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HighBuild-1M

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building-height
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earth-observation
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Imagery Source Licenses and Attribution

This file documents the aerial/satellite imagery sources used or configured by this project. It is intended for a NeurIPS 2026 Evaluations & Datasets data release package.

NeurIPS 2026 E&D requires hosted datasets to be accessible to reviewers and to include Croissant metadata with core and Responsible AI fields. For this dataset, the Croissant metadata should reference this file from prov:wasDerivedFrom, rai:dataCollection, and the dataset/license documentation fields.

This is an engineering license inventory, not legal advice. Before public release, re-check the official terms on the access date used in the paper and keep a frozen copy of the source URLs/capabilities metadata.

Release Rule

The imagery in this dataset is multi-source. Do not publish the whole image collection under a single permissive license such as CC BY 4.0 unless every included image source is compatible with that license.

Recommended release policy:

  • Release only sources marked OK or OK-CONDITIONAL after the listed conditions are satisfied.
  • Exclude or regenerate sources marked EXCLUDE before the public NeurIPS dataset release.
  • Keep each city/source subset separable in the hosted dataset and in Croissant FileSet metadata.
  • Include all attribution strings in the dataset README, paper appendix, and Croissant provenance fields.

Current Processed Data Source Map

The following mapping is inferred from src/sources/*.py and the current data/processed/images/* directories.

Processed directories Source key Imagery provider / service Release status
America_NewYork_Filtered, Chicago_buildings_full, LosAngeles_Downtown_buildings_full, NewYork_Manhattan_buildings_full, SanFrancisco_FiDi_buildings_full, Seattle_Downtown_buildings_full usa Esri ArcGIS Online World Imagery EXCLUDE
France_Lyon_buildings_full, France_Marseille_buildings_full, France_Strasbourg_buildings_full, France_Toulouse_buildings_full, paris_buildings_with_height_Filtered fra IGN / Geoportail orthophotos OK
Japan_Osaka_buildings_full, Japan_Osaka_buildings_Filtered jpn GSI seamless aerial photo tiles OK-CONDITIONAL
Amsterdam_buildings_Filtered nld PDOK luchtfotorgb / Actueel_orthoHR OK
HKG_Core hkg Hong Kong LandsD Imagery Map API OK-CONDITIONAL
TWN_Buildings_ready, TWN_Buildings_ready_Filtered twn Taiwan NLSC PHOTO2 WMTS EXCLUDE unless permission is confirmed
berlin_all_buildings_height_Filtered deu Brandenburg/Berlin DOP20c WMS OK
Germany_Frankfurt_buildings_full deu Hessen DOP20 WMS OK
Germany_Munich_buildings_full deu Bavaria DOP20 WMS OK
Oceania_Sydney_buildings_full syd NSW Imagery MapServer OK-CONDITIONAL
Oceania_Melbourne_buildings_full mel City of Melbourne 2020 true ortho imagery OK-CONDITIONAL
Africa_CapeTown_buildings_Filtered afr City of Cape Town Aerial Imagery 2024 MapServer EXCLUDE from unrestricted public release
sao_paulo_exact_Filtered bax GeoSampa Ortofotos 2020 RGB WMS OK-CONDITIONAL
Canada_Vancouver_buildings_Filtered van City of Vancouver Orthophotos 2022 OK
Canada_Toronto_Filtered tor City of Toronto 2023 orthophoto MapServer OK
Denmark_Aarhus_Filtered, Denmark_Copenhagen_Filtered, Denmark_Odense_Filtered dam GeoDanmark Ortofoto / Datafordeler WMTS OK

Implemented but not present in the current processed data:

Source key Imagery provider / service Release status
nzl LINZ Basemaps aerial imagery OK
chn Tianditu imagery tiles EXCLUDE unless separately licensed

Source License Details

Esri World Imagery (usa) - EXCLUDE

  • Code: src/sources/xyz_usa.py
  • Service URL: https://server.arcgisonline.com/ArcGIS/rest/services/World_Imagery/MapServer
  • Official terms found: Esri World Imagery is licensed under the Esri Master License Agreement. Esri states the ordinary World Imagery layer is not intended for exporting tiles for offline use; the export layer is for small offline use in ArcGIS contexts.
  • Dataset release decision: Do not redistribute image chips generated from this source in a public NeurIPS dataset.
  • Required action: Regenerate all USA image subsets from a redistributable source such as USDA NAIP/USGS public imagery, or exclude the USA directories from the public release.

