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[
"Renault",
"instance of",
"business"
] |
History
Founding and early years (1898–1918)
The Renault corporation was founded on 25 February 1899 (1899-02-25) as Société Renault Frères by Louis Renault and his brothers Marcel and Fernand. Louis was a bright, aspiring young engineer who had already designed and built several prototypes before teaming up with his brothers, who had honed their business skills working for their father's textile firm. While Louis handled design and production, Marcel and Fernand managed the business.The first Renault car, the Renault Voiturette 1CV, was sold to a friend of Louis' father after giving him a test ride on 24 December 1898.
| 32
|
[
"Renault",
"has subsidiary",
"Oyak-Renault"
] |
Groupe Renault (UK: REN-oh, US: rə-NAWLT, rə-NOH, French: [ɡʁup ʁəno], also known as the Renault Group in English; legally Renault S.A.) is a French multinational automobile manufacturer established in 1899. The company produces a range of cars and vans and in the past, has manufactured trucks, tractors, tanks, buses/coaches, aircraft and aircraft engines, and autorail vehicles.
According to the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles, in 2016 Renault was the ninth biggest automaker in the world by production volume. By 2017, the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance had become the world's biggest seller of light vehicles.Headquartered in Boulogne-Billancourt, near Paris, the Renault group is made up of the namesake Renault marque and subsidiaries, Alpine, Renault Sport (Gordini), Automobile Dacia from Romania, and Renault Korea Motors from South Korea. Renault has a 43.4% stake with several votes in Nissan of Japan and used to have a 1.55% stake in Daimler AG of Germany, which it sold off in early 2021 to help them overcome financial difficulties. (Since 2012, Renault has manufactured engines for Daimler's Mercedes A-Class and B-Class cars and is also fully involved in manufacturing the Mercedes-Benz Citan van). Renault also owns subsidiaries RCI Banque (automotive financing), Renault Retail Group (automotive distribution) and Motrio (automotive parts). Renault has various joint ventures, including Oyak-Renault (Turkey) and Renault Pars (Iran). The French state owns a 15% share of Renault.Renault Trucks, previously known as Renault Véhicules Industriels, has been part of Volvo since 2001. Renault Agriculture became 100% owned by German agricultural equipment manufacturer CLAAS in 2008. Renault's shareholding in AvtoVAZ is being divested to the Government of Russia as an effect of the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Together Renault and Nissan invested €4 billion (US$5.16 billion) in eight electric vehicles over three to four years beginning in 2011. Since the launch of the Renault electric program, the group has sold more than 273,000 electric vehicles worldwide through December 2019.Renault is known for its role in motor sport, particularly rallying, Formula 1 and Formula E. Its early work on mathematical curve modeling for car bodies is important in the history of computer graphics.
| 38
|
[
"Renault",
"has subsidiary",
"Saviem"
] |
During the 1950s, Renault absorbed two small French heavy vehicle manufacturers (Somua and Latil) and in 1955 merged them with its own truck and bus division to form the Société Anonyme de Véhicules Industriels et d'Equipements Mécaniques (Saviem).
| 39
|
[
"Renault",
"has subsidiary",
"RCI Banque"
] |
Groupe Renault (UK: REN-oh, US: rə-NAWLT, rə-NOH, French: [ɡʁup ʁəno], also known as the Renault Group in English; legally Renault S.A.) is a French multinational automobile manufacturer established in 1899. The company produces a range of cars and vans and in the past, has manufactured trucks, tractors, tanks, buses/coaches, aircraft and aircraft engines, and autorail vehicles.
According to the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles, in 2016 Renault was the ninth biggest automaker in the world by production volume. By 2017, the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance had become the world's biggest seller of light vehicles.Headquartered in Boulogne-Billancourt, near Paris, the Renault group is made up of the namesake Renault marque and subsidiaries, Alpine, Renault Sport (Gordini), Automobile Dacia from Romania, and Renault Korea Motors from South Korea. Renault has a 43.4% stake with several votes in Nissan of Japan and used to have a 1.55% stake in Daimler AG of Germany, which it sold off in early 2021 to help them overcome financial difficulties. (Since 2012, Renault has manufactured engines for Daimler's Mercedes A-Class and B-Class cars and is also fully involved in manufacturing the Mercedes-Benz Citan van). Renault also owns subsidiaries RCI Banque (automotive financing), Renault Retail Group (automotive distribution) and Motrio (automotive parts). Renault has various joint ventures, including Oyak-Renault (Turkey) and Renault Pars (Iran). The French state owns a 15% share of Renault.Renault Trucks, previously known as Renault Véhicules Industriels, has been part of Volvo since 2001. Renault Agriculture became 100% owned by German agricultural equipment manufacturer CLAAS in 2008. Renault's shareholding in AvtoVAZ is being divested to the Government of Russia as an effect of the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Together Renault and Nissan invested €4 billion (US$5.16 billion) in eight electric vehicles over three to four years beginning in 2011. Since the launch of the Renault electric program, the group has sold more than 273,000 electric vehicles worldwide through December 2019.Renault is known for its role in motor sport, particularly rallying, Formula 1 and Formula E. Its early work on mathematical curve modeling for car bodies is important in the history of computer graphics.RCI Banque
RCI Banque is a wholly owned subsidiary that provides financial services for Renault marques worldwide and Nissan marques in Europe, Russia and South America.
