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"Alien", a song by Japan from the album Quiet Life, 1979
"Alien", a song by Lamb from the album Fear of Fours, 1999
"Alien", a song by Nerina Pallot from the album Dear Frustrated Superstar, 2001
"Alien", a song by P-Model from the album Landsale, 1980
"Alien", a song by Thriving Ivory from the album Thriving Ivory, 2003
"Alien", a song by Tokio Hotel from the album Humanoid, 2009. Fans of the band call themselves "Aliens".
"Alien", a song by Atlanta Rhythm from the album Quinella, 1981
"Alien", a 2020 song by Lee Suhyun
"Aliens" (song), a 2017 song by Coldplay
"Aliens", a 1984 song by Warlord
"The Alien", a song by Dream Theater from the album A View from the Top of the World, 2021
Video games
Alien (1984 video game), based on the film
Alien (Atari 2600), a 1982 maze game based on the 1979 film
Alien: Isolation, a 2014 video game based on the Alien science fiction horror film series
Aliens (1982 video game), a text-only clone of Space Invaders written for the CP/M operating system on the Kaypro computer
Aliens (1990 video game), a game by Konami, based on the sequel of the film
Other media
Alien (Armenian TV series), a 2017 melodrama series
Alien (sculpture), a 2012 work by David Breuer-Weil, in Mottisfont, Hampshire, England
Aliens (Dark Horse Comics line)
The Aliens (TV series), 2016 British sci-fi television series
"Aliens" (Roseanne), a 1992 television episode
Other uses
Alien (shipping company), a Russian company
Alien Sun (born 1974), Singaporean actress
Alien, a perfume by Thierry Mugler
See also
Alians, an Islamic order
Alien Project (disambiguation)
Alien vs. Predator (disambiguation)
Astrobiology, the study of hypothetical alien life
ATLiens, a 1996 album by OutKast
Predator (disambiguation)
UFO (disambiguation)
Unidentified flying object (disambiguation) An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies – in either observational (by analyzing the data)...
Types
Astronomers usually fall under either of two main types: observational and theoretical. Observational astronomers make direct observations of celestial objects and analyze the data. In contrast, theoretical astronomers create and investigate models of things that cannot be observed. Because it takes millions to billion...
Further subcategories under these two main branches of astronomy include planetary astronomy, galactic astronomy, or physical cosmology.
Academic
Historically, astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky, while astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena and the differences between them using physical laws. Today, that distinction has mostly disappeared and the terms "astronomer" and "astrophysicist" are int...
The American Astronomical Society, which is the major organization of professional astronomers in North America, has approximately 7,000 members. This number includes scientists from other fields such as physics, geology, and engineering, whose research interests are closely related to astronomy. The International Astr...
Contrary to the classical image of an old astronomer peering through a telescope through the dark hours of the night, it is far more common to use a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera to record a long, deep exposure, allowing a more sensitive image to be created because the light is added over time. Before CCDs, photog...
Astronomers who serve as faculty spend much of their time teaching undergraduate and graduate classes. Most universities also have outreach programs including public telescope time and sometimes planetariums as a public service to encourage interest in the field.
Those who become astronomers usually have a broad background in maths, sciences and computing in high school. Taking courses that teach how to research, write, and present papers are also invaluable. In college/university most astronomers get a PhD in astronomy or physics.
Amateur astronomers
While there is a relatively low number of professional astronomers, the field is popular among amateurs. Most cities have amateur astronomy clubs that meet on a regular basis and often host star parties. The Astronomical Society of the Pacific is the largest general astronomical society in the world, comprising both pr...
See also
List of astronomers
List of women astronomers
List of Muslim astronomers
List of French astronomers
List of Hungarian astronomers
List of Russian astronomers and astrophysicists
List of Slovenian astronomers
References
Sources
External links
American Astronomical Society
European Astronomical Society
International Astronomical Union
Astronomical Society of the Pacific
Space's astronomy news
Astronomy
Science occupations ASCII ( ), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, although...
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) prefers the name US-ASCII for this character encoding.
ASCII is one of the IEEE milestones.
Overview
ASCII was developed from telegraph code. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began in May 1961, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) (now the American National Standards Institute or ANSI) X3.2 subcommitt...
The use of ASCII format for Network Interchange was described in 1969. That document was formally elevated to an Internet Standard in 2015.
Originally based on the English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart above. Ninety-five of the encoded characters are printable: these include the digits 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase letters A to Z, and punctuation symbols. In addition, the ...
For example, lowercase i would be represented in the ASCII encoding by binary 1101001 = hexadecimal 69 (i is the ninth letter) = decimal 105.
History