falan42/meta_data · Datasets at Hugging Face

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All are used for cervical ripening, except :	Ergometrine	1	Ergometrine	Oxytocin	Stripping of membranes	Prostaglandins	Gynaecology & Obstetrics	null	3528ba00-c003-4c4c-aa95-c5b284b0c462	multi
Which of these is not a cause of rightward shift of Oxygen - Hemoglobin dissociation curve?	Bohr effect is closely related to the fact that deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin) binds H+ more actively than does oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin). The pH of blood falls as its CO2 content increases, so that when the PCO2 rises, the curve shifts to the righ A rise in temperature or a fall in pH shifts the curve to the right HbO2 + 2,3-BPG - - Hb - 2,3-BPG + O2 In this equilibrium, an increase in the concentration of 2,3BPG shifts the reaction to the rightRef: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:611	2	Increased hydrogen ions	Decreased CO2	Increased temperature	Increased BPG	Physiology	Cardiovascular system	5b03b4d6-0b0b-4901-8d4f-8a61bfd236e5	single
What is the ratio of placental weight to fetal weight at term ?	Placenta weighs 500 gm, the propoion to the weight of the baby being roughly 1:6 at term and occupies about 30% of the uterine wall.	3	1:04	1:05	1:06	1:07	Gynaecology & Obstetrics	null	bd30fbb2-9c06-4e44-88d9-e80bc5ed1515	single
Drug of choice for anaphylactic shock ?	Ans. is 'a' i.e., Adrenaline o First adrenaline should be given im to raise the blood pressure and to dilate the bronchi. o If the treatment is delayed and shock has developed, adrenaline should be given i.v. by slow injection.	1	Adrenaline	Antihistaminic	Glucocoicoids	Epinephrine	Pharmacology	null	e5368279-45f6-4599-a92d-86c2967bfc52	single
Turner's Syndrome is associated with :	45 chromosomes Turners syndrome has karyotype 45X0. (Option "a" is correct) No. of Barr Bodies= Total No of X Chromosomes -- 1 No. of Barr Bodies in Turners = 1 -- 1 = 0 (Option "b- ruled out) In Turner's syndrome ovaries are replaced by Streak Gonads --> Decreased Estrogen levels -- Decrease in negative inhibition over FSH and therefore FSH levels raised. (Option "c- ruled out)	1	45 chromosomes	Presence of barr bodies	Low FSH levels	All of the above	Gynaecology & Obstetrics	null	38fb73c8-d11e-43e2-b7ec-b10188712fbb	multi
Which drug is used in intracavernous injection for erectile dysfunction?	AlprostadilQ contains naturally occurring prostaglandin E and, hence has vasodilator action. It can be injected into corpora cavernosa or administered intraurethrally. The firm erection is produced within 2 to 3 minutes and may last for 1 hour. Other injectable medications for erectile dysfunction include: Papaverine Phentolamine	2	Epoprostrenol	Alprostadil	Sildenafil	Tadalafil	Psychiatry	Sexual Disorders	49204ba5-9999-4f6c-83fc-c4648f20624c	single
A nursing mother presented with fever and breast tenderness after two weeks postpaum. Which oral antibiotics is ideal for her condition?	Dicloxacillin:- Anti - staphylococcal penicillin :- B lactamase resistant penicillin. Their use is restricted to the treatment of infection cause by penicillinase producing staphylococci including MSSA. Other drug of this class:- Methicillin Oxacillin Methicillin because of its toxicity (interstitial Nephritis), Methicillin is not used. Ampicillin/Amoxicillin:-Extended- Spectrum penicillin. More effective against gram -ve bacilli. Ampicillin is a drug of choice for gram positive bacilli : listeria monocytogenes Ceftazidime:-3rd gen cephalosporin, has activity against P. aeruginosa Ciprofloxacin: of the fluoroquinolone it has best activity against P. Aeruginosa and is commonly used in cystic fibrosis patient.	2	Ampicillin	Dicloxacillin	Ceftazidime	Ciprofloxacin	Pharmacology	Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors	be8ce694-d297-4ee8-8015-8207316cedc4	single
Drug of choice for prevention of NSAID induced peptic ulcer disease is	Ans. is 'b' i.e., Proton pump inhibitors * PPI are the DOC for peptic ulcer (gastric or duodenal), GERD, ZE syndrome, prevention of aspiratory pneumonia and NSAID induced gastric / duodenal ulcers. Note - PGE1 analogue (Misoprostol) is specific drug for prevention and treatment of NSAID induced ulcer, but DOC is PPL	2	H2 receptor blockers	Proton pump inhibitors	Macrolide antibiotic	Sucralfate	Pharmacology	G.I.T	4b4f2b6f-4d6b-4d07-a2d5-302d0d3bc2a9	single
Confirmatory test for HIV infection is a:	null	4	ELISA	Immunodot	RIPA	Western Blot	Microbiology	null	1d6baafc-bd29-42f4-b38e-c44b63438283	single
The most common organism causing acute tonsillitis is:	Group A beta hemolytic streptococci is the M/C bacteria causing acute tonsillitis. other causes are: staph aureus pnuemococci H. Influenza Ref Dhingra 5/e,p 341,6/e,p 288.	3	Staph aureus	Anaerobes	Hemolytic streptococci	Pneumococcus	Anatomy	Pharynx	8675e8ab-587f-4240-ae4d-b9bf3356ece3	single
Dead-born fetus does not show: Kerala 11	Ans. Adipocere formation	2	Rigor mois at bih	Adipocere formation	Maceration	Mummification	Forensic Medicine	null	e85d983f-3225-4f81-8e02-8cf58acf28cf	single
A metastatic carcinoma in the brain of an adult, most often comes from primary in the	Ans. is 'd' i.e. Lung	4	Stomach	Ovary	Oral cavity	Lung	Surgery	null	24427d15-111d-4289-8aac-1424c302af21	single
Commonly used long bone for identification -	The best long bone for identification is femur. Ref: K.S.Narayan Reddy's synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 29 th edition Chapter 4 page,43,45.	1	Femur	Radius	Ulna	Humerus	Forensic Medicine	Identification	6dbe8288-1993-4a39-8dcd-7d66d7735769	single
Prokaryotes doesn't have	Ans: b) MitochondriaKingdom protista is divided into Prokaryotes and EukaryotesProkaryotes Bacteria & blue green algaeEukaryotesFungi, slime moulds, other algae & protozoaAlmost all organelle and cell components are absent in prokaryotes which are found in EukaryotesMuramic acid and Diaminopimelic acid (cell wall precursors) are present in prokaryotes & not in EukaryotesChromosome is circular in prokaryotes (single) & more than one (linear) in eukaryotes.	2	Cell membrane	Mitochondria	Ribosome	Cell wall	Microbiology	General	ed35ed89-0f19-4eda-b55c-dd85672f2796	multi
Death of a patient due to an unintentional act by a doctor, staff or hospital is:	Ans. (A). Therapeutic misadventure(Ref: The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by KS Narayan Reddy. 33rd edition 2010. Pg: 38)Civil negligenceSimple absence of skill & careCriminal negligenceGross absence of skill & careContributory NegligenceBoth doctor and patient are negligentCorporate NegligenceFailure in part of hospital management to provide adequate facilitiesDoctrine of Res Ipsa LoquitarThe things or facts speaks for itself. E.g. Amputation of a wrong limbDoctrine of calculated riskEvery medical procedure had Inherent riskNovus Actus InterveniensUnrelated Action InterveningTherapeutic misadventureMischance or disaster.A person dies due to some unintentional act of doctor or hospitalDoctrine of Respondent Superior(Vicarious Liability)Let the master answerProduct's liabilityManufacturer is responsible for quality of drug & medical equipment.	1	Therapeutic misadventure	Vicarious liability	Therapeutic privilege	Diminished liability	Forensic Medicine	Forensic Psychiatry	6c1a86d2-ca3a-4b9d-a7df-287568606f70	single
Causes of Hemobilia are All Except-	null	4	Trauma to Abdomen	Malignancy	Rupture of hepatic artery aneurysm	Hepatitis	Surgery	null	fe6f4fbf-a082-4c57-9138-ab2f78e4029e	multi
Ammonia for the urea cycle is supplied by the action of the following enzymes?	Glutamate dehydrogenase breaks down glutamate to form ammonia and ct-ketoglutarate. Aspaate aminotransferase transfers the amino group from glutamate to oxaloacetate to form aspaate. Ammonia and aspaate both feed into the urea cycle to supply the nitrogen used to synthesize urea. Argininosuceinate synthase, argininosuccinate lyase, and arginase are enzymes that catalyze other steps of the urea cycle.	2	Aspaate aminotransferase	Glutamate dehydrogenase	Argininosuccinate synthase	Argininosuccinate lyase	Biochemistry	null	472bbc99-348f-42b1-ae2f-95a670ef97e9	single
A hirsuite lady with PCOD treatment is:	Ans. is b, i.e. Ethinyl estradiol + DesogestrelRef: Novak 14th/ed, p 1083, 15th/ed, p 1086 KDT Pharma 6th/ed, p 307OCPs decrease adrenal and ovarian androgen production and reduce hair growth in nearly two thirds of hirsute patients. When an OCP is used to treat hirsutism, a balance must be maintained between the decrease in free testosterone levels and the intrinsic androgenicity of the progestin.Progesterones with:High androgenic bioactivityNewer progestins with low androgenic bioactivity* Norgestrel* Desogestrel i.e. class III* Norethindrone* Gestodene* Norethindrone acetate* Norgestimate* Drospirenone Thus, newer progestins with minimal androgenic activity are preferred for management of hirsutism in a patient of PCOD/PCOS (i.e. option b is correct).	2	Ethinyl estradiol + Levonorgestrel	Ethinyl estradiol + Desogestrel	Levonorgestrel	null	Gynaecology & Obstetrics	Disorders in Menstruation	973b119c-24e8-4829-8837-0aff5144c3c9	multi
Which of the following cells do not act as antigen presenting cells. ?	Ans. is 'a' i.e., T-cellsNote - Osteoclast is a type of macrophage.	1	T-cells	B-cells	Macrophages	Osteoclasts	Pathology	null	684a677d-d60d-49be-9ed6-cc24ce47cd8d	single
Phyllodes tumor most commonly presents in ?	Ans. is 'd' i.e., 6th decade Phyllodes tumors, like fibroadenomas, arise from intralobular stroma of breast, but are much less common. Although they can occur at any age, most present in the sixth decade, 10 to 20 years later than the peak age for fibroadenomas.	4	2nd decade	3rd decade	4th decade	6th decade	Pathology	null	212c7c85-58af-4056-bc34-c84ed7493af9	single
Caseous necrosis in granuloma not found in	Caseous necrosis is found in the centre of foci of tuberculous infections.(Ref: Textbook of Pathology HARSH MOHAN 6th Edition page no.45)	1	Tuberculosis	Leprosy	CMV	Wegener's granulomatosis	Physiology	General physiology	8bf3376c-495d-4d7e-8712-bdd9c9ad5be9	single
SA node is located in ?	In crista terminalis	2	Triangle of Koch's	In crista terminalis	In membranous pa of interventricular septum	Upper pa of interatrial septum	Anatomy	null	9adecedb-b30d-49f3-8ee3-fbb3965e1df3	single
Step in HMP pathway requiring TPP	Transketolase requires thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP).	3	G6PD	6 Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase	Transketolase	Transaldolase	Biochemistry	null	d8407b2f-c4eb-44a8-8847-56c53d0c2217	multi
An elderly man presents with features of dementia, ataxia, difficulty in downward gaze and a history of frequent falls. Likely diagnosis is:	Answer is B (Supranuclear gaze palsy): Progressive supranuclear palsy should always be considered when a middle aged/elderly persons presents with a history of repeated falls, & difficulty in downward or horizontal gaze. Steel Richardson syndrome Nature of disorder Is a degenerative disorder where in there occurs loss of neurons in pas of our CNS which are involved with maintenance of posture & equilibrium, namely the Mid brain, Pons, Basal ganglion and cerebellum. The clinical features are characteristic "Progressive supranuclear palsy should be considered whenever a middle aged or elderly person person presents with history of repeated falls and has an extrapyramidal syndrome accompanied by nuchal dystonia and paralysis of voluntary down gaze" Factors which distinguish this from Parkinson's marked impairment of voluntary downward gaze and horizontal gaze. extended rather than flexed dystonic posturing absence of tremor poor response to antiparkinsonian medication	2	Parkinsons disease	Progressive supranuclear gaze palsy	Alzheimers disease	None of the above.	Medicine	null	a7ac5c9e-c372-4419-9cc8-18fcb83f3637	multi
Growth of cranium continues upto:	null	3	2 years	10 years	15 years	Grows equally	Dental	null	f0c9c110-edd6-42ee-acd1-8d1857ba1d21	multi
The pathogenecity of Entamoeba histolytica is indicated by ?	Ans. is 'a' i.e., Isoenzyme pattern Zymodene There are distinct invasive and noninvasive strains of E. histolytica. These strains vary according to their isoenzyme patterns (zymodemes). E. histolytica strains have 22 zymodemes of these 10 zymodemes are invasive and 12 are noninvasive. Zymodemes of E. histolytica are identified according to the electrophoretic mobility of 4 enzymes. L-malate : NADP+ Oxidoreductase Phosphoglucomutase (PGM)-------- most impoant Glucose-phosphate isomerase Hexokinase Electrophoresis of PGM can show one or more of the 4 bands : a, 13, y and 5. Strains of E. histolytica showing, an absence of a-band together with the presence of 13 band are virulent i.e., invasive.	1	Isoenzyme pattern	Size	Nuclear pattern	ELISA test	Microbiology	null	735d7ee5-b92b-45a2-90b2-8f3f195dca42	single
Function of Health worker female -	Functions maternal and child health Family planning Medical termination of pregnancy Nutrition Dai training Communicable diseases Vital events Record keeping Treatment of minor ailments Team activities (refer pgno:910 park 23rd edition)	2	Perform 50% of deliveries	Trains dais	Enlist dais of the subcentre	Chlorination of water	Social & Preventive Medicine	Health care of community & international health	3df57e33-4373-48ae-8b55-b71a64db101c	single
Most common site of mandibular fracture is	Mandibular fractures are typically the result of trauma. This can include a fall onto the chin or a hit from the side. Rarely they may be due to osteonecrosis or tumors in the bone. The most common area of fracture is at the condyle (36%), body (21%), angle (20%) and symphysis (14%).	2	Angle of mandible	Condylar process	Coronoid process	Ramus	ENT	null	6393e62e-1d09-4dd1-a1c7-8c983942038d	single
Not gluconeogenic-	Ans. is 'a' i.e., Acetyl CoA o Substrates for gluconeogenesis are lactate (lactic acid), pyruvate, glycerol, glucogenic amino acids (alt amino acids except leucine and lycine), propionate and intermediates of citric acid cycle..	1	Acetyl CoA	Lactate	Glycerol	Alanine	Biochemistry	Gluconeogenesis	89b113cc-6f09-4bdb-b07b-09731c115e58	single
The dominant histologic feature of infarction is:	Pathognomonic cytologic change in all infarcts is coagulative (ischaemic) necrosis of the affected area of tissue or organ. In cerebral infarcts, however, there is characteristic liquefactive necrosis. Mohan H. Textbook of pathology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2015. Edition 7. Page 112	2	Liquefactive necrosis	Coagulative necrosis	Chronic inflammation	Scar tissue	Pathology	null	f64b4c99-7cf5-4694-8624-fa3b947b4cbd	single