| 40
|
[
"Renault",
"product or material produced",
"light commercial vehicle"
] |
Koleos (2008–present; Renault Samsung QM5/Renault Samsung QM6)
Arkana (2020–present; Renault Samsung XM3)Renault light commercial vehicles:Master (1980–present; developed by Renault and sold in some markets as the Nissan Interstar)
Trafic (1980–present; developed by Renault and sold in some markets as the Mitsubishi Express and the Nissan Primastar)
Kangoo (1997–present; developed by Renault and sold in some markets as the Mercedes-Benz Citan and the Nissan Townstar)
Express (2021–present; developed by Renault and sold in some markets as the Mercedes-Benz Citan and the Nissan Townstar)Dacia light commercial vehicles, sold in some markets under the Renault marque:
| 41
|
[
"Renault",
"has subsidiary",
"Renault Korea Motors"
] |
Renault Korea Motors
Renault acquired the car division of Samsung on 1 September 2000 in a $560 million deal for 70% of the company, eventually increasing its stake to 80.1%. The majority of the company's production at its Busan plant is exported under the Renault badge.
| 44
|
[
"Renault",
"instance of",
"automobile manufacturer"
] |
Groupe Renault (UK: REN-oh, US: rə-NAWLT, rə-NOH, French: [ɡʁup ʁəno], also known as the Renault Group in English; legally Renault S.A.) is a French multinational automobile manufacturer established in 1899. The company produces a range of cars and vans and in the past, has manufactured trucks, tractors, tanks, buses/coaches, aircraft and aircraft engines, and autorail vehicles.
According to the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles, in 2016 Renault was the ninth biggest automaker in the world by production volume. By 2017, the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance had become the world's biggest seller of light vehicles.Headquartered in Boulogne-Billancourt, near Paris, the Renault group is made up of the namesake Renault marque and subsidiaries, Alpine, Renault Sport (Gordini), Automobile Dacia from Romania, and Renault Korea Motors from South Korea. Renault has a 43.4% stake with several votes in Nissan of Japan and used to have a 1.55% stake in Daimler AG of Germany, which it sold off in early 2021 to help them overcome financial difficulties. (Since 2012, Renault has manufactured engines for Daimler's Mercedes A-Class and B-Class cars and is also fully involved in manufacturing the Mercedes-Benz Citan van). Renault also owns subsidiaries RCI Banque (automotive financing), Renault Retail Group (automotive distribution) and Motrio (automotive parts). Renault has various joint ventures, including Oyak-Renault (Turkey) and Renault Pars (Iran). The French state owns a 15% share of Renault.Renault Trucks, previously known as Renault Véhicules Industriels, has been part of Volvo since 2001. Renault Agriculture became 100% owned by German agricultural equipment manufacturer CLAAS in 2008. Renault's shareholding in AvtoVAZ is being divested to the Government of Russia as an effect of the ongoing Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Together Renault and Nissan invested €4 billion (US$5.16 billion) in eight electric vehicles over three to four years beginning in 2011. Since the launch of the Renault electric program, the group has sold more than 273,000 electric vehicles worldwide through December 2019.Renault is known for its role in motor sport, particularly rallying, Formula 1 and Formula E. Its early work on mathematical curve modeling for car bodies is important in the history of computer graphics.
| 69
|
[
"Agence des participations de l'État",
"country",
"France"
] |
Agence des participations de l'État (APE, literally "State Participations Agency"), created in 2004 under the government of Jean-Pierre Raffarin, is the French agency responsible for managing the State's shareholdings in companies of strategic importance. As of 2021, APE has €685.3 billion worth of assets under management, which includes investments in companies involved in energy, industry, defence, transport, communication and finance, among others.History
The State participation agency is a Service à compétence nationale (service with national competence) created in September 2004.
