carried out. As another solution, an etching stopper film may be formed at an area where the above-mentioned unnecessary film portion is to be deposited, before depositing the electrically insulating film of which the hood 10 is comprised. However, this solution is accompanied with another problem that additional steps have to be carried out for forming and patterning an etching stopper film, and a term for fabricating a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor is unavoidably lengthened. [0019] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2002-340684 has suggested a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor including a detector, and a signal processor for processing signals transmitted from the detector, both of which are formed on a common silicon substrate. The detector has an electrically insulating film having a thickness smaller than a thickness of an interlayer layer of the signal processor. [0020] Japanese Patent No. 2987198 based on PCT/GB90/01391 (WO91/05284) has suggested a method of fabricating a mechanical micro-switch, including the steps of forming a first sacrifice layer on a substrate, forming an island-shaped second sacrifice layer on the first sacrifice layer, forming a switching device layer on the second sacrifice layer, the switching device layer being composed of resilient material, defining an outline of a switching device on the switching device layer, defining an outline of a window, etching the second sacrifice layer through the window to horizontally undercut the switching device layer, and etching the first sacrifice layer through the etched second sacrifice layer to form a space below the switching device layer. [0021] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 10-185681 has suggested an thermal-type infra-red ray sensor including an infra-red ray receiver comprised of an absorption layer receiving infra-red ray and converting the received infra-red ray into thermal energy, and a sensor having material values varying in accordance with a magnitude of the thermal energy. The infra-red ray receiver is supported above a semiconductor substrate with a space therebetween by means of a support comprised of a cross-linking portion, a first pillar, and a second pillar. The cross-linking portion, the first pillar, and the second pillar are formed below the infra-red ray receiver, and are partially or entirely covered with the infra-red ray receiver. [0022] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2003-106895 has suggested a method of fabricating a thermal-type infra-red ray detector including a pixel in which a diaphragm having a bolometer layer is kept floating by means of a beam fixed at one end thereof to a substrate. The method includes the steps of forming a second sacrifice layer on the diaphragm before removal of a first sacrifice layer, forming a window layer on the second sacrifice layer, infra-red ray being able to pass through the window layer, simultaneously removing the first and second sacrifice layers through a through-hole formed throughout the window layer, and forming a vacuum-sealing layer on the window layer to clog the through-hole after evacuating a cavity resulted from removal of the first and second sacrifice layers. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0023] In view of the above-mentioned problems in the conventional thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor, it is an object of the present invention to provide a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor which is capable of preventing variance in characteristics among pixels, wafers and/or lots, and removing the above-mentioned unnecessary film portion without increase in fabrication steps and fabrication term, to prevent deterioration in thermal response characteristics. [0024] It is also an object of the present invention to provide a method of fabricating such a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor. [0025] Hereinbelow are described a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor and a method of fabricating the same in accordance with the present invention through the use of reference numerals used in later described embodiments. The reference numerals are indicated only for the purpose of clearly showing correspondence between claims and the embodiments. It should be noted that the reference numerals are not allowed to interpret of claims of the present application. [0026] In one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor including at least one device for detecting infra-red ray, the device including a substrate ( 1 ) including a signal-readout circuit ( 24 ), a contact electrode ( 3 ) formed on the substrate ( 1 ) and electrically connected to the signal-readout circuit ( 24 ), a diaphragm ( 5 ) spaced away from and above the substrate ( 1 ), the diaphragm ( 5 ) including an infra-red ray absorber absorbing infra-red ray to be heated, a temperature detector detecting a temperature of the infra-red ray absorber, and an electrode electrically connected to the temperature detector, a support ( 6 ) supporting the diaphragm ( 5 ) such that the diaphragm ( 5 ) floats above the substrate ( 1 ), and being at least partially composed of electrically conductive material to electrically connect the contact electrode ( 3 ) to the electrode, and a hood ( 10 ) formed on the diaphragm ( 5 ) for preventing infra-red ray from being radiated to the support ( 6 ), absorbing the infra-red ray, and transferring heat resulted from the thus absorbed infra-red ray, to the diaphragm ( 5 ), the hood ( 10 ) being comprised of a sidewall ( 100 , 101 , 101 A) standing on the diaphragm ( 5 ), and an upper plate ( 102 ) extending outwardly of the sidewall ( 100 ) from an upper edge of the sidewall ( 100 ). [0027] It is preferable that the sidewall is comprised of a first sidewall ( 100 ) and a second sidewall ( 101 , 101 A) which extend in a V-shaped fashion, the upper plate ( 102 ) extending outwardly of the first sidewall ( 100 ). [0028] The thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor may further include a second upper plate ( 103 ) extending inwardly of the second sidewall ( 101 ) from an upper edge of the second sidewall ( 101 ), the second upper plate ( 103 ) being formed with an opening ( 17 ) through which the diaphragm ( 5 ) is exposed. [0029] It is preferable that the second upper plate ( 103 ) is formed centrally with the opening ( 17 ). [0030] There is further provided a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor including at least one device for detecting infra-red ray, the device including a substrate ( 1 ) including a signal-readout circuit ( 24 ), a contact electrode ( 3 ) formed on the substrate ( 1 ) and electrically connected to the signal-readout circuit ( 24 ), a diaphragm ( 5 ) spaced away from and above the substrate ( 1 ), the diaphragm ( 5 ) including an infra-red ray absorber absorbing infra-red ray to be heated, a temperature detector detecting a temperature of the infra-red ray absorber, and an electrode electrically connected to the temperature detector, a support ( 6 ) supporting the diaphragm ( 5 ) such that the diaphragm ( 5 ) floats above the substrate ( 1 ), and being at least partially composed of electrically conductive material to electrically connect the contact electrode ( 3 ) to the electrode, and a hood ( 10 ) formed on the diaphragm ( 5 ) for preventing infra-red ray from being radiated to the support ( 6 ), absorbing the infra-red ray, and transferring heat resulted from the thus absorbed infra-red ray, to the diaphragm ( 5 ), the hood ( 10 ) being comprised of, when vertically viewed, a first portion ( 10 A) standing on the diaphragm ( 5 ) and extending upwardly and outwardly of the diaphragm ( 5 ) to cover the support ( 6 ) with a space therebetween, and a second portion ( 10 B) standing on the diaphragm ( 5 ) and extending upwardly of the diaphragm ( 5 ). [0031] It is preferable that the second portion ( 10 B) extends inwardly of the diaphragm to overlap the diaphragm ( 5 ). [0032] It is preferable that the first and second portions ( 10 A, 10 B) stand on the diaphragm ( 5 ) at a common location. [0033] It is preferable that the first portion ( 10 A) is comprised of a first sidewall ( 100 ) standing on the diaphragm ( 5 ) and extending upwardly and a first upper plate ( 102 ) extending outwardly of the diaphragm ( 5 ) from an upper edge of the first sidewall ( 100 ), and the second portion ( 10 B) is comprised of a second sidewall ( 101 , 101 A) standing on the diaphragm ( 5 ) and extending upwardly of the diaphragm ( 5 ), the first and second sidewalls ( 100 , 101 , 101 A) being V-shaped. [0034] The thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor may further include a second upper plate ( 103 ) extending inwardly of the diaphragm ( 5 ) from an upper edge of the second sidewall ( 101 ). [0035] In another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of fabricating a thermal type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor, including the steps of (a) forming a first sacrifice layer ( 4 ) on a substrate ( 1 ) except on a contact electrode ( 3 ) formed on the substrate ( 1 ) and electrically connected to a signal-readout circuit ( 24 ) included in the substrate ( 1 ), (b) forming a diaphragm ( 5 ) and a support ( 6 ) on the first sacrifice layer ( 4 ), the support ( 6 ) supporting the diaphragm ( 5 ) such that the diaphragm ( 5 ) floats above the substrate ( 1 ), and being at least partially composed of electrically conductive material to electrically connect the contact electrode ( 3 ) to the diaphragm ( 5 ), (c) forming a second sacrifice layer ( 7 ) outside the diaphragm ( 5 ) and on the diaphragm ( 5 ) in an island shape, (d) depositing a material of which a hood ( 10 ) is composed, on both the second sacrifice layer ( 7 ) and the diaphragm ( 5 ), (e) patterning the material to remove a part of the second sacrifice layer ( 7 ) formed outside the diaphragm ( 5 ) and a part of the second sacrifice layer ( 7 ) formed on the diaphragm ( 5 ), to form the hood ( 10 ), and (f) removing the first and second sacrifice layers ( 4 , 7 ) through openings of the material resulted from the step (e). [0036] For instance, the hood ( 10 ) may be formed in the step (e) to be comprised of a sidewall ( 100 , 101 ) standing on the diaphragm ( 5 ), and an upper plate extending inwardly of the sidewall from an upper edge of the sidewall ( 100 , 101 ), the upper plate being formed with an opening ( 17 ) through which the diaphragm ( 5 ) is exposed. [0037] For instance, the hood ( 10 ) may be formed in the step (e) to be being comprised of, when vertically viewed, a first portion ( 10 A) standing on the diaphragm ( 5 ) and extending upwardly and outwardly of the diaphragm ( 5 ) to cover the support ( 6 ) with a space therebetween, and a second portion ( 10 B, 101 A) standing on the diaphragm ( 5 ) and extending upwardly of the diaphragm ( 5 ). [0038] It is preferable that the second portion ( 10 B) extends inwardly of the diaphragm. [0039] It is preferable that the first and second portions ( 10 A, 10 B, 101 A) stand on the diaphragm ( 5 ) at a common location, in which case, the first and second portions ( 10 A, 10 B, 101 A) are preferably V-shaped. [0040] It is preferable that the first sacrifice layer ( 4 ) and/or the second sacrifice layer ( 7 ) are (is) composed of polyimide. [0041] It is preferable that the first sacrifice layer ( 4 ) and/or the second sacrifice layer ( 7 ) are (is) composed of polysilicon. [0042] It is preferable that the first sacrifice layer ( 4 ) and/or the second sacrifice layer ( 7 ) are (is) composed of aluminum. [0043] It is preferable that the diaphragm ( 5 ) and the support ( 6 ) are composed of silicon oxide, and the first and second sacrifice layers ( 4 , 7 ) are composed of silicon nitride. As an alternative, the diaphragm ( 5 ) and the support ( 6 ) may be composed of silicon nitride, and the first and second sacrifice layers ( 4 , 7 ) may be composed of silicon oxide. [0044] In accordance with the above-mentioned present invention, the second sacrifice layer is formed in an island-shape centrally on the diaphragm where an unnecessary film portion of an electrically insulating film of which the hood is comprised will exist. Hence, the island-shaped second sacrifice layer separates the diaphragm from the unnecessary film portion. Since the second sacrifice layer is originally formed in a process of fabricating a solid-state image sensor, for making a space between a hood and parts other than a diaphragm, it is not necessary to carry out any additional step for forming the island-shaped second sacrifice layer. [0045] In addition, since the unnecessary film portion is removed simultaneously when an electrically insulating protection film is patterned into the hood, it is not necessary to carry out any additional step for removing the unnecessary film portion. Furthermore, since the island-shaped second sacrifice layer is removed in a step of etching the first and second sacrifice layers for removal, the method of fabricating a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor in accordance with the present invention does not need to carry out any additional steps, and does not lengthen a fabrication term. [0046] In addition, since a multi-layered structure formed below the unnecessary film portion is the same as a multi-layered structure formed below the hood, they have the same etching margin as each other, and the unnecessary film portion is completely etched in the island-shaped second sacrifice layer, ensuring that an electrically insulating film of which the hood is comprised is etched with the same high accuracy as accuracy obtained when an etching stopper film is formed on a diaphragm. Since the unnecessary film portion is removed, it would be possible to prevent reduction of thermal response characteristics. Thus, the above-mentioned problems can be solved. [0047] The advantages obtained by the aforementioned present invention will be described hereinbelow. [0048] In accordance with the present invention, the island-shaped second sacrifice layer originally formed in a process of fabricating a solid-state image sensor is used to separate the diaphragm from the unnecessary film portion. The unnecessary film portion is removed simultaneously when an electrically insulating film is patterned into the hood. Since the second sacrifice layer separating the diaphragm from the unnecessary film portion is removed at a step of etching the first and second sacrifice layers for removal, the unnecessary film portion can be removed without necessity of carrying out any additional steps and further without increase in a fabrication term. [0049] Furthermore, since the unnecessary film portion is completely etched in the island-shaped second sacrifice layer, it is ensured that an electrically insulating film of which the hood is comprised is etched with the same high accuracy as accuracy obtained when an etching stopper film is formed on a diaphragm. Since the unnecessary film portion is removed, it would be possible to prevent reduction of thermal response characteristics. [0050] The above and other objects and advantageous features of the present invention will be made apparent from the following description made with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters designate the same or similar parts throughout the drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0051] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view along a current path in a unit pixel in a conventional thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor. [0052] FIGS. 2A to 2 C are cross-sectional views of a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor in accordance with the first embodiment of the present invention, illustrating respective steps to be carried out in a method of fabricating the same. [0053] FIG. 3A is a plan view of a unit pixel in a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor in accordance with the first embodiment of the present invention, with a hood being removed. [0054] FIG. 3B is a plan view of a unit pixel in a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor in accordance with the first embodiment of the present invention, with a hood. [0055] FIGS. 4A to 4 C are cross-sectional views of a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor in accordance with the second embodiment of the present invention, illustrating respective steps to be carried out in a method of fabricating the same. [0056] FIG. 5A is a plan view of a unit pixel in a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor in accordance with the second embodiment of the present invention, with a hood being removed. [0057] FIG. 5B is a plan view of a unit pixel in a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor in accordance with the second embodiment of the present invention, with a hood. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0058] Preferred embodiments in accordance with the present invention will be explained hereinbelow with reference to drawings. First Embodiment [0059] FIGS. 2A to 2 C are cross-sectional views of a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor in accordance with the first embodiment of the present invention, illustrating respective steps to be carried out in a method of fabricating the same, FIG. 3A is a plan view of the thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor with a hood being removed, and FIG. 3B is a plan view of the thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor with a hood. [0060] Hereinbelow is explained a method of fabricating a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor in accordance with the first embodiment, with reference to FIGS. 2A to 2 C, 3 A and 3 B. [0061] First, a silicon integrated circuit substrate 1 is fabricated in accordance with a conventional process. The silicon integrated circuit substrate 1 includes a signal-readout circuit (not illustrated in FIGS. 2A to 2 C) such as the signal-readout circuit 24 illustrated in FIG. 1 . On the substrate 1 are formed a reflection film 2 composed of metal, and a plurality of contact electrodes 3 . Though not illustrated in FIGS. 2A to 2 C, an electrically insulating protection film may be formed to cover the substrate 1 , the reflection film 2 and the contact electrodes 3 therewith. [0062] Then, as illustrated in FIG. 2A , a first sacrifice layer 4 is formed on the substrate 1 except an area in which the contact electrodes 3 make contact with a later-mentioned support 6 for making a space between the substrate 1 and a later-mentioned diaphragm 5 and further between the substrate 1 and a later-mentioned support 6 . For instance, the first sacrifice layer 4 is formed by coating photosensitive polyimide onto the substrate 1 , patterning the photosensitive polyimide by photolithography, and thermally annealing the photosensitive polyimide. The first sacrifice layer 4 has a thickness in the range of about 0.5 to about 3.0 micrometers both inclusive. [0063] Then, a diaphragm 5 and a support 6 are formed on the first sacrifice layer 4 and the contact electrodes 3 in such a way as mentioned below. [0064] First, an electrically insulating lower protection film is formed on the first sacrifice layer 4 and the contact electrodes 3 by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PCVD), for instance. The electrically insulating lower protection film has a thickness in the range of about 100 to about 500 nanometers both inclusive, and is comprised of a silicon oxide/dioxide film (SiO, SiO 2 ), a silicon nitride film (SiN, Si 3 N 4 ) or a silicon oxynitride film (SiON). [0065] Then, a material of which a bolometer thin film 11 (see FIG. 3A ) is composed is deposited on the electrically insulating lower protection film by sputtering. Then, the material is patterned into the bolometer thin film 11 so as to match the diaphragm 5 in a pixel illustrated in FIG. 3A . The bolometer thin film 11 has a thickness in the range of about 50 to about 200 nanometers both inclusive, and is composed of vanadium oxide (V 2 O 3 , VOx etc.) or titanium oxide (TiOx), for instance. [0066] Then, an electrically insulating protection film is formed by PCVD to cover the bolometer thin film 11 therewith. The thus formed electrically insulating protection film is then formed with a bolometer contact 14 and a contact electrode contact 15 , as illustrated in FIG. 3A . For instance, the electrically insulating protection film has a thickness in the range of about 50 to about 200 nanometers both inclusive, and is comprised of a silicon oxide/dioxide film (SiO, SiO 2 ), a silicon nitride film (SiN, Si 3 N 4 ) or a silicon oxynitride film (SiON). [0067] Then, a thin metal film of which a metal wire 13 is comprised is formed by sputtering. Then, the thin metal film is patterned into the metal wire 13 so as to match with the support 6 . The metal wire 13 has a thickness in the range of about 50 to about 200 nanometers both inclusive, and is composed of aluminum, copper, gold, titanium, tungsten, molybdenum or alloy composed of titanium, aluminum and vanadium. [0068] Then, an electrically insulating upper protection film is formed by PCVD to cover the electrically insulating protection film and the metal wire 13 therewith. For instance, the electrically insulating upper protection film has a thickness in the range of about 100 to about 500 nanometers both inclusive, and is comprised of a silicon oxide/dioxide film (SiO, SiO 2 ), a silicon nitride film (SiN, Si 3 N 4 ) or a silicon oxynitride film (SiON). [0069] Then, the films from the electrically insulating upper protection film to the electrically insulating lower protection film are simultaneously patterned into the diaphragm 5 and the support 6 . By patterning the films into the diaphragm 5 and the support 6 , the first sacrifice layer 4 composed of polyimide is partially exposed. [0070] Then, a second sacrifice layer 7 for making a space between an electrode 12 and the hood 10 and further between the support 6 and the hood 10 is formed on the electrode 12 and the support 6 . Furthermore, an island-shaped second sacrifice layer 7 A as a part of the second sacrifice layer 7 is formed centrally on the diaphragm 5 in order to make it possible to remove an unnecessary film portion of an electrically insulating film 8 of which the hood 10 is comprised, without any damage to the diaphragm 5 . The second sacrifice layer 7 and the island-shaped second sacrifice layer 7 A are simultaneously formed. For instance, the second sacrifice layer 7 including the island-shaped second sacrifice layer 7 A is formed by coating photosensitive polyimide onto the electrode 12 and the support 6 , patterning the photosensitive polyimide by photolithography, and thermally annealing the photosensitive polyimide. The second sacrifice layer 7 has a thickness in the range of about 0.5 to about 3.0 micrometers both inclusive. [0071] Then, on the second sacrifice layer 7 and the exposed area of the diaphragm 5 is formed an electrically insulating film 8 of which the hood 10 is comprised, by PCVD, for instance. The electrically insulating film 8 has a thickness in the range of about 300 to about 2000 nanometers both inclusive, and is comprised of a silicon oxide/dioxide film (SiO, SiO 2 ), a silicon nitride film (SiN, Si 3 N 4 ) or a silicon oxynitride film (SiON). [0072] If the electrically insulating film 8 is formed thick, it is preferable that the second sacrifice layer 7 is also formed thick, because process margin can be ensured. It is not always necessary for the film of which the hood 10 is comprised, to be comprised of an electrically insulating film. The film of which the hood 10 is comprised may be composed of any material, if it has a function of absorbing infra-red ray. [0073] Then, as illustrated in FIG. 2B , a photoresist mask 9 is formed on the electrically insulating film 8 . Then, the electrically insulating film 8 is patterned into the hood 10 by photolithography and etching through the use of the photoresist mask 9 . At the same time, an unnecessary film portion of the electrically insulating film 8 existing on the island-shaped second sacrifice layer 7 A is removed by etching. [0074] As a result, as illustrated in FIG. 2B , the hood 10 makes close contact with the diaphragm 5 through a ring-shaped connector 16 (see FIG. 3B ), and the hood 10 is formed slightly inwardly of the ring-shaped connector 16 with an opening 17 . Since a multi-layered structure formed below the unnecessary film portion is the same as a multi-layered structure formed below the hood 10 , they have the same etching margin as each other, and etching of the unnecessary film portion certainly stops in the island-shaped second sacrifice layer 7 A, resulting in that the island-shaped second sacrifice layer 7 A remains in the opening 17 . [0075] Then, as illustrated in FIG. 2C , the first sacrifice layer 4 and the second sacrifice layer 7 are removed by ashing through the use of oxygen gas plasma. Thus, there are formed spaces between the hood 10 and the substrate 1 and between the diaphragm 5 and the substrate 1 . By the ashing, the island-shaped second sacrifice layer 7 A remaining in the opening 17 is also removed. [0076] As illustrated in FIG. 2C , when vertically viewed, the hood 10 is comprised of a first portion 10 A and a second portion 10 B. [0077] The first portion 10 A is comprised of a first sidewall 100 standing on the diaphragm 5 and extending upwardly and outwardly of the diaphragm 5 , and a first upper plate 102 extending outwardly from an upper edge of the first sidewall 100 and overlapping the support 6 with a space therebetween. The second portion 10 B is comprised of a second sidewall 101 standing on the diaphragm 5 and extending upwardly and inwardly of the diaphragm 5 , and a second upper plate 103 extending inwardly from an upper edge of the second sidewall 101 and partially overlapping the diaphragm 5 . [0078] The first sidewall 100 of the first portion 10 A and the second sidewall 101 of the second portion 10 B stand on the diaphragm 5 at a common location, and are V-shaped. [0079] By carrying out the above-mentioned steps, there is fabricated the thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor in accordance with the first embodiment, including a plurality of thermal-type infra-red ray detectors in each of which the diaphragm 5 including the hood 10 from which the unnecessary film portion is removed is supported by the support 6 to float above the substrate 1 . [0080] In accordance with the first embodiment, the thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor is fabricated without and additional steps in comparison with a conventional process for fabricating a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor, and the unnecessary film portion can be removed with high accuracy. [0081] In the above-mentioned first embodiment, the first and second sacrifice layers 4 and 7 may be composed of polysilicon or aluminum. [0082] When the first and second sacrifice layers 4 and 7 are composed of polysilicon, the first and second sacrifice layers 4 and 7 may be removed by wet-etching through the use of hydrazine or tetramethylanmmoniumhydrooxide (TMAH), or dry-etching through the use of XeF 2 plasma, for instance. [0083] When the first and second sacrifice layers 4 and 7 are composed of aluminum, the first and second sacrifice layers 4 and 7 may be removed by wet-etching through the use of hydrochloric acid or hot phosphoric acid. When the diaphragm 5 or the support 6 is comprised of a silicon nitride film, if phosphoric acid is heated too much, specifically, if phosphoric acid is heated up to about 160 degrees centigrade, the silicon nitride film would be also etched. Hence, it is preferable that phosphoric acid is heated at a temperature in the range of about 100 to about 140 degrees centigrade. [0084] When the diaphragm 5 and the support 6 are comprised of a silicon oxide film, the first and second sacrifice layers 4 and 7 may be comprised of a silicon nitride film. To the contrary, when the diaphragm 5 and the support 6 are comprised of a silicon nitride film, the first and second sacrifice layers 4 and 7 may be comprised of a silicon oxide film. When the first and second sacrifice layers 4 and 7 are comprised of a silicon nitride film, they may be removed by wet-etching through the use of hot phosphoric acid. When the first and second sacrifice layers 4 and 7 are comprised of a silicon oxide film, they may be removed by wet-etching through the use of hydrofluoric acid. [0085] The solid-state image sensor in accordance with the above-mentioned embodiment is designed to include a bolometer thin film as a temperature detector. It should be noted that the solid-state image sensor may include another temperature detector such as a thermo-pile. Second Embodiment [0086] FIGS. 4A to 4 C are cross-sectional views of a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor in accordance with the second embodiment of the present invention, illustrating respective steps to be carried out in a method of fabricating the same, FIG. 5A is a plan view of the thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor with a hood being removed, and FIG. 5B is a plan view of the thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor with a hood. [0087] Hereinbelow is explained a method of fabricating a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor in accordance with the second embodiment, with reference to FIGS. 4A to 4 C, 5 A and 5 B. [0088] First, similarly to the above-mentioned method for fabricating the thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor in accordance with the first embodiment, there is fabricated the structure illustrated in FIG. 4A which is identical with the structure illustrated in FIG. 2A . [0089] Then, as illustrated in FIG. 4B , a photoresist mask 9 A is formed on the electrically insulating film 8 . Whereas the opening 30 of the mask 9 in the first embodiment intersects with a portion of the electrically insulating film 8 which will make the upper plate 103 of the hood 10 , an opening 30 A of the photoresist mask 9 A intersects with the second sidewall 101 of the hood 10 . Then, the electrically insulating film 8 is patterned into the hood 10 by photolithography and etching through the use of the photoresist mask 9 A. At the same time, an unnecessary film portion of the electrically insulating film 8 existing on the island-shaped second sacrifice layer 7 A is removed by etching. [0090] As a result, as illustrated in FIG. 4B , the hood 10 makes close contact with the diaphragm 5 through a connecting region 16 A (see FIG. 5B ), and the hood 10 is formed slightly inwardly of the connecting region 16 A with an opening 17 A. By forming the opening 30 A such that the edge of the opening 30 A is located above the island-shaped second sacrifice layer 7 A where the island-shaped second sacrifice layer 7 A has such a thickness as not being etched out even by an etching carried out for forming the hood 10 , the island-shaped second sacrifice layer 7 A remains entirely in the opening 17 A after the above-mentioned etching. [0091] Then, as illustrated in FIG. 4C , the first sacrifice layer 4 and the second sacrifice layer 7 are removed by ashing through the use of oxygen gas plasma. Thus, there are formed spaces between the hood 10 and the substrate 1 and between the diaphragm 5 and the substrate 1 . By the ashing, the second sacrifice layer 7 remaining in the opening 17 A is also removed. [0092] As illustrated in FIG. 4C , when vertically viewed, the hood 10 is comprised of a first portion 10 A and a second portion 10 B. [0093] The first portion 10 A is comprised of a first sidewall 100 standing on the diaphragm 5 and extending upwardly and outwardly of the diaphragm 5 , and a first upper plate 102 extending outwardly from an upper edge of the first sidewall 100 and overlapping the support 6 with a space therebetween. The second portion 10 B is comprised of a second sidewall 101 A standing on the diaphragm 5 and extending upwardly and inwardly of the diaphragm 5 . Unlike the second portion 10 B in the first embodiment, the second portion 10 B in the second embodiment does not include an upper plate extending inwardly from an upper edge of the second sidewall 101 A. [0094] The first sidewall 100 of the first portion 10 A and the second sidewall 101 A (the second portion 10 B) branch from a common location on the diaphragm 5 , and are almost V-shaped. [0095] By carrying out the above-mentioned steps, there is fabricated the thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor in accordance with the second embodiment, including a plurality of thermal-type infra-red ray detectors in each of which the diaphragm 5 including the hood 10 from which the unnecessary film portion is removed is supported by the support 6 to float above the substrate 1 . [0096] In accordance with the second embodiment, similarly to the first embodiment, the thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor is fabricated without and additional steps in comparison with a conventional process for fabricating a thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor, and the unnecessary film portion can be removed with high accuracy. [0097] The second embodiment is structurally different from the first embodiment in that the second sidewall 101 of the second portion 10 B in the first embodiment is cut out halfway thereof. The halfway cut-out sidewall 101 defines the second portion 10 B in the second embodiment. [0098] In addition, as illustrated in FIG. 5B , each beam of the support 6 extends along two contiguous sides of the diaphragm 5 . EXAMPLE [0099] The inventors conducted the experiment in order to confirm the advantages obtained by the present invention. Specifically, the inventors fabricated a bolometer type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor having 320×240 pixels wherein a pitch between adjacent pixels is 37 micrometers, in accordance with the method having been explained in the above-mentioned embodiment. Whereas the diaphragms 5 supporting with a pair of the supports 6 are arranged on the substrate 1 in an array in the above-mentioned embodiment, the beam 6 a in the support 6 in the experiment did not extend along one side of a pixel, but extend along two sides of a pixel, similarly to the above-mentioned second embodiment. As a result, a ratio X/Y was about 65% wherein Y indicates an area of a pixel, and X indicates an area of a diaphragm not covered with a hood. [0100] Both of the electrically insulating lower and upper protection films constituting the diaphragm 5 and the support 6 were comprised of a silicon nitride film having a thickness of 300 nanometers. The bolometer thin film was comprised of a vanadium oxide film having a thickness of 100 nanometers. The electrically insulating protection film formed on the bolometer thin film was comprised of a silicon nitride film having a thickness of 50 nanometers. The metal wiring 13 was comprised of a titanium/aluminum/vanadium alloy film having a thickness of 100 nanometers and a low thermal conductivity in order to prevent escape of heat generated by infra-red ray. The hood 10 was comprised of a silicon nitride film having a thickness of 1 micrometer. The second sacrifice layer 7 was designed to have a thickness of 1 micrometer such that the second sacrifice layer 7 could have a sufficient thickness even if the electrically insulating film 8 was patterned into the hood 10 by over-etching by about 50%. An aperture ratio of a pixel including the hood 10 was about 95%. A ratio of L/M was about 47% wherein M indicates an area of a pixel and L indicates the unnecessary film portion of the electrically insulating film 8 which was removed from a central area of the diaphragm 5 . [0101] The inventors also fabricated a bolometer type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor (reference example 1) having the same structure as that of the above-mentioned bolometer type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor except not including the hood 10 , and a bolometer type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor (reference example 2) having the same structure as that of the above-mentioned bolometer type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor, but further having the unnecessary film portion of the electrically insulating film 8 . The reference examples 1 and 2 were compared with the above-mentioned bolometer type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor in accordance with the present invention. [0102] It was found out that the bolometer type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor in accordance with the present invention had an aperture ratio about 1.5 times greater than an aperture ratio of the reference example 1, and hence, had sensitivity about 1.5 times higher than sensitivity of the reference example 1. [0103] The reference example 1 had a thermal time constant of 14.0 msec. The reference example 2 had a thermal time constant of 35.4 msec greater than doubled thermal time constant of the reference example 1, and further, greater than 33 msec corresponding to a frame rate of a television set. In contrast, the bolometer type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor in accordance with the present invention had a thermal time constant of 24.4 msec smaller than 33 msec corresponding to a frame rate of a television set. [0104] Comparing the bolometer type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor in accordance with the present invention with the reference example 1 with respect to in-plane uniformity, there could not be found a significant difference therebetween. This means that the method of fabricating the bolometer type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor in accordance with the present invention keeps high accuracy with which the bolometer type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor is fabricated. [0105] For instance, the present invention is applied to a thermal type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor used in a night vision device (an infra-red ray camera) or a thermography. [0106] While the present invention has been described in connection with certain preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the subject matter encompassed by way of the present invention is not to be limited to those specific embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended for the subject matter of the invention to include all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as can be included within the spirit and scope of the following claims. [0107] The entire disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No. 2003-350430 filed on Oct. 9, 2003 including specification, claims, drawings and summary is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.	A thermal-type infra-red ray solid-state image sensor includes at least one device for detecting infra-red ray, wherein the device is comprised of a substrate including a signal-readout circuit, a contact electrode formed on the substrate and electrically connected to the signal-readout circuit, a diaphragm spaced away from and above the substrate, a support supporting the diaphragm such that the diaphragm floats above the substrate, and being composed of electrically conductive material to electrically connect the contact electrode to the diaphragm, and a hood formed on the diaphragm for preventing infra-red ray from being radiated to the support, absorbing the infra-red ray, and transferring heat resulted from the thus absorbed infra-red ray, to the diaphragm. The hood is comprised of a sidewall standing on the diaphragm, and an upper plate extending inwardly of the sidewall from an upper edge of the sidewall, the upper plate being formed with an opening.	6
FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates to anti-ballistic protection generally and more particularly to anti-ballistic protective assemblies and methods of manufacture thereof. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] The following patent publications are believed to represent the current state of the art: [0003] U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,970,843; 6,537,654; 6,709,736 and 7,598,185; and [0004] US Published Patent Application Nos: 2007/0089597; 2007/0105706 and 2008/0095958. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0005] The present invention seeks to provide improved anti-ballistic protective assemblies and methods of manufacture thereof. [0006] There is thus provided in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention an anti-ballistic protective assembly including a plurality of layers of anti-ballistic material including at least two types of anti-ballistic materials, and an enclosure which is at least partially injection molded over the plurality of layers of anti-ballistic material and retains the plurality of layers of anti-ballistic material in a mutually compressed operative orientation. [0007] In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the enclosure includes a first enclosure element and a second enclosure element integrally molded with the first enclosure element. Preferably, the first enclosure element is formed with a curved back portion. Preferably, the first enclosure element is formed with a raised peripheral edge. Additionally, the plurality of layers of anti-ballistic material is positioned within the first enclosure element. [0008] Preferably, the plurality of layers of anti-ballistic material includes layers of unidirectional polyethylene. Preferably, the plurality of layers of anti-ballistic material includes at least one ceramic plate. Preferably, at least one side of the at least one ceramic plate is coated with a layer of Kevlar®. Additionally or alternatively, at least one side of the at least one ceramic plate is coated with a layer of fiberglass. [0009] Additionally or alternatively, the plurality of layers of anti-ballistic material includes at least one steel plate. Preferably, at least one side of the at least one steel plate is coated with a layer of Kevlar®. Additionally or alternatively, at least one side of the at least one steel plate is coated with a layer of fiberglass. [0010] Preferably, the assembly also includes a protective vest, wherein the enclosure is inserted into a pocket of the protective vest. Additionally or alternatively, the enclosure is mounted in close proximity to an exterior of a motor vehicle. Additionally or alternatively, the enclosure is mounted in close proximity to an exterior of a stationary structure. [0011] There is also provided in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention an anti-ballistic protective assembly including a plurality of layers of anti-ballistic material including at least two types of anti-ballistic materials, and an enclosure which is at least partially vacuum formed over the plurality of layers of anti-ballistic material and retains the plurality of layers of anti-ballistic material in a mutually compressed operative orientation. [0012] In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the enclosure includes a first enclosure element and a second enclosure element which is heat welded to the first enclosure element. Preferably, the first enclosure element is formed with a curved back portion. Preferably, the first enclosure element is formed with a raised peripheral edge. Additionally, the plurality of layers of anti-ballistic material is positioned within the first enclosure element. [0013] Preferably, the plurality of layers of anti-ballistic material includes layers of unidirectional polyethylene. Preferably, the plurality of layers of anti-ballistic material includes at least one ceramic plate. Preferably, at least one side of the at least one ceramic plate is coated with a layer of Kevlar®. Additionally or alternatively, at least one side of the at least one ceramic plate is coated with a layer of fiberglass. [0014] Additionally or alternatively, the plurality of layers of anti-ballistic material includes at least one steel plate. Preferably, at least one side of the at least one steel plate is coated with a layer of Kevlar®. Additionally or alternatively, at least one side of the at least one steel plate is coated with a layer of fiberglass. [0015] Preferably, the assembly also includes a protective vest, wherein the enclosure is inserted into a pocket of the protective vest. Additionally or alternatively, the enclosure is mounted in close proximity to an exterior of a motor vehicle. Additionally or alternatively, the enclosure is mounted in close proximity to an exterior of a stationary structure. [0016] There is further provided in accordance with yet another preferred embodiment of the present invention a method of manufacturing an anti-ballistic protective assembly including providing a first enclosure element, positioning various layers of anti-ballistic protective materials in association with the first enclosure element into a cavity of a injection molding machine, and operating the injection molding machine to injection mold a second enclosure element integrally with first enclosure element and to compress the various layers of anti-ballistic protective material and to define an enclosure therefor, which retains the various layers of protective material in a compressed state in very tight mutual engagement. [0017] In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method also includes preheating the first enclosure element prior to the positioning various layers of anti-ballistic protective materials in association therewith. Preferably, the method also includes mutually compressing the various layers of anti-ballistic protective materials prior to the positioning various layers of anti-ballistic protective materials in association with the first enclosure element. [0018] Preferably, the first enclosure element includes a curved back portion. Preferably, the first enclosure element is formed with a raised peripheral edge. [0019] Preferably, the various layers of anti-ballistic material include layers of unidirectional polyethylene. Preferably, the various layers of anti-ballistic material include at least one ceramic plate. Preferably, at least one side of the at least one ceramic plate is coated with a layer of Kevlar®. Additionally or alternatively, at least one side of the at least one ceramic plate is coated with a layer of fiberglass. [0020] Additionally or alternatively, the various layers of anti-ballistic material includes at least one steel plate. Preferably, at least one side of the at least one steel plate is coated with a layer of Kevlar®. Additionally or alternatively, at least one side of the at least one steel plate is coated with a layer of fiberglass. [0021] Preferably, the assembly also includes a protective vest, wherein the enclosure is inserted into a pocket of the protective vest. Additionally or alternatively, the enclosure is mounted in close proximity to an exterior of a motor vehicle. Additionally or alternatively, the enclosure is mounted in close proximity to an exterior of a stationary structure. [0022] There is yet further provided in accordance with still another preferred embodiment of the present invention a method of manufacturing an anti-ballistic protective assembly including providing a first enclosure element, positioning various layers of anti-ballistic protective materials in association with the first enclosure element into a cavity of a vacuum forming molding machine, positioning a layer of vacuum formable material over the various layers of anti-ballistic protective materials in association with the first enclosure element in the cavity of a vacuum forming molding machine, and operating the vacuum forming molding machine to vacuum form a second enclosure element integrally with first enclosure element and to compress the various layers of anti-ballistic protective material and to define an enclosure therefor, which retains the various layers of protective material in a compressed state in very tight mutual engagement. [0023] In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method also includes preheating the first enclosure element prior to the positioning various layers of anti-ballistic protective materials in association therewith. Preferably, the method also includes mutually compressing the various layers of anti-ballistic protective materials prior to the positioning various layers of anti-ballistic protective materials in association with the first enclosure element into a cavity of a vacuum forming molding machine. [0024] Preferably, the first enclosure element includes a curved back portion. Preferably, the first enclosure element is formed with a raised peripheral edge. [0025] Preferably, the various layers of anti-ballistic material include layers of unidirectional polyethylene. Preferably, the various layers of anti-ballistic material include at least one ceramic plate. Preferably, at least one side of the at least one ceramic plate is coated with a layer of Kevlar®. Additionally or alternatively, at least one side of the at least one ceramic plate is coated with a layer of fiberglass. [0026] Additionally or alternatively, the various layers of anti-ballistic material include at least one steel plate. Preferably, at least one side of the at least one steel plate is coated with a layer of Kevlar®. Additionally or alternatively, at least one side of the at least one steel plate is coated with a layer of fiberglass. [0027] Preferably, the assembly also includes a protective vest, wherein the enclosure is inserted into a pocket of the protective vest. Additionally or alternatively, the enclosure is mounted in close proximity to an exterior of a motor vehicle. Additionally or alternatively, the enclosure is mounted in close proximity to an exterior of a stationary structure. [0028] Additionally, operating the vacuum forming molding machine includes tightly engaging the layer of vacuum formable material with a sealing ring formed on the periphery of the cavity. Additionally, tightly engaging the layer of vacuum formable material is achieved by lowering a peripheral cover element onto the layer of vacuum formable material over the sealing ring. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0029] The present invention will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the drawings in which: [0030] FIGS. 1A-1C are together a simplified illustration of a method of manufacturing an anti-ballistic protective assembly in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention; and [0031] FIGS. 2A-2F are together a simplified illustration of a method of manufacturing an anti-ballistic protective assembly in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0032] Reference is now made to FIGS. 1A-1C , which are together a simplified illustration of a method of manufacturing an anti-ballistic protective assembly in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, employing a conventional injection molding machine. [0033] As seen in FIG. 1A , a pre-manufactured first enclosure element 100 , having a preferably somewhat curved back portion 102 and a preferably raised peripheral edge 104 is provided, and various layers of anti-ballistic protective materials are positioned therein generally as shown. Back portion 102 is preferably formed with polypropylene, ABS or other thermoplastic material, and is preferably comolded with Kevlar® aramid fiber, commercially available from DuPont, of Wilmington, Del. [0034] Alternatively, back portion 102 may be flat. [0035] The layers of anti-ballistic protective materials preferably include multiple layers 106 of anti-ballistic fabrics, preferably layers of unidirectional polyethylene such as Dyneema® HB50 or Dyneema® HB80, commercially available from DSM of Urmond, Holland. Preferably 40-50 layers 106 are provided. A flat or shaped plate 108 preferably formed of ceramic material such as Alumina FG-98, SC-DS direct-sintered silicon carbide or Boron carbide reaction-bonded boron carbide, each of which is commercially available from Coorstek Inc. of Golden, Colo., is preferably also provided as shown. Alternatively, plate 108 may be formed of annealed steel such as annealed carbon steel strips of 1070 or 1075 SAE/ASI commercially available from Inac s.p.a, of Valmadrera, Italy, which annealed steel is hardened to a hardness of HRC 58-60 by a process comprising quenching and tempering. Preferably, both sides of plate 108 are coated with a layer of Kevlar® or fiberglass 110 . [0036] The first enclosure element 100 and the above-described layers of protective materials, positioned therein are placed, as shown in enlargement A of FIG. 1B , in a cavity 120 formed in a bottom portion 122 of a mold, which is installed in a conventional vertical injection molding machine 124 , such as an ALLROUNDER 420 S vertical injection molding machine, commercially available from ARBURG GmbH of Lossburg, Germany. A top portion 126 of the mold, having an injection passageway 128 formed therein is also installed in the injection molding machine 124 and is arranged for operative engagement with bottom portion 122 during injection molding, shown in enlargement B of FIG. 1B . [0037] Portions 122 and 126 of the mold are configured to injection mold a second enclosure element 130 integrally with first enclosure element 100 , thereby to compress the layers of anti-ballistic protective material described hereinabove and to define a complete or nearly complete enclosure 132 therefor, which retains the various layers of protective material in a compressed state in very tight mutual engagement. [0038] Alternatively, a horizontal injection molding machine may be employed to injection mold second enclosure element 130 integrally with first enclosure element 100 , thereby to compress the layers of anti-ballistic protective material described hereinabove and to define a complete or nearly complete enclosure 132 therefor, which retains the various layers of protective material in a compressed state in very tight mutual engagement. [0039] As seen in FIG. 1C , separation of portions 122 and 126 of the mold releases an antiballistic protective assembly 140 comprising enclosure 132 which tightly encloses the mutually compressed various layers of protective material in very tight mutual engagement. The edges of the antiballistic protective assembly 140 are preferably trimmed as needed by any suitable technique and the assembly may be inserted into a pocket 142 of a protective vest 144 as shown. Alternatively, antiballistic protective assembly 140 may be of various sizes and may be utilized, for example, for antiballistic protection of motor vehicles and stationary structures. [0040] Reference is now made to FIGS. 2A-2F , which are together a simplified illustration of a method of manufacturing an anti-ballistic protective assembly in accordance with another preferred embodiment of the present invention, employing a conventional vacuum forming molding machine. [0041] As seen in FIG. 2A , a plurality of pre-manufactured first enclosure elements 200 , each having a preferably somewhat curved back portion 202 and a preferably raised peripheral edge 204 are provided, and various layers of anti-ballistic protective materials are positioned in each of the first enclosure elements 200 generally as shown. Back portion 202 is preferably formed with polypropylene, ABS or other thermoplastic material, and is preferably comolded with Kevlar® aramid fiber, commercially available from DuPont, of Wilmington, Del. [0042] Alternatively, back portion 202 may be flat. [0043] The layers of anti-ballistic protective materials preferably include multiple layers 206 of anti-ballistic fabrics, preferably layers of unidirectional polyethylene such as Dyneema® HB50 or Dyneema® HB80, commercially available from DSM of Urmond, Holland. Preferably 40-50 layers 206 are provided. A flat or shaped plate 208 preferably formed of ceramic material such as Alumina FG-98, SC-DS direct-sintered silicon carbide or Boron carbide reaction-bonded boron carbide, each of which is commercially available from Coorstek Inc. of Golden, Colo. is preferably also provided as shown. Alternatively, plate 208 may be formed of annealed steel such as annealed carbon steel strips of 1070 or 1075 SAE/ASI, commercially available from Inac s.p.a, of Valmadrera, Italy, which annealed steel is hardened to a hardness of HRC 58-60 by a process comprising quenching and tempering. Preferably, both sides of plate 208 are coated with a layer of Kevlar or fiberglass 210 . Preferably, layers 206 and plate 208 are mutually compressed. [0044] The plurality of first enclosure elements 200 each containing the above-described layers of protective materials, positioned therein, are placed, as shown FIG. 2A , in a plurality of vacuum forming cavities 220 formed in a conventional vacuum forming molding machine 224 , which are surrounded by a vacuum sealing ring 226 . The vacuum forming molding machine 224 may be, for example, a Model BV-E-Class Manual Sheet Fed Vacuum Former, commercially available from Bel-O-Vac of Banning, Calif. [0045] Preferably, an adhesive epoxy is applied to edge 204 of each of enclosure elements 200 . As seen in FIG. 2B , sheet 228 of vacuum formable material, such as an ABS sheet, is placed over cavities 220 , containing the first enclosure elements 200 and the above-described layers of protective materials and sealing ring 226 and a peripheral cover element 229 is lowered onto sheet 228 over sealing ring 226 , bringing the sheet 228 into vacuum sealing engagement with sealing ring 226 , as seen in FIG. 2C . [0046] As seen in FIG. 2D , vacuum is then applied to the cavities 220 , containing the first enclosure elements 200 and the above-described layers of protective materials, drawing sheet 228 into tight vacuum engagement therewith, compressing the layers of protective materials against the respective first enclosure elements 200 . Suitable heating of sheet 228 and of the first enclosure elements 200 welds the sheet 228 to the peripheries of the first enclosure elements 200 in cavities 220 by adhesively engaging with edges 204 of each of enclosure elements 200 , thereby defining second enclosure elements 230 integrally formed with first enclosure elements 200 and defining complete or nearly complete enclosures 232 for the layers of anti-ballistic protective material described hereinabove, which retains the various layers of protective material in a compressed state in very tight mutual engagement. [0047] As seen in FIG. 2E , raising of the peripheral cover element 229 enables removal of a plurality of joined together antiballistic protective assemblies 240 , shown in FIG. 2F , each comprising an enclosure 232 which tightly encloses the various layers of protective material in a compressed state in very tight mutual engagement. Separation and trimming of the protective assemblies 240 may be carried out by any suitable technique and the assembly may be inserted into a pocket 242 of a protective vest 244 as shown in FIG. 2F . Alternatively, antiballistic protective assembly 140 may be of various sizes and may be utilized, for example, for antiballistic protection of motor vehicles and stationary structures. [0048] It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of various features described hereinabove as well as modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not in the prior art.	Provided is an anti-ballistic protective assembly including a plurality of layers of anti-ballistic material including at least two types of anti-ballistic materials, and an enclosure which is at least partially injection molded over the plurality of layers of anti-ballistic material and retains the plurality of layers of anti-ballistic material in a mutually compressed operative orientation.	5
BACKGROUND 1. Field of the Disclosure Embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to an actuation system for a downhole tool. In particular, embodiments disclosed herein relate to an actuation mechanism of a downhole tool to selectively open and close components of the tool. 2. Background Art In the drilling of oil and gas wells, concentric casing strings may be installed and cemented in the borehole as drilling progresses to increasing depths. Each new casing string is supported within the previously installed casing string, thereby limiting the annular area available for the cementing operation. Further, as successively smaller diameter casing strings are suspended, the flow area for the production of oil and gas may be reduced. Therefore, to increase the annular space for the cementing operation, and to increase the production flow area, it may be desirable to enlarge the borehole below the terminal end of the previously cased borehole. By enlarging the borehole, a larger annular area is provided for subsequently installing and cementing a larger casing string than would have been possible otherwise. Accordingly, by enlarging the borehole below the previously cased borehole, the bottom of the formation may be reached with comparatively larger diameter casing, thereby providing more flow area for the production of oil and gas. Various methods have been devised for passing a drilling assembly, either through a cased borehole or in conjunction with expandable casing to enlarging the borehole. One such method involves the use of an expandable underreamer, which has basically two operative states. A closed or collapsed state may be configured where the diameter of the tool is sufficiently small to allow the tool to pass through the existing cased borehole, while an open or partly expanded state may be configured where one or more arms with cutters on the ends thereof extend from the body of the tool. In the latter position, the underreamer enlarges the borehole diameter as the tool is rotated and lowered in the borehole. During underreaming operations, depending upon operational requirements of the drilling assembly, cutter blocks of the underreamer may be extended or retracted while the assembly is downhole. Movement of the cutter blocks typically involves manipulating a sleeve that is used to open or close ports to allow fluid to activate and expand the cutter blocks of the underreamer. In certain prior art applications, the sleeve is held in place with shear pins, and a ball drop device may be used to shear the pins and thereby increase pressure in the tool to move the sleeve and open the cutter block activation ports. However, once the pins are sheared, the tool stays open for the duration of the drilling interval. Therefore, such a configuration may only allow one open cycle. This is also applicable in other tools which may be expanded, including but not limited to, cutting tools, spearing tools, and expandable stabilizers. Accordingly, there exists a need for an apparatus to allow the components of expandable tools to open and close multiple times while the tool is downhole. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a downhole tool including a tubular body having an upper connection and a lower connection and an axial borehole therethrough, wherein the upper and lower connections are configured to connect to a drilling assembly, at least one expandable component coupled to the tubular body and configured to selectively extend radially therefrom, and an actuation mechanism configured to selectively extend the at least one component in response to a change in a circulating fluid pressure in the axial borehole. In other aspects, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a method of selectively actuating a downhole tool, wherein the downhole tool includes a tubular body with an axial borehole therethrough and at least one component, the method including increasing a flow rate of a circulating fluid in the axial borehole of the downhole tool to reach a specified circulating fluid pressure, detecting an increased circulating fluid pressure in the borehole of the tool with at least one sensor, actuating a motor to operate a pump, and sending a fluid to operate a sliding sleeve. The method further includes operating the sleeve disposed in the axial borehole to open an actuation chamber port in response to the increased circulating fluid pressure in the borehole of the tool, thereby filling an actuation chamber with the drilling fluid, and moving the at least one expandable component radially outward. In other aspects, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a reaming system for a downhole tool, the reaming system including a main body of the tool, a sleeve having at least one sleeve port configured to align with at least one actuation port in the main body, and at least one sensor configured to measure a circulating fluid pressure through a bore of the tool, wherein the sensor is configured to detect an increased circulating fluid pressure in the bore, and further to send a signal to operate the sleeve, and wherein cutter blocks are selectively expanded and retracted in response to an increased circulating fluid pressure in the bore. Other aspects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description and the appended claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is section view of an actuation system in a tool in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 2 shows the general system logic of an actuation system in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. FIGS. 3A and 3B show a drillstring with an underreamer. FIGS. 4A and 4B show an underreamer in a retracted and expanded position in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to an actuation system for a downhole tool, and more particularly, an actuation system used in a downhole tool to selectively open and close expandable components of the tool. Referring now to FIG. 1 , a section view of an actuation system in a downhole tool is shown in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. The actuation system 200 is configured to selectively open or close expandable components (not shown) of the tool multiple times while downhole. A sliding sleeve 204 is located within an axial bore 202 of a main body of the tool and includes a sleeve port 208 . Sleeve port 208 is configured to align with an actuation chamber port 206 which is in fluid communication with an actuation chamber (not shown). This alignment allows a circulating fluid 220 in bore 202 to actuate the expandable components of the tool. As shown, sliding sleeve 204 is operable between a closed position and an open position. As used herein, the closed position is when circulating fluid 220 is not in fluid communication with chamber actuation port 206 . The open position is when circulating fluid 220 is in fluid communication with chamber actuation port 206 , and is allowed to actuate the expandable components of the tool. Actuation system 200 also includes sensors 212 that detect increased pressures of circulating fluid 220 in bore 202 during operation. The sensors used to measure and indicate increased pressure of the circulating fluid in the bore of the tool may be commonly used pressure transducers known to those skilled in the art. For example, in certain embodiments, a pressure transducer, having available pressure ranges from 1000 psi to 20,000 psi, may be used with the actuation system. Further, in selected embodiments, flow rate sensors may be used to measure and indicate an increased flow rate of the circulating fluid in the tool bore. In select embodiments, the sensors may be configured to measure and indicate an increased weight on the expandable components of the tool. Weight sensors, for example a load cell, may detect the increased weight and send the signal to turn on the pump and operate the sleeve. The load cell may detect a preset weight limit that is set by one skilled in the art. Further, actuation system 200 includes a pump 210 that is coupled to a motor 209 in the downhole tool. Pump 210 uses fluid stored in a reservoir 211 to operate sliding sleeve 204 between the open and closed positions. A toggle switch 214 may be used to route fluid between a first fluid path 222 and second, or reverse, fluid path 223 . As used herein, the toggle switch may be defined as a valve to control the direction of fluid from the pump either to the first fluid path 222 or the reverse fluid path 223 . Those skilled in the art will understand any number of electric pumps may be used. For example, in select embodiments, a pump supplied by Bieri Swiss Hydraulics may be used. Further, in select embodiments, a DC motor supplied by MicroMo Electronics may be used; however, those skilled in the art will understand any number of electric motors may be suitable. Referring to FIG. 2 , a logic flowchart of actuating expandable components of a downhole tool is described in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. During a majority of the operation, the tool experiences a normal circulating pressure 300 in the bore and operates with the expandable components either open or closed. To commence operation of the actuation system and expand the components, the circulating pressure in the bore may be increased above a specified point so that the pressure sensor may detect this increased circulation pressure 400 . To ensure that the pressure sensor detects the increased pressure, the circulation pressure may remain at this level for a certain time period. The time period for the circulation pressure to remain at this increased pressure may range from 2-6 minutes, or as determined by those skilled in the art. This removes the possibility of “accidentally” actuating the system due to an unforeseen pressure spike or other anomaly. Once the circulation pressure has remained at the increased circulation pressure for the specified time period, circulation pumps on the rig may be shut off 402 , and the pressure may be allowed to equalize in the bore before proceeding 404 . At this point, the coupled motor and pump are turned on 406 to actuate the sleeve and move it into the open position 408 . Referring back to FIG. 1 , fluid from reservoir 211 is pumped down the first fluid path 222 to move sleeve 204 into the open position. Once the sleeve is fully moved, the pump and motor are turned off. The toggle switch is used to re-route fluid from reservoir 211 down the reverse fluid path 223 . Upon sensing another pressure increase of the circulating fluid, the motor and pump are turned back on and fluid flows down the reverse fluid path 223 to actuate the sleeve and move it back into the closed position. In alternative embodiments, sleeve 204 may be spring biased and a reduction in fluid pressure at 222 may close port 206 . Thus, moving the sleeve into the open position allows the expandable components of the tool to open, and moving the sleeve into the closed position allows the components to retract 414 . In certain embodiments, a digital signal processor or integrated circuit board may be used to control the system logic described. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, the actuation mechanism may be used in conjunction with an underreamer or stabilizer assembly in a downhole tool. In a drilling assembly of embodiments disclosed herein, a drill bit may be mounted onto a lower stabilizer, which may be disposed approximately 5 or more feet above the bit. Typically the lower stabilizer is a fixed blade stabilizer and includes a plurality of concentric blades extending radially outward and azimuthally spaced around the circumference of the stabilizer housing. The outer edges of the blades are adapted to contact the wall of the existing cased borehole, thereby defining the maximum stabilizer diameter that will pass through the casing. A plurality of drill collars extends between the lower and other stabilizers in the drilling assembly. An upper stabilizer is typically positioned in the drill string approximately 30-60 feet above the lower stabilizer. A drilling apparatus 10 is shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. Drilling apparatus includes a drill bit 20 disposed on the distal end of a drillstring 15 , an expandable lower stabilizer/underreamer assembly 30 , a drill collar 40 , and an upper stabilizer 50 . FIG. 3B shows expandable underreamer 30 which includes cutting elements 32 and a stabilizer pad 34 . Expandable underreamer 30 is configured to travel along grooves 36 during expansion or retraction of the arms. In this embodiment, actuation mechanism disclosed herein may be used to extend expandable stabilizer/underreamer arms. Referring to FIGS. 4A and 4B , a section view of a lower end of another drilling assembly 100 is shown in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure. Drilling assembly 100 is shown having a substantially tubular main housing 110 having a central axis 111 , a cutting head 120 , and an expandable underreamer 130 . Cutting head 120 includes a plurality of cutting elements, or polycrystalline diamond compact (“PDC”) cutters 122 . Housing 110 of drilling assembly 100 includes a plurality of axial recesses 112 in which cutter blocks 132 of underreamer 130 are located. Arm assemblies 132 include cutting elements 134 , and in certain embodiments, also include stabilizer pads 136 . Cutter blocks 132 may travel from their retracted position ( FIG. 4A ) to their extended position ( FIG. 3B ) along a plurality of grooves 114 within the wall of axial recesses 112 . Corresponding grooves (not shown) of cutter blocks 132 engage grooves 114 and guide cutter blocks 132 as they traverse in and out of axial recesses 112 . One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that any number of cutter blocks 132 may be employed, from a single cutter block 132 to as many cutter blocks 132 as the size and geometry of housing 110 may accommodate. Furthermore, while each cutter block 132 is depicted with both stabilizer pads 136 and cutting elements 134 , it should be understood that cutter blocks 132 may include stabilizer pads 136 , cutting elements 134 , or a combination thereof in any proportion appropriate for the type of operation to be performed. Those skilled in the art will further understand alternative cutter block configurations, including a pivot-type cutter block. During drilling operations, cutting head 120 is designed and sized to cut a pilot bore, or a bore that is large enough to allow drilling assembly 100 in its retracted state ( FIG. 4A ) and remaining components of the drillstring to pass therethrough. In circumstances where the borehole is to be extended below a string of casing, the geometry and size of cutting structure 120 and housing 110 is such that entire drilling assembly 100 may pass clear of the casing string without becoming stuck. Once clear of the casing string, or when a larger diameter borehole is desired, cutter blocks 132 may be extended and cutting elements 134 disposed thereupon (in conjunction with stabilizer pads 136 ) underream the pilot bore to the final gauge diameter. During underreaming operations, the circulating pressure of fluid 220 through the tool may be affected by the depth of the hole, the type or hardness of the formation being drilled, the pump and rig equipment, and other variables known to those skilled in the art. Initially, a drilling operator may increase the circulating pressure in the bore of the tool to a specified pressure limit. The preset pressure limit may depend on several factors, including but not limited to, the depth of the hole and the fluid flow rate, and will be understood by those skilled in the art. The operator will understand procedures and circumstances for increasing the circulating pressure in the tool bore. Referring back to FIG. 1 , sensor 212 detects the increased pressure and sends an electronic signal to start motor 209 . Motor 209 may be run off of battery power. Further, motor 209 causes pump 210 to start which sends fluid from reservoir 211 to operate sleeve 204 . The alignment between sleeve port 208 and chamber actuation port 206 allows fluid to actuate and expand the cutter blocks of the underreamer. Once the tool is in the open position, it may remain open until the next time the sensors indicate a circulating pressure increase that exceeds the preset pressure limit. During the next circulating pressure increase cycle, fluid flow may be reversed and the sliding sleeve may be moved in the opposite direction to move the sleeve port and chamber actuation port out of alignment and the sleeve into the closed position. The close position prevents fluid flow to the cutter blocks and allows them to retract. Thus, the opened and closed cycles follow each other every time there is a circulating pressure increase in the tool bore. This arrangement provides an “on demand” open and close feature which is operated by manipulating circulating pressure in the tool bore in conjunction with the sensor based mechanism integral in the tool. Embodiments of the present disclosure may also be used with any type of cutting and spearing device. Generally, cutting devices may be any type of cutting device capable of cutting casing known in the art. Cutting devices typically include a plurality of arms that may be actuated to extend from the body of the cutting device to engage casing. Spearing devices may include any type of downhole tool capable of internally engaging casing, thereby allowing for removal of the casing from the wellbore. Such spearing devices typically are hydraulically activated, such that a flow of fluid through the tool causes an engagement surface to radially extend into contact with a casing segment. These types of devices are fully described in a co-pending application Ser. No. 12/170,362. This application is fully incorporated herein by reference. The actuation system disclosed herein may be configured to selectively actuate the expandable components of these devices. In certain embodiments, multiple actuation systems may be used to operate multiple tools downhole, or multiple features of a downhole tool. For example, in some instances, a downhole tool may include multiple cutting devices, spearing devices, and/or jarring devices. The tool may further include additional components, such as jarring accelerators, packers, and/or stabilizers. The multiple casing cutters may allow multiple casing cuts to be made in a single trip, or may serve as back-up cutters in case the first cutter fails. Multiple spearing devices may allow more than one casing segment to be removed from the wellbore on a single trip. In certain embodiments, the actuation system may include a sleeve that has multiple sleeve ports that are configured to align with multiple chamber actuation ports for different components on the tool. In the open position, the sleeve ports may all align with chamber actuation ports, and therefore allow fluid to actuate and expand the components of the multiple tools. For example, both a cutting device and spearing device may be actuated simultaneously to cut a segment of casing and remove it from the wellbore. In other embodiments, the actuation system may be used to simultaneously expand and retract multiple stabilizers and an underreamer. Alternatively, the actuation system may include multiple sleeves that are each individually responsible for actuating a different tool. Therefore, there may be multiple motor and pump combinations which operate the sleeve. In this case, the multiple sleeves may be operated in tandem such that they open together or close together. Advantageously, embodiments of the present disclosure for the on-demand actuation system may allow multiple open and close cycles by merely manipulating the pump pressure. For example, embodiments of the present disclosure may be configured to continue circulation of fluid through the bore while pulling out of the hole. Further, the ability to operate the actuation system in such a way may greatly increase the efficiency and reduce the costs of the downhole operations. Further, damage to the components of a downhole tool, for example, the arm assemblies of an underreamer or stabilizer, may be prevented due to the ability to selectively open and close them, rather than remaining open in all drilling conditions. This may lead to increased longevity of the tool and reduced costs due to maintenance or equipment failure. While the present disclosure has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, will appreciate that other embodiments may be devised which do not depart from the scope of the disclosure as described herein. Accordingly, the scope of the disclosure should be limited only by the attached claims.	A downhole tool includes a tubular body having an upper connection and a lower connection and an axial borehole therethrough, wherein the upper and lower connections are configured to connect to a drilling assembly. The downhole tool further includes at least one expandable component coupled to the tubular body and configured to selectively extend radially therefrom and an actuation mechanism configured to selectively extend the at least one component in response to a change in a circulating fluid pressure in the axial borehole.	4