Triad of normal-pressure hydrocephalus includes :	Answer is C (Gait disorder, Urinary incontinence & Dementia): Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) is a communicating hydrocephalus with a patent aqueduct of sylvius, caused by obstruction to normal flow of CSF over the cerebral convexities and delayed absorption into the venous system. Clinical triad Abnormal gait Q Dementia Q Urinary incontinence Q Neuroimaging Enlarged lateral ventricles Q (Hydrocephalus) Q with little or No Coical-Atrophy Q CSF picture Pressure : High normal range (Hence called NPH) Q Protein : Normal Q Sugar : Normal Q Cell count : Normal Q	3	Tremor, aphasia dementia	Ataxia, aphasia, gait disorder	Gait disorder, urinary incontinence, dementia	Gait disorder, urinary incontinence, lower cranial nerve palsy	Medicine	null	d6fb4d0d-95cf-4acc-b4e5-8221e6fe66ab	single
In case of IVC obstruction the collaterals which open up are all except ?	Superficial epigastric pain drains into great saphenous vein. Iliolumbar vein drains into internal iliac vein,so these two do not form collateral between SVC & IVC as both of them will be ultimately drained into IVC.All other choices form collaterals between SVC & IVC.	3	Superior epigastric & inferior epigastric vein	Azygos & ascending lumbar vein	Superficial epigastric & iliolumbar vein	Lateral thoracic veins & preveebral vein	Anatomy	null	c54482b5-56ca-4221-b78d-0fbf8349c93b	multi
A patient is having random plasma glucose levels of 110 mg/ dl and 113 mg/ dl on two separate occasions. What you will advise him: March 2012	Ans: C i.e. Declare patient as normal Diagnosis of DM Random plasma glucose levels of more than 200 mg/dl along with symptoms suggesting diabetes, confirms the diagnosis Random plasma glucose ranging between 140-198 mg/dl is an indication to perform oral glucose tolerance test The use of HbA1c for diagnosing diabetes is unceain. HbAlc is used to monitor glycemic control. The recommended target HbA1c is 7% or less, to minimise the risk of vascular complications So analyzing the options given, RBS values of 110 mg/dl and 113 mg/dl falls in normal range	3	Declare him as having Diabetes mellitus	Proceed for oral glucose tolerance test	Declare patient as normal	Check for Glycosylated hemoglobin and if it is raised, declare him as having DM	Medicine	null	7bf620ec-e8ad-456d-a14b-7a1171f3df0a	single
A 20yr old patient with swelling in waist joint Histopathology shows spindle cells and verrocay bodies Most likely diagnosis	Histopathology of Schwannoma shows Antoni A pattern Antoni B pattern and verrocay bodies/ ref : robbins 10th ed	1	schwannoma	Neurofibroma	Neuroma	Lipoma	Pathology	All India exam	deac3c8b-eae0-4f26-bbd1-460f3e6a2408	single
A solution contains 2x10-3 mol/L of a weak acid (pK=3.5) and 2x10-3 mol/L of its conjugate base. Its pH is best approximated by which one of the following?	Buffers consist of solutions of acid-base conjugate pairs, such as acetic acid and acetate.a. Near its pK, a buffer maintains the pH of a solution, resisting changes due to addition of acids or bases. For a weak acid, the pK is often designated as pKa .b. At the pKa , and are equal, and the buffer has its maximal capacity.The pH and pK are related as follows: pH=pK+log(/). Thus, when the concentrations of a weak acid and its conjugate base are equal, the pH equals the pK. The pK is defined as the pH at which =	3	4.1	3.9	3.5	3.1	Biochemistry	Enzymes	e1fe6bc6-e1bd-41ef-ad4d-eb9a10f98d15	single
In new drug designing. problern arises in	Ans. b. Increasing drug interaction with non-target proteins	2	Decreasing interaction of drug with target proteins	Increasing drug interaction with non-target proteins	Decreasing potency of drugs	Decreasing potency of drugs	Pharmacology	null	8a786244-9d85-4ea7-8ace-db8c6521ae21	single
Common salt can be used as a chemical antidote for washing the stomach in case of oral poisoning by	.	2	Mercuric sulphide	Silver nitrate	Copper sulphate	Lead bicarbonate	Pathology	All India exam	852c88cd-67be-4694-9a7b-dcc5542d774b	single
In asymmetrical IUGR which organ is not affected?	In asymmetric IUGR, brain growth (head circumference) - spared	4	Subcutaneous fat	Muscle	Liver	Brain	Pediatrics	IUGR and Feeding of Preterm Neonate	3684ea48-d4c7-405d-afca-a85169e7090b	single
Pain in hypogatric region may arise from	Refer to diagram above Pain in Hypogastrium Urine infections Appendicitis Diveicular disease Inflammatory bowel Pelvic pain (Gynae)	1	Uterus	Left colon	Urinary bladder	Gallbladder	Surgery	Urology	45677f57-e333-4d81-a03c-77045069fdd4	multi
Organism commonly associated with wearing of soft lens:	refer : AK KHURANA COMPREHENSIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY 6TH EDITION pg 100 Mode of infection of Acanthamoeba Contact lens wearers using home-made saline (from contaminated tap water and saline tablets) is the commonest situation recognised for acanthamoeba infection in western countries. Other situations include mild trauma associated with contaminated vegetable matter, salt water diving, wind blown contaminant and hot tub use. Trauma with organic matter and exposure to muddy water are the major predisposing factors in developing countries. Opportunistic infection. Acanthamoeba keratitis can also occur as opportunistic infection in patients with herpetic keratitis, bacterial keratitis, bullous keratopathy and neuroparalytic keratitis.	1	Acanthamoeba	Aspergillus	Staphylococcus aureus	Psedomonas aeruginosa	Unknown	null	87fcad5f-db1e-4c3f-99e0-3e3b8495c8c3	single
For early diagnosis of ca stomach which method is used -	Endoscopy with multiple biopsies and brush cytology is the investigation of choice for gastric cancer.	2	Endoscopy	Staining with endoscopic biopsy	Physical examination	Ultrasound abdomen	Surgery	null	8d89c9bf-ce31-43aa-9cdc-455227362fc4	single
A 4-year-old boy is admitted to the hospital with pneumonia and respiratory distress. The nurses report that the child's bowel movements are greasy and have a pungent odor. A sweat-chloride test is positive. Which of the following mechanisms of disease is the most likely cause of steatorrhea in this child?	Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting children, which is characterized by (1) chronic pulmonary disease, (2) deficient exocrine pancreatic function, and (3) other complications of inspissated mucus in a number of organs, including the small intestine, the liver, and the reproductive tract. The diagnosis of CF is most reliably made by the demonstration of increased concentrations of electrolytes in the sweat. The decreased chloride conductance characteristic of CF results in a failure of chloride reabsorption by the cells of the sweat gland ducts and, hence, to the accumulation of sodium chloride in the sweat. All of the pathologic consequences of CF can be attributed to the presence of abnormally thick mucus. Lack of pancreatic enzyme secretion in patients with CF causes malabsorption and foul-smelling fatty stools (steatorrhea). The other choices do not address the underlying cause of malabsorption in patients with CF.Diagnosis: Cystic fibrosis	4	Abnormal dietary intake	Bacterial overgrowth	Hyperbilirubinemia with kernicterus	Lack of pancreatic enzyme secretion	Pathology	Genetics	7af2b471-52c5-4d3f-b3ec-80d0567ef76a	single
Which of the following is not true about transmission -	null	4	Legionella may be transmitted through water aerosols	Listeria may be transmitted through refrigerated food	Leptospirosis may be transmitted through water contaminated with rat urine	Tetanus may be transmitted through dust and droplets	Microbiology	null	c7ae780a-6d59-47a1-ba0d-817c65e2d94f	multi
MRI is the investigation of choice in all of the following except:	Ans. (c) Skull bone tumors* MRI is best for soft tissue tumors* CT is best for Bone tumors* Imaging modality of choice to detect cerebral necrosis - PET scan.* IOC for Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis-Gadolinium enhanced MRI	3	Syringomyelia	Brain stem tumors	Skull bone tumors	Multiple sclerosis	Surgery	Nervous System	dcc732a1-0787-4e00-8089-282a21ae9b35	multi
A country has crude birth rate 25 per 1000 and crude death rate 10 per 1000. What is the growth rate of that country -	Ans. is 'd' i.e., 1.5% * Growth rate = Crude birth rate - Crude death rate.* Thus, growth rate = 25-10=15 per 1000 or 1.5%	4	2.50%	5.00%	15%	1.50%	Social & Preventive Medicine	Demography and Family Planning	6ea492c3-e0b3-4994-8d11-59497918e9fe	single
Xanthurenic acid in the urine is suggestive of deficiency of which vitamin?	Xanthurenic acid is formed in the side reaction of kynurenine. Kynurenine which is a intermediate of tryptophan metabolism requires vitamin B6 dependent enzyme kynureinase for its normal metabolism. In pyridoxine(Vit B6) deficiency kynurenine is metabolized to xanthurenic acid which is excreted unchanged in urine. Ref: Textbook of Biochemistry DM Vasudevan, 5th Ed, page 208	1	Vitamin B6	Vitamin B12	Folic acid	Thiamine	Biochemistry	null	6a21e743-41d0-4668-907c-49db50e5c8a2	single
Which of the following statements about lamivudine is FALSE :	null	2	Possess Anti-HIV and anti–HBV activity	Dose lower for blocking HIV replication than HBV replication	Should not be used as monotherapy in HBV/HIV infected patients	Anti–HBe seroconversion occurs in minority of patients	Pharmacology	null	784853ef-e94f-4f67-8dd9-3e05407d4242	multi
A 56 year old diabetic man, Damu who regularly consumes nearly 120g alcohol per day, was referred by the PHC physician with history of fatigue, cough with putrid smelling sputum and fever. He has anemia, weight loss, pyorrhea and gingivitis. His chest X-Ray showed some findings which helped the doctor to diagnose his pathology. The true statement regarding treatment of this condition is:	This is a tricky question, here we have a patient with alcoholism with frequent aspirations. On the top of that the patient is diabetic too. He is complaining of fever, weight loss, cough with expectoration with foul smelling sputum, so the first d/d is lung abscess due to anaerobes. Let us see the explanations from harrison: Lung abscess: A common feature is periodontal infection with pyorrhea or gingivitis. The usual symptoms are fatigue, cough, sputum production, and fever. Chills are uncommon. Many patients have evidence of chronic disease, such as weight loss and anemia. Some patients have putrid-smelling sputum indicative of the presence of anaerobes. This is usually treated with clindamycin; the initial IV dose of 600 mg four times daily can be changed to an oral dosage of 300 mg four times daily once the patient becomes afebrile and improves clinically. The duration of therapy is until imaging shows that chest lesions have cleared or have left a small, stable scar. An alternative to clindamycin is any B-lactam/-lactamase inhibitor combination; parenteral treatment may be followed by orally administered amoxicillin/clavulanate. Penicillin was previously regarded as a preferred drug for these infections, but many oral anaerobes produce -lactamases, and clindamycin proved superior to penicillin G in a randomized clinical trial. Metronidazole is highly active against viually all anaerobes but not against aerobic microaerophilic streptococci, which play an impoant role in mixed infections. In therapeutic trials, metronidazole has done poorly unless combined with a -lactam or another agent active against aerobic and microaerophilic streptococci. Patients with fevers persisting for 7-14 days should undergo bronchoscopy. Ref: Harrisons Principles of Medicine, 18th Edition, Chapter 258, Pages 2145-2146	4	Patients with fever persisting for 5 days should undergo bronchoscopy	Metronidazole is preferred over clindamycin if used alone	Duration of treatment is 7 days	Clindamycin is the initial treatment of choice in this setting	Medicine	null	e1b9f157-ac69-4eec-ad90-1e8b3b9e8827	multi
Destruction of fat in acute pancreatitis is due to	Pathophysiology AP is the final result of abnormal pancreatic enzyme activation inside acinar cells Colocalization hypothesis: Cathepsin B-mediated intra acinar cell activation of the digestive enzymes leads to acinar cell injury and triggers an Inflammatory response Digestive enzymes are released which consists of trypsin and lipase which is responsible for the digestion of fat in acute pancreatitis Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1524-1528	1	Lipase and trypsin	Secretion	Lipase and elastase	Cholecystokinin and trypsin	Anatomy	G.I.T	7523a4f6-53d6-4edf-a86d-60b4640b907b	single
Warm-antibody immunohemolytic anemia is seen in all except -	null	4	SLE	α- Methyladopa ingestion	Quinidine	Infectious mononucleosis	Medicine	null	360bf2cb-6211-43ad-b90c-d93890a8d7a1	multi
Which one of the following is not true for an α-helix	Right-handed (clockwise) α-helix is more stable and therefore is the usual α-helix pattern found in the natural secondary structure. Left-handed α-helix is not common. α-helix is the most common secondary structure in proteins. α-helix has an overall dipole moment: amino terminus of an alpha helix is positive and carboxy terminus is negative. All hydrogen bonds in a-helix are parallel (i.e. in the same direction).	4	It is one of the most important secondary structure	It has a net dipole moment	All hydrogen bonds are aligned in the same direction	Long stretches of left handed α-helices occur in proteins	Biochemistry	null	99b7e870-43ab-433f-8515-a8dd867d913d	multi
Decidualization of endometrium is due to	Progesterone is responsible for decidualization of endometrium.	2	Estrogen	Progesterone	Inhibin	FSH	Gynaecology & Obstetrics	null	5f553572-bc84-4089-ae40-90eac8bfff34	single
A pateint with cervix cancer is mised by a screeing test and later diagnosed with advanced disease. This time interval is called	.lead time is actually the advantage gained by screening.the priod between the diagnosis by early detection and diagnosis by other means.detection programmes should therfore concentrate on those conditions where the time lag between the disease&;s onset and its final critical point is sufficiently long to be suitable for population screening. ref:park&;s textbook,ed 22,pg no 128	1	Lead time	Screening time	Serial interval	Generation time	Social & Preventive Medicine	Epidemiology	c93919f0-b82f-408d-8880-aa5bd0da0156	multi
Exclusive milk ingestion can manifest as?	Ans. is 'None'	4	Scurvy	Beri-Ben	Phryenoderma	null	Pediatrics	null	b109a28a-970e-4d26-92c5-f193e617035e	multi
Enzyme alpha naphtyl esterase is present in ?	Ans. is d i.e., Monocyte	4	Neutrophil	Eosinophil	Lymphocyte	Monocyte	Pathology	null	b44e6259-5a44-466b-ae76-5bfc3f3f006c	single