The creation of the Agency responded to the need to clarify the role of a shareholder of the State and the promotion of its patrimonial interests alongside the regulatory functions, tax collection, sectoral supervision, buyer that the State exercises.
This first step provided the State with a structure embodying and exclusively exercising its role as a shareholder. The second step was to endow the APE with greater autonomy. The appointment of a State Equity Commissioner, reporting directly to the French Ministry of the Economy and Finance, completed the process. Since May 2017, the APE has 88 companies in its portfolio.
Since 2001, the activity of the State shareholder has been traced every year in a report appended to the draft Loi de finances en France (Finance law in France).
| 1
|
[
"Agence des participations de l'État",
"instance of",
"government agency"
] |
Agence des participations de l'État (APE, literally "State Participations Agency"), created in 2004 under the government of Jean-Pierre Raffarin, is the French agency responsible for managing the State's shareholdings in companies of strategic importance. As of 2021, APE has €685.3 billion worth of assets under management, which includes investments in companies involved in energy, industry, defence, transport, communication and finance, among others.History
The State participation agency is a Service à compétence nationale (service with national competence) created in September 2004.
The creation of the Agency responded to the need to clarify the role of a shareholder of the State and the promotion of its patrimonial interests alongside the regulatory functions, tax collection, sectoral supervision, buyer that the State exercises.
This first step provided the State with a structure embodying and exclusively exercising its role as a shareholder. The second step was to endow the APE with greater autonomy. The appointment of a State Equity Commissioner, reporting directly to the French Ministry of the Economy and Finance, completed the process. Since May 2017, the APE has 88 companies in its portfolio.
Since 2001, the activity of the State shareholder has been traced every year in a report appended to the draft Loi de finances en France (Finance law in France).
| 6
|
[
"Agence des participations de l'État",
"legal form",
"service with national competence of a non-defense ministry"
] |
Agence des participations de l'État (APE, literally "State Participations Agency"), created in 2004 under the government of Jean-Pierre Raffarin, is the French agency responsible for managing the State's shareholdings in companies of strategic importance. As of 2021, APE has €685.3 billion worth of assets under management, which includes investments in companies involved in energy, industry, defence, transport, communication and finance, among others.History
The State participation agency is a Service à compétence nationale (service with national competence) created in September 2004.
The creation of the Agency responded to the need to clarify the role of a shareholder of the State and the promotion of its patrimonial interests alongside the regulatory functions, tax collection, sectoral supervision, buyer that the State exercises.
This first step provided the State with a structure embodying and exclusively exercising its role as a shareholder. The second step was to endow the APE with greater autonomy. The appointment of a State Equity Commissioner, reporting directly to the French Ministry of the Economy and Finance, completed the process. Since May 2017, the APE has 88 companies in its portfolio.
Since 2001, the activity of the State shareholder has been traced every year in a report appended to the draft Loi de finances en France (Finance law in France).
| 21
|
[
"III Armored Corps",
"conflict",
"World War II"
] |
World War II
Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor bringing America into World War II, III Corps remained in the United States, where it was assigned to organize defenses of the West Coast, specifically California, against the threat of attack from Japan. During this time III Corps operated at Monterey, California.The corps was moved to Fort McPherson, Georgia in early 1942 for training. After a short period, the corps returned to Monterey and on 19 August 1942, it was designated a separate corps, capable of deployment. During the next two years, III Corps would train thousands of troops for combat, including 33 division-sized units, and participate in four corps-level maneuvers, including the Louisiana Maneuvers.Europe