Affected current directories:

  • America_NewYork_Filtered
  • Chicago_buildings_full
  • LosAngeles_Downtown_buildings_full
  • NewYork_Manhattan_buildings_full
  • SanFrancisco_FiDi_buildings_full
  • Seattle_Downtown_buildings_full

IGN / Geoportail Orthophotos (fra) - OK

  • Code: src/sources/xyz_fra.py
  • Service URL: https://data.geopf.fr/wmts
  • Layer: ORTHOIMAGERY.ORTHOPHOTOS
  • License: Licence Ouverte / Open Licence version 2.0 (Etalab 2.0), for public IGN open data including BD ORTHO / ortho-imagery.
  • Redistribution: allowed with attribution.
  • Attribution: Contains orthophotography from IGN / Geoportail, Licence Ouverte / Etalab 2.0.
  • Croissant prov:wasDerivedFrom: https://data.geopf.fr/wmts

GSI Seamless Photo (jpn) - OK-CONDITIONAL

  • Code: src/sources/xyz_jpn.py
  • Service URL: https://cyberjapandata.gsi.go.jp/xyz/seamlessphoto/{z}/{x}/{y}.jpg
  • Dataset: GSI Tiles, latest seamless aerial photo (全国最新写真（シームレス）).
  • License / terms: Government of Japan Standard Terms of Use 2.0 / GSI content terms, with source citation. GSI notes that GSI tiles can include tiles from third-party organizations or legally restricted survey products.
  • Redistribution: acceptable only after checking that the specific seamless photo tiles used for Osaka do not require an additional permission beyond source citation.
  • Attribution: Source: Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI) / GSI Tiles. Modified for dataset generation.
  • Croissant prov:wasDerivedFrom: https://maps.gsi.go.jp/development/

PDOK Netherlands Orthophotos (nld) - OK

  • Code: src/sources/xyz_nld.py
  • Service URL: https://service.pdok.nl/hwh/luchtfotorgb/wmts/v1_0/Actueel_orthoHR/
  • Dataset/layer: Actueel_orthoHR
  • License: use the dataset-specific Nationaal Georegister/PDOK metadata; PDOK commonly uses CC BY 4.0 for geographic works and instructs users to follow the NGR metadata for the specific dataset.
  • Redistribution: allowed if the dataset metadata license is CC BY 4.0.
  • Attribution: Contains PDOK / Dutch aerial imagery data, CC BY 4.0; see PDOK/NGR metadata.
  • Croissant prov:wasDerivedFrom: https://service.pdok.nl/hwh/luchtfotorgb/wmts/v1_0/

Hong Kong LandsD Imagery Map API (hkg) - OK-CONDITIONAL

  • Code: src/sources/xyz_hkg.py
  • Service URL: https://mapapi.geodata.gov.hk/gs/api/v1.0.0/xyz/imagery/WGS84/
  • Provider: Lands Department, Government of the Hong Kong SAR.
  • Official terms found: CSDI/LandsD Map API terms allow use of data through the API subject to terms, rate limits, IP rights notice, and attribution. The API documentation requires Lands Department attribution and copyright notice.
  • Risk: LandsD has separate notices for downloadable aerial photographs that restrict third-party dissemination. Because this project stores and republishes image chips rather than only displaying live map tiles, confirm that the Map API / CSDI terms cover stored derivative image redistribution.
  • Attribution: Aerial Photograph from Lands Department, Government of the Hong Kong SAR.
  • Release condition: Include the attribution and, if required by LandsD, the Lands Department logo/copyright notice. Obtain written confirmation if possible.
  • Croissant prov:wasDerivedFrom: https://tools.csdi.gov.hk/csdi-webpage/apidoc/ImageryMapAPI

Taiwan NLSC PHOTO2 (twn) - EXCLUDE unless permission is confirmed

  • Code: src/sources/xyz_twn.py
  • Service URL: https://wmts.nlsc.gov.tw/wmts/PHOTO2/default/GoogleMapsCompatible/
  • Provider: National Land Surveying and Mapping Center (NLSC), Taiwan.
  • Official terms found: NLSC terms allow showing captured/extracted service contents on the Internet, videos, print advertisements, and theses for legal purposes, but state that bulk download is forbidden.
  • Risk: this dataset generation is a bulk tile extraction and public redistribution workflow.
  • Dataset release decision: Exclude Taiwan imagery from the public release unless NLSC confirms redistribution is permitted for this derived dataset.
  • Attribution if permission is obtained: Source: National Land Surveying and Mapping Center (NLSC), Taiwan.