Drug not causing enzyme inhibition is	Ans. is 'a' i.e., Phenobarbitone Drugs that induce microsomal enzymes* Phenobarbitone* Carbamezepine* Phenytoin* Omeprazole* Rifampin* Clofibrate* Glucocorticoids* Meprobamate* Isoniazid* Ritonavir* Chloral hydrate* Glutethimide* Phenylbutazone* Chronic alcohol intake* Griseofulvin* Cigarette smoking* DDT* Cyclophosphamide Drugs that inhibit drug metabolizing enzymes* Allopurinol* Diltiazem* Omeprazole* Amiodarone* Erythromycin* Propoxyphene* Clarithromycin* Isoniazid* Chloramphenicol* Cimetidine* Phenylbutazone* Quinidine* Ketoconazole* Metronidazole* Itraconazole* Disulfiram* Ciprofloxacin* Verapamil* Sulfonamides* MAO inhibitors	1	Phenobarbitone	Omeprazole	Disulfiram	Diltiazem	Pharmacology	General Pharmacology	1bf553d2-263d-46e7-9374-8cb278003dfd	single
Consistent change in particular direction over a period of time	null	3	Sporadic	Endemic	Secular trend	Pandemic	Social & Preventive Medicine	null	82431d98-0838-4ec6-9ab3-7c1211ba7a86	single
Characteristic feature of basal cell carcinoma is	The characteristic finding is of ovoid cells in nests with a single 'palisading' layer. It is only the outer layer of cells that actively divide, explaining why tumour growth rates are slower than their cell cycle speed would suggest.Ref: Bailey and Love, 27e, page: 605	3	Keratin pearls	Foam cells	Nuclear palisading	Psammoma bodies	Surgery	General surgery	368caae4-4944-4d3f-94e6-1824501fc608	single
All are true about premature rupture of membrane (PROM) except:	Answer is option 1 Because amnioinfusion with warm saline can be performed in the presence of variable decelerations due to cord compression in oligohydraminos. TEXTBOOK OF OBSTETRICS, SHEILA BALAKRISHNAN, 2nd EDITION,pg:526	1	Amnioinfusion is done	Amoxiclav antiobiotic should be given	Aseptic cervical examination	Steroid is used	Gynaecology & Obstetrics	Abnormal labor	b2d3706d-b2e7-4444-9605-dfb0a538af05	multi
Paial claw hand is caused by lesion involving the:March 2010, March 2013 (a, b)	Ans. B: Ulnar Nerve	2	Radial nerve	Ulnar nerve	Median nerve	Anterior interosseous nerve	Surgery	null	494e0226-2c50-43b3-bb58-7350559bbf5e	single
The inferior hypogastric plexus is located -	Inferior Hypogastric plexus is located on the side of the rectum.	4	Anterior to the aorta	Behind the kidney	Between layers of anterior abdominal wall	On the side of rectum	Anatomy	null	58fc7219-6d8c-4475-9103-6231c354e307	multi
Complete mole is -	Ans-B i.e., 46XX "In general, complete moles have a 46XX karyotype (85%), the molar chromosomes are derived entirely from father. Infrequently, the chromosomal pattern may be 46, XY or 45, Y".	2	46XY	46XX	45XY	45 XX	Unknown	null	a058320e-0e7d-4681-80ca-e7032d5b1936	single
The major advantage of alternate day prednisone therapy for conditions such as asthma –	Measures that minimize hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis suppression - Use shorter acting steroids Use lowest possible dose Use for shortest period Give entire daily dose at a time Switch to alternate - day therapy	1	There is less adrenal suppression	More effective	More convenient	Less expensive	Pediatrics	null	b640c89e-d5ae-43cc-9b91-2f028e49f378	single
Following is not true concerning amyloidosis (NOT RELATED)	Amyloidosis of the spleen characteristically is not associated with leukopenia & anaemia. all other options are true	4	Amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma has the poorest prognosis	Fine - needle biopsy of subcutaneous abdominal fat is a simple & reliable method for diagnosing secondary systemic amyloidosis	Hepatic amyloid disease produces hepatomegaly but rarely jaundice	Amyloidosis of the spleen is associated with severe anemia	Pharmacology	All India exam	66f318a9-5767-4ccd-a697-95ba641d12b6	multi
In a female,basi-occiput fuses with basi-sphenoid at the age of	Basal suture: the basiocciput fuses with basisphenoid by about 18- 22 years in females and 19- 24 years in males. Metopic suture: closes from 2-8 years. In some cases, the metopic suture will not close and may be associated with other congenital anomalies like hydrocephalus and meningocele with asymmetry of fingers which is called Metopic syndrome. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr. PC IGNATIUS PAGE NO: 86	1	20 years	23 years	27 years	17 years	Forensic Medicine	Identification	377befc8-9656-4708-8227-bf437d2871b5	single
Cervical cone biopsy in a case of carcinoma cervix causes all, except:	Ans. is d, i.e. Spread of malignancyRef: Shaw 15th/ed, p406; Jeffcoate 7th/ed, p421; Williams Gynae 1st/ed, p635Complications of Cone biopsy are:* HemorrhageQ* Sepsis (infection)Q* Cervical stenosisQ* Pregnancy complications which include:- Mid trimester abortionsQ- Preterm laborQ- Cervical dystociaQAlso Know* Cone biopsy should be done under general anesthesia.* The cone should include the entire outer margin and the endocervical lining but internal OS is spared.* A small cone is preferred in younger women to avoid pregnancy complications.	4	Bleeding	Cervical stenosis	Infection	Spread of malignancy	Gynaecology & Obstetrics	Carcinoma Cervix	2b14a296-6b04-4744-9bac-7dff4f413721	multi
Swine flu is ca used by ?	Swine infkuenza, a new H1N1 Virus causes swin flue<\p> REF:ANATHANARAYANAN MICROBIOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE.503	1	H1N1	H5N1	H3N1	H3N3	Microbiology	Virology	0f392a0d-69c2-4309-a3f9-21fc18ed7b3b	single
Best test to detect iron deficiency in community is:	Evaluation of iron status in the body can be done by: Serum ferritin: 'Most sensitive tool for evaluation of iron status' , especially in populations with low prevalence of anemia. Hemoglobin concentration: A relatively insensitive index of nutrient depletion. Serum iron concentration: Normal range is 0.80 - 1.80 mg/L. Serum transferrin saturation: Normal value is 30%.	2	Serum transferrin	Serum ferritin	Serum iron	Hemoglobin	Social & Preventive Medicine	Vitamins and Nutritional Deficiencies	ea8acf0d-f59a-4095-97fb-85531a4a77b9	single
The preferred treatment of verrucous carcinoma of the larynx is -	null	4	Pulmonary surgery	Electron beam therapy	Total laryngectomy	Endoscopic removal	ENT	null	4d9c6a33-184a-4630-aad1-d375c247f84f	single
Which of the following fungi has not been cultured -	(B) (Rhinosporidium) (558- C.P. Baveja 4th)* Rhinosoridium seeberi fungus has not been cultured.* Diagnosis depends on the demonstration of sporangia.* Many fungi develop relatively slowly and cultures should be retained for at least 2-3 weeks (in some cases up to 6 weeks before discarded. Yeasts usually grown within 1-5 days.* Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous disease characterised by formation of friable polyps, usually confined to the nose, mouth or eye.* Histoplasmosis is primarily a disease of reticuloendothelial system. It is caused by Histoplasma - capsulatum mycelial growth containing thick, walled spherical spores with tubercles or finger like projections is a characteristic feature.* Cryptococcosis is caused by crypto neoformans a capsulated yeast. The fungus is a soil saprophyte and is particularly abundant in the faeces of pigeons. Cryptococcal meningitis is a important feature.Usually seen in immunocompromised host. C. neoformans has ability to grow at 37degC, hydrolyse urea, produce brown colonies on nigar seed agar and produce disease in mice (Animal inoculation test positive)* Mucor, Rhizopus and Absidia are associated with Zymomycosis.* Absence of rhizoids is a characteristic feature of MUCOR.* Examination of scales in 1% KOH, shows short hyphae and round spores (Sphagetti, and meat ball appearance) and Wood's lamp shows Aple green fluorescence (blue-green fluorescence) in Pityriasis versicolor**** Renauld-Braud phenomenon is seen in Candida albicans.* CandidsL-albicans is the most common cause of mucosal candidiasis.High Yeild Points1."Pseudo-buboes'VPseudolymphadenopathy is caused by Donovanosis (Calymmatobacterium- grcmulomatis)2.Darling's disease or Cave's disease or Caver's disease is caused by dimorphic fungus. Histoplasma capsulatum3.Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by corona virus type - 44.i.Tumbling motility - Listeria ii.Darting motility - V. cholera iii.Stately motility - Clostridium iv.Lashing motility - Borrelia V.Cork-screw motility - T. pallidium vi.Gliding motility - Mycoplasma vii.Swarming motility - Proteus mirabilis. P. vulgaris, B. cereus, Cl. tetani5.Warthin - Finkldey bodies - Measles Herpes, Yellow fever - Granular Cowdry type A Guamieri bodies - Vaccinia Adeno, Polio virus - Circumscribed Cowdry Type B *Sclerotic bodies - Chromoblastomycosis6.i.Polar flagella are seen in - Vibria, Pseudomonas, H. pylori, Campylobacter, Spirochetes, Legionella ii.Peritrichous flagella - E. coli, Proteus, L. monocytogenes, All Clostridia except Cl. perfringens and Cl. tetani. Bacillus except B. anthrax. Salmonella except S. gallinarum- pollorum.7.i.Hepatitis A - Enterovirus (Picoma virus) - non - enveloped RNA virus - Enterovirus 72 ii.Hepatitis B - Hepadana virus DNA virus iii.Hepatitis C - Flaviviris, enveloped RNA virus iv.Hepatitis D - Defective RNA virus resembling viroids8.Prozone phenomenon is seen with antibody excess to antigen 9."Fish tank granuloma" or "Swimming pool granuloma" is caused by M. marinum 10.A. Post splenectomy - susceptible to bacterial infectionsi. Strep to pneumoniaeii. H. influenzaeiii. Gram negative enteric organism, N. meningitidesB. Splenectomized patients are more susceptible to parasitic disease - Babesiosis, paludism11.Cryptococcus neoformans is best demonstrated in CSF by direct microscopy. The capsule is seen as a clear halo around the yeast cells in unstained wet preparations of CSF mixed with a drop of India - ink or nigrosine. Methamine silver stain would be the best choice for tissue sample.12.Reactive arthritis in tuberculosis is known as Poncets disease (Tubercular rheumatism)13.i. Largest protozoa is - Balantidium coliii. Fasciolopsis- buski - is the largest trematode parasitizing maniii. Largest Nematode- Ascaris, Smallest nematode - Trichinella14.Water house - friderichsen syndrome or Purpura fulminans caused by N. meningitides causes septic shock, prominence of hemorrhagic skin lesion (petechiae, purpura) and the consistent development of DIC15.Obligate intracellular organisms are - Rickettsiae, Chlamydiae, Viruses, M. leprae, pathogenic treponemes (syphilis)	2	Sporothrix	Rhinosporidium	Acremonium	Blastomyces	Microbiology	Mycology	b88807dd-e588-44bf-9195-f0d599cc734f	single
Which of following techniques tests is not used for detection of specific aneuploidy -	FISH (Fluorescent in situ hybridisation) and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) like RT-PCR and QF PCR tests can detect specific aneuploidy. Whereas, microarray-based CGH (comparative genomic hybridization) test can be used as high-resolution whole-genome scan for the detection or screening of unknown (non-specific) abnormalities, mutation or genomic imbalance including deletions, duplication and aneuploidies. Microarray-based CGH cannot detect balanced translocations or inversions. So FISH and PCR can detect specific (known) chromosomal abnormalities whereas microarray-based CGH is better suited for screening unknown (non-specific) chromosomal abnormalities.	4	FISH	RT-PCR	QF-PCR	Microarray	Biochemistry	null	05b52ff8-93ac-4acf-8b55-ebaeb59a8536	single
Which of the following occurs along with glucose transport into a cell	Na+- Glucose co-transport. Glucose is reabsorbed 100% in Proximal Tubule	1	Sodium symport	Sodium anteport	Potassium transport	Amino acid transport	Physiology	null	321d48d6-af59-4220-82bd-c988042b81b3	single
Which of the following is not a 'heterophile reaction':	Frei's test is not a heterophile reaction Frie's test is used in the diagnosis of LGV. Antigen made from sterile pus aspirated from previously unruptured LGV abscesses, produces a reaction in patients with lymphogranuloma inguinale when injected intradermally. Heterophile reactiion Similar antigens on dissimilar organisms are called heterophile antigens Antibodies reacting with such antigens are called heterophile antibodies. Serologic tests employing such antigens are called heterophile tests. Heterophile agglutination tests include- Sheep RBCs agglutinate in the presence of heterophile antibodies and are the basis for the Paul-Bunnell test in Infectious mononucleosus. Agglutination of horse RBCs on exposure to heterophile antibodies is the basis of the Monospot test in Infectious mononucleosus. Patients suffering from some rickettsial diseases develop agglutinins against ceain nonmotile strains of Proteus. This is the basis of Weil Felix test. Patients suffering from some Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection develop agglutinins against human blood group O RBC's. This is the basis of cold agglutination test. Patients suffering from some Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection develop agglutinins against Group F Streptococcus. This is the basis of Streptococcus MG test	3	Weil Felix test	Paul Bunnell test	Frei's test	Cold agglutinin test	Microbiology	Immunology Pa 1 (Immune Response, Antigen-Antibody Reactions, Hypersensitivity, Structure of Immune System, Immunodeficiency Disorders)	e7a8cccd-cff5-421c-91ad-7bd424df4d85	single
Which is the commonest ocular manifestation of Tuberculosis?	Phlyctenular conjunctivitis used to be most common manifestation of tuberculosis, but now it is causes by staphylococcus Eales' disease (periphlebitis retinae ) occur in tuberculosis but it is not very common. Acute retinal necrosis occurs in Herpes simplex and varicella infection not in tuberculosis. Choroiditis is by far the most common manifestation of tuberculosis.	2	Phlyctenular conjunctivitis	Choroiditis	Eales' disease	Acute Retinal necrosis	Ophthalmology	Investigation in ophthalmology and miscellaneous topics	e84edf90-7402-47ba-9525-76f3573639e5	single
Carbon di oxide is transpoed in plasma as:September 2005	Ans. D: All of the aboveCO2 is carried in blood in three different waysMost of it (about 70% - 80%) is conveed to bicarbonate ions by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells5% - 10% is dissolved in the plasma5% - 10% is bound to hemoglobin as carbamino compounds	4	Dissolved form	Carbamino compounds	Bicarbonate	All of the above	Physiology	null	de8ed9ea-d1b1-4c5c-a6a2-69d03436e3f8	multi
