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[
"Universal Esperanto Association",
"country",
"Netherlands"
] |
The Universal Esperanto Association (Esperanto: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, UEA), also known as the World Esperanto Association, is the largest international organization of Esperanto speakers, with 5501 individual members in 121 countries and 9215 through national associations (in 2015) and in official relations with the United Nations. In addition to individual members, 70 national Esperanto organizations are affiliated with UEA. Its current president is the professor Duncan Charters. The magazine Esperanto is the main organ used by UEA to inform its members about everything happening in the Esperanto community.
The UEA was founded in 1908 by the Swiss journalist Hector Hodler and others and is now headquartered in Rotterdam, Netherlands. The organization has an office at the United Nations building in New York City.
| 0
|
[
"Universal Esperanto Association",
"founded by",
"Hector Hodler"
] |
The Universal Esperanto Association (Esperanto: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, UEA), also known as the World Esperanto Association, is the largest international organization of Esperanto speakers, with 5501 individual members in 121 countries and 9215 through national associations (in 2015) and in official relations with the United Nations. In addition to individual members, 70 national Esperanto organizations are affiliated with UEA. Its current president is the professor Duncan Charters. The magazine Esperanto is the main organ used by UEA to inform its members about everything happening in the Esperanto community.
The UEA was founded in 1908 by the Swiss journalist Hector Hodler and others and is now headquartered in Rotterdam, Netherlands. The organization has an office at the United Nations building in New York City.Activities
Publications
UEA is the publisher of Esperanto, the most important Esperanto periodical. It was started in 1905 by Paul Berthelot, three years before UEA was founded. UEA founder Hector Hodler took it over in 1907 and made it the official UEA magazine in 1908. In 1920 he left the magazine to the association. Since the 1950s it has a paid editor-in-chief. Next to Esperanto, the Yearbook (Jarlibro de UEA) is the oldest continuous publication of the association.UEA publishes books and has the largest mail-order Esperanto bookstore in the world (with over 6000 books, CDs and other items). It also maintains an information center and an important Esperanto library, called the Hector Hodler Library. The organisation has a network of local representatives from around the world, the Delegita Reto, who are available to provide information about their geographical area or professional field.
| 3
|
[
"Universal Esperanto Association",
"located in the administrative territorial entity",
"Rotterdam"
] |
The Universal Esperanto Association (Esperanto: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, UEA), also known as the World Esperanto Association, is the largest international organization of Esperanto speakers, with 5501 individual members in 121 countries and 9215 through national associations (in 2015) and in official relations with the United Nations. In addition to individual members, 70 national Esperanto organizations are affiliated with UEA. Its current president is the professor Duncan Charters. The magazine Esperanto is the main organ used by UEA to inform its members about everything happening in the Esperanto community.
The UEA was founded in 1908 by the Swiss journalist Hector Hodler and others and is now headquartered in Rotterdam, Netherlands. The organization has an office at the United Nations building in New York City.
| 8
|
[
"Universal Esperanto Association",
"headquarters location",
"Universal Esperanto Association Main Office"
] |
individual members join the association directly, paying a fee to the Rotterdam headquarters or to the chief delegate in their country. These members receive the UEA Yearbook and receive the UEA services.
asociaj membroj, those members of the organizations that joined UEA. These members are administered by their respective organizations. It can be a national or a specialist organization. This kind of membership is for the person in question a mere symbolical membership.The highest organ of UEA, the Komitato, has members (komitatanoj) elected in three different ways:An organization sends at least one komitatano, plus one more for every 1,000 national members, to the Komitato. Most national organizations have only one komitatano.
Per 1,000 individual members, the individual members can choose one member to the Komitato.
Both previous groups by-elect more komitatanoj, up to one third of their numbers.The Komitato elects a board, the Estraro. The Estraro installs a general director and sometimes additionally a director. The general director and his staff work at the UEA headquarters, Oficejo de UEA, in Rotterdam.
An individual member can become a delegito, a 'delegate'. This means that he serves as a local contact person for Esperanto and UEA members in his town. A ĉefdelegito (chief delegate) is someone installed also by the UEA headquarters, but with the task to collect the member fees in a given country.Conventions
The yearly World Esperanto Congress (Universala Kongreso de Esperanto), which attracts 1500–3000 people to a different city each year, is held under the direction of UEA. The first congress took place in 1905, and since 1933/1934 the association is in charge of it.
Twice a year, in spring and autumn, UEA headquarters in Rotterdam holds an Open Day.
| 9
|
[
"Universal Esperanto Association",
"instance of",
"Esperanto publisher"
] |
Activities
Publications
UEA is the publisher of Esperanto, the most important Esperanto periodical. It was started in 1905 by Paul Berthelot, three years before UEA was founded. UEA founder Hector Hodler took it over in 1907 and made it the official UEA magazine in 1908. In 1920 he left the magazine to the association. Since the 1950s it has a paid editor-in-chief. Next to Esperanto, the Yearbook (Jarlibro de UEA) is the oldest continuous publication of the association.UEA publishes books and has the largest mail-order Esperanto bookstore in the world (with over 6000 books, CDs and other items). It also maintains an information center and an important Esperanto library, called the Hector Hodler Library. The organisation has a network of local representatives from around the world, the Delegita Reto, who are available to provide information about their geographical area or professional field.
| 11
|
[
"Universal Esperanto Association",
"has part(s)",
"lifelong member of UEA"
] |
Structure and affiliated organizations
According to its 1980 statutes (Statuto de UEA), the Universal Esperanto Association has two kinds of members:individual members join the association directly, paying a fee to the Rotterdam headquarters or to the chief delegate in their country. These members receive the UEA Yearbook and receive the UEA services.
asociaj membroj, those members of the organizations that joined UEA. These members are administered by their respective organizations. It can be a national or a specialist organization. This kind of membership is for the person in question a mere symbolical membership.The highest organ of UEA, the Komitato, has members (komitatanoj) elected in three different ways:
| 21
|
[
"Universal Esperanto Association",
"chairperson",
"Duncan Charters"
] |
The Universal Esperanto Association (Esperanto: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, UEA), also known as the World Esperanto Association, is the largest international organization of Esperanto speakers, with 5501 individual members in 121 countries and 9215 through national associations (in 2015) and in official relations with the United Nations. In addition to individual members, 70 national Esperanto organizations are affiliated with UEA. Its current president is the professor Duncan Charters. The magazine Esperanto is the main organ used by UEA to inform its members about everything happening in the Esperanto community.
The UEA was founded in 1908 by the Swiss journalist Hector Hodler and others and is now headquartered in Rotterdam, Netherlands. The organization has an office at the United Nations building in New York City.
| 22
|
[
"Universal Esperanto Association",
"has part(s)",
"national section of UEA"
] |
Grabowski Prize
The Grabowski Prize is a prize awarded to young authors writing in Esperanto by the Antoni Grabowski Foundation, part of the Universal Esperanto Association (UEA). It is named after Antoni Grabowski, who has been called "the father of Esperanto poetry". The awards for the first three winners are $700, $300 and $150 respectively.
| 25
|
[
"Universal Esperanto Association",
"has part(s)",
"President of the Universal Esperanto Association"
] |
The Universal Esperanto Association (Esperanto: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, UEA), also known as the World Esperanto Association, is the largest international organization of Esperanto speakers, with 5501 individual members in 121 countries and 9215 through national associations (in 2015) and in official relations with the United Nations. In addition to individual members, 70 national Esperanto organizations are affiliated with UEA. Its current president is the professor Duncan Charters. The magazine Esperanto is the main organ used by UEA to inform its members about everything happening in the Esperanto community.
The UEA was founded in 1908 by the Swiss journalist Hector Hodler and others and is now headquartered in Rotterdam, Netherlands. The organization has an office at the United Nations building in New York City.
| 27
|
[
"Esperanto Youth Week",
"organizer",
"German Esperanto Youth"
] |
Esperanto Youth Week (Esperanto: Junulara E-Semajno, JES) is one of the most important Esperanto youth meetings in the world. It is organised by the German Esperanto Youth (GEJ) and the Polish Esperanto Youth (PEJ) at the end of every year in a different city of central Europe, starting 2009-10.
The meeting is taking the place of the former Internacia Seminario and Ago-Semajno, two Esperanto gatherings aimed at youth which had been overlapping since the beginning of the 2000s (decade); the former was organized by GEJ alone, while the latter was organized by the Polish Esperanto Youth and Varsovia Vento.
| 3
|
[
"Esperanto Youth Week",
"organizer",
"Polish Esperanto Youth"
] |
Esperanto Youth Week (Esperanto: Junulara E-Semajno, JES) is one of the most important Esperanto youth meetings in the world. It is organised by the German Esperanto Youth (GEJ) and the Polish Esperanto Youth (PEJ) at the end of every year in a different city of central Europe, starting 2009-10.
The meeting is taking the place of the former Internacia Seminario and Ago-Semajno, two Esperanto gatherings aimed at youth which had been overlapping since the beginning of the 2000s (decade); the former was organized by GEJ alone, while the latter was organized by the Polish Esperanto Youth and Varsovia Vento.
| 6
|
[
"Esperanto Youth Week",
"instance of",
"recurring event"
] |
Esperanto Youth Week (Esperanto: Junulara E-Semajno, JES) is one of the most important Esperanto youth meetings in the world. It is organised by the German Esperanto Youth (GEJ) and the Polish Esperanto Youth (PEJ) at the end of every year in a different city of central Europe, starting 2009-10.
The meeting is taking the place of the former Internacia Seminario and Ago-Semajno, two Esperanto gatherings aimed at youth which had been overlapping since the beginning of the 2000s (decade); the former was organized by GEJ alone, while the latter was organized by the Polish Esperanto Youth and Varsovia Vento.List of weeks
External links
Official website of the Esperanto Youth Week
| 7
|
[
"International Youth Congress",
"language used",
"Esperanto"
] |
The International Youth Congress (Esperanto: Internacia Junulara Kongreso, IJK) is the largest annual meeting of young Esperantists in the world. The participants come from all over the world for one week, and they usually number around 300, although there has been a congress with more than 1000 attendees before. The congress takes place in a different country every year and is organized by the World Esperanto Youth Organization (Esperanto: Tutmonda Esperantista Junulara Organizo, TEJO), the youth wing of the Universal Esperanto Association (Esperanto: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, UEA). Both the IJK and the World Esperanto Congress take place each summer, usually in consecutive weeks but rarely in the same country.
| 0
|
[
"International Youth Congress",
"organizer",
"World Esperanto Youth Organization"
] |
The International Youth Congress (Esperanto: Internacia Junulara Kongreso, IJK) is the largest annual meeting of young Esperantists in the world. The participants come from all over the world for one week, and they usually number around 300, although there has been a congress with more than 1000 attendees before. The congress takes place in a different country every year and is organized by the World Esperanto Youth Organization (Esperanto: Tutmonda Esperantista Junulara Organizo, TEJO), the youth wing of the Universal Esperanto Association (Esperanto: Universala Esperanto-Asocio, UEA). Both the IJK and the World Esperanto Congress take place each summer, usually in consecutive weeks but rarely in the same country.
| 4
|
[
"Panamerican Esperanto Congress",
"instance of",
"Esperanto congress"
] |
The Panamerican Esperanto Congress (Esperanto: Tut-Amerika Kongreso de Esperanto, TAKE) begun as an irregular meeting of Esperanto speakers in the Americas, and, starting with the third Congress, has been held approximately every third year under the aegis of the Committee for the Americas of the Universal Esperanto Association.
The Congress aims to strengthen solidarity among Esperantists of North, Central and South America, advance the general goals of the movement, and study its problems. The Congress organizers try to have a program with a variety of topics, so to be of interest to both specialists and non-specialists interested in gaining familiarity with individual, group and official activities of the Esperanto movement in the various countries of the Americas and around the world. In addition to the official part of the program, the Congress offers many opportunities for education and entertainment aiming to familiarize the Congress participants with the host country.
| 5
|
[
"Panamerican Esperanto Congress",
"instance of",
"information list"
] |
List of the Congresses
1978: Marília, Brazil
1980: San Luis, Argentina
1996: San José, Costa Rica; Congress theme: "Pan-American Activity"
1999 Jan - Feb: Bogotá, Colombia; 63 participants from 12 countries
2001 15-21 April: Mexico City, Mexico; 169 registrants from 29 countries; Congress theme: "America: One Continent, Many Histories"
2004: Havana, Cuba; 178 participants from 19 countries; Congress theme: "What kind of Esperanto movement for the Americas?"