This application is a continuation of prior U.S. application Ser. No. 08/761,220 filed Dec. 6, 1996, now pending, which is a divisional of prior U.S. Ser. No. 08/472,657 filed Jun. 7, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,664,420, which is a continuation in part of prior U.S. application Ser. No. 08/378,733 filed Jan. 26, 1995 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,034, which is a continuation in part of prior U.S. application Ser. No. 07/878,605 filed May 5, 1992 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,385,446. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates generally to two-phase turbines, and more particularly to an improved multistage, single rotor turbine driven by an input mixture of gas and liquid, and capable of generating shaft power, while simultaneously separating the gas and liquid phase components in one or more expansions, and also increasing the pressure of the separated liquid phase component. There is need for an improved two-phase turbine having the above multistage characteristics. There is need for improved processes in which such a turbine is employed. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is a major object of the invention to provide an improved turbine structure and processes in which it is employed meeting the above needs. Basically, the improved multistage two-phase turbine has one or more stages to receive fluid, each stage having an inlet and an outlet, and comprises: a) nozzles at the inlet to each stage to accelerate the fluid that consists of a mixture of gas and liquid, to form two-phase jets, b) a rotating separator structure to receive and separate the two-phase jets into gas streams and liquid streams in each stage, c) the turbine having a rotating output shaft, and there being means to convert the kinetic energy of the liquid streams into shaft power, d) means to remove the separated liquid from at least one stage and transfer it to nozzles at the next stage, e) means to remove the separated liquid from the last stage and transfer it to primary outlet structure, f) means to remove the separated gas from each stage and transfer it to secondary outlet structure or optionally, g) means to remove the separated gas from each stage and transfer it to the nozzles at the next stage. It is another object to provide such a turbine, and including means in at least one stage to convert the kinetic energy of the gas stream to shaft power. Means may also be employed in at least one stage to recover the kinetic energy of the separated liquid stream as pressure. Another object is to provide turbine axial flow blades associated with at least one rotating separator structure to convert the gas stream kinetic energy to shaft power. A further object includes the provision of means separating the stages wherein the nozzles are an integral part of the means. Yet another object includes the provision of means to separate two components of the separated liquid stream from at least one stage, and to separately remove each liquid component from the stage. In this regard, a diffuser may be positioned to remove the heavier of two liquid components from at least one stage, or a liquid stream receiving nozzle may be employed to remove the heavier of two liquid components from at least one stage. Additionally, structure may be provided to coalesce a dispersed liquid component into a continuous phase in the rotating separator structure of at least one stage. The improved turbine may be used in a process requiring one or more successive reductions in pressure of a mixture of steam and brine flowing from a geothermal well. The referenced turbine produces power, while separating the steam, so that it can be utilized at lower pressures in a conventional steam turbine. The separated brine pressure can be increased such that it can be re-injected into the ground with no pump. The turbine can also be used in a process involving combined liquid and gas flows require several successive reductions in pressure with separation at each succeeding pressure level. One example is the production of oil and gas from a high pressure well. The two-phase flow is flashed at several pressures, each lower than the preceding pressure. At each flash the gas is separated from the liquid, so that it can be recompressed. The separated liquid is subsequently flashed to a lower pressure and the evolved gas again separated. The turbine can also be utilized in a process requiring multiple two-phase flashes in the conversion of waste heat from a prime mover to useful power. In this regard, if a liquid is heated and flashed several times to produce vapor at several pressures to operate a multiple pressure vapor turbine, a more efficient conversion of the waste heat to power is possible. These and other objects and advantages of the invention, as well as the details of an illustrative embodiment, will be more fully understood from the following specification and drawings, in which: DRAWING DESCRIPTION FIG. 1 is a system block diagram showing use of a two-phase turbine in generation of power from geothermal fluids; FIG. 2 is a system block diagram showing a high production oil/gas process with four stages of pressure reduction; FIG. 3 is a graph of heat transfer vs. temperature, waste heat bottoming cycles; FIG. 4 is a system block diagram showing coupling of a multistage two-phase turbine with a steam turbine and generator; FIG. 5 is an axial cross section taken through a multistage two-phase turbine; FIG. 6 is a cross section taken through diffuser and nozzle structure of a multistage two-phase turbine; FIG. 7 is an axial cross section taken through a multistage two-phase turbine characterized by processing of two separated liquid stream components; FIG. 7a is a fragmentary section showing details of a rotor with a diffuser for water; FIG. 7b is a fragmentary section showing details of a rotor with a liquid nozzle for water; FIG. 8 is a partial axial cross section taken through the installation of a multistage, or single stage, two-phase turbine in the bore of an oil and gas well, such that separated water is injected into another part of the field; FIG. 9 is a partial axial cross section taken through the installation of a multistage or single stage two-phase turbine in the bore of an oil and gas well, such that separated water is transported to the surface; FIG. 10 is a system block diagram showing a multistage, or single stage, two-phase turbine installed on the sea floor, producing separated gas, oil and water streams and power from an oil and gas well; and FIG. 11 is a system block diagram showing a multistage, or single stage, two-phase turbine installed on the sea floor, producing separated gas, oil, and water streams from an oil and gas well, and driving a gas compressor to produce high-pressure gas. DETAILED DESCRIPTION A single rotor turbine has previously been developed to generate power from a mixture of gas and liquid, while simultaneously separating the gas from the liquid and increasing the pressure of the separated liquid phase. This turbine produces power from a single reduction in pressure of the mixture of gas and liquid. An example is the reduction of pressure of a mixture of steam and brine flowing from a geothermal well, as seen in FIG. 1. The referenced turbine 10 drives a generator 11 to produce power, while separating the steam, so that it can be utilized at a lower pressure in a conventional steam turbine. See steam flow at 12 to a flash tank 13, and steam flow at 14, to the steam turbine. The pressure of separated brine at 15 can be increased such that it can be re-injected into the ground at 16 with no pump. The geothermal wall is seen at 17. Some processes involving combined liquid and gas flows require several successive reductions in pressure with separation at each succeeding pressure level. One example, as seen in FIG. 2, is the production of oil and gas from a high pressure well. The two-phase flow at 20 is flashed at several pressures, noted at 21-24, each lower than the preceding pressure. At each flash, the gas is separated from the liquid, so that it can be recompressed. See gas discharges at 21a to 24a connected to recompression stages 25 to 27 discharging at 28. The separated liquid is subsequently flashed to a lower pressure, and the evolved gas again separated. See liquid lines 30-33. Another process requiring multiple two-phase flashes is the conversion of waste heat from a prime mover to useful power. FIG. 3 shows the transfer of heat from an exhaust stream into a vaporizing fluid (curve A). The constant temperature region of the vaporizing fluid means the energy conversion efficiency at each point (for example T v ) is much lower than the efficiency which could be attained if energy conversion occurred at the exhaust temperature T. The Carnot efficiency, η c , for converting the element of heat, dQ, to power is η c =1-T 3 /T v for the vapor bottoming cycle of FIG. 3. The Carnot efficiency for a cycle operating at the hot gas temperature, T, is η c =1-T 3 /T. If liquid is heated (curve B) and flashed several times to produce vapor at several pressures to operate a multiple pressure vapor turbine, a more efficient conversion of the waste heat to power is possible. FIG. 4 shows a power cycle, which operates on this principle. Liquid is heated in flowing from 113 to 104 in a heat exchanger 119 by heat from an exhaust steam at 102 to 103 in duct 99. The liquid is flashed to a lower pressure at 105 in a multistage two-phase turbine 114 (to be described later). The vapor from the turbine flows through a superheater 120 and is heated to a higher temperature at 106. The vapor is then ducted to the inlet of a vapor turbine 115. The separated liquid at pressure within the multistage two-phase turbine is flashed to a lower pressure at 107. The vapor is separated at pressure 107 and is ducted to an induction port 115a of the vapor turbine 115. The separated liquid is flashed within the multistage two-phase turbine to a yet lower pressure at 108. The vapor is separated at pressure 108 and is ducted to another induction port 115b of the vapor turbine. The mixed vapor flows within the vapor turbine 115 are expanded to an outlet pressure at 109. The vapor flows are condensed in a condenser 116 and pumped to a mixer 117. The separated liquid at 108 is internally pressurized and delivered at 118, and flows to the mixer 117 where it is mixed with the condensed vapors. The resulting liquid flow is pumped back to the liquid heat exchanger 119. For some applications, the liquid heat exchanger 119 may be used to produce a mixture of heated liquid and vapor at 104, which is ducted to the multistage two-phase turbine 114 and flashed to lower pressure at 105. The multistage two-phase turbine utilized in the power cycle shown in FIG. 4 is seen in FIG. 5. A gas and liquid mixture, or flashing liquid, is introduced through a port 234, to nozzles 213. The pressure is reduced in the nozzles, accelerating the gas and liquid mixture, to form high-velocity, two-phase jets at 201. The jets impinge onto a rotating separator member 214 of a multistage rotor 215 separating the liquid into a liquid layer 203. If the tangential jet velocity is greater than the circumferential velocity of the rotating separator member 214, the liquid velocity is reduced by frictional coupling to the member, and power is transferred to the rotor. If the tangential velocity is less, the liquid velocity is increased by frictional coupling to the member, and power is transferred from the rotor. This mechanism provides a method for producing power from high velocity jets in one stage of the rotor, to be used to increase the liquid velocity in another stage of the rotor, where the jet velocity may be lower. The separated gas flows through gas blading 221 to the first exit port 202. The axial gas blading shown converts the gas kinetic energy to power of the rotor. The separated liquid from the first rotating separator flows into a scoop 216 and is transferred through a pipe 204 and passage 217 in the diaphragm between the first and second stage to nozzles 205. The pressure is lowered in the nozzles to the pressure in the next stage. High velocity two-phase jets 218 are formed, which impinge on the second stage separator rotor 219. The separated liquid forms a layer 220. The separated gas flows through gas blades 206, transferring power to the rotor, and subsequently out the second stage port 207. The separated liquid from the second rotating separator flows into a scoop 222 and is fed by a pipe 208 into a passage in the diaphragm between the second and third stage. The passage feeds the liquid into nozzles 224, where it is flashed to the pressure in the third stage forming high velocity jets 209. The two-phase jets impinge on the third stage separator rotor 225. The liquid separates, forming a layer 226. The separated gas flows through gas blades 210, transferring power to the rotor. The gas then leaves through the third stage port 211. The separated liquid flows into a scoop 227, which may be contoured to slow the liquid to a lower velocity than the entering velocity, effecting a pressure increase. The liquid is ducted through a pipe 212 to the liquid exit port 218. The rotating structure 215, shaft 233, and separator rotors 214, 219, and 225 are fixed together, and all rotate as one body at the same speed. Seals 229 and 230 are provided at each end to seal the gas from leaking. Seals 231 and 232 are provided in each diaphragm to seal the gas from leaking from a stage at high pressure to one at lower pressure. A detail of a scoop or diffuser arrangement is shown in FIG. 6. The separated liquid layer 301 enters the scoop 302. The scoop structure 303 may feature a diverging area, in which case the liquid velocity is slowed to a lower value than the entering value at 302. The liquid enters a passage 304 and flows to a nozzle 305, which is interconnected to the passage. The pressure is reduced in the nozzle, causing the liquid to flash and form a two-phase jet at 306. The two-phase jet impinges on the rotating separator surface 307 of the next stage, forming a liquid layer 308. The separated gas flows through gas blades 309. The complex oil and gas process shown in FIG. 2 may be replaced by a single multistage two-phase turbine shown in FIG. 7, simplifying and greatly reducing the size of needed apparatus. A high-pressure mixture of oil, gas, and water is introduced to the unit through inlet ports (1)'. The mixture flows through passages (2)' to two-phase nozzles (3)'. The pressure is reduced in the nozzles, causing the mixture to be accelerated and additional light components in the oil to vaporize. Two-phase jets (4)' are formed. The jets impinge on the rotating surface of the first stage rotating separator surface (5)'. Energy transfer occurs, as described in FIG. 5. The liquid forms a layer of oil and water. The oil, which is lighter, forms a layer on the surface and flows through passages (8)' to the opposite side of the supporting disc (10)'. The oil is collected by a scoop (9)' which is submerged in the oil layer. The water, which has a higher density than the oil, is centrifuged to the outer part (7)' of the rotating separator (11)'. A coalescing structure (12)' may be provided to assist the separation of the water from the oil. The water, at high pressure, due to the centrifugal force, expands through liquid nozzles (13)', flowing through passages (14)' to an annulus (15)'. The water flows from the turbine through an outlet port (16)'. The reaction forces from the water jets leaving the nozzles (13)' transfer power to the rotor. Another method of removing the separated water is shown in FIG. 7a. A diffuser 401 is wholly submerged in the water layer 402. The water flows out the tube 403 at a rate controlled by the inlet size and a throttling valve. This method may be used for any stage. Referring back to FIG. 7, the separated gas flows through gas blades (17)', which may be radial inflow as shown, or axial flow, and leaves the turbine through an exit port (18)'. Kinetic energy and pressure in the gas is converted to power in the rotor by the gas blades. The separated oil from the first stage flows from the diffuser (9)' into passages (19)', which carry the flow to two-phase nozzles (20)'. The flow is flashed to the pressure of the second stage in the nozzles, causing additional light components of the oil to vaporize, forming two-phase jets (21)'. The jets impinge on the surface (22)' of the second rotating separator structure (23)' forming a layer of oil. The oil flows to the opposite side of the supporting disc (25)' through passages (24)'. The oil enters the inlet of a diffuser (26)' immersed in the oil layer. The oil flows into passages (27)', which feed nozzles (28)'. Water, which may still be entrained in the oil, is centrifuged to the outer part (30)' of the second stage rotating separator. The water at high pressure is expanded through liquid nozzles (31)' and flows through passages (32)' to a volute (33)'. The separated water subsequently flows through the turbine through the second stage water exit port (34)'. The separated gas flows from the turbine through the second stage gas exit port (35)'. The oil from the second stage is expanded to the third stage pressure in the third stage nozzles (28)'. Remaining light components in the oil flash, forming two-phase jets (29)'. The jets impinge on the surface (36)' of the third rotating separator structure (37)' forming a layer of oil. The oil flows to the opposite side of the supporting disc (38)' through passages (39)'. The oil enters the inlet of a diffuser (40)' immersed in the oil layer. The oil is pressurized by slowing the inlet velocity in the diffuser structure (41)'. The pressurized oil leaves the turbine through the oil exit ports (42)'. Water, which may still be entrained in the oil, is centrifuged to the outer part (43)' of the third stage rotating separator. The water at high pressure is expanded through liquid nozzles (44)' and flows through passages (45)' to a volute (46)'. The separated water subsequently flows through the turbine through the second stage water exit port (47)'. The separated gas flows from the turbine through the third stage gas exit port (54)'. The multistage two-phase turbine for oil, gas and water has seals (48)' and (49)' on each end of the shaft (55)' to prevent gas from leaking from the casing. The unit has seals (50)' and (51)' in the diaphragms (52)' and (53)' between stages to reduce gas leakage from a high pressure stage to a lower pressure stage. Power is transferred to the rotor by the liquid for stages where the two-phase nozzle jet (4)', (21)' and (29)' tangential velocity is greater than the circumferential velocity of the separator surface (6)', (22)' and (36)', and from the separated gas energy in at least the first stage. Power is transferred from the rotor to the liquid, if the tangential velocity of any stage is less than the circumferential velocity of the separator surface. An induction generator can be connected to the shaft (55)'. See generator 80. If there is a net power transfer to the rotor from the states, power will be generated at 81. If not, the generator will require power input at 82, and will be operated as a motor to maintain the desired circumferential velocity. A power input control is seen at 83. In FIG. 8, a rotary separator turbine 503 is installed in the bore of a gas or oil well 517. Two-phase flow consisting of gas and oil and/or water at 501 flows into the rotary separator turbine through entrance ports 502. The flow is expanded and separated in one or more stages, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 7. Separated water and other liquids 509 and 510 for a two-stage unit are discharged through pipes 511 and 512 at a pressure higher than the pressure of the entering flow 501. The separated water and liquids may be piped to another part of the strata 518 and discharged at a higher pressure 519 than the pressure of the entering flow 501. The two strata may be separated by a seal 520. The separated oil, if any, at 514 and 515 may be piped to the surface at 513 and 515. Separated gas at 505 and 506 may be piped to the surface at 507. Power generated may be transmitted to the surface through cables 516. The pressure of the two-phase flow 501 can be isolated from the lower pressure region of the well 521 by a seal 504. In another variation shown in FIG. 9, the separated water at 505' and 509' leave the rotary separator turbine and are piped at 510' and 511' to the surface or another location for disposal. In FIG. 10, the multistage two-phase turbine 604 is installed on the sea floor 601 within a protective enclosure 620 on a support 619. A mixture of gas and oil and/or water and/or sand 603 flows from a well head 602 into the rotary separator turbine 604. The flow is expanded in one or more stages, as seen in FIG. 7. Separated gas 605, 607, and 609 (for three stages) leave the multistage two-phase turbine and are piped at 606, 608, and 610 to a delivery point or compressor. Separated oil at 621 is piped at 622 to a delivery point. Separated water and/or solids at 611, 613 and 615 are piped at 612, 614 and 616 for disposal. The multistage two-phase turbine unit may drive a generator 617. The power is transmitted by cables 618 to the surface or to other components within the protective enclosure 620 or elsewhere requiring power. In FIG. 11, which is similar to FIG. 10, the multistage two-phase turbine drives a gas compressor 623 instead of a generator. The gas flow is expanded internally through each pressure drop. The gas leaving the last stage at 609 flows through external or internal passages 610 to gas compressor 623. The compressor increases the pressure, and the high pressure outlet gas 624 flows through a pipe 625 to a delivery point. The general method of operation contemplated by the FIG. 8 form of the invention, for processing a multi-component fluid mixture in a sub-surface well, and employing a rotary separator, includes the steps: a) positioning the separator in the well at a depth to receive the mixture, b) operating the separator to separate and pressurize at least one component of the mixture, c) and flowing the pressurized and separated component lengthwise of the well, away from the separator. The one component typically consists of one of the following: i) gas ii) liquid iii) water iv) hydrocarbon gas v) hydrocarbon liquid. The positioning step may include lowering the separator 503 in the well to the operating depth, as shown; and a pipe string or strings may be lowered in operative relation to the separator, and flowing the separated component upwardly in the pipe string. Such strings may include one or more of the strings shown at 515, 505, 506, 507, and 513. Upper extents of such strings may be considered as constituting one form of lowering means. The method also contemplates the flowing step to include flowing the component under pressure into the formation in which the well is located. As referred to above, a rotary separator, usable in the above method, includes nozzle means to accelerate the fluid, to form a two-phase jet, and the operating step includes recovering at least one phase produced by the two-phase jet. Also, the operating step may include centrifugally pressurizing another phase produced by the jet. The rotary structure in 503 may be considered as advantageously driven by the pressure of the inlet fluid at 501. The disclosure of the above referenced U.S. patent applications are incorporated herein by reference.	A multistage two-phase turbine having multiple stages to receive fluid, each stage having an inlet and outlet comprising nozzles at the inlet to each stage to accelerate the fluid that consists of a mixture of gas and liquid, to form two-phase jets; a rotating separator structure to receive and separate the two-phase jets into gas streams and liquid stream in each stage; the turbine having a rotating output shaft, and there being structure to convert the kinetic energy of the liquid streams into shaft power; structure to remove the separated liquid from at least one stage and transfer it to nozzles at the next stage; structure to remove the separated liquid from the last stage and transfer it to primary outlet structure; and structure to remove the separated gas from at least one stage and transfer it to a secondary outlet structure.	1
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/552,448 filed 27 Oct. 2011, the specification of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] 1. Field of the Invention [0003] One or more embodiments of the invention are related to the field of handgrips. More particularly, but not by way of limitation, one or more embodiments of the invention enable an ergonomic handgrip for a moveable device, such as wheeled devices, sleds, or other apparatus that may be moved by hand, such as a wheelchair for example. [0004] 2. Description of the Related Art [0005] Due to accident, illness, or other circumstances, many individuals are unable to walk under their own power or do so with incredible difficulty. As a response, wheelchairs were invented long ago to provide mobility for an occupant either under their own power or with the aid of an assistant. [0006] Historically, these wheelchairs were created out of wood. For more than half a century, the standard wheelchair has been crafted with metal tubing in a form that is similar to most chairs found today. Over the past century, several advancements have been made to the metal tubing design. Multiple improvements have been designed to aid the occupant to be more mobile under their own power. The improved mobility is a result of the wheel chair design that enables the occupant to better utilize his or her own strength or through use of a motor. [0007] Advancement in the field to better aid the assistant has primarily focused on increasing the comfort for the assistant in their manipulation and control of the wheelchair. To this end, various devices have been implemented in an attempt to improve this aspect. For example, improvements in materials and construction methods have also led to advancements in the portability and compactness of modern wheelchairs. To various degrees inventors have attempted to improve control and maneuverability. However, such attempts have come at the expense of compactness or portability. In summary, these designs have failed to increase utility in one manner or another. For example, wheelchairs still utilize cylindrical handgrips which do not provide comfort for extend periods of time wherein the assistant has to rotate their hands downward and about a cylindrical grip. In addition, the cylindrical handgrips provide less than ideal control for the assistant, for example in humid or wet conditions or non-level surfaces. [0008] For at least the limitations described above there is a need for an ergonomic handgrip for a moveable apparatus. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0009] One or more embodiments described in the specification are related to an ergonomic handgrip for a moveable apparatus, such as a cart, sled, or wheelchair for example. An object of at least one embodiment of the invention is to provide an ergonomic adaptation, or alternative, to the traditional handgrip and associated method of pushing or handling an individual in a wheeled device, such as, but not limited to, a wheelchair or stroller. Traditionally, wheeled devices such as, but not limited to wheelchairs or strollers, have been conventionally manipulated by handgrips mounted on ‘canes’, which are generally cylindrically shaped tubes that function as mounts for the handgrips. The canes further interface with the moveable apparatus to transfer force applied to the handgrips to the moveable apparatus, for example to control and otherwise manipulate the moveable apparatus. The canes so utilized are generally either perpendicular (such as those on a wheelchair) or curved, and practically upright (such as those on a stroller). Although functional and easy to manufacture, the traditional cane type of device lacks ergonomic comfort and control. Embodiments of the ergonomic handgrip detailed herein are shaped to allow the hands to be used in multiple configurations, most notably a natural, untwisted, and relaxed “overhand” position that increases comfort and control, as opposed to the current “underhand” posture of traditional wheelchair canes. [0010] Another object is to provide an ergonomic handgrip for moveable devices, such as handcarts or dollies, which minimizes or eliminates fatigue, discomfort, and pain even after prolonged effort or continued and repetitive use. [0011] Another object is the increased amount of control from the addition of these grips that allows for superior manipulation of wheeled devices along an incline plane. Other objects and advantages will become apparent from a consideration of the drawings and ensuing description below. [0012] Embodiments of the ergonomic handgrip generally include an ergonomic curved palm supporting surface configured to enable placement of an assistant's hand in order to support the hand in a more natural, untwisted position. This structure minimizes or altogether eliminates fatigue and discomfort for the assistant, even after prolonged or repetitive use. Embodiments of the invention may also include a “hooked” fingertip surface on either end or both ends of the curved palm supporting surface to increase control, for example to enable better downhill speed mitigation. One or more embodiments of the invention enable a simple and secure attachment mechanism that enables easy placement and removal of the ergonomic handgrip. One or more embodiments of the invention may be constructed from or otherwise utilize a highly durable epoxy composite, or any other material depending on the intended environment or application as desired. [0013] One advantage of one or more embodiments of the invention is that the structure does not require the assistant to force his or her hand, wrist, and forearm to be twisted 45-60 degrees downwardly, out of the natural and relaxed position, or require constant muscular force to be applied by the hand, wrist, and forearm to maintain their positions. [0014] Another advantage of one or more embodiments of the invention is that the structure eliminates the discomfort that a traditional assistant (handler, operator, caregiver, delivery man, or utility worker, etc.) of wheeled devices experiences over a prolonged and continuous period of use. Such discomfort includes fatigue and/or pain in the shoulders, neck, back, wrists, hands, and forearms. [0015] Another advantage of one or more embodiments of the invention is the structure supports the assistant's hands in the most natural and relaxed position for upright walking. Thus the structure acts much like an extension of the assistant's arm. The fingers rest over the top of the grip, simply pronated rather than having an underhanded posture, allowing for a much easier manipulation of the wheeled device along any kind of incline. In one or more embodiments, the assistant's hand are in line with the assistant's forearms for example in a completely relaxed position. [0016] Another advantage of one or more embodiments of the invention is that the structure greatly increases control for reverse motion of the wheeled device. In this scenario, the structure enables the assistant to utilize an underhand posture, on the bottom of the underside of the grip. This increases leverage and lifting capability, whilst enabling the assistant to maintain a firm and secure hold on the handgrip. [0017] Another advantage of one or more embodiments of the invention is that the structure enables far better control or speed mitigation on a downhill incline. In this scenario, the structure enables the assistant to utilize an overhand posture, on the top of the underside of the handgrip. This increases manipulative ability and overall control while maintaining a firm and secure hold on the grip itself. In addition, use of embodiments of the invention with an overhand position allows the assistant to press the back of the moveable apparatus down easier than with traditional grips, for example to raise the front end over ledges, curbs, etc. [0018] Another advantage of one or more embodiments of the invention is that the structure enables easy placement and removal of the individual grips. When the grips are configured as non-permanent additions, in one or more embodiments, a simple hex driver can be used to undo the anchoring setscrews, releasing the grips. This type of coupling to the wheeled device does not hinder the structures form or capabilities. In this scenario, embodiments of the invention can be removed and stored for future need or for traveling purposes for example. In embodiments of the invention that are permanently affixed to the wheeled device, the structure only adds an extra dimension of a few inches and a negligible weight increase. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0019] The above and other aspects, features and advantages of the invention will be more apparent from the following more particular description thereof, presented in conjunction with the following drawings wherein: [0020] FIG. 1 illustrates a side view of an embodiment of the ergonomic handgrip disconnected from a wheelchair cane handle. [0021] FIG. 2 illustrates a semi-isometric view of an embodiment of the ergonomic handgrip with an assistant's right hand shown, when not attached to a wheelchair handle. [0022] FIG. 3 illustrates a right side an embodiment of the ergonomic handgrip mounted on the cane of a wheelchair. [0023] FIG. 4 illustrates a right side view of a traditional grip mounted on the cane of a wheelchair. [0024] FIG. 5 illustrates an inward right side view of a right hand and how one holds a traditional molded grip with “underhand” positioning, which requires the assistant to use force to grip in the handle in a downward manner that is unnatural and which causes fatigue and decreases control. [0025] FIG. 6 illustrates a cutaway three-quarter view an embodiment of the invention along with a right hand of an assistant wherein the structure of one or more embodiments of the invention enables the assistant to the handgrip in a secure and fatigue free manner while propelling a wheelchair in a forward motion (see also FIG. 13 for a closeup). [0026] FIG. 7 illustrates a left side view of a right hand and how an assistant can hold an embodiment of the ergonomic handgrip using an overhand position to mitigate speed, move backwards, or increase control on a steep incline. [0027] FIG. 8 illustrates a left side view of a right hand and how one can hold an embodiment of the ergonomic wheelchair handgrip using an underhand position to mitigate speed, move backwards, or increase control on a steep incline. [0028] FIG. 9 illustrates a posterior view of an embodiment of the ergonomic handgrip with placement of base plate and sleeve shown. [0029] FIG. 10 illustrates a side view of the ergonomic handgrip affixed to wheelchair cane using setscrews. [0030] FIG. 11 illustrates a semi-isometric view of the ergonomic handgrip shown with the left hand of an assistant, when not attached to a wheelchair handle. [0031] FIG. 12 illustrates a right side view of the ergonomic handgrip held in an overhand posture with the right hand with mounting plate and sleeve as shown. [0032] FIG. 13 illustrates a posterior isometric view of the ergonomic handgrip held in an overhand posture (see also FIG. 6 for a view with the wheelchair), along with various additional accessories. [0033] FIG. 14 illustrates a side view of the ergonomic handgrip with an internal cut-away showing the expanding anchor mechanism in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0034] An ergonomic handgrip for a moveable apparatus will now be described. In the following exemplary description numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. It will be apparent, however, to an artisan of ordinary skill that the present invention may be practiced without incorporating all aspects of the specific details described herein. In other instances, specific features, quantities, or measurements well known to those of ordinary skill in the art have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the invention. Readers should note that although examples of the invention are set forth herein, the claims, and the full scope of any equivalents, are what define the metes and bounds of the invention. [0035] FIG. 4 illustrates a right side view of traditional grip 401 mounted on cane 402 of wheelchair 403 . Traditional handgrips are often composed of plastic or foam that is secured over the metal tube that extends from the back of the chair. FIG. 5 illustrates an inward right side view of a right hand 501 of an assistant to show how the assistant holds a traditional molded grip with “underhand” positioning. Traditional wheelchair handgrips, such as handgrip 401 , require an assistant to utilize a rotated underhand grip, with palms facing inward towards each other. [0036] FIG. 6 illustrates a cutaway three-quarter view an embodiment of the invention along with a right hand of an assistant wherein the structure of one or more embodiments of the invention enables the assistant to the handgrip in a secure and fatigue free manner while propelling a wheelchair in a forward motion. This is in opposition to known handgrips that require the assistant's hand to be rotated at a 45-90 degree angle as shown in FIG. 5 . Hence, embodiments of the invention enable the assistant's hand to interface with the structure in a more comfortable, natural, and un-rotated position as shown in FIG. 7 as well. As shown, embodiments of the invention 100 enable an assistant's hand to engage the structure in a much more comfortable and secure manner, including but not limited to humid or wet environments. The hand, wrist, and elbow are able to relax in this position. The inward slope of the sides of the grip as shown enable a combination of fingers to wrap around the grip to improve control. The palm and fingers can rest anywhere along the rounded outer shell of handgrip 100 . The structure enables the assistant's fingers to wrap over the side edges of the grip to increase comfort and grip as well. [0037] FIG. 1 illustrates a side view of an embodiment of ergonomic handgrip 100 disconnected from wheelchair cane handle 402 . As shown, outer curved portion 101 is configured to enable an assistant's palm or metacarpus to engage the structure in a neutral non-fatiguing manner. Top inwardly curved portion 102 is configured to enable an assistant's fingers to hook or otherwise engage the structure from above. Bottom inwardly curved portion 103 is configured to enable an assistant's fingers to hook or otherwise engage the structure from below. In one or more embodiments of the invention, ergonomic handgrip 100 couples with or encompasses a pre-existing portion of the wheeled device, for example the pre-existing metal tube or cane 402 . One or more embodiments may optionally utilize sleeve 104 for example to couple with cane 402 . See FIGS. 12 and 15 for a sleeveless embodiment. Sleeve 104 may be implemented as a cylinder or any other structure that is capable of coupling with a wheel device. Anchoring element 105 may be implemented with any structure that can couple sleeve 104 with the wheeled device, for example through use of a permanent or non-permanent coupling element of any type as desired. Although the term sleeve is utilized herein to refer to the element of the structure that couples with the wheeled device, the sleeve is not limited to a cylinder shape and any other shape that can couple with a wheeled device may be utilized in one or more embodiments of the invention. In one or more embodiments sleeve 104 is coupled over the outer diameter of cane 402 , although partial enclosure or internal engagement may also be utilized. In these embodiments, the inner diameter of sleeve 104 is greater than the outer diameter of cane 402 , although embodiments that may stretch may have an internal diameter that is less than the outer diameter of the cane for example. Hard rubber embodiments that may be slipped on with a temporary lubricant are in keeping with the spirit of the invention for example. In one or more embodiments, anchoring element 105 may be a setscrew or spring loaded pushpin for example in non-permanent mounting embodiments. An internal anchor, twist lock, screw on mechanism or any other coupling mechanism may also be utilized. In one or more embodiments of the invention the top and bottom portions 102 and 103 may be thicker (extending normal to the written page) than the middle portion near the sleeve (see side portion 902 in FIGS. 2 and 9 ). The degree of curvature of curved portion 101 may or may not be equal for the top and bottom portions and may also not be equal with respect to the thickness (normal to the written page). In one or more embodiments, the arc of the top and bottom portions may extend forward of the mount point of sleeve 104 to facilitate placement of an assistant's fingers and/or may extend in any shape or manner as desired, for example for ease of manufacture. In one or more embodiments, the length of handgrip 100 extending above and below the intersection point of the sleeve may be unequal, for example top inwardly curved portion 102 may extend further above sleeve 104 than bottom inwardly curved portion 103 extends below sleeve 104 . In one or more embodiments, there are no sharp edges or planar edges on the surface of handgrip 100 , although this is not required. In one or more embodiments of the invention, handgrip 100 may be implemented with plastic that contains a surface area that is not flat, for increased coefficient of static friction. Any known material, with any surface structure or texture may be utilized in the construction of handgrip 100 , including but not limited to metal, plastic, rubber, carbon fiber, wood or any other material. The surface structure may be macro sized, for example a knurled or patterned surface or coating thereof, or may utilize any nanotechnology micro sized structure or coating. For example, the texture of handgrip 100 may include a structure or coatings that are indented or outward pointing structures or both. Example textures that may be employed include spider web patterns, materials with uneven surfaces such as neoprene, rubber, sponge rubber, thermo molding rubber, cork, mesh, waffle or grid patterns. Materials that change color based on temperature may also be utilized. In addition, one or more embodiments of the invention may include light reflective areas, logos, thumbholes, finger grooves. One or more embodiments of the invention may utilize nanocrystalline structures for example to increase grip and/or increase roll off effect of water. These structures include Gecko based nanotechnology for grip and lotus effect structures for water reducing and self-cleaning elements. Embodiments of the invention may also be utilized with walker-devices or upright canes, industrial handcarts and dollies, and parent-driven strollers. Also, see also FIG. 10 for a mounted view of an embodiment of the invention. One or more embodiments of the invention may be constructed with a height of curved surface 101 of 4.5″ (extending up from the bottom to top of curved area), with a center width (see FIG. 2 902 ) of 2.5″ and width at the top and bottom 102 and 103 of 3″ (horizontal axis in FIG. 2 ), with a depth of the top portion of 1.5″ (extending horizontally in FIG. 1 ) and depth of the bottom portion of 1″. The depth of the arc at the top portion may be 1.5″ at 102 and 0.5″ at 103 for example. Any other curved or non-non-horizontal cylinder dimensions are in keeping with the spirit of the invention and the dimensions described herein are exemplary in nature only and not required. The sides of handgrip 100 may be rounded as well for comfort. See also FIG. 13 for other attachments, elements and features. [0038] FIG. 2 illustrates a semi-isometric view of an embodiment of ergonomic handgrip 100 with assistant's right hand 501 shown, when handgrip 100 is not attached to a wheelchair handle for example. FIG. 3 illustrates a right side an embodiment of ergonomic handgrip 100 mounted on cane 402 of wheelchair 403 . Ergonomic handgrip 100 can be manipulated both in an overhand manner as also shown in FIG. 7 and in an underhand manner as shown in FIG. 8 . Hence, the structure of handgrip 100 enables the assistant's hands to engage the structure in either overhand or underhand position, and thus increased control and support is created especially on inclines, greatly increasing maneuverability and speed mitigation. More specifically, handgrip 100 enables assistant's hands to remain in a relaxed and more natural pronated position, eliminating substantial twisting of the hand, wrist, and forearm that are common to users of conventional molded grips. By enabling an open palm to be utilized, weight is freely distributed along a greater surface area, greatly reducing the strain on the wrist and forearm with respect to conventional molded grips, and to which their positioning can cause. As a result, fatigue, discomfort, and pain, are minimized or eliminated by handgrip 100 even after extended periods of use. Middle portion 902 may or may not be narrower or wider than the top and bottom portions as desired. [0039] FIG. 7 illustrates a left side view of a right hand and how an assistant can hold an embodiment of the ergonomic handgrip using an overhand position to mitigate speed, move backwards, or increase control on a steep incline. [0040] FIG. 8 illustrates a left side view of a right hand and how one can hold an embodiment of the ergonomic wheelchair handgrip using an underhand position to mitigate speed, move backwards, or increase control on a steep incline. [0041] FIG. 9 illustrates a posterior view of an embodiment of the ergonomic handgrip with placement of base plate 901 for example within handgrip 100 and optional sleeve 104 shown. Base plate 901 is not required to be flat, and any other shape or structure may be utilized including a integral sleeve that is formed in one structure with handgrip 100 . Alternatively, the sleeve may be eliminated and a bolt through a hole in the grip may be utilized to pull the cane and grip together against base plate 901 . In other embodiments, a sleeve may be eliminated and replaced with a cylinder that fits inside of the cane, see FIG. 12 . Base plate 901 may also be implemented in a shape that is higher as shown to provide more mechanical support for the top portion of handgrip 100 . Handgrip 100 may have an hourglass shape for example as side portion 902 may be narrower than the top and bottom portions of handgrip 100 , or alternatively may employ vertical sides wherein side portion 902 is not narrower than the top of bottom or is the average size of the top and bottom, or is wider than the top or bottom if desired and which is not shown for brevity as one skilled in the art will appreciate. [0042] FIG. 10 illustrates a side view of the ergonomic handgrip affixed to wheelchair cane using setscrew 1001 for example. Any other type or number of coupling elements may be utilized in place of setscrew 1001 depending on the intended application or environment for which the device is to be utilized. For example, the sleeve may include threads and thread onto the cane, adhesives may be utilized for example to epoxy the sleeve to the cane, the sleeve may be welded to the cane, one way ratcheting teeth may be utilized inside the sleeve for quick permanent installation or expanding anchors may be utilized as well. Any other coupling element may be utilized as desired for the particular application as one skilled in the art will appreciate. Again, the sleeve may be eliminated in one or more embodiments that screw or bolt the grip to the cane, for example against one or more washers or one or more base plates on or in the grip. [0043] FIG. 11 illustrates a semi-isometric view of ergonomic handgrip 100 shown with the left hand of an assistant, when not attached to a wheelchair handle. In addition, in one or more embodiments of the invention a conical coupling element may be utilized to engage the inner portion of a tubular cane element. In this embodiment, conical coupling element 1101 may include a threaded hole to enable a bolt or screw element, for example that extends into a hole handgrip 100 , to engage the conical coupling element and pull the element towards the grip which widens the end of the sleeve to engage the inner portion of the cane. FIG. 12 illustrates a right side view of the ergonomic handgrip held in an overhand posture with the right hand with mounting plate and internal cylinder or bicycle style mount as shown. In addition, screw 1201 is shown engaging slanted coupling element 1101 a that is configured to engage the inner portion of the cane. Note that this embodiment does not utilize a sleeve and in addition, does not require an internal cylinder and slanted coupling element, for example for canes that are threaded or include a nut or other coupling element within the cane that enables the grip to be bolted or screwed onto the cane in any manner as one skilled in the art will appreciate. [0044] FIG. 13 illustrates a posterior isometric view of the ergonomic handgrip held in an overhand posture. In addition, screw hole 1301 is also shown which enables the coupling of handgrip 100 to the wheeled device. Element 1301 may be implemented as a hidden compartment to hide keys, money, etc., and or may be implemented as a light switch for light 1303 for example. Electrical element 1301 may be implemented as an electronics package, for example a GPS device, pedometer, accelerometer, thermometer, speakers, music player, communications device, light or switch for light 1303 or any combination thereof. Accessory coupling element or loop 1302 may be any hook or connective element such as a carabiner for example configured to hold keys or a keychain or an umbrella or umbrella holster, pouch, bag, purse, cell phone pouch, gloves, or any other item. [0045] FIG. 14 illustrates a side view of the ergonomic handgrip with an internal cut-away showing the expanding anchor mechanism in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the invention. As shown, teeth 1401 are pulled into enclosing element 1402 by mechanism 1403 that rotates via Allen wrench 1410 and draws teeth 1401 into enclosing element 1402 , which expands the end of enclosing element 1402 to engage the outer cane. [0046] Several embodiments of the front and side silhouettes of the ergonomic handgrip may have an outer curved portion which represent figure eight, semi-oval, faceted semi-oval, elliptical and rectangular embodiments. Each embodiment is configured with coupling element hole or fastener hole, for example that may be utilized to house a coupling element such as a screw that couples with an mounting element inside the apparatus to be coupled with, for example a bicycle type coupling element as commonly found on a bicycle neck to hold the handle bars to the front axle. See also FIGS. 9 , 12 and 14 for embodiments that couple with or without a sleeve for example using a screw such as screw 1201 shown in FIG. 12 . Any other shape that includes a substantially flat or curved surface that intersects the axis of the canes to be coupled with at a non-zero angle may be utilized in keeping with the spirit of the invention, so long as the embodiment has more area than the end plate of a standard cylinder handle, which is less than 1 inch in area in a circle for example. In these and/or other embodiments any shape other than a cylinder parallel to the cane may be utilized, and in these and/or other embodiments any shape that is configured to enable an assistant's palm or metacarpus to engage the structure in a neutral non-fatiguing manner may be utilized in keeping with the spirit of the invention. Top inwardly curved portions are configured to enable an assistant's fingers to hook or otherwise engage the structure from above. These embodiments may curve downwardly with respect to the uppermost point, or may curve in the rearward direction as well or may also curve rearward and upward. Although the embodiments are curving away at the top and bottom of the elements, the curves may also be on the sides with slight curve on the portions where the hand is engaged of each embodiment, wherein hard edges are minimized or avoided to provide comfort as desired. Bottom inwardly curved portions may be inwardly curved with respect to the bottom, i.e., simply curve upward, or may also curve in a rearward direction, or may curve in a rearward and then downward direction. Any of the embodiments may utilized faceted areas with facets on the two sides, or may utilize rounded edges in any portion or area. Texture may be any macro or micro texture, such as but not limited to spider web, hatching, knurling, dots, nanostructures or any other texture listed herein or any other texture desired. [0047] While the invention herein disclosed has been described by means of specific embodiments and applications thereof, numerous modifications and variations could be made thereto by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention set forth in the claims.	Ergonomic handgrip that enables comfortable manipulation of a moveable apparatus such as a cart, sled, or wheelchair without affecting the portability or compactness of the folding capability of the moveable apparatus. Enables users of wheelchairs to adjust their body positioning by wrapping one or both arms around the handles of a wheelchair. Improves the comfort and manipulative ability of the person moving the apparatus by providing an improved grip that enables the hands of the person to be used in a natural, untwisted and relaxed overhand position.	8
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a valve device for influencing an overpressurized flow of media, comprising a control valve and a closing valve, arranged in a common valve housing, forming a channel portion and having an outlet channel and an inlet channel, and a common valve seat arranged in the valve housing and having an inlet side and an outlet side. The control valve arranged to control the flow through the channel portion, and the closing valve is arranged to take either a generally closed position or a generally open position. One of the valves comprises a first cone body which is displaceable towards the valve seat, and the other valve comprises a second cone body, displaceable towards the valve seat and designed to be able to bear against the valve seat outside the first cone body, independently of the position of the first cone body. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION To control the steam flow to a steam turbine, for instance, or steam reduction conducts, a control valve which opens and throttles the steam flow is required for controlling the rotation speed of the steam turbine, and a fast-closing valve which, during control errors or some other, outer fault, can be moved from a totally open to a totally closed position within a very short space of time, in the order of 0.2 s, to completely stop the steam flow is required. The fast-closing valve and the control valve are controlled independently of each other, that is the fast-closing valve must be able to close independently of the position of the control valve. According to the prior art, these valves can be arranged in respective valve housing in a steam flow channel, the fast-closing valve being arranged upstream of the control valve. The valve housing of the fast-closing valve as well as the valve housing of the control valve form a perpendicular bend of the steam flow channel, that is the flow is redirected twice by 90°. A steam sieve is concentrically arranged around the fast-closing valve. The steam sieve has as its task to sieve the steam and to separate particles that could damage the turbine. This construction has the following drawbacks. Firstly, the structure becomes costly as it requires two valve housings. These two valve housings are also space-requiring and, accordingly, occupy a lot of space around the turbine. Furthermore, the double redirection of the steam flow leads to an important drop of pressure flow losses and a high noise level. SE-B-411 636 shows a combined fast-closing and control valve for steam turbine arrangements. The fast-closing and control valve bodies are arranged in a common housing and, by means of a respective actuator, are controllable independently of each other through respective spindles. Furthermore, they are arranged to be displaceable towards coaxial, adjacent sealing surfaces of a common valve seat. The fast-closing valve body is designed as a bell into the inner room of which the control valve body projects coaxially. Also according to this solution the steam flow must be redirected twice by 90°. Thereby, the fast-closing valve body projects into the flow path and is brought downwards from above, towards the valve seat during closure. The control valve body is rigidly connected to a spindle which extends up and through the valve seat, that is it runs in the flow path. Also in this solution important flow losses are obtained as the flow is twice redirected. Furthermore, the flow losses become important due to the fact that the control valve body extends upwards through the valve seat. To compensate for the area occupied by the spindle of the control valve body, the passage opening of the valve seat must be enlarged. Furthermore, the structure requires large amount of space as the actuators of the valves are located at a respective side of the valve housing. DE-A-2 533 519 shows another type of valve for steam turbines, with an inlet chamber and an outlet chamber for the steam flow and a common valve housing comprising a fast-closing valve, an outblow valve connected thereto and a control valve, the valve bodies of which are coaxially arranged. This valve presents an actuator with a spindle belonging thereto for the fast-closing valve and the outblow valve. As the fast-closing valve is opened the outblow valve is closed and vice versa. Furthermore, the valve body of the fast-closing valve is arranged to be inserted in an inner spacing of the control valve designed as a bell. This structure also redirects the steam flow twice by 90° and presents a very unfavorable design for the steam flow. Furthermore, the control spindle of a valve body extends through the valve seat and, thus, through the steam flow. Therefore, also in this structure, important flow losses and an important fall in pressure are obtained. Furthermore, the structure is space-demanding due to the two actuators and the complicated design of the housing. DE-A-2 523 297 shows a combined fast-closing and control valve for steam turbines, the valve bodies of which are coaxially arranged in a common valve housing. The valve bodies act from respective sides of a common valve seat and are controlled independently of each other by means of respective actuators with a spindle belonging thereto for the control valve, and a further actuator through a respective spindle. Also in this case the flow is redirected twice by 90°, so that the flow losses become important, and the actuators of the valves are arranged on respective sides of the valve housing, which requires space. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The object of the present invention is, therefore, to remedy the above drawbacks and provide a valve device with a structure that is compact, favorable from a cost perspective and has improved flow properties. This object is obtained by means of the valve device initially mentioned, which is characterized in that the outlet side of the valve seat forms the outlet channel of the valve housing, which outlet channel extends freely from the cone bodies. As the outlet side of the valve seat forms the outlet channel of the valve housing, the flow of media does not need to be redirected after the passage of the valve seat, something that leads to low flow losses and a lower noise level. This also has the advantage that the design of the valve housing can be made relatively simple and compact. Advantageously, the valve device presents first means to control the control valve and second means to control the closing valve. According to a first embodiment these means are arranged so that they extend in the same direction away from the inlet side of the valve seat and, accordingly, are located totally outside the outlet side. Hereby, a free streaming of the flow media through the valve seat is accomplished without the streaming being negatively affected by inward-projecting valve spindles and the like. According to another embodiment, the second control means are arranged to control the closing valve by means of the overpressure of the flow of media. By such a design of the control means, no actuator with a spindle is required to control the closing valve. By this, important space is spared. According to another embodiment, the outlet channel and the inlet channel form an angle to each other in such a way that the flow through the valve housing is redirected just once. This implies that the flow losses are kept low and that the noise level also can be kept at a low level. Simultaneously this also makes a simple and compact design of the valve housing possible. According to yet another embodiment, the first cone body forms the cone body of the control valve, and the second cone body forms the cone body of the closing valve, which cone body, accordingly, is located upstream of the control valve. Advantageously, the second control means comprise a channel member which opens in the channel portion upstream of the closing valve and which extends to a spacing into which the closing valve is at least partly projected when being in the open position. By using such a channel member the overpressure of the flow of media can be accomplished behind the closing valve and be used for the closure of the latter. Advantageously, a first pilot valve is arranged in the channel member and, in a first position, opens the connection between the spacing and the channel portion, to establish the overpressure in the spacing and accomplish the closure of the closing valve, and, in a second position, closes the connection between the spacing and the channel portion and opens a connection between the spacing and a low-pressure point, to eliminate the overpressure in the spacing and accomplish the opening of the closing valve. According to one embodiment this control of the closing valve is made possible due to the fact that the valve device presents a center axis around which the first cone body and the second cone body are arranged, and the area of the second cone body in the spacing, as projected onto a plane in relation to which this axis forms a normal, is larger than the free area of the second cone body in the channel portion, as projected onto this plane, at least when the cone body is in the closed position. Hereby, a force applied by the overpressure upon the cone body of the closing valve will be larger in a closing direction than in an opening direction. To increase the closing force upon the closing valve, a spring, advantageously, may be located in the spacing and act upon the second cone body. According to another embodiment, this control of the closing valve is made possible due to the fact that the valve device presents a center axis around which the first cone body and the second cone body are arranged, and that the second cone body has a stair-like design so that the area of the second cone body in the spacing, as projected on the plane in relation to which this axis forms a normal, is substantially larger than the free area of the second cone body in the channel portion, as projected onto this plane. By such a design of the second cone body, a sufficiently large closing force can be assured without a spring arranged in the spacing. According to another embodiment, the second cone body is ring-shaped and encloses an inner spacing into which the first cone body is inserted in such a way that it is enclosed by the second cone body. By such a design of the cone body, a compact valve structure is obtained. Preferably, the second, ring-shaped cone body is formed by a ring-shaped sleeve without a bottom, and the spacing into which the second cone body is projectable is also ring-shaped. This further increases the compactness of the valve. According to another embodiment, a channel is arranged in the wall of the ring-shaped, second cone body in such that it establishes a connection between the channel portion upstream of the closing valve and the inner spacing of the closing valve when the closing valve is in the closed position, to create the overpressure in the inner spacing when the control valve is closed and thereby permit the opening of the closing valve. By this, it is assured that the closing valve can only can be opened when the control valve is closed. This is important from a safety point of view. Advantageously, a second pilot valve is arranged in the channel to open the channel when the ring-shaped spacing is connected to the low pressure point, and to close the channel when the ring-shaped spacing is connected to the channel portion. In this way the channel is opened only when one wishes to open the closing valve. Thereby, it is avoided that the flow of media continuously streams through the channel and gives rise to losses and noise. According to another embodiment, the first control means comprise a spindle surrounded by the ring-shaped spacing. In that way the whole control valve is arranged inside the closing valve, something that makes the valve device compact. According to another embodiment, a steam sieve is arranged around the valve cone bodies. The sieve presents guiding members to guide the flow of media towards the inlet side of the valve seat. Such a steam sieve improves the flow through the valve house and the valve seat, something that improves the control or the flow of media with the control valve and decreases the noise from the valve device. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will now be described more in detail by means of different embodiments shown in the figures. FIG. 1 shows a section through a valve device with a fast-closing valve that is open. FIG. 2 shows a section through the valve device, with closed fast-closing valve. FIG. 3 shows a section through a valve device according to another embodiment; and FIG. 4 shows a section through a valve device according to yet another embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIGS. 1 and 2 show a valve device for control and closure of steam flow to, for instance, steam turbines or steam reduction conducts. The valve device comprises a valve housing 1 with an inlet channel 2, an outlet channel 3 and a channel portion 4 located between these channels 2, 3. The valve housing 1 further comprises a valve seat 5 with an inlet side 6 and an outlet side 7. The valve seat 5, presenting a concentric center axis 8, is arranged in the outlet channel 3 of the valve housing 1 in such a way that the outlet side 7 of the valve seat 5 forms the outlet channel 3 of the valve housing 1. At the downstream side the outlet channel 3 is designed to permit it to be attached directly, for instance by means of a flange 9, to the next device in the steam flow process, for instance a steam turbine. Thereby, the steam flow can stream along a straight line from the inlet side 6 of the valve seat 5 straight into a steam turbine, for instance, without need to be redirected. The valve device has a control valve, arranged in the valve housing 1 and comprising a control valve cone body 10 and a spindle 11 connected thereto. At its other end, located outside the valve housing 1, the spindle 11 is connected to an actuator, not shown, through a coupling 12. By means of the actuator the control valve is displaceable along the center axis 8 towards and away from the inlet side 6 of the valve housing 5. The valve device further presents a closing valve arranged in the valve housing 1 and comprising a valve cone body 13 which is designed as a ring-shaped bottomless sleeve. In the embodiment shown, the closing valve forms a so called fast-closing valve which, during control errors or some other outer fault, closes very fast, that is within approximately 0.2 s, and can shut off the steam flow to emergency stop the steam turbine for example. The ring-shaped valve cone body 13 presents a center axis coinciding with the center axis 8 and is displaceably arranged in a ring-shaped spacing 14 towards and away from the inlet side 6 of the valve seat 5. The ring-shaped valve cone body 13 bears on the valve seat 5 around and outside the control valve cone body 10, see FIG. 2. The ring-shaped valve cone body 13 thus stops the steam flow upstream of the control valve cone body 10. The valve device further has a ring-shaped steam sieve 15 which preferably is concentrically arranged outside the ring-shaped valve cone body 13. The steam sieve 15 presents guiding beams 16 which guide the steam flow from the inlet channel 2 in direction towards the inlet side 6 of the valve seat 5. From the channel portion 4 a channel 17 extends to a pilot valve 18, and from the pilot valve 18 a channel 19 extends, on one hand, to the ring-shaped space 14, and, on the other hand, a channel 20 extends to connect the pilot valve 18 with a low-pressure point, for instance downstream of a steam turbine. The pilot valve 18 comprises a valve cone body 21 which, in a first end position, closes the channel 20 and opens the channel 17 and, in a second end position, opens the channel 20 and closes the channel 17. Accordingly, in the first end position, the channel portion 4 is in connection with the ring-shaped spacing 14 so that the same high-pressure which exists in the channel portion 4 will also exist in the ring-shaped spacing 14. In the second end position of the valve cone body 21, the ring-shaped spacing 14 is in connection with the low-pressure point, so that a pressure which is substantially lower in comparison with the pressure in the channel portion 4 exists in the ring-shaped spacing 14. In the example shown the pilot valve 18 is arranged on the valve housing 1 of the valve device. However, it may also be arranged at a distance from the valve device and be connected to the ring-shaped spacing 14 and the channel portion 4 by means of pressure conducts, see FIG. 4. Furthermore, in the shown example the channel 17 opens in the channel portion 4 inside of the steam sieve 15, whereby it is assured that no dirt particles can penetrate into the pilot valve 18 or the ring-shaped spacing 14. However, it is also possible to connect the channel 17 upstream of the steam sieve 15, for instance in order to save space in the valve house 1. The ring-shaped valve cone body 13 presents a first free area A1 in the ring-shaped spacing 14, as projected on a plane in relation to which the center axis 8 forms a normal, and a second free area A2 in the channel portion 4, as projected on the plane, when the ring-shaped valve cone body 13 is in its closed position. The first free area A1 is larger than the second free area A2. Thereby, it is assured that the ring-shaped valve cone body cannot go from closed position to open position as long as the valve cone body 21 is in the first end position. Furthermore, a compression spring 22 is arranged in the ring-shaped spacing 14 between an upper limitation wall 23 and the ring-shaped valve cone body 13. The spring force of the compression spring 22 acts upon the ring-shaped valve cone body 13 in closing direction. When the ring-shaped valve cone body is in the open position, the free area in the channel portion 4, as projected on the plane, is just as large as the first free area A1. Accordingly, the force that is exerted by the pressure in the channel portion 4 upon the free area of the ring-shaped valve cone body 13 in the channel portion 4 will be larger than the spring force and, as the pressure is substantially lower in the ring-shaped spacing 14 than in the channel portion 4 when the ring shaped valve cone body 13 is in its open position and the pilot valve 18 is in the second end position, this force is sufficient to counteract the closure of the ring-shaped valve cone body 13. The ring-shaped, sleeve-like valve cone body 13 encloses, together with an upper limitation wall 24 of the channel portion 4, an inner spacing 25, at least in its closed position. The control valve cone body 10 can be accommodated in this inner spacing 25, that is the ring-shaped valve cone body 13 can be closed independently of the position of the control valve cone body 10. When also the control valve cone body 10 is in its closed position, the inner spacing 25 is completely closed from the inlet channel 2 and the outlet channel 3, as seen in FIG. 2. To be able to open the ring-shaped valve cone body 13, a pressure must thus be created in the inner spacing 25, which pressure is large enough, by the second free area A2 of the ring-shaped valve cone body 13, which area is accessible from the inner spacing 25, to overcome the spring force of the spring 22. Thereto, the channel 26 is arranged in the wall of the ring-shaped valve cone body 13. Thereby, the same pressure can exist in the inner spacing 25 and the inlet channel 2. Due to the small cross-section of the channel 26 the control valve cone body 10 must be in a closed position to permit such a pressure equalizing to take place. This is an important safety aspect at steam turbine plans for instance. In its most simple embodiment, the channel 26 is only formed by a hole which extends through the wall of the ring-shaped valve cone body 13 and which is at such a height that it is situated in the channel portion 4 when the ring-shaped valve cone body 13 is closed, and is hidden in the ring-shaped spacing 14 when the ring-shaped valve cone body 13 is open. To avoid leakage through the channel 26, a second pilot valve 27 can be arranged in the ring-shaped valve cone body 13. The second pilot valve 27 presents a valve cone body 28 which is displaceably arranged in a recess 29 extending parallel to the center axis 8. The channel 26 presents an inlet part which connects the recess 29 with the channel portion 4, and an outlet part which connects the recess 29 with the inner spacing 25. The valve cone body 28 can be prestressed by means of a spring 30 towards a valve seat, arranged in the recess 29, for closing the channel 26. Furthermore, the valve cone body 28 of the second pilot valve 27 is, through a passage 31, connected to the ring-shaped spacing 14, so that the valve cone body 28 is pressed against the valve seat when a high-pressure exists in the ring-shaped spacing 14. Furthermore, the valve cone body 28 presents a piston-like part which bears on the wall of the recess 29 and a part which projects from the piston-like part and is to seal against the valve seat of the recess 29. Thereby, the spacing is formed in the recess 29 when the second pilot valve 27 is closed, in which spacing the inlet part of the channel 26 opens. As the ring-shaped cone body 13 is in closed position, the same pressure is present in the inlet channel 2 and in the ring-shaped spacing 14 and in the spacing of the recess 29. Thereby, the valve cone body of the second pilot valve 27 is designed in such a way that the area accessible for the high-pressure from above, that is from the ring-shaped spacing, is larger than the area accessible from below, that is from the spacing of the recess 29. Thereby, the pressure of the steam flow will act upon the valve cone body of the second pilot valve 27 in closing direction. This closing action can be amplified by means of the spring 30. When the pilot valve 18 is brought from the first end position to the second end position, the overpressure in the ring-shaped spacing 14 disappears. Thus, the overpressure in the spacing of the recess 29 will displace the valve cone body 28 to an open position, by overcoming the force of the spring 30. Therefore, if the control valve 10 is closed, the pressure can only be built up in the inner spacing 25 through the channel 26. When this pressure has been built up it will act upon the free area A2 and push the ring-shaped valve cone body 13 into the ring-shaped spacing 14 and, thus, open the closing valve 13. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3 the compression spring 22 has been excluded. Instead, the ring-shaped valve cone body has a stair-like design, so that the free area A1 is substantially larger than the free area A2. Thereby, the pressure will always act in a closing direction when the pilot valve 18 is in the first end position and the same pressure is present in the channel portion 4 and the ring-shaped spacing 14. Due to the stair-like design, a closed spacing 32 is created between the wall of the ring-shaped spacing 14 and the wall of the ring-shaped cone body 13. This closed spacing 32 is, by means of a channel, not shown, connected to the low-pressure point to stop a pressure possibly built up in the closed spacing from being able to prevent the closure of the ring-shaped valve cone body 13. Furthermore, the channel 26 is shown without a second pilot valve. However, it is possible to arrange one in the same way as in the first embodiment. In the embodiment according to FIG. 3 the pressure upon the area A1, which is the substantially larger in comparison to the free area A2, will thus act in a closing direction when the pilot valve 18 is in the first end position. As the pilot valve 18 is displaced to the second end position and the high-pressure in the ring-shaped spacing 14 disappears, the area accessible from the channel portion 4 is sufficient to open the closing valve 13 and keep it open. FIG. 4 shows a further embodiment which differs from the other embodiments through the pilot valve 18 being arranged at a distance from the valve housing 1 and the ring-shaped valve cone body 13 being displaceably arranged directly on the spindle 11 of the control valve cone body 10, the ring-shaped spacing 14 being formed between the valve housing 1 and the spindle 11. To guide the ring-shaped valve cone body 13 on the spindle 11, a bushing 33 is arranged therebetween. Furthermore, a sealing, not shown in detail, is arranged between the spindle 11 and the ring-shaped cone body 13. In all embodiments a plurality of sealing rings 34 are arranged in the valve housing between the ring-shaped spacing 14 and the ring-shaped valve cone body 13 to prevent unintentional pressure equalizing between the ring-shaped spacing 14 and the channel portion 4. Even if, in all the embodiments shown, the longitudinal axis of the inlet channel 2 and the longitudinal axis of the outlet channel 3 are arranged in a perpendicular angle to each other, other angles, obtuse as well as sharp ones, are possible. Particularly, the longitudinal axes of these channels may be arranged at an obtuse angle in relation to each other to further improve the flow conditions and reduce the fall of pressure.	A valve device for influencing an overpressurized flow of media comprises a control valve for controlling the flow of media, and a closing valve which is either totally open or totally closed to stop the flow. The valves are arranged in a common valve housing and can seal independently of each other against a common valve seat. The valve seat presents an outlet side which forms the outlet channel of the valve device. The valve device can be made compact, and the number of necessary redirections of the flow of media is minimized.	5