All are true statements regarding use of sodium fluoride in the treatment of otosclerosis except:	Ans. is a i.e. It inhibits osteoblastic activity The most useful medication which prevents rapid progression of cochlear otoscierosis is sodium fluoride Mechanism of Action It reduces osteoclastic bone resorption and increases osteoblastic bone formation, which promote recalcification and reduce bone remodelling in actively expanding osteolytic lesion. It also inhibits proteolytic enzymes that are cytotoxic to cochlea and lead to SNHL (Hence specially useful in cochlear otosclerosis). Current Otolaryngology 2nd/ed pg 678	1	It inhibits osteoblastic activity	Used in active phase of otosclerosis when Schwaz sign is positive	Has proteolytic activity (bone enzymes)	Contraindicated in chronic nephritis	ENT	null	3757de79-a032-4052-99be-fafca8d61b7b	multi
Newborns have transplacentally acquired immunity against all of the following diseases except –	null	2	Measles	Pertusis	Diphteria	Poliomyelitis	Pediatrics	null	62ec6e0d-23ee-4f89-8e3b-f5571274170a	multi
In Kluver-Bucy animals, lesion is in:	Kluver-Bucy syndrome refers to the changes in behavior due to bilateral destruction of anterior poions of temporal lobes & amygdala on both sides. It is characterised by: The animal is not afraid of anything, It has extreme curiosity about everything, It has a tendency to place everything in its mouth, The animal has an extreme sex drive.	4	Prefrontal coex	Corpus callosum	Pituitary gland	Amygdala	Physiology	Higher Functions	1301d522-0541-4d81-9630-777b8afc60ab	multi
Cryoglobulins are present in blood in which of the following clinical scenarios	Cryoglobulins if present in blood, form precipitates in patients serum when it is cooled down. They are a type of abnormal immunoglobulin disorder Ref: Textbook of Microbiology Baveja 5th ed Pg 102	4	Macroglobulinaemia	SLE	Myeloma	All the above	Microbiology	Immunology	928581b2-c03b-4194-9393-432ec49ec156	multi
Serum sickness occurs after -	Ans. is 'a' i.e., Injection with foreign serum o Serum sickness is a type III hypersensitivity (immune complex mediated) reaction that results from the injection of heterologous or foreign protein or serum.o Certain medications (eg, penicillin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ) have also been associated with serum sickness-like disease.o When an antiserum is given, the human immune system can mistake the proteins present for harmful antigens. The body produces antibodies, which combine with these proteins to form immune complexes. These complexes precipitate, enter the walls of blood vessels, and activate the complement cascade, initiating an inflammatory response and consuming much of the available complement component 3 (C3). The result is a leukocytoclastic vasculitis. This results in hypocomplementemia, a low C3 level in serum. o Serum sickness is typically self-limited and resolves within days.	1	Injection with foreign serum	Injection with own serum	Injection with normal saline	All of the above	Pathology	Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Mediated Injury	75e7b5b2-2e11-468a-a9fe-b78842b827da	multi
Chancroid is caused by:	Ans. c (Haemophilus ducreyi). (Ref. Textbook of microbiology by Ananthanarayan 6th/ 311.)VulvovaginitisAdherent yellowish discharge, pH >5, fishy amine odor in KOH, clue cells, gram - cell dominateBacterial vaginosisOvergrowth of Gardnerella vaginalis, anaerobesClue cells, gram - rodsMetronidazoleVulvovaginitis, pruritus, erythema, discharge with consistency of cottage cheeseCandida spp.Antibiotic use-* overgrowth, immunocom promisedGerm tube test, gram + yeasts in vaginal fluidsNystatin, miconazole"Strawberry cervix" foamy purulent discharge; many PMNs and motile trophozoites microscopically (corkscrew motility)Trichomonas vaginalisVaginitis with dischargePear-shaped trophozoites with corkscrew motilityMetronidazoleEducational points: STDCAUSATIVE AGENTDIAGNOSISTREATMENT1.Chancroid (Soft sore)H. ducreyi"School of fish"/Rail road trackErythromycin/Cotrimazole2.L6VChlamydiae trachomatis (L1< L2, and L3)Culture of LGV strain from node or rectum, occa-sionally from urethra or cervix; NAAT for C. trachomatis from these sites; LGV CF titer, 1:64; micro-IF titer, 1:512.Tetracycline3.Syphilis (Hard chancre)T. pallidumDark ground microscopyPenicillin4.Genital herpesH. simplex2HSV infection is best confirmed in the laboratory by detection of virus, viral antigen, or viral DNA in scrapings from lesions.Acyclovir5.Donovaniasis(Granuloma inguinale)Calymmto- bacterium granulomatisSmears can be examined in a clinical setting by direct microscopy with a rapid Giemsa or Wright's stain. Donovan bodies can be seen in large, mononuclear (Pund) cells as gram-negative intracytoplasmic cysts filled with deeply staining bodies that may have a safety-pin appearance.Erythromycin6.GonorrhoeaN. gonorrheaA rapid diagnosis of gonococcal infection in men may be obtained by Gram's staining of urethral exudates.PenicillinCeftriaxone (For disseminated gonorrhoea)7.TrichomoniasisT. vaginalis"Strawberry vagina & Cx"metro/tinidazole8.Bacterial vaginosisGarnerellaVaginalis"Clue cells"LeucocytopeniaReduced lactobacilliMetronidazole/ Clindamycin	3	Treponema pallidum	Leishmania donovani	Haemophilus ducreyi	Donovania granulomatis	Skin	S.T.D.	eaadf033-1330-486c-967b-62dbd3340baa	multi
Which of the following is not a poor prognostic factor in neuroblastoma?	Unourable prognostic factors in neuroblastoma: Stage 3, 4 Age >18 months Absence of evidence of schwannian stroma and gangliocytic differentiation High Mitosis-karyorrhexis index (>200/5000 cells) Near-diploid (segmental chromosome losses; chromothripsis) MYCN Amplified Chromosome 1p loss Chromosome 11q loss Absent TRKA expression Presence of TRKB expression Mutations of neuritogenesis genes	3	MYCN amplification	High mitosis-karyorrhexis index	Evidence of gangliocytic differentiation	Mutations of neuritogenesis genes	Pathology	Organ Transplant / Graft	30905204-3fd4-4029-881d-993b59d683e0	single
'Hot Potato' voice is characteristically seen in	null	4	Pterygomandibular space infection	Retropharyngeal space infection	Pre tracheal space infection	Lateral pharyngeal space infection	Surgery	null	b67e3d51-3744-4681-a750-54108a2dce0f	multi
In CPR, chest compressions are done:	null	3	On the upper part of sternum	On the xlphisterum	On the middle of the lower part of the sternum	On the left side of the chest	Surgery	null	9c65d7b8-d786-44a6-b6bc-8958d05b1493	single
Not a cause of acute anal pain is:	null	4	Perianal abscess	Thrombosed hemorrhoids	Acute anal fissure	Fistual in ano	Surgery	null	920df490-0584-43c3-9dc6-f8be00403907	single
Overall most common trisomy is	Most common Trisomy overall is Trisomy 16. Most common Trisomy in live birth is Trisomy 21.	3	Trisomy 21	Trisomy 18	Trisomy 16	Trisomy 13	Pediatrics	null	e57c3db9-4a4d-440b-a4c8-5a1200c87634	multi
In camera trial of a rape case hearing is done under ?	Ans. is 'b' i.e. 327 CrPC S. 327 CrPC (2) -The inquiry into and trial of rape or an offence under sec.376 IPC shall be conducted in camera and it is not lawful for any person to print or publish any matter in relation to such proceedings except with the permission of cou.	2	376 IPC	327 CrPC	53 CrPC	375 IPC	Forensic Medicine	null	847449e5-8f57-4df5-b87a-0bcc11cea7e6	single
A mill-wheel type of murmur during laparoscopy suggests	The 'water-wheel' or 'mill-wheel' murmur is classically associated with large intracardiac air emboli and described as a "characteristic splashing auscultatory sound due to the presence of gas in the cardiac chambers." . Most venous air (gas) emboli are iatrogenic . Ref Davidson edition23rd pg 620	3	Tension pneumothorax	intra-abdominal bleeding	Gas embolism	pre-existing valvular disease	Medicine	Respiratory system	94274124-dca1-407f-b2cc-678532c23bfd	single
Salmonella typhi is the causative agent of typhoid fever. The infective dose of S. typhi is -	Typhoid and paratyphoid (enteric) fevers Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, which are transmitted by the faecal-oral route, are impoant causes of fever in the Indian subcontinent, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Elsewhere, they are relatively rare. Enteric fevers are caused by infection with Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A and B. After a few days of bacteraemia, the bacilli localise, mainly in the lymphoid tissue of the small intestine, resulting in typical lesions in the Peyer's patches and follicles. These swell at first, then ulcerate and usually heal. After clinical recovery, about 5% of patients become chronic carriers (i.e. continue to excrete the bacteria after 1 year); the bacilli may live in the gallbladder for months or years and pass intermittently in the stool and, less commonly, in the urine. Clinical features Typhoid fever The incubation period is typically about 10-14 days but can be longer, and the onset may be insidious. The temperature rises in a stepladder fashion for 4 or 5 days with malaise, increasing headache, drowsiness and aching in the limbs. Constipation may be caused by swelling of lymphoid tissue around the ileocaecal junction, although in children diarrhoea and vomiting may be prominent early in the illness. The pulse is often slower than would be expected from the height of the temperature, i.e. a relative bradycardia. At the end of the first week, a rash may appear on the upper abdomen and on the back as sparse, slightly raised, rose-red spots, which fade on pressure. It is usually visible only on white skin. Cough and epistaxis occur. Around the 7th-10thday, the spleen becomes palpable. Constipation is followed by diarrhoea and abdominal distension with tenderness. Bronchitis and delirium may develop. If untreated, by the end of the second week the patient may be profoundly ill. Salmonella enterica is a facultative anaerobe and is a gram negative, motile ... For enteric fever, the infectious dose is about 105 bacilli by ingestion Ref Harrison20th edition pg 1079	3	One bacillus	1 08-1 01deg bacilli	102-105 bacilli	1-10 bacilli	Medicine	Infection	63987759-9b52-4e78-8bba-8ced5549c431	single
Ocular hallmark of giant cell aeritis is	Answer- C. AIONThe most common ocular manifestation of giant cell aeritis is visual loss, most commonly secondary to anterior ischemicoptic neuropathy (AION) due to occlusion of sho posterior ciliary aerities.Ophthalmic aery involvement can lead to sudden blindness which is the most feared complication of temporal aeritis.	3	Papilloedema	CRAO	AION	CRVO	Medicine	null	f37f8cc7-370c-4db2-b118-44029314793f	multi
The following are true of vibro cholerae except	Ans. is 'c' i.e., Dies rapidly at low temperature . Duration of protection of cholera vaccine is 3-6 months. . Vibrio cholerae does not die at lower temperature, infact it grows at lower temperature (range 16-40degC)	3	Produces indole and reduces nitrates	Synthesises neuraminidase	Dies rapidly at low temperature	All	Microbiology	null	1b3d3c1d-1e5a-4579-8e29-f9191a9937df	multi
In CEAP clinical classification what does C-4b indicate	The CEAP (Clinical - Etiology - Anatomy - Pathophysiology)classifi cation for chronic venous disorders is widely utilised.Clinical classification* C0: no signs of venous disease* C1: telangectasia or reticular veins* C2: varicose veins* C3: oedema* C4a: pigmentation or eczema* C4b: lipodermatosclerosis or atrophie blanche* C5: healed venous ulcer* C6: active venous ulcer	4	Edema	Pigmentation or eczema	Healed venous ulcer	Lipodermatosclerosis or atrophie blanche	Surgery	All India exam	2a0beded-7f49-4b60-9150-5cde0f297495	single
Which of the following features defines toddler fracture	Toddler fractures occur in young ambulatory children (from 9 months to 3 years). A toddler&;s fracture is a spiral or oblique undisplaced fracture of the distal shaft of the tibia with an intact fibula. The periosteum remains intact and the bone is stable. These fractures occur as a result of a twisting injury. Reference: GHAI Essential pediatrics, 8th edition	4	Subluxation of the radial head	Salter Harris type 3 fracture of the distal fibular epiphysis	Fracture of the distal radius	Spiral fracture of the tibia	Pediatrics	Musculoskeletal disorders	e7b4a60d-44fc-4ca5-a6a0-fd6d1001deda	single
A 15-year-old boy with epilepsy on treatment with a combination of valproate and phenytoin has good control of seizures. Levels of both drugs are in the therapeutic range. All of the following adverse effects can be attributed to valproate except -	null	4	Weight gain of 5 kg	Serum alanine aminotransaminase 150 IU/L	Rise in serum ammonia level by 20 g/dl	Lymphadenopathy	Medicine	null	dcbbc4a0-9bf0-49dd-b15e-7e1724ecf1c5	multi
The world health organisation day is -	In 1946 the constitution was drafted by "Technical Preparatory Committee " under the chairmanship of Rene Sand and was approved in the same year by an International Health Conference of 51 nations in New york. The constitution came in to force on 7 th April 1948 which is celebrated every year as "World Health Day "(refer pgno:919 park 23rd edition)	1	7th April	21st May	2nd August	31st December	Social & Preventive Medicine	Health care of community & international health	42e2d1f8-63c5-4e1f-ac37-256aaa3a7b66	single
Chorda tympani leaves skull through?	The chorda tympani arises in the veical pa of the facial canal about 6 mm above the stylomastoid foramen. It runs upwards and forwards in a bony canal. It enters the middle ear and runs forwards in close relation to the tympanic membrane. It leaves the middle ear by passing through the petrotympanic fissure. It then passes medial to the spine of the sphenoid and enters the infratemporal fossa. Here it joins the lingual nerve through which it is distributed Ref BDC volume3,6th edition pg 140	2	Stylomastoid foramen	Petrotympanic fissure	Internal acoustic meatus	Foramen ovale	Anatomy	Head and neck	c9fca7cf-cb3a-41be-a22d-eb77b0831a40	single
Klinefelter syndrome karyotype is-	harshmohan textbook of pathology 7th edition. *klinefelter'syndrome is an example of sex chromosome trisomy 47,XXX karyotype	3	47XXX	45X0	47XXY	46XX\/145X0	Pathology	General pathology	ee15aced-c557-40e7-b04e-9d881ee31b75	single
Fluoxetine is a -	null	3	Noradrenaline uptake inhibitor	Serotonin uptake enhancer	Serotonin uptake inhibitor	MAO	Psychiatry	null	603fb440-902b-4690-be58-83975bd9b93d	single
The viruses causing diarrheal diseasesin infants are -	rota virus cause diarrheal disease in childrens REF:<\p> MICROBIOLOGY ANANTHA NARAYANAN NINTH EDITION PAGE.561	1	Rotavirus	Norwalk virus	Adenovirus	Hepatadenovirus	Microbiology	Virology	940b4a93-e9e1-4fdb-aa49-a30a0d3700cb	single
Ketamine is a	null	1	Short general anesthetic agent	Local anesthetic agent	Antidepressive agent	Hypnotic agent	Pharmacology	null	414a6e95-a3f4-4c33-a28d-0f3cb96af8a2	single