2008: Montreal, Canada; 222 registrants from 24 countries (193 participated), July 12-18; Congress theme: "Ecosystems, languages, cultures: diversity for a sustainable development in the Americas"
2011: São Paulo, Brazil; Congress theme: "The process of regional integration in the American continent, the role of Esperanto"
| 7
|
[
"Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda",
"language used",
"Esperanto"
] |
Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda (SAT; English: World Anational Association) is an independent worldwide cultural Esperanto association of a general left-wing orientation. Its headquarters are in Paris. According to Jacques Schram, chairman of the Executive Committee, the membership totalled 881 in 2003. In 2006 SAT had 724 members. In 2015-2016 there were 525.SAT uses Esperanto as its working language and aims through the use of Esperanto to enable progressive individuals, organizations and workers of all countries to exchange ideas and meet on the basis of equality across national barriers. Members of SAT are involved in socialist, anarchist, peace, trade union, anti-nationalist, feminist and environmental activities, among others.Aims
The following declaration of aims became part of the Statute at the foundation of SAT in 1921, and remains valid to this day:
"a) to utilise the international language Esperanto for the class aims of the worldwide working class; b) to promote mutual relations among members in the best and most worthy way possible, in order to instill in them a strong sense of human solidarity; c) to instruct, educate and enlighten the members in such a way as to make them the most capable and best of the so-called internationalists; d) to serve as an intermediary in relations among organisations using other languages but having aims analogous to those of SAT; e) to be an intermediary and supporter in the creation of an Esperanto literature consisting both of translations and original texts, and which reflects the ideal of our association."
In 1928 it was further clarified in the following addendum:
"SAT, an educational and cultural organisation rather than an overtly political one, tries to induce its members to be understanding and tolerant of the political and philosophical schools or systems that lie at the base of the various workers' parties that are oriented toward class struggle and of trade-union movements; it seeks, by means of comparison of facts and ideas and by means of free discussion, to enable its members to avoid the dogmatisation of the teachings they encounter in their particular milieus. In short, SAT constantly applies a rationally elaborated language on a worldwide scale in order to aid in the creation of intellects that think rationally and are able to compare accurately, understand correctly and assess ideas, theses and tendencies in such a way as to render them capable of electing independently the path they believe most direct or most expedient to the end of liberating their class and guiding the human race towards a level of civilisation and culture that is as advanced as possible."
SAT does not exist primarily to promote Esperanto – although it has a department that engages in such activity – but rather puts Esperanto to use for its political and educational purposes. Esperanto is promoted by separate regional organisations that are linked to SAT by contract. Most of these organisations are not national in scope, but encompass the territory of a particular language. The largest such organisation is SAT-Amikaro, which encompasses all French-speaking territories.
| 1
|
[
"Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda",
"headquarters location",
"Paris"
] |
Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda (SAT; English: World Anational Association) is an independent worldwide cultural Esperanto association of a general left-wing orientation. Its headquarters are in Paris. According to Jacques Schram, chairman of the Executive Committee, the membership totalled 881 in 2003. In 2006 SAT had 724 members. In 2015-2016 there were 525.SAT uses Esperanto as its working language and aims through the use of Esperanto to enable progressive individuals, organizations and workers of all countries to exchange ideas and meet on the basis of equality across national barriers. Members of SAT are involved in socialist, anarchist, peace, trade union, anti-nationalist, feminist and environmental activities, among others.
| 2
|
[
"Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda",
"legal form",
"voluntary association"
] |
Structure
SAT has a non-national structure that deliberately avoids taking national differences into account. Its members join individually, not through the intermediary of a national section. The Universal Esperanto Association was structured in the same way when it was founded at the beginning of the 20th century by Hector Hodler. As for SAT, it was laid out by Eugène Lanti in a series of articles that appeared prior to the foundation of the Association in 1921.
The decision-making structure of SAT is, in theory, close to the organisational base, to the extent that all congress decisions should become valid only after a referendum. This statutory provision is intended to foment grass-roots democracy. In practice, many congress decisions are never submitted to a referendum. The association is governed by an eight-member Executive Committee, currently headed by Vinko Markov.
| 3
|
[
"Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda",
"founded by",
"Eugène Lanti"
] |
History
SAT was founded in 1921 by Eugène Lanti (pseudonym of Eugène Adam) and others as an organisation of the workers' Esperanto movement. It was the largest and most active between the two World Wars. At its high point in 1929-1930 it had 6524 members in 1674 communities in 42 countries. It suffered heavy attrition soon after, however, when "cosmopolitan" activities, a category into which Esperanto fell, began to be persecuted in the Soviet Union after the onset of Stalinism, and after the ban on the workers' Esperanto movement in Germany that took effect immediately after the Nazi takeover in 1933. The Soviet Union and Germany had been the countries in which SAT had the greatest number of members. Ideologically motivated internal schisms, involving at various times anarchists, communists and social democrats, also took a toll.
| 5
|
[
"World Esperanto Youth Organization",
"language used",
"Esperanto"
] |
The World Esperanto Youth Organization (Esperanto: Tutmonda Esperantista Junulara Organizo, TEJO) is an organization dedicated to supporting young Esperanto speakers around the world and promote the use of Esperanto. TEJO was founded in 1938 as the Tutmonda Junular-Organizo (World Youth Organization) and took its current name in 1952. In 1956, TEJO became the youth section of the Universal Esperanto Association (UEA). In 1971, the finances and administration of TEJO were fully integrated into those of UEA.
TEJO is an organization for young Esperanto speakers. TEJO has individual members as well as member organizations. There are 42 member organizations, as well as 13 national organizations that TEJO has contact with but that are not members.
TEJO organizes an International Youth Congress (Internacia Junulara Kongreso) each year in a different location around the world. During the IJK there are concerts, presentations, excursions, and recreation, usually one week long and attended by a few hundred young people from several countries.
TEJO also publishes the Pasporta Servo, which is an international hospitality network of Esperanto speakers that accept Esperanto-speaking guests.
TEJO publishes Kontakto, a magazine aimed at beginners and youth.
TEJO organizes several youth seminars each year. These seminars bring together an international group of young people to discuss a current issue. Past seminars have focused on human rights, globalization, language problems on minority languages, intercomprehension and the Internet. The seminars last for one week.
| 1
|
[
"World Esperanto Youth Organization",
"instance of",
"non-governmental organization"
] |
The World Esperanto Youth Organization (Esperanto: Tutmonda Esperantista Junulara Organizo, TEJO) is an organization dedicated to supporting young Esperanto speakers around the world and promote the use of Esperanto. TEJO was founded in 1938 as the Tutmonda Junular-Organizo (World Youth Organization) and took its current name in 1952. In 1956, TEJO became the youth section of the Universal Esperanto Association (UEA). In 1971, the finances and administration of TEJO were fully integrated into those of UEA.
TEJO is an organization for young Esperanto speakers. TEJO has individual members as well as member organizations. There are 42 member organizations, as well as 13 national organizations that TEJO has contact with but that are not members.
TEJO organizes an International Youth Congress (Internacia Junulara Kongreso) each year in a different location around the world. During the IJK there are concerts, presentations, excursions, and recreation, usually one week long and attended by a few hundred young people from several countries.
TEJO also publishes the Pasporta Servo, which is an international hospitality network of Esperanto speakers that accept Esperanto-speaking guests.
TEJO publishes Kontakto, a magazine aimed at beginners and youth.
TEJO organizes several youth seminars each year. These seminars bring together an international group of young people to discuss a current issue. Past seminars have focused on human rights, globalization, language problems on minority languages, intercomprehension and the Internet. The seminars last for one week.
| 10
|
[
"World Esperanto Youth Organization",
"instance of",
"youth organization"
] |
The World Esperanto Youth Organization (Esperanto: Tutmonda Esperantista Junulara Organizo, TEJO) is an organization dedicated to supporting young Esperanto speakers around the world and promote the use of Esperanto. TEJO was founded in 1938 as the Tutmonda Junular-Organizo (World Youth Organization) and took its current name in 1952. In 1956, TEJO became the youth section of the Universal Esperanto Association (UEA). In 1971, the finances and administration of TEJO were fully integrated into those of UEA.
TEJO is an organization for young Esperanto speakers. TEJO has individual members as well as member organizations. There are 42 member organizations, as well as 13 national organizations that TEJO has contact with but that are not members.
TEJO organizes an International Youth Congress (Internacia Junulara Kongreso) each year in a different location around the world. During the IJK there are concerts, presentations, excursions, and recreation, usually one week long and attended by a few hundred young people from several countries.
TEJO also publishes the Pasporta Servo, which is an international hospitality network of Esperanto speakers that accept Esperanto-speaking guests.
TEJO publishes Kontakto, a magazine aimed at beginners and youth.
TEJO organizes several youth seminars each year. These seminars bring together an international group of young people to discuss a current issue. Past seminars have focused on human rights, globalization, language problems on minority languages, intercomprehension and the Internet. The seminars last for one week.
| 12
|
[
"World Esperanto Youth Organization",
"instance of",
"Esperanto organization"
] |
The World Esperanto Youth Organization (Esperanto: Tutmonda Esperantista Junulara Organizo, TEJO) is an organization dedicated to supporting young Esperanto speakers around the world and promote the use of Esperanto. TEJO was founded in 1938 as the Tutmonda Junular-Organizo (World Youth Organization) and took its current name in 1952. In 1956, TEJO became the youth section of the Universal Esperanto Association (UEA). In 1971, the finances and administration of TEJO were fully integrated into those of UEA.
TEJO is an organization for young Esperanto speakers. TEJO has individual members as well as member organizations. There are 42 member organizations, as well as 13 national organizations that TEJO has contact with but that are not members.
TEJO organizes an International Youth Congress (Internacia Junulara Kongreso) each year in a different location around the world. During the IJK there are concerts, presentations, excursions, and recreation, usually one week long and attended by a few hundred young people from several countries.
TEJO also publishes the Pasporta Servo, which is an international hospitality network of Esperanto speakers that accept Esperanto-speaking guests.
TEJO publishes Kontakto, a magazine aimed at beginners and youth.
TEJO organizes several youth seminars each year. These seminars bring together an international group of young people to discuss a current issue. Past seminars have focused on human rights, globalization, language problems on minority languages, intercomprehension and the Internet. The seminars last for one week.
| 13
|
[
"Bona Espero",
"country",
"Brazil"
] |
Purpose
Esperantists at Bona Espero protect and educate orphans and children of low socio-economic status. They are taught to read, an initiative which is funded by Esperantists and Esperanto organisations from diverse nations, including Germany. The government of Brazil provides support only through free electricity and payment to the teachers working there. Thanks to the volunteer efforts, more than 400 children have been taught to read and many have gone on to higher level education. 20 of them are now certified teachers in neighbouring villages.
Bona Espero uses Esperanto as the second language taught. Brazilian Portuguese is the chief language of instruction in the classroom.
| 1
|
[
"Internacia Junulara Festivalo",
"organizer",
"Italian Esperanto Youth"
] |
The Internacia Junulara Festivalo (IJF; English: International Youth Festival) is a traditional one-week-long meeting of Esperantists organised yearly by the Italian Esperanto Youth at Easter, each time in a different Italian town. Each festival has its own theme, to be developed in lectures and discussion groups; additionally, lectures of general interest are usually proposed, as well as tourist visits to neighbouring cities, concerts and performances. One can usually improve his/her knowledge of the Esperanto language thanks to language courses at beginner and intermediate level.
The first IJF was held in 1977. The meeting is usually attended by about 100 participants; the most popular one was the 24th IJF, held in 2000, which was attended by 325 participants.
| 1
|
[
"Internacia Junulara Festivalo",
"instance of",
"Esperanto meeting"
] |
The Internacia Junulara Festivalo (IJF; English: International Youth Festival) is a traditional one-week-long meeting of Esperantists organised yearly by the Italian Esperanto Youth at Easter, each time in a different Italian town. Each festival has its own theme, to be developed in lectures and discussion groups; additionally, lectures of general interest are usually proposed, as well as tourist visits to neighbouring cities, concerts and performances. One can usually improve his/her knowledge of the Esperanto language thanks to language courses at beginner and intermediate level.
The first IJF was held in 1977. The meeting is usually attended by about 100 participants; the most popular one was the 24th IJF, held in 2000, which was attended by 325 participants.
| 2
|
[
"Oomoto",
"language used",
"Esperanto"
] |
International activities
Since the time of Onisaburo Deguchi, the constructed language Esperanto has played a major role in the Oomoto religion. Starting in 1924, the religion has published books and magazines in Esperanto and this continues today. It is said that they introduced Esperanto when they had contact with the Baháʼí Faith in 1921.
Oomoto and their adherents promote the Japanese arts and culture like Noh theater and the tea ceremony. Oomoto is engaged in peace campaigns, aid work, and other similar activities.From 1925 until 1933 Oomoto maintained a mission in Paris. From there, missionaries travelled throughout Europe, spreading the word that Onisaburo Deguchi was a Messiah or Maitreya, who would unify the world.
| 1
|
[
"Oomoto",
"language used",
"Japanese"
] |
Oomoto (大本, Ōmoto, Great Source, or Great Origin), also known as Oomoto-kyo (大本教, Ōmoto-kyō), is a religion founded in 1892 by Deguchi Nao (1836–1918), often categorised as a new Japanese religion originated from Shinto. The spiritual leaders of the movement have always been women within the Deguchi family; however, Deguchi Onisaburō (1871–1948) has been considered an important figure in Omoto as a seishi (spiritual teacher). Since 2001, the movement has been guided by its fifth leader, Kurenai Deguchi.
| 2
|
[
"Oomoto",
"headquarters location",
"Ayabe"
] |
Alarmed by the popularity of Ōmoto, the Imperial Japanese Government, which promoted kokutai and the Imperial Way, condemned the sect for worshipping Ookunitokotachi above Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess from whom the Emperor of Japan claimed descent. This led to two major incidents when Ōmoto was persecuted under the lèse-majesté law, the law of censorship on newspaper and the Public Security Preservation Law of 1925. In 1921, the first Ōmoto Incident (Ōmoto jiken) resulted in the Ōmoto headquarters being destroyed, as well as Onisaburo and two adherents being jailed. In 1924, retired naval captain Yutaro Yano and his associates within the Black Dragon Society invited Onisaburo on a journey to Mongolia. Onisaburo led a group of Ōmoto disciples, including Aikido founder Morihei Ueshiba. They were captured by the forces of Chinese warlord Zhang Zuolin, but were released upon realizing they were Japanese nationals. After he returned to Japan, he organized religious allies like Jinruiaizenkai to promote a universal brotherhood and world peace. Foreign religions from Korea, China, Russia, Germany and Bulgaria, including the Red Swastika Society, joined this movement. This was followed in 1935 by the second Ōmoto Incident, which again left its headquarters in ruins and its leaders in jail; Ōmoto was effectively outlawed until the end of World War II. With the second Ōmoto Incident, Oomoto became the first religious organization who was prosecuted under the Public Security Preservation Law of 1925.