Germany Berlin / Brandenburg DOP20c (deu) - OK

  • Code: src/sources/xyz_deu.py
  • Service URL: https://isk.geobasis-bb.de/mapproxy/dop20c/service/wms
  • Provider: Landesvermessung und Geobasisinformation Brandenburg, with Berlin data attribution where applicable.
  • License: Datenlizenz Deutschland - Namensnennung - Version 2.0 (dl-de/by-2-0).
  • Redistribution: allowed with attribution.
  • Attribution: © GeoBasis-DE/LGB, dl-de/by-2-0; © Geoportal Berlin, dl-de/by-2-0 (Daten geändert)
  • Croissant prov:wasDerivedFrom: https://isk.geobasis-bb.de/mapproxy/dop20c/service/wms

Germany Hessen DOP20 (deu) - OK

  • Code: src/sources/xyz_deu.py
  • Service URL: https://www.gds-srv.hessen.de/cgi-bin/lika-services/ogc-free-images.ows
  • Layer: he_dop20_rgb
  • Provider: Hessische Verwaltung fuer Bodenmanagement und Geoinformation (HVBG).
  • License: Datenlizenz Deutschland - Zero - Version 2.0 (dl-zero-de/2.0).
  • Redistribution: allowed without attribution requirement under dl-zero, but citation is recommended for provenance.
  • Attribution / citation: Source: Geoportal Hessen / HVBG, dl-zero-de/2.0.
  • Croissant prov:wasDerivedFrom: https://www.gds-srv.hessen.de/cgi-bin/lika-services/ogc-free-images.ows

Germany Bavaria DOP20 (deu) - OK

  • Code: src/sources/xyz_deu.py
  • Service URL: https://geoservices.bayern.de/od/wms/dop/v1/dop20
  • Layer: by_dop20c
  • Provider: Bayerische Vermessungsverwaltung.
  • License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
  • Attribution required by provider: Bayerische Vermessungsverwaltung - www.geodaten.bayern.de
  • Croissant prov:wasDerivedFrom: https://geoservices.bayern.de/od/wms/dop/v1/dop20

NSW Imagery (syd) - OK-CONDITIONAL

  • Code: src/sources/xyz_syd.py
  • Service URL: https://maps.six.nsw.gov.au/arcgis/rest/services/public/NSW_Imagery/MapServer
  • Provider/copyright in service metadata: Department of Customer Service, NSW.
  • License status: the MapServer metadata gives copyright but not a clear open redistribution license in the codebase.
  • Release condition: confirm the applicable NSW open data license or obtain a redistribution statement before including Sydney image chips in the public release.
  • Attribution: © Department of Customer Service, NSW; contains external imagery sources as listed in NSW_Imagery service metadata.

City of Melbourne 2020 Aerial Imagery (mel) - OK-CONDITIONAL

  • Code: src/sources/xyz_mel.py
  • Service URL: https://gisags.melbourne.vic.gov.au/server_wa/rest/services/AerialImageryWGS84/AerialImage2020_WGS84/MapServer
  • Dataset: City of Melbourne 2020 Aerial Imagery true ortho.
  • License: source portal metadata lists CC BY / CC BY-compatible terms. Confirm the exact version (CC BY 4.0 versus another CC BY variant) before final Croissant publication.
  • Redistribution: allowed if released under the source CC BY terms.
  • Attribution: Contains City of Melbourne 2020 Aerial Imagery, CC BY.
  • Croissant prov:wasDerivedFrom: https://data.melbourne.vic.gov.au/explore/dataset/2020-aerial-imagery-true-ortho/

City of Cape Town Aerial Imagery 2024 (afr) - EXCLUDE from unrestricted public release

  • Code: src/sources/xyz_afr.py
  • Service URL: https://cityimg.capetown.gov.za/erdas-iws/esri/GeoSpatial%20Datasets/rest/services/Aerial%20Imagery_Aerial%20Imagery%202024/MapServer
  • Provider/service text: City of Cape Town aerial imagery 2024. The service states that the original imagery is property of CCT and that there are no restrictions on the digital file for non-commercial purposes.
  • Risk: non-commercial-only permissions are not compatible with an unrestricted public ML dataset license.
  • Dataset release decision: either exclude this subset from the unrestricted public release, release it as a clearly separate non-commercial subset, or obtain written permission for dataset redistribution.
  • Attribution: Aerial imagery property of City of Cape Town (CCT), 2024.