All are used for cervical ripening, except :

Ergometrine

1

Ergometrine

Oxytocin

Stripping of membranes

Prostaglandins

Gynaecology & Obstetrics

null

3528ba00-c003-4c4c-aa95-c5b284b0c462

multi

Which of these is not a cause of rightward shift of Oxygen - Hemoglobin dissociation curve?

Bohr effect is closely related to the fact that deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin) binds H+ more actively than does oxygenated hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin). The pH of blood falls as its CO2 content increases, so that when the PCO2 rises, the curve shifts to the righ A rise in temperature or a fall in pH shifts the curve to the right HbO2 + 2,3-BPG - - Hb - 2,3-BPG + O2 In this equilibrium, an increase in the concentration of 2,3BPG shifts the reaction to the rightRef: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology Twenty-Third Edition Page No:611

2

Increased hydrogen ions

Decreased CO2

Increased temperature

Increased BPG

Physiology

Cardiovascular system

5b03b4d6-0b0b-4901-8d4f-8a61bfd236e5

single

What is the ratio of placental weight to fetal weight at term ?

Placenta weighs 500 gm, the propoion to the weight of the baby being roughly 1:6 at term and occupies about 30% of the uterine wall.

3

1:04

1:05

1:06

1:07

Gynaecology & Obstetrics

null

bd30fbb2-9c06-4e44-88d9-e80bc5ed1515

single

Drug of choice for anaphylactic shock ?

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Adrenaline o First adrenaline should be given im to raise the blood pressure and to dilate the bronchi. o If the treatment is delayed and shock has developed, adrenaline should be given i.v. by slow injection.

1

Adrenaline

Antihistaminic

Glucocoicoids

Epinephrine

Pharmacology

null

e5368279-45f6-4599-a92d-86c2967bfc52

single

Turner's Syndrome is associated with :

45 chromosomes Turners syndrome has karyotype 45X0. (Option "a" is correct) No. of Barr Bodies= Total No of X Chromosomes -- 1 No. of Barr Bodies in Turners = 1 -- 1 = 0 (Option "b- ruled out) In Turner's syndrome ovaries are replaced by Streak Gonads --> Decreased Estrogen levels -- Decrease in negative inhibition over FSH and therefore FSH levels raised. (Option "c- ruled out)

1

45 chromosomes

Presence of barr bodies

Low FSH levels

All of the above

Gynaecology & Obstetrics

null

38fb73c8-d11e-43e2-b7ec-b10188712fbb

multi

Which drug is used in intracavernous injection for erectile dysfunction?

AlprostadilQ contains naturally occurring prostaglandin E and, hence has vasodilator action. It can be injected into corpora cavernosa or administered intraurethrally. The firm erection is produced within 2 to 3 minutes and may last for 1 hour. Other injectable medications for erectile dysfunction include: Papaverine Phentolamine

2

Epoprostrenol

Alprostadil

Sildenafil

Tadalafil

Psychiatry

Sexual Disorders

49204ba5-9999-4f6c-83fc-c4648f20624c

single

A nursing mother presented with fever and breast tenderness after two weeks postpaum. Which oral antibiotics is ideal for her condition?

Dicloxacillin:- Anti - staphylococcal penicillin :- B lactamase resistant penicillin. Their use is restricted to the treatment of infection cause by penicillinase producing staphylococci including MSSA. Other drug of this class:- Methicillin Oxacillin Methicillin because of its toxicity (interstitial Nephritis), Methicillin is not used. Ampicillin/Amoxicillin:-Extended- Spectrum penicillin. More effective against gram -ve bacilli. Ampicillin is a drug of choice for gram positive bacilli : listeria monocytogenes Ceftazidime:-3rd gen cephalosporin, has activity against P. aeruginosa Ciprofloxacin: of the fluoroquinolone it has best activity against P. Aeruginosa and is commonly used in cystic fibrosis patient.

2

Ampicillin

Dicloxacillin

Ceftazidime

Ciprofloxacin

Pharmacology

Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors

be8ce694-d297-4ee8-8015-8207316cedc4

single

Drug of choice for prevention of NSAID induced peptic ulcer disease is

Ans. is 'b' i.e., Proton pump inhibitors * PPI are the DOC for peptic ulcer (gastric or duodenal), GERD, ZE syndrome, prevention of aspiratory pneumonia and NSAID induced gastric / duodenal ulcers. Note - PGE1 analogue (Misoprostol) is specific drug for prevention and treatment of NSAID induced ulcer, but DOC is PPL

2

H2 receptor blockers

Proton pump inhibitors

Macrolide antibiotic

Sucralfate

Pharmacology

G.I.T

4b4f2b6f-4d6b-4d07-a2d5-302d0d3bc2a9

single

Confirmatory test for HIV infection is a:

null

4

ELISA

Immunodot

RIPA

Western Blot

Microbiology

null

1d6baafc-bd29-42f4-b38e-c44b63438283

single

The most common organism causing acute tonsillitis is:

Group A beta hemolytic streptococci is the M/C bacteria causing acute tonsillitis. other causes are: staph aureus pnuemococci H. Influenza Ref Dhingra 5/e,p 341,6/e,p 288.

3

Staph aureus

Anaerobes

Hemolytic streptococci

Pneumococcus

Anatomy

Pharynx

8675e8ab-587f-4240-ae4d-b9bf3356ece3

single

Dead-born fetus does not show: Kerala 11

Ans. Adipocere formation

2

Rigor mois at bih

Adipocere formation

Maceration

Mummification

Forensic Medicine

null

e85d983f-3225-4f81-8e02-8cf58acf28cf

single

A metastatic carcinoma in the brain of an adult, most often comes from primary in the

Ans. is 'd' i.e. Lung

4

Stomach

Ovary

Oral cavity

Lung

Surgery

null

24427d15-111d-4289-8aac-1424c302af21

single

Commonly used long bone for identification -

The best long bone for identification is femur. Ref: K.S.Narayan Reddy's synopsis of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 29 th edition Chapter 4 page,43,45.

1

Femur

Radius

Ulna

Humerus

Forensic Medicine

Identification

6dbe8288-1993-4a39-8dcd-7d66d7735769

single

Prokaryotes doesn't have

Ans: b) MitochondriaKingdom protista is divided into Prokaryotes and EukaryotesProkaryotes Bacteria & blue green algaeEukaryotesFungi, slime moulds, other algae & protozoaAlmost all organelle and cell components are absent in prokaryotes which are found in EukaryotesMuramic acid and Diaminopimelic acid (cell wall precursors) are present in prokaryotes & not in EukaryotesChromosome is circular in prokaryotes (single) & more than one (linear) in eukaryotes.

2

Cell membrane

Mitochondria

Ribosome

Cell wall

Microbiology

General

ed35ed89-0f19-4eda-b55c-dd85672f2796

multi

Death of a patient due to an unintentional act by a doctor, staff or hospital is:

Ans. (A). Therapeutic misadventure(Ref: The Essentials of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology by KS Narayan Reddy. 33rd edition 2010. Pg: 38)Civil negligenceSimple absence of skill & careCriminal negligenceGross absence of skill & careContributory NegligenceBoth doctor and patient are negligentCorporate NegligenceFailure in part of hospital management to provide adequate facilitiesDoctrine of Res Ipsa LoquitarThe things or facts speaks for itself. E.g. Amputation of a wrong limbDoctrine of calculated riskEvery medical procedure had Inherent riskNovus Actus InterveniensUnrelated Action InterveningTherapeutic misadventureMischance or disaster.A person dies due to some unintentional act of doctor or hospitalDoctrine of Respondent Superior(Vicarious Liability)Let the master answerProduct's liabilityManufacturer is responsible for quality of drug & medical equipment.

1

Therapeutic misadventure

Vicarious liability

Therapeutic privilege

Diminished liability

Forensic Medicine

Forensic Psychiatry

6c1a86d2-ca3a-4b9d-a7df-287568606f70

single

Causes of Hemobilia are All Except-

null

4

Trauma to Abdomen

Malignancy

Rupture of hepatic artery aneurysm

Hepatitis

Surgery

null

fe6f4fbf-a082-4c57-9138-ab2f78e4029e

multi

Ammonia for the urea cycle is supplied by the action of the following enzymes?

Glutamate dehydrogenase breaks down glutamate to form ammonia and ct-ketoglutarate. Aspaate aminotransferase transfers the amino group from glutamate to oxaloacetate to form aspaate. Ammonia and aspaate both feed into the urea cycle to supply the nitrogen used to synthesize urea. Argininosuceinate synthase, argininosuccinate lyase, and arginase are enzymes that catalyze other steps of the urea cycle.

2

Aspaate aminotransferase

Glutamate dehydrogenase

Argininosuccinate synthase

Argininosuccinate lyase

Biochemistry

null

472bbc99-348f-42b1-ae2f-95a670ef97e9

single

A hirsuite lady with PCOD treatment is:

Ans. is b, i.e. Ethinyl estradiol + DesogestrelRef: Novak 14th/ed, p 1083, 15th/ed, p 1086 KDT Pharma 6th/ed, p 307OCPs decrease adrenal and ovarian androgen production and reduce hair growth in nearly two thirds of hirsute patients. When an OCP is used to treat hirsutism, a balance must be maintained between the decrease in free testosterone levels and the intrinsic androgenicity of the progestin.Progesterones with:High androgenic bioactivityNewer progestins with low androgenic bioactivity* Norgestrel* Desogestrel i.e. class III* Norethindrone* Gestodene* Norethindrone acetate* Norgestimate* Drospirenone Thus, newer progestins with minimal androgenic activity are preferred for management of hirsutism in a patient of PCOD/PCOS (i.e. option b is correct).

2

Ethinyl estradiol + Levonorgestrel

Ethinyl estradiol + Desogestrel

Levonorgestrel

null

Gynaecology & Obstetrics

Disorders in Menstruation

973b119c-24e8-4829-8837-0aff5144c3c9

multi

Which of the following cells do not act as antigen presenting cells. ?

Ans. is 'a' i.e., T-cellsNote - Osteoclast is a type of macrophage.

1

T-cells

B-cells

Macrophages

Osteoclasts

Pathology

null

684a677d-d60d-49be-9ed6-cc24ce47cd8d

single

Phyllodes tumor most commonly presents in ?

Ans. is 'd' i.e., 6th decade Phyllodes tumors, like fibroadenomas, arise from intralobular stroma of breast, but are much less common. Although they can occur at any age, most present in the sixth decade, 10 to 20 years later than the peak age for fibroadenomas.

4

2nd decade

3rd decade

4th decade

6th decade

Pathology

null

212c7c85-58af-4056-bc34-c84ed7493af9

single

Caseous necrosis in granuloma not found in

Caseous necrosis is found in the centre of foci of tuberculous infections.(Ref: Textbook of Pathology HARSH MOHAN 6th Edition page no.45)

1

Tuberculosis

Leprosy

CMV

Wegener's granulomatosis

Physiology

General physiology

8bf3376c-495d-4d7e-8712-bdd9c9ad5be9

single

SA node is located in ?

In crista terminalis

2

Triangle of Koch's

In crista terminalis

In membranous pa of interventricular septum

Upper pa of interatrial septum

Anatomy

null

9adecedb-b30d-49f3-8ee3-fbb3965e1df3

single

Step in HMP pathway requiring TPP

Transketolase requires thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP).

3

G6PD

6 Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase

Transketolase

Transaldolase

Biochemistry

null

d8407b2f-c4eb-44a8-8847-56c53d0c2217

multi

An elderly man presents with features of dementia, ataxia, difficulty in downward gaze and a history of frequent falls. Likely diagnosis is:

Answer is B (Supranuclear gaze palsy): Progressive supranuclear palsy should always be considered when a middle aged/elderly persons presents with a history of repeated falls, & difficulty in downward or horizontal gaze. Steel Richardson syndrome Nature of disorder Is a degenerative disorder where in there occurs loss of neurons in pas of our CNS which are involved with maintenance of posture & equilibrium, namely the Mid brain, Pons, Basal ganglion and cerebellum. The clinical features are characteristic "Progressive supranuclear palsy should be considered whenever a middle aged or elderly person person presents with history of repeated falls and has an extrapyramidal syndrome accompanied by nuchal dystonia and paralysis of voluntary down gaze" Factors which distinguish this from Parkinson's marked impairment of voluntary downward gaze and horizontal gaze. extended rather than flexed dystonic posturing absence of tremor poor response to antiparkinsonian medication

2

Parkinsons disease

Progressive supranuclear gaze palsy

Alzheimers disease

None of the above.

Medicine

null

a7ac5c9e-c372-4419-9cc8-18fcb83f3637

multi

Growth of cranium continues upto:

null

3

2 years

10 years

15 years

Grows equally

Dental

null

f0c9c110-edd6-42ee-acd1-8d1857ba1d21

multi

The pathogenecity of Entamoeba histolytica is indicated by ?

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Isoenzyme pattern Zymodene There are distinct invasive and noninvasive strains of E. histolytica. These strains vary according to their isoenzyme patterns (zymodemes). E. histolytica strains have 22 zymodemes of these 10 zymodemes are invasive and 12 are noninvasive. Zymodemes of E. histolytica are identified according to the electrophoretic mobility of 4 enzymes. L-malate : NADP+ Oxidoreductase Phosphoglucomutase (PGM)-------- most impoant Glucose-phosphate isomerase Hexokinase Electrophoresis of PGM can show one or more of the 4 bands : a, 13, y and 5. Strains of E. histolytica showing, an absence of a-band together with the presence of 13 band are virulent i.e., invasive.

1

Isoenzyme pattern

Size

Nuclear pattern

ELISA test

Microbiology

null

735d7ee5-b92b-45a2-90b2-8f3f195dca42

single

Function of Health worker female -

Functions maternal and child health Family planning Medical termination of pregnancy Nutrition Dai training Communicable diseases Vital events Record keeping Treatment of minor ailments Team activities (refer pgno:910 park 23rd edition)

2

Perform 50% of deliveries

Trains dais

Enlist dais of the subcentre

Chlorination of water

Social & Preventive Medicine

Health care of community & international health

3df57e33-4373-48ae-8b55-b71a64db101c

single

Most common site of mandibular fracture is

Mandibular fractures are typically the result of trauma. This can include a fall onto the chin or a hit from the side. Rarely they may be due to osteonecrosis or tumors in the bone. The most common area of fracture is at the condyle (36%), body (21%), angle (20%) and symphysis (14%).

2

Angle of mandible

Condylar process

Coronoid process

Ramus

ENT

null

6393e62e-1d09-4dd1-a1c7-8c983942038d

single

Not gluconeogenic-

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Acetyl CoA o Substrates for gluconeogenesis are lactate (lactic acid), pyruvate, glycerol, glucogenic amino acids (alt amino acids except leucine and lycine), propionate and intermediates of citric acid cycle..