After the war, the organization reappeared as Aizen'en, a movement dedicated to achieve world peace, and with that purpose it was registered in 1946 under the Religious Corporations Ordinance.
In 1949 Ōmoto joined the World Federalist Movement and the world peace campaign. In 1952 the group returned to its older name, becoming the religious corporation Ōmoto under the Religious Corporations Law. At present time, the movement has its headquarters at Kyoto Prefecture and has a nominal membership of approximately 170,000. There is a temple for religious services in Ayabe, and a mission in a large park on the former site of Kameoka Castle that includes offices, schools, a publishing house, and shrines in Kameoka.
| 3
|
[
"Oomoto",
"founded by",
"Nao Deguchi"
] |
Oomoto (大本, Ōmoto, Great Source, or Great Origin), also known as Oomoto-kyo (大本教, Ōmoto-kyō), is a religion founded in 1892 by Deguchi Nao (1836–1918), often categorised as a new Japanese religion originated from Shinto. The spiritual leaders of the movement have always been women within the Deguchi family; however, Deguchi Onisaburō (1871–1948) has been considered an important figure in Omoto as a seishi (spiritual teacher). Since 2001, the movement has been guided by its fifth leader, Kurenai Deguchi.
| 4
|
[
"Oomoto",
"instance of",
"shinshūkyō"
] |
Oomoto (大本, Ōmoto, Great Source, or Great Origin), also known as Oomoto-kyo (大本教, Ōmoto-kyō), is a religion founded in 1892 by Deguchi Nao (1836–1918), often categorised as a new Japanese religion originated from Shinto. The spiritual leaders of the movement have always been women within the Deguchi family; however, Deguchi Onisaburō (1871–1948) has been considered an important figure in Omoto as a seishi (spiritual teacher). Since 2001, the movement has been guided by its fifth leader, Kurenai Deguchi.
| 6
|
[
"Festo (disambiguation)",
"language used",
"Esperanto"
] |
FESTO (Esperanto meeting), a yearly French Esperanto meeting organized by Espéranto-Jeunes
Festo, German automation company
Festo, Porcio Festo, was the Roman procurator of Iudaea Province, in succession to Antonius Felix
Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co., a landmark patent-law case
| 0
|
[
"Plouézec International Meetings",
"language used",
"Esperanto"
] |
The Breton village of Plouézec (in French) or Ploueg-ar-Mor (in Breton) has hosted an International Meeting annually since 1997. The working language of the meeting is Esperanto, and the meeting covers diverse activities — tourism, socialising, yoga, choral singing, theatre, computing, using an abacus, Breton language for beginners, and origami. There are also dedicated Esperanto courses for participants with all levels of fluency, from beginners through intermediate levels all the way to specialised workshops in translation, language teaching, or specific aspects of Esperanto grammar. The 20th such meeting in 2016 included the second Pan-Celtic Esperanto Congress, and the next international meeting is planned there for mid-August 2017 [1].The 9th Plouézec International Meeting in 2005
From 13 to 20 August 2005, Plouézec welcomed the largest group of participants to date: 188 people including 28 children and teenagers, from around a dozen different countries.
In the 2005 Meeting there were eight simultaneous Esperanto courses running every morning of the meeting, with the usual range of afternoon activities. There was also the opportunity to take the first and second level exams in Esperanto.
In the evening, there were talks about an Australian National Park, the travels of Zeférin Jégard (a local Esperanto-speaking grandfather who has spent a number of years cycling vast distances across the globe) and the Esperanto centre in La-Chaud-de-Fonds, as well as sketches, songs, dancing, and a closing party on the last night.
| 1
|
[
"Pasporta Servo",
"instance of",
"hospitality service"
] |
The Pasporta Servo (English: Passport Service) is a hospitality exchange service available both online and in print that lists people in Esperanto culture who are willing to offer free homestays to speakers of Esperanto. It is maintained by the World Esperanto Youth Organization (TEJO). The platform is a gift economy; hosts are not allowed to charge for lodging. Guests using the service are encouraged to speak only Esperanto with their hosts.History
In 1966, psychologist Rubén Feldman González started the Programo Pasporto, a lodging service for Esperanto speakers, in Argentina.In 1974, the Pasporta Servo directory was first published, listing 40 hosts.In August 2008, the directory was first published online.
| 7
|
[
"Pasporta Servo",
"has use",
"lodging"
] |
The Pasporta Servo (English: Passport Service) is a hospitality exchange service available both online and in print that lists people in Esperanto culture who are willing to offer free homestays to speakers of Esperanto. It is maintained by the World Esperanto Youth Organization (TEJO). The platform is a gift economy; hosts are not allowed to charge for lodging. Guests using the service are encouraged to speak only Esperanto with their hosts.History
In 1966, psychologist Rubén Feldman González started the Programo Pasporto, a lodging service for Esperanto speakers, in Argentina.In 1974, the Pasporta Servo directory was first published, listing 40 hosts.In August 2008, the directory was first published online.
| 12
|
[
"Esperantujo",
"language used",
"Esperanto"
] |
Esperantujo (IPA: [esperanˈtujo]) or Esperantio (IPA: [esperanˈtio]) is the Esperanto community; the community of speakers of the Esperanto language and their culture, as well as the places and institutions where the language is used. The term is used "as if it were a country."Although it does not occupy its own area of Earth's surface, it can be said to constitute the 120 countries which have their own national Esperanto association.Etymology and terminology
The word is formed analogously to country names. In Esperanto, the names of countries were traditionally formed from the ethnic name of their inhabitants plus the suffix -ujo. For example, "France" was Francujo, from franco (a Frenchman).
The term analogous to Francujo would be Esperantistujo (Esperantist-nation). However, that would convey the idea of the physical body of people, whereas using the name of the language as the basis of the word gives it the more abstract connotation of a cultural sphere.
Currently, names of nation states are often formed with the suffix -io (traditionally reserved for deriving country names from geographic features — e.g. Francio instead of Francujo), and recently the form Esperantio has been used, among others, in the Pasporta Servo and the Esperanto Citizens' Community.Political movement
In 2003 there was a European political movement called Europe–Democracy–Esperanto created. Within it is found a European federation that brings together local associations whose statutes depends on the countries. The working language of the movement is Esperanto. The goal is "to provide the European Union with the necessary tools to set up member rights democracy". The international language is a tool to enable cross-border political and social dialogue and actively contribute to peace and understanding between peoples. The original idea in the first ballot was mainly to spread the existence and the use of Esperanto to the general public. However, in France voices have grown steadily: 25067 (2004) 28944 (2009) and 33115 (2014). In this country there are a number of movements which support the issue: France Équité, Europe-Liberté, and Politicat.
| 0
|
[
"Esperantujo",
"instance of",
"community"
] |
Esperantujo (IPA: [esperanˈtujo]) or Esperantio (IPA: [esperanˈtio]) is the Esperanto community; the community of speakers of the Esperanto language and their culture, as well as the places and institutions where the language is used. The term is used "as if it were a country."Although it does not occupy its own area of Earth's surface, it can be said to constitute the 120 countries which have their own national Esperanto association.Geography
Esperantujo includes any physical place where Esperanto speakers meet, such as Esperanto gatherings or virtual networks. Sometimes it is said that it is everywhere where Esperanto speakers are connected.Although Esperantujo does not have its own official territory, a number of places around the world are owned by Esperanto organizations or are otherwise permanently connected to the Esperanto language and its community:
| 18
|
[
"Esperantujo",
"movement",
"Esperanto movement"
] |
Esperantujo (IPA: [esperanˈtujo]) or Esperantio (IPA: [esperanˈtio]) is the Esperanto community; the community of speakers of the Esperanto language and their culture, as well as the places and institutions where the language is used. The term is used "as if it were a country."Although it does not occupy its own area of Earth's surface, it can be said to constitute the 120 countries which have their own national Esperanto association.
| 19
|
[
"International Union of Catholic Esperantists",
"country",
"Italy"
] |
The International Union of Catholic Esperantists (Esperanto: Internacia Katolika Unuiĝo Esperantista, IKUE) is an organization of Catholic Esperanto speakers. It was founded in 1910 in Paris and is now headquartered in Rome.
| 0
|
[
"International Union of Catholic Esperantists",
"language used",
"Esperanto"
] |
The International Union of Catholic Esperantists (Esperanto: Internacia Katolika Unuiĝo Esperantista, IKUE) is an organization of Catholic Esperanto speakers. It was founded in 1910 in Paris and is now headquartered in Rome.Activities
IKUE organizes Masses during Esperanto meetings, and also each year its own week-long international convention. Associations and local groups of Catholic Esperantists also offer meetings (Bible weekends, youth camps, etc.)IKUE publishes Christian literature in Esperanto, e.g. the ecumenical prayer and hymnbook ADORU of 1,472 pages in 2001 (co-edited with the Protestant Esperantist association), and the encyclical Deus caritas est in 2006. Its magazine Espero Katolika (Catholic Hope) first appeared in 1903.
| 1
|
[
"International Union of Catholic Esperantists",
"instance of",
"nonprofit organization"
] |
The International Union of Catholic Esperantists (Esperanto: Internacia Katolika Unuiĝo Esperantista, IKUE) is an organization of Catholic Esperanto speakers. It was founded in 1910 in Paris and is now headquartered in Rome.Activities
IKUE organizes Masses during Esperanto meetings, and also each year its own week-long international convention. Associations and local groups of Catholic Esperantists also offer meetings (Bible weekends, youth camps, etc.)IKUE publishes Christian literature in Esperanto, e.g. the ecumenical prayer and hymnbook ADORU of 1,472 pages in 2001 (co-edited with the Protestant Esperantist association), and the encyclical Deus caritas est in 2006. Its magazine Espero Katolika (Catholic Hope) first appeared in 1903.
| 3
|
[
"International Union of Catholic Esperantists",
"instance of",
"Esperanto organization"
] |
The International Union of Catholic Esperantists (Esperanto: Internacia Katolika Unuiĝo Esperantista, IKUE) is an organization of Catholic Esperanto speakers. It was founded in 1910 in Paris and is now headquartered in Rome.Activities
IKUE organizes Masses during Esperanto meetings, and also each year its own week-long international convention. Associations and local groups of Catholic Esperantists also offer meetings (Bible weekends, youth camps, etc.)IKUE publishes Christian literature in Esperanto, e.g. the ecumenical prayer and hymnbook ADORU of 1,472 pages in 2001 (co-edited with the Protestant Esperantist association), and the encyclical Deus caritas est in 2006. Its magazine Espero Katolika (Catholic Hope) first appeared in 1903.
| 11
|
[
"International Union of Catholic Esperantists",
"instance of",
"specialized Esperanto association"
] |
The International Union of Catholic Esperantists (Esperanto: Internacia Katolika Unuiĝo Esperantista, IKUE) is an organization of Catholic Esperanto speakers. It was founded in 1910 in Paris and is now headquartered in Rome.Activities
IKUE organizes Masses during Esperanto meetings, and also each year its own week-long international convention. Associations and local groups of Catholic Esperantists also offer meetings (Bible weekends, youth camps, etc.)IKUE publishes Christian literature in Esperanto, e.g. the ecumenical prayer and hymnbook ADORU of 1,472 pages in 2001 (co-edited with the Protestant Esperantist association), and the encyclical Deus caritas est in 2006. Its magazine Espero Katolika (Catholic Hope) first appeared in 1903.
| 13
|
[
"E@I",
"country",
"Slovakia"
] |
E@I ("Education@Internet") is an international youth non-profit organization that hosts educational projects and meetings to support intercultural learning and the usage of languages and internet technologies.
E@I started as an informal international work group in 1999, before it was officially registered in Slovakia in 2005. E@I's activities include the development of educational websites (lernu! and Slovake.eu, among others); publishing, such as books and DVDs; and organizing conferences and seminars, including the biennial KAEST and the Esperanto Wikimania in 2011. A specialist group within the organization is dedicated to Wikipedia.