TECHNICAL FIELD [0001] The invention relates to a selectable one-way clutch. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] In a variety of mechanical devices, including the powertrains of vehicle automatic transmissions, overrunning clutches are used to produce a one-way driving connection between an input and an output race of the overrunning clutch. Specifically, the clutch is capable of transmitting torque when the rotation of one race with respect to the other is in one direction, and the clutch overruns, or freewheels, when the rotational direction of one race with respect to the other is reversed. [0003] The shape and orientation of the input and output races with respect to each other may vary depending on design. Some one-way clutches have input and output races that are oriented radially concentric with respect to each other. In another design, the confronting faces of the input and output races are planar. [0004] The mechanical means used to lock a one-way clutch are varied, but commonly consist of rollers, sprags, rockers, or strut types of torque transmitting elements positioned between an input and an output race. Depending on the particular type of one-way clutch and the direction of rotation, each of the races contains unique surface features that engage one or more of the torque transmitting elements. [0005] The operating modes of a basic one-way clutch are a locked mode in one given direction, and a freewheel mode in the opposite direction. In this type of one-way clutch, the operating mode of the clutch is determined only by the direction of torque being applied to the input race. [0006] The increased complexity of power transmitting mechanisms has led to a class of selectable one-way clutches, henceforth referred to as SOWC's. A SOWC is similar to a one-way clutch in basic operation as described above. However, as the name implies, SOWC's are capable of producing a driving connection between an input and output race in one or both rotational directions and/or are also able to freewheel in one or both rotational directions. [0007] In a SOWC, a moveable selector ring or plate, henceforth to be called a selector plate, is commonly employed to restrict the free movement of one or more of the torque transmitting elements to achieve the various operating modes. For example, but not limited to the following, in a first position of a selector plate in a SOWC, the torque transmitting elements may have movement that is unrestricted by the selector plate, while in a second position of the selector plate, some or all of the elements may be either held in contact with the confronting face, or kept from contacting the confronting face. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0008] A SOWC for use with a vehicle transmission is provided. The clutch includes outer and inner elements, also referred to as races, with the latter oriented concentrically within the former about an axis of rotation. At least one of the races is rotatable about the axis of rotation. The races each have first and second opposing sides. A selection mechanism, which may be annular plates operatively connected with the side of the races and with one another, is selectively rotatable with respect to the inner and outer elements between different positions. The annular plates have cammed slots spaced therearound. Pivotable rocker elements are positioned between the races and are movable along the cammed slots when the annular plates are rotated to establish a forward, a reverse, and a neutral operating mode corresponding with the different positions of the annular plates. Torque is transferred between the races in a first direction via at least one of the rocker elements in the forward operating mode. Torque is transferred between the races via at least one other of the rocker elements in an opposing second direction in the reverse operating mode. No torque is transferred between the races in the neutral operating mode. As used herein, torque is transferred from the inner race to the outer race whether the outer race is rotatable (i.e., the SOWC is a rotating-type clutch) or is stationary, such as a stationary housing (i.e., the selectable one-way clutch is a brake-type clutch). [0009] In the neutral operating mode, the inner race is able to freewheel in both directions of rotation, and in some embodiments the cam profile of the cam slots on the annular plates is such that none of the rocker elements are in contact with the inner race in the neutral mode, eliminating rocker movement completely, and thereby increasing the durability of the SOWC and thus decreasing drag in the clutch. [0010] Each rocker element may include a body portion with a first partial cylindrical surface and a second partial cylindrical surface, both of the cylindrical surfaces are concentric about a pivot axis and are of different radial sizes. The outer race is configured with recesses, grouped in pairs, referred to herein as pocket pairs, having partial cylindrical surfaces of the different radial sizes to maintain the rocker elements within the recesses. The inner race has notches and is configured to be selectively engaged by one or more of the rocker elements at one or more of the notches. [0011] The design of the cam window on the selector plates enables a mode of operation where the inner race is able to freewheel in both directions. In this mode, henceforth referred to as neutral, all of the rockers are prevented from engaging the inner race. The reduction in drag afforded may reduce spin losses. Additionally, SOWCs typically have lower manufacturing costs and reduced mass in comparison with multi-plate clutches. [0012] The above features and advantages and other features and advantages of the present invention are readily apparent from the following detailed description of the best modes for carrying out the invention when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0013] FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective illustration of a selectable one-way clutch (SOWC); [0014] FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective illustration in exploded view of the SOWC of FIG. 1 ; [0015] FIG. 3 is a schematic perspective illustration of a rocker element include in the SOWC of FIGS. 1 and 2 ; [0016] FIG. 4 is a schematic perspective partially cross-sectional and fragmentary illustration of the SOWC of FIGS. 1-2 showing the rocker element of FIG. 3 establishing a forward operating mode; [0017] FIG. 5 is a fragmentary side view illustration of the SOWC in the forward operating mode; [0018] FIG. 6 is a fragmentary side view illustration of the SOWC in the forward operating mode with a front selector plate removed; [0019] FIG. 7 is a fragmentary side view illustration of the SOWC in a neutral operating mode; [0020] FIG. 8 is a fragmentary side view illustration of the SOWC in the neutral operating mode with the front selector plate removed; [0021] FIG. 9 is a fragmentary side view illustration of the SOWC in a reverse operating mode; and [0022] FIG. 10 is a fragmentary side view illustration of the SOWC in the reverse operating mode with front selector plate removed. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0023] With reference to FIG. 1 , there is shown a selectable one-way clutch or SOWC 10 having an outer race 12 and an inner race 14 . For clarity, the outer and inner races, 12 and 14 respectively, are referred to hereinafter as pocket ring 12 and notch ring 14 . The pocket ring 12 is preferably equipped with a plurality of external spline teeth 16 that are drivingly engageable or otherwise matable with spline teeth of a stationary reaction member, such as an automobile transmission case (not shown). A first selector plate 17 is rotatably affixed between the pocket ring 12 and the notch ring 14 . A second selector plate 18 , not clearly visible in FIG. 1 , but similar in configuration and function to the first selector plate 17 , is rotatably affixed to the far side of the SOWC 10 . The notch ring 14 preferably has a plurality of equally spaced, internal teeth or splines 20 that are drivingly engageable or matable with opposing teeth or splines of a torque input device (not shown). The notch ring 14 , as shown in FIG. 2 , also contains a plurality of preferably equally spaced rocker recesses or notches 22 formed in a radially-outer surface of the notch ring 14 , i.e., in a notch ring face 24 . The first selector plate 17 contains a selector lever 26 that is moved and held in one of three positions (to be described later) by an external force (not shown) that is, but not limited to, hydraulic, mechanical, or electromechanical in nature. [0024] In FIG. 2 , the SOWC 10 is shown in exploded view. The pocket ring 12 has a first face 28 and a second face 30 (not visible). Since all features on the second face 30 are identical to those on the first face 28 , only the features on the first face 28 will be described. A plurality of radial slots 32 , also referred to as positioning slots, is formed in the first face 28 of pocket ring 12 to provide an opening suitable for receiving a radial tab 36 on the first or second selector plate, 17 and 18 respectively. As best shown in FIG. 4 , a stepped pin 38 extending through a hole 40 in radial tab 36 and then peened in place connects the first and second selector plates, 17 and 18 , together and also retains all the parts of the SOWC 10 . However, it should be evident to those familiar with the art that many different economical and common assembly methods could be used. At locations on the pocket ring 12 where the first and second selector plates, 17 and 18 , are joined together, a relief or positioning slot 42 of sufficient arc length is provided to permit free angular movement of the stepped pin 38 . [0025] The three positions of the selector lever 26 are a forward position 44 , as shown in FIG. 5 , a neutral position 46 , as shown in FIG. 7 , and a reverse position 48 , as shown in FIG. 9 . The forward position 44 is defined when stop 50 located on each side of radial tab 36 comes in contact with one side 53 of the radial slot 32 . In a similar fashion, the reverse position 48 is defined when the selector lever 26 is moved in the opposite direction and a stop 50 comes in contact with the other side 57 of radial slot 32 . The neutral position 46 is defined as a position midway between the forward position 44 and the reverse position 48 . [0026] Referring to FIG. 2 , a set of first recesses includes a plurality of equally spaced rocker pocket pairs 54 formed and positioned circumferentially around and along the internal face 55 of the pocket ring 12 . Each rocker pocket pair 54 contains one forward rocker pocket 56 and one reverse rocker pocket 58 (see FIG. 6 ). A plurality of accordion style compression springs 60 are contained in an additional recess, also referred to as a spring pocket 62 formed with or otherwise provided adjacent to each rocker pocket, 56 and 58 . The springs 60 are each configured to exert a sufficient spring force on an opposing rocker element 64 to thereby actuate or move the rocker element 64 into engagement with the notch ring 14 , as described later herein below. While the accordion style compression springs 60 are preferred, an alternate energy storage device, such as a helical compression spring, or springs, (not shown), could also be employed in place of the accordion style compression spring 60 . However, if helical compression springs are used, the shape of the spring pocket 62 adjacent to the rocker pocket, 56 and 58 , would preferably be formed with a suitable round profile instead of a rectangular profile in order to best accommodate the shape of the compression spring. Rockers 64 that are located in forward rocker pockets 56 are henceforth referred to as forward rockers 66 , and rockers 64 that are located in reverse rocker pockets 58 are henceforth referred to as reverse rockers 68 . [0027] Referring to FIG. 2 , the first selector plate 17 is radially constrained in a counter bore 70 on the first face 28 of the pocket ring 12 . The second selector plate 18 is radially constrained in a like manner on the second face 30 of the pocket ring 12 . A first pilot bore 72 on the first selector plate 17 and a second pilot bore 74 on the second selector plate 18 engage the pilot diameters 76 on each side of notch ring 14 to maintain concentricity between the pocket ring 12 and the notch ring 14 . [0028] A plurality of preferably equally sized and spaced radial cam slots 78 , each defining a cam profile 79 , are formed in the first selector plate 17 in a quantity equal to the number of rocker pocket pairs 54 formed in the pocket ring 12 . The size and number of cam slots 78 formed in the second selector plate 18 are similar to those in the first selector plate 17 . Each cam slot 78 is configured to allow axial extensions, also referred to as cam pins 80 , protruding from each side of rocker element 64 to engage a cam slot 78 on the first and second selector plates 17 and 18 , respectively. The cam slot 78 is shaped and positioned so the cam pins 80 from one forward rocker 66 located in a forward rocker pocket 56 and from one reverse rocker 68 located in a reverse rocker pocket 58 engage the same cam slot 78 . [0029] Each cam slot 78 is configured to allow only the forward rockers 66 located in the forward rocker pockets 56 to contact the notch ring face 24 when the selector lever 26 is in the forward position 44 , as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 . Similarly, as shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 , each cam slot 78 is configured to allow only the reverse rockers 68 located in the reverse rocker pockets 58 to contact the notch ring face 24 when the selector lever 26 is in the reverse position 48 . In the neutral position 46 , none of the rockers 64 are free to contact the notch ring face 24 . This can best be seen in FIGS. 7 and 8 . [0030] Turning again to FIG. 4 , the SOWC 10 is shown in perspective cross-sectional view, with cross-sections taken at various locations to best view the interfitting of the rocker element 64 in notch 22 , within cam slots 78 and biased by spring 60 such that pocket ring 12 is in mating engagement with notch ring 14 . Each rocker pocket 56 and 58 , in pocket ring 12 contains a rocker element 64 that is free to rock about its own axis 82 (see FIG. 3 ) within the rocker pocket, 56 and 58 . In the SOWC 10 as shown, two diametrically opposite rocker elements 64 simultaneously engage diametrically opposite rocker notches 22 in the notch ring 14 thereby canceling out the reaction forces generated by the engagement of rocker element 64 with the notch 22 . However, the number of rocker elements 64 that are simultaneously engaged with an adjacent rocker notch 68 can be more or less, and depends on the ratio of rocker pocket pairs 54 in the pocket ring 12 to the number of notches 22 on the notch ring 14 . [0031] Turning now to FIG. 3 , which shows the rocker element 64 in detail, the rocker element 64 includes a cylindrical body 84 formed by a smaller partially cylindrical surface 86 and a larger partially cylindrical surface 88 concentrically located about a rocker axis 82 . Correspondingly, the forward and reverse rocker pockets 56 and 58 , respectively, each contain a similar small cylindrical surface 90 and a larger cylindrical surface 92 concentrically positioned. The arc length of the cylindrical surfaces 90 and 92 in the pocket ring 12 are sufficiently longer than the arc lengths 86 and 88 on the rocker element 64 such that the rocker elements 64 can not move radially out of the respective rocker pockets 56 and 58 . The rocker elements 64 are installed in the respective rocker pockets 56 and 58 by sliding into position from either side of the pocket ring 12 . Attached to and extending from the cylindrical body 84 of the rocker element 64 is a plate or finger 94 with the base 96 preferably being thicker or wider than the free end 98 , thereby reducing bending stresses on the rocker element 64 . The inward facing surface 100 of the finger 94 that contacts the notch ring 14 is slightly convex such that the center of radius of the inward facing surface 100 is coincident with the axis of rotation of the SOWC 10 when the rocker element 64 is disengaged from the notch ring 14 , i.e., when the selector lever 26 is in the neutral position 46 (best seen in FIG. 8 ). A spring retaining rib 102 on the finger 94 of rocker element 64 restricts movement of the end of the accordion style compression spring 60 that is in contact with the rocker element 64 . However, if helical compression springs are used, the shape of the spring retaining rib 102 would preferably be of a suitable round profile, such as a counter-bored recess or protruding pin, to best accommodate the shape of a round spring. [0032] Turning now to FIGS. 5 and 6 , the “forward locked” position is shown with notch ring 14 rotating in a counterclockwise direction as indicated by the arrow. This direction is henceforth referred to as the forward direction. A forward rocker 66 is shown fully engaged in a rocker notch 22 on the notch ring 14 . As the selector lever 26 is slidably rotated to the forward position 44 , the cam pins 80 on all of the forward rockers 66 in the forward rocker pockets 56 will be positioned over the substantially V-shaped recess portion 104 in the middle of each cam slot 78 . In this position, the forward rockers 66 are urged into contact with the notch ring face 24 by the accordion style compression springs 60 with at least one forward rocker 66 fully engaging a rocker notch 22 on the notch ring 14 thereby enabling a force to be transmitted between the pocket ring 12 and the notch ring 14 . With the selector lever 26 in the forward position 44 , and the direction of rotation of the notch ring 14 changed to a clockwise direction, henceforth referred to as the reverse direction, the forward rockers 66 are free to move away from engagement with the rocker notches 22 by pivoting about the rocker axis 82 . In this manner, the notch ring 14 is free to rotate in the reverse direction. [0033] Turning now to FIGS. 7 and 8 , a neutral position is shown, with notch ring 14 free to rotate in both directions as indicated by the double ended arrow. When the selector lever 26 is rotated to the neutral position 46 , the cam pins 80 on all the rocker elements 64 are positioned in the slotted ends 106 of the cam slots 78 . In this position, all of the forward rockers 66 and all of the reverse rockers 68 are prevented from coming in contact with the notch ring face 24 . [0034] In FIGS. 9 and 10 , the “reverse locked” position is shown with notch ring 14 rotating in a clockwise, or reverse, direction as indicated by the arrow. A reverse rocker 68 is shown fully engaged in a rocker notch 22 on the notch ring 14 . As the selector lever 26 is slidably rotated to the reverse position 48 , the cam pins 80 on all of the reverse rockers 68 in the reverse rocker pockets 58 will be positioned over the V-shaped recess portion 104 in the middle of each cam slot 78 . In this position, the reverse rockers 68 are urged into contact with the notch ring face 24 by the accordion style compression springs 60 with at least one reverse rocker 68 fully engaging a rocker notch 68 on the notch ring 14 , thereby enabling a force to be transmitted between the pocket ring 12 and the notch ring 14 . With the selector lever 26 still in the reverse position 48 and the direction of rotation of the notch ring 14 changed to the forward direction, the reverse rockers 68 are free to move away from engagement with the rocker notches 22 by pivoting about the rocker axis 82 . In this manner, the notch ring 14 is free to rotate in the forward direction. [0035] The force transmitted between the pocket ring 12 and the notch ring 14 via a rocker element 64 contains both a radial and a tangential component. To minimize bearing loading, maintain concentricity between mating parts, and increase the torque capacity of the SOWC 10 , more than one equally spaced rocker element 64 may be engaged with a like number of rocker notches 22 . However, torque will be transmitted between the pocket ring 12 and the notch ring 14 even if only a single rocker element 64 engages a notch 22 on the notch ring face 24 of the notch ring 14 . [0036] A series of radial oil passages 107 (see FIGS. 1 and 2 ) in the notch ring 14 provide damping and lubrication to the rocker elements 64 as they move in and out of the rocker notches 22 in the notch ring face 24 during the freewheeling modes. The radial oil passages 107 also provide lube oil and cooling to part surfaces moving relative to each other during the freewheeling modes. [0037] While the best modes for carrying out the invention have been described in detail, those familiar with the art to which this invention relates will recognize various alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the invention within the scope of the appended claims.	A SOWC for use with a vehicle transmission is provided. The clutch includes outer and inner elements, also referred to as races, with the latter oriented concentrically within the former about an axis of rotation. A selection mechanism, which may be annular plates operatively connected with the side of the races and with one another, is selectively rotatable with respect to the inner and outer elements between different positions. Pivotable rocker elements are positioned between the races and are movable along cammed slots of the annular plates when the annular plates are rotated to establish a forward, a reverse, and a neutral operating mode corresponding with the different positions of the annular plates. In some embodiments, in the neutral operating mode, none of the rocker elements are in contact with the inner race.	5
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION (1) Field of the Invention This invention involves a game of skill and requires a demonstration of vocabulary knowledge, logical reasoning and sequencing abilities—all of which are enhanced during play of this invention. More specifically, the present invention concerns, but is not restricted to, the area of child educational development. Further, it is at once adaptable to any of the related Indo-European languages, and can be further adapted to the Asian languages. The key element of this invention comprises a closable-type box apparatus where grid regions are imprinted on the top box lid, and being connected to a bottom container of the same dimensions, opens to a ninety-degree angle wherein two more grids of the same height, length, and number of units are revealed as being imprinted on the interior surface of the top lid and the interior surface of the bottom portion of the apparatus. The apparatus/invention operates as a concealing mechanism for words formed by opposing players in competition. Each player, or team of players, uses the bottom game grid to create words inside the apparatus via magnetized lettered tile pieces which are affixed onto individual spaces of the bottom interior grid. The upper grid on the inside of each apparatus is used to chart and track the progression of a player's attempts to locate and identify his/her opponent's words. In essence, the interior upper grid, inside the apparatus, represents the opponent's game region—the focus of attack. In a competition involving more than two players or teams, the hit or miss attempts against one's own region are identified on his/her own outer grid; he/she places the magnetized letters and other identifying game pieces onto the outer top grid as letters and their composite words are identified and eliminated out of competition. Obviously, the outer lid grids are visible to all opponents and therefore maintain the orderliness of who has eliminated what during play. Thus, this allows multiple players or teams to visually asses the game status of fellow competitors and judge future attempts to capture others' letters. The game, as defined by the invented apparatus, while retaining aspects of similar commercial products, is characterized by its emphasis on elimination of pre-arranged words and configurations thereabouts. This enhances the game's ability to achieve and maintain involvement in several ways: (1) through requiring strategic placement of letters onto grid coordinates in ways which will prevent or delay opponents discovering such; (2) enabling players opportunities, by means of arbitrary and calculated guesses in various play options, to determine the precise locations and identities of opponents' letters before participants capture his/her own placed word grouping patterns, or in the case of more than two players or teams, being the last player or team with letters remaining on his/her or their bottom interior game grid—that region which is the focus of attack for the other opponent(s). It is the element of attempting elimination of opponent's “fleet” of words which lends the game to aspects of simulated warfare. The game can therefore be categorized in a salvo classification. (2) Description of Related Art Games, where two participants play in opposition, have been provided which typically comprise a boxed apparatus. When this apparatus is opened, a pair of areas sectioned equally into coordinate grids of similar size and numbered units is revealed. Each coordinate within the pair of grids typically has an aperture into which valued game pieces are inserted and removed. A particular player's grids are hidden from the view of the competing opponent during play. One grid in the apparatus is for placement and prepositioning of valued game pieces—the targets that the opponent is to eliminate. The second grid in the apparatus is utilized relative to the opponent's action area—the grid onto which he/she has placed his/her own valued game pieces. The second grid is therefore used to record the attempts made in targeting and eliminating the opponent's valued game pieces. Thus, such a game is essentially a military or naval style product whose objective is to be the first in locating and eliminating the opponent's units. An example is typified by Thomander in U.S. Pat. No. 3,514,110 which sets forth a boxed game board divided into a pair of identical sections adapted to be arranged adjacent to each other and separated by an upright barrier formed from the box lid so as to obscure the selected placement of ferruled game pieces on one of the boards from the view of opposing player. “Hit” or “miss” attempts relative to the opponent's grid placements are recorded on one of a player's grids. Once there is a hit, that is recorded not just by that player on one of his/her grids, but by the second opponent by inserting markings onto his/her own valued pieces. Another example is set forth by Woolhouse in U.S. Pat. No. 5,154,428 where the two playing fields, each composed of a pair of sectioned grid areas, are mounted to each other in a way that provides for ease of assembly and disassembly into a carrying case for transport. Of course, the origin of such games is “Battleship”—a pencil and paper game invented by Von Wickler and then formally published as a pad and pencil game by Milton Bradley in 1943. These games have been restricted to competition between 2 players (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship_ (game)). Further, there are various word-forming type games where objectives vary, but whose underlying theme is creating, strategizing toward, solving for and discovering words and their composite letters. An example is typified by Kindred in U.S. Pat. No. 4,059,273 which sets forth a game that comprises a board having twenty six rows of playing areas arranged in five columns, into which playing pieces may be placed. An opponent attempts to break a hidden code formed by the pieces. The rows are numbered A-Z and the attempts are scores according to the nearness to an accurate guess by the player. The code has five such letters forming a word, one letter per column. Another example is typified by Jones-Fenleigh in U.S. Pat. No. 4,188,036 which sets forth a game comprising a board, a holder, a set of playing pieces, a set of marking elements, a set of scoring elements, and a word list. The board has a number of rows of playing areas which serve as test areas for a player's attempts in duplicating a hidden code word chosen by the player's opponent. While military/naval style games have been provided where participants strategically place valued pieces in coordinate grids and attempt to locate and eliminate one another's pieces within a defined area, and while there are various word-forming type games whose underlying theme is creating, strategizing toward, solving for and discovering words and their component letters, it is important to note that games have been provided regarding the injection of letters, instead of military or naval units, into a grid coordinate system so as to represent a “fleet” of words for elimination by an opponent Several games have been published on-line which provide set-up instructions and rules for such competitions. For example, http://www.superteacherideas.com/spelling2-battleship.html has the game activity “Sink and Spell” where students make a sheet with two grids. Letters are written on the top and numbers to the side for coordinate identification. The players then write words into the grids. Coordinates are called out. A miss indicates no letter in a particular space, but a hit results in the opponent revealing the letter. This game is played by a pair of opponents. Another example posted on this website, “Battleship Spelling”, is a more detailed version of “Sink and Spell” with guidelines regarding number of words to use and dimensions of paper sheets on which to create the grids. The listing actually states that this is “just like the Battleship board game”. Http://www.lessonplanspage.com/LASpellBattleship3JH.htm, posts “Spelling Battleship” with the rule that once there is a “hit” on any particular coordinate, the opponent is immediately told the word and he/she then has to spell it correctly. If that player correctly spells the word, he/she gets a point and the word is revealed in its entirety; otherwise the turn is lost. That player, however, may reattempt the spelling on the next turn by calling the space coordinate. The first player to locate and spell all the words on his/her opponent's grid wins. An advantage of military/naval style games of the prior art is developing within players the skills important for tracking dispersal of attacks over a coordinate system and anticipating where the next “hits” could be. This advantage is constrained, however, in that they engage players on mere hit-or-miss cues, limiting assessments to success failure ratios between opponents' progress against one another's targets. Advantages of word games of the prior art encourage players to develop spelling abilities for accurate vocabulary usage, as well as to figure out how words are encoded into language, their meanings, and differences in relation to one another for the ultimate objective of communication. These two key features: (1) initiating, tracking, and assessing the success or failure in targeting unknown pre-positioned objectives within a military/naval style grid coordinate-type system, and (2) creating and solving for words in a puzzle-type environment have been combined by inventors to create innovative games. Substituting words and their respective letters for military/naval units into the typical coordinate grid system of a sectioned, visually hidden region is a clear advantage of such inventions. The result is an expansion of the identifiable qualities of each occupied coordinate so that, once a unit is determined to be occupied, arbitrary guesses leading to more calculated judgments can be taken, thus bringing a mere salvo objective to one where vocabulary can increase the necessity for higher logic and sequencing skills. Typically, where games require a level of skill from players, it must be arranged in a way that provides adequate challenge to players/teams. Even though the game board is uniform throughout, the region itself changes as players agree from competition to competition on labels for rank (row) and file (column) to map the coordinate region. These labels can be letters, numbers, colors, objects, or such. This therefore keeps the apparatus' themselves changing and new, to an extent. But over time, even this dynamic can become familiar, to the point of simplicity since the rules governing the word attack apply uniformly throughout the game board playing field. What adds complexity is the level of knowledge players bring to the game. In theory, the level of difficulty would only be limited by the degree of scholarship; college graduates with complex word knowledge could increase the level of challenge. Since the rules remain somewhat straight forward, the game can be as easy or as difficult depending on the sophistication of the players, whose talents ultimately govern the complexity of the competition itself. It is important to note that a key disadvantage of previously provided word-salvo games is their allowance for a maximum of two players in any competition. They are thus limited in the scope of complexity which could be achieved through three or more opponent play. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a game of skill which avoids the aforementioned problem of the prior art—that being the word-salvo type games' limitation of a total number of potential opponents to two players in any given competition. The object of the present invention is further to provide a closable-type game board box which opens to ninety degree angle from its bottom interior, and when paired with or brought together with other apparatuses, may enable two or more players to arrange words on their bottom interior grids, with each letter occupying individual coordinates, and, through initially arbitrary but increasingly strategic and calculating guesses, to be the first to capture all of the opponent's letters, or in the case of having three or more players, to be the last remaining contestant with un-captured letters on his or her game grid. It is further an object of the present invention to provide a game of word and logic skill that allows for more than two players to compete in any given competition. The advantages of the game which are the object of the present invention are the following: The child's critical thinking skills are developed by requiring him/her to predict the correct sequence of various words on an opponent's grid and successfully targeting the individual coordinates in the opponent's region so as to determine the exact identities of concealed letters; spelling and vocabulary skills are strengthened as these knowledge tools better enable player's odds of winning; correct spelling acquisition is challenged and fostered as players critically predict what the correct letters on associated coordinates are given the apparent sequence of letters which will emerge during the course play; skills of strategy and attack are developed by determining what words and intersections of words pre-positioned in player's grid will yield the longest duration of competition while providing enough opportunity for him or her to capture all the letters of all the words in the opponent's grid; logic and sequencing skills are enhanced through critically realizing what words are in fact on the opponent's grid given the patterns which emerge as letters are captured within the grid. Last and most important, to make it possible for three or more opponents to compete in any given word-salvo type competition by discovering pre-positioned and hidden words and their component letters with the goal of being the last player with letters remaining on his/her own grid-field, the target of the opponents. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention is further described hereinafter with reference to the parts, their assembly and relationships, shown in the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 represents the magnetized lettered chips, with chip “C” numbered as 17 , chip “D” numbered as 30 , chip “P” numbered as 37 , and chip “T” numbered as 32 for the purpose of reference in this application; FIG. 2 represents the magnetized black, red, and question mark chips, with the black chips numbered as 38 , the red chips numbered as 25 , and the question marked chips numbered as 24 for the purpose of reference in this application; FIG. 3 represents the various top row (rank) identifying coordinate magnetized labels, with the length identified in a bracketed number 4 and the height identified in a bracketed number 5 for the purpose of reference in this application, which are to be affixed just above or below the game grids, as shown in FIG. 8 ; FIG. 4 represents the various side column (file) identifying coordinate magnetized labels, with the length identified in a bracketed number 6 and the height identified in a bracketed number 7 for the purpose of reference in this application, which are to be affixed just to the left or right sides of the game grids, as shown in FIG. 8 ; FIG. 5 represents the front view of the closable-type game grid board Box; FIG. 6 is the back view of the closable-type game grid box which is that part of the apparatus visible to opposing players during competition; FIG. 7 demonstrates the opening and closing of the game grid box apparatus; FIG. 8 demonstrates affixing of rank and file coordinate labels to the closable-type game grid box apparatus; FIG. 9 demonstrates the placement of a magnetized lettered chip, “C” 17 , onto the bottom interior game grid of Player A's region; FIG. 10 represents Player A's arrangement of words onto his/her region in preparation for two opponent competition; FIG. 11 represents player B's placement of words onto his/her bottom interior grid region in preparation for two opponent competition; FIG. 11 a represents the actual positioning of closable-type game grid boxes for play between 2 opponents; FIG. 12 represents positioning of Player A (left game box) and Player B (right game box) used to illustrate competition in this application; FIG. 13 through FIG. 18 demonstrate a series of moves between Players A (left grid) and Player B (right grid); FIG. 19 shows Player A pre-positioning of letters/words onto his/her bottom interior playing field (grid) for play among three opponents; FIG. 20 shows Player B pre-positioning of letters/words onto his/her bottom interior playing field (grid) for play among three opponents; FIG. 21 shows Player C pre-positioning of letters/words onto his/her bottom interior playing field (grid) for play among three opponents; FIG. 22 shows the three players pre-positioning of letters/words before game start, with Player A in the lower center foreground, Player B to the upper left of Player A, and Player C to the upper right of Player A; FIG. 23 shows Players A, B and C with game grid apparatuses re-angled away from one another as would be the case in live competition; FIG. 24 through FIG. 32 demonstrate a typical round of play, with player's turn switching from Player A to Player B on FIG. 29 so that Player B is now in the lower center foreground, and Player C is to the upper left of player B and Player A is to the upper right of Player B. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION As can be seen from the above figures, the game comprises a box-type apparatus ( FIG. 5 , FIG. 6 ) which opens to a ninety degree angle. There are two grids located on the inside of the apparatus ( FIG. 5 ). These are intended to be visible only to an individual participant during competition. There is an outer grid located on the upright lid of the game grid box ( FIG. 6 ), which is utilized in competition of 3 or more opponents. The upper interior grid ( FIG. 5 ), whose height 12 measures a varying size of approximately between 0.1 and 0.40 inches and whose length 14 measures a varying size of approximately between 0.1 and 40 inches is the map region of coordinates which a particular participant uses to target opponent's letters for either capture or elimination from that opponent's interior bottom grid region, depending on number of players in competition. It should be emphasized here that all grids are of congruent dimensions, holding an equal number of predetermined rows, columns, and number of unit spaces. The lower grid ( FIG. 5 ), whose measures of height and length are the same as those for the upper grid, is the region of coordinates onto which a particular participant places his or her own word patterns, thus becoming the object of capture or elimination by his or her opponent(s). The outer grid, located on the upright lid ( FIG. 6 ), is of equal height 12 and length 14 to the two inner grids. All grids on the game apparatus have an equal number of coordinate units. The individual coordinates of each grid region (playing field) are rectangular in shape, and of equal measure on each side. The sides of each coordinate, length 13 and height 11 , vary in size of approximately between 0.1 and 40 inches ( FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 ) The chip pieces ( FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 ) measure the same dimensions in length 1 and height 2 as the individual coordinates on each grid region, with the obvious exception that the width of the chips vary in size of between approximately 0.01 an 5 inches ( FIG. 1 ( 3 ) and FIG. 2 ( 3 ). The grids are rectangular in shape and can vary in the exact number of columns and rows or total number of units per region. For this application, the rank of each grid is numbered in eight rectangular units ( FIG. 5 ( 14 ) and ( FIG. 6 ( 14 )) ( FIG. 6 ( g )) and the file is numbered in seven rectangular units ( FIG. 5 ( 12 ) The rectangular dimensions of either the top lid or bottom open-sided container, both of which are hinged together to create the box itself, vary in measure of approximately between 0.1 and 40 inches in height ( FIG. 5 ( 9 and 10 ) and FIG. 6 ( 9 and 10 )) and of approximately between 0.1 and 40 inches in length ( FIG. 5 ( 8 and 40 ) and FIG. 6 ( 8 and 40 )). The height and length dimensions of the lid and open-sided bottom container are congruent, allowing for a perfect fit between the two when hinged together on one side, so as to be opened and closed. The sets of game pieces and coordinate labels may therefore be stored within the apparatus when not in use. Additionally, the total width of the box-type game apparatus when closed is between approximately 0.1 and 40 inches, with the base width 16 measuring between approximately 0.1 and 40 inches ( FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 ) and the width of the lid 15 , which is upright in a ninety degree angle during competition, measuring between approximately 0.01 and 40 inches ( FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 ). So as properly to identify the rank and file coordinates, magnetized labels can be affixed above or below and to the sides of all actual grids. The length of the rank labels varies in measure of approximately between 0.1 and 40 inches ( FIG. 3 ( 4 ), and the height measures approximately between 0.1 to 40 inches in height ( FIG. 3 ( 5 ). The length of rank labels is congruent with the length of the game grid, with an equal number of unit spaces marked off. The height of the file labels varies in measure of between approximately 0.1 and 40 inches ( FIG. 4 ( 7 ), and the length of the file labels measures between approximately 0.1 and 40 inches ( FIG. 4 ( 6 )). The height of the file labels is congruent with the height of the game grid, again with an equal number of unit spaces marked off. FIG. 7 demonstrates opening and closing of the game apparatus, into which the game pieces may be stored Each player must use the same rank and file labels for each grid during competition. It is permissible, however, to mix and match identifiers on the grids. Numbers or letters can be used for the rank coordinates, while colors or objects may represent file coordinates, and vice versa. For this application, objects labels 4 / 5 are used in the illustration of game play for the top row (rank) and colors labels 6 / 7 are used for the side columns (file) ( FIG. 8 ). Player A ( FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 ) assembles his/her words— 18 “Cat”, 19 “Dog” and 20 “Step”, letter by letter for each coordinate, on the bottom interior grid of his/her game apparatus. Player B does the same by assembling the words 21 “Run”, 22 “Play” and 23 “Hat” on the bottom interior grid of his/her game apparatus in final preparation for play ( FIG. 11 ). FIG. 11 a shows how a two player competition would most likely position the game apparatuses for live play. For the purposes of this application, the closable-type game grid boxes will be angled side by side starting with FIG. 12 . Player A goes first. In this example, Player A, who is to the left of Player B ( FIG. 12 ) places a magnetized question mark chip ( FIG. 13 ( 24 )) onto the desired upper interior coordinate, which represents the targeted region of the opponent. In this case, Player A selects player B's Brown House coordinate ( FIG. 13 ). The player announces this chosen coordinate to the opponent. As there is no letter on the Brown House coordinate, Player A replaces the question mark chip with a red chip ( FIG. 14 ( 25 )), indicating there was nothing on that coordinate. It is now Player B's turn. Player B places a question mark chip ( 24 ) onto the Red Tree coordinate of his or her upper interior game grid ( FIG. 15 ), as this respectively represents the opponent's targeted bottom interior region. Upon this selection, Player A concurs that there is in fact a letter on Red Tree. Player B now has a choice of two moves: (1) take a direct aim at a single letter in the alphabet by choosing and calling out a letter and hoping that letter is in fact the correct letter in the opponent's grid coordinate, or (2) select a range within the alphabet to narrow the search for the letter. If a range is selected, it must contain the letter on that coordinate in order to proceed to capture in that turn. The player would then choose another range within the first, or call a letter outright, hoping he/she is correct. Player B chooses to randomly call a letter, selecting “M” as the choice. This is incorrect. Player B makes a written notation of this. The question mark chip, however, remains on Red Tree coordinate as he/she can come back to it in the next turn to pursue further, or elect to go onto another coordinate, if that is so desired. It is now Player A's turn. Player A places a question mark chip 24 on Red Pencil ( FIG. 16 ), announcing his/her selection of that target. There is, of course, no letter occupying that space. Consequently, the question mark chip is replaced with a red chip 25 on the targeted Red Pencil coordinate ( FIG. 17 ). It is now Player B's turn. Player B now has two opportunities: (1) select a new coordinate, or (2) elect to continue in pursuing the Red Tree coordinate whereupon he/she can either select a range within the alphabet to narrow the search, or arbitrarily target another individual letter. Player B decides to select a range this time. Player B calls the range of “B” through “F”. This is correct as the opponent's letter on the Red Tree coordinate falls within that range. Player B makes a written notation, and can either continue to narrow the range by selecting new upper and lower limits within the range just chosen or call a single letter within the “B” through “F” range in hopes of capturing that piece. Player B in fact calls as his/her target the letter “C”. This is correct and Player A removes the “C” from his/her interior bottom grid and gives it to player B, who then attaches it to the Red Tree coordinate in place of the question mark chip on his/her upper interior grid ( FIG. 18 ). Player A may replace the “C” chip with a black colored one on his/her bottom grid to signify its loss, but this is optional. And so the game continues until one of the opponents captures all of the other competitor's letters, at which time that player with letters remaining on his/her grid wins. Where the competition involves three or more players, the same rules apply regarding only two opponents, but with some variation in play. For our illustration, Player A is shown to have assembled the words 26 “Man”, 27 “In” and 28 “Nap” in FIG. 19 , Player B is shown to have assembled the words 29 “Dog”, 31 “Cat” and 33 “Step” in FIG. 20 , and player C is shown to have assembled the words 34 “Hat”, 35 “Run” and 36 “Play” in FIG. 21 . FIG. 22 demonstrates Player A in the lower center, with Player B in the upper left of Player A and Player C in the upper right of Player A. FIG. 23 demonstrates the apparatuses re-angled as would be the case in near-actual play. In a case where an opponent, say player A ( FIG. 19 ), places a question mark chip 24 onto a coordinate, such as Green Book ( FIG. 24 ), and both or all opponents have letters on that coordinate (as shown in FIG. 20 regarding player B and in FIG. 21 regarding player C), then Player A has the choice of selecting whichever opponent to pursue. At this point, Player B and Player C must place question mark chips 24 on the Green Book coordinates of their exterior grids ( FIG. 24 a ), the ones located on the lids which, when in upright position, face the other opponents. If one or none of the players had letters on that coordinate, then said opponents would place red chips on the exterior grid coordinates chosen in that player's turn. In this instance, Player A targets player B (located in upper left of FIGS. 22 through 28 ). Unbeknownst to the players, both players B and C have the same letter on the Green Book coordinate. All that is known at this point in the competition is that Players B and C have letters occupying that coordinate. Player A has a choice. Following selection of Player B, he/she can either choose a range and continue narrowing that range, so long as each attempt contains the opponent's letter, or simply call out a letter. If Player A chooses an incorrect range or letter, he/she can pick up where he/she left off, depending on whether or not other players have already elected to pick up where that player left off and succeeded in capturing that lettered piece first. Player A selects the range “k” through “v”. The player is successful in continuing to narrow the range until the letter “T” is correctly hit. Because both opponents have occupied their Green Book coordinates with the letter “T”, once the hit on player B is correctly made, all other players must relinquish their “T” chips. In this case, Players B and C remove the “T” chips 32 from their interior bottom grids and stick them onto their outer grids of the same coordinate ( FIG. 25 ). Player A places a black chip ( FIG. 26 ( 38 )) onto the Green Book coordinate of his/her upper interior grid. Players B and C have the choice of placing black chips in place of the “T” chips on their lower interior grids, but this is optional for those players. Player A continues in his/her turn. Player A now places a question mark chip 24 onto the Red House coordinate of his/her interior upper grid and announces this selection to the other players ( FIG. 26 ). Since both players B and C have letters on this coordinate, they place question marked chips 24 on the same coordinates of their outer grids ( FIG. 27 ). Player A elects to pursue Player B. Player A continues to select ranges to narrow the letter hit, then calls a letter outright. Player A successfully calls Player B's “D” chip 30 on the Red House coordinate ( FIG. 28 ). Player B removes the question marked chip from his/her outer grid and puts in its place the “D” chip from his/her interior bottom grid. Player A now targets Player C. Player A is unsuccessful in selecting the correct range or letter therein for Player C's coordinate. It is now Player B's turn. Player B, who is now in the lower center foreground of FIG. 29 with Player C to the upper left and Player A now to the upper right, takes advantage of this opportunity to pursue Player C's Red House coordinate by placing a question mark chip ( 24 ) onto that coordinate of his/her interior upper grid ( FIG. 29 ). Ultimately, either through selection of ranges and narrowing down to the correct letter, or by simply calling out the letter, Player B is successful in eliminating that opponent's letter off his/her grid. The “?” 24 of Player C's external grid is now replaced with that player's “P” chip 37 and player B places a black chip 38 on the Red House coordinate ( FIG. 30 ). It is optional for Player C to place a black chip onto his/her lower internal grid. Player B continues in completion. Player B places a question mark chip 24 onto the Brown Book space ( FIG. 31 ). This coordinate is not occupied by any letter in either player C's or Player A's interior lower game grid action area. Therefore, red chips 25 are placed on both Player C's and Player A's outer grids, and on Player B's upper, interior grid ( FIG. 32 ), but not on Player B's outer grid as it was his/her turn, and he/she in fact has a letter “C” on that coordinate, yielding a future, potential success for either player to eliminate Player B's “C” chip on that coordinate once it has been determined by the other player(s) that in fact Player B has a letter on that coordinate.	My child educational board game, “Word Battle”, requires players to approach word learning, sequencing, and construction from a naval/military strategist point of view in that instead of targeting objectives in a mere hit-or-miss situation, where the goal in and of itself is to reach and eliminate occupied coordinates, he/she must locate and actually identify the quality of opponents' pieces (these being letters) before the other competitors capture or eliminate out of play all his/her own word patterns.	0
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 827,448, filed Aug. 25, 1977 and now abandoned, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 724,852, filed Sept. 20, 1976 and now abandoned. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to glass articles having walls whose composition in the surface layers is different from the interior. In particular this invention relates to a method of making such articles. 2. Brief Description of the Prior Art U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,106,744 (1938); 2,215,039 (1940) and 2,355,746 (1944) granted to Messrs. H. E. Hood and M. E. Nordberg describe a method of producing glasses having almost pure silica in the surface layers and containing alkali-boro-silicate compositions in the interior. According to this method, an alkali-boro-silicate glass of phase-separable composition is melted in the usual manner and is then fabricated in the usual way into desired shapes. The preformed article is then subjected to a heat-treatment. The glass article is then subjected to a leaching treatment in acid solutions whereby one of the phases is leached out up to a definite depth leaving the interior portion of the glass unaffected. The prior art process then employed a water wash. The article is then dried and consolidated at a high temperature giving rise to a desired composition profile across the walls of the glass article. According to Hood and Nordberg, in articles produced by their processes, "there is a tendency to break during the dehydration and vitrification steps." SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a novel method whereby the "breaking tendency" of partially leached articles is substantially reduced. The method involves treating partially leached articles, prior to dehydration and consolidation steps, in a suitable organic media or an aqueous mixture thereof. In another embodiment of this invention a composition range is disclosed which reduces the breaking tendency substantially. In a further embodiment of this invention, a heat-treatment procedure is disclosed which also reduces the breaking tendency of partially leached articles. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention describes a method of producing glass articles in which the composition of the surface layers of the walls is richer in silica than the central layers. According to this invention a phase separable composition in alkali borosilicate or germanate systems having 0 to 5 mole percent alumina is melted and formed in the conventional manner. Suitable compositions have been described in previous patents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,106,744; 2,215,039; 2,355,746 (Hood and Nordberg); No. 3,843,341 (Hammel) and 3,938,974 (Macedo and Litovitz). Depending on the composition, the glass is heat-treated at a temperature from about 500° C. to 700° C. for a few seconds to several weeks such that it separates into two phases having a totally interconnected microstructure with an average size of 100-2000 A preferably between 150 and 500 A. These dimensions are much smaller than the wall thickness of the preformed article. One of the phases is mostly covalent and will be referred to as the "hard" phase. The other is predominantly ionic in nature and will be referred to as the "soft" phase. It has been found advantageous to heat treat the glass at as low as temperature as possible but one which is consistent with reasonably short heat treatment times. This reduces the possibility of any deformation of the preform due to viscous flow. The soluble phase is then leached out by a suitable leaching solution only up to a definite depth leaving an unleached central layer in the glass walls. Since the glass article is not leached throughout its mass but only in the surface layers, we call it "the partial leaching technique" in contrast to other processes where the leaching is carried out throughout the mass of the article. We have discovered that in order to increase the survival probability in the subsequent stages of the process, it is advantageous to wash the partially leached article with a suitable organic solution which should contain less than 50 weight percent water, preferably less than 25% water. The organic containing solvent media should be one that preferentially keeps in solution the oxides of boron and other leaching reaction products of the silica-poor phase which are formed during leaching, without substantially attacking the silica-poor phase. While not intending to be bound by the veracity of the mechanism, we theorize that removal of the oxides of boron and other leaching reaction products from the porous layer greatly increases the probability for the survival of the glass article through the process. If only water is used as a washing media, the silica-poor phase is attacked during washing, generating constantly new reaction products and preventing the porous glass from being cleaned. The organic components of the media are water miscible and include the lower molecular weight aliphatic alcohols, containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, or acetone or mixtures thereof, were found to be especially good, methanol and ethanol being preferable. The organics in an aqueous media decrease the rate of attack of water on the silica-poor phases while still permitting the porous glass to be washed. Merely washing with water as described by Hood and Nordberg results in excessively large breakage rates in the later stages of the process, making it economically impractical. By using the approach of the present invention, i.e., washing with methanol at room temperature for times varying from 5 minutes to 24 hours, depending on the thickness of the leached layer, it is possible to reduce the breakage rate to a level where the process becomes economically feasible. The washing temperature is not critical. For economic reasons alone, it is desirable to carry out the washing at or near the room temperature. After washing, the article is dried as usual and consolidated at temperatures in the range of 800°-1000° C., depending on the composition of the porous glass in the surface layers on solid glass objects such as tubes and bottles. The thickness of the silica-rich surface layer, which has greater strength than the remainder of the article, varies with the intended use. For example, the thickness may range from 0.1 mm for uses where minimum abrasion is present up to several mm for uses where severe conditions will be encountered. In each case, silica-rich surface layers of the desired thickness can be produced on all exposed surfaces of the article regardless of shape and the resultant article will have improved physico-chemical properties associated with the presence of silica-rich surfaces. The glass articles produced according to this invention can be used to make cooking utensils, radar domes, air and space craft windshields, windows for structural applications, containers such as jars, bottles and pipes, and chemical ware such as reaction vats. We have further discovered that the breakage rate is substantially reduced provided the composition is selected from the following ranges (in mole percent): ______________________________________ Broad Preferred Most Preferred______________________________________SiO.sub.2 50-66 58-65 60-62.5B.sub.2 O.sub.3 28-42 30-35 32-35R.sub.2 O 3.5-9 4-7 4.5-5.5Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 0-3 0-1 0-0.5ρ 0.4-0.85 0.5-0.75 0.6-0.7______________________________________ where R 2 O is the total concentration of all alkali metal oxides and ρ is the ratio of the sum of K 2 O, Rb 2 O and Cs 2 O contents to R 2 O content. We have also discovered that: (i) The most preferred composition range yields the highest survival rates for a given article. As one goes to the preferred and then to the broad range, good survival rates are still obtained. However, the survival probability decreases from the preferred range to the broad range. (ii) The survival probability increases as the ratio, x, of thickness of porous layer to wall thickness of the article increases for any given composition and processing conditions. (iii) The survival probability is high, provided the heat treatment to cause phase separation is chosen according to the following table: ______________________________________ Broad Preferred______________________________________Temp. (C.) 480-550 500-530Time (hrs.) 1/2-200 5-150______________________________________ Finally, it is a well-known fact that the survival probability decreases as the size of the article increases. Therefore, whether in practice one uses the most preferred composition and/or heat-treatment ranges or the broadest ranges depends on the ratio, x, and the size of the article. For small size and larger x, the broad range may be most economical. On the other hand, large article size and small values of x clearly require the most preferred range. EXAMPLES 1. A mixture having the composition (in mole %) 4 Na 2 O, 4 K 2 O, 36 B 2 O 3 and 56 SiO 2 was melted and stirred to produce a homogeneous melt from which rods were drawn having a diameter in the range of 7 to 8 mm. The rods were heat-treated at 550° C. for 1.5 hrs. to cause phase separation and then the furnace was cooled. The rods were partially leached at 95° C. with 3N HCl. The leaching time was chosen to be two hrs. which corresponded to a leached layer of about 1 mm in thickness. The partially leached rods were washed in methanol at room temperature for a period of 24 hrs. and dessicated at room temperature for 24 hrs. The rods were heated at a rate of 1° C./min. up to 150° C. and then at a rate of 2° C./min. up to about 850° C. when they consolidated. The glass article thus produced was clear in appearance and had a surface layer 1 mm thick containing more than 90 mole % of SiO 2 . Photoelastic measurements showed that the surface layer had a uniform compression of 24,000 psi. The process may also be carried out using ethanol, propanol, acetone and aqueous mixtures containing 50 wt. % methanol and 75 wt. % methanol instead of methanol in the above example. 2. A mixture having the composition (in mole percent) 61.3 SiO 2 , 33.4 B 2 O 3 , 1.8 Na 2 O and 3.5 K 2 O was melted and stirred to produce a homogeneous melt from which rods were drawn having diameters in the range of 7 to 8 mm. The rods were heat-treated at 515° C. for 100 hrs. to cause phase separation and the furnace was cooled. The rods were partially leached, washed, dried and consolidated as described in Example 1. Breakage rate was found to be less than 5%. The finished rods had a surface layer about 0.50 mm thick in compression of about 30,000 psi. These rods were abraded and tested in three point bending. The modulus of rupture was found to be 40,000 psi.	A method for producing a glass article which comprises melting and forming a preshaped glass article having a composition in the phase separable regions of the alkali-boro-silicate or alkali-boro-germania-silicate systems, inducing the article to phase separate, leaching out a silica-poor phase from the surface layers only to form a structure having porous surface layers surrounding a solid region of substantially the original glass composition, washing this structure with an organic media which dissolves oxides of boron and other leaching reaction products, drying and heating to collapse the outer porous structure to form a glass having a silica-rich surface layer surrounding a solid region having substantially the original glass composition.	2
BACKGROUND a. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a connector and in particular to a male/female connector for use in underwater applications. Such connectors are often referred to as “stab” connectors. b. Related Art It is conventional to use a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to make a connection to a pipeline head for test purposes, For example, sending a pig along the pipeline to remove detritus or to confirm the diameter of the pipeline. Such a connection is made using a relatively small hose when compared to the pipelines used for transporting oil or gas. Typically, the ROV is used to introduce a male component into a female component (or receptacle) and then to force the component into the receptacle to provide a suitable, pressure tight connection. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the invention there is provided a connector comprising a male component and a female receptacle, wherein the male component is to be connected into the female receptacle to establish a fluid flow path between the male component and the female receptacle, the male component having means for making initial engagement with the receptacle and means for pulling itself fully into the receptacle by pushing against the initial engagement means. The male component can be gripped and manipulated underwater by a ROV, and stabbed into the female receptacle sufficiently far to make initial engagement. Initial engagement can be achieved without the male component encountering the sealing means in the receptacle, and thus without encountering any substantial resistance to insertion. The ROV does not therefore have to exert significant axial force to the male component. The male component is preferably at the end of a flexible hose and the female receptacle is part of a manifold assembly for a subsea pipeline. The female receptacle may have an outwardly flared end to assist in guiding the male component into the receptacle, and the male component can have a rounded end to assist in guiding the male component into the receptacle. The female receptacle preferably comprises a tubular body with a branch passage between its ends, and the male component has a central bore, a closed end and a lateral opening or openings at one point around its circumference, the lateral openings being adapted to communicate with the branch passage when the male and female components are fully engaged with one another. Sealing means are preferably provided between the male and female components in the fully engaged position. The means for making initial engagement with the receptacle can comprise bayonet slots on the female receptacle, and radial projections on the male component (or vice versa). Alternatively the means for making initial engagement with the receptacle can comprise expanding collets on the male component which expand to lock behind ridges on the female receptacle. The means for pulling the male component fully into the receptacle can comprise a rack and pinion arrangement working between a part of the male component which Is initially engaged with the female receptacle, and a part of the male component which incorporates a fluid flow passage and is to be driven fully into the receptacle. In an alternative embodiment, the means for pulling the male component fully into the receptacle can comprise hydraulic rams working between a part of the male component which is initially engaged with the female receptacle, and a part of the male component which incorporates a fluid flow passage and is to be driven fully into the receptacle. The invention also extends to a method of connecting a male component into a female receptacle in a subsea environment where the male component is to be connected into the female receptacle to establish a fluid flow path between the male component and the female receptacle, wherein part of the component is introduced into the female receptacle to engage initial engagement means, and then the male component drives Itself fully into the female receptacle by reacting against the initial engagement means. The male component preferably carries a drive mechanism to drive itself fully into the receptacle. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows a schematic depiction of a male component according to the present invention; FIG. 2 shows a schematic depiction of a female receptacle for use with the component shown in FIG. 1 ; FIGS. 3 to 7 show the different stages by which a male component according to a first embodiment of the present invention is coupled to a receptacle as shown in FIG. 2 ; FIG. 8 Is a perspective view of a second embodiment of the invention, with the female receptacle shown mounted on a scrap section of pipeline; FIG. 9 is a cross-section through a third embodiment of the invention, similar in principle to the second embodiment; and FIG. 10 is a cross-section through the embodiment of FIG. 10 , showing the component fully connected. DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG. 1 shows a schematic depiction of a male component 10 according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The male component 10 comprises a cylindrical body 60 with a hollow bore 62 . A first end of the body 60 has a rounded nose 56 and the opposite end of the body has a component 48 for onward connection to a line or hose (not shown). First and second arms 64 and 66 are attached to either side of the cylindrical body 60 and first and second hydraulic actuators 44 and 46 are connected to the first and second arms 64 and 66 respectively and to the cylindrical body 60 . The rounded nose 56 projects beyond the first and second arms 64 and 66 so that the first and second arms do not interfere with leading end of the male component when this is inserted into a receptacle. The first hydraulic actuator 44 is coupled to a first collet finger 40 and, similarly, the second hydraulic actuator 46 is coupled to a second collet finger 42 . Near to the first end of the body there is provided one or more apertures 54 that enable a fluid to flow from the hollow bore 62 into a receptacle (see below), or vice versa. The male component 10 comprises a first seal means 50 that is located in between the nose 56 and the apertures 54 and a second seal means 52 is located between the apertures 54 and the collet fingers 40 , 42 . A handle 30 is provided to allow the component to be manipulated and maneuvered by a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). FIG. 2 shows a schematic depiction of a female receptacle for use with the component shown in FIG. 1 . The receptacle 20 is a T-component that comprise first and second pipeline apertures 22 , 24 and a manifold component 26 . In use, a male component 10 will be connected to either the first or the second of the pipeline apertures 22 , 24 to allow fluid to flow from a line or hose connected to the male component to the manifold, or vice versa. The receptacle further comprises first and second sealing lands 21 , 23 and the pipeline apertures 22 , 24 have first and second aperture engagement means 28 , 29 . FIGS. 3 to 7 show the different stages by which a male component according to a first embodiment of the present invention is coupled to a receptacle. FIG. 3 shows the initial insertion of the component into a receptacle. The ROV is used to tilt the component relative to the receptacle such that the component is inserted into the receptacle at an angle. Once the nose 56 is received within the receptacle then the component 10 is oriented, through appropriate movement of the ROV, such that it is substantially coaxially aligned with the receptacle. (see FIG. 4 ) with the first end of the component loosely received within the receptacle. FIGS. 5 and 5 a show the position of the component once the guide means 56 has passed the second receptacle engagement means 23 (the following description of the present invention is predicated on the insertion of the component into the second pipeline aperture 24 . It will be readily understood that the component could equally be inserted into the first pipeline aperture). The component is inserted up to this point through the action of the ROV on the component FIG. 5 a shows that the first collet finger 40 has been brought into close proximity with the second aperture engagement means 29 (although it is not shown in detail it will be understood that the second collet finger 42 has similarly been brought into close proximity with the second aperture engagement means 29 ). At this stage, the ROV has completed its part in making the connection. The next stage in the process of connecting the component to the receptacle is for the hydraulic cylinders 44 , 46 to be activated to cause the collet fingers to engage with the second aperture engagement means 29 (see FIG. 6 ). The action of the hydraulic cylinders cause the collet fingers to be deflected away from the body of the component to engage with the engagement surface of the second aperture engagement means 29 (see FIG. 6 a ). This engagement of the collet fingers 40 , 42 with the second aperture engagement means 29 the component to be secured to the receptacle. The hydraulic cylinders 44 , 46 are then activated to retract the pistons into the cylinders. Because the component is secured to the receptacle through the engagement of the collet fingers with the second aperture engagement means, the retraction of the hydraulic cylinders causes the body of the component to be drawn further into the receptacle, such that the first seal means 50 on the body 60 seal on the first sealing lands 21 and the second seal means 52 seal on the second sealing lands 23 . This positioning of the component causes the first and second pipeline apertures to be sealed such that any fluid flowing through from the manifold component 26 will flow through a line or hose (not shown) that is connected to the component 48 , and vice versa. FIG. 8 shows an external view of a connector. In this view, and in FIGS. 9 and 10 , components which have similar functions to those already described carry the same reference numeral indexed by 100 . The female receptacle 120 has a stem 126 which is fixed in the wall of a pipeline 200 . It will be appreciated that only a part of the pipeline is shown in this figure. The receptacle has two ends 122 and 124 , and in FIG. 8 , both ends are shown closed with sealing plugs 202 . The receptacle has two ends, although only one end will have a component connected to it at any one time. As the orientation of the pipeline 200 on the seabed can vary, one end may he inaccessible but there will always be one end which is accessible for the connection of the male component. It will be seen that the receptacle 120 has bayonet slots 204 at both ends, and the sealing plugs 202 have radial lugs 206 which engage in the slots. The plugs also have handles 208 which are designed so that they can be gripped by an ROV. The male component 110 has an annular ring bar 210 connected to the component by legs 212 . The positions of the legs and the points at which they connect to the body of the component are set to line up with the bayonet slots 204 . When the sealing plugs 202 have been extracted from the receptacle, the component 110 can be inserted by an ROV so that the legs 212 enter the slots 204 When fully inserted into the slots, a small rotation engages the legs in the ends of the slots. Reference is now made to FIGS. 9 and 10 . FIG. 9 shows the position where the component 110 is initially engaged in the receptacle, with the legs 212 engaged in the bayonet slots 204 . At this point, the nose 156 of the component still lies behind the sealing lands 121 , 123 . A drive mechanism, indicated schematically in FIGS. 8 to 10 , consists of a sot of circumferential gear tooth shaped grooves 222 formed in the outer surface of the body 160 . A gearbox 224 mounted on the component 110 includes a pinion which engages in the grooves 222 , and which can be rotated to drive the body 160 to the right in FIG. 9 , until it lakes up the position shown in FIG. 10 , where the apertures 154 are in communication with the limb 126 of the receptacle. Seals (not shown in detail in FIGS. 9 and 10 ). will be in place between the sealing lands 121 and 123 and the adjacent surfaces of the body 160 . FIGS. 8 , 9 and 10 clearly show the flared ends of the receptacle passages which will assist in locating the nose 16 of the component 110 in one or other of the passages. To locate the component fully in the receptacle requires a significant amount of force to push (or “stab”) the component with its sealing rings 50 through the lands 121 , 123 . The invention allows the initial insertion by ROV up to the point where significant force has to be exerted, and then the further insertion operation is carried out against the engagement of the component with the initial engagement means in the receptacle which provides a reaction surface against which the drive mechanism can operate. It should be understood that although FIGS. 8 to 10 indicate that the component comprises a male bayonet connecting means that can be connected to a female bayonet connecting means received on the receptacle, this situation may be reversed such that the component comprises a female bayonet connecting means that can be connected to a male bayonet connecting means received on the receptacle. It will be readily understood that the connector may be modified or varied in a number of ways without departing from the teaching of the present invention. For example, the component may be provided with three (or more) hydraulic cylinders and their respective collet fingers to provide the engagement with the receptacle. Alternatives to the hydraulic cylinders may be used, for example electrical or pneumatic drive systems, although hydraulic systems are generally preferred in the subsea environment in which the present invention is to be used. A connector according to the present invention would be used in applications where conventionally that a pipeline has a diameter of 2-4 inches (50-100 mm) but it will be understood that the present invention is also suitable for use with pipelines of a larger or smaller diameter.	A connector for underwater connection of two fluid carrying conduits comprises initial engagement means to provide an initial engagement between a male component and a female receptacle. The final connection is made by operating a drive which reacts against the initial engagement means to move the component into a fully connected position. A number of sealing means may be provided to enable a pressure tight connection.	5