On 23 August 1944, the corps headquarters departed California for Camp Myles Standish in Massachusetts. It deployed for the European Theater of Operations (ETO) on 5 September 1944. Upon arrival at Cherbourg, France, III Corps, under the command of Major General John Millikin, was assigned to the Ninth Army, part of Lieutenant General Omar Bradley's U.S. 12th Army Group, and given the code name "CENTURY" which it retained throughout the war. The corps headquarters was established at Carteret, in Normandy, and for six weeks, the corps received and processed all the troops of the 12th Army Group arriving over the Normandy beaches during that period. The corps also participated in the "Red Ball Express" by organizing 45 provisional truck companies to carry fuel and ammunition for the units on the front lines.The corps was assigned to Lieutenant General George S. Patton's Third Army on 10 October 1944, and moved to Etain, near Verdun, and into combat. The corps' first fighting was for the Metz region, as it was moved to attack Fort Jeanne d'Arc, one of the last forts holding out in the region. That fort fell on 13 December 1944.Later that month on 16 December came the last German counteroffensive in the Battle of the Bulge, as over 250,000 German troops, supported by over 1,000 tanks and assault guns assaulted the lines of VIII Corps, some 40 miles to the north of III Corps. The next day Patton, the Third Army commander, warned III Corps that it would likely be ordered to assist. At that time the corps consisted of the 26th and 80th Infantry Divisions and the 4th Armored Division. III Corps was moved north to assist in the relief of Bastogne, Belgium, with the attack commencing at 04:00 on 22 December 1944. The corps advanced north, catching the German forces by surprise on their south flank, cutting them off. The 4th Armored Division was eventually able to reach Bastogne, where the 101st Airborne Division had been surrounded by German forces, and relieve it. During the first 10 days of this action, III Corps liberated more than 100 towns, including Bastogne. This operation was key in halting the German offensive and the eventual drive to the Rhine River.During the first four months of 1945, III Corps moved quickly to the offensive. On 25 February, the corps, now as part of the First Army, established a bridgehead over the Roer River, which, in turn, led to the capture of the Ludendorff Bridge at Remagen, on the Rhine River, on 7 March. On 30 March, the Edersee Dam was captured intact by Task Force Wolfe of the 7th Armored Division, and the corps, now commanded by Major General James Van Fleet after Millikin's relief, continued the attack to seize the Ruhr Pocket on 5 April 1945. In late April, III Corps reformed and launched a drive through Bavaria towards Austria. On 2 May 1945, III Corps was ordered to halt at the Inn River on the Austrian border, just days before V-E Day, when the German forces surrendered, bringing an end of World War II in Europe.
| 2
|
[
"III Armored Corps",
"conflict",
"Iraq War"
] |
21st century
In 2001, the corps was composed of the 1st Cavalry Division and the 4th Infantry Division as well as the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment and the 13th Corps Support Command. However, with realignment of the US Army and the return of several formations from Europe, the corps took command of the 1st Infantry Division and the 1st Armored Division as well, both of these units having been transferred from V Corps in Germany.
The corps headquarters saw its first combat deployment since the Second World War in 2004, when it deployed to Iraq for Operation Iraqi Freedom. There, III Corps headquarters assumed duties as Headquarters Multi-National Corps – Iraq, relieving V Corps. III Corps served as the administrative command for 2,500 soldiers of the Multi-National Force – Iraq command element, providing operational direction into 2005, when it was returned to Fort Hood, relieved by XVIII Airborne Corps. III Corps has for many years participated in an exchange program which sees a Canadian Army officer appointed as a deputy commanding general. Notably, Peter Devlin deployed with the corps to Iraq in 2005.
III Corps Artillery was inactivated on 8 September 2006. Henceforth the field artillery brigades, soon to become Fires Brigades, would be assigned to the corps and division headquarters directly.
| 8
|
[
"III Armored Corps",
"has subsidiary",
"504th Military Intelligence Brigade"
] |
III Corps, Fort Cavazos, Texas 1st Cavalry Division, Fort Cavazos, Texas (Operation Reforger Formation)
2nd Armored Division, Fort Cavazos, Texas (Operation Reforger Formation)
2nd Armored Division (Forward), Garlstedt, West Germany (as of 1978)
5th Infantry Division (Mechanized), Fort Polk, Louisiana (Operation Reforger Formation)
101st Airborne Division, Fort Campbell
III Corps Artillery, Fort Sill, Oklahoma
75th Field Artillery Brigade, Fort Sill, Oklahoma
212th Field Artillery Brigade, Fort Sill, Oklahoma (Operation Reforger Unit)
214th Field Artillery Brigade, Fort Sill, Oklahoma
3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment, Fort Bliss, Texas (Operation Reforger Unit)
6th Cavalry Brigade (Air Combat), Fort Cavazos, Texas
31st Air Defense Artillery Brigade, Fort Cavazos, Texas
89th Military Police Brigade, Fort Cavazos, Texas
3rd Signal Brigade (Corps), Fort Cavazos, Texas
504th Military Intelligence Brigade, Fort Cavazos, Texas