E@I is a member organization of the Council of Europe's European Youth Foundation and one of the 29 organizations represented in the European Commission's Civil Society Platform for Multlingualism. Projects run by the organization have been subsidized by the Esperantic Studies Foundation and the European Commission's Youth in Action programme and Lifelong Learning Programme (through EACEA). The coordinator of E@I's activities is Peter Baláž, who was elected Esperantist of the Year 2012 in a poll held by the magazine La Ondo de Esperanto.
| 1
|
[
"Akademio Literatura de Esperanto",
"language used",
"Esperanto"
] |
The Akademio Literatura de Esperanto (ALE; English: Literature Academy of Esperanto) is an independent and neutral institution which aims to encourage the creative and artistic literary production in the Esperanto language. Officially founded on July 24, 2008, It has been inspired by the efforts made by Esperantlingva Verkista Asocio (English: Esperanto Writers Association). The academy should not be confused with the Akademio de Esperanto, whose goal is to steward the evolution of the language.
| 0
|
[
"Akademio Literatura de Esperanto",
"instance of",
"Esperanto organization"
] |
The Akademio Literatura de Esperanto (ALE; English: Literature Academy of Esperanto) is an independent and neutral institution which aims to encourage the creative and artistic literary production in the Esperanto language. Officially founded on July 24, 2008, It has been inspired by the efforts made by Esperantlingva Verkista Asocio (English: Esperanto Writers Association). The academy should not be confused with the Akademio de Esperanto, whose goal is to steward the evolution of the language.
| 2
|
[
"Esperanto Association of Britain",
"language used",
"Esperanto"
] |
The Esperanto Association of Britain (EAB) is a registered educational charity whose objective is to advance education in and about the international language Esperanto and to preserve and promote the culture and heritage of Esperanto for the educational benefit of the general public. The organisation was established in 1904.Among its activities it publishes, provides and distributes information about the language and organises educational courses, lectures and conferences. It also provides a comprehensive bookshop with material from around the world.
| 0
|
[
"Esperanto Association of Britain",
"instance of",
"Esperanto organization"
] |
The Esperanto Association of Britain (EAB) is a registered educational charity whose objective is to advance education in and about the international language Esperanto and to preserve and promote the culture and heritage of Esperanto for the educational benefit of the general public. The organisation was established in 1904.Among its activities it publishes, provides and distributes information about the language and organises educational courses, lectures and conferences. It also provides a comprehensive bookshop with material from around the world.
| 3
|
[
"International Esperanto League",
"instance of",
"Esperanto organization"
] |
The International Esperanto League (Esperanto: Internacia Esperanto-Ligo) was for 11 years the largest and most important neutral Esperanto federation, reuniting in 1947 with the Universal Esperanto Association from which it had broken away in 1936.
| 4
|
[
"International League of Christian Esperantists",
"instance of",
"nonprofit organization"
] |
The International League of Christian Esperantists (Esperanto: Kristana Esperantista Ligo Internacia, KELI) is the association of protestant Esperantists. It was founded in 1911, during the Universal Congress of Esperanto in Antwerp. Its members from very diverse backgrounds, mostly protestant churches. KELI publishes a bimonthly magazine, Dia Regno, which started to appear regularly in 1908, when the German Paul Hübner was sure that five people would subscribe. Now the magazine serves as a tool among members in 48 countries from diverse faiths, Adventists to Quakers, Lutherans, Calvinists, Anglicans, etc., but also people of the Eastern Orthodoxy.
In the beginning, it was important to have basic literature. In 1912, the New Testament was published and then in 1926 the entire Bible with the Zamenhof's Old Testament translation - not privately, but in the British and Foreign Bible Society. That way, it is possible to continually have Esperanto Bibles in every Christian Bookstore throughout the entire world. Also, an edition having the deuterocanonical books (translated by Gerrit berveling of Netherlands) was published in 2003. In 1971, KELI had an official hymnal "Adoru Kantante" (Worship by Singing) with 262 songs (mostly classics), from many countries and languages, with four part harmony - a beautiful book, done professionally. Recently, conferences have used more modest looking song collections, "Tero kaj Chielo Kantu" (Earth and Heaven Sing) with 161 songs, since people preferred more modern music. Adoru, an ecumenical worship book co-edited with the catholic association IKUE, containing texts, prayers and hymnals appeared in June 2001.
After the war, KELI started to organize an annual conference with concerns about working out a program about work, study, entertainment, the conference country and local churches. More and more, because of good communication with IKUE, the Roman Catholic Esperanto-Union, the annual conferences happened together, for the first time in 1968 in Limburg/Lahn. They attracted between 90 and 200 people, many of which were IKUE or KELI members.
At Universal Congresses, IKUE and KELI try to have communion together if possible. Often, they are among the great number of visited programs of the congress week.
From the start, KELI supported the actions for the blind by the Dutchman, Jacques Tuinder, known under the name Agado E3, or now E-vid-ente. Now, its help focuses on Albania, but does not forget other aspects of misery for people with poor sight.
The task of KELI goes in two directions: to inform the Church and other Christian groups about Esperanto, and to inform the Esperanto community about Christianity.
| 1
|
[
"Centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue internationale",
"located in the administrative territorial entity",
"La Chaux-de-Fonds"
] |
The Centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue internationale (CDELI; English: Center for Documentation and Study about the International Language) in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, was founded in 1967 by Claude Gacond. It is the main branch of the city's library and contains more than 20,000 bibliographic units. Interlinguistically neutral (thus "la langue internationale"), CDELI aims to preserve documents in and about all kinds of constructed languages: it offers, in addition to Esperanto books and periodicals, the richest collections of materials about Volapük and Interlingue, among others.
| 2
|
[
"World Esperantist Vegetarian Association",
"language used",
"Esperanto"
] |
The World Esperantist Vegetarian Association (Esperanto: Tutmonda Esperantista Vegetarana Asocio, TEVA) is a voluntary association of Esperanto-speaking vegetarians. Founded in 1908, the group's working language is Esperanto, and it is the oldest international organization of vegetarians that is currently active. TEVA published a journal, Vegetarano ("Vegetarian") from 1914 to 1932, revived in 2009 as Esperantista Vegetarano, and has also operated a spirited Internet mailing list through Yahoo! Groups since 2005.Esperanto and vegetarianism
Surveys among members of the British Esperanto Association (1968) and the German Esperanto Association (1992) have found that there are proportionally far more vegetarians among Esperanto speakers than among non-Esperantists. Peter Forster, author of The Esperanto Movement, suggests that there is a general relationship between vegetarianism and pacifism—and, therefore, also between vegetarianism and Esperanto.History of TEVA
Already by 1893 two favourable articles about vegetarianism, had appeared in La Esperantisto ("The Esperantist")—both later incorporated into Fundamenta krestomatio (1903), L. L. Zamenhof's basic Esperanto reader: La hejmo de la metiisto ("The home of the craftsman") and Kio estas vegetarismo? "What is vegetarianism?"). A third example may also be mentioned: an article about the longevity of centenarians, which pointed out that a common factor seemed to be a largely plant-based diet. The publication of such stories and articles suggests that Zamenhof himself had a positive attitude towards vegetarianism.
On 16 August 1908, at the Fourth World Congress of Esperanto in Dresden, Germany, the International Union of Esperantist Vegetarians (Internacia Unuiĝo de Esperantistaj Vegetaranoj, IUEV) was founded. Several years later the group changed its name to Vegetarian Esperantist League (Vegetara Ligo Esperantista, VLE). Finally, just after World War II, it adopted its present name, World Esperantist Vegetarian Association (Tutmonda Esperantista Vegetarana Asocio, TEVA).The association was founded at the instigation of René de Ladevèze. According to the Enciklopedio de Esperanto, Leo Tolstoy (himself a committed vegetarian) agreed to serve as its honorary president. According to Esperantista Vegetarano (1995, p. 23), Ludwik Zamenhof was also among the 19 founding members but requested that this not be mentioned in their vegetarian literature. This information has not been corroborated elsewhere.
Two days after the IUEV founding convention, the International Vegetarian Union (IVU) was established, also in Dresden, this latter group intended primarily as an association of those vegetarians who were not also Esperantist.
J. Arthur Gill, an Esperanto speaker who was secretary of a Quaker group known as the Friends Vegetarian Society, founded in 1902, had suggested that the vegetarian non-Esperantists could hold their own founding convention in connection with the earlier event and that Esperanto vegetarians could attend both events and help international understanding at the IVU's convention through the neutral medium of Esperanto. In the end, however, only a few Esperantists actually attended the IVU founding convention on 18 August 1908.
By the time of its 1913 IVU convention at The Hague, Esperanto was one of the IVU's five official languages, along with English, French, German and Dutch.
In 1914 the first issue of the magazine Vegetarano appeared, edited by Esperantist August Oskar Bünemann (1885–1958). From 1927 until 1932, the magazine was both a magazine for Esperantist vegetarians and an official organ of the International Vegetarian Union. In addition to Esperanto-language articles, it contained information about international vegetarianism written in English, French and German. For financial reasons, IVU stopped publishing the magazine in 1932.TEVA's aims and activities
According to its constitution and by-laws, the association aims to "promote Esperanto among vegetarians and vegetarianism among Esperantists... in active and friendly and active collaboration, with the goal of respect for nature and all living beings." Its motto is Vivu kaj lasu vivi ("Live and let live").
Since 2009 TEVA has published the twice-yearly magazine Esperantista Vegetarano (approx. 40 pages per issue), successor to both the previously published Vegetarano and the Letero de la Esperantista Vegetarano supplement.
Its meetings are not arranged independently, but are usually held in conjunction with the annual meeting of the World Congress of Esperanto. In addition, TEVA affiliates with other Esperantist and vegetarian groups. For example, TEVA members worked at the 36th International Vegetarian Union convention in 2004 in Florianópolis, Brazil, and at its 38th convention in Dresden, where the IVU and TEVA jointly celebrated their 100-year jubilee.
| 0
|
[
"World Esperantist Vegetarian Association",
"movement",
"vegetarianism"
] |
The World Esperantist Vegetarian Association (Esperanto: Tutmonda Esperantista Vegetarana Asocio, TEVA) is a voluntary association of Esperanto-speaking vegetarians. Founded in 1908, the group's working language is Esperanto, and it is the oldest international organization of vegetarians that is currently active. TEVA published a journal, Vegetarano ("Vegetarian") from 1914 to 1932, revived in 2009 as Esperantista Vegetarano, and has also operated a spirited Internet mailing list through Yahoo! Groups since 2005.History of TEVA
Already by 1893 two favourable articles about vegetarianism, had appeared in La Esperantisto ("The Esperantist")—both later incorporated into Fundamenta krestomatio (1903), L. L. Zamenhof's basic Esperanto reader: La hejmo de la metiisto ("The home of the craftsman") and Kio estas vegetarismo? "What is vegetarianism?"). A third example may also be mentioned: an article about the longevity of centenarians, which pointed out that a common factor seemed to be a largely plant-based diet. The publication of such stories and articles suggests that Zamenhof himself had a positive attitude towards vegetarianism.
On 16 August 1908, at the Fourth World Congress of Esperanto in Dresden, Germany, the International Union of Esperantist Vegetarians (Internacia Unuiĝo de Esperantistaj Vegetaranoj, IUEV) was founded. Several years later the group changed its name to Vegetarian Esperantist League (Vegetara Ligo Esperantista, VLE). Finally, just after World War II, it adopted its present name, World Esperantist Vegetarian Association (Tutmonda Esperantista Vegetarana Asocio, TEVA).
| 1
|
[
"World Esperantist Vegetarian Association",
"instance of",
"Esperanto organization"
] |
History of TEVA
Already by 1893 two favourable articles about vegetarianism, had appeared in La Esperantisto ("The Esperantist")—both later incorporated into Fundamenta krestomatio (1903), L. L. Zamenhof's basic Esperanto reader: La hejmo de la metiisto ("The home of the craftsman") and Kio estas vegetarismo? "What is vegetarianism?"). A third example may also be mentioned: an article about the longevity of centenarians, which pointed out that a common factor seemed to be a largely plant-based diet. The publication of such stories and articles suggests that Zamenhof himself had a positive attitude towards vegetarianism.
On 16 August 1908, at the Fourth World Congress of Esperanto in Dresden, Germany, the International Union of Esperantist Vegetarians (Internacia Unuiĝo de Esperantistaj Vegetaranoj, IUEV) was founded. Several years later the group changed its name to Vegetarian Esperantist League (Vegetara Ligo Esperantista, VLE). Finally, just after World War II, it adopted its present name, World Esperantist Vegetarian Association (Tutmonda Esperantista Vegetarana Asocio, TEVA).TEVA's aims and activities
According to its constitution and by-laws, the association aims to "promote Esperanto among vegetarians and vegetarianism among Esperantists... in active and friendly and active collaboration, with the goal of respect for nature and all living beings." Its motto is Vivu kaj lasu vivi ("Live and let live").
Since 2009 TEVA has published the twice-yearly magazine Esperantista Vegetarano (approx. 40 pages per issue), successor to both the previously published Vegetarano and the Letero de la Esperantista Vegetarano supplement.