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/691,140, filed Jun. 16, 2005 herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. FIELD OF INVENTION [0002] This invention relates to a polymer modifying agent composition that employs a nucleating and a dispersing agent; to a melt processible thermoplastic polymer composition that utilizes this modifying agent; and to a method of improving the processing, physical and optical properties of the melt processible thermoplastic polymer. SUMMARY DISCUSSION [0003] Semi-crystalline polymers, and in particular polyolefins such as polypropylene, are used in a variety of applications that require enhanced physical and optical properties. It is often desirable to substitute polypropylene for more expensive engineering plastics but the physical and optical properties of polypropylene are not sufficient for many applications. For example, engineering plastics, such as polyamides, have higher strength, higher use temperatures and increased stiffness compared to polypropylene. Other engineering plastics, such as polyester (PET), have higher clarity and lower haze compared to polypropylene. [0004] Semi-crystalline polyolefins, such as polypropylene, have known processing parameters attributable to their rate of crystallization. To achieve a certain physical property profile it is necessary to cool at slow enough rates to allow a certain percent of crystalline or spherulitic material to form before solidification causes the crystallization process to effectively stop. Increasing the rate of crystallization or spherulite growth can enable faster cycle times in injection or blow molding operations or potentially higher extrusion process rates. [0005] The physical and optical properties of polyolefins are largely dependent upon the degree of crystallinity that in turn is dependent on the number of nucleation sites and the rate of nucleation during the crystallization process. The nucleation step of the overall crystallization process for polyolefins, such as stabilized polypropylene, is generally slow and a relatively small number of nucleation sites are formed. These nucleation sites are the points at which spherulites start to grow during the subsequent crystallization step. Spherulites grow until they impinge upon other growing spherulites or until the melt solidifies. When spherulites are allowed to form naturally upon cooling of the melted thermoplastic the resultant percent of spherulitic material will depend upon the number of sites, cooling rate of the melt and, to a degree, any stress upon the melt that may induce spherulitic formation. The size and number of spherulites dictate the physical and optical properties of the semi-crystalline polymer. [0006] The number of heterogeneous nucleation sites can be increased, resulting in smaller spherulites at the impingement point and yielding a higher overall percentage of crystalline material, by the addition of nucleating and/or clarifying agents. When the size of the spherulites is relatively large the visible light is scattered and the polymer article appears hazy. If an agent produces a higher degree of crystallinity (improving physical properties) but does not reduce the spherulite size below the wavelength of incident light it is generally referred to as a “nucleating agent”. If an agent produces a higher degree of crystallinity (improving physical properties) and reduces the spherulite size to where it does not interfere with incident visible light (improving optical properties) it is generally referred to as a “clarifying agent”. As a general rule it may be stated that all clarifiers nucleate but not all nucleators clarify semi-crystalline plastics. Since clarifying agents are a subset of nucleators, the term nucleator will be used as a general category herein and therefore includes clarifying agents, as a sub-class, in their entirety. [0007] Enhanced heterogeneous nucleation raises the crystallization onset temperature of the resin. This can result in a reduced cycle time during processing and greater manufacturing efficiency. [0008] Nucleating agents are generally known in the polymer art. Sodium benzoate and talc have been known to nucleate polypropylene, and to some degree other polyolefins. Adipic acid has been shown to nucleate polyethylenes and other polyolefins. Substituted dibenzylic sorbitol esters as described by U.S. Pat. No. 5,135,975 are common in polyolefin applications and are commercially known as the Millad™ group of products produced by Milliken Chemicals (city/state). U.S. Pat. No. 5,342,868 describes the use various organophosphorous salts produced by Asahi Denka Kogyo K.K. (city/country) and sold commercially as NA-11, as nucleators for various semi-crystalline synthetic resins. The addition of nucleating agents to achieve robust heterogeneous nucleation is not a trivial exercise. Some nucleators, depending on processing temperatures, may co-melt with the polymer and are more easily dispersed than other nucleators that do not co-melt. The afore mentioned Millad™ materials, such as Millad 3988, 3940 and 3905 as well as adipic acid are representative of potentially co-melting nucleating agents. Though these additives have good affect on physical and optical properties of polypropylene, dispersion problems resulting in the appearance of white specks have been encountered. Processing at higher temperatures may reduce speck formation but may cause other problems like instability of the polymer and increased organoleptics and color. [0009] In the case of the phosphorous salts, talc and sodium benzoate these materials do not co-melt and dispersion is a result of the initial particle size and any pre-blending/compounding operation that may help dispersion. Sodium benzoate is particularly difficult to disperse and much expense is incurred grinding the material to a very fine particle size. This “micronized” sodium benzoate has the potential advantage of improved dispersion but suffers from handling issues associated with a low bulk density, lilting material. [0010] More shear intensive equipment may be used to disperse both the co-melting and non-melting additives. The need to have additional, specialized equipment can add significant cost. The high shear intensity of the mixing my have deleterious effects on the polymer—instability, shear heating and oxidization, color generation. [0011] Additionally end-users of resins (molders and extruders) may be required to purchase compounded masterbatches of nucleators where the dispersion is improved through an extra compounding step. There may also be limitations on the nucleator concentration and ability to blend nucleators with other additives in the masterbatch due to the potential to cause the additive to agglomerate. Additional processing steps can add significant cost. [0012] There is a need in the art for nucleating agents that can be readily dispersed in semi-crystalline polymers such as polyolefins, more specifically polypropylene to improve processing, physical and optical properties without causing other problems such as organoleptics and color. The benefits of improved dispersion can also allow for more flexibility in mixing operations and with masterbatching. [0013] As disclosed herein, it has been discovered that agents that nucleate crystal formation in semi-crystalline polymers can have improved efficiency and yield improvements on physical, processing and optical properties when combined with dispersing agents. Accordingly, the invention provides compositions comprising a semi-crystalline polymer, an effective amount of nucleating (clarifying) agent and an effective amount of dispersing agent. [0014] The inclusion of a dispersing agent in combination with a nucleating agent provides several enhanced physical, processing and optical properties of semi-crystalline polymers with less intensive, simpler mixing processes. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0015] Polymers suitable for use in the present invention include any semi-crystalline polymer. Non-limiting examples of semi-crystalline polymers include polyamides, polyvinylchloride, fluoropolymers, polyesters, polyolefins, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), liquid crystal polymers (LCP). Preferred semicrystalline polymers are polyolefins. Polyolefins useful in the composition of the invention include polymers and copolymers derived from one or ore olefinic monomer of the general formula CH 2 ═CKR″, wherein R″ is hydrogen or C 1-18 alkyl. Examples of such olefinic monomers include propylene, ethylene, and 1-butene, with propylene being generally preferred. Representative examples of polyolefins derived from such olefinic monomers include polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene-1, poly(3-methylbutene), poly(4-methylpentene) and copolymers of ethylene and propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 1=decene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, and 1-octadecene. [0016] The polyolefin may optionally comprise a copolymer derived from an olefinic monomer and one or more further comonomers that are copolymerizable with the olefinic monomer. These comonomers can be present in the polyolefin in an amount in the range from about 1 to 10 weight percent based on the total weight of the polyolefin. Useful such comonomers include, for example, vinyl ester monomers such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl chloroacetate, vinyl chloropropianate, acrylic and alpha-alkyl acrylic acid monomers, and their alkyl esters, amides, and nitriles such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, N,N-dimethyl acrylamide, methacrylamide, acylonitrile: vinyl aryl monomers such as styriene, o-methoxystyrene, p-methoxystyrene, and vinyl naphthalene; vinyl and vinlyidene halide monomers such as vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, and vinylidene bromide; alkyl ester monomers of maleic and fumaric acid such as dimethyl maleate, and diethyl maleate; vinyl alkyl ether monomers such as vinyl methyl ether, vinyl ethyl ether, vinyl isobutyl ether, and 2-chlorethyl vinyl ether; vinyl pyridine monomers; N-vinyl carbazole monomers, and N-vinyl pyrrolidine monomers. [0017] The polyolefins can also include blends of these polyolefins with other polyolefins or copolymers or blends thereof containing conventional adjuvants such as antioxidants, light stabilizers, acid neutralizers, fillers, antiblocking agents, antistatic agents, slip agents, coupling agents, and pigments. [0018] Nucleating agents useful in the composition are benzoic acid salts such as sodium benzoate, micronized sodium benzoate, Aluminium hydroxyl-bis(4tert-butylbenzoate) (tradename: Sandostab 4030). Minerals such as talc, ground talc, CaCO 3 , ground CaCO 3 . Organic acids such as adipic acid and terephthalic acid. Amide derivatives of carboxylic acids such as N,N′-dicyclohexyl-2-6-napthalene dicarboxamide (tradename: NJ Star NU-100). Mono- and di-substituted sorbitol esters such as dibenzylidene sorbitol (DBS, tradenames: EC-1, Gel All D, Irgaclear D, Millad 3905), NC-5), bis(p-ethylbenzylidene) sorbitol (tradename: NC-4), bis(p-methyl-dibenzylidene sorbitol (tradename: NC-6), bis (p-methyl-dibensylidene sorbitol) (MDBS, tradenames Gel All MD, Irgaclear DM, Millad 3940), bis(3,4-dimethyl dibenzylidene sorbitol) (DMDBS, tradename: Millad 3988). Hyperform® HPN-68L (proprietary structure: Milliken Chemicals). Experimental polyethylene nucleators from Milliken called “EXP” (proprietary structure: Milliken Chemicals). Phosphate esters such as sodium 2,2′-methylene-bis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate (tradename: NA-11). Those of skill in the art recognize that certain nucleating agents may fall into the category of clarifying agent as previously described herein. [0019] Other nucleating agents suitable for use with the present invention include those structures described by patents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,922,793, 5,929,146, 5,981,636, 6,096,811, all herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. [0020] In accordance with the present invention, dispersing agents are included to enhance the benefit of the nucleating agent in the semi-crystalline polymer. Non-limiting examples include block copolymers and fluoropolymers. Preferred fluoropolymer dispersing agents useful in the composition, comprise interpolymerized units derived from at lest one fluorinated, ethylenically unsaturated monomer, preferably two or more monomers, of the formula I: RCF═C(R) 2 wherein R is selected from H, F, Cl, alkyl of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, aryl of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, cyclic alkyl of from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or perfluoroalkyl of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. The R group preferably contains from 1 to 3 carbon atoms. In this monomer each R group may be different from one or more of the other R groups. [0021] The fluoropolymers may also comprise a copolymer derived from the interpolymerization of at least one formula I monomer with at least one non-fluorinated copolymerizable comonomer having the formula II: (R1) 2 C═C(R1) 2 wherein R1 is selected from H, Cl, or an alkyl group of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a cyclic alkyl group of from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or an aryl group of from 1 to 8 carbon atoms. R1 preferably contains from 1 to 3 carbon atoms. [0022] The fluoropolymers useful for this invention, as described above may be either amorphous or semi-crystalline polymers. Blends of the fluoropolymers may also be useful. Blends that create multi-modal molecular weight distributions may also be employed. Fluoropolymers with long chain branching may also be employed. [0023] Blends of the fluoropolymers described above with synergistic coagents include but not limited to polyether polyols such as poly(oxyalkalene), silicone-polyther copolymers, aliphatic polyesters such as poly(butylenes adipate), poly(lactic acid) and polycarpolactone polyesters, aromatic polyesters, amine oxides, carboxylic acids, fatty acid esters, fatty acid amines, carboxylic acid salts such as zinc stearate, ionomers and ionomers with the acid functional group neutralized through metal salts of various types. [0024] Block copolymers may also be utilized as dispersing agents. The block copolymers are capable of dispersing the nucleating agent in a continuous matrix of a semi-crystalline polymer. In one sense, and without intending to limit the scope of the present invention, Applicants believe that the block copolymers may act as a dispersant in order to consistently distribute the nucleating agents throughout the compatible mixture. [0025] Preferred examples of block copolymers include di-block copolymers, tri-block copolymers, random block copolymers, graft-block copolymers, star-branched copolymers or hyper-branched copolymers. Additionally, block copolymers may have end functional groups. [0026] Block copolymers are generally formed by sequentially polymerizing different monomers. Useful methods for forming block copolymers include, for example, anionic, cationic, coordination, and free radical polymerization methods. Non-limiting examples of block copolymers are detailed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/280,924 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/276,305, all of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. Any amount of block copolymer may be used, however, typically the block copolymer is included in an amount in a range of up to 10% by weight. [0027] The semi-crystalline polymer and the modifying agent described above can be made by dry blending the components together and subsequently extruding through various processes such as single screw and twin screw extrusion, internal batch mixers, batch/continuous mixing combinations, Banbury mixers, chaotic mixers. To affect dispersion the mixing device employed in these apparatuses may contain mixing elements such as pin, Maddox and pineapple mixing sections. Those of skill in the art recognize that the combination or order of addition of the components of the present invention may vary depending on specific polymers, processing conditions, processing equipment or combinations thereof. [0028] Extruded compositions as described above may be shaped into films, extrusion blow molding articles, pipe, wire and cable extrusion, and fiber production. [0029] Without extrusion melt processing, the composition described above may be added directly to an injection molding process. This results in the elimination of a heat-processing step. Process steps that employ heat can adversely affect the semi-crystalline polymer by causing thermal and/or oxidative degradation. [0030] The composition described above can also be dry blended together, extruded, and then injection molded or injection blow molded into a suitable shape. [0031] In an alternative embodiment, the dispersion agent and the nucleating agent may be incorporated into a single composition during the manufacture of either the dispersion agent or the nucleating agent. [0032] The amount of nucleating agent used in the above composition depends on the type of nucleating material (non-melting or co-melting), availability of nucleation sites, dispersability and amount of physical, processing and optical property enhancement desired. In general the composition affords lower use level, less work in dispersion and improvement in physical properties on a same weight percent concentration basis compared to the use of nucleating agent alone. Typically nucleating agents of the classes described above are used in concentrations ranging from 0.01 up to 5% by weight. More specifically the sorbitol ester, phosphate ester, carboxylic (including benzoic) acid derivatives and materials described by U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,922,793, 5,929,146, 5,981,636, 6,096,811 are utilized in a concentration range of 0.1 to 0.5 weight percent. Talc and CaCO 3 may be used at higher levels to affect nucleation and physical property generation. Specific levels for these minerals may range from 0.5 to 5 percent by weight. [0033] The amount of fluoropolymer in the melt-processible polymer composition is typically relatively low. The exact amount used may be varied depending upon whether the melt-processible composition is to be extruded into its final form (e.g., a pellet, sheet) or whether it is to be used as a masterbatch or processing additive which is to be further diluted with additional host polymer before being extruded into its final form. Generally, the fluoropolymer comprises from about 0.005 to 50 weight percent of the melt processible polymer composition. If the melt processible polymer composition is a masterbatch or processing additive, the amount of fluoropolymer may vary between about 2 to 50 weight percent of the composition. If the melt processible polymer composition is to be extruded into final form and is not further diluted by the addition of host polymer, it typically contains a lower concentration of fluoropolymer, e.g., about 0.005 to 2 weight percent, and preferably about 0.01 and 0.2 weight percent of the melt-processible composition. In any event, the upper concentration of fluoropolymer used is generally determined by economic limitations rather than by any adverse physical effect of the concentration of the fluoropolymer.	A polymer modifying agent composition, a polymer composition that uses the modifying agent composition and a method of improving the processing, physical and optical properties of a thermoplastic polymer are provided. The polymer modifying agent composition comprises a nucleating and/or clarifying agent and a dispersing agent.	2
CLAIM FOR PRIORITY [0001] This application claims priority to International Application No. PCT/DE00/04384 which was published in the German language on Jun. 14, 2001. TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The invention relates to a method for generating an error signal, and in particular, to generating an error signal that characterizes a fault current in an electric conductor. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Such a method is known from the printed publication “Charge comparison protection of transmission lines—relaying concepts” (Ernst, Hinman, Quan, Thorp; IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 7, No. 4, Oct. 1992, pages 1834 to 1846). In this previously known method, the respective current is sampled at each end of a conductor, current samples being formed. The samples are picked up in this case at a time interval of 0.5 ms. The samples thereby produced are integrated individually at the conductor ends with the formation of measured charge values, the integration period corresponding to half a cycle length of the current—there being an alternating current with a fundamental frequency of 60 Hz in the previously known method. The integration intervals always start and end in this case with zero crossings of the alternating current measured at the respective conductor end. The measured charge values formed in this way are summed, specifically, on the one hand, with the formation of a scalar sum (“sum of absolute magnitudes”), by summing the measured charge values without taking account of the respective signs—that is without taking account of the flow of charge—and, on the other hand, with the formation of an arithmetic sum (“absolute magnitude of the sum of the signed magnitudes”)—termed total measured part value below—by virtue of the fact that the measured charged values are summed taking account of the respective sign. The error signal is generated whenever the total measured charge value (arithmetic sum) exceeds a threshold value dependent on the scalar sum, that is adapted to the respective measuring situation. [0004] Furthermore, such a method is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,939,617. In this method, an error signal is generated upon the occurrence of an internal error on a power transmission line. For this purpose, measured current values are detected at both ends of the conductor, and these are integrated over a duration of half a cycle. The measured charge values detected in this way are transmitted via a communication line between the charge measuring devices in both directions, that is both from the first charge measuring instrument to the second charge measuring device, and vice versa. A tripping value (“restraint value”) is formed in evaluation devices assigned to the respective measuring instruments as the sum of the measured charge value of the first measuring instrument and the measured charge value of the second measuring instrument, by adding the measured values without taking account of their respective signs. Moreover, a reference value (“operate value”) is formed as a sum by adding the two measured charge values with the correct signs. This operate value is multiplied by a factor, for example 3, a weighted reference value being formed. An error signal specifying an internal fault on the power transmission line is generated whenever the operate value assumes a value that is greater than the restraint value. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0005] The invention relates to a method for generating an error signal that characterizes a fault current in an electric conductor having at least two conductor ends, and conducting an alternating current and having charge measuring devices that are connected to one another via data lines, and of which respectively one is fitted at each end of the conductor, in which method the charge measuring devices are used to measure measured charge values that in each case specify the charge quantity flowing through the respective conductor end during a prescribed measuring period, a total measured charge value is formed by addition with the aid of the measured charge values taking account of the direction of the flow of charge, and the error signal is generated when the total measured charge value exceeds in absolute terms threshold value set as a function of the respective magnitude of the alternating current. [0006] The invention discloses a method that detects errors more reliably than in the prior art. [0007] In one embodiment of the invention, the measurement of the measured charge values is carried out in a time-synchronized fashion and is repeated regularly such that the time interval between two sequential measurements is smaller in each case than the prescribed measuring period. [0008] An advantage of the method according to the invention is that it can be used to detect errors in a particularly reliable fashion. By contrast with the previously known method, the measurements of the measured charge values are carried out not separately one after another, but in a temporally overlapping fashion. The result of this is that substantially more measured charge values are detected per period, and thus there is a much larger “database” available for error detection than heretofore. This may be illustrated with the aid of a numerical example: in the previously known methods, the measured charge values are always formed with reference to the length of half a period, such that—per period—a maximum of two measured charge values per conductor end are available for evaluation. By contrast, in the case of the method according to the invention the measured charge values are formed with the aid of temporally overlapping measuring windows by which any desired number of measured charge values may be formed, depending on the degree of the prescribed overlap. This leads overall to a larger quantity of data or database that can be evaluated, and thus to a higher reliability in the formation of the error signal. [0009] In one aspect of the invention, if the measured charge values are formed by integration of measured current variables (in analog or digital terms), which have been generated with the aid of current transformers, measuring errors can arise owing to current transformer saturation. In order to avoid measuring errors owing to current transformer saturation, it is advantageous when the prescribed measuring period—that is, the measuring window for the measurement of the charge quantities—is significantly shorter than half the current cycle length, so that, if appropriate, the error signal can be generated before the current transformers go into saturation. According to the invention, the prescribed measuring period corresponds approximately to a quarter of the current cycle length. Such a length of measuring window is long enough in order to obtain measured charge values that can be evaluated effectively and, in turn, short enough to be able to generate the measuring signal reliably before the onset of current transformer saturation. [0010] In one aspect of the invention, it is advantageous if the time interval between two temporally partially overlapping measurements is approximately half as long as the prescribed measuring period (same length of the measuring window). This means in the case of a measuring-window length that corresponds to a quarter of the cycle length of the current that approximately 8 measured charge values are generated per period, as a result of which a satisfactory reliability is achieved in the formation of the error signal. [0011] The formation of the measured charge values can be performed in this case in a particularly simple way by analog integration of analog current signals or by digital integration of digital measured current values. [0012] In another aspect of the invention, if the total measured charge value is formed in one of the charge measuring devices, that is in a selected charge measuring device, it is advantageous when in the case of a conductor having at least three conductor ends there is transmitted to the selected charge measuring device an intermediate value that is formed by addition in advance from the measured charge values of the remaining charge measuring devices and the total measured charge value is formed by addition with the aid of the measured charge value of the selected charge measuring device and with the aid of the intermediate value. In accordance with this embodiment, throughput is saved because with reference to the selected charge measuring device there is no need to transmit the measured charge values of all remaining charge measuring devices—that is a multiplicity of measured values—but only a single measured value, specifically the intermediate value. [0013] Alternatively, it is advantageous when in the case of a conductor with at least three conductor ends two intermediate values are transmitted to the selected charge measuring device A first intermediate value, which is formed by addition from the measured charge values of a first group of the remaining charge measuring devices, and a second intermediate value, which is formed by addition from the measured charge values of a second group of the remaining charge measuring devices. The second group including charge measuring devices apart from the selected charge measuring device and the charge measuring devices of the first group, the total measured charge value is formed by addition with the aid of the measured charge value of the selected charge measuring device and two intermediate values. This alternative embodiment of the method according to the invention can be used with particular advantage however, when, for the purpose of data exchange, the charge measuring devices are connected to one another by a data line with the formation of a “chain”, and the selected charge measuring device is an inner chain link of this chain thus formed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0014] In order to explain the invention, [0015] [0015]FIG. 1 shows an exemplary embodiment of an arrangement for carrying out the method according to the invention. [0016] [0016]FIG. 2 shows an exemplary embodiment of an arrangement for carrying out the method according to the invention. [0017] [0017]FIG. 3 shows an exemplary embodiment of a charge measuring device for carrying out the method according to the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0018] [0018]FIG. 1 shows an arrangement 3 for monitoring an electric conductor 6 for a fault current. The electric conductor 6 has a total of five conductor ends, specifically a first conductor end 9 , a second conductor end 12 , a third conductor end 15 , a fourth conductor end 18 and a fifth conductor end 21 . At each of the conductor ends 9 , 12 , 15 , 18 and 21 in each case is a charge measuring device, the charge measuring devices being connected to one another via data lines—for example optical glass fibers. In this case, the first conductor end 9 is connected to a selected first charge measuring device 30 , and a further charge measuring device 33 , 36 , 39 and 42 is respectively connected to the remaining conductor ends 12 , 15 , 18 and 21 . [0019] The first charge measuring device 30 is connected with your measured value input E 30 a to a measured value output A 33 a of the first further charge measuring device 33 —denoted below for short as second charge measuring device 33 . Arranged with your measured value output A 36 a upstream of the latter at a measured value input E 33 a is the second, of the further charge measuring devices 36 —designated below for short as third charge measuring device 36 . [0020] Furthermore, the first charge measuring device 30 is connected with a further measured value input E 30 b to a measured value output A 39 a of the third of the further charge measuring devices 39 —designated below for short as fourth charge measuring device 39 . Arranged with your measured value output A 42 a upstream of the latter at a measured value input E 39 a is the fourth of the further charge measuring devices 42 —designated below for short as fifth charge measuring device 42 . [0021] The five charge measuring devices 30 , 33 , 36 , 39 and 42 are therefore connected to one another in a chain-shaped structure, the third charge measuring device 36 and the fifth charge measuring device 42 in the chain forming outlying charge measuring devices, and the first charge measuring device 30 , the second charge measuring device 33 and the fourth charge measuring device 39 in the chain forming internal charge measuring devices. [0022] The arrangement 3 is used to monitor the electric conductor 6 for a fault current in the way described below. [0023] A clock signal T A is transmitted to the charge measuring devices with the aid of a clock generator (not illustrated). This clock signal T A ensures that the charge measuring devices in each case determine the charge quantity flowing through their respective conductor end during a prescribed measuring period in a time-synchronous fashion, that is at the same instant. [0024] After the charge measuring devices have now measured at one instant the charge quantities or charges QA′ . . . , QE′ at their respective conductor ends 9 , 12 , 15 , 18 , 21 , the procedure is as follows: [0025] The measured charge value IC, corresponding to the charge QC′ at the conductor end 15 , of the third charge measuring device 36 is output at the measured value output A 36 a of the third charge measuring device 36 and transmitted to the measured value input E 33 a of the second charge measuring device 33 . This second charge measuring device 33 adds to the measured charge value QB corresponding to the charge QB′ flowing through its conductor end 12 the measured charge value QC transmitted by the third charge measuring device 36 , this being done with the aid of an arithmetic unit (not illustrated in FIG. 1) with the formation of an aggregate measured charge value QC+QB. This aggregate measured charge value QC+QB is transmitted from the second charge measuring device 33 to the first charge measuring device 30 . [0026] The fifth charge measuring device 42 at the fifth conductor end 21 , and the fourth charge measuring device 39 at the fourth conductor end 18 operate exactly like the second and the third charge measuring devices, that is in each case they add with the correct sign the measured charge value of their own charge measuring device to a measured charge value, present at their measured value input, of the charge measuring device, possibly respectively connected upstream, while taking account of the respective direction of the flow of charge, and output the resulting aggregate measured charge value as measured value at their measured value output. [0027] Consequently, a first intermediate value, which includes of the measured charge values QB and QC, passes to one measured value input E 30 a of the first charge measuring device 30 , and a second intermediate value, which includes the measured charge values QE and QD, passes to the further measured value input E 30 b of the first charge measuring device 30 . [0028] Thereupon, a total measured charge value is formed in the first charge measuring device 30 by adding the first and the second intermediate values and the measured charge value QA specifying the charge QA′ at the conductor end 9 ; this total measured charge value is equal to QA+QB+QC+QD+QE. [0029] The total measured charge value QA+QB+ . . . +QE is zero in accordance with Kirchhoff's law when no fault current has occurred. If the total measured charge value is not zero or if it exceeds a prescribed threshold value, then a fault current has occurred. In this case, a fault current is understood to be a current which flows off from the line 6 or is fed into the line 6 at a fault location, for example a short circuit location, that is not at one of the conductor ends 9 , 12 , 15 , 18 , or 21 . Both types of fault currents are reflected in the total measured charge value of the charge measuring device 30 , and this can be established by comparing the total measured charge value with a threshold value that is approximately zero. An error signal is generated by the charge measuring device 30 if the total measured charge value exceeds the prescribed threshold value. [0030] Thus, the selected first charge measuring device 30 uses the total measured charge value to establish whether an error current has occurred by comparison with the threshold value. It is possible in this case, for example, to establish in a DC system not only whether a fault has occurred, but also what type of fault when the respective sign of the total measured charge value is further evaluated, after the absolute value of the total measured charge value has been compared with the prescribed threshold value. Specifically, the sign indicates—depending on its assignment to a current direction—whether the error current has flowed into or out of the line 6 . [0031] The threshold value with which the total measured charge value QA+ . . . QE is compared, can be permanently prescribed, for example. In order, however, to be able to generate error signals in a particularly reliable fashion, it is preferable when the threshold value is automatically adapted to the respective “measuring situation”. This can be achieved by individually adapting the threshold value of a conductor end to the accuracy of the charge measuring devices (in particular, including the assigned current transformer). The aim is therefore to form the error signal when the total measured charge value QA+ . . . QE is greater than a permanently prescribed minimum threshold Qmin and greater than a total system error ΔQdiff. The term total system error is understood to be an error that is formed by an estimate of the maximum possible measuring error of the overall measuring arrangement. The total system error ΔQdiff is to be formed in this case in accordance with Δ   Qdiff = ∑  all   charge  measuring  devices  Δ   Qdiff  total   error  of   the   respective  charge   measuring  device + ∑  all connections  Δ   Qdiff synchronization [0032] The component ΔQdiff synchronization takes account in this case of synchronization errors in the synchronization of the charge measuring devices. Such errors occur whenever the measured charge values are not measured time-synchronously. The component ΔQdiff total error of the respective charge measuring device specifies the measuring error of the respective charge measuring device. This measuring error ΔQdiff total error of the respective charge measuring device is composed, in turn, of two components, specifically: QQdif total error of the respective charge measuring device =QQdif measuring error +QQdif intergration [0033] [0033] with   Δ   Qdiff measuring   error = k · T  MAX measuring   interval  [  i  I nominal ] , [0034] k being a parameter specifying the measuring inaccuracy (tolerance) of the respective charge measuring device, T denoting the length of the measuring interval (measuring window) during the charge measurement, and MAX measuring   interval  [  i  I nominal ] [0035] specifying the maximum current value in the measuring interval referred to the nominal current I nominal (normalized). ΔQdiff measuring error in this case therefore denotes the fraction of the total error of the respective charge measuring device that originates from the measuring inaccuracy k during the current measurement. This fraction increases with rising current as a function of the individual measuring inaccuracy k of the respective charge measuring device. [0036] The component ΔQdiff integration as a fraction of the total error of the respective charge measuring device takes account of the integration error occurring depending on the integration method, which error can, in turn, differ individually with the charge measuring device. The component ΔQdiff integration is relevant when the measured charge values are obtained by integration from measured current values. [0037] To be able to form the total system error ΔQdiff in the charge measuring device 30 , the “measuring error” ΔQdiff measuring error +ΔQdiff integration is determined, which is individual for each charge measuring device, and to transmit it to the charge measuring device 30 . How this is done is now to be explained below. The following abbreviations are introduced for this purpose: Δ   QA = Δ   Qdiff  measuring   error  of   the   charge measuring   device   30 + Δ   Qdiff  integration   error  of   the   charge measuring   device   30 Δ   QA = Δ   Qdiff  measuring   error  of   the   charge measuring   device   30 + Δ   Qdiff  integration   error  of   the   charge measuring   device   33 Δ   QA = Δ   Qdiff  measuring   error  of   the   charge measuring   device   30 + Δ   Qdiff  integration   error  of   the   charge measuring   device   36 Δ   QA = Δ   Qdiff  measuring   error  of   the   charge measuring   device   30 + Δ   Qdiff  integration   error  of   the   charge measuring   device   39 Δ   QA = Δ   Qdiff  measuring   error  of   the   charge measuring   device   30 + Δ   Qdiff  integration   error  of   the   charge measuring   device   42 [0038] Thus, in addition to the respective measured charge value QA, QB, . . . QD the respective measuring errors ΔQA, ΔQB, ΔQC, ΔQD and ΔQE are likewise now formed in each of the charge measuring instruments in accordance with the above stipulations, and treated in each case exactly as the respective measured charge value. This means that the third charge measuring device 36 transmits its measuring error ΔQC to the second charge measuring device 33 . The latter adds its own measuring error ΔQB to the received measuring error ΔQC, and transmits the aggregate measuring error ΔQB+ΔQC to the first charge measuring device 30 . In the same way, the first charge measuring device 30 receives the aggregate measuring error ΔQD+ΔQE of the measuring errors of the fourth and fifth charge measuring devices 39 and 42 . [0039] The “total measuring error” ΔQ total can be formed in the first charge measuring device 30 in accordance with ΔQ total =ΔQA+ΔQB+ΔQC+ΔQD+ΔQE [0040] In order to form the total system error ΔQ diff , it is then necessary to add the synchronization error to the total measuring error ΔQ total in accordance with: Δ   Qdiff = Δ   Qtotal + ∑ all   connections  Δ   Qdiff synchronization  . [0041] The calculation of the synchronization error is explained in conjunction with FIG. 3. [0042] If the total system error ΔQ diff in the first charge measuring device 30 is to hand, the total measured charge value QA+ . . . QE is compared with a prescribed minimum threshold value Q min and with the total system error ΔQ diff , and the error signal is generated when it holds that: QA+ . . . QE>Q min and QA+ . . . QE>ΔQ diff [0043] [0043]FIG. 2 shows a second exemplary embodiment of an arrangement with the aid of which the method according to the invention can be carried out. Charge measuring devices 100 , 103 , 106 and 109 are connected to one another electrically in a chain-shaped structure by means of data lines 112 . In this case, two charge measuring devices specifically the charge measuring devices 100 and 109 , are situated at the outer end of the chain, and two charge measuring devices, specifically the charge measuring devices 103 and 106 , are situated in the interior of the chain. [0044] The first internal charge measuring device 103 is connected with its measured value input E 103 a to a measured value output A 100 a of the charge measuring device 100 connected upstream of it. Connected downstream of the first internal charge measuring device 103 at its measured value output A 103 a is a measured value input E 106 a of the second internal charge measuring device 106 downstream of which, in turn, there is connected at its measured value output A 106 a a measured value input E 109 a of the second outlying charge measuring device 109 . The second outlying charge measuring device 109 also has a measured value output A 109 b that is connected to a further measured value input E 106 b of the second internal charge measuring device 106 . This second internal charge measuring device 106 is, moreover, connected with a further measured value output A 106 b to a further measured value input E 103 b of the first internal charge measuring device 103 . This first internal charge measuring device 103 is also connected, with a further measured value output A 103 b , to a measured value input E 100 b of the first outlying charge measuring device 100 . [0045] There is also a further data line 115 , specifically a duplex line, between the first outlying charge measuring device 100 and the second outlying charge measuring device 109 . [0046] Each of the charge measuring devices 100 , 103 , 106 and 109 is, moreover, respectively connected to one conductor end of the electric line 130 indicated schematically in FIG. 2—which has four conductor ends 120 , 123 , 126 and 129 , and measures the charge QA′, QB′, QC′ or QD′ flowing through its conductor end, forming the measured charge values QA, QB, QC or QD in the process. In this case, the first outlying charge measuring device 100 measures the measured charge value or the measured charge values QA at the first conductor end 120 , the first internal charge measuring device 103 measures the measured charge value or the measured charge values QB at the second conductor end 123 , the second internal charge measuring device 106 measures the measured charge value or measured charge values QC at the third conductor end 126 , and the second outlying charge measuring device 109 measures the measured charge value or measured charge values QD at the fourth conductor end 129 . [0047] The arrangement in accordance with FIG. 2 is operated as follows: the measured charge value QA measured with the aid of the first outlying charge measuring device 100 is transmitted to one measured value input E 103 a of the first internal charge measuring device 103 via the data line 112 . Formed in the latter device from its own measured charge value QB and from the measured value QA of the first outlying charge measuring device 100 is an aggregate measured charge value QA+QB that is transmitted as measured value QA+QB to one measured value input E 106 a of the second internal charge measuring device 106 . Formed in the second internal charge measuring device 106 from the measured value QA+QB and its own measured charge value QC is a new aggregate measured charge value QA+QB+QC that is transmitted as measured value to one measured value input E 109 a of the second outlying charge measuring device 109 . A total current value QA+QB+QC+QD is formed in this charge measuring device 109 from the measured value QA+QB+QC and its own measured charge value QD. The charge measuring device 109 generates an error signal S for a fault current at a control output (not illustrated) when the total current value QA+QB+QC+QD exceeds the prescribed minimum threshold value Q min and the total system error ΔQ diff . The total system error is determined in this case exactly as was explained in conjunction with FIG. 1, specifically by taking account of the measuring errors ΔQA, ΔQB, . . . ΔQD of individual charge measuring instruments, as well as of the synchronization error occurring. Of course, in order to render this possible it is necessary also to transmit the corresponding measuring errors ΔQA, ΔQB, . . . ΔQD of individual charge measuring instruments, doing so in each case with the charge values QA, QB, . . . QD, as was explained in conjunction with FIG. 1. For reasons of clarity, the specification of the corresponding reference symbols ΔQA, ΔQB, . . . ΔQD was dispensed with in FIG. 2. [0048] At the same time, the measured charge value QD of the second outlying charge measuring device 109 is transmitted as further measured value to the further measured value input E 106 b of the second internal charge measuring device 106 . Thus, in the second internal charge measuring device 106 one measured value QA+QB of the first internal charge measuring device 103 is present at one measured value input E 106 a , and the further measured value QD is present at the further measured value input E 106 b . The total measured charge value QA+QB+QC+QD is formed in the charge measuring device 106 from the two measured values and its own measured charge value QC, and the error signal is formed as soon as the total measured charge value QA+QB+QC+QD exceeds the prescribed minimum threshold value Q min and the total system error ΔQ diff . The error signal S is then output at a control output (not illustrated). Also formed in the charge measuring device 106 from the further measured value QD present at the further measured value input E 106 b and its own measured charge value QC is a further, aggregate measured charge value QC+QD, which is output at the further measured value output A 106 b and transmitted to the first internal charge measuring device 103 . [0049] One measured value QA of the first outlying charge measuring device 100 is now present in the first internal charge measuring device 103 at one measured value input E 103 a , and the further measured value QC+QD is present at the further measured value input E 103 b . The total measured charge value QA+QB+QC+QD is formed in the charge measuring device 103 from the two measured values QA and QC+QD and its own measured charge value QB, and the error signal is formed as soon as the total measured charge value QA+QB+QC+QD exceeds the prescribed minimum threshold value Q min and the total system error ΔQ diff . The error signal S is then output at a control output (not illustrated). Moreover, there is formed in the charge measuring device 103 from the further measured value QC+QD, present at the further measured value input E 103 b , and its own measured charge value QB a further aggregate measured charge value QB+QC+QD that is output at the further measured value output A 103 b to the first outlying charge measuring device 100 . [0050] The measured value QB+QC+QD of the first internal charge measuring device 103 is now present at the measured value input E 100 b in the first outlying charge measuring device 100 . The total measured charge value QA+QB+QC+QD is formed in the first outlying charge measuring device 100 from the measured value QB+QC+QD and its own measured charge value QA, and the error signal is formed as soon as the total charge value QA+QB+QC+QD exceeds the prescribed minimum threshold value Q min and the total system error ΔQ diff ; the error signal S is then output at a control output (not illustrated). [0051] Thus, there is transmitted to each of the charge measuring devices a measured value or two measured values with the aid of which each of the charge measuring devices is capable, using its own measured charge value, of determining the total measured charge value and generating the error signal. [0052] The total measured charge value is transmitted in each case for control purposes via the further data line 115 between two outlying charge measuring devices 100 and 109 . A check is made for this purpose in the two charge measuring devices as to whether the total measured charge value transmitted by the respective other outlying charge measuring device corresponds to its own total measured charge value. Should this not be the case, an alarm signal is generated that specifies a fault in the measuring arrangement. A further advantage of the further data line 115 includes the arrangement in accordance with FIG. 2 continuing to be operated even when a data line 112 between two adjacent charge measuring devices is interrupted, because in such a case the further data line 115 can be used as substitute for the interrupted data line 112 . [0053] The one and the further arithmetic unit can be formed, for example, by a DP system or by a microprocessor arrangement. [0054] [0054]FIG. 3 shows an exemplary embodiment of a charge measuring device as it can be used in the arrangements in accordance with FIGS. 1 and 2. In this case, the explanation proceeds on the basis of the charge measuring device 103 in accordance with FIG. 2 and, for the sake of simplifying understanding of FIG. 3, the same reference numerals as in FIG. 2 are used in FIG. 3 for components already explained in conjunction with FIG. 2. [0055] The charge measuring device 103 has one current input I 103 a and a further current input I 103 b , with the aid of which inputs the charge measuring device 103 is connected to the conductor end 123 of the line 130 in accordance with FIG. 2. Connected to the two current inputs I 103 a and I 103 b is a measuring unit 73 downstream of which there is arranged an adder 76 as arithmetic unit with an input E 76 a , a further adder 77 as further arithmetic unit with an input E 77 a , and a control unit 78 with an input E 78 a . The adder 76 is connected with a further input E 76 b to one measured value input E 103 a of the charge measuring device 103 and, with an output A 76 , to one measured value output A 103 a of the charge measuring device 103 . [0056] The further adder 77 is connected with a further input E 77 b to the further measured value input E 103 b of the charge measuring device 103 and, with an output A 77 , to the further measured value output A 103 b of the charge measuring device 103 . [0057] A further input E 78 b of the control unit 78 is connected with one measured value input E 103 a of the charge measuring device 103 . An additional measured value input E 78 c of the control unit 78 is connected to the further measured value input E 103 b of the charge measuring device 103 . [0058] The measuring unit 73 is used to measure the current IB′ at the conductor end 123 and to form a measured current value IB corresponding to the current IB′. The measured current values IB that are formed during a prescribed measuring period T or during a prescribed measuring window, are integrated in the measuring unit 73 with the formation of a measured charge value QB. QB = ∫ t0 t1  IB  ( t )    t   ( to  :   start   of   measuring   window , t1  :   end   of   measuring   window ) [0059] Consequently, this measured charge value QB then specifies the charge QB′ that has flowed through the conductor end 123 during the measuring period T=t1−to. [0060] The measuring period T or the length of the measuring window is in this case T = 1 f · 1 4 = 5   ms [0061] (50 Hz alternating current), f denoting the fundamental frequency of the alternating current IB′ and being able, for example, to be 50 Hz or 60 Hz. The charge measurement is repeated cyclically in this case, the aim being for the measuring windows to overlap. Particularly good results are achieved in generating the error signal S when the measuring windows are displaced by, for example, ⅛ of the period of the alternating current IB′ (=45° displacement). Thus, a 45° displacement of the measuring window is understood to mean that the respective next charge measurement is to be performed temporally in the middle of the respective preceding charge measurement: QB  ( to ) = ∫ to - T / 2 to + T / 2  IB  ( t )    t   ( preceding   measurement ) QB  ( to + Δ   t ) = ∫ to to + T  IB  ( t )   t   ( respective   next   measurement ) , [0062] Δt denoting the time offset of the measuring windows, and T denoting the length of the measuring windows; it is therefore to hold that: Δ   t = T 2 = 2.5   ms   ( at   50   Hz ) . [0063] This measured charge value QB thus formed also passes to the arithmetic unit 76 in which from this and one measured charge value QA at one measured value input E 103 a an aggregate measured charge value QA+QB is formed, and the latter is transmitted as measured value to one measured value output A 103 a of the charge measuring device 103 . [0064] The measured charge value QB thus formed passes to the further arithmetic unit 77 , in which a further aggregate measured charge value QB+QC+QD is formed from the further measured value QC+QD at the further measured value input E 103 b of the charge measuring device 103 and from the measured charge value QB, and is output as measured value at the further measured value output A 103 b of the charge measuring device 103 . [0065] Furthermore, the measured charge value QB is transmitted to the control unit 78 in which a total measured charge value QA+QB+QC+QD is formed from its own measured charge value QB, one measured value QA and the further measured value QC+QD. [0066] This total measured charge value QA+ . . . +QD is compared in the control unit 78 with a threshold value adapted to the measuring situation. If the total measured charge value exceeds this threshold value, there is output at a control signal output S 103 of the current measuring device 103 a signal S that marks a fault current in the line 130 . How the comparison with the threshold value is carried out in detail will be described below: [0067] Also formed in the measuring unit 73 is the measuring error ΔQB of the charge measuring device 103 , this being done in accordance with: Δ   QB = k B · T · MAX measuring   interval   T  [  IB  I nominal ] + Δ   Q  integration  error   of   the  charge measuring   device   103 [0068] k B (typically 0.2) specifying the measuring inaccuracy or measuring tolerance of the charge measuring device 103 . T is 5 ms, and I nominal is a prescribed nominal current that is prescribed through the conductor 6 . The integration error is a function of the type of integration method and is dependent on the measured current values IB. [0069] The measuring error ΔQB passes to the arithmetic unit 76 in which it is added to the measuring error ΔQA present on the input side. The measuring error sum ΔQA+ΔQB is output at the measured value output A 103 a of the charge measuring device 103 . [0070] The measuring error ΔQB also passes to the further adder 77 , in which the aggregate measured value ΔQC+ΔQD from the measured value input E 103 B is added to the measuring error ΔQB. The aggregate measured value ΔQB+ΔQC+ΔQD is output at the further measured value output A 103 b of the charge measuring device 103 . [0071] Moreover, the measuring error ΔQB passes to the control unit 78 in which a total measuring error ΔQA+ . . . +ΔQD is formed by summing the measuring errors ΔQA, ΔQB, ΔQC and ΔQD present there on the input side. [0072] The total system error ΔQ diff is then formed in the control unit 78 with the aid of this total measuring error, in accordance with: Δ   Q diff = Δ   QA + …   Δ   QD + ∑ all   connections  Δ   Qdiff synchronization  , ∑ all   connections  QQdif synchronization [0073] being a variable that is permanently stored in the control unit 78 and specifies the error caused by defective synchronization between the charge measuring units. ∑ all   connections  QQdif synchronization [0074] can, however, also be formed in the control unit 78 as follows: ∑ all   connections  QQdif synchronization = k sync · Δ   T sync · ( Δ   QA + … + Δ   QD ) [0075] ΔT synch denoting the estimated maximum temporal synchronization error, stored in the control unit 78 , between the individual clock signals T A , and k sync being a factor that can be calculated, for example, as follows: k sync = 1 T · Min ( measuring   inaccuracies   of   all participating   charge   measuring   instruments [0076] If T= 5 ms and the minimal measuring inaccuracy (measuring tolerance) of the participating charge measuring devices (reference numerals 30 , 33 , 36 , 39 and 42 in FIG. 1 and reference numerals 100 , 103 , 106 and 109 in FIG. 2) is 0.2, it follows that k sync is 1000 1/s. [0077] The error signal S is subsequently formed when the total measured charge value QA+ . . .QD is greater than the permanently prescribed minimum threshold Q min and greater than the total system error ΔQdiff. [0078] The current measuring device 103 also has a terminal Q 1 that is connected to the control unit 78 . If the current measuring device 103 is to be operated as an outlying current measuring device 100 or 109 in accordance with FIG. 2, the current measuring device can be connected via this terminal Q 1 to the respective other outlying current measuring device via the further data line 115 for transmitting the total charge value QA+ . . . +QD. A comparison is then made in the control unit 78 as to whether its own total charge value is equal to the transmitted total measured charge value of the other outlying current measuring device. Should this not be the case, there is output at a further terminal Q 2 an alarm signal A which specifies that a fault has occurred in the measuring arrangement. [0079] The current measuring device 103 has a clock input T 103 with the aid of which it is connected to a clock generator. The formation of the measured current values IB and the measured charge values QB is therefore performed synchronously in time with the remaining charge measuring devices in accordance with FIGS. 1 and 2. The clock synchronization can also be performed in another way via the data lines, for example via data lines as described in the printed publication mentioned at the beginning (for example ping-pong method). [0080] The one and the further arithmetic units 76 and 77 as well as the control unit 78 can be formed by a DP system, for example a microprocessor arrangement.	The invention relates to a method for generating an error signal which characterizes a fault current in an electrical conductor ( 130 ) provided with two conductor ends ( 120, 123, 126, 129 ) and comprising charge measuring devices ( 100, 103, 106, 109 ) which are connected to each other by data lines (112). At least one device is attached to each end of the conductor. In the inventive method, charge measuring values are determined using charge measuring devices. The measured charge values take into account the direction of the charge flow a total measured charge value is formed by addition. Said error signal is generated when the total measured charge value exceeds a certain threshold value. According to the invention, the measured charge values are determined synchronously and determined repeatedly at regular intervals in such a way that the time interval between each sequential determination is smaller than the predefined measuring period.	7
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION The present application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/846,814 filed Mar. 6, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,277,493, entitled ANALYTICAL SAMPLE PREPARATION SYSTEM which, in turn, is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 07/664,052 filed Mar. 1, 1991, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,269,827, also entitled ANALYTICAL SAMPLE PREPARATION SYSTEM. The present application is assigned to the assignee of both of the above applications. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The apparatus of the present invention is commonly referred to as a "fluxer." In this type of apparatus, a sample is heated to a molten state in a crucible and is then either poured into a casting dish to prepare a solid glass-like disc for analysis by instrumental techniques or the heated sample is poured into an acid solution contained in a beaker for analysis. Some of the devices known in the past would add materials to the crucibles while the crucibles were above and being heated by the burners. Also, the molten contents of the crucible was poured into a casting dish above the burner, the burner being used to heat the crucible and the casting dish. A fluxer usually contained several burners and facilitates for supporting several crucibles. If the apparatus was prepared to add a wetting agent to the molten sample in the crucible, and a crucible was not in place, the wetting agent could be dumped directly into the burner. Likewise, if the laboratory technician forgot to install a casting dish into the apparatus and the apparatus dumped the contents of the crucible into the absent casting dish, the contents would be poured into the burner. In either case, the burner would be seriously damaged or totally destroyed by the molten material. It is also known in the operation of a fluxer that the crucible should be agitated vigorously in order to properly mix the molten sample in the crucible. Various complicated mechanical arrangements have been provided for moving the crucible while it is being heated and, in some cases, a shaped crucible was used to cause the material to separate and remix as it was poured from one side of the crucible bottom to the other. In order to form a solid sample suitable for X-ray or other analytical techniques, it was necessary to heat the casting dish to a high enough temperature, preferably to the melting range of the sample, so that the sample could be poured from the crucible into the casting dish without undergoing thermal shock. The casting dishes were usually heated by gas burners which added a substantial amount of heat and combustion products to the fluxer enclosure. For wet chemical analysis, using an aqueous acid solution, it was the usual procedure to employ magnetic stirring with each beaker being driven by its own motor. The extensive wiring required for the separate stirring motor further added to the complexity and cost of the fluxer. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the present invention, an improved fluxer is provided employing interchangeable modules for handling a casting dish or a magnetically stirred container of aqueous acidic solution. The module for handling a casting dish has a frame for supporting an insulating material which has a configured upper surface for supporting a casting dish. An electric resistive heater is positioned in said insulating material to supply heat directly to a casting dish. Electrical conductors are provided on the module for supplying electric power to the resistive heating element and a conduit is provided for supplying cooling air to a heated casting dish. The interchangeable module for providing stirring for a solution into which a molten sample can be poured has a supporting frame covered by a metal enclosure. The supporting frame has a horizontal surface upon which a rotatably mounted, horizontally disposed driven gear is mounted. A driving gear is operatively coupled to said driven gear. An electric motor is operatively coupled to said driving gear for rotating the driving gear and the driven gear. An upstanding clip member is centrally located on said driven gears for supporting a permanent magnet. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a fragmentary perspective view of the apparatus showing the main components; FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the apparatus; FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the clutch assembly; FIG. 4 is an elevational view showing the bushings in the journal block and frame; FIG. 5 is a partial broken away view of the clutch assembly; FIG. 6 shows the movement of the clutch disc for moving the junction block and the pinion gear; FIG. 7 is a fragmentary perspective view of the casting dish subassembly; FIG. 8 is an elevational view of the casting dish subassembly; FIG. 9 is a top plan view of the casting dish subassembly; FIG. 10 is a bottom plan view of the casting dish assembly; FIG. 11 is a side elevational view of the casting dish subassembly; FIG. 12 is a fragmentary perspective view of the subassembly used with an acid solution; FIG. 13 is a side elevational view of the acid solution subassembly; FIG. 14 is a bottom plan view of the acid solution subassembly; FIG. 15 is a top plan view of the acid solution subassembly; FIG. 16 is an elevational view of the interlock assembly which prevents the crucibles from pouring over the burners; FIG. 17 is an enlarged view of the portion of the interlock circled in FIG. 2; FIG. 18 is a rear view of movable subassembly; FIG. 19 is an elevational view of the apparatus used to add additional materials with the funnels closed; FIG. 20 is a view of the apparatus of FIG. 19 extended and with the funnel bottom opened; FIG. 21 is a plan view of the resistively heated casting dish support; FIG. 22 is a sectional view of the casting dish support taken in the direction of line 22--22 of FIG. 21; FIG. 23 is a side elevational view showing the configuration of the resistive heating element; FIG. 24 is a plan view of the magnetic stirring module; FIG. 25 is a partial perspective view of the stirring module; FIG. 26 shows a clip on the worm gear holding the bar magnet; and FIG. 27 is a schematic, in block diagram form, of the electrical connections to a resistive heater. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The improved fluxer of the present invention is indicated by the number 20. The apparatus has an open front, a right sidewall 21, a left sidewall 23, a back wall 25 which is connected to the right and left sidewalls, and a bottom plate 27. Three burners 29, 31 and 33 extend upwardly from bottom plate 27. Each burner has an igniter 35 and a thermocouple 37 for lighting and monitoring the temperature of the associated burner. A first journal block 39 is pivotally mounted on the inside surface of sidewall 21. A second journal block 41 is pivotally mounted on the inside surface of left sidewall 23, the pivot for journal block 41 being obscured by chain 93. An elongated shaft 43 is slidably mounted in an upper aperture 45 in journal block 39. Shaft 43 has a rack gear pattern 47 on its upper surface. Shaft 43 supports a counter balance 49 at one end and a movable subframe 51 on the opposite side of journal block 39 from counter balance weight 49. A second rack 53 extends through aperture 55 in journal block 39. Rack 53 is fastened to movable subframe 51. A pinion gear 57 causes rack 53 to move and, in turn, the subframe to move. Journal block 41 is pivotally mounted on the inside of sidewall 23, the pivot point is obscured by a continuous chain. A shaft 59, similar to shaft 43, extends through journal block 41 and is fastened to counter balance 49. Shafts 43 and 59 are fastened to counter balance 49 by a pair of fastener members 61 and 63. A second shaft 65 is also supported in journal block 41. Shaft 65 is preferably square in configuration. A driving gear 67 is mounted on the end of shaft 65 behind front panel 69 of movable subframe 51. Subframe 51 has a front panel 69 which supports three movable shafts 71. Shafts 71 are mounted in bushings 73. Because of the heat involved in the operation of the machine, the components are made of stainless steel with the exception of the bushings which are bronze. Shafts 71 support crucible holders 75 which are clamped to shafts 71 by threaded fasteners 77. Behind panel 69 each shaft 71 supports a sprocket 79. A continuous chain 81 is trained over driving gear 67 and each of sprockets 79. A pair of journal blocks 83 are mounted on the back of panel 69. A cross shaft 85 is supported by each of the journal blocks. Cross shaft 85 has a pinion gear 87 attached to each end. Pinion gears 87 mesh with the rack-like teeth on the top of shafts 43 and 59 and prevent subframe 51 from cocking or canting as it is moved backward and forward by rack 53 and pinion gear 57. A first drive motor 91 is operatively connected to square shaft 65 by a continuous chain 93 which is trained over a sprocket 95 on motor 91, and a sprocket 97 mounted on square shaft 65. A shaft encoder 99 is coupled to motor 91. Motor 91 is preferably a servo motor and the shaft encoder provides output pulses or counts indicating the motion of sprocket 95 on the output of motor 91. Motor 91 causes sprocket gear and square shaft 65 to oscillate which, in turn, causes driven gear 67 to oscillate. Driven gear 67 is connected to sprockets 79 on the end of each of the shafts 71 which causes shafts 71 to oscillate as chain 81 moves back and forth over the sprockets. Shafts 71 support the holders for the crucibles. A second motor 101 is mounted on the outside of sidewall 21. Motor 101 is preferably a servo motor and has a shaft encoder 103 which provides a pulse for each step of the rotation of the motor. A sprocket 105 is attached to the output of motor 101. A continuous chain 107 is trained over sprocket 105 and a sprocket 109 in clutch assembly 110. Sprocket 109 is mounted on a shaft 111 upon which pinion gear 57 is mounted. Clutch assembly 110 has an outer frame 113 (FIGS. 2, 3 and 5) which attaches the clutch assembly to the outside of sidewall 21. Within frame 113 a substantially C-shaped movable member 115 is mounted. A pneumatic cylinder 117 is connected by a shaft 119 to movable member 115. Movable member 115 has a pair of opposed gripping faces 121 which grip clutch member 123. Clutch member 123 is made of brass and supports two sets of steel pins. A first set of pins 127 are for connecting clutch 123 to sprocket gear 109. When so connected, pins 127 positioned in apertures 126 in journal block 39 cause the journal block to oscillate as determined by servo motor 101. When the clutch plate moves to the left, as shown in the figures, the second pin 129 enters apertures 131 on the outside of sidewall 21 which locks the clutch assembly, preventing any further movement of the frame and journal blocks 39 and 41. Sprocket gear 109 and shaft 111 can now rotate pinion 57 to cause subframe 51 to move forward or backward in the apparatus. Journal blocks 39 and 41, shafts 43 and 59, counter balance 49 and movable subframe 51 make up a major movable frame 140. Frame 140 can oscillate vertically to mix the components in the crucible and can be locked in a horizontal position so that the subframe 51 can move to the rear of the apparatus for the addition of materials to the crucibles, or toward the front of the apparatus so that the contents of the heated crucibles can be poured into either a casting dish or a beaker containing an acid solution for analysis. First servo motor 91 and second servo motor 101 combine to cause the main frame 140 to oscillate up and down while the crucibles supported by shafts 71 are rocking back and forth in a horizontal plane. The extent of the vertical and horizontal motion applied to the crucibles can be varied by monitoring the shaft encoders 99 and 103 so that the motors 91 and 101 undergo either large or small excursions before stopping and reversing travel. Motors 91 and 101 can be controlled by the overall program for the operation of the machine, as set forth in the parent application, all of which is incorporated herein by reference. It is common practice in the preparation of a sample for further analysis to add a wetting agent to the molten material contained in the crucibles. In the present apparatus, the wetting agents can be added to funnels 151 which are movably supported near the top of back wall 25 of the apparatus. The material addition apparatus includes an upper plate 153 which is in sliding contact with a lower plate 155. Funnels 151 have an open bottom (FIGS. 19 and 20) which is closed off by lower plate 155. A double pneumatic cylinder 157, which has a dual extending piston 158, only one of which is shown, is attached to upper plate 153. Lower plate 155 is carried by upper plate 153. Upper plate 153 has a plurality of spaced slots 159 in which a large-headed fastener 161 is attached to lower plate 155. Fasteners 161 hold lower plate 155 in tight sliding contact with upper plate 153. As mentioned previously, movable subframe 51 can be caused to move to the rear of the machine to move the crucibles away from the burners for the addition of additives to the crucible. As the subframe moves toward the rear of the machine, it contacts a pin 163 in valve 165 which actuates double pneumatic cylinder 157 through line 167. Valve 165 functions, in effect, as an interlock and will not allow plates 153 and 155 to move until valve 165 has been opened, indicating that subframe 51 and the supported crucibles are at the rear of the apparatus. Once valve 165 is activated, dual pneumatic cylinder 157 moves plates 153 and 155, along with funnel 151 containing the additive material. Rods 169 are attached to the rear edge of lower plate 155. Each rod 169 has a stop 171 mounted thereon which stops the movement of plate 155, enabling plate 153 to continue to be driven forward, moving the bottoms of funnels 151 away from plate 155 and enabling the material contained in the funnels to drop into the heated crucibles. A heat shield and deflecting plate 173 extends across the width of the apparatus to prevent any possibility of any of the additive material, or any of the material in the crucible, from accidentally landing on any wiring or plumbing. Slots 159 in plate 153 enable plate 153 to be driven beyond plate 155 to enable the bottoms of the funnels to be opened in a gate valve-like manner. After the wetting agent is added to the crucibles, subassembly 51 is moved forward to return the crucibles over burners 29, 31 and 33. After the crucible is reheated, subframe 51 moves forward bring the heated crucibles to the output station 180 where the molten material can either be poured into a casting dish to prepare a glass-like disc for analysis, or into a beaker containing an acid solution for further analysis. At output station 180 plug-in modules 190, 220, 260 or 330 can be mounted. Plug-in assembly 190 has three burners 191 for heating casting dishes 193 to prevent the sample material from being damaged by thermal shock on pouring from a hot crucible into a cold casting dish. Each burner 191 has its own electrical igniter 195 which has a hot loop 197 extending out over the burner to ignite the combustion mixture of air and gas. Each burner has a flame detection wire 199 supported on an insulated post 201 for monitoring the status of the flame for heating casting dish 193. Burners 191 and flame detection supports 201 are supported on a solid frame 203 which has internal passages 205 and 207 for the air and fuel used in the burner. The passages for the air and gas are contained within spaced leg portions 209 of frame 203. Ports 211 and 213 are provided on the bottom of each leg 209 for connecting to the supply of air and gas in the apparatus. An electrical connector 215 is also provided on the plug-in assembly which connects the power source for igniters 195 and connects flame detectors 199 to the apparatus. The electrical plug 215 also contains circuitry to indicate to the control system of the apparatus that the casting dish assembly is in position and that the solenoid valves for the air and gas can be activated. When the molten sample in the crucible is to be poured into a beaker containing an acid solution, separate subassembly 220 can be inserted into the apparatus. Subassembly 220 has a base 221 (FIG. 13) which supports a vertical metal plate 223 which has a turned-over top section 225 and a downwardly turned edge 227. Top surface 225 has spaced recessed portions 229 for centering a beaker 230 over electric motor 231 which has an output shaft 233 supporting a bar magnet 235. The bottom of recess 229 is preferably made of a magnetic permeable material, such as stainless steel. The stainless steel will permit the magnetic field from the rotating bar magnet to act along with a bar magnet contained in the beaker to stir the solution. The plug-in assembly has an electrical connector 231' for providing power through electrical conductors 233' for driving magnetic stirring motor 231. The assembly also has plugs 235' for closing off the air and combustible gas inlets to the subassembly. When electrical plug 231' is connected to the apparatus, the connections in plug 231' enable the apparatus to determine that the magnetic stirring motors are in position, that the air and gas solenoids are not to be activated, and that the thermocouple and igniter circuits are disconnected. In order to reduce the amount of extraneous heat and combustion products produced inside the fluxer, an electrical resistance heated module 260 can be used in lieu of module 190. Referring to FIGS. 21-23, module 260 is shown having three electrical heating elements 261, 263 and 265. Three elements are shown to be consistent with the three main burners used in the fluxer. In situations where more or less main burners are used, more or less casting dish support heaters can be used. Each of the electrically energized casting dish heaters has a supporting block of electrical and thermal insulating material 267 which is preferably a mixture of a glass fiber and a ceramic powder material. The fibrous ceramic molded material is available from Leco of Augusta, Ga. The material is very light in weight and has excellent insulating properties. The three blocks of insulating material, as shown in the figures, are attached to the upper surface of a substantially rectangular box-like supporting frame 270. Frame member 270 has an upper shelf 271 and a lower shelf 273 joined by spaced end members 275 to form a substantially rectangular open box. A sheet of electrically insulating material 277 is attached to brackets 279 at each end of the box-like frame by fasteners 281. Insulating sheet 277 covers one face of frame 270 and extends below the frame in order to raise the upper surface of the insulating blocks to the same level of casting dish support 190. Insulating blocks 267 are attached to the top surface 271 of frame 270 by a plurality of threaded screws 283 which extend downward through the insulating blocks into threaded apertures (not shown) in top surface 271. Each of the electrical resistance heating elements 261, 263 and 265 are made of molybdenum disilicide which is obtained from Kanthal Corporation of Bethel, Conn. The electrodes are preferably bent to the shape of a lower depression 285 in the upper surface of insulating blocks 267. An upper depression 287 is substantially coaxially aligned with lower depression 285 and has a circumferential shelf 289 for supporting the casting dish directly above the heating element. The configuration of the insulation tends to limit the amount of extraneous heat released to the interior of the fluxer while, at the same time, causing the radiant energy from the heaters to be directed upwardly at the bottom of each casting dish. The resistive heating elements provide more uniform heating of the casting dish. Also, the casting dishes can reach a higher temperature with less energy because of the insulation surrounding the heating elements. A distinct advantage of the electric resistive heating module 260 over gas heated module 190 is that the casting dishes can cool more quickly since there is less thermal mass to cool. Also, the potential safety problems associated with a combustible gas are eliminated by the safer low voltage heating elements. The resistive heating elements are connected in series by electrical conductors 293. Electrical resistive heating element 261, for example, is connected to an electrical connector block 295 by electrical conductor 293. The other end of heating element 261 is connected again by a conductor 293 to a stud 297 attached to insulated support panel 277. In a similar manner, electrical conductors 263 and 265 are connected until the end of conductor 265 is connected to an electrical connector block 299. Referring to FIG. 27, the electrical heating elements 261-263 are represented by a single resistor which is connected by conductors 293 to a soft start module 300 whose input is attached to the output of transformer 301 which is connected by a plug 305 to a conventional outlet or source of electrical energy. The resistive heating elements exhibit practically zero resistance at turn-on. In order to control the flow of current through the heating elements, the elements are connected through the soft start block 300 to the transformer 301. Soft start block 300 contains a conventional circuit which slowly increases the width of each pulse of the input AC signal applied to the resistor until the resistor has developed, through thermal heating, sufficient internal resistance to have the full power applied. Transformer 301 is a step-down transformer which has a primary receiving the 120 volt input voltage which is stepped down to 7 volts at approximately 100 amps. Each insulating block 267 has a vertical aperture 311 disposed substantially at the center of the area bounded by the resistive heating element 261. A small air conduit 313 extends upwardly through the aperture and terminates at a point just below the electrical heating element. Conduit 313 is connected to a reducer coupling 315 which is attached to the end of an enlarged tubular member 317 which has a shaped end 319 for plugging into port 211 (FIG. 10) from which a supply of air can be obtained. An 0-ring 321 is positioned in a circumferential groove about the end portion of the tube to provide an air-tight seal when the tube is inserted into port 211. The enlarged tube 317 is attached to lower shelf 273 of the frame by a compression nut 325, or other suitable fastener, to hold the tube rigidly in place. Air conduit 313 is used to provide a stream of cool air to the bottom of a heated casting dish to controllably remove heat from the casting dish during the solidification of the molten sample. When plug-in electrical resistance module 260 is employed, the gas previously supplied to module 190 can be shut off. The radiant heat supplied by resistive heaters 261-265 can be restricted by the depressions in the upper surface of insulating blocks 267 so that it is directly applied to the bottom of the casting dish without being spread out supplying unnecessary heat to the fluxer environment. By eliminating the gas flames, the amount of combustion products is also reduced eliminating the amount of fumes generated by the fluxer when in operation. The electric resistance heaters also enable the heating time for the casting dishes to be substantially reduced. The heaters can be energized to heat the casting dishes shortly before the molten sample is poured into the casting dish and can then be turned off after the sample has been poured to enable the sample to cool and form a glass-like bead within the casting dish. When the molten sample is to be poured into an acid solution contained within, for example, a beaker, it is preferred to use the module 330 to replace the module 220. Each stirring position in module 220 employs a separate electric motor which requires additional wiring to bring the electric current to a jack to which the module is connected. This unnecessarily complicates the stirring assembly and also the wiring in the fluxer. In view of the extremely high temperatures generated in the fluxer, the fewer components exposed to this heat the better. Stirring module 330 has three stirring positions to be consistent with the three main burners shown in the fluxer. The number of stirring positions can be increased or decreased to correspond to the number of heating positions. Referring to FIGS. 24 and 25, a supporting frame 331 is shown which has spaced side members 333 and 335 joined by end members 337 to form a substantially box-like supporting frame having a substantially horizontal upper surface 339. Spaced across surface 339 are three stirring positions 341, each of which has a rotatably mounted horizontally disposed worm gear 343 which is driven by a worm 345. The worms 345 are connected together by a shaft 347 which is connected to the output of a single electric motor 349 which is attached to the end of frame 331 and supplied with electrical energy through conductors 351. Electric motor 349, the only electric motor used to drive all of the stirrers, can be a fractional horse power motor. Referring to FIGS. 25 and 26, a clip member 353 is centrally positioned on the top of each worm gear 343. Clip 353 has a pair of opposed gripping faces 355 for grasping each side of a Teflon coated permanent magnet 357. Clip member 353 can be made of spring steel or brass and can be attached to worm gear 343 by a suitable fastener such as a screw, bolt or rivet. Stirring assembly 330 is preferably covered by a box-like stainless steel shell 341. Side member 337 of frame 331 is attached to the inner surface of shell 341 by suitable fasteners, not shown. Cover 341 has a pair of vertically upstanding side portions 343 and 345 which support the upper surface 347 at the same height as the upper surface of module 220. A plurality of plug members 349 (only one of which is shown) are attached to the bottom of frame 331 and have shaped ends 351 with surrounding O-rings 353 for insertion into ports 211 which are used to locate the module. Posts 349 support the rear portion of the stirring module. A connector block 355 is attached to the bottom of the stirring module into which a suitable plug can be inserted to provide electrical power for motor 349. Stirring module 330 substantially reduces the electrical complexity of the fluxer apparatus and eliminates two electric motors. The simplicity of the improved module substantially increases the dependability and durability of the module. As previously discussed, nothing is added to or poured from the crucible while it is over a burner. Referring to FIG. 16, the interlock circuit is shown which prevents the apparatus used to horizontally rock the crucibles from pouring the contents of a crucible out while it is being heated. As previously discussed, servo motor 91, equipped with shaft encoder 99, controls the horizontal rocking of the crucibles. Servo motor 91 has an output shaft 230 upon which sprocket 95 is mounted. Continuous chain 93 is trained over sprocket 95 and connects to gear 97 mounted on square shaft 65 (FIG. 2). On the end of shaft 230, a limit member in the form of a semicircle of metal 231" is mounted. A pneumatic cylinder 233" is mounted on frame 235". Cylinder 233" has a movable piston 237, which extends downwardly above limit member 231. The oscillation of shaft 230 and limit member 231" is controlled by shaft encoder 99 and the control circuitry of the apparatus. The limit member 237 does not come into contact with piston 237 during normal operation. If there is a problem in the control circuitry, and motor 91 attempts a complete revolution which would dump the contents of the crucible into the burner, limit member 91 will strike piston 237 stopping the motor from turning and protecting the burner. Now referring to FIG. 2, a finger 241 extends downwardly through an aperture in sidewall 23. Finger 241 is connected to a shaft 243 which, in turn, is coupled to an actuating arm 245. When it is time to pour the contents out of the crucible, the main burners are turned off and subassembly 51 moves toward the front of the machine to bring the crucibles to station 180. Front plate 69 of subassembly 51 strikes finger 241 causing arm 245 to press pin 247 on valve 249 which activates pneumatic cylinder 233", causing piston 237 to retract from limit member 231". Motor 91, now under the control of the apparatus electronics, can rotate pouring the contents out of the crucible into the appropriate casting dish or beaker for analysis. From the above description it can be seen that the main burners of the apparatus are now protected from accidental spills of either the molten material in the crucibles or of any additional materials such as wetting agents which might be added to the crucibles. Also, the mixing pattern of the crucibles is made variable to fit the characteristics of the particular sample by the simple procedure of adjusting the extent of movement of servo motors 91 and 101. Although the invention has been described with respect to specific preferred embodiments thereof, many variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. It is, therefore, the intention that the appended claims be interpreted as broadly as possible in view of the prior art to include all such variations and modifications.	An interchangeable module for supporting a receptacle into which a molten sample, prepared by a fluxer, can be poured for analysis. One module can support a resistively heated casting dish into which a molten sample can be poured and cooled to form a solid sample for instrumental analysis. This module includes an insulator having a depression for receipt of a casting dish. A heating coil is positioned below the recession. A cooling gas conduit extends through the insulator support. The insulator is supported on a frame. The frame is supported on a back plate.	6