1

Acetyl CoA

Lactate

Glycerol

Alanine

Biochemistry

Gluconeogenesis

89b113cc-6f09-4bdb-b07b-09731c115e58

single

The dominant histologic feature of infarction is:

Pathognomonic cytologic change in all infarcts is coagulative (ischaemic) necrosis of the affected area of tissue or organ. In cerebral infarcts, however, there is characteristic liquefactive necrosis. Mohan H. Textbook of pathology. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2015. Edition 7. Page 112

2

Liquefactive necrosis

Coagulative necrosis

Chronic inflammation

Scar tissue

Pathology

null

f64b4c99-7cf5-4694-8624-fa3b947b4cbd

single

Triad of normal-pressure hydrocephalus includes :

Answer is C (Gait disorder, Urinary incontinence & Dementia): Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) is a communicating hydrocephalus with a patent aqueduct of sylvius, caused by obstruction to normal flow of CSF over the cerebral convexities and delayed absorption into the venous system. Clinical triad Abnormal gait Q Dementia Q Urinary incontinence Q Neuroimaging Enlarged lateral ventricles Q (Hydrocephalus) Q with little or No Coical-Atrophy Q CSF picture Pressure : High normal range (Hence called NPH) Q Protein : Normal Q Sugar : Normal Q Cell count : Normal Q

3

Tremor, aphasia dementia

Ataxia, aphasia, gait disorder

Gait disorder, urinary incontinence, dementia

Gait disorder, urinary incontinence, lower cranial nerve palsy

Medicine

null

d6fb4d0d-95cf-4acc-b4e5-8221e6fe66ab

single

In case of IVC obstruction the collaterals which open up are all except ?

Superficial epigastric pain drains into great saphenous vein. Iliolumbar vein drains into internal iliac vein,so these two do not form collateral between SVC & IVC as both of them will be ultimately drained into IVC.All other choices form collaterals between SVC & IVC.

3

Superior epigastric & inferior epigastric vein

Azygos & ascending lumbar vein

Superficial epigastric & iliolumbar vein

Lateral thoracic veins & preveebral vein

Anatomy

null

c54482b5-56ca-4221-b78d-0fbf8349c93b

multi

A patient is having random plasma glucose levels of 110 mg/ dl and 113 mg/ dl on two separate occasions. What you will advise him: March 2012

Ans: C i.e. Declare patient as normal Diagnosis of DM Random plasma glucose levels of more than 200 mg/dl along with symptoms suggesting diabetes, confirms the diagnosis Random plasma glucose ranging between 140-198 mg/dl is an indication to perform oral glucose tolerance test The use of HbA1c for diagnosing diabetes is unceain. HbAlc is used to monitor glycemic control. The recommended target HbA1c is 7% or less, to minimise the risk of vascular complications So analyzing the options given, RBS values of 110 mg/dl and 113 mg/dl falls in normal range

3

Declare him as having Diabetes mellitus

Proceed for oral glucose tolerance test

Declare patient as normal

Check for Glycosylated hemoglobin and if it is raised, declare him as having DM

Medicine

null

7bf620ec-e8ad-456d-a14b-7a1171f3df0a

single

A 20yr old patient with swelling in waist joint Histopathology shows spindle cells and verrocay bodies Most likely diagnosis

Histopathology of Schwannoma shows Antoni A pattern Antoni B pattern and verrocay bodies/ ref : robbins 10th ed

1

schwannoma

Neurofibroma

Neuroma

Lipoma

Pathology

All India exam

deac3c8b-eae0-4f26-bbd1-460f3e6a2408

single

A solution contains 2x10-3 mol/L of a weak acid (pK=3.5) and 2x10-3 mol/L of its conjugate base. Its pH is best approximated by which one of the following?

Buffers consist of solutions of acid-base conjugate pairs, such as acetic acid and acetate.a. Near its pK, a buffer maintains the pH of a solution, resisting changes due to addition of acids or bases. For a weak acid, the pK is often designated as pKa .b. At the pKa , and are equal, and the buffer has its maximal capacity.The pH and pK are related as follows: pH=pK+log(/). Thus, when the concentrations of a weak acid and its conjugate base are equal, the pH equals the pK. The pK is defined as the pH at which =

3

4.1

3.9

3.5

3.1

Biochemistry

Enzymes

e1fe6bc6-e1bd-41ef-ad4d-eb9a10f98d15

single

In new drug designing. problern arises in

Ans. b. Increasing drug interaction with non-target proteins

2

Decreasing interaction of drug with target proteins

Increasing drug interaction with non-target proteins

Decreasing potency of drugs

Pharmacology

null

8a786244-9d85-4ea7-8ace-db8c6521ae21

single

Common salt can be used as a chemical antidote for washing the stomach in case of oral poisoning by

.

2

Mercuric sulphide

Silver nitrate

Copper sulphate

Lead bicarbonate

Pathology

All India exam

852c88cd-67be-4694-9a7b-dcc5542d774b

single

In asymmetrical IUGR which organ is not affected?

In asymmetric IUGR, brain growth (head circumference) - spared

4

Subcutaneous fat

Muscle

Liver

Brain

Pediatrics

IUGR and Feeding of Preterm Neonate

3684ea48-d4c7-405d-afca-a85169e7090b

single

Pain in hypogatric region may arise from

Refer to diagram above Pain in Hypogastrium Urine infections Appendicitis Diveicular disease Inflammatory bowel Pelvic pain (Gynae)

1

Uterus

Left colon

Urinary bladder

Gallbladder

Surgery

Urology

45677f57-e333-4d81-a03c-77045069fdd4

multi

Organism commonly associated with wearing of soft lens:

refer : AK KHURANA COMPREHENSIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY 6TH EDITION pg 100 Mode of infection of Acanthamoeba Contact lens wearers using home-made saline (from contaminated tap water and saline tablets) is the commonest situation recognised for acanthamoeba infection in western countries. Other situations include mild trauma associated with contaminated vegetable matter, salt water diving, wind blown contaminant and hot tub use. Trauma with organic matter and exposure to muddy water are the major predisposing factors in developing countries. Opportunistic infection. Acanthamoeba keratitis can also occur as opportunistic infection in patients with herpetic keratitis, bacterial keratitis, bullous keratopathy and neuroparalytic keratitis.

1

Acanthamoeba

Aspergillus

Staphylococcus aureus

Psedomonas aeruginosa

Unknown

null

87fcad5f-db1e-4c3f-99e0-3e3b8495c8c3

single

For early diagnosis of ca stomach which method is used -

Endoscopy with multiple biopsies and brush cytology is the investigation of choice for gastric cancer.

2

Endoscopy

Staining with endoscopic biopsy

Physical examination

Ultrasound abdomen

Surgery

null

8d89c9bf-ce31-43aa-9cdc-455227362fc4

single

A 4-year-old boy is admitted to the hospital with pneumonia and respiratory distress. The nurses report that the child's bowel movements are greasy and have a pungent odor. A sweat-chloride test is positive. Which of the following mechanisms of disease is the most likely cause of steatorrhea in this child?

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting children, which is characterized by (1) chronic pulmonary disease, (2) deficient exocrine pancreatic function, and (3) other complications of inspissated mucus in a number of organs, including the small intestine, the liver, and the reproductive tract. The diagnosis of CF is most reliably made by the demonstration of increased concentrations of electrolytes in the sweat. The decreased chloride conductance characteristic of CF results in a failure of chloride reabsorption by the cells of the sweat gland ducts and, hence, to the accumulation of sodium chloride in the sweat. All of the pathologic consequences of CF can be attributed to the presence of abnormally thick mucus. Lack of pancreatic enzyme secretion in patients with CF causes malabsorption and foul-smelling fatty stools (steatorrhea). The other choices do not address the underlying cause of malabsorption in patients with CF.Diagnosis: Cystic fibrosis

4

Abnormal dietary intake

Bacterial overgrowth

Hyperbilirubinemia with kernicterus

Lack of pancreatic enzyme secretion

Pathology

Genetics

7af2b471-52c5-4d3f-b3ec-80d0567ef76a

single

Which of the following is not true about transmission -

null

4

Legionella may be transmitted through water aerosols

Listeria may be transmitted through refrigerated food

Leptospirosis may be transmitted through water contaminated with rat urine

Tetanus may be transmitted through dust and droplets

Microbiology

null

c7ae780a-6d59-47a1-ba0d-817c65e2d94f

multi

MRI is the investigation of choice in all of the following except:

Ans. (c) Skull bone tumors* MRI is best for soft tissue tumors* CT is best for Bone tumors* Imaging modality of choice to detect cerebral necrosis - PET scan.* IOC for Leptomeningeal Carcinomatosis-Gadolinium enhanced MRI

3

Syringomyelia

Brain stem tumors

Skull bone tumors

Multiple sclerosis

Surgery

Nervous System

dcc732a1-0787-4e00-8089-282a21ae9b35

multi

A country has crude birth rate 25 per 1000 and crude death rate 10 per 1000. What is the growth rate of that country -

Ans. is 'd' i.e., 1.5% * Growth rate = Crude birth rate - Crude death rate.* Thus, growth rate = 25-10=15 per 1000 or 1.5%

4

2.50%

5.00%

15%

1.50%

Social & Preventive Medicine

Demography and Family Planning

6ea492c3-e0b3-4994-8d11-59497918e9fe

single

Xanthurenic acid in the urine is suggestive of deficiency of which vitamin?

Xanthurenic acid is formed in the side reaction of kynurenine. Kynurenine which is a intermediate of tryptophan metabolism requires vitamin B6 dependent enzyme kynureinase for its normal metabolism. In pyridoxine(Vit B6) deficiency kynurenine is metabolized to xanthurenic acid which is excreted unchanged in urine. Ref: Textbook of Biochemistry DM Vasudevan, 5th Ed, page 208

1

Vitamin B6

Vitamin B12

Folic acid

Thiamine

Biochemistry

null

6a21e743-41d0-4668-907c-49db50e5c8a2

single

Which of the following statements about lamivudine is FALSE :

null

2

Possess Anti-HIV and anti–HBV activity

Dose lower for blocking HIV replication than HBV replication

Should not be used as monotherapy in HBV/HIV infected patients

Anti–HBe seroconversion occurs in minority of patients

Pharmacology

null

784853ef-e94f-4f67-8dd9-3e05407d4242

multi

A 56 year old diabetic man, Damu who regularly consumes nearly 120g alcohol per day, was referred by the PHC physician with history of fatigue, cough with putrid smelling sputum and fever. He has anemia, weight loss, pyorrhea and gingivitis. His chest X-Ray showed some findings which helped the doctor to diagnose his pathology. The true statement regarding treatment of this condition is:

This is a tricky question, here we have a patient with alcoholism with frequent aspirations. On the top of that the patient is diabetic too. He is complaining of fever, weight loss, cough with expectoration with foul smelling sputum, so the first d/d is lung abscess due to anaerobes. Let us see the explanations from harrison: Lung abscess: A common feature is periodontal infection with pyorrhea or gingivitis. The usual symptoms are fatigue, cough, sputum production, and fever. Chills are uncommon. Many patients have evidence of chronic disease, such as weight loss and anemia. Some patients have putrid-smelling sputum indicative of the presence of anaerobes. This is usually treated with clindamycin; the initial IV dose of 600 mg four times daily can be changed to an oral dosage of 300 mg four times daily once the patient becomes afebrile and improves clinically. The duration of therapy is until imaging shows that chest lesions have cleared or have left a small, stable scar. An alternative to clindamycin is any B-lactam/-lactamase inhibitor combination; parenteral treatment may be followed by orally administered amoxicillin/clavulanate. Penicillin was previously regarded as a preferred drug for these infections, but many oral anaerobes produce -lactamases, and clindamycin proved superior to penicillin G in a randomized clinical trial. Metronidazole is highly active against viually all anaerobes but not against aerobic microaerophilic streptococci, which play an impoant role in mixed infections. In therapeutic trials, metronidazole has done poorly unless combined with a -lactam or another agent active against aerobic and microaerophilic streptococci. Patients with fevers persisting for 7-14 days should undergo bronchoscopy. Ref: Harrisons Principles of Medicine, 18th Edition, Chapter 258, Pages 2145-2146

4

Patients with fever persisting for 5 days should undergo bronchoscopy

Metronidazole is preferred over clindamycin if used alone

Duration of treatment is 7 days

Clindamycin is the initial treatment of choice in this setting

Medicine

null

e1b9f157-ac69-4eec-ad90-1e8b3b9e8827

multi

Destruction of fat in acute pancreatitis is due to

Pathophysiology AP is the final result of abnormal pancreatic enzyme activation inside acinar cells Colocalization hypothesis: Cathepsin B-mediated intra acinar cell activation of the digestive enzymes leads to acinar cell injury and triggers an Inflammatory response Digestive enzymes are released which consists of trypsin and lipase which is responsible for the digestion of fat in acute pancreatitis Ref: Sabiston 20th edition Pgno :1524-1528

1

Lipase and trypsin

Secretion

Lipase and elastase

Cholecystokinin and trypsin

Anatomy

G.I.T

7523a4f6-53d6-4edf-a86d-60b4640b907b

single

Warm-antibody immunohemolytic anemia is seen in all except -

null

4

SLE

α- Methyladopa ingestion

Quinidine

Infectious mononucleosis

Medicine

null

360bf2cb-6211-43ad-b90c-d93890a8d7a1

multi

Which one of the following is not true for an α-helix

Right-handed (clockwise) α-helix is more stable and therefore is the usual α-helix pattern found in the natural secondary structure. Left-handed α-helix is not common. α-helix is the most common secondary structure in proteins. α-helix has an overall dipole moment: amino terminus of an alpha helix is positive and carboxy terminus is negative. All hydrogen bonds in a-helix are parallel (i.e. in the same direction).

4

It is one of the most important secondary structure

It has a net dipole moment

All hydrogen bonds are aligned in the same direction

Long stretches of left handed α-helices occur in proteins

Biochemistry

null

99b7e870-43ab-433f-8515-a8dd867d913d

multi

Decidualization of endometrium is due to

Progesterone is responsible for decidualization of endometrium.

2

Estrogen

Progesterone

Inhibin

FSH

Gynaecology & Obstetrics

null

5f553572-bc84-4089-ae40-90eac8bfff34

single

A pateint with cervix cancer is mised by a screeing test and later diagnosed with advanced disease. This time interval is called

.lead time is actually the advantage gained by screening.the priod between the diagnosis by early detection and diagnosis by other means.detection programmes should therfore concentrate on those conditions where the time lag between the disease&;s onset and its final critical point is sufficiently long to be suitable for population screening. ref:park&;s textbook,ed 22,pg no 128

1

Lead time

Screening time

Serial interval

Generation time

Social & Preventive Medicine

Epidemiology

c93919f0-b82f-408d-8880-aa5bd0da0156

multi

Exclusive milk ingestion can manifest as?

Ans. is 'None'

4

Scurvy

Beri-Ben

Phryenoderma

null

Pediatrics

null

b109a28a-970e-4d26-92c5-f193e617035e

multi

Enzyme alpha naphtyl esterase is present in ?