Its meetings are not arranged independently, but are usually held in conjunction with the annual meeting of the World Congress of Esperanto. In addition, TEVA affiliates with other Esperantist and vegetarian groups. For example, TEVA members worked at the 36th International Vegetarian Union convention in 2004 in Florianópolis, Brazil, and at its 38th convention in Dresden, where the IVU and TEVA jointly celebrated their 100-year jubilee.
| 3
|
[
"World Esperantist Vegetarian Association",
"instance of",
"specialized Esperanto association"
] |
History of TEVA
Already by 1893 two favourable articles about vegetarianism, had appeared in La Esperantisto ("The Esperantist")—both later incorporated into Fundamenta krestomatio (1903), L. L. Zamenhof's basic Esperanto reader: La hejmo de la metiisto ("The home of the craftsman") and Kio estas vegetarismo? "What is vegetarianism?"). A third example may also be mentioned: an article about the longevity of centenarians, which pointed out that a common factor seemed to be a largely plant-based diet. The publication of such stories and articles suggests that Zamenhof himself had a positive attitude towards vegetarianism.
On 16 August 1908, at the Fourth World Congress of Esperanto in Dresden, Germany, the International Union of Esperantist Vegetarians (Internacia Unuiĝo de Esperantistaj Vegetaranoj, IUEV) was founded. Several years later the group changed its name to Vegetarian Esperantist League (Vegetara Ligo Esperantista, VLE). Finally, just after World War II, it adopted its present name, World Esperantist Vegetarian Association (Tutmonda Esperantista Vegetarana Asocio, TEVA).TEVA's aims and activities
According to its constitution and by-laws, the association aims to "promote Esperanto among vegetarians and vegetarianism among Esperantists... in active and friendly and active collaboration, with the goal of respect for nature and all living beings." Its motto is Vivu kaj lasu vivi ("Live and let live").
Since 2009 TEVA has published the twice-yearly magazine Esperantista Vegetarano (approx. 40 pages per issue), successor to both the previously published Vegetarano and the Letero de la Esperantista Vegetarano supplement.
Its meetings are not arranged independently, but are usually held in conjunction with the annual meeting of the World Congress of Esperanto. In addition, TEVA affiliates with other Esperantist and vegetarian groups. For example, TEVA members worked at the 36th International Vegetarian Union convention in 2004 in Florianópolis, Brazil, and at its 38th convention in Dresden, where the IVU and TEVA jointly celebrated their 100-year jubilee.
| 4
|
[
"Summer Esperanto Study",
"country",
"Slovakia"
] |
Summer Esperanto Study (Esperanto: Somera Esperanto-Studado, SES) is the biggest annual international event aiming to teach Esperanto. It occurs every summer since 2007, lasts for a week and attracts up to 250 participants from 30 countries, being aimed both at beginners and fluent speakers of the language. The event is organised by E@I and usually takes places in Slovakia, with the exception of 2014 when it also occurred in Russia. It has been supported several times by the Slovak ministry of education and the local mayor. In its first year, the event had a narrower focus and was called Slavic Esperanto Study (Esperanto: Slava Esperanto-Studado).History
2014
In 2014, SES happened twice for the first time. Both events were supported by the World Esperanto Association and the World Esperanto Youth Organization. The first and bigger event took place from July 12 to July 20 in Nitra, Slovakia and was officially supported by the Slovak minister of education, Dušan Čaplovič, the president of Nitra Region, Milan Belica, and the mayor of Nitra, Jozef Dvonč. It was attended by 248 people from 28 countries. In addition to traditional Esperanto lessons, this edition of SES included for the first time a course of Esperanto literature and culture led by writers Jorge Camacho and Nicola Ruggiero.From August 17 to August 25, a second SES took place for the first time outside of Slovakia, in Koltyshevo, Solnechnogorsky District, Moscow Oblast. 87 people from 10 countries attended the event that was co-organized by the Moscow Esperanto Association and the Russian Esperantist Union. In addition to Esperanto lessons, it included a translation course and a Russian language course.2015
The tenth SES took place from August 11 to August 19 in Martin, Slovakia. It was supported by the Slovak minister of education, Juraj Draxler, the president of Žilina Region, Juraj Blanár, and the mayor of Martin, Andrej Hrnčiar.
| 1
|
[
"Summer Esperanto Study",
"organizer",
"E@I"
] |
Summer Esperanto Study (Esperanto: Somera Esperanto-Studado, SES) is the biggest annual international event aiming to teach Esperanto. It occurs every summer since 2007, lasts for a week and attracts up to 250 participants from 30 countries, being aimed both at beginners and fluent speakers of the language. The event is organised by E@I and usually takes places in Slovakia, with the exception of 2014 when it also occurred in Russia. It has been supported several times by the Slovak ministry of education and the local mayor. In its first year, the event had a narrower focus and was called Slavic Esperanto Study (Esperanto: Slava Esperanto-Studado).
| 2
|
[
"Summer Esperanto Study",
"instance of",
"Esperanto meeting"
] |
Summer Esperanto Study (Esperanto: Somera Esperanto-Studado, SES) is the biggest annual international event aiming to teach Esperanto. It occurs every summer since 2007, lasts for a week and attracts up to 250 participants from 30 countries, being aimed both at beginners and fluent speakers of the language. The event is organised by E@I and usually takes places in Slovakia, with the exception of 2014 when it also occurred in Russia. It has been supported several times by the Slovak ministry of education and the local mayor. In its first year, the event had a narrower focus and was called Slavic Esperanto Study (Esperanto: Slava Esperanto-Studado).History
2014
In 2014, SES happened twice for the first time. Both events were supported by the World Esperanto Association and the World Esperanto Youth Organization. The first and bigger event took place from July 12 to July 20 in Nitra, Slovakia and was officially supported by the Slovak minister of education, Dušan Čaplovič, the president of Nitra Region, Milan Belica, and the mayor of Nitra, Jozef Dvonč. It was attended by 248 people from 28 countries. In addition to traditional Esperanto lessons, this edition of SES included for the first time a course of Esperanto literature and culture led by writers Jorge Camacho and Nicola Ruggiero.From August 17 to August 25, a second SES took place for the first time outside of Slovakia, in Koltyshevo, Solnechnogorsky District, Moscow Oblast. 87 people from 10 countries attended the event that was co-organized by the Moscow Esperanto Association and the Russian Esperantist Union. In addition to Esperanto lessons, it included a translation course and a Russian language course.
| 4
|
[
"FESTO (Esperanto meeting)",
"instance of",
"Esperanto meeting"
] |
FESTO is an annual week-long Esperanto youth meeting organized by Espéranto-Jeunes, the French branch of the Universal Esperanto Association's youth wing TEJO. It is held in a different city every summer and serves as a venue for cultural exchange, offering an occasion for Esperantists from many lands to improve their facility in the Esperanto language. Except in 2009 and 2013, meetings have been held in France.
With as few as 36 or as many as 145 attendees from 25 countries, the youth meet is renowned both for its rich musical program organized in partnership with the EUROKKA rock music collective and for its deliberately anarchic spirit: FESTO is an acronym for Franca Esperanto-Semajno Terure Organizita, ("French Esperanto Week, Terribly Organized").
Many international artists have found an appreciative audience after their first performance at FESTO. During the 2009 event, every night one or two concerts were held, featuring groups like Gijom (France), Initials DC (Germany), Kapriol (Netherlands), La Pafklik (France), Stefo (Germany), Supernova (Brazil), Tone (Brazil). Some non-Esperantist groups played as well, such as Alles Francizka.History
FESTO first occurred in Lyon in 1996, then was held every summer except in 2001 — when the International Youth Congress of Esperanto, a worldwide meeting of young Esperantists, took place in France — and in 2008, when the Espéranto-Jeunes group experienced a decline in membership numbers.
FESTO returned in 2009, thanks to greater motivation and a reinvigoration from new members.
That year's festival was held in Zwingenberg, Germany, after the German youth association, German Esperanto Youth (GEJ), provided a subsidy.
In 2010, the association had organized the meeting in Toulouse, but a month before the festival was to begin, Paul Sabatier University, a branch campus of the University of Toulouse where the meeting was to have been held, announced its refusal to allow the use of its premises. The university did not disclose the reason for cancelling the reservation, but with the help of EUROKKA and the independent Vinilkosmo record label, the meeting was hastily relocated to Donneville, 15 km from Toulouse.The City of Toulouse and the Sicoval regional district to the southeast of Toulouse furnished large tents to provide sheltered dining halls and dormitories. Despite the confusion over the venue, the event was attended by 145 participants, and ten bands from Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Catalonia and France performed. The event also featured a cybercafé, a small theatre projecting five different films and a discotheque with several international disk jockeys. Some participants also availed themselves of the chance to tour Toulouse museums and to take a mini-course in Occitan, the local dialect.
| 0
|
[
"Conference on the Application of Esperanto in Science and Technology",
"language used",
"Esperanto"
] |
The Conference on the Application of Esperanto in Science and Technology (Esperanto: Konferenco pri Aplikoj de Esperanto en Scienco kaj Tekniko, KAEST) is a biennial conference on the application of the constructed international auxiliary language Esperanto in the science and technology community.
The conference first took place in 1978 in Czechoslovakia. Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, it remained in the Czech Republic until it was transferred in 2010 to Slovakia, where it is currently being organized by the nonprofit organization E@I. The 2012 KAEST in Modra, Slovakia included a Wikipedia workshop aimed at both beginners and advanced users, organized in cooperation with Wikimedia Slovakia.
| 0
|
[
"Conference on the Application of Esperanto in Science and Technology",
"country",
"Slovakia"
] |
The Conference on the Application of Esperanto in Science and Technology (Esperanto: Konferenco pri Aplikoj de Esperanto en Scienco kaj Tekniko, KAEST) is a biennial conference on the application of the constructed international auxiliary language Esperanto in the science and technology community.
The conference first took place in 1978 in Czechoslovakia. Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, it remained in the Czech Republic until it was transferred in 2010 to Slovakia, where it is currently being organized by the nonprofit organization E@I. The 2012 KAEST in Modra, Slovakia included a Wikipedia workshop aimed at both beginners and advanced users, organized in cooperation with Wikimedia Slovakia.
| 1
|
[
"Conference on the Application of Esperanto in Science and Technology",
"organizer",
"E@I"
] |
The Conference on the Application of Esperanto in Science and Technology (Esperanto: Konferenco pri Aplikoj de Esperanto en Scienco kaj Tekniko, KAEST) is a biennial conference on the application of the constructed international auxiliary language Esperanto in the science and technology community.
The conference first took place in 1978 in Czechoslovakia. Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, it remained in the Czech Republic until it was transferred in 2010 to Slovakia, where it is currently being organized by the nonprofit organization E@I. The 2012 KAEST in Modra, Slovakia included a Wikipedia workshop aimed at both beginners and advanced users, organized in cooperation with Wikimedia Slovakia.
| 2
|
[
"Conference on the Application of Esperanto in Science and Technology",
"instance of",
"Esperanto meeting"
] |
The Conference on the Application of Esperanto in Science and Technology (Esperanto: Konferenco pri Aplikoj de Esperanto en Scienco kaj Tekniko, KAEST) is a biennial conference on the application of the constructed international auxiliary language Esperanto in the science and technology community.
The conference first took place in 1978 in Czechoslovakia. Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, it remained in the Czech Republic until it was transferred in 2010 to Slovakia, where it is currently being organized by the nonprofit organization E@I. The 2012 KAEST in Modra, Slovakia included a Wikipedia workshop aimed at both beginners and advanced users, organized in cooperation with Wikimedia Slovakia.
| 3
|
[
"European Esperanto Union",
"language used",
"Esperanto"
] |
The European Esperanto Union (EEU; Esperanto: Eŭropa Esperanto-Unio) is a union of the national Esperanto associations of the European Union member states. It holds congresses every two years. The congress in Maribor, Slovenia, in July and August 2007, attracted 256 delegates from 28 countries, including two members of the European Parliament, Małgorzata Handzlik of Poland and Ljudmila Novak of Slovenia.
In December 2009, the EEU ran a full-page advertisement in the French newspaper Le Monde advocating the use of Esperanto instead of English. As of October 2011, Seán Ó Riain is the president of the EEU.
| 0
|
[
"European Esperanto Union",
"instance of",
"Esperanto organization"
] |
The European Esperanto Union (EEU; Esperanto: Eŭropa Esperanto-Unio) is a union of the national Esperanto associations of the European Union member states. It holds congresses every two years. The congress in Maribor, Slovenia, in July and August 2007, attracted 256 delegates from 28 countries, including two members of the European Parliament, Małgorzata Handzlik of Poland and Ljudmila Novak of Slovenia.
In December 2009, the EEU ran a full-page advertisement in the French newspaper Le Monde advocating the use of Esperanto instead of English. As of October 2011, Seán Ó Riain is the president of the EEU.
| 3
|
[
"European Esperanto Union",
"instance of",
"specialized Esperanto association"
] |
The European Esperanto Union (EEU; Esperanto: Eŭropa Esperanto-Unio) is a union of the national Esperanto associations of the European Union member states. It holds congresses every two years. The congress in Maribor, Slovenia, in July and August 2007, attracted 256 delegates from 28 countries, including two members of the European Parliament, Małgorzata Handzlik of Poland and Ljudmila Novak of Slovenia.