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/445,367, filed on Jun. 1, 2006 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,722,501, which is a continuation of International patent application PCT/FR2004/003083 filed on Dec. 1, 2004, which designates the United States and claims priority from French patent application No. 0314150 filed on Dec. 2, 2003. The content of all prior applications is incorporated herein by reference. This is a Reissue Patent Application of U.S. Pat. No. 7,938,751, issued May 10, 2011. Notice: More than one reissue application has been filed for the reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 7,722,501. The reissue applications are application Ser. No. 13/480,177, filed May 24, 2012, which is a continuation reissue of Reissue patent application Ser. No. 13/211,990 (the present application), filed Aug. 17, 2011. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to the field of devices having sensitive surfaces for fun or training purposes for a user watching a program interacting with said devices, i.e. a sound and image system such as a television set connected to a game station or to a digital processing unit. The present invention relates more particularly to an interactive gymnastics training device. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A main object of the invention is to constitute a novel fun and exercise interactive peripheral for a digital processing unit such as, for example, a video game console, a computer, or an arcade terminal, making it possible to do interactive sessions of gymnastics of the “stepping” or “step-up” type. In the prior art, video game peripherals are already known that seek to increase fun and exercise interactions for improved realism when playing video games. Thus, interactive surfboards or other slide boards, or interactive “dance mats” have thus been developed. An interactive dance mat is generally in the form of a mat made up of various pressure-sensitive surfaces considered as “all or nothing” switches actuated by the feet, the mat being connected to a digital processing unit. Such mats made up of pressure-sensitive portions and dedicated to video games use are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,952 or more recently in European Patents Nos. EP 1 043 746 and EP 1 127 599. Such mats are described in those documents as being plane surfaces of rectangular shape whose various pressure-sensitive portions, which are also rectangular, are disposed around a surface that is not pressure-sensitive and that is placed in the center of the mat. When the mat has more than four pressure-sensitive zones, the pressure-sensitive portions are disposed along axes of symmetry of the mat considered as being a rectangular plane surface, namely along its two diagonals and along its two medians. Dance programs have been developed for operating in preferred manner with such dance mats, but also with conventional game pads. Such a program is described in above-mentioned Patent EP 1 127 599. The user uses such a mat for interacting with a dance program operating on a digital processing unit having a screen as display means by pressing with the feet on the portions of the mat indicated on the screen by the game. By pressing with the feet on the various portions of the mat, following sequences and rhythms specific to a given dance game operating on the digital processing unit, the player triggers signals transmitted to the digital processing unit and taken into account by the dance game. The player can then follow genuine choreographies for which an appraisal (correctness of placements of the feet on the pressure-sensitive portions and rhythm of placement of the feet) is indicated to the player as visual and audio feedback by the dance game. The rest position of the user is the position in the center of the mat in which the user's feet stand on that portion of the mat which is not pressure-sensitive. The position in the center of the mat is not distinguishable by the mat from a position outside said mat since that position is characterized by inactivity of the pressure-sensitive surface making up the mat. It should be noted that the signage of a dance mat is very similar to the signage of a conventional game pad and that dance videos for home consoles and for dance mats can be played fully with a conventional game pad. Such dance mats and their associated programs thus make it possible for users to perform interactive dance activities whose corpus of movements is limited to the types of interaction that said mat can sense, namely to movements of the feet on an entirely plane surface having a non-interactive portion at its center. Furthermore, exercise or fitness accessories are tending to become increasingly interactive. That applies, for example, to an interactive exercise bike that interacts, via the movement of its crankset and of buttons situated on the handles, with games operating on a game console. Similarly, certain rowing machines and treadmill running machines are provided with screens displaying rowing race images or cross-country landscapes. In the same spirit, U.S. Pat. No. 5,507,708 makes it possible to do “stair climbing” type gymnastics while interacting with a video game machine. Unfortunately, none of those accessories make it possible to do interactive exercise having the characteristics of stepping type exercise which is characterized by choreography around and on a rectangular block. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention aims to remedy the drawbacks of the prior art by means of an original association of three elements: pressure-sensitive surfaces, an object of shape similar to a rectangular block shape, and an image and sound method for a digital processing unit. The invention aims to provide a system designed in particular for enabling a user equipped with said system to do stepping exercise interactively. The device of the invention makes it possible to do interactive and fun sessions of a type of gymnastics centered around an accessory known as an “exercise step”. To this end, the present invention provides a device for doing interactive gymnastics in association with an image and sound system constituting the gymnastics program to be followed by the user, said device comprising a first level of pressure-sensitive surfaces which extend substantially continuously and substantially in the same plane, said device being characterized in that it further comprises at least a second level of pressure-sensitive surfaces, said surfaces of said second level extending substantially continuously and substantially in the same plane. A pressure-sensitive surface is characterized by the fact that, when a mechanical pressure is exerted on such a surface (a pressure from the foot, for example), a modification takes place in the electrical properties of said surface compared with its electrical properties while no pressure is being exerted on it. Such surfaces can act, in particular, as all-or-nothing switches actuated by the feet. A conventional modification in the electrical properties of the surface consists in closing or opening an electrical circuit depending on whether a pressure is being exerted on the surface. In which case, the pressure-sensitive surface acts as an all-or-nothing switch. The pressure-sensitive surfaces making up the device of the invention and whose shapes and configurations are described in detail below are interconnected and they surround a protuberant object. The surfaces extend substantially continuously so that a user can easily slide his or her feet from one surface to another surface situated in alignment therewith without any difficulty and without any hindrance or discomfort. Preferably, the plane of said first pressure-sensitive surfaces consists in a mat. Also preferably, the plane of said second pressure-sensitive surfaces consists in the top face of a protuberant object that is in the shape of a parallelepiped block and that is referred to below as “the block”. Advantageously, the block is situated in the center of the mat. Advantageously, the block has a length lying in the range 70 centimeters (cm) to 100 cm, a width lying in the range 20 cm to 40 cm, and a height lying in the range 10 cm to 30 cm. Advantageously, the block may be provided with a height adjustment mechanism suitable for increasing or for reducing the height of said block, e.g. by raising or lowering the top face of the parallelepiped block. In a possibility offered by the invention, the parallelepiped block is provided with four legs disposed at its four corners and serving as a stand for said block. In which case, the legs may consist in elements in the shape of parallelepiped blocks, the length, height, and width dimensions of each block being mutually different. Advantageously, each leg has at least one means for fastening to the block, ideally one fastening means per pair of parallel faces. In another embodiment of the invention, the device has four pressure-sensitive surfaces on said block. The four surfaces extend substantially continuously so that a user can easily slide his or her feet from one surface to another surface without any difficulty and without any hindrance or discomfort. Advantageously, one of the pressure-sensitive surfaces consists in at least part of the periphery of the top face of the block, and surrounds, at least in part, the other pressure-sensitive surfaces situated on the top face of the block. In an embodiment of the invention, the device has at least four pressure-sensitive surfaces in the first plane. In a particular embodiment of the invention, the device has eight pressure-sensitive surfaces in the first plane, which surfaces are disposed symmetrically about a center of symmetry, namely two in front of the block, two behind the block, two on the right and two on the left. Ideally, the mat has a central rectangular portion not provided with said pressure-sensitive surfaces and for receiving and optionally for fastening to said parallelepiped block. In an embodiment of the invention, the surfaces of the first level and the surfaces of the second level are connected to the image and sound system via an electrical wired network. In different manner, the surfaces of the first level and the surfaces of the second level are connected to the image and sound system via a wireless link, e.g. via electromagnetic pulses and tags of the RF-ID type, said system then having a specific receiver. Advantageously, the device of the invention may have at least one control button situated on the first level, on the second level of pressure-sensitive surfaces, or on one of the faces of the block, and suitable for acting on the image and sound system. In a possibility offered by the invention, the device may have at least one vibration or impact sensor optionally connected to at least one pressure-sensitive surface in order to compare different pressures. Advantageously, the information recorded by the sensor is sent to the image and sound system for processing or is transmitted directly to the user, e.g. via audio and/or visual signals. Advantageously, the device of the invention has a plurality of connectors for interconnecting the sensitive surfaces, said connectors being removable for using only some of said sensitive surfaces. In a possibility offered by the invention, the parallelepiped block is provided with at least one recess suitable for stowing the mat and the connectors. In an embodiment, the sensitive surfaces of the first plane are removable, the number of them and the distance between them being variable. The device of the invention offers an innovation in the field of interactive games and exercise insofar as no exercise accessory or game peripheral exists that makes possible to do interactive stepping sessions. The device of the invention is designed specifically so that it is possible to input and to interact with the movements specific to gymnastic activities of stepping type, which cannot be done by other peripherals for digital processing units. The device of the invention makes it possible, by means of the extra motivation given by the interaction, to go through the stepping learning period more easily, while being immediately gratified by the pleasure of the interactive approach and of fun challenges. In addition, the device of the invention also constitutes an invention that is complementary to other interactive products (image capture, body movement capture, etc.). It can thus be integrated into unprecedented virtual-reality games, experiences or leisure activities. The device of the invention can both be used by users doing interactive gymnastics on their own, and also be a peripheral made available to participants in lessons in sports centers or in arcades. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will be better understood on reading the following description of an embodiment of the invention given merely by way of explanation and with reference to the accompanying figures, in which: FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a parallelepiped block standing on four legs; FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a leg on which the block shown in FIG. 1 stands; FIG. 3a is a perspective view of a leg for use with a parallelepiped block of the invention; FIG. 3b is a perspective view of a parallelepiped block of the invention. FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a variant of the block of the invention; FIG. 5 is a plan view of the pressure-sensitive surfaces of the first plane; FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the whole device, i.e. both with the sensitive surfaces of the first plane and also with the sensitive surfaces of the second plane; FIG. 7 is a plan view of the pressure-sensitive surfaces forming the first plane, as disunited from one another but while still being electrically interconnected; and FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a variant embodiment of the block of the invention, in which embodiment the sensitive surfaces situated on the block are disunited from one another but are still electrically interconnected. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The device of the invention is provided with a plurality of pressure-sensitive surfaces, the number and layout of which vary depending on the embodiments. An embodiment of a pressure-sensitive surface consists in forming a surface in which two conductive plane plies are separated by a foam-type material in which a plurality of orifices of sufficient diameter have been formed. At rest, when no external pressure is exerted on the pressure-sensitive surface, the expansion force of the foam-type material keeps the two conductive plies apart and opens the electric circuit of which said plies are the ends. When pressure greater than the expansion force of the foam-type material is exerted, the two conductive plies meet and touch through the orifices in the foam-type material, thereby closing the electrical circuit of which said plies are the ends. The shape, the dimensions and the physical qualities (in particular the elasticity and the strength) of the block of the device of the invention are chosen such as to be comparable to the corresponding shapes, dimensions and qualities of exercise step devices as they currently exist, in order to enable users of the device of the invention to have the same physical sensations when using the block as the physical sensations experienced with a conventional exercise step. The conventional exercise step has a shape lying within a parallelepiped rectangular block and has approximately the following dimensions: a length in the range 70 cm to 100 cm, a width in the range 20 cm to 40 cm, and a height that is variable and adjustable by the user depending on the difficulty of the exercises that the user wishes to do, from 10 cm to 30 cm. The dimensions and the shape of the block of the device of the invention depend on the embodiments, but they remain comparable with the dimensions and the shape indicated for the conventional exercise step. In addition, in a preferred embodiment, a mechanism makes it possible to vary the height of the top portion of the block, as in a conventional exercise step, in order to enable the user to vary the levels of difficulty of the exercises. In an embodiment shown FIG. 1 , the block is made up of a top portion 1 supported by four legs 2 . In an embodiment provided with a mechanism making it possible to vary the height of the top portion of the block, said mechanism is made up of four legs, each of which is in the shape of a parallelepiped block whose three sides all have different lengths, each length corresponding to a specific height to which it is desired to be able to set the top portion of the block. The four legs are placed under the top surface of the block at the four corners thereof. Depending on which one of the three sides of the legs is used as the height, the top portion of the block is raised to a respective one of three different heights. One of the legs is shown in FIG. 2 . The three sides 3 , 4 , and 5 are of different lengths. Possible means of securing the legs to the top portion of the block are shown at 6 : these means are constituted by a pair of holes, the underside of the top portion of the block being provided with pegs that engage in said holes. In another embodiment, with a mechanism making it possible to vary the height of the top portion of the block, said mechanism is made up of two legs, each of which is in the shape of a parallelepiped rectangular block whose three sides all have different sizes, two of said sizes corresponding to a specific height to which it is desired to be able to set the top portion of the block, the third length being equal to the width of the block. The two legs are constituted such as to be placed under the top surface of the block, at its narrowest ends. The underside of the top surface of the block is provided at those places with two reinforcements raising the block. FIG. 3a shows a leg 8 with one side having the same width as the top portion of the block 1 , and two other sides 9 and 10 of different lengths. Reinforcements 7 are also shown that give a certain height to the block even without adding the legs to it. That height corresponds to the minimum height at which the top surface has to be placed. FIG. 3b shows a parallelepiped block as used in the invention, having a recess 44 suitable for stowing the mat and the connectors. Depending on whether the top portion is used as raised by its reinforcements only, or whether one of the two sides of the legs is fitted to said top portion, the top portion of the block is raised to three different heights. In this embodiment, the feet are provided with pegs 11 and the reinforcements of the top portion of the block are provided with holes into which said pegs come to engage in order to secure the top portion of the block to its legs. At its top, the block is provided with a certain number of pressure-sensitive surfaces whose number and layout vary depending on the embodiments. In an embodiment, shown in FIG. 4 , there are four such pressure-sensitive surfaces situated on the top of the block 1 . Three surfaces, numbered 13 , 14 , and 15 in FIG. 4 , subdivide the top into three portions: a left portion, a central portion, and a right portion. The advantage of this subdivision into three portions is that this layout is pertinent relative to the corpus of movements characteristic of stepping gymnastics, which corpus distinguishes between the three zones for the main placements of the feet of the user on the exercise step. Once the signals delivered from the three surfaces have been processed by the image and sound method operating on the digital processing unit connected to the device of the invention, said signals can relate to precise and pertinent information in the context of gymnastic movements of the stepping type as regards the locations of the feet of the user on the block. A fourth surface 12 surrounds the top of the block, over a width of a few centimeters at the most. The advantage of said fourth surface is to indicate interactively to the user that said user is overstepping the outline of the top portion of the parallelepiped, which is not recommended for some of the movements of gymnastics of the stepping type because it can generate high pressure at the Achilles tendon. Naturally, it is possible to use the signals from said fourth surface for other functions or features. Around the block, a plurality of pressure-sensitive surfaces are disposed that are connected together and whose number and layout vary depending on the embodiments. Distinctions can be made between four main zones in which the surfaces are disposed: in front of the block, behind the block, on the left side of the block and on the right side of the block. The advantage of such a subdivision into zones is that gymnastics of the stepping type makes distinctions in its choreography and in its steps between these four user approach paths relative to the exercise step. In a preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 5 , each of these four zones is subdivided into two so as to take account of an additional characteristic of stepping-type gymnastics in which many of the movements begin with both feet facing the face or the profile of the exercise step, and continue while distinguishing between the left and right sides for placing the feet next to the exercise step, whether the user be facing the profile or the face of the exercise step. Pressure-sensitive surfaces, disposed as indicated in FIG. 5 , are capable of making these distinctions. It should be noted that, in this preferred embodiment, the pressure-sensitive zones are not rectangular, and they are not disposed along axes of symmetry of the mat of the device of the invention, considered to be a plane rectangular surface, but rather on either side of said axes of symmetry. Thus, in a preferred embodiment shown in FIG. 5 , there are eight pressure-sensitive surfaces situated around the block, numbered from 16 to 23 in FIG. 5 and disposed as follows: two in front of the block, two behind it, two on the left, and two on the right. In the center of the entire set of said surfaces, a rectangular space is shown at 24 where the block is placed. In a preferred embodiment, the sensitive surfaces have the strength, friction tolerance, and non-slip qualities expected for the surface of an exercise step and for the surface of a gymnastics mat. These qualities can be different depending on the locations and on the use of the surfaces in the device of the invention. The pressure-sensitive surfaces, which are both around and on the block, are interconnected. Each of them can cause a different signal to be generated when pressure is exerted on it. The signals generated by pressing on these surfaces are transformed so as to be interpretable by the digital processing unit to which the device of the invention is connected and to which the device of the invention transmits the signals. The device of the invention is connectable to a digital processing unit. In an embodiment, such connection is achieved by means of a cable provided with a suitable connector. In another embodiment, such connection is achieved by means of a wireless link. In which case, a receiver is connectable to the digital processing unit and a transmitter is connected to the entire set of the pressure-sensitive surfaces. In an embodiment shown by FIG. 6 , the pressure-sensitive surfaces, situated on the surface of the top of the block are connected to one another and to the other sensitive surfaces around the block by a set 28 of electrical wires passing through the top surface of the block, and then passing under the block while then being connected to the other pressure-sensitive surfaces 27 situated around the block. The entire set is then connectable to a digital processing unit or image and sound system 40 via a cable 26 or a wireless link (not shown in FIG. 6 ) and via a suitable connector 25 . In an embodiment, the device is provided with signal-generating control buttons 42 situated at the peripheries of the sensitive surfaces situated around the block. The signals generated by said buttons are also transmitted to the digital processing unit. The buttons can be placed on one or more specific supports and can be supplemented with diodes or with various other elements for increasing the pleasure and the variety of use. In an embodiment, signal-generating control buttons situated on the block supplement the device of the invention. The signals generated by these buttons are also transmitted to the digital processing unit. The buttons are placed such that the user cannot accidentally actuate them by doing interactive gymnastics. Thus, they can be situated on the vertical sides of the block or they can require two “presses” in succession or one long “press”. In an embodiment, each of the signals transmitted by the device of the invention is accompanied by a specific signal making it possible to identify that the transmitter of the signals is a peripheral of the same category as the device of the invention. Such an identifier signal makes it possible, for example for competitions or networked game sessions, to ensure that all of the competitors are equipped with peripherals of the same type as the device of the invention. In an embodiment, one or more vibration or impact sensors are placed on the block so as to evaluate the degree of violence with which the user steps onto the block. In an embodiment, one or more vibration or impact sensors 43 are connected to the pressure-sensitive surfaces in order to evaluate the degree of violence with which the user shifts his or weight onto said surfaces. In the embodiment with vibration or impact sensors, the information coming from said sensors can be transmitted to the digital processing unit which returns the information in a fun or instructional form to the user. In another embodiment with vibration or impact sensors, said information is transmitted directly to the user, without going via the digital processing unit, by means of light or sound signals that vary depending on the intensity of the impact and transmitted directly by the device of the invention. The number of distinct signals generated by the device of the invention and transmitted to the digital processing unit is less than or equal to the numbers of pressure-sensitive surfaces making up the device of the invention, added to which, there are any signals coming from any vibration or impact sensors and any signals coming from any control buttons placed on the block or at the peripheries of the surfaces situated around the block. In all cases, it should be noted that the number of distinct signals that the device of the invention can generate is greater than the number of distinct signals that a conventional dance mat can generate. This larger number of signals corresponds to the specific requirements of the use of the device of the invention in the context of interactive gymnastics of the stepping type. In an embodiment, light-emitting diodes are placed on, under, or in the vicinity of the pressure-sensitive surfaces and they indicate to the user, by means of a light signal, either that surface on which the user has just pressed, or, for example, in a learning or game context, that surface on which the user should press or ought to have pressed. These different functions or features could be managed by the image and sound method operating on the digital processing unit to which the device is connected. In an embodiment, in order to reduce the amount of space that the device of the invention occupies when stowed away, the various pressure-sensitive surfaces disposed around the block can be placed inside said block. In an embodiment, the electrical connection between the block and the pressure-sensitive surfaces disposed around the block is not achieved via a permanent link, but rather it is achieved via connectors that can be connected or disconnected at will. The advantage of such an embodiment is that it makes it possible for the user to disconnect the block from the surfaces disposed around it and to change the block with another interactive block of the same type, having the appropriate connector, but having other qualities (different shape, possibility of other height adjustments, better resistance to weight or to impacts, different elasticity, etc.). The new block is connected to the surfaces disposed around it. In an embodiment shown in FIG. 7 , the various pressure-sensitive surfaces surrounding the block can be spaced apart from one another by a given distance, while remaining connected together. The advantage of such an embodiment is to cause the area over which the surfaces situated around the block extend to vary, and thus to extend the interactive perimeter around the block, and also to cause the size of the location situated in the center of said surfaces and dedicated to the block to vary. The user can thus use blocks occupying different floor areas. In FIG. 7 , one of the pressure-sensitive surfaces is indicated at 29 , one of the electrical connections between the surfaces is indicated at 30 , and a wireless link connecting the surfaces to the digital processing unit or image and sound system 40 is indicated at 41 . In this embodiment, it is possible to reinforce the strength with which the surfaces are secured together, e.g. with strips of Velcro (registered trademark) fabric. It is possible thus to have strips of female Velcro fabric sewn onto the surfaces, and to equip the user with strips of male Velcro fabric for connecting together the strips of female Velcro fabric of the surfaces. In an embodiment shown in FIG. 8 , the various pressure-sensitive surfaces situated on the block can be disunited from the block and moved apart from one another while remaining electrically interconnected. Three pressure-sensitive surfaces can be disposed as follows: two at the corners of the top portion of the block, and a third between the first two pressure-sensitive surfaces. The advantage of this embodiment lies in the fact that it makes it possible to cover pressure-sensitive surfaces and thus to make a non-interactive exercise step already in the user's possession interactive, that exercise step then taking the place of the block of the device of the invention. At 35 , FIG. 8 shows one of the pressure-sensitive surfaces, at 33 , it shows a cable interconnecting the various surfaces, and at 32 , it shows the top portion of a non-interactive exercise step. The pressure-sensitive surfaces are fitted to the top portion of the non-interactive exercise step, e.g. by means of lips 34 or of adhesive portions. Another embodiment with pressure-sensitive surfaces situated on the top portion of the block and having the possibility of being spaced apart is obtained by interconnecting the pressure-sensitive surfaces by means of an elastic woven fabric that can be fitted tightly around the block. Such a fabric is of dimensions designed to adapt to match the majority of top surfaces of non-interactive exercise steps and to remain united therewith. In an embodiment, the pressure-sensitive surfaces of the block are not placed on the block but rather under said block. The manner in which the user shifts his or her weight onto and brings his or her feet onto the top of the block is then re-transcribed mechanically onto said pressure-sensitive surfaces and causes them to generate signals that are transmitted to the digital processing unit so as to be interpreted by it. In this embodiment, there are two pressure-sensitive surfaces, situated under the block, and they are placed respectively under the left leg and under the right leg supporting the block. Naturally, it is possible for more than two pressure-sensitive surfaces to be provided side-by-side under the block, in particular when the block has no legs and when its weight is supported by its entire bottom surface. The pressure-sensitive surfaces send a signal that varies depending on the weight that they support, this makes it possible to calibrate the device of the invention in a manner such that it recognizes the weight of the block on its own, and, by means of the difference between the signals transmitted by said surfaces, to estimate by means of the weight of the user when the user is on the block whether said user is on one or the other of or in between said surfaces. The advantage of this embodiment is to make it possible to use a non-interactive exercise step with the device of the invention. For the above-described embodiment, it is possible to use analogue pressure sensors such as atmospheric pressure sensors connected to gas pockets lying within the sensitive surfaces situated under the block, and sending an electrical signal as a function of the atmospheric pressure of each air pocket, which pressure is itself as a function of the weight being exerted on the block. Comparison of the signals sent the sensors makes it possible to evaluate a pressure differential exerted by the block on the sensitive surfaces supporting it, and therefore to evaluate the position of the user. It is also possible to use one or more differential pressure sensors connected to the entire set of gas pockets lying within the surfaces placed under the block so that it is possible to obtain, in particular, a differential of the pressures exerted by the left and the right sides of the block. Other non-limiting embodiments use sensors based on piezoelectric crystals or strain gauges, sending an electrical signal or having a variation in one of their electrical qualities (such as resistance, for example) as a function of deformation when the surface with which they are associated is subjected to deformation. The sensors can be associated with the surfaces placed under the block. Evaluation of the pressure differential exerted by the block on the surfaces placed under the block can then be achieved by comparing the signals sent by said sensors or the variations in said electrical quality, which signals or variations in quality are generated by deformation of said surfaces due to the pressure exerted on them by the block. In an embodiment, each pressure-sensitive surface has a wireless transmitter. The signals generated by the surfaces are transmitted, via their wireless transmitters, to a receiver connected to the digital processing unit that makes said signals interpretable by said digital processing unit. The advantage of such an embodiment lies in the fact that the various pressure-sensitive surfaces no longer need to be electrically interconnected. In an embodiment in which each pressure-sensitive surface has a transmitter, each pressure-sensitive surface is connected to a transmitter of Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. A switch dependent on the pressure exerted on the surface makes said transmitter operational or non-operational, resulting in information being transmitted to the associated RFID receiver indicating whether or not the user is exerting a pressure on said surface. RFID technology is chosen because this technology is based on transmitters that are very inexpensive and it is capable of managing simultaneous signals correctly both for transmission and for reception, as is necessary in the imagined use of the device of the invention. In an embodiment, the number of different signals transmitted by the device of the invention to the digital processing unit is less than or equal to the number of different signals transmitted by a conventional game pad to a game console and interpretable by said game console. The advantage of this embodiment lies in the fact that the invention can be connected more easily to a game console. The object of the image and sound method is to propose a stepping interactive gymnastics session. In an example of such a method, a virtual avatar represents an instructor giving the lesson who presents the movements to be made. Among such movements, distinctions are made between basic steps, advanced steps, and choreographies which are sequences of basic or of advanced steps. Principles or examples are given by means of video sequences. The user is also represented by an avatar whose movements are deduced from the signals coming from the pressure-sensitive surfaces of the device of the invention. The virtual professor reacts as a function of the performance (rhythm, movements, etc.) of the user, by adapting the level of difficulty or by proposing new exercises. There are a plurality of modes of play, in particular a “competition” mode in which virtual characters controlled by the program challenge the users to follow them in choreographies or in steps of varied complexity, a learning mode in which the user can learn and become informed of the steps and choreographies of stepping, a game mode in which steps and choreographies make it possible to the avatar of the user to take tests and to experience adventures, and a network mode using the Internet and in which the avatar of the user interacts, e.g. within a “group” interactive stepping lesson, with avatars of other, remote users. The image and sound method stores the performance of the user, indicates, in particular, estimations and histories of the number of steps made, of the calories “burnt”, of the levels of difficulty achieved, and uses the data of the user to encourage effort in personalized manner. The invention is described above by way of example. It is understood that the person skilled in the art is capable of achieving various variants of the invention without going beyond the ambit of the patent.	The invention relates to an interactive gymnastics practice device which is used together with an image and sound system forming the gymnastics program to be followed by a user, comprising a first level of generally-pressure-sensitive surfaces, the surfaces extending essentially in a continuous manner and in substantially the same plane. The invention is characterized in that the device comprises at least one second level of surfaces which are pressure sensitive or which can control an action in response to a pressure, the second level surfaces extending essentially in a continuous manner and in substantially the same plane.	0
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] Low number, and unavailability of safer drugs for different pathological conditions is the key motivation for the continuous research in drug discovery and development. This process usually starts with disease target identification and validation, and then the discovery and identification of chemical compounds which could interact with the target. Chemical compounds found to be able to interact with target (lead molecules) then undergo the process of lead optimization. Lead molecules are subjected to toxicity studies, followed by pre-clinical and clinical studies. [0002] The search for new chemical entities and a novel structural scaffold with therapeutic potential is therefore a key objective of pharmaceutical chemistry. Identification of lead molecules start from systematic synthesis of several privileged structures and their derivatives or screening of natural products (Hughes et al., 2010). [0003] Angiogenesis is a primary physiological process for the fetal growth, during wound healing, and for female reproductive system. The process of angiogenesis involves endothelial cell (EC) activation, due to the binding of angiogenic molecules to the receptor present on ECs. This is followed by the release of various proteolytic enzymes which cause the degradation of basement membrane. Endothelial cells then undergo proliferation and migration towards the site which needs to get vascularised. With this, the process of formation of tube like structures starts. Finally, the maturation and stabilization of newly formed blood vessels takes place. This process has a significant involvement in a variety of pathological conditions, including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, age-related macular degeneration, atherosclerosis, and diabetic retinopathy, etc. (Liekens et al., 2001). Aberrant angiogenesis is critical for cancer development. Its inhibition is therefore an important target for cancer chemotherapy. Various stages in angiogenesis cascade could be targeted to combat cancer. These include inhibition of proteolytic enzymes; inhibition of endothelial cell migration, proliferation and endothelial tube formation; inhibition of angiogenic growth factors; and inhibition of the angiogenic enzymes [0004] In the present application, we employed an enzyme inhibition approach and targeted thymidine phosphorylase. The study of enzymes has a major significance as enzymes are vital for all life forms. Their under-expression or over-expression is implicated in a number of pathological conditions. Enzymes inhibition, associated with particular disease, is therefore an important approach for the treatment. The classical approach to develop an enzyme inhibitor is to mimic the structure of the substrate molecule. They are recognized mistakenly by the enzymes, and they ultimately lead to either blockage of the enzyme's catalytic activity or the production of non-functional products (Bjelakovic et al., 2002). [0005] Enzyme thymidine phosphorylase (EC 2.4.2.4) is reported to be identical to human platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF). PD-ECGF is an intracellular, non-glycosylated protein. It is present in platelets, fibroblast, and transformed cell lines. This protein assists angiogenesis by facilitating endothelial cell migration, and proliferation. This protein is also termed angiogenic growth factor (Finnis et al., 1993). Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) enzyme is present in many cells and tissues. High levels of this enzyme are found in platelets, stromal cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, reticulocytes, glial cells, and ovary (De-Bruin et al., 2006). [0006] Thymidine phosphorylase is comprised of two identical subunits, each subunit has 440 amino acids, with molecular weight of dimer ranges from 90 kDa-110 kDa in Escherichia coli and mammals, respectively. Each subunit consists of a large α/β domain and a smaller α-helical domain. These domains are separated from each other by a cleft or cavity (Walter et al., 1990). [0007] The active site of Thymidine phosphorylase comprises thymidine and phosphate binding sites. It has been suggested that the products and substrates are produced as the anomeric carbon of sugar moves towards either the thymine nitrogen or the phosphate oxygen, while the latter two species showed only minimal movement, as shown in Figure-1. α-2-D-Deoxyribose-1-phosphate (2DDR-1P) then undergo dephosphorylation to produce 2-D-deoxyribose, which is used either as an energy source for the cell or secreted out of the cell where it may act as an angiogenic growth factor (Reigan et al., 2005). Kinetic studies on E. coli TP showed that enzyme followed bi-bi (sequential) mechanism where phosphate is the first substrate to interact with the enzyme, and 2DDR-1P is the last reaction product to dissociate from the enzyme (Bronckaers et al., 2009; Pugmire et al., 1998). This enzyme also possesses transferase activity, which is used to transfer the deoxyribosyl moiety between the two pyrimidine bases (Bronckaers et al., 2009). [0008] Thymidine phosphorylase plays an important role in controlling nucleic acid homeostasis by ensuring the proper supply of dNTPs during replication/repair of DNA. With high levels in blood platelets, placenta, and endometrium, thymidine phosphorylase also has a very important function in wound healing, and the reproductive cycle of females (Bronckaers et al., 2009). It also plays a role in neuronal cells survival. thymidine phosphorylase overexpression has been reported in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (in their synovial fluid), chronic inflammatory diseases, psoriasis, and tumor angiogenesis. Neoplastic tissues of bladder, gastric, cervical, lung, colon, esophageal, and breast cancers showed a higher expression of Thymidine phosphorylase (De-Bruin et al., 2006). [0009] Over-expression of thymidine phosphorylase in tumor cells of a number of organs is an indication of its role in angiogenesis. It is an important regulator of angiogenic function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC). These progenitor cells can differentiate into endothelial cells (EC) which are the key players in angiogenesis. EPC also has the capacity to invade tumor mass, and differentiate into EC which then facilitate tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Thymidine phosphorylase and degradation product of thymidine phosphorylase metabolites 2-deoxy-D-ribose-1-phosphate (2DDR-1P) and thymine (i.e., 2DDR and β-amino-iso-butyric acid, respectively) facilitate angiogenesis by inducing EC migration, and EC tube formation in vitro and in vivo (Bronckaers et al., 2009, Brown and Bicknell 1998). [0010] Thymidine phosphorylase is an important angiogenic molecule. Unlike other angiogenic molecules it is not released into extracellular space to cause endothelial cell activation. It actually lacks amino terminal hydrophobic leader sequence which helps in the secretion of protein into extracellular space. Its metabolite i.e., 2DDR, however, can be released in extracellular space where it can exert its angiogenic effect. Some tumor cell lines do secret thymidine phosphorylase into extracellular space after its post-translational modification where its serine residues covalently attaches to nucleotide's phosphate groups, generating nucleotidylated protein which can be released into the extracellular space. In addition to this, thymidine phosphorylase and 2DDR, unlike other angiogenic factors, facilitates angiogenesis via non receptor mediated mechanism as mammalian cell do not possess receptors for these molecules (Bronckaers et al., 2009; Brown and Bicknell, 1998). [0011] Significant efforts have been focused on the development of thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors with possible therapeutic potential since the 1960s. Some of these molecules were identified with excellent thymidine phosphorylase inhibitory activity, and were tested pre-clinically and clinically, but currently no product is approved for clinical use (Bronckaers et al., 2009). Possible reasons for the failure of drug to approve for clinical use includes poor pharmacokinetics of drug, increased drug efflux rate or limited uptake of drug by the biological system and most importantly severe side effects associated with inhibitor. Therefore, there is a need to identify new and effective anti-thymidine phosphorylase compounds which can be used as anti-angiogenic drugs. These can be further investigated for some other angiogenic studies, and for pre-clinical and clinical studies. [0012] The present invention relates to anti-thymidine phosphorylase compounds. These compounds are derivatives of 4-hydroxybenzohydarzide or generally Schiff bases of hydrazones. Schiff bases are nitrogen analogues of ketones or aldehydes in which the carbonyl moiety is replaced by an azomethine or imine group. Hydrazones on the other side are also related to ketones and aldehydes with the structure of —CONHN═CH— group. Schiff bases and hydrazones were reported to possess a wide variety of biological properties. Some of them are anticonvulsant, antibacterial, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anticancer, antipyretic, antimicrobial, cytotoxic activity, anti-HIV, and herbicidal activities (Ananad et al., 2012; Padmini et al., 2013). The combination of hydrazones with Schiff bases leads to compounds with unique biochemical character. Here, we have evaluated a series of Schiff bases of hydrazones against thymidine phosphorylase, and identified as significant inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase enzyme during in vitro studies. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0013] Angiogenesis is a primary physiological process for the fetal growth, during wound healing, and for female reproductive system. Process of angiogenesis involves the endothelial cell activation, followed by the degradation of basement membrane. endothelial cells then undergo proliferation and migration towards the site which needs to be vascularised. Endothelial cells then undergo the process of formation of tube like structures (new blood vessel sprout). Finally the maturation and stabilization of newly formed blood vessel takes place. Apart from physiological role, this process also has a significant involvement in a variety of pathological conditions (Liekens et al., 2001). Aberrant angiogenesis is critical for cancer development. Targeting angiogenesis is thus an important anti-cancer approach. Various stages in angiogenesis (such as secretion of proteolytic enzymes, endothelial cell migration, proliferation and endothelial tube formation or angioenic enzymes) can be targeted to control cancer progression. [0014] In the present application, we have used an enzyme inhibition approach and targeted an angiogenic enzyme i.e., thymidine phosphorylase. This is an enzyme of pyrimidine salvage pathway mainly responsible for ensuring nucleotide homeostasis. This enzyme has been reported to be involved in a number of pathological conditions described earlier (De-Bruin et al., 2006). Role of thymidine phosphorylase as angiogenic molecule/enzyme was proposed after the finding that it is identical to PD-ECGF which promotes angiogenesis by facilitating endothelial cell proliferation, and migration. It is an important regulator of angiogenic potential of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC). These progenitor cells can differentiate into endothelial cells (key players of angiogenesis). Products of TP reaction facilitate angiogenesis by inducing EC migration, and EC tube formation in vitro and in vivo (Bronckaers et al., 2009, Brown and Bicknell 1998). BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING [0015] FIG. 1 depicts mechanism of reaction, catalyzed by enzyme thymidine phosphorylase, substrate thymidine and phosphate react to produce thymine and 2-deoxy-D-ribose-1-phosphate. [0016] FIG. 2 depicts the basic skeleton of 4-hydroxybenzohydrazide derivatives 1-30. [0017] FIG. 3 depicts Lineweaver-burk plot of compound 24 in which reciprocal of substrate concentration (1/S) is plotted on x-axis, while reciprocal of rate of reaction (1/v) is plotted on y-axis in the absence and different concentrations of compound 24. FIG. 3 shows that apparent km of the enzyme remains unaffected while the apparent Vmax decreased. [0018] FIG. 4 depicts secondary replot of Lineweaver-Burk plot between the slopes (Km/Vmax) of each line on lineweaver-burk plot versus different concentrations of compound 24. [0019] FIG. 5 depicts Dixon plot of reciprocal of rate of reaction (velocities) versus different concentrations of compound 24. [0020] FIG. 6 depicts Lineweaver-burk plot of compound 27 in which reciprocal of substrate concentration (1/S) is plotted on x-axis, while reciprocal of rate of reaction (1/v) is plotted on y-axis in the absence and different concentrations of compound 27. FIG. 6 shows that apparent km of the enzyme remains unaffected while the apparent Vmax decreased. [0021] FIG. 7 depicts secondary replot of Lineweaver-Burk plot between the slopes (Km/Vmax) of each line on lineweaver-burk plot versus different concentrations of compound 27. [0022] FIG. 8 depicts principle of MTT assay, in which MTT is converted into formazan by mitochondrial enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0023] In the present application, we have studied the inhibitory activity of derivatives of 4-hydroxybenzohydarzide via in-vitro studies. We performed the primary studies on thirty derivatives of 4-hydroxybenzohydarzide (Table 1) by using spectrphotometric thymidine phosphorylase inhibition protocol. In this study we first identify active compounds capable of inhibiting the TP enzyme (Table-II). Some of the most active compounds (among the series) were then subjected to kinetic studies in order to find out their mechanism of inhibition and to evaluate the kinetic parameters. These compounds showed non-competitive and uncompetitive modes of inhibition (Table-II). [0000] TABLE 1 In-vitro thymidine phosphorylase inhibitory activities of derivatives of 4- hydroxybenzohydarzides. Compound Structure IC 50 (μM ± S.E.M.) 1 189.1 ± 0.1 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(2- hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 2 180 ± 3.0 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(3- hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 3 199.4 ± 0.4 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(4- hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 4 170.6 ± 0.5 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(2,3- dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 5 229.5 + 2.1 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(3,4- dihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 6 208.0 ± 0.9 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(2,4,5- trihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 7 Inactive 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(2,4,6- trihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 8 Inactive 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(2,3,4- trihydroxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 9 183.7 ± 1.5 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(2- methoxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 10 185.5 ± 2.0 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(4- methoxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 11 204.1 ± 3.0 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(3,4- dimethoxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 12 159.0 ± 0.4 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(4- chlorophenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 13 160.3 ± 1.0 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(3- chlorophenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 14 158.0 ± 1.0 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(4- bromophenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 15 Inactive 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(2,4- dichlorophenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 16 177.2 ± 0.5 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(2- methylphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 17 Inactive 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-[4- dimethylaminophenyl]methylidene]benzohydrazide 18 Inactive 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-[4- (methylsulfanylphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 19 181.5 ± 1.6 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(2-hydroxy-3- methoxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 20 172.0 ± 2.7 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(2-hydroxy-5- methoxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 21 190.3 ± 0.4 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(3-ethoxy-2- hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 22 Inactive 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(5-bromo-2- hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 23 Inactive 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(5-chloro-2- hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 24 6.8 ± 0.7 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(3,5-dibromo-2- hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide 25 Inactive 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-1-(2- Hydroxyphenyl)ethylidene]benzohydrazide 26 Inactive 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-1-(2,4- dihydroxyphenyl)ethylidene]benzohydrazide 27 176.9 ± 1.6 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-1-(2,6- dihydroxyphenyl)ethylidene]benzohydrazide 28 183.4 ± 0.9 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-1-(2,5- dihydroxyphenyl)ethylidene]benzohydrazide 29 174.2 ± 1.0 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-1-(2-hydroxy-3- methoxyphenyl)ethylidene]benzohydrazide 30 173.0 ± 1.4 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-1-(2,5- dihydroxyphenyl)propylidene]benzohydrazide Standard Compound (7-Deazaxanthine) 41 ± 1.63 2,4-Dihydroxypyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine 7H- Pyrrolo [2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-diol SEM a is the Standard Error of the Mean; N.A. b means Not Active [0024] Compounds active against TP, were also evaluated for their effect on the proliferation of fibroblast cells (3T3 cells) and cancerous cells (e.g. PC3). Some compounds in addition of inhibiting the angiogenic enzyme TP were able to significantly inhibit the proliferation of 3T3 cells and PC3 cancer cells (Table-III). [0000] TABLE II Kinetic studies of active compounds on thymidine phosphorylase. Compound Ki a (μM ± S.E.M.) b Inhibition Type 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(3,4- 176.65 ± 0.006 Uncompetitive dihydroxyphenyl) methylidene]benzohydrazide (5) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(4- 138.0 ± 0.009 Uncompetitive chlorophenyl) methylidene]benzohydrazide (12) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(4- 80.5 ± 0.002 Uncompetitive bromophenyl) methylidene]benzohydrazide (14) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(3,5- 1.75 ± 0.009 Non-Competitive dibromo-2-hydroxyphenyl) methylidene]benzohydrazide (24) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-1-(2,6- 168.0 ± 0.003 Uncompetitive dihydroxyphenyl) ethylidene]benzohydrazide (27) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-1-(2,5- 159.05 ± 0.002 Uncompetitive dihydroxyphenyl) propylidene]benzohydrazide (30) 7-De-azaxanthine (Standard) 45.66 ± 0.0009 Non-Competitive Ki a Dissociation constant, SEM b is the Standard Error of the Mean [0000] TABLE III In-vitro Anti-proliferative activities of active compounds IC 50 ± SD (μM) a Compound 3T3 Cell Line PC3 Cell Line 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(2-hydroxyphenyl) 13.1 ± 0.3 7.579 ± 0.462 methylidene]benzohydrazide (1) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(3-hydroxyphenyl) Inactive Inactive methylidene]benzohydrazide (2) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(4-hydroxyphenyl) Inactive Inactive methylidene]benzohydrazide (3) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl) 23.0 ± 1.0 7.611 ± 0.4898 methylidene]benzohydrazide (4) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) 23.5 ± 1.1 Inactive methylidene]benzohydrazide (5) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(2,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl) 3.8 ± 0.4 Inactive methylidene]benzohydrazide (6) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(2-methoxyphenyl) Inactive Inactive methylidene]benzohydrazide (9) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(4-methoxyphenyl) Inactive Inactive methylidene]benzohydrazide (10) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl) Inactive Inactive methylidene]benzohydrazide (11) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(4-chlorophenyl) Inactive Inactive methylidene]benzohydrazide (12) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(3-chlorophenyl) Inactive Inactive methylidene]benzohydrazide (13) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(4-bromophenyl) Inactive Inactive methylidene]benzohydrazide (14) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(2-methylphenyl) Inactive Inactive methylidene]benzohydrazide (16) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(2-hydroxy-3- 23.6 ± 0.2 9.6114 ± 0.394 methoxyphenyl)methylidene]benzohydrazide (19) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(2-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl) 15.3 ± 0.9 10.507 ± 0.5506 methylidene]benzohydrazide (20) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(3-ethoxy-2-hydroxyphenyl) 9.4 ± 0.3 6.5425 ± 0.2775 methylidene]benzohydrazide (21) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-(3,5-dibromo-2- 9.2 ± 0.1 8.338 ± 0.965 hydroxyphenyl) methylidene]benzohydrazide (24) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-1-(2,6-dihydroxyphenyl) 26.7 ± 1.0 Inactive ethylidene]benzohydrazide (27) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-1-(2,5- 20.2 ± 0.9 Inactive dihydroxyphenyl)ethylidene]benzohydrazide (28) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-1-(2-hydroxy-3- 18.6 ± 0.6 8.485 ± 0.592 methoxyphenyl) ethylidene]benzohydrazide (29) 4-Hydroxy-N′-[(E)-1-(2,5- 19.5 ± 0.9 Inactive dihydroxyphenyl)propylidene]benzohydrazide (30) Reference Compound (Cyclohexamide) 0.26 ± 0.1 μM — Reference Compound (Doxorubucin) — 0.91 ± 0.1 μM SD a is the Standard Deviation [0025] The present invention identifies compounds which are potentially useful as anti-angiogenic agents, as they showed a potent in-vitro inhibitory activity against angiogenic enzyme, thymidine phosphorylase. Some compounds in addition to inhibiting the angiogenic enzyme TP were able to significantly inhibit the proliferation of 3T3 cells, and PC3 cancer cells. Proliferation (as stated earlier) is an important step of angiogenesis process to occur. In-Vitro Thymidine Phosphorylase Inhibition Assay [0026] Total thirty analogues of 4-hydroxybenzohydarzide were evaluated. Out of which 21 compounds were found to be active against TP. Among them, compound 24 showed a potent TP inhibitory activity (IC 50 =6.8-0.7 μM). While other active compounds showed a moderate inhibition towards thymidine phosphorylase (Table-I), in comparison of standard compound used i.e. 7-deazaxanthine (IC 50 =41.0±1.63 μM). [0027] Eight derivatives with mono, di and tri OH substitutions were evaluated and six were found to be active against the TP enzyme with IC50 value ranges between 170.6-229.5 μM. Among monohydroxylated derivatives, compounds 1, 2, and 3 with OH at ortho, meta, and para positions on phenyl ring, respectively, showed IC50=189.1±0.1, 180.0±3.0, and 199.4±0.4 μM, respectively. Among di-hydroxylated derivatives, compound 4 with two OH at ortho and meta positions showed moderate TP inhibition (IC 50 =170.6±0.5 μM), while compound 5 with two OH at para and meta positions also showed weak TP inhibition (IC50=229.5±0.4 μM). Among tri-hydroxylated derivatives compound 6 with three OH at ortho (1′), meta (3′), and para (4′) positions showed a weak TP inhibition (IC 50 =208.0±0.9 μM), while compound 7 with two OH at ortho, and one at para positions and compound 8 with three OH at ortho (1′), meta (2′), and para (3′) positions on phenyl ring were found to be inactive. [0028] Structure-activity relationship (SAR) proposed that hydroxyl substitutions on phenyl ring at different position plays an important role in inducing thymidine phosphorylase inhibition. The ability of inhibiting thymidine phosphorylase was found to be more in monohydroxylated derivatives than di or tri-hydroxylated derivatives. OH groups being strong electron donating group might enhances the ability of phenyl ring to undergo hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions with the amino acid residues, present in the active site or hydrophobic pocket of the TP enzyme. [0029] Three derivatives with mono, and di-OCH 3 substitutions were evaluated and found to be active against TP enzyme with IC 50 value ranges between 183.7-204.1 μM. Among monomethoxylated derivatives, compounds 9, and 10 with OCH 3 at ortho, and para positions on phenyl ring showed a moderate TP inhibition (IC 50 =183.7±1.5 and 185.5±2.0 μM, respectively). Compound 11 with two OCH 3 at para and meta positions showed a weak TP inhibition with IC 50 =204.1±3.0 μM). [0030] SAR proposed that monomethoxylated derivatives were slightly more effective in inhibiting TP than dimethoxylated derivative based on their IC 30 values. OCH 3 group being electron donating groups were proposed to be involved in hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction with residues present in the active site or hydrophobic pocket of TP. [0031] Four derivatives with mono, and di-halogen substitutions were evaluated and three were found to be active against TP enzyme with IC 50 value ranges between 159.0-160.3 M. Among monohalogenated derivatives, compounds 12, and 13 with Cl at para, and meta positions and compound 14 with Br at para position on phenyl ring showed moderate TP inhibition (IC 50 =159.0±0.4, 160.3±1.0, and 158.0±1.0 μM, respectively). Compound 15 with two Cl groups at ortho, and para positions were found to be inactive. [0032] SAR proposed that monohalogenated substitution were more capable of inducing TP inhibition, while dihalogenated substitutions found unable to inhibit enzyme. It was proposed that being electron donating (when present on benzene ring), halogens increase the ability of these compounds to interact hydrophobically via π-π interactions with residues present in the active site or hydrophobic pocket of TP. [0033] Compound 16 with methyl group at ortho position on phenyl ring showed a moderate inhibition of TP (IC 50 =177.2±0.5 μM), methyl being electron donating group proposed to increase the hydrophobic interactions of the compound with TP enzyme. Compounds 17 and 18 with dimethylmine and sulfmethyl groups, attached to para positions on phenyl ring were unable to inhibit the enzyme. [0034] Three derivatives with hydroxyl-cum-methoxy substitutions were evaluated and all were found to be active against TP enzyme with IC 50 values between 172.0-190.3 μM. Compound 19 with OCH 3 and OH group at meta (4′) and ortho (5′) positions, respectively, showed a moderate TP inhibition (IC 30 =181.5±1.6). Replacement of OCH 3 and OH groups at meta (4′) and ortho (1′) positions, respectively, in compound 20 slightly increased the inhibition of TP (IC 50 =172.0±2.7 μM). Replacement of OCH 3 (in compound 19) with OC 2 H 5 group in compound 21 slightly decreased the TP inhibition (IC 50 =190.3±0.4 μM). [0035] SAR proposed that when OH and OCH 3 groups were present consecutively they lower the ability of compounds to inhibit enzyme, as revealed by their IC 50 values. OH and OCH 3 electron donating groups were proposed to be involved in hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with residues present in the active site or hydrophobic pocket of TP. [0036] Three derivatives with hydroxyl-cum-halogen substitutions were evaluated and only one compound showed a potent inhibitory activity against TP enzyme. Compound 22 with Br at meta and OH at ortho positions, and compound 23 with Cl substitution at meta and OH at ortho positions on phenyl ring were found to be inactive. Compound 24 with two Br groups at meta positions and OH at ortho positions of phenyl ring showed potent TP inhibitory activity (IC 50 =6.8±0.7 μM), in comparison to the standard used i.e., 7-DX (IC 50 =41.0±1.63 M). SAR proposed that presence of two bromine groups along with a hydroxyl group make compound very potent. OH groups being strong electron donating might enhance the ability of phenyl ring to undergo hydrogen bonding/π-π interactions with the amino acid residues. Halogens on the other hand increase the ability of these compounds to interact hydrophobically via π-π interactions with residues present in the active site or hydrophobic pocket of TP. [0037] The next derivitization was made by replacing the benzylidene group with ethylidine group ( FIG. 2 ). In addition of this, OH and OCH 3 groups were also substituted on phenyl ring. Compound 25 with single OH group at ortho position on phenyl ring was found to be inactive. Among di-hyrdroxylated derivatives, compound 26 with two OH at ortho and para positions, on phenyl ring was found to be inactive. Compound 27 with two OH groups on ortho positions and compound 28 with two OH groups on ortho and meta positions on phenyl ring showed a moderate inhibition of TP (IC 50 =176.9±1.6 and 183.4±0.9 μM, respectively). Compound 29 with methoxy and hydroxyl groups at meta and ortho positions on phenyl ring, respectively, showed moderate TP inhibition (IC 50 =174.2±1.0 μM). [0038] The next derivitization was made by replacing the benzylidene group with propylidine group (2). In addition of this, OH group was also substituted on phenyl ring. Compound 30 with two hydroxyls on ortho and meta positions of phenyl ring showed a moderate TP inhibition (IC 50 =173.0±1.4 M). Mechanism Based Studies of Active Compounds [0039] In order to determine the type of inhibition of most active compounds, kinetic studies were carried out. These studies disclose the mechanism of inhibitor binding to enzyme. Kinetic studies were carried out using thymidine as variable substrate. Kinetic study on compound 24 showed that it inhibits thymidine phosphorylase enzymes in a non-competitive manner (Table-II, Figure-4). This was deduced from Lineweaver Burk plot. This compound therefore, interacted either with the amino acids of hydrophobic pocket of the enzyme or at allosteric site of the enzyme. Kinetic study on compounds 5, 12, 14, 27, and 30 revealed that they inhibited thymidine phosphorylase in un-competitive manner (Table-II). Uncompetitive inhibitors encountered enzyme only when enzyme-substrate complex has been formed, enzyme-substrate complex formation was proposed to induce a conformational changes in the enzyme which facilitate the binding of inhibitor. Uncompetitive inhibitor causes decrease in both Km and Vmax values of the enzyme (Figure-6). Non-competitive inhibitor does not affect the Km value but it changes the Vmax value. Ki values were determined by secondary re-plot, and confirmed by Dixon plot. Mode of inhibition and Ki values are given in Table-II. Anti-Proliferative Studies of Active Compounds [0040] Compounds found to be active in inhibiting thymidine phosphorylase were then subjected to MTT proliferation assay. Rapid proliferation is the property inherent to cancerous/tumor cells. This assay was carried out to study the effect of these compounds on proliferation of various cell lines. The cell lines which we targeted were mouse fibroblast cell line (3T3), and prostate cancer line (PC3). [0041] Compounds 1, 4, 5, 6, 19, 20, 21, 24, 27, 28, 29, and 30 were able to significantly inhibit the proliferation of 3T3 cells (Table-III), in comparison to reference compound i.e., cyclohexamide (IC 50 =0.26±0.1 M). Compounds 1, 4, 19, 20, 21, 24, and 29 were able to significantly inhibit the proliferation of PC3 cancer cells (Table-III) in comparison of reference compound i.e., doxorubucin (IC 50 =0.91±0.1 μM). These compounds therefore also possess anti-proliferative activity against 3T3 and PC3 cells. Material and Methods [0042] Chemicals for In Vitro Thymidine Phosphorylase Studies: [0043] Enzyme thymidine phosphorylase ( E. coli ) and its substrate thymidine were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA, and inhibitor 7-deazaxanthine was purchased from Santa Cruze Biotechnology Inc., USA. In vitro studies on thymidine phosphorylase were carried out in 96-well microtiter plate using Spectra Max-340 and Spectra Max-384 spectrophotometers (Molecular Devices, CA, USA). Deionized water used for buffer preparation was collected by Simplicity Water Purification System (Milipore). Chemicals Used for Proliferative Studies (MTT Assay): [0044] Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM), cyclohexamide and doxorubucin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich, USA, mouse fibroblast cell line (3T3), and prostate cancer line (PC3) were purchased from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), USA, 0.25% Trypsin EDTA was purchased from Gibco, Invitrogen, New Zealand, fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from A&E Scientific (PAA), USA, 0.4% Trypan Blue solution was purchased from Amersco, USA, 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) was purchased from MP Biomedicals, France. Thymidine Phosphorylase Assay [0045] Since human TP is not commercially available, we used commercially available recombinant E. coli TP (expressed in Escherichia coli ) enzyme. Primary sequence of TP is mostly conserved throughout the evolution as mammalian TP share 39% sequence similarity with TP of E. coli . The mammalian enzyme also shared 65-70% similarity with the active site residues of E. coli TP enzyme (Bronckaers et al., 2009). Assay for thymidine phosphorylase inhibition was performed spectrophotometrically, following method of Bera et al. with some modifications (Bera et al., 2013). Principle [0046] The reaction catalyzed by thymidine phosphorylase involves reversible phosphorolysis of thymidine ( FIG. 1 ), to thymine and 2-deoxyribose-1-phosphate (Bronckaers et al., 2009). Protocol [0047] Reaction mixture contained 150 μL of potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 50 mM), 20 L of enzyme (0.058 U/well) and 10 μL of test compound (0.5 mM in dimethylsulfoxide). The reaction mixture was incubated for 10 min at 30° C. 20 μL of substrate (1.5 mM) was then added and change in absorbance was observed for 10 minutes at 290 nm in ELISA plate reader (Spectramax, Molecular Devices, CA, USA). 7-Deazaxanthine was used as a positive control. Calculations of Inhibitory Activities [0048] The enzyme inhibitory activities were calculated using the following formula: [0000] Percent Inhibition=100−(O.D. of test/O.D. of control)×100 [0049] Where test is the enzyme activity with sample, and control is the enzyme activity without sample, and O.D. is optical density. IC 50 Value Determination [0050] The IC 50 of the compounds was evaluated by monitoring the inhibitory effect of different concentrations ranging from 2-500 μM on the conversion of thymdine to thymine. The IC 50 of the compounds was calculated using EZ-Fit Enzyme Kinetic Program (Perrella Scientific Inc., Amhrest, U.S.A.). Mechanistic Studies [0051] Kinetic studies were carried out to find the mechanism of inhibitor action. Inhibitor could bind with enzyme in multiple ways such as in competitive, non-competitive, mixed or uncompetitive way. In kinetic assay, the enzyme (0.058 U/200 μL) was incubated with different concentrations of inhibitor for 10 min at 30° C. The reactions was then initiated by adding different concentrations (0.1875 mM-1.5 mM) of substrate (thymidine) and the resulting degradation of thymidine was measured continuously at 290 nm for 10 min on a ELISA plate reader. Every experiment was run in triplicate. Determination of Type of Inhibition [0052] Line-weaver Burk plot was plotted to determine the type of inhibition. This was accomplished by plotting the reciprocal of the rate of reaction against the reciprocal of the substrate concentration. Ki values were determined by secondary re-plot, and reconfirmed by Dixon plot. The Ki was determined by non-linear regression equation. MTT Assay [0053] Anti-proliferative activity of active compounds was evaluated by using the standard MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) colorimetric assay in 96-well plate (Dimas et al., 1998). Principle [0054] It is a colorimetric assay that measures the reduction of MTT, by mitochondrial enzyme i.e. succinate dehydrogenase. The MTT enters into the mitochondria of cell, where it is reduced to an insoluble formazan salt ( FIG. 8 ). The extent of MTT reduction was measured at 540 nm. As reduction of MTT can only occur in metabolically active cells, the level of activity is actually a measure of the viability of the cells (Vega-Avila and Pugsley, 2011). Protocol [0055] Mouse fibroblast cell line 3T3 was cultured in DMEM, supplemented with 5% of FBS, 100 IU/mL of penicillin and 100 μg/mL of streptomycin, and kept at 37° C. in 5% CO 2 incubator. For the preparation of cell culture, 100 μL/well of cell solution (5×10 4 cells/mL) was added into 96-well plate. The plate was incubated for overnight, and fresh medium was added after the removal of old medium. The test compounds were also added in different concentrations into the plate and plate was again incubated for 48 h. After the completion of this incubation period, 200 μL MTT (0.5 mg/mL) was added and plate was again incubated for 4 h, after this final incubation 100 μL of DMSO was added to each well. The level of MTT reduction to formazan was evaluated by change in absorbance at 540 nm using a micro plate reader (Spectra Max plus, Molecular Devices, CA, USA). The anti-proliferative activity was recorded as concentration of the inhibitor causing 50% growth inhibition (IC 50 ) for 3T3, and PC3 cells.	The present invention relates to anti-thymidine phosphorylase compounds. These compounds are derivatives of 4-hydroxybenzohydarzide or generally Schiff bases of hydrazones. The invention evaluates a series of Schiff bases of hydrazones against thymidine phosphorylase, and identified significant inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase enzyme during in vitro studies.	0
