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Film and video technology Apollo is one of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology. The national divinity of the Greeks, Apollo has been recognized as a god of archery, music and dance, truth and prophecy, healing and diseases, the Sun and light, poetry, and more. One o... |
As the patron deity of Delphi (Apollo Pythios), Apollo is an oracular god—the prophetic deity of the Delphic Oracle. Apollo is the god who affords help and wards off evil; various epithets call him the "averter of evil". Delphic Apollo is the patron of seafarers, foreigners and the protector of fugitives and refugees. |
Medicine and healing are associated with Apollo, whether through the god himself or mediated through his son Asclepius. Apollo delivered people from epidemics, yet he is also a god who could bring ill-health and deadly plague with his arrows. The invention of archery itself is credited to Apollo and his sister Artemis.... |
Apollo is an important pastoral deity, and was the patron of herdsmen and shepherds. Protection of herds, flocks and crops from diseases, pests and predators were his primary duties. On the other hand, Apollo also encouraged founding new towns and establishment of civil constitution. He is associated with dominion over... |
As the god of mousike, Apollo presides over all music, songs, dance and poetry. He is the inventor of string-music, and the frequent companion of the Muses, functioning as their chorus leader in celebrations. The lyre is a common attribute of Apollo. In Hellenistic times, especially during the 5th century BCE, as Apoll... |
Etymology |
Apollo (Attic, Ionic, and Homeric Greek: , Apollōn ( ); Doric: , Apellōn; Arcadocypriot: , Apeilōn; Aeolic: , Aploun; ) |
The name Apollo—unlike the related older name Paean—is generally not found in the Linear B (Mycenean Greek) texts, although there is a possible attestation in the lacunose form ]pe-rjo-[ (Linear B: ]-[) on the KN E 842 tablet, though it has also been suggested that the name might actually read "Hyperion" ([u]-pe-rjo-[n... |
The etymology of the name is uncertain. The spelling ( in Classical Attic) had almost superseded all other forms by the beginning of the common era, but the Doric form, Apellon (), is more archaic, as it is derived from an earlier . It probably is a cognate to the Doric month Apellaios (), and the offerings apellaia (... |
Several instances of popular etymology are attested from ancient authors. Thus, the Greeks most often associated Apollo's name with the Greek verb (apollymi), "to destroy". Plato in Cratylus connects the name with (apolysis), "redemption", with (apolousis), "purification", and with ([h]aploun), "simple", in particu... |
A number of non-Greek etymologies have been suggested for the name, The Hittite form Apaliunas (d) is attested in the Manapa-Tarhunta letter. The Hittite testimony reflects an early form , which may also be surmised from comparison of Cypriot with Doric . The name of the Lydian god Qλdãns /kʷʎðãns/ may reflect an earl... |
A Luwian etymology suggested for Apaliunas makes Apollo "The One of Entrapment", perhaps in the sense of "Hunter". |
Greco-Roman epithets |
Apollo's chief epithet was Phoebus ( ; , Phoibos ), literally "bright". It was very commonly used by both the Greeks and Romans for Apollo's role as the god of light. Like other Greek deities, he had a number of others applied to him, reflecting the variety of roles, duties, and aspects ascribed to the god. However, wh... |
Sun |
Aegletes ( ; Αἰγλήτης, Aiglētēs), from , "light of the sun" |
Helius ( ; , Helios), literally "sun" |