Ans. is d i.e., Monocyte

4

Neutrophil

Eosinophil

Lymphocyte

Monocyte

Pathology

null

b44e6259-5a44-466b-ae76-5bfc3f3f006c

single

Drug not causing enzyme inhibition is

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Phenobarbitone Drugs that induce microsomal enzymes* Phenobarbitone* Carbamezepine* Phenytoin* Omeprazole* Rifampin* Clofibrate* Glucocorticoids* Meprobamate* Isoniazid* Ritonavir* Chloral hydrate* Glutethimide* Phenylbutazone* Chronic alcohol intake* Griseofulvin* Cigarette smoking* DDT* Cyclophosphamide Drugs that inhibit drug metabolizing enzymes* Allopurinol* Diltiazem* Omeprazole* Amiodarone* Erythromycin* Propoxyphene* Clarithromycin* Isoniazid* Chloramphenicol* Cimetidine* Phenylbutazone* Quinidine* Ketoconazole* Metronidazole* Itraconazole* Disulfiram* Ciprofloxacin* Verapamil* Sulfonamides* MAO inhibitors

1

Phenobarbitone

Omeprazole

Disulfiram

Diltiazem

Pharmacology

General Pharmacology

1bf553d2-263d-46e7-9374-8cb278003dfd

single

Consistent change in particular direction over a period of time

null

3

Sporadic

Endemic

Secular trend

Pandemic

Social & Preventive Medicine

null

82431d98-0838-4ec6-9ab3-7c1211ba7a86

single

Characteristic feature of basal cell carcinoma is

The characteristic finding is of ovoid cells in nests with a single 'palisading' layer. It is only the outer layer of cells that actively divide, explaining why tumour growth rates are slower than their cell cycle speed would suggest.Ref: Bailey and Love, 27e, page: 605

3

Keratin pearls

Foam cells

Nuclear palisading

Psammoma bodies

Surgery

General surgery

368caae4-4944-4d3f-94e6-1824501fc608

single

All are true about premature rupture of membrane (PROM) except:

Answer is option 1 Because amnioinfusion with warm saline can be performed in the presence of variable decelerations due to cord compression in oligohydraminos. TEXTBOOK OF OBSTETRICS, SHEILA BALAKRISHNAN, 2nd EDITION,pg:526

1

Amnioinfusion is done

Amoxiclav antiobiotic should be given

Aseptic cervical examination

Steroid is used

Gynaecology & Obstetrics

Abnormal labor

b2d3706d-b2e7-4444-9605-dfb0a538af05

multi

Paial claw hand is caused by lesion involving the:March 2010, March 2013 (a, b)

Ans. B: Ulnar Nerve

2

Radial nerve

Ulnar nerve

Median nerve

Anterior interosseous nerve

Surgery

null

494e0226-2c50-43b3-bb58-7350559bbf5e

single

The inferior hypogastric plexus is located -

Inferior Hypogastric plexus is located on the side of the rectum.

4

Anterior to the aorta

Behind the kidney

Between layers of anterior abdominal wall

On the side of rectum

Anatomy

null

58fc7219-6d8c-4475-9103-6231c354e307

multi

Complete mole is -

Ans-B i.e., 46XX "In general, complete moles have a 46XX karyotype (85%), the molar chromosomes are derived entirely from father. Infrequently, the chromosomal pattern may be 46, XY or 45, Y".

2

46XY

46XX

45XY

45 XX

Unknown

null

a058320e-0e7d-4681-80ca-e7032d5b1936

single

The major advantage of alternate day prednisone therapy for conditions such as asthma –

Measures that minimize hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal axis suppression - Use shorter acting steroids Use lowest possible dose Use for shortest period Give entire daily dose at a time Switch to alternate - day therapy

1

There is less adrenal suppression

More effective

More convenient

Less expensive

Pediatrics

null

b640c89e-d5ae-43cc-9b91-2f028e49f378

single

Following is not true concerning amyloidosis (NOT RELATED)

Amyloidosis of the spleen characteristically is not associated with leukopenia & anaemia. all other options are true

4

Amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma has the poorest prognosis

Fine - needle biopsy of subcutaneous abdominal fat is a simple & reliable method for diagnosing secondary systemic amyloidosis

Hepatic amyloid disease produces hepatomegaly but rarely jaundice

Amyloidosis of the spleen is associated with severe anemia

Pharmacology

All India exam

66f318a9-5767-4ccd-a697-95ba641d12b6

multi

In a female,basi-occiput fuses with basi-sphenoid at the age of

Basal suture: the basiocciput fuses with basisphenoid by about 18- 22 years in females and 19- 24 years in males. Metopic suture: closes from 2-8 years. In some cases, the metopic suture will not close and may be associated with other congenital anomalies like hydrocephalus and meningocele with asymmetry of fingers which is called Metopic syndrome. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr. PC IGNATIUS PAGE NO: 86

1

20 years

23 years

27 years

17 years

Forensic Medicine

Identification

377befc8-9656-4708-8227-bf437d2871b5

single

Cervical cone biopsy in a case of carcinoma cervix causes all, except:

Ans. is d, i.e. Spread of malignancyRef: Shaw 15th/ed, p406; Jeffcoate 7th/ed, p421; Williams Gynae 1st/ed, p635Complications of Cone biopsy are:* HemorrhageQ* Sepsis (infection)Q* Cervical stenosisQ* Pregnancy complications which include:- Mid trimester abortionsQ- Preterm laborQ- Cervical dystociaQAlso Know* Cone biopsy should be done under general anesthesia.* The cone should include the entire outer margin and the endocervical lining but internal OS is spared.* A small cone is preferred in younger women to avoid pregnancy complications.

4

Bleeding

Cervical stenosis

Infection

Spread of malignancy

Gynaecology & Obstetrics

Carcinoma Cervix

2b14a296-6b04-4744-9bac-7dff4f413721

multi

Swine flu is ca used by ?

Swine infkuenza, a new H1N1 Virus causes swin flue<\p> REF:ANATHANARAYANAN MICROBIOLOGY NINTH EDITION PAGE.503

1

H1N1

H5N1

H3N1

H3N3

Microbiology

Virology

0f392a0d-69c2-4309-a3f9-21fc18ed7b3b

single

Best test to detect iron deficiency in community is:

Evaluation of iron status in the body can be done by: Serum ferritin: 'Most sensitive tool for evaluation of iron status' , especially in populations with low prevalence of anemia. Hemoglobin concentration: A relatively insensitive index of nutrient depletion. Serum iron concentration: Normal range is 0.80 - 1.80 mg/L. Serum transferrin saturation: Normal value is 30%.

2

Serum transferrin

Serum ferritin

Serum iron

Hemoglobin

Social & Preventive Medicine

Vitamins and Nutritional Deficiencies

ea8acf0d-f59a-4095-97fb-85531a4a77b9

single

The preferred treatment of verrucous carcinoma of the larynx is -

null

4

Pulmonary surgery

Electron beam therapy

Total laryngectomy

Endoscopic removal

ENT

null

4d9c6a33-184a-4630-aad1-d375c247f84f

single

Which of the following fungi has not been cultured -

(B) (Rhinosporidium) (558- C.P. Baveja 4th)* Rhinosoridium seeberi fungus has not been cultured.* Diagnosis depends on the demonstration of sporangia.* Many fungi develop relatively slowly and cultures should be retained for at least 2-3 weeks (in some cases up to 6 weeks before discarded. Yeasts usually grown within 1-5 days.* Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous disease characterised by formation of friable polyps, usually confined to the nose, mouth or eye.* Histoplasmosis is primarily a disease of reticuloendothelial system. It is caused by Histoplasma - capsulatum mycelial growth containing thick, walled spherical spores with tubercles or finger like projections is a characteristic feature.* Cryptococcosis is caused by crypto neoformans a capsulated yeast. The fungus is a soil saprophyte and is particularly abundant in the faeces of pigeons. Cryptococcal meningitis is a important feature.Usually seen in immunocompromised host. C. neoformans has ability to grow at 37degC**, hydrolyse urea, produce brown colonies on nigar seed agar and produce disease in mice (Animal inoculation test positive)*** Mucor, Rhizopus and Absidia are associated with Zymomycosis.* Absence of rhizoids is a characteristic feature of MUCOR.* Examination of scales in 1% KOH, shows short hyphae and round spores (Sphagetti, and meat ball appearance) and Wood's lamp shows Aple green fluorescence (blue-green fluorescence) in Pityriasis versicolor**** Renauld-Braud phenomenon is seen in Candida albicans.* CandidsL-albicans is the most common cause of mucosal candidiasis.High Yeild Points1."Pseudo-buboes'VPseudolymphadenopathy is caused by Donovanosis (Calymmatobacterium- grcmulomatis)2.Darling's disease or Cave's disease or Caver's disease is caused by dimorphic fungus. Histoplasma capsulatum3.Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by corona virus type - 44.i.Tumbling motility - Listeria ii.Darting motility - V. cholera iii.Stately motility - Clostridium iv.Lashing motility - Borrelia V.Cork-screw motility - T. pallidium vi.Gliding motility - Mycoplasma vii.Swarming motility - Proteus mirabilis. P. vulgaris, B. cereus, Cl. tetani5.*Warthin - Finkldey bodies - Measles *Herpes, Yellow fever - Granular Cowdry type A *Guamieri bodies - Vaccinia *Adeno, Polio virus - Circumscribed Cowdry Type B *Sclerotic bodies - Chromoblastomycosis6.i.Polar flagella are seen in - Vibria, Pseudomonas, H. pylori, Campylobacter, Spirochetes, Legionella ii.Peritrichous flagella - E. coli, Proteus, L. monocytogenes, All Clostridia except Cl. perfringens and Cl. tetani. Bacillus except B. anthrax. Salmonella except S. gallinarum- pollorum.7.i.Hepatitis A - Enterovirus (Picoma virus) - non - enveloped RNA virus - Enterovirus 72 ii.Hepatitis B - Hepadana virus DNA virus iii.Hepatitis C - Flaviviris, enveloped RNA virus iv.Hepatitis D - Defective RNA virus resembling viroids8.Prozone phenomenon is seen with antibody excess to antigen 9."Fish tank granuloma" or "Swimming pool granuloma" is caused by M. marinum 10.A. Post splenectomy - susceptible to bacterial infectionsi. Strep to pneumoniaeii. H. influenzaeiii. Gram negative enteric organism, N. meningitidesB. Splenectomized patients are more susceptible to parasitic disease - Babesiosis, paludism11.Cryptococcus neoformans is best demonstrated in CSF by direct microscopy. The capsule is seen as a clear halo around the yeast cells in unstained wet preparations of CSF mixed with a drop of India - ink or nigrosine. Methamine silver stain would be the best choice for tissue sample.12.Reactive arthritis in tuberculosis is known as Poncets disease (Tubercular rheumatism)13.i. Largest protozoa is - Balantidium coliii. Fasciolopsis- buski - is the largest trematode parasitizing maniii. Largest Nematode- Ascaris, Smallest nematode - Trichinella14.Water house - friderichsen syndrome or Purpura fulminans caused by N. meningitides causes septic shock, prominence of hemorrhagic skin lesion (petechiae, purpura) and the consistent development of DIC15.Obligate intracellular organisms are - Rickettsiae, Chlamydiae, Viruses, M. leprae, pathogenic treponemes (syphilis)

2

Sporothrix

Rhinosporidium

Acremonium

Blastomyces

Microbiology

Mycology

b88807dd-e588-44bf-9195-f0d599cc734f

single

Which of following techniques tests is not used for detection of specific aneuploidy -

FISH (Fluorescent in situ hybridisation) and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) like RT-PCR and QF PCR tests can detect specific aneuploidy. Whereas, microarray-based CGH (comparative genomic hybridization) test can be used as high-resolution whole-genome scan for the detection or screening of unknown (non-specific) abnormalities, mutation or genomic imbalance including deletions, duplication and aneuploidies. Microarray-based CGH cannot detect balanced translocations or inversions. So FISH and PCR can detect specific (known) chromosomal abnormalities whereas microarray-based CGH is better suited for screening unknown (non-specific) chromosomal abnormalities.

4

FISH

RT-PCR

QF-PCR

Microarray

Biochemistry

null

05b52ff8-93ac-4acf-8b55-ebaeb59a8536

single

Which of the following occurs along with glucose transport into a cell

Na+- Glucose co-transport. Glucose is reabsorbed 100% in Proximal Tubule

1

Sodium symport

Sodium anteport

Potassium transport

Amino acid transport

Physiology

null

321d48d6-af59-4220-82bd-c988042b81b3

single

Which of the following is not a 'heterophile reaction':

Frei's test is not a heterophile reaction Frie's test is used in the diagnosis of LGV. Antigen made from sterile pus aspirated from previously unruptured LGV abscesses, produces a reaction in patients with lymphogranuloma inguinale when injected intradermally. Heterophile reactiion Similar antigens on dissimilar organisms are called heterophile antigens Antibodies reacting with such antigens are called heterophile antibodies. Serologic tests employing such antigens are called heterophile tests. Heterophile agglutination tests include- Sheep RBCs agglutinate in the presence of heterophile antibodies and are the basis for the Paul-Bunnell test in Infectious mononucleosus. Agglutination of horse RBCs on exposure to heterophile antibodies is the basis of the Monospot test in Infectious mononucleosus. Patients suffering from some rickettsial diseases develop agglutinins against ceain nonmotile strains of Proteus. This is the basis of Weil Felix test. Patients suffering from some Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection develop agglutinins against human blood group O RBC's. This is the basis of cold agglutination test. Patients suffering from some Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection develop agglutinins against Group F Streptococcus. This is the basis of Streptococcus MG test

3

Weil Felix test

Paul Bunnell test

Frei's test

Cold agglutinin test

Microbiology

Immunology Pa 1 (Immune Response, Antigen-Antibody Reactions, Hypersensitivity, Structure of Immune System, Immunodeficiency Disorders)

e7a8cccd-cff5-421c-91ad-7bd424df4d85

single

Which is the commonest ocular manifestation of Tuberculosis?

Phlyctenular conjunctivitis used to be most common manifestation of tuberculosis, but now it is causes by staphylococcus Eales' disease (periphlebitis retinae ) occur in tuberculosis but it is not very common. Acute retinal necrosis occurs in Herpes simplex and varicella infection not in tuberculosis. Choroiditis is by far the most common manifestation of tuberculosis.