In December 2009, the EEU ran a full-page advertisement in the French newspaper Le Monde advocating the use of Esperanto instead of English. As of October 2011, Seán Ó Riain is the president of the EEU.
| 4
|
[
"Association of Green Esperantists",
"language used",
"Esperanto"
] |
The Association of Green Esperantists (Esperanto: Asocio de Verduloj Esperantistaj, AVE) is an international non-governmental organization dedicated to using the Esperanto language, informing Greens about Esperanto, informing Esperantists about Green issues, and translating important documents.
AVE believes that Esperanto should be supported by Greens because it is a language designed to spread peace through international understanding; Esperanto protects the diversity of regional languages against the excessive use of imperialistic languages; and by using the neutral language Esperanto, Greens can help reduce language discrimination during their own international meetings.
| 0
|
[
"Association of Green Esperantists",
"instance of",
"Esperanto organization"
] |
The Association of Green Esperantists (Esperanto: Asocio de Verduloj Esperantistaj, AVE) is an international non-governmental organization dedicated to using the Esperanto language, informing Greens about Esperanto, informing Esperantists about Green issues, and translating important documents.
AVE believes that Esperanto should be supported by Greens because it is a language designed to spread peace through international understanding; Esperanto protects the diversity of regional languages against the excessive use of imperialistic languages; and by using the neutral language Esperanto, Greens can help reduce language discrimination during their own international meetings.
| 1
|
[
"Association of Green Esperantists",
"instance of",
"specialized Esperanto association"
] |
The Association of Green Esperantists (Esperanto: Asocio de Verduloj Esperantistaj, AVE) is an international non-governmental organization dedicated to using the Esperanto language, informing Greens about Esperanto, informing Esperantists about Green issues, and translating important documents.
AVE believes that Esperanto should be supported by Greens because it is a language designed to spread peace through international understanding; Esperanto protects the diversity of regional languages against the excessive use of imperialistic languages; and by using the neutral language Esperanto, Greens can help reduce language discrimination during their own international meetings.
| 2
|
[
"Baháʼí Esperanto League",
"instance of",
"specialized Esperanto association"
] |
The Baháʼí Esperanto League (BEL) is the official organization of Baháʼís who are Esperantists. It was founded on 19 March 1973 with the approval of the Universal House of Justice.
| 1
|
[
"Mondpaca Esperantista Movado",
"language used",
"Esperanto"
] |
Mondpaca Esperantista Movado (MEM; World Peace Esperantist Movement) was an Esperanto association founded in 1953 in St. Pölten, Austria, by Rudolf Burda. Its aim was "utiligi Esperanton serve al paco kaj reciproka kompreno inter la popoloj" (to use Esperanto to serve peace and reciprocal understanding between peoples). Its official magazine was PACO.
From 1959 to 1963 its vice president was Eŭgeno Bokarev. In 1983, it began to collaborate with the World Esperanto Association (UEA).
During the Cold War, MEM was able to conduct official activities on behalf of Esperanto in East Bloc countries on the condition that it must support their Communist governments and the Soviet viewpoint.
| 1
|
[
"Mondpaca Esperantista Movado",
"chairperson",
"Rudolf Burda"
] |
Mondpaca Esperantista Movado (MEM; World Peace Esperantist Movement) was an Esperanto association founded in 1953 in St. Pölten, Austria, by Rudolf Burda. Its aim was "utiligi Esperanton serve al paco kaj reciproka kompreno inter la popoloj" (to use Esperanto to serve peace and reciprocal understanding between peoples). Its official magazine was PACO.
From 1959 to 1963 its vice president was Eŭgeno Bokarev. In 1983, it began to collaborate with the World Esperanto Association (UEA).
During the Cold War, MEM was able to conduct official activities on behalf of Esperanto in East Bloc countries on the condition that it must support their Communist governments and the Soviet viewpoint.
| 3
|
[
"Magna Carta (An Embroidery)",
"based on",
"English Wikipedia"
] |
Magna Carta (An Embroidery) is a 2015 work by English installation artist Cornelia Parker. The artwork is an embroidered representation of the complete text and images of an online encyclopedia article for Magna Carta, as it appeared in English Wikipedia on 15 June 2014, the 799th anniversary of the document.
| 1
|
[
"Magna Carta (An Embroidery)",
"based on",
"Magna Carta"
] |
Magna Carta (An Embroidery) is a 2015 work by English installation artist Cornelia Parker. The artwork is an embroidered representation of the complete text and images of an online encyclopedia article for Magna Carta, as it appeared in English Wikipedia on 15 June 2014, the 799th anniversary of the document.Execution
The hand-stitched embroidery is 1.5 metres wide and nearly 13 metres long. It is a response to the legacy of Magna Carta in the digital era and Parker has referred to it as "a snapshot of where the debate is right now", the result of all open edits by English Wikipedians up to that date. It was commissioned by the Ruskin School of Art at the University of Oxford in partnership with the British Library, after being chosen from proposals from a shortlist of artists in February 2014.Parker used a screenshot from the 15 June 2014 English Wikipedia article for Magna Carta and printed it onto fabric. Like English Wikipedia, the embroidery was created through the collaboration of many individuals. It was divided in 87 sections and sent to 200 individuals who each hand-stitched portions of the artwork. She sought the collaboration of people and groups that have been affected by and associated with Magna Carta. The majority of the text was sewn by prisoners. Members of the Embroiderers' Guild stitched the images, with at least one embroiderer selected from each region of the UK. Many celebrities and public figures also contributed, stitching phrases or words of special significance to them. Parker has represented the work as "Echoing the communal activity that resulted in the Bayeux Tapestry, but on this occasion placing more emphasis on the word rather than the image, I wanted to create an artwork that is a contemporary interpretation of Magna Carta."The work includes a tea stain from a prisoner and a spot of blood from Guardian editor Alan Rusbridger, who accidentally pricked his finger while sewing.
| 4
|
[
"Magna Carta (An Embroidery)",
"fabrication method",
"embroidery"
] |
Magna Carta (An Embroidery) is a 2015 work by English installation artist Cornelia Parker. The artwork is an embroidered representation of the complete text and images of an online encyclopedia article for Magna Carta, as it appeared in English Wikipedia on 15 June 2014, the 799th anniversary of the document.Execution
The hand-stitched embroidery is 1.5 metres wide and nearly 13 metres long. It is a response to the legacy of Magna Carta in the digital era and Parker has referred to it as "a snapshot of where the debate is right now", the result of all open edits by English Wikipedians up to that date. It was commissioned by the Ruskin School of Art at the University of Oxford in partnership with the British Library, after being chosen from proposals from a shortlist of artists in February 2014.Parker used a screenshot from the 15 June 2014 English Wikipedia article for Magna Carta and printed it onto fabric. Like English Wikipedia, the embroidery was created through the collaboration of many individuals. It was divided in 87 sections and sent to 200 individuals who each hand-stitched portions of the artwork. She sought the collaboration of people and groups that have been affected by and associated with Magna Carta. The majority of the text was sewn by prisoners. Members of the Embroiderers' Guild stitched the images, with at least one embroiderer selected from each region of the UK. Many celebrities and public figures also contributed, stitching phrases or words of special significance to them. Parker has represented the work as "Echoing the communal activity that resulted in the Bayeux Tapestry, but on this occasion placing more emphasis on the word rather than the image, I wanted to create an artwork that is a contemporary interpretation of Magna Carta."The work includes a tea stain from a prisoner and a spot of blood from Guardian editor Alan Rusbridger, who accidentally pricked his finger while sewing.
| 5
|
[
"Magna Carta (An Embroidery)",
"creator",
"Cornelia Parker"
] |
Magna Carta (An Embroidery) is a 2015 work by English installation artist Cornelia Parker. The artwork is an embroidered representation of the complete text and images of an online encyclopedia article for Magna Carta, as it appeared in English Wikipedia on 15 June 2014, the 799th anniversary of the document.
| 13
|
[
"Magna Carta (An Embroidery)",
"contributor to the creative work or subject",
"Cornelia Parker"
] |
Magna Carta (An Embroidery) is a 2015 work by English installation artist Cornelia Parker. The artwork is an embroidered representation of the complete text and images of an online encyclopedia article for Magna Carta, as it appeared in English Wikipedia on 15 June 2014, the 799th anniversary of the document.Embroiderers
Parker invited some 200 people to hand-stitch portions of the work including prison inmates, civil rights campaigners, MPs, lawyers, barons and artists. Much of the work was done by 36 prisoners from 13 different prisons in England, under the supervision of the social enterprise Fine Cell Work. Members of the Embroiderers' Guild contributed the images as did students from the Royal School of Needlework and the London embroidery company Hand & Lock.
Six students from La Retraite Roman Catholic Girls' School, London were the youngest contributors to the work.Parker invited royalty to contribute to the work, but they declined. She said that right-wing people were more likely to decline; both Gordon Brown and Alex Salmond also declined to contribute.
List of contributorsJulian Assange – "freedom"
Mary Beard
Shami Chakrabarti – "Charter of Liberties"
Kenneth Clarke
Jarvis Cocker – "common people" for the song of the same name
Brian Eno – "in perpetuity"
Anthea Godfrey (Embroiderers' Guild) – image of Pope Innocent III
Antony Gormley
Germaine Greer
Igor Judge, Baron Judge and Lady Judith Judge – "Habeas Corpus"
Christopher Le Brun – "folio"
Doreen Lawrence, Baroness Lawrence of Clarendon – "justice", "denial" and "delay"
Caroline Lucas
Eliza Manningham-Buller – "freedom"
James McNeill QC – "Abbots - witnesses"
Caitlin Moran
Cornelia Parker – "prerogative"
Janet Payne (Embroiderers' Guild) – image of John of England signing Magna Carta
Philip Pullman – "Oxford"
Alan Rusbridger – "contemporary political relevance"
Edward Snowden – "liberty"
Clive Stafford Smith – stitched his contribution while visiting a client at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Peter Tatchell – "democracy" (shared with Parker)
Jimmy Wales – "user's manual"
Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi – "freedom"
Baroness Shirley Williams
Students from La Retraite Roman Catholic Girls' School – "Salisbury Cathedral", "Durham Cathedral", "South Africa" and "Australia"
| 14
|
[
"Magna Carta (An Embroidery)",
"instance of",
"embroidery"
] |
Magna Carta (An Embroidery) is a 2015 work by English installation artist Cornelia Parker. The artwork is an embroidered representation of the complete text and images of an online encyclopedia article for Magna Carta, as it appeared in English Wikipedia on 15 June 2014, the 799th anniversary of the document.Execution
The hand-stitched embroidery is 1.5 metres wide and nearly 13 metres long. It is a response to the legacy of Magna Carta in the digital era and Parker has referred to it as "a snapshot of where the debate is right now", the result of all open edits by English Wikipedians up to that date. It was commissioned by the Ruskin School of Art at the University of Oxford in partnership with the British Library, after being chosen from proposals from a shortlist of artists in February 2014.Parker used a screenshot from the 15 June 2014 English Wikipedia article for Magna Carta and printed it onto fabric. Like English Wikipedia, the embroidery was created through the collaboration of many individuals. It was divided in 87 sections and sent to 200 individuals who each hand-stitched portions of the artwork. She sought the collaboration of people and groups that have been affected by and associated with Magna Carta. The majority of the text was sewn by prisoners. Members of the Embroiderers' Guild stitched the images, with at least one embroiderer selected from each region of the UK. Many celebrities and public figures also contributed, stitching phrases or words of special significance to them. Parker has represented the work as "Echoing the communal activity that resulted in the Bayeux Tapestry, but on this occasion placing more emphasis on the word rather than the image, I wanted to create an artwork that is a contemporary interpretation of Magna Carta."The work includes a tea stain from a prisoner and a spot of blood from Guardian editor Alan Rusbridger, who accidentally pricked his finger while sewing.Embroiderers
Parker invited some 200 people to hand-stitch portions of the work including prison inmates, civil rights campaigners, MPs, lawyers, barons and artists. Much of the work was done by 36 prisoners from 13 different prisons in England, under the supervision of the social enterprise Fine Cell Work. Members of the Embroiderers' Guild contributed the images as did students from the Royal School of Needlework and the London embroidery company Hand & Lock.
Six students from La Retraite Roman Catholic Girls' School, London were the youngest contributors to the work.Parker invited royalty to contribute to the work, but they declined. She said that right-wing people were more likely to decline; both Gordon Brown and Alex Salmond also declined to contribute.
List of contributorsJulian Assange – "freedom"
Mary Beard
Shami Chakrabarti – "Charter of Liberties"
Kenneth Clarke
Jarvis Cocker – "common people" for the song of the same name
Brian Eno – "in perpetuity"
Anthea Godfrey (Embroiderers' Guild) – image of Pope Innocent III
Antony Gormley
Germaine Greer
Igor Judge, Baron Judge and Lady Judith Judge – "Habeas Corpus"
Christopher Le Brun – "folio"
Doreen Lawrence, Baroness Lawrence of Clarendon – "justice", "denial" and "delay"
Caroline Lucas
Eliza Manningham-Buller – "freedom"
James McNeill QC – "Abbots - witnesses"
Caitlin Moran
Cornelia Parker – "prerogative"
Janet Payne (Embroiderers' Guild) – image of John of England signing Magna Carta
Philip Pullman – "Oxford"
Alan Rusbridger – "contemporary political relevance"
Edward Snowden – "liberty"
Clive Stafford Smith – stitched his contribution while visiting a client at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Peter Tatchell – "democracy" (shared with Parker)
Jimmy Wales – "user's manual"
Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi – "freedom"
Baroness Shirley Williams
Students from La Retraite Roman Catholic Girls' School – "Salisbury Cathedral", "Durham Cathedral", "South Africa" and "Australia"
| 17
|
[
"Magna Carta (An Embroidery)",
"contributor to the creative work or subject",
"Doreen Lawrence"
] |
Embroiderers
Parker invited some 200 people to hand-stitch portions of the work including prison inmates, civil rights campaigners, MPs, lawyers, barons and artists. Much of the work was done by 36 prisoners from 13 different prisons in England, under the supervision of the social enterprise Fine Cell Work. Members of the Embroiderers' Guild contributed the images as did students from the Royal School of Needlework and the London embroidery company Hand & Lock.