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/384,707 filed Jan. 18, 2012, which is a national stage entry of PCT International Application No. PCT/US2010/042843 filed Jul. 22, 2010, which claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/227,992 filed Jul. 23, 2009, all of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. STATEMENT CONCERNING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT [0002] Not applicable. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0003] This invention relates to compression limiters, and particularly compression limiters for automotive assemblies. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0004] Fasteners are often used to connect a plastic component to another component in various types of assemblies, especially automotive assemblies. However, the fastener must usually be loaded to an extent that would cause the plastic component to quickly deform, fracture or creep over time, thereby reducing the load carried by the fastener. As such, a metal compression limiter (sometimes simply referred to as a bushing or insert) is commonly used in assemblies in which a compressive load is applied to a plastic component. The compression limiter strengthens the plastic component and resists the load applied by the fastener. Therefore, the integrity of the plastic is not compromised and the compression limiter reduces creep of the plastic component. [0005] Typically, a compression limiter has a tubular shape with an outer surface that engages the plastic component. The inner surface of the compression limiter defines a passageway that accommodates the fastener. Most simple compression limiters do not include additional features; as such, the compression limiter may fall out of the plastic component during manufacturing if the compression limiter is inserted by overmolding or press-fitting. To address this problem, some compression limiters include retaining features to provide a more secure connection to the plastic component. For example, some compression limiters include a flanged end that engages a surface of the plastic component outside the hole. Other designs include perforations into which the plastic component flows during an overmolding process. [0006] However, the retention features of the aforementioned designs typically require additional processing steps that significantly increase the overall manufacturing time, and therefore cost, of the compression limiter. For example, some compression limiters are perforated by a punch and then moved to another tooling assembly to be rolled into a cylindrical shape. Considering the limitations of previous designs, a need exists for an improved compression limiter that is easily manufactured. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0007] In one aspect, the present invention provides a compression limiter that comprises an upper surface and a lower surface. A distance between the lower surface and the upper surface defines a longitudinal direction. The compression limiter further comprises an inner surface that defines a passageway configured to accommodate a fastener and an outer surface configured to engage a structure in which the compression limiter is placed. A distance between the outer surface and the inner surface defines a radial direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction. The compression limiter further comprises a first retainer that projects outwardly from the outer surface. The first retainer includes a first retention surface that has at least a planar portion perpendicular to the radial direction. The first retainer further includes an undercut surface disposed radially inwardly from the first retention surface so as to create a corner extending in a direction with at least a component perpendicular to the longitudinal direction. [0008] In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for forming the compression limiter from powder metal. The method includes the step of pressing the powder metal in a longitudinal direction with a movable punch and thereby shaping an outer surface of the compression limiter against an inner die surface of a die cavity. An inner surface of the compression limiter is shaped against a core rod disposed in the die cavity while simultaneously shaping the outer surface. A distance between the outer surface and the inner surface of the compression limiter defines a radial direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction. A retainer projecting from the outer surface of the compression limiter is shaped against a side punch disposed in the die cavity while simultaneously shaping the outer surface. The retainer includes a first retention surface that has at least a planar portion perpendicular to the radial direction. The retainer further includes an undercut surface disposed radially inwardly from the first retention surface. The method further includes the step of removing the compression limiter from the die cavity by lowering the die cavity relative to the side punch. In some embodiments, a plurality of compression limiters are formed simultaneously in a single die cavity. [0009] The foregoing and advantages of the invention will appear in the detailed description which follows. In the description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0010] The invention will hereafter be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements, and: [0011] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a compression limiter of the present invention; [0012] FIG. 2 is a top view of the compression limiter of FIG. 1 ; [0013] FIG. 3 is a side view of the compression limiter of FIG. 1 showing a retainer; [0014] FIG. 4 is a front view of the compression limiter of FIG. 1 ; [0015] FIG. 5 is a sectional view along line 5 - 5 of FIG. 4 ; [0016] FIG. 6 is a detail view of the area enclosed by line 6 - 6 of FIG. 5 ; [0017] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a second embodiment of the compression limiter of the present invention; [0018] FIG. 8 is a top view of the compression limiter of FIG. 7 ; [0019] FIG. 9 is a side view of the compression limiter of FIG. 7 showing a retainer; [0020] FIG. 10 is a front view of the compression limiter of FIG. 7 ; [0021] FIG. 11 is a sectional view along line 11 - 11 of FIG. 8 ; [0022] FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a third embodiment of the compression limiter of the present invention; [0023] FIG. 13 is a top view of the compression limiter of FIG. 12 ; [0024] FIG. 14 is a side view of the compression limiter of FIG. 12 showing a retainer; [0025] FIG. 15 is a front view of the compression limiter of FIG. 12 ; [0026] FIG. 16 is an exploded perspective view of a tooling assembly for manufacturing the compression limiter; [0027] FIG. 17 is a perspective view of a first manufacturing step for the compression limiter; [0028] FIG. 18 is a sectional view along line 18 - 18 of FIG. 17 ; [0029] FIG. 19 is a perspective view of a second manufacturing step for the compression limiter; [0030] FIG. 20 is a sectional view along line 20 - 20 of FIG. 19 ; [0031] FIG. 21 is a perspective view of a third manufacturing step for the compression limiter; and [0032] FIG. 22 is a sectional view along line 22 - 22 of FIG. 21 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT [0033] The particulars shown herein are by way of example and only for purposes of illustrative discussion of the embodiments of the invention. The particulars shown herein are presented to provide what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of the principles and conceptual aspects of the invention. In this regard, no attempt is made to show structural details of the invention in more detail than is necessary for the fundamental understanding of the invention. The description taken with the drawings should make apparent to those skilled in the art how the several forms of the present invention may be embodied in practice. [0034] Referring now to FIGS. 1-6 , a compression limiter 10 of the present invention includes a body 12 that defines a passageway 14 to accommodate a fastener (not shown). The passageway 14 extends from an upper surface 16 to a lower surface 18 in a longitudinal direction 20 defined by a distance between the upper and lower surfaces 16 , 18 . An inner surface 22 and an outer surface 24 opposite the inner surface 22 provide the compression limiter 10 with a generally open-cylindrical shape. One or more retainers 26 project outwardly from the outer surface 24 to secure the compression limiter 10 to the fastened component (i.e., a component in which the compression limiter 10 is press fitted, over-molded, or the like to prevent deformation due to the load applied by the fastener). These structures are described in further detail in the following paragraphs, beginning with the upper surface 16 and concluding with the retainers 26 . [0035] Still referring to FIGS. 1-6 , the upper and lower surfaces 16 , 18 are preferably planar surfaces that are identical to one another. Such identical surfaces, as well as other structures described in further detail below, provide the compression limiter 10 with a symmetric shape over a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal direction 20 and bisecting the compression limiter 10 . That is, the compression limiter 10 may be symmetric over a horizontal plane. The upper and lower surfaces 16 , 18 may further include inner shoulder surfaces 28 and outer shoulder surfaces 30 (both of which are mostly easily seen in FIG. 6 ) proximate the inner and outer surfaces 22 and 24 , respectively. The inner shoulder surfaces 28 help position the fastener within the passageway 14 . The outer shoulder surfaces 30 provide additional features to assist in securing the compression limiter 10 within the fastened component. [0036] The inner and outer surfaces 22 , 24 are preferably arcuate surfaces or include arcuate portions to provide the overall generally open-cylindrical shape of the compression limiter 10 . However, it is also contemplated that the shapes of the inner and outer surfaces 22 , 24 may vary to provide a different compression limiter shape. As yet another alternative, the inner and outer surfaces 22 , 24 may have an additional opening (not shown) extending from the upper surface 16 to the lower surface 18 to provide a horseshoe-shaped compression limiter 10 . In a preferred embodiment, a distance between the inner and outer surfaces 22 , 24 , or simply the thickness of the body 12 , defines a radial direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction 20 . Referring specifically to FIGS. 1 and 2 , the outer surface 24 includes arcuate surfaces 32 adjacent planar surfaces 34 from which the retainers 26 project. The width of the arcuate and planar surfaces 32 , 34 may be varied to change the distance between the retainers 26 as viewed in FIGS. 2 and 4 . [0037] Referring again to FIGS. 1-4 , the compression limiter 10 preferably includes two retainers 26 that are diametrically opposed to one another. As such, the compression limiter 10 may have a symmetric shape over planes in the longitudinal direction 20 that bisect the compression limiter 10 (e.g., the vertical planes 42 and 44 of FIG. 2 ). Each retainer 26 includes an undercut surface 36 disposed between an upper retention surface 38 and a lower retention surface 40 . The upper and lower retention surfaces 38 , 40 are preferably planar surfaces that are perpendicular to the radial direction. As such, the upper and lower retention surfaces 38 , 40 help secure the compression limiter 10 within the fastened component and prevent the compression limiter 10 from rotating relative to the fastened component. The undercut surface 36 is disposed radially inwardly relative to the retention surfaces 38 , 40 and may have a arcuate shape. Alternatively, the undercut surface 36 may have a different shape that forms corners between the undercut surface 36 and the retention surfaces 38 , 40 that are greater than 90 degrees (e.g., a curved shape, a diagonal surface, or the like). Such a corner is easier to manufacture than a sharp corner and reduces wear on the manufacturing tools described below. [0038] In any case, a portion of the fastened component extends between the retention surfaces 38 , 40 and engages the undercut surface 36 . This helps secure the compression limiter 10 within the fastened component and prevents the compression limiter 10 from moving longitudinally relative to the fastened component. Each of the surfaces 36 , 38 and 40 of the retainer 26 may have a uniform shape as viewed along the surfaces 36 , 38 and 40 and in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction 20 . Alternatively, the undercut surface 36 may extend in a direction with only a component perpendicular to the longitudinal direction 20 (e.g., the undercut surface 36 may extend diagonally). [0039] Each retainer 26 also includes retention edges 39 between which the retention surfaces 38 , 40 are disposed. The retention edges 39 are preferably perpendicular to the retention surfaces 38 , 40 and extend in the longitudinal direction 20 . However, in some embodiments the retention edges 39 may extend in a direction with only a component parallel to the longitudinal direction 20 (e.g., the retention edges 39 may extend diagonally). Furthermore, the corner between each retention edge 39 and adjacent retention surfaces 40 is preferably disposed radially inwardly relative to a projection 41 of the arcuate surfaces 32 having the same radius and center as the arcuate surfaces 32 . Such a feature permits the compression limiter 10 to be presented by typical automated feeding systems. In any case, the retention edges 39 help prevent the compression limiter 10 from rotating relative to the fastened component. [0040] The aforementioned surfaces may vary from the shapes described above without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, in a second embodiment shown in FIGS. 7-11 , the compression limiter 110 includes a body 112 that defines a passageway 114 as described above. The body 112 also includes an upper surface 116 , a lower surface 118 , an inner surface 122 , and an outer surface 124 from which one or more retainers 126 project. As shown most clearly in FIGS. 10 and 11 , outer shoulder surfaces 130 are spaced apart from axial surfaces 146 of the retainers 126 . In addition, each retainer 126 includes an undercut surface 136 disposed between an upper retention surface 138 and a lower retention surface 140 . Referring specifically again to FIGS. 10 and 11 , each undercut surface 136 includes a planar surface 148 disposed between an upper arcuate surface 150 and a lower arcuate surface 152 . [0041] In a third embodiment shown in FIGS. 12-15 , the compression limiter 210 includes a body 212 that defines a passageway 214 as described above. The body 212 also includes an upper surface 216 , a lower surface 218 , an inner surface 222 , and an arcuate outer surface 224 from which one or more retainers 226 project. That is, unlike the previously-described embodiments, the outer surface 224 does not include planar surfaces from which the retainers 226 project. [0042] Each of the embodiments described above may include additional undercut surfaces. For example, the compression limiters 10 , 110 , and 210 may include undercut surfaces extending along lower surfaces 18 , 118 , and 218 , respectively. [0043] Referring now to FIGS. 16-22 , the compression limiter 210 is preferably manufactured as follows. The compression limiters 10 , 110 are also preferably manufactured as follows, but only the compression limiter 210 and its features are referenced for simplicity. Referring to FIGS. 16-18 , powder metal 360 (made from a carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum alloy, bronze alloy, or the like) is filled into a die cavity 364 of a die 366 . Several different components are disposed within the die cavity 364 and interact with the powder metal 360 . For example, the powder metal 360 is positioned about core rods 368 and 370 . The powder metal 360 is also supported by lower punches 372 and 374 ( FIGS. 16 and 18 ). Some of the powder metal 360 is disposed between a right side punch 376 and a central punch 378 . The rest of the powder metal 360 is disposed between the central punch 378 and a left side punch 380 . Referring now to FIGS. 16 , 19 , and 20 , the powder metal 360 is next pressed by the lower punches 372 and 374 and upper punches 382 and 384 . This action causes an inner surface 386 of the die cavity 364 ( FIG. 16 ) to shape the outer surfaces of the compression limiters 210 . The core rods 368 , 370 simultaneously shape the inner surfaces 222 of the compression limiters 210 . Further still, the side punches 376 , 380 and the central punch 378 simultaneously shape the retainers 226 of the compression limiters 210 . Specifically, the right side punch 376 shapes a first retainer 226 on a first compression limiter 210 , the central punch 378 shapes a second retainer 226 on the first compression limiter 210 , the central punch 378 shapes a first retainer 226 on a second compression limiter 210 , and the left side punch 380 shapes a second retainer 226 on the second compression limiter 210 . As shown most clearly in FIG. 16 , each of the side punches 376 , 380 includes a protrusion 388 to shape an undercut surface 236 on one of the retainers 226 , and the central punch 378 includes two protrusions 388 to shape an undercut surfaces 236 on each of the retainers 226 . Referring now to FIGS. 16 , 21 , and 22 , the compression limiters 210 are removed from the die cavity 364 by lowering the die 366 in the compression direction relative to the side punches 376 , 380 and the central punch 378 . The compression limiters 210 may be collected by sliding them laterally relative to the longitudinal direction 20 (i.e., in the direction permitted by the protrusions 388 ). Finally, a coating may be applied to the compression limiters 210 , such as a zinc and clear chromate coating as provided by ASTM B633 type 3 class 1 or the like. [0044] Those skilled in the art will appreciate changes to the apparatus described above that permit three or more compression limiters 210 to be manufactured during each cycle. Furthermore, those skilled in the art may appreciate that the compression limiter 210 may be formed by a simplified process wherein a single compression limiter 210 is manufactured during each cycle. However, it is preferred to manufacture two or more compression limiters 210 during each cycle so that the net transverse load applied to the die 366 is reduced. That is, a single upper punch may apply a transverse load (e.g., towards one of the side punches 376 , 380 ) in addition to the load in the compression direction. The transverse load must be resisted by the die 366 and can cause wear on the punches and the die 366 . However, the transverse loads applied by two or more upper punches 382 , 384 operating simultaneously may cancel each other and thereby reduce the net transverse load applied to the die 366 . [0045] From the above disclosure, it should be apparent that the present invention provides a compression limiter with retention features that resist both translational and rotational motion. In addition, the compression limiter is easily shaped in a single tooling assembly. [0046] A preferred embodiment of the invention has been described in considerable detail. Many modifications and variations to the preferred embodiment described will be apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art. Therefore, the invention should not be limited to the embodiment described, but should be defined by the claims that follow.	A compression limiter is disclosed that comprises an upper surface and a lower surface. The compression limiter further comprises an inner surface that defines a passageway configured to accommodate a fastener and an outer surface configured to engage a structure in which the compression limiter is placed. A first retainer projects outwardly from the outer surface and includes a first retention surface that has at least a planar portion. The first retainer further includes an undercut surface disposed inwardly from the first retention surface so as to create a corner extending in a direction with at least a component perpendicular to the longitudinal direction. A method of forming the compression limiter is also disclosed.	5
FIELD OF INVENTION The present invention relates to a block-base bag for vacuum cleaners, which has, in the interior thereof, at least one diffuser made of strips of material and/or sheet materials with oblong-shaped flow openings. Such bags are distinguished by excellent dust storage capacity and extension of the useful life. BACKGROUND INFORMATION The increase in dust storage capacity—i.e. extension of the useful life (lifespan)—of a vacuum cleaner filter bag is, in addition to improved separation power (particle retention), a substantial aim in the development of filter bags. This can be achieved by innovative bag materials or also by the incorporation of material surfaces which influence the airflow in the filter bag. Thus EP 0 960 645 and EP 1 795 247 disclose nonwoven materials for vacuum cleaner bags having particularly good dust storage capacity. EP 1 787 560 shows flow distributors in the form of squares or strips of material which are fitted in the region of the inlet opening of the filter bag and are able to split and deflect the incoming airflow into partial flows. In EP 1 804 635, the concept is developed with respect to a second flow distributor supplementing the function of the first flow distributor. From DE 20 2008 008 989 and DE 20 2008 003 248, combinations of two flow distributors with a spacing means are known. From DE 20 2006 016 303, a filter bag which comprises a bag having an interior which is subdivided into at least two chambers is known. In the case of one embodiment, the subdivision is effected by a separating wall which is fixed at three side edges, a transition between the first and the second chamber being formed at the fourth side edge. In another embodiment, the separating wall is welded to the filter layers only at one side edge for the entire length and is welded on the opposite side to a strip on the upper layer made of filter material. DE 20 2008 007 717 describes a filter bag in which a planar, multilayer filter insert which is connected at least partially to the filter bag walls is disposed in the interior. Dust is intended thereby to be incorporated between the at least two layers of the filter insert. For this purpose, the upper of the two layers can be perforated or slotted. The filter insert can be configured as a continuous strip which is fixed at two oppositely situated edges of the bag. DE 20 2007 010 692 relates to a filter bag in which a filler layer made of fibre- or yarn material extends between the two filter walls, which layer is connected to both filter walls and, when the bag is unfolded, is pulled apart such that a net-like structure is produced in the bag. A dust filter bag having a blocking wall part fitted in the interior is known from DE 20 2006 019 108. This blocking wall part is mounted in front of the inlet opening of the bag such that it bulges out during operation and forms two outlet openings through which the airflow is deflected. It is essential to the invention that the blocking wall part is mounted at a spacing relative to the bag seam and does not abut against the rear bag wall under the pressure of the airflow. A further air distributor is known from DE 10 2006 051 117. At least two material layers are thereby disposed one above the other between the bag walls, the layers having less extension in a first surface direction than the two bag walls and, in the surface direction orthogonal to the first surface direction, having the same extension as the bag walls. There may be mentioned as materials, microfibre nonwoven or paper. DE 20 2006 016 304 discloses a bag having at least one guide element, by means of which the incoming airflow can be deflected. The guide element is fixed adjacent to the inflow opening. A bag already found on the market of the company Miele has an arrangement of a deflection device which is fitted directly below the inlet opening. This deflection device consists of a sheet material which is fitted directly with the upper side of the bag on both sides of the inlet opening. The purpose of this deflection device resides in deflecting the airflow which is suctioned in through the inlet opening directly in the region of the inlet opening. This deflection device is configured such that it is welded directly to the bag wall at a spacing relative to the inlet opening on the basis of a prescribed length or area. The area of this deflection device is therefore below approx. 10% of the bag surface. However, it is problematic with these bags that, because of the relatively small dimensioning of the first deflection device (SR 1 ), the result can be blockages of the bag due to dust accumulating between the inflow opening and the deflection device so that the bag becomes unusable. In addition, this vacuum cleaner bag also has a second plane of flow directors. The production of block-base bags made of nonwoven is described in DE 20 2005 016 309 and also EP 1 776 909, in which a vacuum cleaner bag having a base from which circumferential side walls extend in one direction for the formation of an interior space is described, the base having an essentially rectangular base portion. The basic shape of a block-base bag is described in DE 20 2007 000 198 U1. There is consequently understood by a block-base bag, a filter bag which has a bag body made of a one- or multilayer filter material, has a surface which forms two oppositely situated sides, the bag upper side, which contains an inlet opening or on which the block-base which contains an inlet opening is folded back, and the bag underside and also two side walls folded in on the bag undersides between the surface walls. Reference is likewise made to DE 78 04 400, DE 76 30 890 and also DE 92 09 964, which deal with the basic construction of a block-base bag, for definition of the shape of a block-base bag. A further block-base bag having a closed free end region and an oppositely situated, at least partially closed, region and also a retaining plate is known from DE 103 48 375, the base of the bag being formed from a plurality of layers of the bag material which are situated one above the other. Block-base bags made of paper with rigid inserts in the interior are known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,603,741. U.S. Pat. No. 2,848,062 discloses a block-base bag having an inserted, partially planar, unslotted material layer. It is however common to all the previously mentioned vacuum cleaner bags that the inflowing dirt particles are only distributed inadequately so that the result is premature blockage of the vacuum cleaner bag, which ultimately leads to reduced dust storage capacity and a significantly inadequate lifespan of the vacuum cleaner bag. SUMMARY OF INVENTION The present invention relates to a block-base filter bag which ensures increased dust storage capacity and hence an extension of the useful life (lifespan). In addition, blockage of the opening in the interior of the bag is intended to be prevented. According to the invention, a block-base bag having a bag front side, a bag rear-side and also a block-base at a spacing from the bag front-side and the bag rear-side in order to form a bag interior, with bag walls made of an air-permeable filter material, is hence provided, the bag front-side or the block-base having an inlet opening for the air to be filtered and at least one diffuser being disposed in the interior of the block-base bag, which diffuser consists of at least two individual strips of material and/or sheet materials, disposed next to each other, which have oblong-shaped flow openings, the at least one diffuser being connected to the bag wall on at least one side. There is thereby understood according to the invention by a block-base bag, a filter bag which has a front-side, a rear-side and also at least three surfaces for producing an inner volume. With respect to the geometric configurations and the folding principles of the block-base bag, reference can be made in this respect to the bag forms which are known from the state of the art and discussed further back. Hence, one of the at least three side surfaces thereby forms the base side of the filter bag, whilst the two remaining side surfaces respectively connect the outer edges which delimit the front-side and also the rear-side to each other, as a result of which an interior which defines the volume of the filter bag in the operating state is formed. Preferably, at least the two side surfaces which are disposed between the front- and the rear-side have a fold which allows the filter bag to collapse such that a planar contact is made possible between the front- and the rear-side of the filter bag. Either the base surface or the front-side of the filter bag thereby has an air inlet opening. Such a filter bag unfolds due to the inflowing air in the operating state itself, such filter bags are therefore termed SOS (self-opening sack). In the sense of the invention, butt-ended bags are also termed block-base bags. The diffusers fitted in the interior of the bag according to the invention, which are formed from strips of material or sheet materials provided with flow openings, thereby cause turbulence of the inflowing air which is laden with dirt- and/or dust particles. Hence the lifespan of the bag can surprisingly be substantially extended. The diffuser made of a floppy material is thereby formed either from at least two strips of material, disposed next to each other, but can also consist of sheet materials which have flow openings in the sense of slots within these sheet materials. Such sheet materials hence have at least one slot or a cut which however is not impressed continuously over the entire sheet material so that, at the ends of the sheet material, i.e. wherever there is no slotting, cohesion of the sheet material is ensured. The geometric shape of the strips of material or the geometric shapes formed by the flow openings on the sheet material is thereby essentially irrelevant; thus the strips of material can for example be structured as strips or the sheet materials by straight slots, however likewise all other possible geometric shapes of strips of material or sheet materials are possible, for example also s-shaped strips or slot guides, but also through-openings etc. It was found surprisingly that the filter bags have an excellent dust storage capacity and hence an increased lifespan. It can likewise be observed that blockages in the region of the air inlet of the bag—as can frequently be the case in the bags known from the state of the art—could be avoided. In an advantageous embodiment according to the invention, the strips of material are disposed moveably relative to each other; it is likewise possible that the strips of material are at a spacing relative to each other or that the flow openings of the sheet materials are dimensioned such that the resulting strips of material are at a spacing relative to each other. It is further preferred that the width of the strips of material is 2 mm to at most 50% of the width of the bag upper side. Particularly preferred widths of the strips of material are thereby of orders of magnitude between 5 and 35% of the width of the bag. The same applies for the arrangement of the oblong flow openings relative to each other in the sheet materials, the flow openings defining the width of the strip. It is further advantageous if the oblong-shaped flow openings of the sheet materials are linear. However, almost any geometric shapes are possible for the oblong flow openings, thus the flow openings can for example have a parallel or meandering or zigzag configuration, furthermore helical lines are likewise conceivable. In a further advantageous embodiment, the linear, oblong flow openings have a different length within the sheet material. This embodiment of the invention is useful when at least two flow openings are present on the sheet material. These flow openings can thereby have a different length, which leads to improved stability of the diffuser. It is likewise preferred that the at least one diffuser is mounted on the bag wall on both sides. In this embodiment, the diffuser is hence fixed respectively on the bag upper side or bag underside. Fixing is thereby effected preferably respectively in the end region of the diffuser so that this is connected merely at points to the bag wall and is flexible in the region situated therebetween because of the floppy material and can be moved by the inflowing air. It is likewise advantageous if the diffuser has approximately the same length and/or width as the bag upper- or underside. Fixing of the diffuser in this case can be effected then expediently by introducing the ends of the diffuser between the upper- and underside of the filter bag and fixing them together with the upper- and underside to form the finished bag. Fixing of the diffuser is thereby effected therefore at the same time as the gluing or welding step for the production of the filter bag itself. In this respect, this possibility for the fixing enables an extremely economical and simple production of the filter bag. As an alternative embodiment hereto, it is however likewise possible that the diffuser is narrower and/or shorter than the bag upper- or underside. It is further possible here that the diffuser has a greater length and/or width than the bag upper- or underside and is present folded. Folding of the diffuser is effected expediently when the length of the diffuser is greater than the dimensioning of the length and/or width of the filter bag. Folding is then effected expediently in zigzag form, for example partial overlapping of the strips of the diffuser one above the other being effected with a diffuser in strip shape. In this respect, an increase in the engagement surface for the inflowing air is made possible, which leads to a further improvement in the properties of the filter bag. A further embodiment of the present invention provides that the diffuser in the form of strips of material is configured turned and/or twisted. Here also, an increase in the engagement surface for the inflowing air is effected, the same advantages resulting as were described already in the folded shape of the diffuser. It is likewise preferred that the diffuser in the form of strips of material is formed by filament bundles or bundles of foil strips. In this embodiment, the strips of material themselves are formed from a large number of filaments or threads or the like. Likewise, at least two diffusers respectively in the intermediate plane can be disposed respectively relative to each other such that the strips of material and/or the oblong flow openings are not disposed parallel to each other, e.g. orthogonally, but also in arrangements deviating herefrom. With such an embodiment, the airflows entering into the filter bag can be made to swirl specifically. The floppy materials of the diffusers thereby consist preferably of air-permeable materials and/or of air-impermeable materials. There are considered thereby as air-impermeable materials, in particular foils, for example plastic material foils (e.g. PE or PP). There are used as air-permeable materials, preferably laminates of air-permeable materials and/or air-impermeable materials provided with flow openings. In the case of the composite materials, a construction of a layer of polypropylene spun nonwoven of approx. 15 g/m 2 , a layer of crimped polypropylene staple fibres of approx. 100 g/m 2 and a second finishing spun nonwoven layer of again 15 g/m 2 is particularly preferred. The cohesion of the composite is effected via weld points which connect all the layers together. Furthermore, it is preferred if the diffuser is connected to the bag wall via an adhesive point and/or weld points. In a further preferred embodiment, the block-base bag in the operating state has a prismatic geometry, the block-base forming the base of this prism. The block-base preferably has a rectangular shape. It is likewise advantageous if the block-base is disposed angled relative to the bag front-side and relative to the bag rear-side, the angle being from 10° to 170°, preferably from 45° to 125°. Preferably, the block-base bag is constructed such that an independent deployment, i.e. a quasi complete unfolding of the block-base bag to the operating geometry, is possible independently by air flowing in through the inlet opening. It is likewise advantageous if the block-base bag in the transporting state is folded such that the block-base is disposed in a planar manner relative to the front- or rear-side of the bag body. For this purpose, the block-base is folded either onto the front- or rear-side, according to whether the block-base is folded onto the front- or rear-side, that side likewise has a fold. Preferably, the block-base bag has at least two foldable side surfaces. It is likewise preferred if the diffuser is connected to at least one foldable side surface of the block-base bag, in particular in the region of the fold. Further advantages result if the inside of the filter bag upper side has a foil (e.g. a PE foil) in the region of the air inlet opening. This foil can be glued on or welded for example. As a result, dust accumulations in the region of the inlet opening can be almost completely avoided during operation so that the closing function of the flap closing the inlet opening is not impaired. Surprisingly, it was however found that the function of this “antifilter cake foil” is improved further by the diffusers according to the invention. The invention is explained in more detail with reference to the subsequent Figures without restricting the invention to the parameters represented in the Figures. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows a prismatic block-base bag with a block base according to the present invention; FIG. 2 shows a cuboid double block-base bag according to the present invention; FIG. 3 shows the development of a double block-base bag according to the present invention; FIG. 4 shows the development of a prismatic block-base bag with slotted diffusers according to the present invention; FIG. 5 shows the development of a double block-base bag with various diffusers according to the present invention; FIG. 6 shows a filter bag without diffusers in the interior (comparative example 1) according to the present invention; FIG. 7 shows a filter bag according to the present invention with diffusers (21×11 mm) disposed transversely both on the front- and rear-side (example 2); FIG. 8 shows a filter bag according to the present invention with a diffuser (21×11 mm) disposed longitudinally on only one of the front- and rear-side (example 3); FIG. 9 shows a filter bag according to the present invention with diffusers (21×11 mm) disposed transversely both on the front- and the rear-side (example 4); and FIG. 10 shows test results with the filter bags according to the present invention which are compared with filter bags according to comparative example 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG. 1 shows a filter bag 1 of a prismatic configuration, the largest surfaces of which represent the front-side 2 and the rear-side 3 . The block-base 4 represents the base of this filter bag and can likewise be formed from the bag material of the walls of the bag, e.g. a nonwoven material. The block-base 4 can thereby be unreinforced but can also be for example reinforced by a retaining plate 6 which is disposed thereon and connected to the block-base 4 , for example by welding or gluing. The retaining plate 6 thereby serves for example for fixing the block-base bag 1 in the vacuum cleaner; the retaining plate 6 has the air inlet opening (not illustrated). In an alternative embodiment, the retaining plate 6 ′ can however likewise be fitted on the front-side 2 of the block-base bag 1 . The block-base bag 1 is delimited laterally by the side walls 5 . These side walls can have longitudinal folds, as is described for example in DE 103 48 375 or in EP 1 776 909. For the sake of clarity, the side folds are not illustrated. The block-base bag 1 is thereby formed preferably from a single web of the material forming the block-base bag, which material, after corresponding folding on the front-side 2 , is placed partially above the longitudinal seam 7 and is connected to the bag 1 by gluing or welding together. In FIG. 2 , a block-base bag which has, in addition to the block-base 4 , a further block-base 4 ′, is illustrated, the block-base 4 ′ forming the underside of the filter bag. Furthermore, the embodiments for FIG. 1 apply in particular with respect to the side folding of the side walls 5 . FIG. 3 shows the basic development of the double block-base bag illustrated in FIG. 2 . By corresponding folding and connecting of such a web of the filter material, for example the double block-base bag 1 illustrated in FIG. 2 can be produced. With respect to the reference numbers, the embodiments made in FIG. 1 apply, the outer delimitations of the material web of the block-base bag 1 , which outer delimitations are described with 7, represent the points at which the material web is shown, for example by welding to the finished block-base bag 1 , forming the longitudinal seam 7 . In FIG. 4 , a corresponding development of a prismatic block-base bag 1 according to FIG. 1 is represented, a view on the side of the material web forming the inside of the block-base bag 1 being represented in FIG. 4 . Both the insides of the side surfaces 2 , of the side walls 5 and of the rear-side 3 are thereby provided continuously with a diffuser 8 which represents a sheet material which has a large number of parallel extending slots and which can be formed for example from a nonwoven material. The slots of the diffuser which represent the flow openings are thereby not configured universally over the entire surface of the sheet material so that cohesion of the strips of material separated by the slots is provided at the edges of the diffuser 8 . The diffuser 8 can thereby be connected at the edges to for example the front-side 2 by welding or gluing so that the diffuser is connected to the wall of the block-base bag 1 on both sides. In FIG. 5 , an alternative embodiment of a double block-base bag is represented, the wall of the material web forming the inside being represented here also, which web can be formed by corresponding folding together to form the finished block bag 1 . The development of the block bag 1 represented in FIG. 5 thereby has a large number of diffusers which are connected respectively to the corresponding walls of the filter bag, for example the front-side 2 , the rear-side 3 or the side walls 5 . Likewise, diffusers can be disposed in the region of the block-base 4 . The represented diffusers 8 are thereby connected preferably to the respective wall of the block-base bag 1 on both sides, for example by welding the materials together. For further clarification of the invention, tests with prismatic block-base bags were implemented, a filter bag without diffusers being compared with filter bags which have one or two diffusers disposed in the interior. The filter bags used in the examples are represented in the subsequently illustrated FIGS. 6 to 9 for illustration of the arrangement of the diffusers in the interior. All the diffusers are formed from strips of a three-layered nonwoven material. A three-layered composite made of a layer of polypropylene spun nonwoven of approx. 15 g/m 2 , a layer of crimped polypropylene staple fibres of approx. 100 g/m 2 and a second finishing spun nonwoven layer of again 15 g/m 2 is particularly preferred. The cohesion of the composite is effected via welding points which connect all the layers together. In the following descriptions of the Figures, an arrangement of the diffusers “longitudinally” means a vertical arrangement of the diffusers illustrated in the Figures, while “transversely” means a horizontal arrangement of the diffusers within the filter bag. The Figures show in detail: FIG. 6 shows a filter bag without diffusers in the interior (comparative example 1). FIG. 7 shows a filter bag according to the invention with diffusers (21×11 mm) disposed transversely both on the front- and rear-side (example 2). FIG. 8 shows a filter bag according to the invention with a diffuser (21×11 mm) disposed longitudinally on only one of the front- and rear-side (example 3). FIG. 9 shows a filter bag according to the invention with diffusers (21×11 mm) disposed transversely both on the front- and the rear-side (example 4). The filter bags represented in FIGS. 6 to 9 are not to scale. The front- and rear-side of the bag are approx. 18 cm wide and 27 cm long. The diffusers had 2 cm spacing at each side, therefore were 14 cm wide and 23 cm long. 21 strips were therefore present with 11 mm width. The filter bags represented in FIGS. 6 to 9 (of the constructional type FP 136 by the company Vorwerk) were measured in a test series (implemented with a vacuum cleaner by Vorwerk, type VK136) with defined quantities of DMT-standard dust type 8 (50-400 g, respectively in 50 g interval steps). Reference is made in this respect to DIN EN-ISO 60312. The measurement values are indicated for the filter bags in Table 1. The two lower lines of the table respectively show the measured pressure loss in % after picking up 200 or 400 g DMT-standard dust, this value being determined by the measured pressure value after picking up the respective quantity of dust, relative to the measured pressure in the case of the dust filter bag inserted in the vacuum cleaner without having previously picked up dust. Compared with comparative example 1 (dust filter bag without flow directors or diffusers, see FIG. 6 ), a significant improvement in pressure decrease or pressure loss can be observed with all picked-up quantities of dust. In this respect, the dust filter bags according to the invention have a significantly increased lifespan or dust pick-up capacity relative to the filter bags according to comparative example 1. In FIG. 10 , the obtained test results with the filter bags according to the invention are compared with the filter bags according to comparative example 1. In the diagram, a comparison of the obtained measurement values with those of comparative example 1* takes place respectively. It can be detected clearly that the filter bags according to the invention are clearly superior to the filter bags according to comparative example 1* with respect to the pressure decrease in the case of a previously defined picked-up quantity of dust. TABLE 1 Example No. 1* 2 3 4 quantity of dust [g] Pressure Pressure Pressure Pressure [hPa] [hPa] [hPa] [hPa] 0 24.4 23.7 23.8 23.6 50 24.6 23.6 24.8 24.6 100 23.2 22.3 23.3 22.8 150 21.2 20.9 21.0 21.6 200 19.1 19.9 19.5 20.4 250 17.3 18.5 17.9 18.8 300 14.4 17.6 16.4 17.6 350 12.5 16.1 15.2 16.5 400 10.2 15.0 14.0 15.5 pressure loss after 200 g 22% 16% 18% 14% after 400 g 58% 37% 41% 35%	A block-base bag is for vacuum cleaners. The bag includes, in the interior thereof, a diffuser made of strips of material and/or sheet materials with oblong-shaped flow openings. Such bags are distinguished by excellent dust storage capacity and extension of the useful life.	0
[0001] The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/405,870 filed Feb. 27, 2012 and bearing the same title. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates to temperature forcing of electronic components and, in particular, to temperature forcing of semiconductor chips and modules during testing. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] In the electronic components semiconductor industry it is generally required to subject prototypes and production samples of semiconductor devices (chips or modules) to thorough electrical testing. Since specifications of a device typically include the range of ambient temperatures over which it should be operable, each device under test (DUT), and more specifically its casing, must generally be held during part of such testing at each of the extreme temperature values of the specified range (thus simulating the required extreme ambient temperature values). Such extreme values are typically between 125 and 165 degrees centigrade, at the high end, and between −40 and −70 degrees centigrade, at the low end. The process of thus keeping the case temperature of a DUT at one or the other of the specified extreme values is known as temperature forcing and is achieved, in common practice, by placing a heat conducting device in tight thermal contact with the DUT's casing and controlling its temperature so as to be held near the desired value. The heat conducting device and the system that controls its temperature are together referred to as a temperature forcing system (TFS). [0004] Moreover, as is well known, operation of a semiconductor chip or any other electronic component is an exothermic process, wherein electric power fed to it is converted to heat, thereby tending to raise the temperature of the chip. This heat must be dissipated by the ambient air and/or external devices, as well as, generally, by the temperature forcing system, in order to limit the rise of the temperature, leaving the latter in equilibrium at the desired level. This is particularly true when testing at the low temperature range. When testing at a high extreme temperature, however, the exothermic process of the DUT may at times be insufficient to raise its casing temperature to the desired level, as all of the generated heat is dissipated by the ambient air and external devices. In this case the temperature forcing system, rather than dissipating heat, must supply heat to the DUT through its casing. [0005] Two important requirements govern such temperature forcing: One requirement is that the temperature of the DUT, or its casing, be monitored and held at the desired level quite accurately and constantly (say—within 0.1 degrees C.). The other requirement is that the controlled temperature be switchable between the two extreme values (or to any other values) within a relatively short time (say—at a rate of 10-60 degrees C. per minute). It is noted that the temperature must be held constant even while varying operations in the chip (per test procedures), causing varying amounts of heat to be generated therein; the present invention aims at holding the DUT's temperature constant even while the input power dissipated by the DUT varies between a fraction of a watt and several hundred watts. Another, obvious, requirement is that any test setup be operational with a wide variety of chip types to be tested, having different heat-generating characteristics. [0006] During testing, a semiconductor device (e.g. a packaged chip or an electronic module) is typically held in a test jig so that electrical terminals on its bottom surface are in contact with appropriately configured electrical test circuitry, while its top surface is accessible for temperature forcing. Other test configurations are also possible and are equally addressed by the present invention. [0007] A typical temperature forcing system of prior art comprises a thermal head that is placeable in thermal contact with the DUT, a chiller and a circulation system that circulates a heat transfer fluid between two heat exchangers—one in the chiller and one in the thermal head. The chiller is a conventional refrigeration system, operational to extract heat from its heat exchanger and thus to cool the heat transfer fluid to substantially below the extreme low temperature of the desired testing range. The heat transfer fluid is generally designed to remain liquid throughout the circulation system and over the entire range of the testing temperatures. When passing through the thermal head's heat exchanger, the transfer fluid extracts heat from the thermal head, thus, in turn, cooling it. [0008] Such a prior-art system has three major drawbacks: (a) The presence of two heat exchangers in tandem causes a relatively large cumulative temperature differential between the chiller and the DUT, thus reducing the efficiency of the process and placing a sometimes unacceptable limit on how low the temperature of the latter may be forced with a simple (single-stage) refrigeration system. (b) Heat dissipation in the thermal head's heat exchanger is based on the principle of Forced Heat convection, whose heat transmission factors are low (by several orders of magnitude relative to the principle on which the present invention is based); this seriously limits the rate at which the DUT temperature may be changed during testing. (c) The relatively large heat capacity of the circulating transfer fluid further limits the rate at which the temperature may be switched. [0009] It is an object of the present invention to provide a temperature-forcing system for controlling the temperature of an electronic device under test more quickly and accurately than one of the prior art. [0010] Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent as the description proceeds. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0011] The present invention improves the process of temperature forcing of an electronic device under test, over prior art, by providing that the cooling of the device, or of a member in direct or indirect thermal contact therewith, be effected directly by the evaporation of a bi-phase refrigerant, rather than by the flow of an intermediate single-phase transfer fluid (gaseous or liquid) that, in turn, exchanges heat with a remote cooling apparatus. One important advantage of this arrangement, over prior art, is that it involves fewer stages of heat transfer, with their associated temperature differentials, thus achieving greater thermal efficiency—enabling, for example, to achieve lower device temperatures for a given set of refrigeration parameters or, conversely, to utilize a smaller and less powerful, compressor to attain a given device temperature. Another important advantage of this arrangement, to be explained below, is the greater speed at which the device temperature may be switched. [0012] Basically, a system according to the present invention comprises a central unit, at least one temperature-forcing head (termed in the sequel interchangeably also “thermal heads” or “heads”, for short), attachable to device-holding test jigs, each connected by a pair of supply- and return tubes to the central unit, and a bi-phase refrigerant that circulates throughout this combination. During operation, for each active temperature-forcing head, the refrigerant flows, in generally liquid state, from the central unit, through the supply tube to the head, where some or all of it evaporates while dissipating heat therefrom and whence it returns, generally in a mixed liquid- and gaseous phase, through the return tube, to the central unit and then it recirculates. [0013] The central unit basically includes a compressor and a condenser (which is preferably coupled with an atmospheric heat exchanger). The head basically includes a thermal contactor, having a face configured to be put in thermal contact with the electronic device, and an evaporator part, directly or indirectly in thermal contact with the thermal contactor, and particularly with the heat spreader. In some configurations the thermal head, and particularly the thermal contactor part, includes a thermoelectric cooler (TEC), in direct thermal contact with other portions of the head. The term “thermal contact” (between two components) is here used to denote either (in the case of direct thermal contact) a direct physical contact between the components that allows heat transfer between them or (in the case of indirect thermal contact) a physical contact between each of the components and an intermediary, mutually adjacent, heat conducting member. [0014] The evaporator is formed as a flow-through enclosure and includes an inlet port and an outlet port, connected with the supply tube and the return tube, respectively, thus being in the flow path of the refrigerant. Additionally in the flow path, between the condenser and the evaporator, there is a metering device, such as (but not limited to) an expansion valve or a capillary, which is a flow-restricting component, configured to continuously, adjustably or selectively create a pressure differential between the high pressure of the inflowing refrigerant produced by the compressor and the resulting low pressure in the outflowing refrigerant exiting the metering device.—and then caused to flow through the evaporator. The term high pressure is defined here as that pressure at which the refrigerant assumes the liquid phase when at normal atmospheric temperature and the term low pressure—that at which the refrigerant assumes the gaseous phase even when at the lowest temperature at which the evaporator is to operate. Part of the evaporator is preferably formed as a heat exchanger, configured to efficiently exchange heat between the refrigerant and the other parts of the head, so as to generally dissipate heat therefrom, (and thereby—from the DUT). [0015] Preferably the end portion of the thermal contactor that comes in thermal contact with the device under test, known as heat spreader, is formed to have an end face that matches the upper face of the device in size and shape. Preferably the thermal contactor is configured as an exchangeable component of the temperature-forcing head, there being generally a plurality of thermal contactors adapted to be part of any one head. The plurality of thermal contactors may differ mutually in the shape of the heat spreader, so as to be usable with a corresponding plurality of device types. If the head is configured to include a TEC, the latter is preferably included in the thermal contactor. Thus the plurality of thermal contactors may also differ mutually as to whether or not they include a TEC and if they do—may differ in the type of TEC included. [0016] Preferably there is at least one heat sensor imbedded in each of the evaporator wall and the heat spreader (in the thermal contactor), configured to provide temperature feedback signals, as described below. Also embedded in the heat spreader, in some configurations, is one or more heating elements, as described below. [0017] Operation of the system is generally as follows: Firstly, the refrigerant which has been pressurized by the compressor is converted from the gas to liquid phase in the condenser, through heat dissipation by an atmospheric heat exchanger, or any other type of heat exchanger. When a low temperature is desired at the device under test, the refrigerant is made to flow through the metering device. The liquid refrigerant emerging from the metering device enters the evaporator, where low pressure prevails, wherein it comes into contact with the heat exchanger, or possibly with any other part or wall of the evaporator, to evaporate thereon into gaseous phase and thereby to dissipate heat therefrom and thus also—through the thermal contactor (and possibly through a TEC therein)—from the DUT. The resulting low pressure mixture of gas and liquid is drawn by the compressor, through the outlet port and the return tube, for another cycle. It is noted that the system thus operates essentially as a conventional cooling system, but wherein the evaporator and its associated heat exchanger are advantageously part of the temperature-forcing head, serving to dissipate heat therefrom in a highly efficient, as well as effective, manner. The efficiency is inherent to the topical evaporation (i.e. boiling) process, with its extremely high heat transfer coefficient, as well as to the single heat-exchange process (in contrast to double heat-exchange processes that typify prior-art systems), while effectiveness characterizes the fact that the heat-exchanger and the parts of the head thermally coupled thereto nearly reach the very low boiling temperature of the refrigerant. [0018] In order to coarsely adjust the temperature at the evaporator (and thereby—the temperature forced on the DUT), the rate of heat dissipation therefrom may be alterable, by changing the rate—preferably the average rate—at which evaporating liquid refrigerant flows through the evaporator; this can be achieved by any of several means, depending on system configuration. Such adjustment is preferably controlled by using temperature feedback signals from one or more heat sensors imbedded in a wall of the evaporator. Preferably the control operation is by means of a central control unit. Such control capability is also applicable to coarsely maintaining a given temperature value at the evaporator (and thereby—at the face of the heat spreader) even while heat dissipation requirements vary under varying operations at the DUT (e.g. as dictated by test procedures). [0019] When a high temperature is desired at the DUT (such as an extreme high temperature dictated by the test procedures), the operation described above can be modified so as to drastically reduce, or totally eliminate, heat dissipation from the evaporator. One manner of such modification is to drastically reduce the rate at which refrigerant flows through the evaporator—essentially as described above; in an extreme situation, the flow may be stopped altogether. Another possible modification is to cause the refrigerant to flow through the evaporator in gaseous phase only; in this case, generally no condensing and no evaporation takes place. If it is necessary to supply heat to the DUT (rather than to dissipate heat therefrom) in order to maintain it at a high temperature, heating elements in the heat spreader may be activated; if a TEC is included in the head, it may be run with reverse current, to supply heat as required. [0020] Switching between high and low temperature levels, as is often required during testing, is effected by selectively applying the chosen modification to the flow of the refrigerant. It is noted that each of the two diverse temperature levels is mainly effected by a corresponding state of refrigerant flow through the evaporator; that is—a low temperature level is effected by a high average rate of flow of the refrigerant, in a state of evaporation, with consequent high rate of cooling of the heat exchanger, whereas a high temperature level is effected by a relatively low, or even zero, average rate of flow in the state of evaporating liquid or by the flow in gaseous phase only, with consequent low or zero rate of cooling. Since the change in the rate or in the phase mode occurs within the head and since the switching of the average rate or of the mode can be practically instantaneous, the resultant temperature change in the heat exchanger—and hence also in the device under test, which is in thermal contact therewith—is extremely fast. This is an important advantage of the invented system and contrasts with systems of prior art, wherein the temperature of an intermediary coolant must be switched, which takes a much longer time, owing to the relatively high heat capacity of the voluminous coolant and owing to the two (rather than one) heat exchange processes involved. [0021] A high rate of switching of at least 50° C./min between high and low temperature levels is made possible by employing the aforementioned refrigeration cycle within the temperature-forcing head to benefit from at least the following factors: (1) direct cooling of the DUT, (2) a relatively low level of thermal inertia due to selection of a suitable refrigerant that is bi-phase at relatively low pressures, and (3) a large convective heat transfer coefficient on the order of 20,000 W/(m 2 ° K) resulting from refrigerant boiling and the release of latent heat of vaporization during a liquid to gas phase change. The temperature switching rate will generally not exceed 150° C./min due to material deformation considerations. [0022] As mentioned above, in some configurations of the invented system there is interposed between the heat exchanger and the heat spreader (preferably as part of the thermal contactor) a thermoelectric cooler (TEC), in thermal contact with both of these components. Its purpose is primarily to enable highly accurate and very fast control of the temperature in the DUT. Such control is achieved by sensing the temperature of the DUT or of the heat spreader—preferably by means of a suitably embedded sensor—and accordingly controlling the average electric current flowing through the TEC. At times, the TEC may also serve to provide additional temperature shift, to achieve temperature ranges at the DUT beyond what is achievable by the cooling subsystem alone. Thus, for an extremely low temperature at the DUT, the TEC is operated in its normal, cooling mode with a relatively high value of electric current; its face next to the heat spreader is thus kept at an appreciably lower temperature than that of the heat exchanger (as is effected by the coolant evaporation). The converse is true when aiming at an extremely high temperature at the DUT; if the heat produced by the latter is insufficient to raise its casing temperature to the desired level, even at zero dissipation by the cooling subsystem (i.e. complete stoppage of coolant circulation), the TEC may be operated in a reverse mode (i.e. with a reversed current flow), so that its face next to the heat spreader is at a substantially, yet controllably, higher temperature than the ambient temperature, causing an additional, temperature rise at the interface to the DUT and enabling the latter's temperature to be kept at the desired elevated level. To raise the forcing temperature even further, the current through the TEC may be increased to a level at which resistive (ohmic) heating takes effect. [0023] In some configurations of the invented system, electrically resistive heating elements may be imbedded in one component or another of the thermal head (such as the heat exchanger or the heat spreader), in order to introduce additional heat and thus raise the temperature at the DUT to a desired high level. In configurations lacking a TEC, such a heating element may also be utilized to accurately control the forced temperature, by varying the magnitude of the electric current flowing therethrough (again, under control of a feedback signal obtained from a temperature sensor imbedded in the heat spreader or in the DUT itself); this mode of temperature control may also be applied for the case of low temperatures, by thus adding a small but controllable amount of heat to that dissipated by the highly cooled heat exchanger. [0024] There is thus disclosed herein a temperature-forcing system, for controlling the temperature of an electronic device under test, comprising a temperature-forcing head, including a face positionable in thermal contact with said device, and an evaporator, in direct or indirect thermal contact with said face; and a refrigerant circulation subsystem, including a compressor, a condenser, a flow control device for inducing a pressure drop in said refrigerant, and a conduit circuit through which said refrigerant is flowable. [0025] Said subsystem is configured to cooperate with said evaporator so as to define at least one closed loop through which a corresponding bi-phase refrigerant is circulatable, so that, during circulation, said refrigerant is maintained in a liquid phase between the compressor and the flow control device and in a gaseous phase while flowing through the evaporator, wherein the temperature of said device is switchable by means of said head at a rate of 50 to 150 degrees Celsius per minute. [0026] More specifically, in the disclosed system the refrigerant, while flowing through the evaporator at a low pressure, is operative to dissipate heat therefrom by evaporation and the evaporator or any part thereof is formed as a heat exchanger. [0027] In various configurations of the system, the head further includes a thermo-electric cooler, one or more resistive heaters or one or more temperature sensors. [0028] In some configurations of the system, the head is formed as two parts that are mutually attachable and detachable, one part being a thermal contactor, which includes the face that is configured to be put in thermal contact with a device under test. The thermal contactor may further include a thermo-electric cooler. [0029] In one embodiment, the circulation subsystem is a two stage refrigeration cycle by which a first stage refrigerant pressurized by a first compressor is delivered to a heat exchanger whereat it cools a second stage refrigerant pressurized by a second compressor to a pressure greater than the pressure generated by said first compressor, for an increased cooling effect. [0030] As additional features of the disclosed system, the refrigerant circulation subsystem further includes a bypass conduit, configured to selectively provide a flow path for the refrigerant that avoids circulation through the evaporator, the subsystem is operative to circulate the refrigerant intermittently, with a variable duty cycle, or at a variable rate of flow and the metering device is an adjustable expansion valve. [0031] In some configurations, the system further comprises a tube assembly, attached to the head and configured to pass the refrigerant from the subsystem to the evaporator and back from the evaporator to the subsystem, wherein the tube assembly is connectable to, and detachable from, the subsystem. In some configurations, the system comprises one or more additional temperature-forcing heads, each similar to the disclosed temperature forcing head, wherein the subsystem is configured to similarly circulate the bi-phase refrigerant also through the evaporator of each of the additional heads. [0032] Also disclosed herein is a temperature-forcing head, for controlling the temperature of an electronic device under test, comprising a thermal contactor, configured with a face adapted for thermal contact with the device and an evaporator, in direct or indirect thermal contact with the thermal contactor and configured to be connectable to a circulation system for circulating a bi-phase refrigerant in a gaseous phase through the evaporator and in a liquid phase through a condenser, wherein the temperature of said device is switchable by means of said head at a rate of 50 to 150 degrees Celsius per minute. [0033] More specifically, in the disclosed head the evaporator or any part thereof is formed as a heat exchanger and is configured to transfer heat to any bi-phase refrigerant, entering it in liquid phase and flowing therethrough at a low pressure, by evaporating the refrigerant. [0034] Also disclosed herein is a method for dissipating heat from a thermal head while in thermal contact with an electronic device under test, comprising (i) providing a bi-phase refrigerant and a circulation system therefor, in fluid communication with a portion of the thermal head; and (ii) causing at least some of said refrigerant, while in liquid phase, to come in thermal contact with said portion, whereby at least some of the refrigerant evaporates, wherein the temperature of said device is switchable by means of said head at a rate of 50 to 150 degrees Celsius per minute. [0035] The present invention is also directed to a method for forcing the temperature of an electronic device under test, comprising (i) providing a thermal head, including an evaporator part, and placing it in thermal contact with the device; (ii) connecting the head to a circulation system and causing said system to circulate a bi-phase refrigerant through the evaporator part; and (iii) when heat dissipation from the device is required, causing at least part of said refrigerant to enter the evaporator in liquid phase, whereby it dissipates heat therefrom by evaporation, wherein the temperature of said device is switchable by means of said head at a rate of 50 to 150 degrees Celsius per minute. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0036] In the drawings: [0037] FIG. 1 is a schematic overall block diagram of a temperature-forcing system according to one embodiment of the present invention; [0038] FIG. 2A is a schematic isometric drawing of an embodiment of the temperature forcing system of FIG. 1 , showing a central unit and a thermal head; [0039] FIG. 2B is a schematic isometric drawing of an alternative configuration of the embodiment of FIG. 2A ; [0040] FIG. 3 is an axial-sectional view of an embodiment of the thermal head in the system of FIGS. 2A and 2B , in one configuration of the system; [0041] FIG. 4 is an isometric drawing, in top open view, of an embodiment of the evaporator and heat exchanger in the thermal head of the system of FIGS. 2A and 2B ; [0042] FIG. 5 illustrates in external view an alternative configuration of the thermal head of FIG. 3 ; and [0043] FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a thermodynamic cycle operating in conjunction with another embodiment of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0044] Reference is made to both FIG. 1 , which shows a temperature-forcing system according to an embodiment of the invention schematically in block diagram manner, and FIG. 2A , which depicts a particular embodiment of the system in an isometric view. The system is generally configured and operative to circulate a bi-phase refrigerant through a temperature-forcing head (thermal head). [0045] A central unit 10 , usually with an enclosing case (not shown), has a compressor 12 , a condenser 13 in intimate thermal contact with an atmospheric heat exchanger, and an expansion valve 18 . A pipe (not shown) connects the outlet of compressor 12 with the inlet of condenser 13 , and another pipe 17 connects the outlet of condenser 13 to the inlet of expansion valve 18 . The heat exchanger is in thermal communication with the atmosphere, aided by a fan 14 . Also within the central unit 10 is a controller 15 , in electrical communication with a control panel 16 . [0046] A tube assembly 20 , preferably flexible, connects central unit 10 with a thermal head 30 . In the presently illustrated configuration there is a single thermal head, but in other configurations there may be two or more thermal heads with their respective tube assemblies, connected in parallel to the central unit. The tube assembly includes a pair of tubes—a supply tube 21 and a return tube 22 —as well as an electric cable 23 (which includes a number of wires). The inlet end of supply tube 21 is connected to the outlet of expansion valve 18 , while the outlet end of return tube 22 is connected to the inlet of compressor 12 . The electric cable 23 is connected to controller 15 . It is noted that, with respect to the thermal head, the central unit 10 and the tubes 21 and 22 jointly form a refrigerant circulation system. [0047] Expansion valve 18 is a preferred type of what may be generally referred to as a metering device, which is a fluid flow regulating component with an essentially narrow passageway that is configured to restrict flow in a manner that, in cooperation with the compressor, creates a pressure differential across it. In other words, it is operative to allow high pressure to be built up upstream to it (by the action of compressor 12 ), whereby the refrigerant is kept in liquid phase, while allowing low pressure to be maintained downstream to it, whereby the refrigerant is allowed to evaporate. The metering device may also be any of several other types, including, for example, a capillary tube. In some other configurations or embodiments, it may be disposed as part of the supply tube or as part of the thermal head. Preferably and as in the illustrated embodiment, expansion valve 18 is adjustable, that is the degree of stricture is variable; the narrower the passageway, the lower the rate of flow and the higher the pressure differential (up to the maximum achievable with a given compressor) and conversely—the wider the passageway, the higher the rate of flow (up to the maximum achievable with a given compressor) and the lower the pressure differential. As explained below, this adjustability may affect commensurate variability in the rate of heat dissipation from the thermal head and in the minimum temperature achievable therein. [0048] In the illustrated configuration there is within the central unit 10 also a bypass conduit 19 , leading from another outlet of the expansion valve 18 to the inlet of compressor 12 . Passage of refrigerant through the bypass conduit is switchable—preferably within the expansion valve. As explained below, it may serve, when required, to eliminate any pressure differential and thus to prevent any cooling effect. [0049] In an alternative configuration of the system, shown schematically in FIG. 2B , the tube assembly 20 consists of two sections that are interconnected by a set of matching connector pairs—connectors 24 A for the supply tube, connectors 24 C for the return tube, and connectors 24 B for the electric cable. A first section of the assembly is configured as part of the central unit 10 , the connectors at its end being preferably affixed to its case (not shown), while the second section is long enough to reach the test setup. The connectors are preferably configured for quick connection and quick release, as is commercially available. A suitable valve mechanism, commercially available, at each of the tube connectors blocks the refrigerant from leaking out while the tubes are disconnected. This configuration enables easy removal of the head from the central unit for servicing or for replacement; it also enables the alternate use of several different heads—possibly with tube assemblies of different lengths. [0050] Thermal head 30 is configured to make thermal contact with a device under test, disposed in a test jig, and to thus dissipate heat from the device and (for the case of high-temperature testing) possibly supply heat thereto. Thermal head 30 is connected to the other end of tube assembly 20 —in a manner further explained below—whereby, in particular, it is in fluid communication with the circulation system, providing fluid passage from supply tube 21 to return tube 22 . [0051] A bi-phase refrigerant, of any suitable type with low boiling point, such as Freon, including Freon R22, R134, R134a, R408A, R507 and R717, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide, but preferably Freon R23 (having a boiling point of −115.7° F. at 1 atm) and/or R404A (having a boiling point of −40.8° C. at 1 atm), closely circulates through the entire system, that is—it generally flows (in the order listed) from compressor 12 , through condenser 13 , expansion valve 18 , supply tube 21 , thermal head 30 , and return tube 22 , back to the compressor. [0052] By virtue of its low boiling point, the refrigerant undergoes cavitation in a turbulent flow regime while circulating through its conduit circuit, providing a large convective heat transfer coefficient on the order of 20,000 W/(m 2 ° K). It is thus an advantageous feature of the invention that the refrigerant flows through the tube assembly and the thermal head—in contrast to a chiller non-boiling type system of the prior art which provides a convective heat transfer coefficient of only 2000-5000 W/(m 2 ° K), where the refrigerant is confined to a central unit, while a secondary coolant flows through tubes and the thermal head. [0053] In some configurations, wherein the tube assembly comprises two interconnectable sections as described above, there can be provided a plurality of thermal heads 30 , of different types and/or sizes, to serve for testing various types and sizes of devices, under various testing conditions. Each head is connected to a corresponding second section of tube assembly 20 , interchangeably connectable to the central unit 10 . In other configurations, each head is structured to have a detachable component thereof (the thermal contactor—to be described below), which is to thermally contact the DUT, and there can be provided a plurality of such components, interchangeably attachable to a thermal head and being of different types and/or sizes, to serve for testing various types and sizes of devices, under various testing conditions. [0054] FIG. 3 depicts schematically, in a cut-open isometric view, an embodiment of one configuration of a temperature-forcing (thermal) head 30 . As seen in FIG. 3 and FIG. 1 collectively, the head is fixedly connected to the tube assembly 20 and includes a housing 31 and an assembly of components that are sequentially in thermal contact with each other. These typically consist of (in the listed order)— a heat spreader 32 , a thermo-electric cooler (TEC) 33 and an evaporator 40 . [0058] Mutual thermal contact between these components (represented in FIG. 1 by wide double arrows) is achieved by flatness of their respective contacting surfaces and preferably enhanced by interposing a thin layer of heat-conducting substance, such as a thermal pad, thermal grease or Indium-based foil. [0059] The housing 31 is adapted to mechanically engage test jig 102 so as to hold the thermal head in proper position with respect to the device-under-test (DUT) 100 . The heat spreader 32 , which is intended to ensure that DUT 100 will be maintained at a substantially constant temperature by which a maximum difference between an instantaneous high DUT temperature and low DUT temperature is no more than 0.10° C., has a face 42 configured to conform to the shape of, and to be placed in thermal contact with, the DUT 100 . The heat spreader face 42 is preferably in physical contact with the DUT 100 in order to induce heat transfer by conduction. Imbedded in the heat spreader is a temperature sensor 39 , available commercially, which is connected through wires 38 in cable 23 to controller 15 and operative to sense the temperature of the heat spreader, and thus indirectly also of the underlying device, and to send a corresponding signal to controller 15 ( FIG. 2A ). In some configurations of the thermal head, the heat spreader also includes one or more electrically resistive heating elements (not shown), to serve for supplying heat to the DUT when necessary; electric current is supplied to the heating elements from controller 15 through wires (not shown) in cable 23 . [0060] TEC 33 is a flat device, based on the Peltier effect, containing one or more bi-metal couplers (in series), which are electrically connected between two poles, to which direct voltage is applied during operation; the voltage is obtained through a pair of wires in cable 23 (which is part of tube assembly 20 ) from controller 15 ( FIG. 2A ). TEC 33 may be any of a number of sizes and types available. The polarity and magnitude of the applied voltage affects the nominal temperature differential between the two faces of the TEC, e.g. the upper and lower faces. The actual temperature differential is generally lower and depends on the rate at which heat must be dissipated from the DUT and on the type of the TEC; in extreme cases the temperature differential may become insignificant. Moreover, applying voltage of higher magnitude than that required for maintaining the temperature differential may cause significant current to flow through the TEC, resulting in ohmic losses, which generate added heat; such heat may be used to heat up the device when necessary. If a higher temperature differential is required, in addition to that available from a single TEC, one or more additional TECs may be interposed in tandem. In some other configurations of the system, the thermal head does not include a TEC. [0061] The heat spreader 32 (with its imbedded temperature sensor 39 ) and the TEC or TECs 33 jointly form the so-called thermal contactor part 35 of the thermal head, which has a length ranging from 20-100 mm. In some configurations of the head, as illustrated in FIG. 5 the thermal contactor is detachable and several different interchangeable thermal contactors may be provided, differing, for example, in the shape of the heat spreader and/or in the type of TEC or TECs, possibly also lacking a TEC altogether. Any of the thermal contactors may be attached to the head—to be used with corresponding types of electronic devices. As seen in FIG. 5 , the thermal contactor has a number of electrical connectors 36 , configured to engage matching connectors within the body of the head and serving to provide electrical connections to any temperature sensors and any heating elements within the heat spreader. It is noted that the detachability of the thermal contactor is also advantageous for facilitating the replacement of the TEC, which is a component typically prone to faults. [0062] The evaporator 40 is the part of the temperature-forcing head that is in fluid communication with the refrigerant supply- and return tubes 21 and 22 . It is formed as a closed chamber, with an inlet port and an outlet port, to which the ends of supply tube 21 and return tube 22 are respectively connected. FIG. 4 shows a preferred embodiment of evaporator 40 in top open view, wherein its interior is seen to be structured as a heat exchanger 34 . The structure forms a maze-like canal, or passageway, through which the refrigerant flows from the inlet port (above point A in the drawing) to the outlet port (above point B). It thus presents a relatively large surface, over which any fluid flowing through the evaporator may readily come in contact and exchange heat therewith. Various configurations of heat exchanger 34 may employ different geometric shapes to achieve such a large surface, including, but not limited to, fins, pin-like or conical protrusions, and a plurality of passageways in parallel. [0063] Preferably, a temperature sensor 37 is imbedded in the body of the evaporator 40 (FIG. 3 )—most preferably at its heat exchanger portion 34 , as illustrated in FIG. 4 . Its output signal is fed, over a pair of wires (not shown), through cable 23 , to the control unit 15 . It serves to enable controlling the temperature of the heat exchanger (by means described below) so as to keep it at a level appropriate for dissipating heat from the DUT at its desired temperature level. [0064] Operation of the system, with a thermal head in the configuration of FIG. 3 , will now be described for each of two operational states—low- and high temperature at the device under test. The operational state is determined by the test requirements and is conveyed to the controller 15 from the test equipment by a suitable communication path (not shown). Switching between the two states is preferably effected either by changing the duty cycle of the compressor between a low value (for example 10% of the time, possibly even 0%, i.e. no operation) and a high value (for example 90% of the time, possibly even 100%, i.e. full operation) or by changing the operational speed of the compressor and/or by switching the bypass conduit 19 between open and closed states. It will be appreciated that any such switching will cause relatively fast transition between the two temperature states at the device under test. [0065] In the low temperature state, bypass conduit 19 is closed. Action of compressor 12 causes pressure to be built up in the refrigerant throughout the upstream passageway up to the expansion valve 18 . Resulting high-pressure and high-temperature gas, flowing through condenser 13 , is cooled by atmospheric heat exchange (aided by blower 14 ) and is thus converted to liquid (still under high pressure). The pressure in the liquid refrigerant is reduced once it flows through the expansion valve, whence it flows, under low pressure, through supply tube 21 into the evaporator 40 (through its inlet port). The interior of the latter is kept at a low pressure, due to the drawing action of compressor 12 (through return tube 22 ). The liquid refrigerant flows through the passageway of heat exchanger 34 , where it comes in contact with the large surface of its walls, absorbing the heat that has been discharged thereto from the heat spreader and consequently evaporating into gaseous state at a highly reduced temperature. The resultant gas flows, through the outlet port of the evaporator and return tube 22 , back to the inlet of compressor 12 , whence it is recycled. [0066] The heat dissipated from heat exchanger 34 lowers its temperature, which in turn allows it to absorb heat from the adjacent face of TEC 33 , lowering its own temperature. Electric current made to flow through the TEC in, say, the forward direction causes its other face to be at temperature that is, by a certain degree, lower than that of the first face, allowing it to absorb heat from the heat spreader 32 , thus lowering also the latter's temperature, which similarly cools the device under test. The temperature of the heat spreader 32 is monitored, through sensor 39 , by controller 15 , which accordingly adjusts the voltage applied to TEC 33 so as to keep the sensed temperature at the desired value. It will be appreciated that the time constant of such a control loop is very short, resulting in a very stable temperature at the device. [0067] For coarser temperature control, as for example in setting the nominal forcing temperature at a level higher than the minimum attainable or when the control range must extend beyond what is achievable by the TEC alone, the compressor is preferably operated intermittently, that is—it alternately operates for a given time period and rests for another period. The relative length of the operating period is called the duty cycle and is denoted as a percentage. During operation, full cooling is effected, as described above, whereas during the rest period the refrigerant remains gaseous. The frequency of such cycling is high enough to cause any resulting temperature variations in the heat exchanger to remain below a desired value, aided by its heat latency. The remaining temperature variations may be compensated for by the controlled operation of the TEC, as described above. The higher the duty cycle, the greater the average cooling effect and thus the lower the nominal device temperature. An alternative, or additional, coarse temperature control may be similarly provided by intermittently opening and closing the bypass conduit 19 . [0068] Additional control over the heat dissipation process and on the resultant temperatures, may be exerted by adjusting the stricture or opening of the expansion valve 18 , thus controlling the rate of flow of the refrigerant and its pressure differential; the rate of flow affects the rate of heat dissipation within the heat exchanger 34 , while the pressure differential influences the lowest temperature achievable by the evaporation process therein. A similar effect may be provided by varying the running speed of the compressor. It is noted that all these means provide a relatively fast response time whereby the temperature of the DUT is switchable at a rate of 0-150° C./min, and preferably at a rate of 50-150° C./min,—again contributing to temperature stability. When a temperature sensor 37 is imbedded in the body of the heat exchanger 34 (or generally in the evaporator), its signal is fed to the control unit 15 , where it is used as a feedback signal in controlling the temperature of the heat exchanger by any of the means recounted above. [0069] In a high-temperature state in which no heat dissipation from the DUT is desired, bypass conduit 19 is preferably open. The pressure in the refrigerant is thus not allowed to be lowered to a level at which it could liquefy and therefore it remains gaseous and, moreover is returned from the expansion valve directly to the compressor throughout the flow cycle. Alternatively the compressor 12 may be shut down altogether. Since now only a negligible cooling effect takes place in the evaporation chamber as a result of the remaining residual refrigerant that is undergoing evaporation, there is practically no heat dissipated from heat exchanger 34 , resulting in a chain of rising temperatures, through the TEC and the heat spreader to the device under test. The latter's temperature is thus allowed to rise, by the effect of heat generated within it by its own operation during testing. If this is not sufficient, a voltage applied across TEC 33 in the reverse direction causes the temperature of its lower face to rise, which further warms the heat spreader and thence—the device. The heating effect in the TEC may be due to both the Peltier effect and ohmic losses. For extreme cases, a resistive electric heater (not shown) may be placed in the thermal head (e.g. within the heat spreader) and a current may be controllably driven therethrough. On the other hand, for the case that the device generates heat at a rate greater than that dissipated by its environment, some heat dissipation by the thermal head would be called for and then active cooling may be applied as described above for the low temperature case—albeit at a suitably low cooling rate. [0070] The temperature level at the device is, again, accurately maintained by controlling the magnitude of the voltage applied to TEC 33 or to the resistive heater through a closed loop, involving sensor 39 and controller 15 . [0071] In certain configurations of thermal head 30 , intended for testing devices where the lowest required forcing temperature is well above that achievable by the system in full operation, the head does not include a TEC, but preferably includes, instead, a simple electrically resistive (ohmic) layer between the heat exchanger 34 and the heat spreader 32 . Alternatively a heating element may be imbedded in the heat spreader. Electrical current is controllably driven through the resistive layer (or the heating element) so as to provide additional heat that must be dissipated by the cooling system, thus, in effect, raising the forcing temperature of the device by a given amount. This resistive arrangement serves for finely and accurately controlling the device temperature, in a closed-loop manner similar to that effected by the TEC in the previously described configuration. [0072] FIG. 6 illustrates another embodiment of the invention wherein an extreme low device temperature is achievable by employing a cascading, two stage refrigeration cycle. [0073] In the schematic illustration of the refrigeration cycle, the first stage refrigerant flows in closed loop conduit circuit 62 and second stage refrigerant, which may be of a different type than the first stage refrigerant to provide an increased cooling rate, flows in closed loop conduit circuit 72 . The temperature of the first stage refrigerant may range from 0 to −60° C. and the temperature of the second stage refrigerant may range from 0 to −70° C., while their pressure may range from 0.7 to 24 bar. The higher pressure levels are sufficient to maintain the refrigerant in a liquid phase. [0074] The structure of the central unit is similar to that of the single stage cycle, although provided with an additional compressor, conduit circuit and heat exchanger, and therefore need not be described, for brevity. [0075] The first stage refrigerant is pressurized by first compressor 64 to a high pressure P 1 and a high temperature T 1 , and is then cooled by condenser 65 , e.g. an air-cooled type, to a temperature T 2 . After flow control device 66 , e.g. a capillary tube, lowers the pressure of the first stage refrigerant to P 3 and its temperature to T 3 , generally below 0° C., the first stage refrigerant is delivered to heat exchanger 71 , in order to cool the second stage refrigerant exiting second compressor 74 . The first stage refrigerant exiting heat exchanger 71 at a higher temperature of T 4 and a higher pressure of P 4 is delivered to first compressor 64 . [0076] The second stage refrigerant is pressurized by second compressor 74 to a high pressure P 5 and a high temperature T 5 greater than P 1 and T 1 , respectively, and is then delivered to heat exchanger 71 , whereat it is cooled by the first stage refrigerant to pressure P 6 and temperature T 6 greater than P 3 and T 3 , respectively. The cooled second stage refrigerant flows to evaporator 77 retained in the temperature-forcing head, e.g. a labyrinth type evaporator, and is evaporated as a result of heat transfer from the DUT, producing a pressure P 7 and a temperature T 7 less than P 3 and T 3 , respectively. The second stage refrigerant exiting evaporator 77 is delivered to second compressor 74 . EXAMPLE 1 [0077] A field-programmable gate array (FPGA) device was subjected to temperature forcing at extreme temperatures ranging at an extreme high temperature between 135 and 200° C. and at an extreme low temperature between 0 and −60° C. Freon R404A was used as the refrigerant. [0078] The compressor pressurized the refrigerant to a pressure of 250-300 psi, resulting in a temperature of 50° C., and provided a suction pressure of 10-20 psi. The refrigerant was cooled by an air-cooled type condenser to a temperature of 30° C. A capillary tube lowered the pressure of the refrigerant to 20 psi and its temperature to −30° C. [0079] The cooled refrigerant was delivered to a labyrinth type evaporator retained in the temperature-forcing head, and was evaporated as a result of heat transfer from the FPGA device, producing a temperature of −55° C. at a heat dissipation rate of up to 1 kW. [0080] The compressor operated continuously during the cooling phase, and was not operated during the heating phase. A thermoelectric cooler provided in the temperature-forcing head was alternately operated and deactivated for a frequency ranging from 20-1000 Hz during both the cooling and heating phases. [0081] The FPGA device was maintained at a constant temperature that did not fluctuate more than a temperature difference of 0.1° C. between two regions thereof. During testing, the temperature of the FPGA device was switched from an extreme high temperature 200° C. to an extreme low temperature of −60° C. a rate of 50-70° C./min, within a time period of 3.7-5.2 min. EXAMPLE 2 [0082] A FPGA device was subjected to temperature forcing at extreme temperatures ranging at an extreme high temperature between 135 and 200° C. and at an extreme low temperature between −30 and −70° C. Freon R23 was used as the refrigerant in thermal contact with the device. The temperature-forcing head was not provided with a thermoelectric cooler, but rather the low temperatures were made possible by a two stage refrigeration cycle and the high temperatures were achieved by the use of a resistive heater. [0083] In the first stage, a first compressor pressurized the R404A refrigerant to a pressure of 250-300 psi, resulting in a temperature of 50° C., and provided a suction pressure of 10-20 psi. The refrigerant was cooled by an air-cooled type condenser to a temperature of 30° C. A capillary tube lowered the pressure of the refrigerant to 20 psi and its temperature to −30° C. [0084] In the second stage, a second compressor pressurized the R23 refrigerant to a pressure of 400-600 psi, resulting in a temperature of 70-80° C., and provided a suction pressure of 10 psi. The refrigerant exiting the second compressor was delivered to a plate type heat exchanger, and was thereby cooled by the R404A refrigerant circulating in separate alternating plate-shaped chambers to a temperature of −20° C. The cooled R23 refrigerant was delivered to a labyrinth type evaporator retained in the temperature-forcing head, and was evaporated as a result of heat transfer from the FPGA device, producing a temperature of −70 to −80° C. at a heat dissipation rate of up to 1 kW. [0085] The first and second compressors operated continuously during the cooling phase. During the heating phase, a single resistive flat heater providing a heat influx of 0-1 kW was used. When the heater was operated for a duration ranging from one msec to one sec, a heating pulse of 1 W was generated. [0086] The FPGA device was maintained at a constant temperature that did not fluctuate more than a temperature difference of 0.1° C. between two regions thereof. During testing, the temperature of the FPGA device was switched from an extreme high temperature 200° C. to an extreme low temperature of −70° C. a rate of 150° C./min, within a time period of 1.8 min. [0087] While some embodiments of the invention have been described by way of illustration, it will be apparent that the invention can be carried out with many modifications, variations and adaptations, and with the use of numerous equivalents or alternative solutions that are within the scope of persons skilled in the art, without exceeding the scope of the claims.	A temperature-forcing system and method for controlling the temperature of an electronic device under test comprises a temperature-forcing head, including a face positionable in thermal contact with the device, and an evaporator, in direct or indirect thermal contact with the face; and a refrigerant circulation subsystem, including a compressor, a condenser, a flow control device for inducing a pressure drop in the refrigerant, and a conduit circuit through which the refrigerant is flowable. The subsystem cooperates with the evaporator so as to define at least one closed loop through which a corresponding bi-phase refrigerant is circulatable, so that, during circulation, the refrigerant is maintained in a liquid phase between the compressor and the flow control device and in a gaseous phase while flowing through the evaporator. The temperature of the device is therefore switchable by the head at a rapid rate of 50 to 150 degrees Celsius per minute.	5
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a process for continuously transferring, bonding and drying a film of a compound of an aqueous dispersion of a polymeric binder to a flexible substrate. Surface laminated polymeric compounds are used in a wide range of applications. These compounds provide a tough shiny protective surface which may be impermeable. These coatings are useful as protective carrier coatings for foams and as protective backing coating for foam backed carpet. The coatings are also useful to provide a "skin" on non wovens which protect the non woven. These backed textiles are useful in a number of applications such as diapers, geotextiles and vapour barriers on insulation batts. In the foam rubber industry there has been a desire to produce a rubber foam with the surface qualities of urethane foam. Preferably the foam should have a tough shiny surface. One approach to this problem is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,098,944 issued July 4, 1978 to Borg Warner Corp. This patent teaches spray coating the back of a carpet with from about 20 to 90 g/yd 2 of a compound comprising 5 to 100 parts by weight of a latex of a carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber (X-SBR) and 100 parts of a hydrocarbon wax. The application of a "skin" to the back of a foam backed carpet has not been widely accepted in the carpet industry. It is difficult to get low coat weights for the surface finish and the surface tends to have an orange peel appearance rather than a smooth glossy appearance. The surface appearance of the foam has a strong influence on consumer selection of product. Non wovens are a rapidly growing market in North America. In many cases it is desirable to apply a barrier coat to the surface of the non woven. This may be done by laminating or calendering a preformed sheet to the non woven web. The Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1979, Vol. 6 at pages 377 through 411, discussed coated textiles and coating processes. Precast coating is known to be used with textiles and non wovens. In the process one or more coatings is applied to a flexible metal sheet which is contacted with the surface of the substrate to be coated. The present invention combines cast coating with drum lamination techniques to apply, bond, and dry a wet coating to a substrate in a simple efficient manner. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a one step process for producing a film from about 0.001 to 0.05 inches in thickness on a flexible surface selected from the group non wovens and foam backed carpet of a compound of an aqueous dispersion of a polymer binder comprising: (a) applying a thin film of said compound to an endless carrier belt having a low adhesion to said polymeric binder, made of a material selected from the group consisting of C 2-3 poly olefins, C 2-3 poly olefin terepthalate resin, poly vinyl chloride, and poly vinylidene chloride (b) contacting said flexible substrate and coated carrier belt and maintaining them in relative position while passing them around at least a portion of the surface of a hot drum laminator at a temperature from about 100° to about 150° C. to dry said compound and transfer it to said substrate; and (c) delaminating said carrier belt from said substrate. The present invention also provides in a hot drum laminator the improvement comprising the following elements in a cooperating arrangement: (i) an endless carrier belt passing at least partially around the circumference of said hot drum and being in direct contact with the surface of said drum; (ii) coating means cooperating to coat said carrier belt with a compound of an aqueous dispersion of a polymeric binder; and (iii) guide rolls to guide said carrier belt from said hot drum to said coating means. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The process of the present invention is practiced using a hot drum laminator. FIG. 1 is a sketch of a suitable apparatus. In the process the substrate 1 is provided from a suitable source such as an unwind stand 2. In some instances it may be desirable to feed the substrate directly from its manufacture process to the process of the present invention. The substrate passes over guide roll 3 and comes into contact with carrier belt 4 which is coated with a compound of a dispersion of a polymeric binder. The substrate, coating and carrier belt 4 pass at least partially around the circumference of a hot laminator drum 5 to apply, bond and dry the compound. The now coated substrate and the carrier belt 4 pass over guide roll 6. At this point the carrier belt delaminates from the substrate. The substrate may then be subject to further treatment such as coating its opposite surface using the same procedure. The substrate is then finished typically by rolling on a windup stand 7. In some cases for carpets the carpet may be directly cut to form suitable sized carpet tiles. The carrier belt proceeds from guide roll 6 to guide roll 8 where it changes direction and passes through a suitable coating apparatus. In the drawing, the coating apparatus comprises a puddle of compound 9 and a blade coater 10. The present invention is not intended to be limited to this coating means and extends to any suitable coating method including gravure coaters, roller coaters, kiss coaters, Meyer rods, and air knife coaters. The coated carrier belt passes over guide roll 11 and changes direction to proceed to guide roll 3 where it comes in contact with the substrate. In an optional embodiment the drum laminator may be used in conjunction with a tension belt or web 12 which travels over guide rolls 6, 6'3' and 3 and partly around the circumference of drum laminator 5. The substrate may be a number of materials including foam rubber or foamed urethane, foam backed carpet and non wovens. When a foam backed carpet is the substrate it is fed to the process "green side up" (i.e. with the foam backing being exposed to the carrier belt). There are many types of non wovens which may be used as substrates in accordance with the present invention. The non woven may be made of hydrophylic fibers such as natural fibers including cotton, jute, flax wool, cellulose, reconstituted cellulose such as rayon, or synthetic fiber such as polyamides such as nylon 6 or nylon 66. The fibers may be hydrophobic such as C 2-3 polyolefins, and polyesters. The non woven may be a blend of both hydrophobic and hydophylic fibers in all weight ratios from 100:0 to 0:100 preferably 25:75 to 75:25. In the fiber industry hydrophobic fibers are defined as those fibers which will have a moisture regain of less than 2.5 percent at 70° C. and 65 percent relative humidity. Generally such fibers include polyolefins and polyesters. The present invention may also be used in association with glass or mineral fibers to provide a vapour barrier on the back of a friction fiber batts of insulation. Non wovens are generally relatively lightweight materials having a weight from about 5 to 130 g/yd 2 . The density for fiber insulation batts is generally from about 5 to 12, preferably 5 to 10 pounds per cubic foot. For insulation foams such as foamed polystyrene, foamed isocyanate backed material and foamed urethanes the density is in the range of 2 to 5 preferably 2 to 3 pounds per cubic foot. The rate of travel of the substrate through the process will depend on a number of factors including the diameter size of the drum, viscosity of the compound, the coat weight of compound to be applied, and the temperature of the hot drum in the laminator. It will be desirable to adjust line speed with one or more of the above variables to achieve proper coating. The line speed, under typical conditions may be up to about 90 to 100 feet per minute. Preferably the line speed will be from about 30 to 50 feet per minute. The hot drum laminator may be operated at temperatures up to about 200° C. typically 80° to 180° C., most preferably about 100° to 150° C. The carrier belt, in accordance with the present invention is preferably a sheet of a thermoplastic polymer. Suitable polymers include poly C 2-3 olefins; resins of C 2-3 alpha olefins and terephthalate esters such as Mylar (trademark) and homopolymers of vinyl chloride or vinylidene chloride and webs of glass fibers. Generally the transfer web is in the form of a very thin sheet from about 0.003 to 0.008 preferably about 0.005 inches thick The carrier belt is in the form of an endless belt passing through the coating means 10 and over the guide rolls 3 and 6 and around the laminating drum 5. The web may, if desired, have a textured surface. In the alternative the drum may be textured and the carrier belt smooth. Since the carrier belt forms an endless belt the material it is selected from must be capable of withstanding multiple heating cycles and some abrasion resistance. The compound of an aqueous dispersion of a polymeric binder will typically comprise an aqueous dispersion of a polymeric binder, optionally a filler and usually a release agent. The solids content of a filled compound may be up to about 85 percent by weight, preferably in the 60 to 75 weight percent range. The filler may be any filler compatible with the process. Typical fillers include particulate mineral fillers such as clay, calcium carbonate, calcium silicate, hydrated alumina, hydrate alumina silicate, and chalk. The filler may be used in amounts up to about 80, preferably not more than 60 parts by weight per 100 parts by dry weight polymer. The release agent, if required, is used in amounts less than about 10, preferably less than 3 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of polymer. There are a number of commercially available release agents. Some of these are listed in Functional Materials published annually by the McCutcheon Division of MC Publishing Co. Suitable release agents include low molecular weight (i.e. less than 100 C 2-4 alkylene glycols; low molecular weight poly C 2-4 olefins, silicon emulsions, organosilicones, surfactants preferably fatty acids or amines or amidoamines and waxes. A particularly useful class of release agents are sold by Diamond Shamrock under the trademark NOPCO 1186. The aqueous dispersions of the polymeric binder are commercially available. Generally, these dispersions contain up to about 75 weight percent, preferably 50 to 68 weight percent of polymeric solids. There are a number of polymers which may be used in accordance with the present invention. The polymer may be a homopolymer of a C 4-6 conjugated diolefin which is unsubstituted or substituted by a chlorine atom. Representative of such polymers are natural rubber and chloroprene. The polymer may be styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) or a functional, preferably carboxylated, styrene butadiene rubber (X-SBR). Generally these polymers comprise: 20 to 80, preferably 40 to 60 weight percent of a C 8-12 vinyl aromatic monomer which may be unsubstituted or substituted by a C l-4 alkyl radical or a chlorine or bromine atom; 80 to 20, preferably 60 to 40, weight percent of a C 4-6 aliphatic diolefin and 0 to 10, preferably less than 5, weight percent of one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of: C 3-6 ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid; amides of C 3-6 ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic aicds which amides may be unsubstituted or substituted at the nitrogen atom by up to two radicals selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl radicals and C 1-4 hydroxy alkyl radicals; C 1-6 alkyl and hydroxy alkyl esters of C 3-6 ethylenically unsubstituted carboxylic acids; and C 3-6 ethylenically unsubstituted aldehydes. The polymer may be an acrylate. Typically such polymers comprise: 60 to 99.5 preferably 70 to 99.5 weight percent of a C 1-4 alkyl or hydroxy alkyl ester of acrylic or methacrylic acid; up to 40, preferably less than 30, weight percent of one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of C 8-12 vinyl aromatic monomers which may be unsubstituted or substituted by a C 1-4 alkyl radical or a chlorine or bromine atom; C 3-6 alkenyl nitriles; vinyl chloride, and vinylidene chloride; 0 to 10 weight percent, preferably less than 5 weight percent of one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of: C 3-6 ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids; amides of C 3-6 ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids which amides may be unsubstituted or substituted at the nitrogen atom by up to two radicals selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl radicals and C 1-4 hydroxy alkyl radicals; C 1-6 alkyl and hydroxyl alkyl esters of C 3-6 ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, and C 3-6 ethylenically unsaturated aldehydes. The polymer may be a copolymer of a C 2-3 olefin and a vinyl or allyl ester of a saturated carboxylic acid such as vinyl acetate or an alkyl ester of an unsaturated carboxylic acid such as butyl acrylate. Such polymers may optionally contain a functional monomer. Typically such polymers comprise: from 5 to 25, preferably 5 to 15, weight percent of C 2-3 efin and from 95 to 75, preferably 95 to 85, weight percent of a monomer selected from the group consisting of: vinyl or allyl esters of C 1-8 saturated carboxylic acids; C 1-4 alkyl or hydroxy alkyl esters of C 3-6 ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids; and from 0 to 10, preferably less than 5, weight percent of one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of: C 3-6 ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, amides of C 3-6 ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, which amides may be unsubstituted or substituted at the nitrogen atom by a C 1-4 alkyl or hydroxy alkyl radical; C 1-6 alkyl or hydroxy alkyl esters of C 3-6 ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids; and C 3-6 ethylenically unsaturated aldehydes. Suitable C 8-12 vinyl aromatic monomers useful in accordance with the present invention include, styrene, alpha methyl styrene, and chlorostyrene. Suitable C 4-6 aliphatic diolefins include butadiene, isoprene, and chloroprene. Suitable C 3-6 ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomers include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, fumaric acid and itaconic acid. Suitable amides of C 3-6 ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids include acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-methylol acrylamide, N-methylol methacrylamide. Suitable C 3-6 ethylenically unsaturated aldehydes include acrolein. Suitable esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, butyl acrylate and hydroxy ethyl acrylate. The preferred C 3-6 alkenyl nitrile is acrylonitrile. Suitable C 1-6 alkyl and hydroxy alkyl esters of C 3-6 ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids include the C 1-4 alkyl and hydroxy alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid and the lower alkyl half ester of itaconic and fumaric acid and the higher alkyl ester of acrylic and methacrylic acid. Suitable C 2-3 olefins are ethylene and propylene. Suitable vinyl and allyl esters of C 1-8 saturated carboxylic acids include vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butanate, and allyl acetate. The compound is applied to the carrier belt by a suitable means. Typically the compound will be applied to the carrier belt at a wet thickness up to about 20 mils (0.020 inches) preferably from about 5 to 15, most preferably 8 to 2 mils. The dry thickness of the skin on the substrate will be thinner by the amount of water lost from the compound when it is dried. Thus, a compound with 50 percent solids applied to the carrier belt at 10 mils wet should give about 5 mil film on the substrate. For higher filled compounds thick wet films may be used. For practical purposes the wet film may be about 120 mils thick. The following examples are intended to illustrate the present invention and are not intended to limit it. Unless otherwise stated parts are parts by dry weight. A compound was prepared in accordance with the following fomulations. ______________________________________ Dry WeightIngredient Compound A Compound B______________________________________Carboxylated S-B latex 100.0 100.0(approx. 50% solids)POLYSAR 2400 4.0 4.0Release AgentNOPCO-1186 Nil 50Filler (calcium carbonate)Water to 55% solids 0 50______________________________________ A foam backed carpet was fed through a drum laminator adapted with a carrier belt in accordance with the present invention. Compound A was applied to the carrier belt at a wet coat thickness of 10 mils. The line speed was 35 feet per minutes and the temperature of the drum was 180° C. The product is a foam backed carpet with a shiny smooth integrated bonded film on the back of the foam. The surface does not delaminate from the foam. The bond strength between the film and foam is greater than the internal strength of the foam. The film forms a protective barrier and the backing is not easily torn or scuffed by picking at or scratching it with the fingernails of the thumb or fingers. A series of non woven webs made of cellulose, fibers, fiberglass, polyesters, polyamides, polyolefins (Mylar) were treated in the same manner as the carpet except that compound B was the coat compound and it was applied to the carrier belt at a wet coat thickness from 1 to 20 mils. The resulting non wovens had a glossy smooth integrally bonded surface on the side which was treated. The surface did not delaminate and resisted picking:	A thin tough glossy surface may be applied to a flexible substrate in a one step process comprising: applying an aqueous thin film of a compound of a polymer to an endless carrier belt made of a material having a low adhesion to said polymer, contacting the flexible substrate and coated carrier belt and keeping them together while they pass around a hot drum laminator at a temperature of from about 100° to about 150° C. The process is suitable for applying impermeable surfaces to non wovens, and foam backed carpet.	3
RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 786,589, filed Apr. 11, 1977, and now abandoned. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In the past, the only two-way radio transceivers in an automobile, aside from those associated with fire or police departments, were amateur radio (Ham) operators or the occasional business man with a mobile telephone system. The Ham antenna, which operates in the 80 through 10 meter bands is about 9-10 feet tall and usually has a conspicuous center loading coil. Nevertheless, rarely was either the antenna or the mobile transceiver equipment disturbed by the criminal element, probably due to the fact that there was no readily discernable market for any such equipment, should it be stolen. With the opening of the 27 mhz (11 meter) band to any citizen without the need for a technical examination, the "population explosion" in this "citizens band" has been phenomenal. As a result, millions of transceivers are now in all types of motor vehicles ranging from sportscars to eighteen wheel tractor trailers. Unfortunately, accompanying the growth in citizen band (CB) radio use has been an equally dramatic increase in theft of CB equipment from automobiles. The theft of CB equipment is now so frequent that an additional auto insurance premium is commonly required to cover a mobile transceiver. The one characteristic that draws attention to a CB equipped automobile is the antenna. Since a vertical antenna or radiator is not generally an efficient antenna, various configurations are available to improve its efficiency. For example, a 5/8 wavelength antenna properly matched and tuned, exhibits a gain of about 4.5 db. over a reference 1/4 wavelength antenna. However, the 5/8 wavelength antenna is about 22.5 feet long when cut for the center of the 27 mhz band, while a 1/4 wavelength antenna is about 9 feet long. A 9 feet antenna on a motor vehicle becomes very obvious and conspicuous and thus makes the vehicle more susceptible to theft. Some attempts to "hide" the antenna have been unsuccessful due to the degradation of radiated signal below the level of the reference 1/4 wavelength antenna. Sharing the CB antenna with the AM or FM radio antenna is unsatisfactory due to the wide disparity between the operating frequencies and the inability to match the output impedance of the transceiver to the impedance of the broadcast band antenna that is required to operate efficiently in the 27 mhz band. One means of matching the output impedance of a transmitter to an antenna that has long been used by Ham radio operators is a tuner for random length wire antenna. It consists of a shunt capacitor connected between the fed end of the wire and ground and a series capacitor connected between the transmitter and the fed end of the antenna. This type of tuner has normally been used with an antenna having a length that is at least one wavelength at the operating frequency. To use an antenna length significantly less than 1/4 a wavelength at the operating frequency would severly restrict the usuable bandwidth of the antenna, that is, the ability to operate with a voltage standing wave radio (VSWR) below about 3:1. However, such a narrow bandwidth characteristic may be overcome by the use of a "capacitive hat" connected to the distal or high impedance end of a vertical antenna. This provides for a reduction in the quality (Q) of the antenna and also serves to prevent high amounts of RF voltage from appearing at the distal end. In addition, such a short antenna is attractive in that it is not readily noticed and is unobtrusive. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to radio frequency radiators, and more particularly, to an improved antenna and coupler system particularly suited for installation in a motor vehicle or automobile. Thus as one important feature, the present invention provides an improved antenna system that mounts adjacent a window of an automobile and which incorporates an antenna having only a fraction of the length of a 1/4 wavelength at the operating frequency. As another important feature, the present invention provides such an antenna system which may be conveniently installed in the rear trunk of an automobile and which may be readily coupled to a transceiver with a relatively low VSWR. The antenna system of the invention further exhibits sufficiently broadbanded characteristics and provides for protecting the matching components from undesirable vibration and exposure to being inadvertently damaged. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the above features are provided by an antenna which has a length significantly shorter than 1/4 wavelength at the operating frequency. The short antenna is positioned in a vertical plane across the inside surface of the rear window of a motor vehicle or automobile and has its impedance matched to a transmitter within the automobile by means of a shunt variable capacitor connected to the fed end of the antenna through a resistor of predetermined size. This fed end of the antenna and the series connected resistor are also coupled to the transmitter by means of another variable capacitor in series with a coaxial transmission line which extends along the bottom panel of the vehicle body and has a length which is about a half wavelength at the operating frequency. The capacitors are mounted on a board located within a housing which is mounted on the vehicle frame within the trunk compartment of the vehicle. To improve the bandwidth of the antenna, the distal end of the antenna is connected to the body of the vehicle above the rear window so that the body acts as a "capacitive hat." Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description, the accompanying drawing and the appended claims. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic elevational view of an automobile, in part section, and showing an antenna system constructed and installed in accordance with the invention, FIG. 2 is a part section view of the coupling and matching unit used in the antenna system shown in FIG. 1; and FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the antenna system shown in FIG. 1, and illustrating the coupling and matching unit and the antenna which extends upwardly across the rear window of the motor vehicle. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to FIG. 1, a motor vehicle or automobile has a body 10 in which a transceiver 11 is mounted within the dash. A flexible wire antenna 12 is located in the rear of vehicle body 10 and extends in a vertical plane across the inside surface of the rear window panel 13. The lower end of the antenna 12 is coupled to the transceiver 11 by means of a matching and coupling network or tuning unit 14 and a coaxial cable 16 which extends along the floor of the body 10. The cable 16 has a length of about 18 to 20 feet or about 1/2 the wavelength at 27 mhz in order for the same low output impedance of the transmitter to appear at the fed end of the antenna 12. Referring to FIG. 2, the matching and coupling network or tuning unit 14 is located within the vehicle trunk compartment 17 and includes a metallic housing 18 having a set of tuning apertures or openings 19. The housing 18 encloses an insulator panel or board 21 on which is mounted a pair of series connected capacitors 24 and 26. An SO-239 type coaxial chassis connector 28 is affixed to one wall of housing 18 for connection with a mating connector on the rearward end of the coaxial cable 16. The series connected capacitors 24 and 26 are variable and are tuned by adjusting corresponding screws 29 respectively with a nonconducting screwdriver extending through the openings 19. The lower end of the antenna 12 is connected through a resistor 20 to the common node 30 between capacitors 24 and 26, and the node terminals are secured to the supporting panel or board 21 by a stud 31. One end of the capacitor 24 is connected to the center conductor 32 of the coaxial connector 28, and the corresponding end of capacitor 26 is grounded to the housing 18 by means of a screw 33 which also supports one end of the board 21. The opposite end of the board 21 is supported by the center conductor 32 of the coaxial connector 28. The resistor 20 is rated between 5 and 20 ohms and preferably at 10 ohms at one-half watt. The resistor 20 is supported by the housing 18 and is surrounded by a shrink plastic tube (not shown) which extends through a hole within the housing. A set of plastic end caps 34 and 36 are pressed into opposite end portions of the housing 18 and are cemented to close the housing so that foreign matter is substantially prevented from entering the housing and effecting capacitors 24 and 26. The metal housing 18 includes a base mounting plate forming outwardly projecting ears or flanges 38. The flanges 38 are secured by screws (not shown) to the vehicle body 10 directly under the rear deck 40 below the rear window panel 13 so that the housing 18 is grounded to the body 10. As mentioned above, the coaxial cable 16 has its forward end connected to transceiver 11 and its rearward end connected through connector 28 to the coupler and matching network or tuning unit 14. The series connected variable capacitors 26 and 28 have one end grounded to the body 10 through the housing 18, and the opposite end is connected to cable 16 through the center conductor 32. The common ends of the capacitors or node 30 is connected to the fed end of the antenna 12 through the resistor 20, and the distal end of antenna 12 is connected to the vehicle body 10 by a screw 42 which extends through the frame 44 surrounding the rear window panel 13. Typically, the distance along the rear window panel 13 in a vertical plane is about 18 inches which represents about 4% of a wavelength at 27 mhz. While the antenna system herein described constitutes a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this precise system, and that changes may be made therein without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.	A motor vehicle is provided with a transceiver which is coupled to a rear mounted antenna system constructed to be unobtrusive and virtually undetectable in addition to being a good radiator.	7
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] 1. Field of the Invention [0002] The present invention relates generally to throttle valves that are capable of regulating system fluid flow. More particularly, the present invention relates to a ball valve designed to operate in a range of intermediate positions from open to shut wherein the volumetric fluid flow rate can be determined based on valve position and known system parameters. [0003] 2. Description of the Prior Art and Related Information [0004] Ball valves for the control of fluid flow are well known in various applications. These valves generally benefit from characteristics such as low torque required to operate, low pressure drop and quick opening or shut-off. Further, the valves generally contain a spherical ball with a flow channel extending therethrough that allows fluid flow through the valve when the valve is open. The valve is shut by rotating the ball a quarter-turn (or less), thus blocking the flow channel and forming a seal between the housing and the surface of the ball. [0005] Also known are flowmeters that operate by sensing the pressure differential or headloss across a flow restriction. Based on Bernoulli's law and known parameters, the flow rate is determined from a pressure differential. Examples of this type of flow meters include an orifice plate flowmeter and venturitubes. In the case of measuring the flow rate across a valve, the valve itself can be the flow restriction device where flow rate is reduced enough to create an accurate pressure differential measurement. [0006] U.S. Pat. No. Re. 33,649 entitled Butterfly Valve Having A Function for Measuring A Flow Rate And Method of Measuring A Flow Rate with A Butterfly Valve, issued to Kawai, discloses a butterfly valve having throttling and metering capability. Kawai also discloses the use of differential pressure across the butterfly valve and known system parameters to determine flow rate. Kawai ultimately derives a method of determining flow rate across a butterfly valve as a function of the torque applied to the valve stem as a result of the force applied by the fluid across the valve seat. One drawback of the device and method disclosed by Kawai, is that it uses complicated means to measure torque and valve position. Also, the method is not applicable to all types of valves and Kawai is specifically not applicable to ball valves. [0007] Also known in the art are other types of throttle valves. Globe type valves, for example, are generally either fully open or fully shut to provide on-off flow control. However, globe type valves can be modified to operate in the partially open position to regulate system flow. The basic difference is in the valve disc. The throttle valve disc differs in that it has an elongated lower section, generally in the shape of a cone. For all throttle valves, it is desired to provide laminar fluid flow across the valve so that flow varies in a linear manner as the valve is operated over the range from open to shut. [0008] Current ball valves, even those used for throttling or metering, contain a circular orifice. In an intermediate position, the amount of the orifice that is unobstructed with respect to the valve body will be proportional to the volumetric flow rate. In metering applications, it is desired that the fluid flow vary linearly through the intermediate positions. In this case, the geometric shape of a circular orifice will not yield a design that vary flow rate linearly. [0009] Based on the foregoing discussion, what is needed in the art is a relatively uncomplicated method of metering a throttle valve based on valve position. Also, a need exists to provide a throttle valve design particular to ball valves that provides for laminar flow across the valve opening. Further, a ball valve design is needed that varies fluid flow in a linear manner over the range from open to shut. [0010] Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a ball valve design, capable of throttling and regulating system flow, such that flow varies in a linear manner as the valve is operated over the range of intermediate positions from open to shut. It is further an object of the present invention to provide a method of metering a valve that is reasonably accurate and is based on valve position and known system parameters. Yet still it is another object of the present invention to provide a metering ball valve that is simple to use, relatively easy to manufacture and comparatively cost effective. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0011] While the apparatus and method has or will be described for the sake of grammatical fluidity with functional explanations, it is to be expressly understood that the claims, unless expressly formulated under 35 USC 112, are not to be construed as necessarily limited in any way by the construction of “means” or “steps” limitations, but are to be accorded the full scope of the meaning and equivalents of the definition provided by the claims under the judicial doctrine of equivalents, and in the case where the claims are expressly formulated under 35 USC 112 are to be accorded full statutory equivalents under 35 USC 112. [0012] The present invention specifically addresses and alleviates the above-mentioned deficiencies associated with the prior art. More particularly, the present invention comprises a ball valve for controlling fluid flow comprising: a body, an inlet port and an outlet port, a ball within the body having a generally cylindrical passage therethrough, the cylindrical passage having a size proportional to volumetric fluid flow rate for fluid communication between said inlet port and said outlet port. The ball in this embodiment further includes a first opening in the cylindrical passage; and the first opening is generally circular in shape and has a size generally equal to the size of the cylindrical passage. The invention further comprises a second opening in the cylindrical passage defined by an inner and an outer wall of said ball, the second opening smaller in size than said first opening, said inner wall having a generally curved shaped to reduce friction of fluid flow therethrough. [0013] The valve of the present invention further has a valve stem having a position proportional to fluid flow rate through the valve. The valve stem is connected to the ball for rotating the ball to control the fluid flow rate through the valve, wherein the valve stem proportional to the fluid flow rate can be read by a user thereof. [0014] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the second opening in the flow channel is a slot. Alternatively, the slot can be replaced by an array of orifices arranged in a horizontal plane, perpendicular to an axis of rotation of the ball. The ball or rotational element can alternatively be spherical or cylindrical in shape. The ball valve of the present invention further comprises a valve position indicator connected to the valve stem. Yet still the invention comprises a means for determining a magnitude of the fluid flow rate through the valve based on the valve stem position. A handle connected to the valve stem is used for positioning the valve between an open position, a shut position, and a plurality of intermediate positions. [0015] The ball valve of the present invention also has an open stop for preventing the stem from rotating past the open position and for securing the stem in the open position. A closed stop is similarly provided for preventing the stem from rotating past the closed position. [0016] The present invention can additionally be characterized as a ball having a cylindrical flow passage about an axis, the ball used to control fluid communication in a ball valve comprising a first opening in the flow passage defined by removing a cross section of the ball perpendicular to said axis of said cylindrical flow passage; and a second opening smaller in size than the first opening and defined by an inner and outer wall of the ball. The second opening of the ball can similarly be in the shape of a slot or an orifice. The ball also comprises a notch carved out of the ball, suitable to engage a valve stem. [0017] The present invention can also be characterized as a method of metering a throttle valve between an inlet port and an outlet port based on valve position, the method comprising: providing a throttle valve such that flow varies in a linear manner as the valve is operated over a range from open to shut; determining a flow rate through the valve when the valve is fully open; throttling the valve and reducing flow through a plurality of intermediate positions; determining a flow rate in the plurality of intermediate positions; and recording the flow rate corresponding to when the valve is fully open and each intermediate valve position so a valve operator could determine the flow rate based on valve position. The method metering a valve further comprises providing position indication and volumetric flow rate determination on the valve. [0018] These, as well as other advantages of the present invention, will be more apparent from the following description and drawings. It is understood that changes in the specific structure shown and described may be made within the scope of the claims, without departing from the spirit of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0019] The invention can be better visualized by turning now to the following drawings wherein like elements are referenced by like numerals. [0020] FIG. 1 is an exploded isometric view of a ball valve of the present invention illustrating individual components; [0021] FIG. 2 is a side view of a ball valve embodiment of the present invention; [0022] FIG. 3 is a top view of a ball valve embodiment of the present invention; [0023] FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of a ball valve embodiment taken along sectional line 4 - 4 of FIG. 3 ; [0024] FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of a ball valve of the present invention taken along sectional line 5 - 5 of FIG. 2 illustrating the flow channel of the ball valve in an open position; [0025] FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view of a ball valve of the present invention taken along sectional line 5 - 5 of FIG. 2 illustrating the flow channel of the ball valve in an intermediate position; [0026] FIG. 7 is a cross sectional view of a ball valve of the present invention taken along sectional line 5 - 5 of FIG. 2 illustrating the flow channel of the ball valve in a shut position; [0027] FIG. 8 a is a an end view of a ball valve of the present invention taken along line 8 - 8 of FIG. 4 ; and [0028] FIG. 8 b is an end view of a ball valve of the present invention taken along line 8 - 8 of FIG. 4 . [0029] FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a ball of an alternative embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0030] The invention and its various embodiments can now be better understood by turning to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments which are presented as illustrated examples of the invention defined in the claims. It is expressly understood that the invention as defined by the claims may be broader than the illustrated embodiments described below. [0031] Referring initially to FIG. 1 , an exploded isometric view of a ball valve 10 of the present invention illustrating individual components is shown. Valve body 16 houses sealing rings 14 on opposing sides of ball 12 . This structure 10 is further secured by ball retaining fitting 22 , which also defines outlet port 48 ( FIG. 4 ). Body 16 , sealing rings 14 , ball 12 , and retaining fitting 22 are all assembled about axis 17 . The ball 12 of the present invention has a cylindrical passage 42 ( FIG. 4 ) that serves as a flow channel and is illustrated by a dashed line in FIG. 1 . The ball 12 has a stem engagement notch 15 used to secure stem 24 to ball 12 . Stem 24 is further secured by stem lock nut 26 to body 16 in a threaded connection. Stem 24 additionally has a sealing ring to prevent fluid leakage past stem 24 . Stem 24 additionally has a male extension adapted to fit through valve operating handle 28 and valve position indication 30 . Stem 24 is then finally secured again by the handle and plate lock nut 32 . [0032] It is important to note that the invention herein is applicable to throttle valves and all types of ball valves 10 independent of the material of the ball 13 that may be, for example, metal or plastic. Also, the present invention is applicable to valves containing a cylindrical rotational element that could replace the spherical ball 13 . [0033] While FIG. 1 illustrates the construction of a preferred embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 show an assembled valve 10 of FIG. 1 . In FIG. 2 , valve operating handle 28 is shown parallel to the direction of flow and axis 17 , as typical for ball valves in the open position. Ball retaining fitting 22 , is shown secured to body 16 . Similarly, handle and plate lock nut 32 is shown securing the handle 28 and valve position plate 30 to the valve body 16 . [0034] FIG. 3 illustrates a top view of ball valve 10 of the present invention. Valve operating handle 28 is secured against open stop 18 . This prevents the cylindrical passage 42 , as shown in FIG. 4 , from being rotated past the open position. To close the valve 10 , handle 28 is rotated along the direction shown by arrow 34 . Valve position indication plate 30 is shown with hash marks, 0 through 5 , that indicate valve position. Position 5 , for example, corresponds to the open position while position 0 corresponds to the shut position. Positions 1 through 4 are intermediate positions for controlling the amount of fluid flow through the valve 10 . [0035] FIG. 4 illustrates a cross sectional view of a valve 10 of the present invention taken along sectional line 4 - 4 of FIG. 3 . Ball 12 can be seen engaged by stem 24 via a notch arrangement. Inlet and outlet ports 46 , 48 are illustrated as having threaded walls. However, it is understood that external piping (not shown) would have outer walls to engage the threads of inlet and outlet ports 46 , 48 . Importantly, the inside walls of any external piping are smooth to provide laminar flow therethrough. Laminar flow, with minimal mixing that would occur under turbulent flow conditions, is preferred to more closely provide a linear relationship between valve position and volumetric fluid flow rate through the valve 10 . First opening 44 of cylindrical passage 42 is shown as a circular opening; and now referring back to FIG. 1 , can be characterized as planar section taken out of spherical ball 12 to define an opening size that is generally the same diameter as the cylindrical passage 42 . It is important to note that for flow to vary linearly, or as designed, then first opening 44 of cylindrical passage 42 must have greater cross-sectional area than slot 13 , or orifices 92 ( FIG. 9 ). [0036] Referring now to FIG. 5 , a top cross sectional view of valve 10 in the open position is illustrated. Arrows 52 indicate the flow direction. As the valve 10 is throttled down, in this example by rotating ball 12 clockwise as illustrated by FIG. 6 , slot 13 is partially blocked to reduce fluid flow. Second opening slot 13 is defined by an inside wall 84 ( FIG. 8 b ) that is curved. This curved, partially spherical inside wall 84 facilitates laminar flow and the desired linear relationship between valve position and fluid flow rate by making friction loss uniform. Additionally, the partially spherical inner wall 84 reduces the friction of fluid flow through slot 13 . Employing a slot 13 as the second opening will ensure that proportional amounts of the second opening 13 are obstructed as the valve is shut through its intermediate positions. Conversely, if the second opening were circular, different proportional amounts of the second opening would be obstructed as the valve 10 is cycled through intermediate positions that would not provide the linear relationship desired. Arrow 62 illustrates the direction of flow through the valve 10 . It is further envisioned that the valve position indication could contain an actual volumetric fluid flow rate based on known system parameters or empirical data as previously discussed herein. [0037] FIG. 7 shows a top cross sectional view of valve 10 of the present invention in the shut position. Cylindrical passage 42 is blocked and sealing rings 14 can be seen preventing leakage past ball 12 . FIGS. 8 a and 8 b are end views of the valve 10 of the present invention. FIG. 8 a provides another illustration of open stop 18 and closed stop 20 . Outer wall 82 of ball 12 is spherical in shape. [0038] FIG. 9 illustrates an example of an alternate ball 90 embodiment of the present invention. In order for flow rate to vary approximately linearly, the ball 90 has more than one orifice 92 arranged in a horizontal plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation 94 of the valve. This design provides a discrete step increase in fluid flow based on the rotational position of the ball 90 that approximates a linear relationship between fluid flow and valve position. Still, fluid flow is metered since valve position will correspond to the number of orifices unblocked in the flow channel. Fluid flow characteristics can be designed non-linearly by employing a ball having varying cross-sectional sizes of orifices or varying the spacing along the horizontal plane. [0039] Many alterations and modifications may be made by those having ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Therefore, it must be understood that the illustrated embodiment has been set forth only for the purposes of example and that it should not be taken as limiting the invention as defined by the following claims. For example, notwithstanding the fact that the elements of a claim are set forth below in a certain combination, it must be expressly understood that the invention includes other combinations of fewer, more or different elements, which are disclosed in above even when not initially claimed in such combinations. [0040] The words used in this specification to describe the invention and its various embodiments are to be understood not only in the sense of their commonly defined meanings, but to include by special definition in this specification structure, material or acts beyond the scope of the commonly defined meanings. Thus if an element can be understood in the context of this specification as including more than one meaning, then its use in a claim must be understood as being generic to all possible meanings supported by the specification and by the word itself. [0041] The definitions of the words or elements of the following claims are, therefore, defined in this specification to include not only the combination of elements which are literally set forth, but all equivalent structure, material or acts for performing substantially the same function in substantially the same way to obtain substantially the same result. In this sense it is therefore contemplated that an equivalent substitution of two or more elements may be made for any one of the elements in the claims below or that a single element may be substituted for two or more elements in a claim. Although elements may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, it is to be expressly understood that one or more elements from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination and that the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination. [0042] Insubstantial changes from the claimed subject matter as viewed by a person with ordinary skill in the art, now known or later devised, are expressly contemplated as being equivalently within the scope of the claims. Therefore, obvious substitutions now or later known to one with ordinary skill in the art are defined to be within the scope of the defined elements. [0043] The claims are thus to be understood to include what is specifically illustrated and described above, what is conceptionally equivalent, what can be obviously substituted and also what essentially incorporates the essential idea of the invention. [0044] Thus, the detailed description set forth herein in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of the presently preferred embodiment(s) of the invention and is not intended to represent the only form(s) in which the present invention may be constructed or utilized. The description sets forth the functions and the sequence of steps for constructing and operating the invention in connection with the illustrated embodiment(s). It is to be understood, however, that the same or equivalent functions may be accomplished by different embodiments that are also intended to be encompassed within the spirit of the invention. [0045] Modifications and additions may be obvious to those skilled in the art and may be implemented to adapt the present invention for use in a variety of different applications.	A metering ball valve has a slot and a flow channel design such that flow varies in a linear manner as the valve is operated over the range from open to shut. Reasonably accurate volumetric flow rate determination is achieved based on valve position indication on the valve itself. In an alternative embodiment, the ball valve has an array of orifices that replace the slot. A method is disclosed to determine flow rate based on valve position indication.	5