Lyceus ( ; , Lykeios, from Proto-Greek *), "light". The meaning of the epithet "Lyceus" later became associated with Apollo's mother Leto, who was the patron goddess of Lycia () and who was identified with the wolf (). |
Phanaeus ( ; , Phanaios), literally "giving or bringing light" |
Phoebus ( ; , Phoibos), literally "bright", his most commonly used epithet by both the Greeks and Romans |
Sol (Roman) (), "sun" in Latin |
Wolf |
Lycegenes ( ; , Lukēgenēs), literally "born of a wolf" or "born of Lycia" |
Lycoctonus ( ; , Lykoktonos), from , "wolf", and , "to kill" |
Origin and birth |
Apollo's birthplace was Mount Cynthus on the island of Delos. |
Cynthius ( ; , Kunthios), literally "Cynthian" |
Cynthogenes ( ; , Kynthogenēs), literally "born of Cynthus" |
Delius ( ; Δήλιος, Delios), literally "Delian" |
Didymaeus ( ; , Didymaios) from δίδυμος, "twin", as the twin of Artemis |
Place of worship |
Delphi and Actium were his primary places of worship. |
Acraephius ( ; , Akraiphios, literally "Acraephian") or Acraephiaeus ( ; , Akraiphiaios), "Acraephian", from the Boeotian town of Acraephia (), reputedly founded by his son Acraepheus. |
Actiacus ( ; , Aktiakos), literally "Actian", after Actium () |
Delphinius ( ; , Delphinios), literally "Delphic", after Delphi (Δελφοί). An etiology in the Homeric Hymns associated this with dolphins. |
Epactaeus, meaning "god worshipped on the coast", in Samos. |
Pythius ( ; , Puthios, from Πυθώ, Pythō), from the region around Delphi |
Smintheus ( ; , Smintheus), "Sminthian"—that is, "of the town of Sminthos or Sminthe" near the Troad town of Hamaxitus |
Napaian Apollo (Ἀπόλλων Ναπαῖος), from the city of Nape at the island of Lesbos |
Healing and disease |
Acesius ( ; , Akesios), from , "healing". Acesius was the epithet of Apollo worshipped in Elis, where he had a temple in the agora. |
Acestor ( ; , Akestōr), literally "healer" |
Culicarius (Roman) ( ), from Latin culicārius, "of midges" |
Iatrus ( ; , Iātros), literally "physician" |
Medicus (Roman) ( ), "physician" in Latin. A temple was dedicated to Apollo Medicus at Rome, probably next to the temple of Bellona. |
Paean ( ; , Paiān), physician, healer |
Parnopius ( ; , Parnopios), from , "locust" |
Founder and protector |
Agyieus ( ; , Aguīeus), from , "street", for his role in protecting roads and homes |
Alexicacus ( ; , Alexikakos), literally "warding off evil" |
Apotropaeus ( ; , Apotropaios), from , "to avert" |
Archegetes ( ; , Arkhēgetēs), literally "founder" |
Averruncus (Roman) ( ; from Latin āverruncare), "to avert" |
Clarius ( ; , Klārios), from Doric , "allotted lot" |
Epicurius ( ; , Epikourios), from , "to aid" |
Genetor ( ; , Genetōr), literally "ancestor" |
Nomius ( ; , Nomios), literally "pastoral" |
Nymphegetes ( ; , Numphēgetēs), from , "Nymph", and , "leader", for his role as a protector of shepherds and pastoral life |
Patroos from , "related to one's father," for his role as father of Ion and founder of the Ionians, as worshipped at the Temple of Apollo Patroos in Athens |
Sauroctunos, “lizard killer”, possibly a reference to his killing of Python |
Prophecy and truth |
Coelispex (Roman) ( ), from Latin coelum, "sky", and specere "to look at" |
Iatromantis ( ; , Iātromantis,) from , "physician", and , "prophet", referring to his role as a god both of healing and of prophecy |
Leschenorius ( ; , Leskhēnorios), from , "converser" |
Loxias ( ; , Loxias), from , "to say", historically associated with , "ambiguous" |
Manticus ( ; , Mantikos), literally "prophetic" |
Proopsios (), meaning "foreseer" or "first seen" |
Music and arts |
Musagetes ( ; Doric , Mousāgetās), from , "Muse", and "leader" |
Musegetes ( ; , Mousēgetēs), as the preceding |
Archery |
Aphetor ( ; , Aphētōr), from , "to let loose" |
Aphetorus ( ; , Aphētoros), as the preceding |
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