2

Phlyctenular conjunctivitis

Choroiditis

Eales' disease

Acute Retinal necrosis

Ophthalmology

Investigation in ophthalmology and miscellaneous topics

e84edf90-7402-47ba-9525-76f3573639e5

single

Carbon di oxide is transpoed in plasma as:September 2005

Ans. D: All of the aboveCO2 is carried in blood in three different waysMost of it (about 70% - 80%) is conveed to bicarbonate ions by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells5% - 10% is dissolved in the plasma5% - 10% is bound to hemoglobin as carbamino compounds

4

Dissolved form

Carbamino compounds

Bicarbonate

All of the above

Physiology

null

de8ed9ea-d1b1-4c5c-a6a2-69d03436e3f8

multi

All are true statements regarding use of sodium fluoride in the treatment of otosclerosis except:

Ans. is a i.e. It inhibits osteoblastic activity The most useful medication which prevents rapid progression of cochlear otoscierosis is sodium fluoride Mechanism of Action It reduces osteoclastic bone resorption and increases osteoblastic bone formation, which promote recalcification and reduce bone remodelling in actively expanding osteolytic lesion. It also inhibits proteolytic enzymes that are cytotoxic to cochlea and lead to SNHL (Hence specially useful in cochlear otosclerosis). Current Otolaryngology 2nd/ed pg 678

1

It inhibits osteoblastic activity

Used in active phase of otosclerosis when Schwaz sign is positive

Has proteolytic activity (bone enzymes)

Contraindicated in chronic nephritis

ENT

null

3757de79-a032-4052-99be-fafca8d61b7b

multi

Newborns have transplacentally acquired immunity against all of the following diseases except –

null

2

Measles

Pertusis

Diphteria

Poliomyelitis

Pediatrics

null

62ec6e0d-23ee-4f89-8e3b-f5571274170a

multi

In Kluver-Bucy animals, lesion is in:

Kluver-Bucy syndrome refers to the changes in behavior due to bilateral destruction of anterior poions of temporal lobes & amygdala on both sides. It is characterised by: The animal is not afraid of anything, It has extreme curiosity about everything, It has a tendency to place everything in its mouth, The animal has an extreme sex drive.

4

Prefrontal coex

Corpus callosum

Pituitary gland

Amygdala

Physiology

Higher Functions

1301d522-0541-4d81-9630-777b8afc60ab

multi

Cryoglobulins are present in blood in which of the following clinical scenarios

Cryoglobulins if present in blood, form precipitates in patients serum when it is cooled down. They are a type of abnormal immunoglobulin disorder Ref: Textbook of Microbiology Baveja 5th ed Pg 102

4

Macroglobulinaemia

SLE

Myeloma

All the above

Microbiology

Immunology

928581b2-c03b-4194-9393-432ec49ec156

multi

Serum sickness occurs after -

Ans. is 'a' i.e., Injection with foreign serum o Serum sickness is a type III hypersensitivity (immune complex mediated) reaction that results from the injection of heterologous or foreign protein or serum.o Certain medications (eg, penicillin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ) have also been associated with serum sickness-like disease.o When an antiserum is given, the human immune system can mistake the proteins present for harmful antigens. The body produces antibodies, which combine with these proteins to form immune complexes. These complexes precipitate, enter the walls of blood vessels, and activate the complement cascade, initiating an inflammatory response and consuming much of the available complement component 3 (C3). The result is a leukocytoclastic vasculitis. This results in hypocomplementemia, a low C3 level in serum. o Serum sickness is typically self-limited and resolves within days.

1

Injection with foreign serum

Injection with own serum

Injection with normal saline

All of the above

Pathology

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Mediated Injury

75e7b5b2-2e11-468a-a9fe-b78842b827da

multi

Chancroid is caused by:

Ans. c (Haemophilus ducreyi). (Ref. Textbook of microbiology by Ananthanarayan 6th/ 311.)VulvovaginitisAdherent yellowish discharge, pH >5, fishy amine odor in KOH, clue cells, gram - cell dominateBacterial vaginosisOvergrowth of Gardnerella vaginalis, anaerobesClue cells, gram - rodsMetronidazoleVulvovaginitis, pruritus, erythema, discharge with consistency of cottage cheeseCandida spp.Antibiotic use-* overgrowth, immunocom promisedGerm tube test, gram + yeasts in vaginal fluidsNystatin, miconazole"Strawberry cervix" foamy purulent discharge; many PMNs and motile trophozoites microscopically (corkscrew motility)Trichomonas vaginalisVaginitis with dischargePear-shaped trophozoites with corkscrew motilityMetronidazoleEducational points: STDCAUSATIVE AGENTDIAGNOSISTREATMENT1.Chancroid (Soft sore)H. ducreyi"School of fish"/Rail road trackErythromycin/Cotrimazole2.L6VChlamydiae trachomatis (L1< L2, and L3)Culture of LGV strain from node or rectum, occa-sionally from urethra or cervix; NAAT for C. trachomatis from these sites; LGV CF titer, 1:64; micro-IF titer, 1:512.Tetracycline3.Syphilis (Hard chancre)T. pallidumDark ground microscopyPenicillin4.Genital herpesH. simplex2HSV infection is best confirmed in the laboratory by detection of virus, viral antigen, or viral DNA in scrapings from lesions.Acyclovir5.Donovaniasis(Granuloma inguinale)Calymmto- bacterium granulomatisSmears can be examined in a clinical setting by direct microscopy with a rapid Giemsa or Wright's stain. Donovan bodies can be seen in large, mononuclear (Pund) cells as gram-negative intracytoplasmic cysts filled with deeply staining bodies that may have a safety-pin appearance.Erythromycin6.GonorrhoeaN. gonorrheaA rapid diagnosis of gonococcal infection in men may be obtained by Gram's staining of urethral exudates.PenicillinCeftriaxone (For disseminated gonorrhoea)7.TrichomoniasisT. vaginalis"Strawberry vagina & Cx"metro/tinidazole8.Bacterial vaginosisGarnerellaVaginalis"Clue cells"LeucocytopeniaReduced lactobacilliMetronidazole/ Clindamycin

3

Treponema pallidum

Leishmania donovani

Haemophilus ducreyi

Donovania granulomatis

Skin

S.T.D.

eaadf033-1330-486c-967b-62dbd3340baa

multi

Which of the following is not a poor prognostic factor in neuroblastoma?

Unourable prognostic factors in neuroblastoma: Stage 3, 4 Age >18 months Absence of evidence of schwannian stroma and gangliocytic differentiation High Mitosis-karyorrhexis index (>200/5000 cells) Near-diploid (segmental chromosome losses; chromothripsis) MYCN Amplified Chromosome 1p loss Chromosome 11q loss Absent TRKA expression Presence of TRKB expression Mutations of neuritogenesis genes

3

MYCN amplification

High mitosis-karyorrhexis index

Evidence of gangliocytic differentiation

Mutations of neuritogenesis genes

Pathology

Organ Transplant / Graft

30905204-3fd4-4029-881d-993b59d683e0

single

'Hot Potato' voice is characteristically seen in

null

4

Pterygomandibular space infection

Retropharyngeal space infection

Pre tracheal space infection

Lateral pharyngeal space infection

Surgery

null

b67e3d51-3744-4681-a750-54108a2dce0f

multi

In CPR, chest compressions are done:

null

3

On the upper part of sternum

On the xlphisterum

On the middle of the lower part of the sternum

On the left side of the chest

Surgery

null

9c65d7b8-d786-44a6-b6bc-8958d05b1493

single

Not a cause of acute anal pain is:

null

4

Perianal abscess

Thrombosed hemorrhoids

Acute anal fissure

Fistual in ano

Surgery

null

920df490-0584-43c3-9dc6-f8be00403907

single

Overall most common trisomy is

Most common Trisomy overall is Trisomy 16. Most common Trisomy in live birth is Trisomy 21.

3

Trisomy 21

Trisomy 18

Trisomy 16

Trisomy 13

Pediatrics

null

e57c3db9-4a4d-440b-a4c8-5a1200c87634

multi

In camera trial of a rape case hearing is done under ?

Ans. is 'b' i.e. 327 CrPC S. 327 CrPC (2) -The inquiry into and trial of rape or an offence under sec.376 IPC shall be conducted in camera and it is not lawful for any person to print or publish any matter in relation to such proceedings except with the permission of cou.

2

376 IPC

327 CrPC

53 CrPC

375 IPC

Forensic Medicine

null

847449e5-8f57-4df5-b87a-0bcc11cea7e6

single

A mill-wheel type of murmur during laparoscopy suggests

The 'water-wheel' or 'mill-wheel' murmur is classically associated with large intracardiac air emboli and described as a "characteristic splashing auscultatory sound due to the presence of gas in the cardiac chambers." . Most venous air (gas) emboli are iatrogenic . Ref Davidson edition23rd pg 620

3

Tension pneumothorax

intra-abdominal bleeding

Gas embolism

pre-existing valvular disease

Medicine

Respiratory system

94274124-dca1-407f-b2cc-678532c23bfd

single

Salmonella typhi is the causative agent of typhoid fever. The infective dose of S. typhi is -

Typhoid and paratyphoid (enteric) fevers Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers, which are transmitted by the faecal-oral route, are impoant causes of fever in the Indian subcontinent, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Elsewhere, they are relatively rare. Enteric fevers are caused by infection with Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A and B. After a few days of bacteraemia, the bacilli localise, mainly in the lymphoid tissue of the small intestine, resulting in typical lesions in the Peyer's patches and follicles. These swell at first, then ulcerate and usually heal. After clinical recovery, about 5% of patients become chronic carriers (i.e. continue to excrete the bacteria after 1 year); the bacilli may live in the gallbladder for months or years and pass intermittently in the stool and, less commonly, in the urine. Clinical features Typhoid fever The incubation period is typically about 10-14 days but can be longer, and the onset may be insidious. The temperature rises in a stepladder fashion for 4 or 5 days with malaise, increasing headache, drowsiness and aching in the limbs. Constipation may be caused by swelling of lymphoid tissue around the ileocaecal junction, although in children diarrhoea and vomiting may be prominent early in the illness. The pulse is often slower than would be expected from the height of the temperature, i.e. a relative bradycardia. At the end of the first week, a rash may appear on the upper abdomen and on the back as sparse, slightly raised, rose-red spots, which fade on pressure. It is usually visible only on white skin. Cough and epistaxis occur. Around the 7th-10thday, the spleen becomes palpable. Constipation is followed by diarrhoea and abdominal distension with tenderness. Bronchitis and delirium may develop. If untreated, by the end of the second week the patient may be profoundly ill. Salmonella enterica is a facultative anaerobe and is a gram negative, motile ... For enteric fever, the infectious dose is about 105 bacilli by ingestion Ref Harrison20th edition pg 1079

3

One bacillus

1 08-1 01deg bacilli

102-105 bacilli

1-10 bacilli

Medicine

Infection

63987759-9b52-4e78-8bba-8ced5549c431

single

Ocular hallmark of giant cell aeritis is

Answer- C. AIONThe most common ocular manifestation of giant cell aeritis is visual loss, most commonly secondary to anterior ischemicoptic neuropathy (AION) due to occlusion of sho posterior ciliary aerities.Ophthalmic aery involvement can lead to sudden blindness which is the most feared complication of temporal aeritis.

3

Papilloedema

CRAO

AION

CRVO

Medicine

null

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multi

The following are true of vibro cholerae except

Ans. is 'c' i.e., Dies rapidly at low temperature . Duration of protection of cholera vaccine is 3-6 months. . Vibrio cholerae does not die at lower temperature, infact it grows at lower temperature (range 16-40degC)

3

Produces indole and reduces nitrates

Synthesises neuraminidase

Dies rapidly at low temperature

All

Microbiology

null

1b3d3c1d-1e5a-4579-8e29-f9191a9937df

multi

In CEAP clinical classification what does C-4b indicate

The CEAP (Clinical - Etiology - Anatomy - Pathophysiology)classifi cation for chronic venous disorders is widely utilised.Clinical classification* C0: no signs of venous disease* C1: telangectasia or reticular veins* C2: varicose veins* C3: oedema* C4a: pigmentation or eczema* C4b: lipodermatosclerosis or atrophie blanche* C5: healed venous ulcer* C6: active venous ulcer

4

Edema

Pigmentation or eczema

Healed venous ulcer

Lipodermatosclerosis or atrophie blanche

Surgery

All India exam

2a0beded-7f49-4b60-9150-5cde0f297495

single

Which of the following features defines toddler fracture

Toddler fractures occur in young ambulatory children (from 9 months to 3 years). A toddler&;s fracture is a spiral or oblique undisplaced fracture of the distal shaft of the tibia with an intact fibula. The periosteum remains intact and the bone is stable. These fractures occur as a result of a twisting injury. Reference: GHAI Essential pediatrics, 8th edition

4

Subluxation of the radial head

Salter Harris type 3 fracture of the distal fibular epiphysis

Fracture of the distal radius

Spiral fracture of the tibia

Pediatrics

Musculoskeletal disorders

e7b4a60d-44fc-4ca5-a6a0-fd6d1001deda

single

A 15-year-old boy with epilepsy on treatment with a combination of valproate and phenytoin has good control of seizures. Levels of both drugs are in the therapeutic range. All of the following adverse effects can be attributed to valproate except -

null

4

Weight gain of 5 kg

Serum alanine aminotransaminase 150 IU/L

Rise in serum ammonia level by 20 g/dl

Lymphadenopathy

Medicine

null

dcbbc4a0-9bf0-49dd-b15e-7e1724ecf1c5

multi

The world health organisation day is -

In 1946 the constitution was drafted by "Technical Preparatory Committee " under the chairmanship of Rene Sand and was approved in the same year by an International Health Conference of 51 nations in New york. The constitution came in to force on 7 th April 1948 which is celebrated every year as "World Health Day "(refer pgno:919 park 23rd edition)

1

7th April

21st May

2nd August

31st December

Social & Preventive Medicine

Health care of community & international health

42e2d1f8-63c5-4e1f-ac37-256aaa3a7b66

single

Chorda tympani leaves skull through?

The chorda tympani arises in the veical pa of the facial canal about 6 mm above the stylomastoid foramen. It runs upwards and forwards in a bony canal. It enters the middle ear and runs forwards in close relation to the tympanic membrane. It leaves the middle ear by passing through the petrotympanic fissure. It then passes medial to the spine of the sphenoid and enters the infratemporal fossa. Here it joins the lingual nerve through which it is distributed Ref BDC volume3,6th edition pg 140

2

Stylomastoid foramen

Petrotympanic fissure

Internal acoustic meatus

Foramen ovale

Anatomy

Head and neck

c9fca7cf-cb3a-41be-a22d-eb77b0831a40

single

Klinefelter syndrome karyotype is-

harshmohan textbook of pathology 7th edition. *klinefelter'syndrome is an example of sex chromosome trisomy 47,XXX karyotype

3

47XXX

45X0

47XXY

46XX\/145X0

Pathology

General pathology

ee15aced-c557-40e7-b04e-9d881ee31b75

single

Fluoxetine is a -

null

3

Noradrenaline uptake inhibitor

Serotonin uptake enhancer

Serotonin uptake inhibitor

MAO

Psychiatry

null

603fb440-902b-4690-be58-83975bd9b93d

single

The viruses causing diarrheal diseasesin infants are -

rota virus cause diarrheal disease in childrens REF:<\p> MICROBIOLOGY ANANTHA NARAYANAN NINTH EDITION PAGE.561

1

Rotavirus

Norwalk virus

Adenovirus

Hepatadenovirus

Microbiology

Virology

940b4a93-e9e1-4fdb-aa49-a30a0d3700cb

single

Ketamine is a

null

1

Short general anesthetic agent

Local anesthetic agent

Antidepressive agent

Hypnotic agent

Pharmacology

null

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single