Six students from La Retraite Roman Catholic Girls' School, London were the youngest contributors to the work.Parker invited royalty to contribute to the work, but they declined. She said that right-wing people were more likely to decline; both Gordon Brown and Alex Salmond also declined to contribute.
List of contributorsJulian Assange – "freedom"
Mary Beard
Shami Chakrabarti – "Charter of Liberties"
Kenneth Clarke
Jarvis Cocker – "common people" for the song of the same name
Brian Eno – "in perpetuity"
Anthea Godfrey (Embroiderers' Guild) – image of Pope Innocent III
Antony Gormley
Germaine Greer
Igor Judge, Baron Judge and Lady Judith Judge – "Habeas Corpus"
Christopher Le Brun – "folio"
Doreen Lawrence, Baroness Lawrence of Clarendon – "justice", "denial" and "delay"
Caroline Lucas
Eliza Manningham-Buller – "freedom"
James McNeill QC – "Abbots - witnesses"
Caitlin Moran
Cornelia Parker – "prerogative"
Janet Payne (Embroiderers' Guild) – image of John of England signing Magna Carta
Philip Pullman – "Oxford"
Alan Rusbridger – "contemporary political relevance"
Edward Snowden – "liberty"
Clive Stafford Smith – stitched his contribution while visiting a client at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Peter Tatchell – "democracy" (shared with Parker)
Jimmy Wales – "user's manual"
Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi – "freedom"
Baroness Shirley Williams
Students from La Retraite Roman Catholic Girls' School – "Salisbury Cathedral", "Durham Cathedral", "South Africa" and "Australia"
| 23
|
[
"Magna Carta (An Embroidery)",
"contributor to the creative work or subject",
"Shami Chakrabarti"
] |
Embroiderers
Parker invited some 200 people to hand-stitch portions of the work including prison inmates, civil rights campaigners, MPs, lawyers, barons and artists. Much of the work was done by 36 prisoners from 13 different prisons in England, under the supervision of the social enterprise Fine Cell Work. Members of the Embroiderers' Guild contributed the images as did students from the Royal School of Needlework and the London embroidery company Hand & Lock.
Six students from La Retraite Roman Catholic Girls' School, London were the youngest contributors to the work.Parker invited royalty to contribute to the work, but they declined. She said that right-wing people were more likely to decline; both Gordon Brown and Alex Salmond also declined to contribute.
List of contributorsJulian Assange – "freedom"
Mary Beard
Shami Chakrabarti – "Charter of Liberties"
Kenneth Clarke
Jarvis Cocker – "common people" for the song of the same name
Brian Eno – "in perpetuity"
Anthea Godfrey (Embroiderers' Guild) – image of Pope Innocent III
Antony Gormley
Germaine Greer
Igor Judge, Baron Judge and Lady Judith Judge – "Habeas Corpus"
Christopher Le Brun – "folio"
Doreen Lawrence, Baroness Lawrence of Clarendon – "justice", "denial" and "delay"
Caroline Lucas
Eliza Manningham-Buller – "freedom"
James McNeill QC – "Abbots - witnesses"
Caitlin Moran
Cornelia Parker – "prerogative"
Janet Payne (Embroiderers' Guild) – image of John of England signing Magna Carta
Philip Pullman – "Oxford"
Alan Rusbridger – "contemporary political relevance"
Edward Snowden – "liberty"
Clive Stafford Smith – stitched his contribution while visiting a client at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Peter Tatchell – "democracy" (shared with Parker)
Jimmy Wales – "user's manual"
Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi – "freedom"
Baroness Shirley Williams
Students from La Retraite Roman Catholic Girls' School – "Salisbury Cathedral", "Durham Cathedral", "South Africa" and "Australia"
| 24
|
[
"Magna Carta (An Embroidery)",
"contributor to the creative work or subject",
"Eliza Manningham-Buller"
] |
Embroiderers
Parker invited some 200 people to hand-stitch portions of the work including prison inmates, civil rights campaigners, MPs, lawyers, barons and artists. Much of the work was done by 36 prisoners from 13 different prisons in England, under the supervision of the social enterprise Fine Cell Work. Members of the Embroiderers' Guild contributed the images as did students from the Royal School of Needlework and the London embroidery company Hand & Lock.
Six students from La Retraite Roman Catholic Girls' School, London were the youngest contributors to the work.Parker invited royalty to contribute to the work, but they declined. She said that right-wing people were more likely to decline; both Gordon Brown and Alex Salmond also declined to contribute.
List of contributorsJulian Assange – "freedom"
Mary Beard
Shami Chakrabarti – "Charter of Liberties"
Kenneth Clarke
Jarvis Cocker – "common people" for the song of the same name
Brian Eno – "in perpetuity"
Anthea Godfrey (Embroiderers' Guild) – image of Pope Innocent III
Antony Gormley
Germaine Greer
Igor Judge, Baron Judge and Lady Judith Judge – "Habeas Corpus"
Christopher Le Brun – "folio"
Doreen Lawrence, Baroness Lawrence of Clarendon – "justice", "denial" and "delay"
Caroline Lucas
Eliza Manningham-Buller – "freedom"
James McNeill QC – "Abbots - witnesses"
Caitlin Moran
Cornelia Parker – "prerogative"
Janet Payne (Embroiderers' Guild) – image of John of England signing Magna Carta
Philip Pullman – "Oxford"
Alan Rusbridger – "contemporary political relevance"
Edward Snowden – "liberty"
Clive Stafford Smith – stitched his contribution while visiting a client at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp
Peter Tatchell – "democracy" (shared with Parker)
Jimmy Wales – "user's manual"
Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi – "freedom"
Baroness Shirley Williams
Students from La Retraite Roman Catholic Girls' School – "Salisbury Cathedral", "Durham Cathedral", "South Africa" and "Australia"
| 26
|
[
"Magna Carta (An Embroidery)",
"contributor to the creative work or subject",
"Alan Rusbridger"
] |
Execution
The hand-stitched embroidery is 1.5 metres wide and nearly 13 metres long. It is a response to the legacy of Magna Carta in the digital era and Parker has referred to it as "a snapshot of where the debate is right now", the result of all open edits by English Wikipedians up to that date. It was commissioned by the Ruskin School of Art at the University of Oxford in partnership with the British Library, after being chosen from proposals from a shortlist of artists in February 2014.Parker used a screenshot from the 15 June 2014 English Wikipedia article for Magna Carta and printed it onto fabric. Like English Wikipedia, the embroidery was created through the collaboration of many individuals. It was divided in 87 sections and sent to 200 individuals who each hand-stitched portions of the artwork. She sought the collaboration of people and groups that have been affected by and associated with Magna Carta. The majority of the text was sewn by prisoners. Members of the Embroiderers' Guild stitched the images, with at least one embroiderer selected from each region of the UK. Many celebrities and public figures also contributed, stitching phrases or words of special significance to them. Parker has represented the work as "Echoing the communal activity that resulted in the Bayeux Tapestry, but on this occasion placing more emphasis on the word rather than the image, I wanted to create an artwork that is a contemporary interpretation of Magna Carta."The work includes a tea stain from a prisoner and a spot of blood from Guardian editor Alan Rusbridger, who accidentally pricked his finger while sewing.
| 27
|
[
"The Concert for Bangladesh (album)",
"contributor to the creative work or subject",
"Bob Dylan"
] |
George Harrison – vocals, electric and acoustic guitars, backing vocals
Ravi Shankar – sitar
Bob Dylan – vocals, acoustic guitar, harmonica
Leon Russell – piano, vocals, bass, backing vocals
Ringo Starr – drums, vocals, tambourine
Billy Preston – Hammond organ, vocals
Eric Clapton – electric guitar
Ali Akbar Khan – sarod
Alla Rakha – tabla
Kamala Chakravarty – tambura"The Band"
| 11
|
[
"The Concert for Bangladesh (album)",
"contributor to the creative work or subject",
"Eric Clapton"
] |
George Harrison – vocals, electric and acoustic guitars, backing vocals
Ravi Shankar – sitar
Bob Dylan – vocals, acoustic guitar, harmonica
Leon Russell – piano, vocals, bass, backing vocals
Ringo Starr – drums, vocals, tambourine
Billy Preston – Hammond organ, vocals
Eric Clapton – electric guitar
Ali Akbar Khan – sarod
Alla Rakha – tabla
Kamala Chakravarty – tambura"The Band"
| 18
|
[
"The Concert for Bangladesh (album)",
"contributor to the creative work or subject",
"Ravi Shankar"
] |
George Harrison – vocals, electric and acoustic guitars, backing vocals
Ravi Shankar – sitar
Bob Dylan – vocals, acoustic guitar, harmonica
Leon Russell – piano, vocals, bass, backing vocals
Ringo Starr – drums, vocals, tambourine
Billy Preston – Hammond organ, vocals
Eric Clapton – electric guitar
Ali Akbar Khan – sarod
Alla Rakha – tabla
Kamala Chakravarty – tambura"The Band"
| 19
|
[
"The Concert for Bangladesh (album)",
"record label",
"Apple Records"
] |
Concerts
While in Los Angeles in June 1971, and after being made aware of the gravity of the situation in what was then known as East Pakistan by friend and musician Ravi Shankar, George Harrison set about organising two fundraising concerts at Madison Square Garden, New York, to aid the war-ravaged and disaster-stricken country. In the middle of these hurried preparations, he composed the song "Bangla Desh" in order to call further attention to the Bengalis' cause, and rush-released it as a charity single four days before the shows. The recent success of his All Things Must Pass triple album allowed Harrison to headline the all-star UNICEF benefit concerts, backed by a 24-piece band of musicians and singers, on Sunday, 1 August 1971. The shows marked the first time that Harrison and Ringo Starr had performed on stage together since the Beatles quit touring in 1966; since then, they, like Bob Dylan, had been mostly unavailable to concert audiences. In Dylan's case, it was his first appearance at a major US concert in five years, although his participation had been uncertain until he walked on for his segment midway through the afternoon show.The concerts were highly successful in raising international awareness of the plight of the refugees – thought to number up to 10 million – and a cheque for over US$243,000 was soon sent to UNICEF for relief. The media lavished praise on Harrison as an ambassador for rock altruism; Rolling Stone magazine hailed the event as proof that "the Utopian spirit of the Sixties was still flickering". With concert recording having been carried out at Madison Square Garden by Gary Kellgren, using the Record Plant's 16-track mobile unit, Harrison intended to raise significantly more money via a live album of the event, to be issued on the Beatles' Apple Records label, followed by Apple Films' concert documentary, also to be titled The Concert for Bangladesh.
| 21
|
[
"The Concert for Bangladesh (album)",
"contributor to the creative work or subject",
"Billy Preston"
] |
George Harrison – vocals, electric and acoustic guitars, backing vocals
Ravi Shankar – sitar
Bob Dylan – vocals, acoustic guitar, harmonica
Leon Russell – piano, vocals, bass, backing vocals
Ringo Starr – drums, vocals, tambourine
Billy Preston – Hammond organ, vocals
Eric Clapton – electric guitar
Ali Akbar Khan – sarod
Alla Rakha – tabla
Kamala Chakravarty – tambura"The Band"
| 23
|
[
"The Concert for Bangladesh (album)",
"contributor to the creative work or subject",
"Leon Russell"
] |
George Harrison – vocals, electric and acoustic guitars, backing vocals
Ravi Shankar – sitar
Bob Dylan – vocals, acoustic guitar, harmonica
Leon Russell – piano, vocals, bass, backing vocals
Ringo Starr – drums, vocals, tambourine
Billy Preston – Hammond organ, vocals
Eric Clapton – electric guitar
Ali Akbar Khan – sarod
Alla Rakha – tabla
Kamala Chakravarty – tambura"The Band"
| 24
|
[
"The Concert for Bangladesh (album)",
"contributor to the creative work or subject",
"Ali Akbar Khan"
] |
George Harrison – vocals, electric and acoustic guitars, backing vocals
Ravi Shankar – sitar
Bob Dylan – vocals, acoustic guitar, harmonica
Leon Russell – piano, vocals, bass, backing vocals
Ringo Starr – drums, vocals, tambourine
Billy Preston – Hammond organ, vocals
Eric Clapton – electric guitar
Ali Akbar Khan – sarod
Alla Rakha – tabla
Kamala Chakravarty – tambura"The Band"
| 26
|
[
"The Concert for Bangladesh (album)",
"producer",
"Phil Spector"
] |
The Concert for Bangladesh (originally spelt The Concert for Bangla Desh) is a live triple album credited to "George Harrison & Friends" and released on Apple Records in December 1971 in America and January 1972 in Britain. The album followed the two concerts of the same name, held on 1 August 1971 at New York's Madison Square Garden, featuring Harrison, Bob Dylan, Ravi Shankar, Ali Akbar Khan, Ringo Starr, Billy Preston, Leon Russell and Eric Clapton. The shows were a pioneering charity event, in aid of the homeless Bengali refugees of the Bangladesh Liberation War, and set the model for future multi-artist rock benefits such as Live Aid (1985) and the Concert for New York City (2001). The event brought Harrison and Starr together on a concert stage for the first time since 1966, when the Beatles retired from live performance, and represented Dylan's first major concert appearance in the US in five years.