13th Corps Support Command, Fort Cavazos, Texas
| 14
|
[
"III Armored Corps",
"has subsidiary",
"75th Field Artillery Brigade"
] |
III Corps, Fort Cavazos, Texas 1st Cavalry Division, Fort Cavazos, Texas (Operation Reforger Formation)
2nd Armored Division, Fort Cavazos, Texas (Operation Reforger Formation)
2nd Armored Division (Forward), Garlstedt, West Germany (as of 1978)
5th Infantry Division (Mechanized), Fort Polk, Louisiana (Operation Reforger Formation)
101st Airborne Division, Fort Campbell
III Corps Artillery, Fort Sill, Oklahoma
75th Field Artillery Brigade, Fort Sill, Oklahoma
212th Field Artillery Brigade, Fort Sill, Oklahoma (Operation Reforger Unit)
214th Field Artillery Brigade, Fort Sill, Oklahoma
3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment, Fort Bliss, Texas (Operation Reforger Unit)
6th Cavalry Brigade (Air Combat), Fort Cavazos, Texas
31st Air Defense Artillery Brigade, Fort Cavazos, Texas
89th Military Police Brigade, Fort Cavazos, Texas
3rd Signal Brigade (Corps), Fort Cavazos, Texas
504th Military Intelligence Brigade, Fort Cavazos, Texas
13th Corps Support Command, Fort Cavazos, Texas
| 15
|
[
"XVIII Airborne Corps",
"country",
"United States of America"
] |
The XVIII Airborne Corps is a corps of the United States Army that has been in existence since 1942 and saw extensive service during World War II. The corps is designed for rapid deployment anywhere in the world and is referred to as "America's Contingency Corps." Its headquarters are at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.XVIII Airborne Corps returned to Fort Bragg in October 2022 after a nine month deployment to Germany, in support of NATO and European Allies and partners. The mission was to provide a joint task force-capable headquarters in light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
| 0
|
[
"XVIII Airborne Corps",
"conflict",
"World War II"
] |
The XVIII Airborne Corps is a corps of the United States Army that has been in existence since 1942 and saw extensive service during World War II. The corps is designed for rapid deployment anywhere in the world and is referred to as "America's Contingency Corps." Its headquarters are at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.XVIII Airborne Corps returned to Fort Bragg in October 2022 after a nine month deployment to Germany, in support of NATO and European Allies and partners. The mission was to provide a joint task force-capable headquarters in light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.History
World War II
The corps was first activated on 17 January 1942, five weeks after the entry of the United States into World War II, as the II Armored Corps at Camp Polk, Louisiana, under the command of Major General William Henry Harrison Morris, Jr. When the concept of armored corps proved unnecessary, II Armored Corps was re-designated as XVIII Corps on 9 October 1943 at the Presidio of Monterey, California.XVIII Corps deployed to Europe on 17 August 1944 and became the XVIII Airborne Corps on 25 August 1944 at Ogbourne St. George, England, assuming command of the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions, as part of the preparation for Operation Market Garden. Prior to this time, the two divisions were assigned to VII Corps and jumped into Normandy during Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Normandy, as part of VII Corps.Major General Matthew Bunker Ridgway, a highly professional, competent and experienced airborne commander who had led the 82nd Airborne Division in Sicily, Italy and Normandy, was chosen to command the corps, which then consisted of the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions and was part of the newly created First Allied Airborne Army.
The corps headquarters did not see service in Operation Market Garden, with the British I Airborne Corps being chosen instead to exercise operational command of all Allied airborne forces in the operation, including the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions.
Following the Battle of the Bulge, in which the corps played a significant part (and which, during the early stages of the battle, the corps was commanded by Major General James M. Gavin of the 82nd Airborne), all American airborne units on the Western Front fell under command of the corps. XVIII Airborne Corps planned and executed Operation Varsity, the airborne component of Operation Plunder, the crossing of the River Rhine into Germany. It was one of the largest airborne operations of the war, with the British 6th and U.S. 17th Airborne Divisions under command.After taking part in the Western Allied invasion of Germany, the XVIII Airborne Corps, still under Ridgway, returned to the United States in June 1945 and was initially to take part in the invasion of Japan, codenamed Operation Downfall. However, the Japanese surrendered just weeks later and XVIII Airborne Corps was inactivated on 15 October 1945 at Fort Campbell, Kentucky.