GeoSampa Sao Paulo Ortofotos 2020 (bax) - OK-CONDITIONAL

  • Code: src/sources/xyz_bax.py
  • Service URL: https://raster.geosampa.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/geoserver/geoportal/wms
  • Layer: ORTO_RGB_2020
  • Provider: Prefeitura Municipal de Sao Paulo / GeoSampa.
  • License: Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 4.0 (CC BY-SA 4.0), per GeoSampa license notice.
  • Redistribution: allowed with attribution and share-alike terms.
  • Release condition: keep the Sao Paulo imagery subset under CC BY-SA 4.0 and do not label it as merely CC BY.
  • Attribution: Source: GeoSampa / Prefeitura Municipal de Sao Paulo, CC BY-SA 4.0.
  • Croissant prov:wasDerivedFrom: https://geosampa.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/

City of Vancouver Orthophotos 2022 (van) - OK

  • Code: src/sources/xyz_can.py
  • Service URL: https://tiles.arcgis.com/tiles/qrcTTRTwUoS8N47o/arcgis/rest/services/Orthophotos_2022/MapServer
  • Dataset: City of Vancouver Orthophoto imagery 2022.
  • License: Open Government Licence - Vancouver.
  • Redistribution: allowed with attribution under the open data terms.
  • Attribution: Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence - Vancouver; source: City of Vancouver Orthophotos 2022.
  • Croissant prov:wasDerivedFrom: https://opendata.vancouver.ca/explore/dataset/orthophoto-imagery-2022/

City of Toronto Orthophotos 2023 (tor) - OK

  • Code: src/sources/xyz_can.py
  • Service URL: https://gis.toronto.ca/arcgis/rest/services/basemap/cot_ortho_2023_color_10cm/MapServer
  • Dataset: City of Toronto 2023 colour orthophoto, 10 cm.
  • License: Open Government Licence - Toronto.
  • Redistribution: allowed with attribution.
  • Attribution: Contains information licensed under the Open Government Licence - Toronto; source: City of Toronto orthophoto imagery.
  • Croissant prov:wasDerivedFrom: https://gis.toronto.ca/arcgis/rest/services/basemap/cot_ortho_2023_color_10cm/MapServer

GeoDanmark Ortofoto / Datafordeler (dam) - OK

  • Code: src/sources/xyz_dam.py
  • Service URL: https://wmts.datafordeler.dk/GeoDanmarkOrto/orto_foraar_webm/1.0.0/WMTS
  • Dataset: GeoDanmark Ortofoto foraar Web Mercator WMTS.
  • License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
  • Redistribution: allowed with attribution.
  • Attribution required by GeoDanmark: @geodanmark with a link to the GeoDanmark data terms.
  • Operational note: the WMTS requires API-key/OAuth access. Do not publish the SDFI_API_KEY; publish only the derived data and source metadata.
  • Croissant prov:wasDerivedFrom: https://datafordeler.dk/dataoversigt/geodanmark-ortofoto/ortofoto-foraar-web-mercator-wmts/

LINZ Basemaps Aerial (nzl) - OK

  • Code: src/sources/xyz_nzl.py
  • Current data: no processed directory in this release.
  • Service URL: https://basemaps.linz.govt.nz/v1/tiles/aerial/WebMercatorQuad/
  • License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), with LINZ Basemaps attribution requirements and contributor attribution.
  • Attribution: Sourced from LINZ. CC BY 4.0. Contains LINZ Basemaps aerial imagery and contributors.
  • Croissant prov:wasDerivedFrom: https://www.linz.govt.nz/products-services/data/licensing-and-using-data/attributing-linz-basemaps-data

Tianditu (chn) - EXCLUDE unless separately licensed

  • Code: src/sources/xyz_chn.py
  • Current data: no processed directory in this release.
  • Service URL: https://t0.tianditu.gov.cn/DataServer?T=img_w...
  • License status: not audited in this project.
  • Dataset release decision: do not include Tianditu-derived imagery in the public release without a separate redistribution license.