Co-produced by Phil Spector, The Concert for Bangladesh features his Wall of Sound approach in a live setting. Besides the main performers, the musicians and singers include Badfinger, Jim Horn, Klaus Voormann, Alla Rakha, Jim Keltner, Jesse Ed Davis and Claudia Lennear. Minimal post-production was carried out on the recordings, ensuring that the album was a faithful document of the event. The box set's packaging included a 64-page book containing photos from the concerts; the album cover, designed by Tom Wilkes, consisted of an image of a malnourished child sitting beside an empty food bowl. The album was delayed for three months due to protracted negotiations between Harrison and two record companies keen to protect their business interests, Capitol and Columbia/CBS.
On release, The Concert for Bangladesh was a major critical and commercial success. It topped albums charts in several countries and went on to win the Grammy Award for Album of the Year in March 1973. Together with the 1972 Apple concert film directed by Saul Swimmer, the album gained Indian classical music its largest Western audience up until that time. It was reissued in 2005, four years after Harrison's death, with revised artwork. As of 2011, sales of the album continue to benefit the George Harrison Fund for UNICEF, which raised $1.2 million for children in the Horn of Africa, in a campaign marking the album's 40th anniversary.
| 32
|
[
"The Concert for Bangladesh (album)",
"contributor to the creative work or subject",
"Alla Rakha"
] |
George Harrison – vocals, electric and acoustic guitars, backing vocals
Ravi Shankar – sitar
Bob Dylan – vocals, acoustic guitar, harmonica
Leon Russell – piano, vocals, bass, backing vocals
Ringo Starr – drums, vocals, tambourine
Billy Preston – Hammond organ, vocals
Eric Clapton – electric guitar
Ali Akbar Khan – sarod
Alla Rakha – tabla
Kamala Chakravarty – tambura"The Band"
| 38
|
[
"Ornithopter",
"contributor to the creative work or subject",
"Lawrence Hargrave"
] |
In 1841, an ironsmith kalfa (journeyman), Manojlo, who "came to Belgrade from Vojvodina", attempted flying with a device described as an ornithopter ("flapping wings like those of a bird"). Refused by the authorities a permit to take off from the belfry of Saint Michael's Cathedral, he clandestinely climbed to the rooftop of the Dumrukhana (import tax head office) and took off, landing in a heap of snow, and surviving.The first ornithopters capable of flight were constructed in France. Jobert in 1871 used a rubber band to power a small model bird. Alphonse Pénaud, Abel Hureau de Villeneuve, and Victor Tatin, also made rubber-powered ornithopters during the 1870s. Tatin's ornithopter was perhaps the first to use active torsion of the wings, and apparently it served as the basis for a commercial toy offered by Pichancourt c. 1889. Gustave Trouvé was the first to use internal combustion, and his 1890 model flew a distance of 80 meters in a demonstration for the French Academy of Sciences. The wings were flapped by gunpowder charges activating a Bourdon tube.
From 1884 on, Lawrence Hargrave built scores of ornithopters powered by rubber bands, springs, steam, or compressed air. He introduced the use of small flapping wings providing the thrust for a larger fixed wing; this innovation eliminated the need for gear reduction, thereby simplifying the construction.
| 0
|
[
"Ornithopter",
"contributor to the creative work or subject",
"Alphonse Pénaud"
] |
Wing design
If future crewed motorized ornithopters cease to be "exotic", imaginary, unreal aircraft and start to serve humans as junior members of the aircraft family, designers and engineers will need to solve not only wing design problems but many other problems involved in making them safe and reliable aircraft. Some of these problems, such as stability, controllability, and durability, are necessary for all aircraft. Other problems specific to ornithopters will appear; optimizing flapping-wing design is only one of them.
An effective ornithopter must have wings capable of generating both thrust, the force that propels the craft forward, and lift, the force (perpendicular to the direction of flight) that keeps the craft airborne. These forces must be strong enough to counter the effects of drag and the weight of the craft.
Leonardo's ornithopter designs were inspired by his study of birds, and conceived the use of flapping motion to generate thrust and provide the forward motion necessary for aerodynamic lift. However, using materials available at that time the craft would be too heavy and require too much energy to produce sufficient lift or thrust for flight. Alphonse Pénaud introduced the idea of a powered ornithopter in 1874. His design had limited power and was uncontrollable, causing it to be transformed into a toy for children. More recent vehicles, such as the human-powered ornithopters of Lippisch (1929) and Emiel Hartman (1959), were capable powered gliders but required a towing vehicle in order to take off and may not have been capable of generating sufficient lift for sustained flight. Hartman's ornithopter lacked the theoretical background of others based on the study of winged flight, but exemplified the idea of an ornithopter as a birdlike machine rather than a machine that directly copies birds' method of flight. The 1960s saw powered uncrewed ornithopters of various sizes capable of achieving and sustaining flight, providing valuable real-world examples of mechanical winged flight. In 1991, Harris and DeLaurier flew the first successful engine-powered remotely piloted ornithopter in Toronto, Canada. In 1999, a piloted ornithopter based on this design flew, capable of taking off from level pavement and executing sustained flight.An ornithopter's flapping wings and their motion through the air are designed to maximize the amount of lift generated within limits of weight, material strength and mechanical complexity. A flexible wing material can increase efficiency while keeping the driving mechanism simple. In wing designs with the spar sufficiently forward of the airfoil that the aerodynamic center is aft of the elastic axis of the wing, aeroelastic deformation causes the wing to move in a manner close to its ideal efficiency (in which pitching angles lag plunging displacements by approximately 90 degrees.) Flapping wings increase drag and are not as efficient as propeller-powered aircraft. Some designs achieve increased efficiency by applying more power on the down stroke than on the upstroke, as do most birds.In order to achieve the desired flexibility and minimum weight, engineers and researchers have experimented with wings that require carbon fiber, plywood, fabric, and ribs, with a stiff, strong trailing edge. Any mass located aft of the empennage reduces the wing's performance, so lightweight materials and empty space are used where possible. To minimize drag and maintain the desired shape, choice of a material for the wing surface is also important. In DeLaurier's experiments, a smooth aerodynamic surface with a double-surface airfoil is more efficient at producing lift than a single-surface airfoil.
Other ornithopters do not necessarily act like birds or bats in flight. Typically birds and bats have thin and cambered wings to produce lift and thrust. Ornithopters with thinner wings have a limited angle of attack but provide optimum minimum-drag performance for a single lift coefficient.Although hummingbirds fly with fully extended wings, such flight is not feasible for an ornithopter. If an ornithopter wing were to fully extend and twist and flap in small movements it would cause a stall, and if it were to twist and flap in very large motions, it would act like a windmill causing an inefficient flying situation.A team of engineers and researchers called "Fullwing" has created an ornithopter that has an average lift of over 8 pounds, an average thrust of 0.88 pounds, and a propulsive efficiency of 54%. The wings were tested in a low-speed wind tunnel measuring the aerodynamic performance, showing that the higher the frequency of the wing beat, the higher the average thrust of the ornithopter.
| 1
|
[
"Ornithopter",
"different from",
"rotorcraft"
] |
Aerodynamics
As demonstrated by birds, flapping wings offer potential advantages in maneuverability and energy savings compared with fixed-wing aircraft, as well as potentially vertical take-off and landing. It has been suggested that these advantages are greatest at small sizes and low flying speeds, but the development of comprehensive aerodynamic theory for flapping remains an outstanding problem due to the complex non-linear nature of such unsteady separating flows.Unlike airplanes and helicopters, the driving airfoils of the ornithopter have a flapping or oscillating motion, instead of rotary. As with helicopters, the wings usually have a combined function of providing both lift and thrust. Theoretically, the flapping wing can be set to zero angle of attack on the upstroke, so it passes easily through the air. Since typically the flapping airfoils produce both lift and thrust, drag-inducing structures are minimized. These two advantages potentially allow a high degree of efficiency.
| 2
|
[
"Ornithopter",
"contributor to the creative work or subject",
"Leonardo da Vinci"
] |
Early history
Some early crewed flight attempts may have been intended to achieve flapping-wing flight, but probably only a glide was actually achieved. They include the purported flights of the 11th-century Catholic monk Eilmer of Malmesbury (recorded in the 12th century) and the 9th-century poet Abbas Ibn Firnas (recorded in the 17th century). Roger Bacon, writing in 1260, was also among the first to consider a technological means of flight. In 1485, Leonardo da Vinci began to study the flight of birds. He grasped that humans are too heavy, and not strong enough, to fly using wings simply attached to the arms. He, therefore, sketched a device in which the aviator lies down on a plank and works two large, membranous wings using hand levers, foot pedals, and a system of pulleys.
| 4
|
[
"Ornithopter",
"significant event",
"flight"
] |
An ornithopter (from Greek ornis, ornith- 'bird' and pteron 'wing') is an aircraft that flies by flapping its wings. Designers sought to imitate the flapping-wing flight of birds, bats, and insects. Though machines may differ in form, they are usually built on the same scale as flying animals. Larger, crewed ornithopters have also been built and some have been successful. Crewed ornithopters are generally either powered by engines or by the pilot.
| 5
|
[
"Ornithopter",
"different from",
"fixed-wing aircraft"
] |
An ornithopter (from Greek ornis, ornith- 'bird' and pteron 'wing') is an aircraft that flies by flapping its wings. Designers sought to imitate the flapping-wing flight of birds, bats, and insects. Though machines may differ in form, they are usually built on the same scale as flying animals. Larger, crewed ornithopters have also been built and some have been successful. Crewed ornithopters are generally either powered by engines or by the pilot.
| 7
|
[
"Ornithopter",
"contributor to the creative work or subject",
"Victor Tatin"
] |
In 1841, an ironsmith kalfa (journeyman), Manojlo, who "came to Belgrade from Vojvodina", attempted flying with a device described as an ornithopter ("flapping wings like those of a bird"). Refused by the authorities a permit to take off from the belfry of Saint Michael's Cathedral, he clandestinely climbed to the rooftop of the Dumrukhana (import tax head office) and took off, landing in a heap of snow, and surviving.The first ornithopters capable of flight were constructed in France. Jobert in 1871 used a rubber band to power a small model bird. Alphonse Pénaud, Abel Hureau de Villeneuve, and Victor Tatin, also made rubber-powered ornithopters during the 1870s. Tatin's ornithopter was perhaps the first to use active torsion of the wings, and apparently it served as the basis for a commercial toy offered by Pichancourt c. 1889. Gustave Trouvé was the first to use internal combustion, and his 1890 model flew a distance of 80 meters in a demonstration for the French Academy of Sciences. The wings were flapped by gunpowder charges activating a Bourdon tube.
From 1884 on, Lawrence Hargrave built scores of ornithopters powered by rubber bands, springs, steam, or compressed air. He introduced the use of small flapping wings providing the thrust for a larger fixed wing; this innovation eliminated the need for gear reduction, thereby simplifying the construction.
| 14
|
[
"Ornithopter",
"contributor to the creative work or subject",
"Alexander Lippisch"
] |
E. P. Frost made ornithopters starting in the 1870s; first models were powered by steam engines, then in the 1900s, an internal-combustion craft large enough for a person was built, though it did not fly.In the 1930s, Alexander Lippisch and the National Socialist Flyers Corps of Nazi Germany constructed and successfully flew a series of internal combustion-powered ornithopters, using Hargrave's concept of small flapping wings, but with aerodynamic improvements resulting from the methodical study.
Erich von Holst, also working in the 1930s, achieved great efficiency and realism in his work with ornithopters powered by rubber bands. He achieved perhaps the first success of an ornithopter with a bending wing, intended to imitate more closely the folding wing action of birds, although it was not a true variable-span wing-like those of birds.Around 1960, Percival Spencer successfully flew a series of uncrewed ornithopters using internal combustion engines ranging from 0.020-to-0.80-cubic-inch (0.33 to 13.11 cm3) displacement, and having wingspans up to 8 feet (2.4 m). In 1961, Percival Spencer and Jack Stephenson flew the first successful engine-powered, remotely piloted ornithopter, known as the Spencer Orniplane. The Orniplane had a 90.7-inch (2,300 mm) wingspan, weighed 7.5 pounds (3.4 kg), and was powered by a 0.35-cubic-inch (5.7 cm3)-displacement two-stroke engine. It had a biplane configuration, to reduce oscillation of the fuselage.
| 16
|
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