| 1
|
[
"XVIII Airborne Corps",
"has subsidiary",
"82nd Airborne Division"
] |
Current structure
XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg
3rd Infantry Division, Fort Stewart
10th Mountain Division, Fort Drum
82nd Airborne Division, Fort Bragg
101st Airborne Division, Fort Campbell
3rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Fort Bragg
7th Transportation Brigade, Fort Eustis
16th Military Police Brigade, Fort Bragg
83rd Civil Affairs Battalion, Fort Bragg (Administratively assigned, operationally controlled by XVIII Airborne Corps)
18th Field Artillery Brigade, Fort Bragg
20th Engineer Brigade, Fort Bragg
35th Signal Brigade, Fort Gordon
44th Medical Brigade, Fort Bragg
525th Expeditionary Military Intelligence Brigade, Fort BraggOther supporting units:
| 2
|
[
"XVIII Airborne Corps",
"military branch",
"United States Army"
] |
The XVIII Airborne Corps is a corps of the United States Army that has been in existence since 1942 and saw extensive service during World War II. The corps is designed for rapid deployment anywhere in the world and is referred to as "America's Contingency Corps." Its headquarters are at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.XVIII Airborne Corps returned to Fort Bragg in October 2022 after a nine month deployment to Germany, in support of NATO and European Allies and partners. The mission was to provide a joint task force-capable headquarters in light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
| 3
|
[
"XVIII Airborne Corps",
"conflict",
"Gulf War"
] |
Desert Storm
In 1991, XVIII Airborne Corps participated in the Persian Gulf War. The corps was responsible for securing VII Corps' northern flank against a possible Iraqi counterattack. Along with the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions, 24th Infantry Division and 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment, XVIII Airborne Corps also gained operational control of the French 6th Light Armor Division (LAD) (which also included units from the French Foreign Legion).
During Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, XVIII Airborne Corps Artillery consisted of the 3d Battalion, 8th Field Artillery; 5th Battalion, 8th Field Artillery; and the 1st Battalion (Airborne), 39th Field Artillery. The living quarters for these three units were situated between the 82d Airborne Division and the Special Forces at Fort Bragg. Of the three units, only 1-39th was airborne qualified and served as the only fully airborne deployable 155 mm Field Artillery unit in history. The 1-39th FA and 3-8th FA were key components of the thrust into Iraq in the first Gulf War, providing fire support for the French Foreign Legion and the 82nd Airborne Division.
The 5th Battalion, 8th Field Artillery also served in a major support role for 82d and French troops during the Gulf War. It consisted of three individual batteries. Batteries A and B were Airborne-qualified, while Battery C was air assault. Batteries A and B were assigned to Fort Bragg, North Carolina and Battery C was assigned to Fort Campbell, Kentucky. All of the battalions were subsequently re-flagged during the years following the Gulf War.
Task Force 118 had flown the OH-58D Kiowa Warrior off naval vessels during Operation Prime Chance in the 1980s, operating against Iran in the Persian Gulf. It was redesignated the 4th Squadron, 17th Cavalry on 15 January 1991. During the Gulf War of 1991 it was part of the 18th Aviation Brigade.Notable members
John D. Altenburg, MG – Deputy Judge Advocate General of the U.S. Army.
Lloyd Austin, GEN — Commanding General of XVIII Airborne Corps, Commanding General of CENTCOM, 28th United States Secretary of Defense.
Ralph Eaton, BG – 82nd Airborne Division and XVIII Airborne Corps Chief of Staff.
Michael C. Flowers, BG – Commander, Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command.
Michael T. Flynn, LTG – 25th National Security Advisor, Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency, and ISAF Commander.
Charles D. Gemar, LTC – US Astronaut.
Teresa King, SGM – First female Commandant of the U.S. Army Drill Sergeant Academy.
Gary Luck, GEN - Corps commander and later CG, USFK
Stanley A. McChrystal, GEN – ISAF Commander.
Raymond T. Odierno, GEN – 38th Army Chief of Staff.
James Peake, LTG – Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
David Petraeus, GEN – ISAF Commander and Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
Matthew Ridgway, GEN - U.S. Army Chief of Staff
David M. Rodriguez, GEN – Commander, U.S. Africa Command and FORSCOM.
Arthur D. Simons, COL – Led the Son Tay raid during the Vietnam War.
Thomas Tackaberry, LTG - Veteran of World War II, Korea and Vietnam.
Michael Tomczyk, CPT – Computer entrepreneur and joint developer of the VIC-20.
Thomas R. Turner II, LTG – Commanding General of United States Army North.
James C. Yarbrough, BG – Commander, Joint Readiness Training Center at Fort Polk.
Wayne Eyre, GEN – Commander of the Canadian Army and Chief of Defence Staff.
| 4
|
[
"XVIII Airborne Corps",
"has subsidiary",
"101st Airborne Division"
] |
World War II units
1st Infantry Division — 26 January 1945 – 12 February 1945.
4th Infantry Division
8th Infantry Division — 26 January 1945 – 10 July 1945.
17th Airborne Division — 12 August 1944 – 1 January 1945; 15 February 1945 – 24 March 1945.