Recommended Public Release Subsets

If publishing now, the lowest-risk public release should include only:

  • France: fra
  • Netherlands: nld
  • Germany: deu for Berlin/Brandenburg, Hessen, Bavaria
  • Vancouver: van
  • Toronto: tor
  • Denmark: dam
  • Sao Paulo: bax, but keep CC BY-SA 4.0 terms separate
  • Japan: jpn, after tile-specific source citation checks
  • Hong Kong: hkg, after Map API stored-derivative redistribution check
  • Melbourne: mel, after exact CC BY version check

Exclude or regenerate before unrestricted public release:

  • USA / Esri World Imagery (usa)
  • Taiwan NLSC PHOTO2 (twn) unless permission is confirmed
  • Cape Town 2024 (afr) unless released as non-commercial-only or permission is obtained
  • Sydney NSW imagery (syd) until an explicit redistributable license is confirmed
  • Tianditu (chn) if ever used

Suggested Dataset-Level License Text

Use this text in the dataset README and hosting page instead of assigning a single false license:

This dataset is a multi-source derived dataset. Image chips are licensed under the terms of their respective upstream imagery providers, as documented in data/IMAGERY_LICENSES.md. Building geometry, height labels, masks, and metadata have separate source provenance documented in the dataset card and Croissant metadata. Users must comply with the license and attribution requirements for each source subset.

For a NeurIPS-hosted package, prefer splitting files by source, for example:

  • images/fra/...
  • images/deu_berlin_brandenburg/...
  • images/deu_hessen/...
  • images/deu_bavaria/...
  • images/nld/...
  • images/can_vancouver/...
  • images/can_toronto/...
  • images/dam/...
  • images/bax/...

Then assign per-subset license/provenance in Croissant FileSet entries.

Sources Consulted

  • NeurIPS 2026 E&D Call: https://neurips.cc/Conferences/2026/CallForEvaluationsDatasets
  • NeurIPS 2026 E&D Hosting Guidelines: https://neurips.cc/Conferences/2026/EvaluationsDatasetsHosting
  • Esri World Imagery item / terms notice: https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=10df2279f9684e4a9f6a7f08febac2a9
  • IGN / Geoportail orthophoto open data notices: https://data.geopf.fr/wmts, https://www.data.gouv.fr/
  • GSI tiles and terms: https://maps.gsi.go.jp/development/, https://www.gsi.go.jp/ENGLISH/page_e30286.html
  • PDOK copyright and NGR metadata guidance: https://www.pdok.nl/copyright
  • Hong Kong CSDI / LandsD Map API docs and terms: https://tools.csdi.gov.hk/csdi-webpage/apidoc/ImageryMapAPI
  • Taiwan NLSC terms: https://maps.nlsc.gov.tw/pro/use_clause_en.jsp
  • Brandenburg/Berlin DOP20c metadata: https://geobroker.geobasis-bb.de/
  • Hessen DOP20 metadata: https://www.geoportal.hessen.de/
  • Bavaria DOP20 metadata: https://geodatenonline.bayern.de/geodatenonline/seiten/wms_dop20cm
  • NSW Imagery MapServer: https://maps.six.nsw.gov.au/arcgis/rest/services/public/NSW_Imagery/MapServer
  • City of Melbourne 2020 Aerial Imagery: https://data.melbourne.vic.gov.au/explore/dataset/2020-aerial-imagery-true-ortho/
  • City of Cape Town Aerial Imagery 2024 MapServer: https://cityimg.capetown.gov.za/erdas-iws/esri/GeoSpatial%20Datasets/rest/services/Aerial%20Imagery_Aerial%20Imagery%202024/MapServer
  • GeoSampa license notice: https://prefeitura.sp.gov.br/web/licenciamento/w/licen%C3%A7a-para-uso-de-dados-do-geosampa
  • City of Vancouver Orthophoto imagery 2022 and terms: https://opendata.vancouver.ca/explore/dataset/orthophoto-imagery-2022/
  • City of Toronto Open Government Licence: https://open.toronto.ca/open-data-licence/
  • GeoDanmark / Datafordeler Ortofoto terms: https://www.geodanmark.dk/home/vejledninger/vilkaar-for-data-anvendelse/
  • LINZ Basemaps attribution: https://www.linz.govt.nz/products-services/data/licensing-and-using-data/attributing-linz-basemaps-data