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to the mirror unit in a single lens reflex camera of the type which comprises a main mirror and a sub-mirror disposed behind the main mirror. When the main mirror is in the position for observation in which the operator can observe the object image formed on the finder screen through the finder, the sub-mirror directs the light transmitted through the semi-transparent part of the main mirror to the photo receiving element contained in a photo meter circuit or focus detecting circuit. When the main mirror is retracted to the position out of the photographing light path, the sub-mirror covers the semi-transparent part of the main mirror to prevent invert incident light coming from the finder part. More particularly, the present invention relates to an apparatus for driving and controlling the above sub-mirror. 2. Description of the Prior Art There has been proposed an improvement relating to the above described type of apparatus which is the subject of a pending Japanese Utility Model Application No. 154,074/1977 owned by the same assignee as of the present application. FIG. 7, shows the arrangement of an apparatus disclosed in said prior Japanese Utility Model Application. In FIG. 7, a main mirror is designated by 101 and a sub-mirror by 103. The main mirror 101 is supported by a supporting member 102 one end of which is supported on the camera housing rotatably about an axis. The sub-mirror 103 is supported by a supporting member 103 which is in turn supported pivotally on the main mirror supporting member 102. The sub-mirror supporting member 104 has an elongate slot 104a in which a pin 105a, provided on the free end of a swing lever 105 is engaged. The swing lever 105 is, at its other end, connected to a pivot for rotation and is under the biasing force of a spring 106. When the sub-mirror 103 is in the position for observation, the pin 105a of the swing lever 105 is pressed against the left side wall surface of the elongate slot 104a under the action of the spring 106 so as to hold the sub-mirror 103 in contact with a sub-mirror positioning pin 107. When the main mirror 101 is turned up clockwise to the position for photographing, the pin 105a of the swing lever 105 turns over its pressing side from the left side wall surface to the right side wall surface of the elongate slot 104a during the swing motion of the lever 105 so that the direction in which the sub-mirror 103 is biased by the spring 106 is reversed. When the main mirror 101 is moved to its retracted position for photographing as suggested by the phantom line in FIG. 7, the sub-mirror is brought into position to cover the semi-transparent part of the main mirror. This position of the sub-mirror is also suggested in phantom line. The sub-mirror is moved to this position by the biasing force of the spring 106 transmitted through the pin 105a which is pressing the right side wall surface of the slot 104a at that time. As readily understood from the above, in the arrangement of FIG. 7, the biasing force of the spring 106 is transmitted to the sub-mirror 103 through the swing lever 105, the pin 105a thereon and the elongate slot 104a in which the pin is engaged. This arrangement is complicated in structure and requires an extremely high accuracy in machining the parts of the apparatus. Without such high precision there is assured no correct interlocking motion of the main and sub mirrors 101 and 103. This requirement of very high precision has resulted in low productivity which constitutes an important disadvantage of the prior art apparatus. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is a general object of the invention to eliminate the above disadvantage. It is a more specific object of the invention to provide a sub-mirror driving apparatus which does not require such high precision in manufacture as the prior art apparatus does and therefore which can be manufactured relatively easily. Other and further objects, features and advantages of the invention will appear more fully from the following description of preferred embodiment with reference to the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a sub-mirror driving apparatus in the position for observation showing an embodiment of the invention; FIGS. 2 to 5 illustrate the manner of operation of the apparatus wherein FIG. 2 shows the main and sub mirrors in the position for observation, FIGS. 3 and 4 do the same at different phases of movement and FIG. 5 shows the same in the position for photographing; FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken along the line A-A in FIG. 1 showing the main and sub mirrors in the position for photographing; and FIG. 7 schematically shows the prior art arrangement. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring first to FIG. 1 showing a preferred embodiment of the invention, reference numeral 1 designates a main mirror for observation provided in a single lens reflex camera. A frame 2 holds the main mirror 1 and a lever 3 drives the frame 2 fixed thereto. To this end, the lever 3 is mounted rotatably about a pivot pin 16 fixed on the camera housing (not shown). The main mirror 1 has a semi-transparent part 1a formed therein. Designated by 5 is a sub-mirror for receiving the light transmitted through the semi-transparent part 1a of the main mirror. A frame 6 holds the sub-mirror and a lever 7 drives the sub-mirror holding frame 6. Like the lever 3 for the main mirror, the lever 7 and the frame 6 are joined together. The lever 3 has a pin 4 fixed thereon and the lever 7 for the sub-mirror is mounted on the pin 4 rotatably about it. The lever 7 is divergent into two branches 7a and 7b to form a two tined-fork portion for the purpose of changing the direction of the action of a spring 12 of which a detailed description will be made hereinafter. Disposed between the two branches 7a and 7b is a pin 9 extending from one side wall 14 of the camera housing. In the position for observation shown in FIG. 2, the pin 9 is spaced apart from the two branches 7a and 7b by a determined distance. The side wall 14 has a heartshaped opening 11 formed therein. The lever 7 has a pin 8 which passes through the opening 11. Designated by 10 is a position pin for positioning the sub-mirror 5. The pin 10 is fixed to the side wall 14. The side wall 14 has further pins 13 and 17 on the other surface. The above mentioned spring 12 is coiled around the pin 13 and one of the spring 12 extends to the pin 17 on the side wall. The other end of the spring 12 extends to the above mentioned pin 8. The distance between pins 8 and 13 measures sufficiently large enough to eliminate any possible irregularity of biasing force of the spring 12 applied to the pin 8 caused by irregularity in accuracy among many products. The manner of operation of the sub-mirror driving apparatus described above is as follows: In the position for observation shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the main mirror 1 is in contact with a position pin 21 (FIG. 2) and the sub-mirror 5 is in contact with the position pin 10 under the force of spring 12. In this position, therefore, the light transmitted through a photographing lens (not shown) is reflected by the main mirror 1 toward the finder optical system including a finder screen (not shown) and the operator can observe the reflected image of an object through the finder. At the same time, a portion of the photographing light passes through the semi-transparent part 1a of the main mirror 1 and is incident upon the sub-mirror 5 disposed behind the main mirror. The sub-mirror reflects the incident light toward the photo receiving element 19 through a condenser lens 18. The photo receiving element 19 is disposed on the bottom of the camera housing to measure the brightness of the object or the distance between the object and the camera. To start a photographing action of the camera from the position for observation shown in FIG. 2, the operator pushes a shutter button (not shown) down. Thereby, the lever 3 is rotated about the axis 16 clockwise through a linking mechanism not shown. As the lever 3 is driven into clockwise rotation, the main mirror 1 is turned up. During the first step of the upward movement of the main mirror 1, the sub-mirror 5 remains held in the position in contact with the position pin 10. Since there is a space between the stationary pin 9 and the fork 7a, 7b of the lever 7, the pin 9 can not limit the movement of the lever 7 in this phase of the movement of the main mirror. Although the pin 4 moves upward together with the clockwise rotation of the main mirror about the pivot pin 16, the sub-mirror remains in contact with the position pin 10 by the counter-clockwise biasing force of the spring 12 through the pin 8. At the second step of the upward movement of the main mirror together with the pin 4, the branch 7b of the lever 7 comes into contact with the stationary pin 9 after a further clockwise rotation of the pin 4 about the axis 16, as shown in FIG. 3. In the position shown in FIG. 3, the pin 9 limits the movement of the lever 7. With some further upward movement of the main mirror 1 from the position shown in FIG. 3, therefore, the pin 9 applies a pressure to the branch 7b and the lever 7 begins rotating clockwise about the pin 4 on the lever 3 against the biasing force of the spring 12. Thus, the lever 7 moves apart from the position pin 10. As the lever 7 turns up clockwise about the pin 4 following the clockwise rotation of the main mirror 1, the pin 8 on the lever 7 also moves rotating about the pin 4. After some angle of clockwise rotation of the pin 8 in this course of movement, the spring 12 changes its biasing position relative to the lever 7. Namely, the direction in which the lever 7 is biased by the spring 12 is changed over from counter-clockwise rotation about pin 4 to clockwise rotation about pin 4. Therefore, at this time point, the lever 7 is rotated clockwise about the pin 4 in a moment up to the position shown in FIG. 4. In the position shown in FIG. 4, the branch 7a of the lever is in contact with the stationary pin 9 under the pressure applied by the spring 12. At the third step of movement of the main mirror, the contact between the branch 7a and the pin 9 limits the movement of the lever 7 and therefore the sub-mirror 5 moves in such manner as to cover the semi-transparent part 1a of the main mirror 1. The sub-mirror is laid on the part 1a and the latter is closed by the former completely. After a further upward movement of the main mirror 1, the branch 7a of the lever 7 moves away from the pin 9 and therefore the limitation of movement imposed on the lever 7 by the stationary pin 9 is removed. At the time of this removal of limitation, the biasing force of the spring 12 brings the sub-mirror 5 to the position in which the sub-mirror 5 and the main mirror 1 overlap each other and the semi-transparent part 1a of the main mirror is tightly closed by the sub-mirror. At the fourth step of upward movement of the main mirror 1, the sub-mirror 5 moves together with the main mirror while maintaining the above overlapped state. Finally, the main mirror 1 comes into contact with a stopper 20 which stops the upward movement of the main mirror. This position is shown in FIG. 5. In this position there is a determined distance between the stationary pin 9 and the fork 7a, 7b. Therefore, the spring 12 can exert its biasing force on the sub-mirror 5. The sub-mirror 5 is pressed against the back surface of the main mirror 1 and is firmly held in the position shown in FIG. 5. The sub-mirror 5 in this position serves to block the inverse incident light from entering the camera housing through the eyepiece and finder part (not shown). On the other hand, the light transmitted through the photographing lens (not shown) is allowed to directly run against the shutter curtains (not shown). In this manner, the main and sub mirrors 1 and 5 are retracted to the position out of the optical path for photographing light and the camera is ready for releasing the shutter. Now, the shutter is released. The opening curtain of the shutter runs and then the closing curtain runs in the manner known per se. Subsequent to the release of shutter, the main and sub mirrors 1 and 5 are returned to the position for observation shown in FIG. 3 from the retracted position for photographing shown in FIG. 6 by a linking mechanism not shown. This returning motion of the mirrors 1 and 5 proceeds in the following manner: The lever 3 being driven by a mechanism not shown, the mirror 1 starts moving downward from the position shown in FIG. 5. At the initial stage of downward movement of the main mirror 1, since, as seen best from FIG. 6, there is a space between the stationary pin 9 and the fork 7a, 7b of the lever 7, the sub-mirror 5 also moves downward together with the main mirror 1. In this step of movement, the stationary pin 9 can not limit the movement of the lever 7 although the pin 4 moves together with the counter-clockwise rotation of the main mirror about the axis 16. The spring 12 keeps the mirrors 1 and 5 overlapped during the first step of downward movement. After a further downward movement, the branch 7a of the lever 7 comes into contact with the stationary pin 9. Therefore, the movement of the lever is then limited by the pin 9 and the lever 7 begins to rotate counter-clockwise about the pin 4 on the lever 3 against the force of the spring 12. Thus, the sub-mirror 5 moves away from the main mirror 1 as shown in FIG. 4. After the mirror 1 has moved downward some further distance and the pin 8 has been rotated some angular distance counter-clockwise about the pin 4, the spring 12 suddenly changes the direction of its biasing force on the lever 7. Namely, at this point, the spring 12 intends to rotate the lever 7 counter-clockwise about the pin 4. As the result of this biasing force, the lever 7 is rotated counter-clockwise about the pin 4 in a moment during the course of downward movement of the main mirror 1. Thus, the lever 7 is brought into the position shown in FIG. 3. In this position, the branch 7b is in contact with the stationary pin 9 under the pressure applied by the spring 12. Since the branch 7b is pressed against the pin 9 by spring 12, the movement of the lever 7 is limited again by the stationary pin 9. With a further downward movement of the main mirror 1, the sub-mirror 5 comes into contact with the position pin 10. Now, the sub-mirror rotating counter-clockwise is limited by the position 10 instead of the stationary pin 9 during further downward movement of the main mirror 1. After a further downward movement of the main mirror 1, the branch 7b of the lever 7 is spaced apart from the stationary pin 9 and then the main mirror 1 reaches the position shown in FIG. 2. In this position, a mechanism not shown prevents the main mirror from further downward movement. Since the fork portion 7a, 7b of the lever 7 is disengaged from the pin 9, the spring 12 presses the lever against the position pin 10 and holds the sub-mirror 5 in the position shown in FIG. 2. By the way, the two branches 7a and 7b may be connected together to form a loop-like portion. In the position shown in FIG. 2, the main mirror 1 is pressed against the position member 21 and held in the position for observation. The position member 21 serves also to absorb the shock caused by the downward movement of the main mirror 1 against the position member. In this manner, the main and sub-mirrors 1 and 5 are returned to the position for observation shown in FIG. 2 from the retracted position. In the retracted position, the sub-mirror 5 closes the semi-transparent part 1a of the main mirror 1 in a manner as shown in FIG. 6. As seen from FIG. 6, the frame member 2 for the main mirror 1 is not flat in cross-section but has some protrusions and retractions. The sub-mirror holding frame 6 also has some curved portions mating with the recessed portions of the main mirror holding frame 2. By shaping the frame members 2 and 6 in this manner, there is obtained a tight overlap of the semi-transparent part 1a and the sub-mirror 5 to perfectly prevent undesirable entrance of inverse incident light into the path of photographing light through the finder. Designated by 15 is a sponge-like member provided in the recessed portion of the main mirror holding frame 2. The function of the sponge-like member 15 is to prevent any light leakage through the gaps between the overlapped main and sub mirrors 1 and 5 as well as to absorb the shock applied to the main mirror when the sub-mirror holding frame 6 strikes upon the main mirror holding frame 2. As understood from the foregoing, the present invention has a particular advantage over the prior art. According to the invention, the sub-mirror is driven by means of one and single spring. The working end of the spring is directly engaged with the sub-mirror supporting member so that the sub-mirror can be moved from the position for observation to the position for photographing and vice versa depending upon only the biasing force of the spring and it can be held in the respective positions by the force of the spring independently of the main mirror. The direction of biasing force applied to the sub-mirror by the spring is changed over in the course of movement from one position to the other through engagement of the fork portion of a lever with a stationary member. Therefore, the arrangement of the sub-mirror driving apparatus according to the invention is very simple in structure and need not to be manufactured with high precision which in turn permits increased productivity of the apparatus. Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claim, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.	A single lens reflex camera comprising a main mirror and a sub-mirror is improved in respect of the mechanism for driving the sub-mirror. The improved sub-mirror driving mechanism is simple in structure and easy to make.	6
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a drill collar stabilizer used in oil well drilling operations, which can be positioned anywhere along a collar string. A stabilizer typically is equipped with exterior blades. The stabilizer is used as an aid in oil well drilling operations to prevent the drill collar from sticking to the walls of the borehole. The stabilizer also prevents eccentric action of the long drill string as the borehole is drilled to greater depths. B. Background Traditionally, stabilizers have been made up between drill collars as the drill string has been run into the hole. This arrangement, however, has had several undesirable features. For example, it requires an extra tool joint connection between the drill collars, and these connections increase the possible points of metal fatigue failure in the string. It also causes variations in the drill collar stand lengths which, in turn, increase joint make-up time and create unsafe operating conditions for drilling rig personnel. Additionally, the traditional stabilizer practice requires a special bottom hole assembly which increases drilling costs and does not permit adjustment of the stabilizer along the drill collar without changing drill collar standard lengths. The first generation of releasable drill string stabilizers solved certain problems by permitting positioning anywhere along the drill string. At the same time, however, they created other problems in that a one piece wedge segment was placed in each end cap. This wedge segment required an inordinate amount of force to compress and properly position the wedge segment. The use of nonmagnetic materials, which are highly desirable in oil field work, created an additional problem in that the compressed one piece slip segment failed to regain its original shape and thus could not properly be positioned in an end cap. The specialized tools and devices which were then needed to safety compress the one piece slip segment unfortunately resulted in undesirable new labor and equipment costs. These costs were deemed undesirable by the oil well drilling operators. U.S. Pat. No. 4,258,804 describes one such one-piece slip segment. The use of lock on stabilizers, consisting of a body with externally extending blades and two end caps for connecting to the body, has also been suggested to solve the undesirable aspects of nonstandard drill collar stand lengths. One such stabilizer is connected between the pin and box joints on a drill string by positioning an inside locking ring inside the body, and thereafter positioning an outside locking ring on either end of the body with a tapered surface facing the inside locking ring. The two end caps are used to force the rings together within the body to connect the stabilizer to the drill collar. A major difficulty encountered with these arrangements has been the inability to reuse the solid rings after once being attached. This difficulty is due to the fact that the rings become deformed when they are clamped around the drill string. U.S. Pat. No. 3,916,998, U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,179, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,262 show combinations of split rings and/or wedging clamps which have traditionally been used for attaching a stabilizer to a drill collar. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide a stabilizer of simple and inexpensive construction, which is releasably connected to a drill collar, is capable of placement anywhere along the drill collar, and can easily be assembled at the drilling platform without specialized equipment and with a minimum expenditure of labor. In general terms, the invention includes a cylindrical body member or tubular body member with a central bore which is internally threaded at each end. The interior wall surface of the body member consists of an inward double taper along the bore from each threaded end portion toward the middle portion. An end cap is threaded into each end of the body member. The body member and both end caps define a central bore which is large enough to accommodate a drill collar. Inserted between each cap and the central portion of the body member is a set of slip segments, preferably three in number. The exterior surface of each segment consists of a double-taper where it enters the body member to mate with the interior double-taper of the body member. The interior surface of each slip segment opposite the tapered surfaces of the segments is serrated or otherwise configured to firmly engage a drill collar upon being wedged between its end cap and the body member. The opposite, outer end of each slip segment has a longitudinal groove or recessed portion in its outer surface. This groove or recess is spaced from the outer end of the slip segment, such that the end defines, in effect, a circular flange or lip. A somewhat similar flange or lip is formed internally at the outboard end of each end cap by an internal groove or recess in the end cap. The two sets of grooves and flanges are designed and sized such that, when assembled, the interior flange of an end cap engages the exterior grooves of a set of slip segments, and the exterior flanges of the set of slip segments engage the interior groove of the end cap. A flat spring or wave spring or other similar resiliently compressible member is inserted between the threaded terminus of the end cap lip or flange and the slip segment inboard lip or flange. These springs serve as an aid in increasing the friction between the end cap threads and the body threads to aid in inadvertent loosening of the end cap while the drill string is rotated. In addition, an internal groove or recess is formed in the interior outer end surface of each slip segment to accommodate a snap ring or similar retainer device. A circular spring or similar resiliently compressible member is preferably inserted in the groove or recess, interlocking each end cap with its respective set of slip segments to help ensure a snug relationship between the end cap and the slip segments. A suitable locking device or pin can be used to keep the slip segments from rotating in relation to the body member. A longitudinal groove in the gripping surface of the slip segments cooperates with the locking pin to assist in preventing the rotational movement of the slips. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The nature and advantages of the invention will become more apparent upon reading the following detailed description of the invention with reference to the drawings in which: FIG. 1 is an elevational view partly in section showing two stabilizers of the present invention installed on a drill collar in a well; FIG. 2 is an enlarged elevational view, of one stabilizer, partly in section illustrating a detailed construction of one of the stabilizers shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is an enlarged elevational view partly in section illustrating a detailed construction of the invention shown in FIG. 2, with the end cap not fully engaged; FIG. 4 is an enlarged elevational view partly in section illustrating a detailed construction of the invention shown in FIG. 2, with the end cap fully engaged; FIG. 5 is a plan view of the present invention detailing the overall configuration and outline of the stabilizer blades, drill collar, slip segments, and locking pin, cut along line 5--5 in FIG. 2; and FIG. 6 is a detailed perspective view of the slip segments and the retainer ring utilized to hold the slip segments in place. (While the preferred embodiment contains three slip segments only two are illustrated in FIG. 6 for the purposes of clarity). DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT FIG. 1 shows a drill string 1 positioned within borehole 2 which is formed by drilling bit 3 in a manner well known in the art. As is also well known, when the drilling bit 3 drills a borehole 2 deeper within the earth formation, it is necessary to add a drill pipe secured to the drill string 1 by conventional pin and box joints as at 5. As illustrated, a single stabilizer of the present invention, generally designated by the numeral 6, is secured to the drill collar 4. It is to be understood, however, that multiple stabilizers may be attached to the drill collars at any desired elevation. As illustrated in FIG. 2, stabilizer 6 includes a stabilizer body 7 having stabilizer blades 8 extending outwardly therefrom to contact the sides of the well borehole 2 (FIG. 1). Stabilizer 6 includes stabilizer body 7, end caps 9 and 10, a plurality of slip segments 11, a plurality of renitent means 12 and pin means 13. Stabilizer body 7 includes a central section 14 having an interior surface 15 which fits around the drill collar 4. Above and below the central interior surface 15 are two oppositely double-tapered surfaces 16a and 16b and 17a and 17b extending away from the central section interior surface 15. Each of the tapered surfaces 16a and 17a extends outwardly toward the second taper 16b and 17b respectively. The second taper 16b and 17b extend towards the upper and lower interior thread sections 18. As best illustrated in FIG. 2, the stabilizer blades 8 extend outwardly to contact the well bore 2 (FIG. 1) as is well known in the art. The blades also extend substantially the entire length of the stabilizer body 7, where they terminate at the exterior ends 19 and 20 of interior threaded sections 18. Each of the end caps 9 and 10 includes a collar 21 for mounting around the drill collar 4 and a plurality of exterior threads 22 for engaging the interior threads 18 of the stabilizer body 7. The exterior threads 22 and the interior threads 18 may be cut in a manner which results in a "locking thread." The "locking thread" is accomplished by cutting a wide interior thread 18 and a narrow exterior thread 22. (See FIGS. 3 and 4.) As more fully illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 the renitent means 12 partially aids in increasing the friction between the interior and exterior threads. This aids in diminishing the possibility of loosening of the end cap for the first 1/4 to 1/2 turn of the end cap. An end cap retainer lip 23 is provided near the outboard end of each threaded section 22 and forms a groove or slotted section 24 defined by the lip or extension 23 and corner or edge 25 of the end cap 10. As illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4, clamping wedge-shaped slip segments 11 include interior surface 26, covered by a plurality of diamond shaped teeth 27, or the like, for securely gripping the drill collar 4. The exterior surface 28 of each slip segment 11 includes a double-tapered surface area 29a and 29b which complementarily matches the double-tapered surface 16a and 16b or 17a and 17b respectively, as the case may be, of the stabilizer body 7, adjacent the teeth 27 to form a wedge shaped section 30. The exterior surface of each slip segment 11 also forms a slotted section 31 which includes a renitent retaining and receiving slot 32 formed by the lip 33 and edge 34. As illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, the lip 33 overlaps with the lip 23 of end cap 10 to retain slip segment 11 in position. A plurality of renitent means 12, which may consist of flat wave springs or other suitable compressible resilient members commonly known in the art, are positioned in the retaining slots 32 to continually force the slip segments 11 toward the center section 14 of the stabilizer body 7. The renitent means together with the threaded engagement of the exterior threads 22 of end cap 9 and 10 with the interior threads 18 of the stabilizer body 7, thus cause the wedge shaped slip segment members 11 to tightly grip the drill collar 4 as the end caps 9 and 10 are tightened on to stabilizer body 7. As illustrated in FIG. 5, a plurality of slip segments 11 extend partially around the drill collar 4. Each slip segment has a longitudinal slot 35 defined by walls 36a and 36b. As the slip segments 11 are forced toward the center of the body 14, the longitudinal slot 35 of one of the slip segments 11 slides past pin means 13. As illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3, 4 and 5, pin means 13 are inserted through openings 37 which extend through the stabilizer body 7. Pins 13 are welded as at 38 to the stabilizer body 7. The pin means 13 cooperating with the slip segment longitudinal slots 35 prevent relative rotational movement between the slip segments 11 and the stabilizer body 7. As further illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3, 4 and 5, pins 13 extend into openings 37 so that the head 39 extends through the opening 37 and into the longitudinal slot 35. It will be noted that pin members 13 do not extend past the interior surface 26 of the slip segments 11 so as to avoid wear and tear of pin members 13 and the adjacent drill collar 4. As end caps 9 and 10 are threaded into the threaded interior section of body 7, the renitent means 12 are compressed, and thereby exert forces on the edge 34 of the slip segments 11 to wedge slip segments 11 against the central section 14 of the stabilizer body 7. Additionally tightening of end caps 9 and 10 causes end cap edge 25 to come in contact with slip segment edge 25a thereby forcing slip segments 11 towards the central part of the stabilizer body 7. Tightening the end caps 9 and 10, causes end caps 9 and 10 to move inward with respect to the body 7 which causes slip segments 11 to move inward and create a wedge action against the tapered surfaces 29a and 29b and 17a and 17b respectively such that the slip segments 11 grip the drill collar 4. The longitudinal slot 35 in one of the slip segments 11 engages pin 13 (FIG. 4) and thereby prevents rotational movement of one of the slip segments 11 with respect to the body 7. The rotational movement of one slip segment 11 being restrained thereby restrains the rotational movement of the balance of the slip segments 11. Another unique and innovative aspect of the present invention distinguishing it from the prior art is the ease of field assembly. This assembly can be accomplished without special tools and clamping vises. In particular, a safe, economical and efficient system is provided for assembling the slip segments 11 onto the end caps 9 and 10. As noted earlier, the prior art has used a one-piece slip which requires a vase for compressing it into place. In the present invention a plurality of slip segments 11 are readily positioned by placing the lips 33 in the end cap grooves or slotted sections 24 (see FIGS. 3 and 4). As illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4, the end cap retainer lip 23 and the slip segment lips 33 are placed in direct contact by the renitent means 12 placed in the renitent means retaining and receiving slot 32. A retainer ring 41 is placed in the retainer ring slot 42 formed on the interior surface 26 of lip 33 of the slip segment 11. Once the slip segments 11 are assembled onto the end caps 9 and 10, the slip segments 11 are partially held in place by the renitent means 12. The retainer ring 41 facilitates assembly by keeping the slip segments apart and in place during placement of the stabilizer body 7 onto the drill collar 4. The modular assembly of the plurality of slip segments 11 onto end caps 9 and 10 permits the use of slip segments 11 of various thicknesses. This new and innovative feature compensates for variations in the outside diameter of a drill collar due to wear and tear of the drill collar, a problem commonly encountered in the oil field. Additionally, drill collar outside diameters will vary depending on manufacturing practices of the drill collar manufacturer with respect to industry tolerances. Thus, a stabilizer body 7 and end caps 9 and 10 of a common trade size may be utilized in many applications where the outside diameter of the drill collar varies by merely changing the thickness of the slip segments 11. The final phase of the assembly consists of threading the exterior threads 22 of end caps 9 and 10 to the interior threads 18 of the stabilizer body 7. The retainer ring 41 aids in the retention of the slip segments 11 until the entire stabilizer 6, including the body 7, the end caps 9 and 10, and the slip segments 11, are placed over the drill collar 4. Referring to FIG. 3 the slip segments 11 are illustrated with the end cap 10 in its untightened position. Therefore slip segments 11 are not gripping the drill collar 4. A slip segment lip 43 is formed between the slip segment taper 29a and the slip segment taper 29b. The slip segment lip 43 rests on the stabilizer body ledge 44 formed by the stabilizer body taper 17a and stabilizer body taper 17b. When the end cap 10 is sufficiently unthreaded the slip segment lip 43 rests on stabilizer body ledge 44 tending to prevent further loosening of end cap 10. Referring to FIG. 4 slip segments 11 are illustrated with end cap 10 in its tightened position. Slip segment 11 moves toward the central section 14 of stabilizer body 7 thereby urging slip segments 11 against drill collar 4. This urging is accomplished by the wedging action of taper section 29a sliding on tapered surface 17a and tapered surface 29b sliding on tapered surface 17b. In the event that the end cap 10 loosens during drilling operations the end cap 10 and slip segments 11 are held captive in the stabilizer body assembly by the slip segment lip 43 coming to rest on the stabilizer body ledge 44. When end cap 10 is unthreaded slip segment lip 43 comes to rest on stabilizer body ledge 44 tending to prevent further loosening of end cap 10. To remove the stabilizer body assembly from the drill collar the pin and box joint 5 illustrated in FIG. 1 must be disassembled. The entire stabilizer body assembly is then lifted out of place. Further disassembly can then be accomplished by removing the snap ring 41 and manually moving slip segments 11 radially inward toward the center of the stabilizer body. This movement of the slip segments 11 displaces slip segment lip 43 from the stabilizer body ledge 44 thereby permitting further loosening of end cap 10. Another unique and innovative aspect of the present invention is that inadvertent loss of the slip segments 11 is minimized in the event an end cap 9 or 10 is unthreaded from the stabilizer body 7. As an end cap 9 or 10 is unthreaded from the stabilizer body 7, the end cap lip 23 helps to retain the slip segments 11 in place. Additionally, the end cap lip 23 urges the slip segments 11 outward by exerting a longitudinally outward force on the lips 33 of the slip segments 11. Thus, the traditional need to utilize a sledge hammer or other similar device to remove wedging rings from the stabilizer body and drill string is avoided. The slip segments 11 are urged outward by end cap 10 until slip segment lip 43 rests on stabilizer body ledge 44 at which time further loosening of end cap 10 is minimized. Since end cap 10 cannot fully unthread the slip segments 11 are prevented from inadvertently falling out of place. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the end caps 9 and 10 are preferably equipped with interengaging locking teeth (also known as racheting teeth) 45 at the point farthest from the stabilizer body 7. These teeth solve a problem commonly encountered in the oil patch. Should a stabilizer 6 slide down the drill collar 4 after it has been in place and operating, the borehole can be chased with equipment commonly used in the oil field. The racheting teeth 45 on the stabilizer 6 are then utilized to grip the racheting teeth on the stabilizer 46 farther down in the borehole 2. In the event the stabilizer farthest down on the drill collar 4 loosens, the racheting teeth on the last stabilizer will grip the blades on the "end of string stabilizer" (not shown in FIG. 1) or the upper lugs 47 on the top end of a conventional drill bit 3. The contact of racheting teeth 45 of end cap 10 of stabilizer body 6 with the racheting teeth 45 on end cap 9 of stabilizer body 46 permits the end caps 9 and 10 of stabilizer 6 to be tightened by applying a chasing tool to end cap 9 of stabilizer 6. Thus, end caps 9 and 10 of stabilizer 6 are tightened by utilizing end cap 9 of stabilizer 46 to keep stabilizer 6 from rotating about the drill collar 4. The contruction of the racheting teeth enables tightening of the end caps 9 and 10 when the stabilizer body 6 is turned in one direction, but the end caps 9 and 10 cannot be loosened when the stabilizer body 6 is turned in the opposite direction. Once a stabilizer is assembled as herein described, slipped over the drill collar 4 and end caps 9 and 10 tightened, the diamond shaped teeth 27 tightly grip the drill collar 4 due in part to the spring or renitent means 12 urging the slip segments 11 toward the central section 14 of the stabilizer body 7 and from wedging action of the slip tapers 29a and 29b against the stabilizer body tapers 17a and 17b by the engagement of exterior threads 22 of end caps 9 and 10 with interior threads 18 of the stabilizer body 7. Thus, movement of the stabilizer body 7 relative to the different parts of the stabilizer body and drill collar 4 is prevented. Description of the function and operation of end cap 10 applies equally to end cap 9. It is to be understood that end cap 9 is similar to end cap 10 and operates in the same fashion. There has been provided in accordance with the present invention a stabilizer which has been described in terms of a specific embodiment thereof; however, many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Accordingly, this disclosure is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.	A slip-on stabilizer is provided for adjustable positioning along a drill collar. The stabilizer includes a body positioned around the drill collar with a threaded section on each end and at least one tapered inner surface with the tapering surface beginning at the end of the interior threads and tapered to a generally narrower interior diameter; a plurality of slip segments with at least one tapered surface complementary matching the tapered surface of the stabilizer body; a locking pin and threaded end caps forcing the slip segment toward the center of the stabilizer body thereby wedging the slip segments against the drill collar by screwing the end cap into the body and thereby clamping the stabilizer body assembly onto the drill collar.	5
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 714,535, filed Aug. 16, 1976, now abandoned. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to random access memories (RAM) as used in digital computers, and more particularly to a new and improved circuit for a memory cell of an integrated circuit two-port RAM that may be simultaneously interrogated by either one or both of two "read" signals and which is particularly valuable for use in large integrated circuits because of its very high switching speeds, very low standby current consumption, and small physical size. 2. Description of the Prior Art Random access memories have been extensively used in digital computing equipment for many years. During this period, the equipment has been greatly reduced in size and increased in speed, and the various components, such as memories, input-output circuits, processing circuitry, and the like, have likewise been improved to the point where a RAM, originally comprising only eight cells each occupying about sixty square mils, are now commercially available on a single small integrated circuit chip and comprise several thousand cells each occupying only about one square mil. More recently, speeds have been vastly increased by the use of the two-port RAM in which the memory may be simultaneously addressed from two separate sources and read out on two different digit lines. These multiport RAMS have generally been in the form of a 90 × 110 mil integrated circuit containing sixteen complete JK flip-flops together with the necessary multiplexing and demultiplexing circuitry. Although relatively small in capacity, these memories are very versatile and have proven to be valuable, for example, as high speed buffer storage between processors, in fast multiplication circuitry, etc. Even more recently there have been attempts at reducing the size of the individual flip-flops making up a cell to thereby increase the storage capacity of the RAM. For example, one such commercially available microprocessor incorporates a two-port RAM having sixty-four memory cells in a sixteen-word by four-bit matrix. Each of the cells includes a two-transistor flip-flop circuit and an additional four transistors, eight resistors and three diodes and requires a total of eight connections to circuitry exterior of the cell. Each cell in the matrix draws nearly about one and one-half milliamperes of standby current, requires an area of about eighty-five square mils, and because of its design and process has an access time of approximately twenty-five nanoseconds. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION While the prior art cell described above provided a substantial advance in the art at the time of its development, the cell of the present invention is substantially faster and simpler in construction, requiring a two-transistor flip-flop but with only two additional transistors, five resistors, and a total of only six connections to outside circuitry. Each cell draws only 0.25 milliamperes of standby current, requires an area of less than thirty-four square mils in dual layer Schottky processing, and has an approximate access time of less than ten nanoseconds from address to output. Briefly described, the cell of the present invention comprises a pair of NPN Schottky transistors connected into a non-saturable bistable multivibrator configuration. The collector of each transistor is coupled to the collector of a flanking transistor, the emitter of which is connected to the output digit lines of the memory. The bases of the flanking transistors are connected to one of the two select lines so that the "read" signal on either line will enable a flanking transistor to sense the state of the flip-flop. Writing is accomplished by applying high logic signals to both select lines and one bit line, while the second bit line is dropped to a low state. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING A single FIGURE illustrates a schematic drawing of the memory cell of the invention and further includes a partial block diagram of a typical matrix and the schematic diagram of a typical READ/WRITE circuit for the memory cell of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION A schematic diagram of the memory cell of the invention is contained within the dashed lines of the drawing and is identified by the reference numeral 10. Cell 10 comprises only one of many identical cells that may be included in a random access memory. For example, a complete RAM may be very large and may incorporate several thousand cells or may be only a 64-cell memory in which the cells may be arranged in a matrix of sixteen rows of four columns, representing sixteen words of four bits each. Each of the sixteen rows has a pair of select lines, a left-hand select line and a right-hand select line. In such an example, a four bit left-hand address field may be connected through a four-line-to-sixteen-line decoder to the left-hand select lines. Similarly, a four bit right-hand address field may drive the right-hand select lines. Each cell has a pair of digit lines, a left and right, each of which is connected to all of the sixteen cells in the column. A high level signal on a left-hand select line interrogates a row by placing output signals on the left-hand digit lines while a high level signal on a right-hand select line interrogates a row by output signals on the right-hand digit lines. Thus, any two rows may be simultaneously read on the left-hand or right-hand digit lines. If, for example, the same row is selected by high signals on both the right and left-hand select lines, the same word will appear on the right and left-hand digit lines. In the embodiment illustrated in the drawing, the cell 10 may be interrogated by a positive signal appearing on either select line 12 or select line 14 and the state of the cell 10 will be detected by a corresponding signal on the digit lines 16 or 18, respectively. Cell 10 includes a pair of Schottky processed NPN transistors 20 and 22. The emitters of transistors 20 and 22 are coupled together and through a relatively high value resistor 24 to ground, thus providing the inherent speed advantage of emitter coupled logic. The collectors of transistors 20 and 22 are respectively coupled through resistance 26 and 28 to a positive potential current source 30. The base of transistor 20 is coupled to the collector of transistor 22, and the base of transistor 22 is coupled to the collector of transistor 22 in a flip-flop configuration, so that, for example, if transistor 20 is conducting current, its collector voltage is low, thereby cutting off the conduction of transistor 22. Conversely, if transistor 22 is conducting, the voltage level appearing on its collector will force transistor 20 to stop conducting. The state of the memory cell, that is, whether transistor 20 or transistor 22 is conductive or non-conductive, is sensed by the flanking NPN transistors 32 and 34. The emitter of transistor 32 is connected to a first digit line 16 and its collector is connected to the collector of transistor 20. Similarly, the emitter of transistor 34 is connected to the second digit line 18 and its collector is connected to the collector of transistor 22. The base of transistor 32 is connected through a resistance 36 to the "A o " word line 12 and the base of transistor 34 is connected through resistor 38 to the "B o " word line 14. In operation, either transistor 20 or transistor 22 will always be conducting current as long as adequate current is available from the positive current source 30. The application of a positive "read enable" signal to the select line 12 will enable the flanking transistor 32. If, for example, transistor 20 is conducting current, its collector will be low and no current will be conducted through transistor 32. On the other hand, if transistor 22 is conducting current, transistor 20 will be non-conductive, and the collector of transistor 20 will be high, thereby permitting conduction of current from line 30 through resistor 26 and transistor 32 into the first digit line 16. Similarly, a "read enable" signal applied to the "A o " select line 12 will read the state of all the other cells in the "zero" row, such as the cells 40 and 42, and their particular state will be read out on their associated first digit lines 44 and 46. Referring again to cell 10, the enabling voltage on select line 12 reads out the memory only on digit line 16; digit line 18 is unaffected except by the application of an enabling signal on the "B o " select line 14. If such a signal is applied to line 14, the transistor 34 is enabled and will conduct current into the digit line 18 only if transistor 20 is conductive. It should be noted that the state of the cell 10 may be determined by the application of a read signal on the select line 12 or 14, or upon both lines 12 and 14 simultaneously, if desired. The state of the memory cell is determined merely by the presence or absence of a current flow through the appropriate output digit lines 16 or 18. Writing into the cell, that is, forcing either transistor 20 or 22 into a desired state regardless of its previous state, is accomplished by applying enabling signals to both the select lines 12 and 14, thereby enabling both of the flanking transistors 32 and 34. If it is desired to force transistor 20 into conduction, a high logic signal is applied to the digit line 18, while a low impedance low logic level signal is applied to the digit line 16. The high level on digit line 18 will prevent conduction through the enabled transistor 34 so that the collector of transistor 22 and the base of transistor 20 will be at their high level. With a low impedance low level signal on the digit line 16, transistor 32 becomes conductive and the resulting low level signal is applied to the base of transistor 22 to force it into its non-conductive state. In a similar way, conduction of transistor 22 may be accomplished by the application of a high signal on the digit line 16 and a corresponding low impedance low signal on the digit line 18. Illustrated in the drawing is a typical READ/WRITE circuit 50 that may be used with the two-port cell of the invention. The READ/WRITE circuit is not a part of the invention; it is merely being presented as an example of one circuit that may be used to read from and write into the memory cell 10. A detailed description of the READ/WRITE circuit which is contained within the dashed lines and is identified by the reference numeral 50 will not be provided; however, its operation is as follows: When it is desired to write into the memory cell 10, a low impedance low level "write enable" signal is applied to the terminal 52 thereby enabling the transistors 54, 56 and 58. If the data applied to data input terminal 60 is high, transistor 62 will be non-conductive and a current flow through the Schottky clamped base-collector and into the base of transistor 58 to render that transistor conductive. The collector of transistor 58 is then low and transistor 56 then becomes conductive to cut off conduction of transistor 54. The collector of transistor 58 then draws current through the digit line 18 and through the diode 64 into the low impedance current sink, thereby applying a low signal to the digit line 18. Since transistor 54 was rendered non-conductive by conduction through transistor 56, transistor 74 drives digit line 16 to a high potential since V R is switched high during writing. If the data applied to terminal 60 is in a low logic state, transistor 62 is conductive to cut off conduction of transistor 58. When the collector of transistor 58 goes to a high state, the base-emitter junction of transistor 56 becomes non-conductive and a current flows through the Schottky base-collector clamp of transistor 56 to the base of transistor 54 to render it conductive. Then, current through the digit line 16 is drawn through the diode 68 into the low impedance current sink while digit line 18 remains high. It should be noted that circuitry should be provided to assure that the complement of the "write enable" signal to input terminal 52 will also drive the reference voltage, V R , high and force transistors 70 and 72 into non-conduction. The emitters of transistors 70 and 72 then rise to their high potential and this level is applied to the bases of the transistors 74 and 76, respectively, to render them conductive. Therefore, during the write cycle, any writing signals entered into either of the digit lines 16 or 18 are not transferred to the reading circuitry or to the output terminals 78 or 80. During the reading operation, the "write enable" terminal 52 is at a high level and the transistors 54, 56, 58, 62 and diodes 64 and 68 are not functioning in the circuit. When a read signal is applied to the select line 12, all cells in the horizontal row that are coupled to that line will be read through the left-hand digit line, such as digit line 16, 44 and 46. If the particular cell is set so that current will flow through the digit line 16, that current will be sensed by the READ/WRITE circuit 50. If an interrogation signal is applied to the select line 12, and a resulting current from the cell 10 is applied into the digit line 16, the current is sensed by the transistor 74. During the read operation, the reference voltage to transistors 70 and 72 is applied so that transistors 74 and 76 will conduct or not conduct depending upon the presence or absence of current in the digit lines. If a cell current is applied through digit line 16 to resistor 66, it reverse biases the emitter of transistor 74 and turns it off. The collector of transistor 74 then rises to the level, V cc , of the supply. If no cell current flows in digit line 16, the reference voltage coupled through transistor 70 to the base of transistor 74 turns on transistor 74 so that the current flow through the collector resistor results in an IR drop that produces a low level output signal at terminal 78.	High emitter-coupled logic switching speeds and low standby power are achieved with a dual-port RAM cell in which two NPN Schottky transistors in a non-saturable bistable flip-flop configuration are flanked by a second pair of transistors whose collectors are individually coupled to the flip-flop collectors. The two output digit lines of the RAM are individually connected to the emitters of the flanking transistors, and their bases are individually coupled to the two select lines. A read signal on either select line enables a flanking transistor to sense the state of the RAM. Writing is accomplished by applying a high logic signal to both select lines and one digit line while the other digit line is dropped to a low state.	6
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/098,010, filed Sep. 18, 2008, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention generally relates to devices and methods for securing items, and more particularly to a device configured for organizing, securing and suspending items, for example, suspending bagged food packages from a wall or door, beneath a shelf or cabinet, etc. [0003] Various devices have been proposed that are capable of securing and suspending various objects or items, such as bagged products. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,279,204 to Gonzalez discloses a bag-retaining clip formed by two legs that are pivotably coupled at one end to enable the legs to be rotated toward each other and clamp onto an edge of a bagged product (potato chip bag). Other examples utilize resilient features for securing a bagged product, such as an article holder disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,257,422 to Rios and a clip strip disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,967,341 to Werner. Rios' holder comprises a gripping feature defined by a downward-facing opening into which the edge of a bagged product can be inserted and a member horizontally biased to close the opening. Werner's clip strip also comprises a gripping feature defined by a horizontally-biased member that acts to close a downward-facing opening into which the edge of a bagged product can be inserted and held by the member. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0004] The present invention provides a device and method suitable for organizing, securing and suspending items. [0005] According to a first aspect of the invention, the device includes a rail extending in a longitudinal direction and having a longitudinal side, and at least first and second walls extending from the longitudinal side of the rail in directions transverse to the longitudinal direction. Each of the first and second walls terminates at a distal end spaced apart from the rail, and with the rail the first and second walls delineate a slot between the first and second walls. A resilient member extends from the first wall and toward the second wall, and is operable to extend into the slot and be resiliently deflected between first and second positions within the slot. The resilient member is biased away from the rail so that in the first position of the resilient member a distal tip thereof is resiliently deflected toward the rail and defines a gap with the second wall for receiving a portion of an item, and in the second position of the resilient member the distal tip thereof is resiliently biased toward the second wall to define a pinch point therebetween for securing the item. [0006] According to a second aspect of the invention, the method of securing and suspending an item includes pushing an edge of the item against a resilient member to cause the resilient member to resiliently deflect into a slot between first and second walls and enable the edge of the item to enter the slot through a gap between a distal end of the resilient member and the second wall, and then releasing the item. The resilient member is biased in a direction away from the slot so that the distal tip of the resilient member is resiliently biased toward the second wall to define a pinch point therebetween that secures the item. [0007] A significant advantage of this invention is that the method of using the device is uncomplicated, and the device is capable of having an uncomplicated construction that is amenable to mass production processes. In addition, the device can be used to secure and suspend a wide variety of items, nonlimiting examples of which include jackets, hats, towels, swimming pool accessories like swim goggles, life jackets and floaties, household and gardening items such as extension cords and bagged lawn and garden supplies, and bagged food products. For example, the device is capable of securing, organizing and sealing bagged food products such as snack chips, dried soups, dried seasoning mixes, etc. The device can also be configured for mounting to a variety of surfaces and structures, including walls, doors, under cabinets and shelves, or any other convenient location. [0008] Other aspects and advantages of this invention will be better appreciated from the following detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0009] FIG. 1 is a side view of a device adapted for securing, suspending and organizing items in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention. [0010] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the device of FIG. 1 . [0011] FIGS. 3 through 7 are side views of devices configured in accordance with additional embodiments of the present invention. [0012] FIGS. 8 and 9 are perspective and side views, respectively, of a device configured in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0013] FIGS. 1 through 9 depict certain embodiments of a device 10 adapted for securing, suspending and organizing items in accordance with the present invention, with FIGS. 8 and 9 showing what is believed to be a preferred embodiment. The devices 10 can be fabricated from a variety of materials, with plastic believed to be preferred for purposes of cost and manufacturability. For convenience, identical reference numerals are used in the drawings to denote the same or equivalent elements throughout the various views. [0014] As represented in FIGS. 1 and 2 , the device 10 is shown as having a base 12 that can be attached to a wall 14 or other vertical surface, for example, with screws inserted through holes 16 in the base 12 . Extending from the base 12 is a rail 18 that may be attached to or formed integrally with the base 12 . As will become evident from the following description, the device 10 is intended to be used with the rail 18 oriented in a generally horizontal position, though other orientations are possible. To facilitate the description of the device 10 , the terms “vertical,” “horizontal,” “upward,” “downward,” “upper,” “lower,” “above,” “below,” etc., will be used in reference to the orientation of the device 10 as represented in FIG. 1 , and therefore are relative terms and should not be interpreted as otherwise limiting the scope of the invention. [0015] Multiple walls 20 , which may be integral or attached to the rail 18 , are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 as extending downward from the rail 18 to define separate spaces or slots 22 between the base 12 and a first of the walls 20 and thereafter between each adjacent pair of walls 20 . The walls 20 are shown as extending perpendicular to a longitudinal side 18 A of the rail 18 , though a perpendicular orientation is not required and therefore various transverse orientations are also within the scope of the invention. To promote the rigidity of the walls 20 , reinforcements or supports 23 are integrally formed, attached or otherwise provided at the intersections of the walls 20 with the rail 18 to minimize flexing of the walls 20 . The walls 20 are represented as being of approximately equal lengths, though walls 20 of different lengths are also within the scope of the invention. The slots 22 have a roughly rectilinear shape as a result of the walls 20 being oriented perpendicular to the rail 18 , though this shape is not necessary for the operation of the device 10 . [0016] A resilient tab 24 is shown as being disposed at the lower end of each slot 22 . The tabs 24 are depicted as generally straight (linear) and extending roughly horizontally in a direction away from the base 12 and roughly parallel to the longitudinal direction of the rail 18 . The tabs 24 are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 as defining joints 34 with the base 12 and a distal end 28 of each wall 20 except for the wall 20 farthest from the base 12 , though it is foreseeable that the tabs 24 could extend toward the base 12 and define joints with all of the walls 20 . The joints 34 of the tabs 24 , which may be the result of a separate attachment operation or the result of integrally forming the tabs 24 with the base 12 and walls 20 , are formed to provide a biasing effect that causes the tabs 24 to be biased away from the rail 18 . The tab 24 of the leftmost slot 22 nearest the base 12 in FIG. 1 is in a free state position outside its slot 22 , whereas the tabs 24 of the second through fifth slots 22 from the base 12 have been deflected into positions within their respective slots 22 , and as a result are subject to the biasing forces applied by their respective joints 34 that urge the tabs 24 away from the rail 18 . [0017] In FIGS. 1 and 2 , each tab 24 is longer than the width of the slot 22 that it spans (for example, by about one to two millimeters), creating a toggling effect between the free-state position outside of the slot 22 as shown for the leftmost slot 22 in FIG. 1 and the deflected position within the slot 22 as shown for the second through fifth slots 22 from the base 12 in FIG. 1 . In its free state (as shown in the leftmost slot 22 of FIG. 1 ), each tab 24 is inclined downward. For example, the tabs 24 may be inclined about four degrees from a plane containing the distal ends 28 of the walls 20 . Each tab 24 is further shown as having a distal portion 30 that is further inclined from the remainder of the tab 24 , for example, about four degrees from a plane defined by the remainder of the tab 24 (forming an obtuse angle with the remainder of the tab 24 ), and therefore about eight degrees from the plane intersecting the distal ends 28 of the walls 20 . The orientation of the distal portion 30 of each tab 24 facilitates toggling of the tab 24 upward into its respective slot 22 , as evident from comparing the first and second slots 22 from the base 12 in FIG. 1 . Releasing the tab 24 of the second slot 22 causes the biasing of the tab 24 to engage its distal end 32 with the adjacent wall 20 , as shown for the third and fourth slots 22 from the base 12 in FIG. 1 . The fifth slot 22 from the base 12 shows a bagged product 26 secured and sealed by a pinch point resulting from the distal end 32 of the tab 24 being urged downward toward the side of its adjacent wall 20 and into engagement with an edge of the product 26 . [0018] As a result of the above construction, the product 26 is able to be secured with the device 10 by placing the edge of the product 26 in a gap 36 that is present between the distal end 32 of the tab 24 and the adjacent wall 20 when the tab 24 is in its free state (leftmost slot 22 in FIG. 1 ), then pushing the tab 24 upward into the slot 22 against the biasing force of its joint 34 (second slot 22 from the base 12 in FIG. 1 ), then pushing the tab 24 to resiliently deflect upward into its slot 22 so that the edge of the product 26 is within the slot 22 . By releasing the product 26 , the joint 34 forces the tab 24 downward, causing the distal end 32 of the tab 24 to be biased toward the adjacent wall 22 (third and fourth slots 22 in FIG. 1 ) and into engagement with the edge of the product 26 (fifth slot 22 of FIG. 1 ). The pinch point is preferably capable of closing and sealing an open edge of the product 26 and suspending the product 26 from the device 10 . The product 26 can easily be removed from the slot 22 by lifting the tab 24 , such as shown for the second slot 22 in FIG. 1 . Alternatively, the product 26 can be released by pulling downward to force the tab 24 to toggle and reacquire its downward free-state orientation. [0019] In view of similarities between the first embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2 and the remaining embodiments of the invention, the following discussion of FIGS. 3 through 9 will focus primarily on aspects of the additional embodiments that significantly differ from the first embodiment. Other aspects of the additional embodiments not discussed in any detail can be, in terms of structure, function, materials, etc., essentially as was described for the first embodiment. [0020] The embodiment of the device 10 shown in FIG. 3 differs in part by forming the base 12 separately from the rail 18 and its walls 20 , and then assembling the rail 18 to the base 12 with fasteners (not shown) or any other suitable means. With this embodiment, the first tab 24 is attached to a wall 20 instead of the base 12 , and this wall 20 and the end of the rail 18 are received and secured within a channel 25 in the base 12 . Alternatively, the rail 18 can be used without the base 12 and mounted directly to a horizontal or vertical surface, such as beneath a cabinet or shelf. [0021] In addition, the device 10 shown in FIG. 3 differs as a result of the tabs 24 (other than their distal portions 30 ) having arcuate shapes whose concave sides face their respective slots 22 . Also contrary to the embodiment of FIGS. 1 and 2 , the tabs 24 are not longer than the widths of the slots 22 , and their distal ends 32 directly face the adjacent walls 20 when the tabs 24 are in their free state (as shown). As a result, the toggle-action of the tabs 24 described for FIGS. 1 and 2 is eliminated, the distal ends 32 of the tabs 24 do not directly engage their adjacent walls 20 , and the pinch point intended to secure an item is the result of an interference fit between the thickness of the item and a gap 38 between each distal end 32 and its facing wall 20 . The pinch-point effect is enhanced by the presence of a shoulder 40 on each wall 20 facing the adjacent distal end 32 across the gap 38 . The shorter tabs 24 shown for the device 10 of FIG. 3 can be more rigid than the tabs 24 of FIGS. 1 and 2 , so as to be capable of providing an ample pinching or gripping action through the thickness of the item being gripped, even though the tabs 24 do not directly contact their facing walls 20 . [0022] The embodiment of the device 10 shown in FIG. 4 is similar to that of FIG. 3 , but has a modular construction in which individual slots 22 are defined by a C-shaped unit 42 . The units 42 are attached to the rail 18 (such as with fasteners), and adjacent units 42 cooperate to define the walls 20 between slots 22 . Each unit 42 is also depicted as defining a shoulder 40 similar to that of FIG. 3 . [0023] The device 10 of FIG. 5 differs from previous embodiments as a result of the distal end 32 of each tab 24 having a more defined point capable of better pinching or gripping certain types of items, such as bags and packages. [0024] The device 10 of FIG. 6 utilizes tabs 24 with a toggle-action similar to FIGS. 1 and 2 , but differ as a result of having an arcuate shape along their entire lengths and engaging shoulders 40 defined by a notch in each facing wall 20 instead of shaping the walls 20 to have an L- or J-shaped cross-section. The toggle action of the tabs 24 is a result of the tabs 24 in FIG. 6 being longer than the widths of their respective slots 22 . However, the combined effect of their lengths and arcuate shapes inhibit the tabs 24 from being deflected outside the slots 22 . In FIG. 7 , the tabs 24 are shorter than the widths of the slots 22 to provide a gripping action similar to that of FIGS. 3 , 4 and 5 . FIG. 7 also illustrates an example of the base 12 being omitted, such that the rail 18 is mounted directly to a surface, preferably a horizontal surface such as beneath a cabinet or shelf. [0025] Finally, FIGS. 8 and 9 represent a device 10 configured as a one-piece structure, for example, as a result of fabrication by injection molding a suitable plastic material. As before, the device 10 can be seen to have a base 12 that can be attached to a wall or other vertical surface, a rail 18 extending from the base 12 , walls 20 extending downward from the rail 18 to define slots 22 therebetween. Large radii (supports) 23 are present at the intersections of the rail 18 and walls 20 to minimize flexing of the walls 20 , and the tabs 24 are longer than the widths of the slots 22 they span so as to engage shoulders 40 formed on their respective facing walls 20 and provide a toggle-action similar to FIGS. 1 , 2 and 6 . When engaged with its wall 20 , each tab 24 is preferably inclined inward about eight degrees into its slot 22 . [0026] The device 10 of FIGS. 8 and 9 is further equipped with stop members 44 that project into the slots 22 from the rail 18 . The stop members 44 function to limit the extent to which the tabs 24 are able to be resiliently deflected into the slots 22 . The stop members 44 are represented in FIGS. 8 and 9 as extending from the longitudinal side 18 A of the rail 18 in a direction transverse to the longitudinal direction of the rail 18 , and to have a distal end 46 disposed adjacent the midpoints of the tabs 24 between adjacent walls 20 . [0027] Certain dimensions are believed to be exemplary and potentially preferred in order to promote the ability of the device 10 of FIGS. 8 and 9 to secure and suspend a wide variety of items. As an example, for the purpose of securing and suspending items such as bagged food products, jackets, hats, towels, swimming pool accessories like swim goggles, life jackets and floaties, and household and gardening items such as extension cords and bagged lawn and garden supplies, suitable dimensions are believed to include a length of up to about five centimeters (for example, slightly greater than 3.8 centimeters) for the tabs 24 , a thickness of about one millimeter for the tabs 24 , widths of up to about five centimeters (for example, about 3.8 centimeters) for the slots 22 , and depths of up to about five centimeters for the slots 22 . [0028] While the invention has been described in terms of specific embodiments, it is apparent that other forms could be adopted by one skilled in the art. For example, the devices 10 could differ in appearance and construction from the embodiments shown in the Figures, and an embodiment of the invention may incorporate any of the features and functions described for any of the embodiments shown in the Figures. Furthermore, the functions of the tabs 24 and their joints 34 could be performed by components of different construction but capable of a similar (though not necessarily equivalent) function, and a wide variety of materials and processes could be used to fabricate the devices. Accordingly, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiments illustrated in the Figures. Instead, the scope of the invention is to be limited only by the following claims.	A device and method for securing and suspending items. The device includes a rail and at least two walls extending in a transverse direction to the rail. Each wall terminates at a distal end spaced apart from the rail, and the rail and walls delineate a slot between the walls. A resilient member extends from one wall toward the other wall, and is operable to extend into the slot and be resiliently deflected between first and second positions within the slot. The resilient member is biased away from the rail so that in its first position a distal tip thereof is resiliently deflected toward the rail to define a gap with the second wall for receiving a portion of an item, and in the second position the distal tip is resiliently biased toward the second wall to define a pinch point therebetween for securing the item.	0
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 92,045 filed Nov. 7, 1979, now abandoned. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention is directed to a screen filter device for removing solid particles from a liquid for purposes of separating the solid particles out for recovery and/or cleansing the liquid for recirculation. The general category of filter device to which this invention is directed includes those in which a spray or shower is used to clean the filter media. There are many such devices available in the art such as for example that shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,112,263. In that device the screen filter is fitted with a sloping screen and the liquid to be filtered is flowed over the screen radially towards the center. Impurities are removed from the screen by a shower of liquid directed upwards and through the screen from beneath. There are many problems with such a device which is typical of the art. For example it has been thought that to properly unplug a screen seal from above the spray must be directed from beneath. This has resulted in the fines dropping back on the source of the spray such as on nozzles rotating beneath the screen, thereby loading the arms. Additionally, the spray from below must pass through the screen raising pressure requirements to the possible extent of the spray raising or lifting the screen unless additional steps are taken to fasten it securely against vertical-upward displacement. The present invention is intended to be an improvement over the art as represented by said U.S. Pat. No. 3,122,263. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The applicants have found that with the unique combination disclosed herein, the spraying can take place from above and provide a proper result. The subject invention includes the use of a shower assembly with multiple fan nozzles for cleaning a filter media from its feed side along with moving particles greater than the media openings towards a discharge port. The filter media could be a filter mesh, wedge wire, perforations, etc. Shape of the media may be circular, rectangular, pie section, horizontal or sloped at any angle between 0° and 30°. The feed liquid to the media can be separated into two streams: one containing particles greater than the filter media openings, the other stream particles smaller. The device has particular application for use as a tailing screen or the removing of rejectable material from a liquid stream; the filtering of fibrous material from black liquor ahead of the evaporators; and the fractioning of particles into two streams, one containing greater than the filter media opening, the other smaller. With this device the motor (for pipe rotation), shower pipes, water supply conduits and drive assemble, all located above the filter screen so that the particles in the filtrate do not build up on the mechanism. Also, the spray from the shower pipe nozzles hits the filter screen at an acute angle as opposed to the blunt angle used in the system using "under filter spraying" so that the spray acts as a doctor to shear particles from the top of the screen and urge those too large to pass through the screen along the screen to the central depository for larger particles. The particles are moved continuously in a spiral fashion to the central depository. Additionally, the radially disposed spray pipes may have a horizontally arced configuration which assists in urging larger particles toward central compartment. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a partially sectional plan view of the unit constructed in accordance with the teachings of this invention; FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along the line 2--2 in the direction of the arrows in FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a plan view of a portion of a second embodiment of the invention; FIG. 4 is an elevation view of a portion of the apparatus shown in FIG. 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The filter device of the subject invention is shown in the Figures and includes cylindrical container 10 having open top and bottom 12 and 14 respectively concentrically arranged within feed container 16, the side wall thereof extending above container 10. A third container 18, also concentrically arranged is disposed within container 10 with its open top considerably beneath the top of container 10 and its bottom communicating with and arranged to feed into horizontal outlet pipe 20. An inlet pipe 22 is provided for feeding particulate containing liquid into feed container 16. A substantially horizontal circular screen 24 is fitted at the top of container 10. The screen 24 has an open circular center 26 which is disposed above container 18 with its center generally on the line of the vertical axis to container 18. In the embodiment shown the opening 26 is less in diameter than the diameter of container 18. A cover 28 is provided for feed container 16. Motor 30 and gear reduction box 32 which are supported by the cover rotate shaft 34 which projects downwardly through the cover. On the end of shaft 34 there are mounted radially disposed spray pipes 36, 37 and 38, each of which is of horizontally arced configuration and supports a series of spray nozzles 40. Three such pipes are shown in the present embodiment however more or less such pipes can be provided. Shaft 34, which is hollow, extends upwardly from the gear box and through the thrust bearing 42. The shaft is coupled to rotating swivel joint 44. Conduit 46 is provided to supply cleansing water, or other fluid to the spray nozzles 40 via shaft 34. The nozzles 40 are arranged at an angle with the horizontal to direct the spray at an angle to the surface of the screen. The angle is in the order of 10° to 45° with the screen to provide a good pushing or material moving spray component so that the spray acts as a doctor knife on the top of the screen. It is contemplated that the spray arms will be rotated in a clockwise direction as seen from above and as shown in FIG. 2 with the arms arced (somewhat concave) in the leading edge so that particles from the liquid to be filtered on the upper surface of the screen, will be directed toward the center. The liquid will carry the particles continuously in a spiral fashion towards the open circular center 26. In operation the liquid containing particles to be separated is allowed to enter the feed container 16 through inlet 22. This liquid builds up to a height where it overflows the wall of container 10, flows onto screen 24 where the liquid component and fines (particles sufficiently small to pass through the filter screen 24) pass through the screen and into container 10, and therethrough, downwardly by action of gravity and out bottom 14 for collection or recirculation as desired. The larger particles contained in the liquid to be filtered do not pass through the screen. The liquid from the spray nozzles 40 impinges on the upper surface of the screen as the arms rotate to doctor these large particles from the upper surface of the screen and direct them toward the center where they pass through opening 26 and by gravity, and such hydraulic force as is being generated, into container 18 and out thereof through conduit 20 for collection or other disposal. A plug 48 and removal handle 50 are provided to allow communication of container 16 with conduit 20 when desired for disposal of the content of container 16 at the completion of use or any other indicated time. A second embodiment of the invention is schematically illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4. A number of the details shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 have been omitted to simplify the drawings, but it will be understood that the illustrated features are to be used in conjunction with the basic structure of the first embodiment so as to function in a similar manner. A cylindrical container 100 having an open top and bottom is provided. A substantially horizontal circular screen 102 is fitted near the top of the container 100. The screen 102 has a circular central discharge opening 104. Instead of being horizontal, the screen could be sloped towards the opening at an angle between 0-30 degrees. A rotatable hollow shaft 106 extends substantially perpendicularly with respect to the plane of the screen and is coaxial with the longitudinal axis of the container 100. A plurality of equally spaced spray pipes 108 extend from the shaft. Each spray pipe includes a plurality of spray nozzles arranged along the leading edges thereof. Means (not shown) similar to the motor 30 and associated structures shown in FIGS. 1-2 are provided to rotate the shaft 106 and pipes 108 in the direction of the spray nozzles. The arrows in FIG. 3 show the direction of rotation which is clockwise in the illustrated embodiment. The spray pipes 108 are each of cane-shaped configuration having an arcuate portion 108' and a straight elongated portion 108". The ends of the pipes defined by the arcuate portions are secured to the shaft 106. The straight portions have lengths which approximate the radius of the screen. They extend to the outermost portions of the screen so that the spray nozzles are capable of spraying the entire upper surface area thereof. As in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-2, the spray pipes and nozzles are arranged such that the sprays impinge the screen at an acute angle. The sprays also urge the larger particles towards the central discharge opening. These particles follow a spiral path towards the opening and are kept in continuous motion by the sprays. There is no particle build-up due to "dead" spots on the screen where sprays fail to impinge. Rotating the arms in the direction of the leading edges of the spray pipes also assists the operation. The sprays will hit the screen at a higher velocity than if rotation occurred in the opposite direction. The sprays may be water, steam, air, or other substances depending upon the particular application of the device. A portion of the liquid passing through the screen may be recirculated. Thus a simple, rugged and easy to use separation unit is provided which will require a minimum of operating power and maintenance.	A screen filter device for removing solid particles from a liquid is disclosed. The device includes a spray or shower for cleaning the filter media. In operation, a first liquid containing particulate matter flows over the filter media having an opening formed therein. Spray nozzles are arranged with respect to the filter media to impinge cleansing liquid on the surface of the filter media over which the first liquid flows. The cleansing liquid carries particulate matter continuously and in a spiral fashion towards the opening within the filter media.	1

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