29th Infantry Division
30th Infantry Division — 21 December 1944 – 3 February 1945.
34th Infantry Division
75th Infantry Division — 29 December 1944 – 2 January 1945; 7 January 1945.
78th Infantry Division — 3 February 1945 – 12 February 1945.
82nd Airborne Division — 12 August 1944 – 17 September 1944; 19 December 1944 – 14 February 1945; 30 April 1945 – 3 January 1946.
84th Infantry Division — 20 December 1944 – 21 December 1944.
86th Infantry Division — 5 April 1945 – 22 April 1945.
89th Infantry Division
97th Infantry Division — 10 April 1945 – 22 April 1945.
101st Airborne Division — 12 August 1944 – 21 September 1944; 28 February 1945 – 1 April 1945.
106th Infantry Division — 20 December 1944 – 6 February 1945.
3rd Armored Division — 19 December 1944 – 23 December 1944.
5th Armored Division — 4 May 1945 – 10 October 1945.
7th Armored Division — 20 December 1944 – 29 January 1945; 30 April 1945 – 9 October 1945.
13th Armored Division — 10 April 1945 – 22 April 1945.Cold War
The Corps was reactivated at Fort Bragg on 21 May 1951 under the command of Major General John W. Leonard. Since then, the corps has been the primary strategic response force, with subordinate units participating in over a dozen major operations (listed below) in both combat and humanitarian roles, primarily in Central America and the CENTCOM area of responsibility.In 1958 the XVIII Airborne Corps was given the additional mission of becoming the Strategic Army Corps. The corps was now tasked, in addition, to provide a flexible strike capability that could deploy worldwide, on short notice, without a declaration of an emergency. The 4th Infantry Division at Fort Lewis, Washington, and the 101st Airborne Division at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, were designated as STRAC's first-line divisions, while the 1st Infantry Division at Fort Riley, Kansas, and the 82nd Airborne Division at Fort Bragg were to provide backup in the event of general war. The 5th Logistical Command (later inactivated), also at Fort Bragg, would provide the corps with logistics support, while Fort Bragg's XVIII Airborne Corps Artillery would control artillery units.The Corps deployed forces to the United States occupation of the Dominican Republic ('Operation Power Pack') in 1965.
The Corps deployed forces to the Vietnam War, including the entire 101st Airborne Division and the 3rd Brigade of the 82nd Airborne division.
In 1967 elements of the Corps were deployed to Detroit to suppress riots, and also to The Congo to support the government there and to rescue civilian hostages as part of Operation Dragon Rouge.
In 1982 the Corps first rotated elements to the Sinai Peninsula as part of the Multinational Force and Observers (UN) to guarantee the Camp David Peace Accords.
In 1983 elements of the Corps were deployed to the island of Grenada as part of Operation Urgent Fury, with the stated goal of reestablishing the democratically elected government.
In 1989 XVIII Airborne Corps, commanded by then LTG Carl Stiner, participated in the invasion of Panama in Operation Just Cause. Stiner served concurrently as Commander of Joint Task Force South.
| 6
|
[
"XVIII Airborne Corps",
"parent organization",
"United States Army Forces Command"
] |
The XVIII Airborne Corps is a corps of the United States Army that has been in existence since 1942 and saw extensive service during World War II. The corps is designed for rapid deployment anywhere in the world and is referred to as "America's Contingency Corps." Its headquarters are at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.XVIII Airborne Corps returned to Fort Bragg in October 2022 after a nine month deployment to Germany, in support of NATO and European Allies and partners. The mission was to provide a joint task force-capable headquarters in light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
| 8
|
[
"XVIII Airborne Corps",
"location",
"Fort Bragg"
] |
The XVIII Airborne Corps is a corps of the United States Army that has been in existence since 1942 and saw extensive service during World War II. The corps is designed for rapid deployment anywhere in the world and is referred to as "America's Contingency Corps." Its headquarters are at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.XVIII Airborne Corps returned to Fort Bragg in October 2022 after a nine month deployment to Germany, in support of NATO and European Allies and partners. The mission was to provide a joint task force-capable headquarters in light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
| 9
|
[
"XVIII Airborne Corps",
"has subsidiary",
"16th Military Police Brigade"
] |
Major formations, 1950–2006
The 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions have served with the corps since the 1950s. The 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized) was 'reflagged' as the 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized) in April 1996.
7th Infantry Division (Light)
10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry)
XVIII Airborne Corps Artillery
18th Field Artillery Brigade
1st Sustainment Command (Theater)
35th Signal Brigade
18th Aviation Brigade (no longer active)
20th Engineer Brigade
525th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade
108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade
16th Military Police Brigade
44th Medical Command
additional smaller, National Guard, and Reserve unitsCurrent structure
XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg
3rd Infantry Division, Fort Stewart
10th Mountain Division, Fort Drum
82nd Airborne Division, Fort Bragg
101st Airborne Division, Fort Campbell
3rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Fort Bragg
7th Transportation Brigade, Fort Eustis
16th Military Police Brigade, Fort Bragg
83rd Civil Affairs Battalion, Fort Bragg (Administratively assigned, operationally controlled by XVIII Airborne Corps)
18th Field Artillery Brigade, Fort Bragg
20th Engineer Brigade, Fort Bragg
35th Signal Brigade, Fort Gordon
44th Medical Brigade, Fort Bragg
525th Expeditionary Military Intelligence Brigade, Fort BraggOther supporting units:
| 10
|
[
"XVIII Airborne Corps",
"has subsidiary",
"20th Engineer Brigade"
] |
Major formations, 1950–2006
The 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions have served with the corps since the 1950s. The 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized) was 'reflagged' as the 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized) in April 1996.
7th Infantry Division (Light)
10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry)
XVIII Airborne Corps Artillery
18th Field Artillery Brigade
1st Sustainment Command (Theater)
35th Signal Brigade
18th Aviation Brigade (no longer active)
20th Engineer Brigade
525th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade
108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade
16th Military Police Brigade
44th Medical Command
additional smaller, National Guard, and Reserve units
| 11
|
[
"XVIII Airborne Corps",
"has subsidiary",
"35th Signal Brigade"
] |
Major formations, 1950–2006
The 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions have served with the corps since the 1950s. The 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized) was 'reflagged' as the 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized) in April 1996.
7th Infantry Division (Light)
10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry)
XVIII Airborne Corps Artillery
18th Field Artillery Brigade
1st Sustainment Command (Theater)
35th Signal Brigade
18th Aviation Brigade (no longer active)
20th Engineer Brigade
525th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade
108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade
16th Military Police Brigade
44th Medical Command
additional smaller, National Guard, and Reserve units
| 12
|
[
"XVIII Airborne Corps",
"has subsidiary",
"18th Field Artillery Brigade"
] |
XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg, North CarolinaHeadquarters & Headquarters Company
18th Personnel Group
18th Finance Group
1st Battalion, 2nd Air Defense Artillery, Fort Stewart
10th Mountain Division (Light), Fort Drum, New York
24th Infantry Division (Mechanized), Fort Stewart, Georgia
82nd Airborne Division, Fort Bragg, North Carolina
101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), Fort Campbell, Kentucky
XVIII Airborne Corps Artillery, Fort Bragg
18th Field Artillery Brigade (Airborne), Fort BraggHeadquarters & Headquarters Battery
3rd Battalion, 8th Field Artillery (24 × M198 155mm towed howitzer)
5th Battalion, 8th Field Artillery (24 × M198 155mm towed howitzer)
3rd Battalion, 27th Field Artillery (27 × M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System)
1st Battalion, 39th Field Artillery (Airborne) (24 × M198 155mm towed howitzer)
1st Field Artillery Detachment (Target Acquisition)
18th Aviation Brigade (Airborne), Fort Bragg
Headquarters & Headquarters Company
1st Battalion, 58th Aviation (Air Traffic Control)
1st Battalion, 159th Aviation (General Support)
2nd Battalion, 159th Aviation (Medium Lift)
3rd Battalion, 159th Aviation (Attack)
2nd Battalion, 229th Aviation (Attack) (former 2nd Battalion, 101st Aviation)
20th Engineer Brigade (Airborne), Fort Bragg27th Engineer Battalion (Airborne)
30th Engineer Battalion (Topographic)
37th Engineer Battalion (Airborne)
175th Engineer Company
264th Engineer Company (Bridge)
362nd Engineer Company
16th Military Police Brigade (Airborne), Fort Bragg
503rd Military Police Battalion (Airborne)
35th Signal Brigade (Airborne), Fort Bragg25th Signal Battalion (Corps Area)
50th Signal Battalion (Corps Command Operations) (Airborne)
327th Signal Battalion (Corps Radio)
426th Signal Battalion (Corps Area)
525th Military Intelligence Brigade (Airborne), Fort Bragg
224th Military Intelligence Battalion (Aerial Exploitation), Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia
319th Military Intelligence Battalion (Operations)
519th Military Intelligence Battalion (Tactical Exploitation) (Airborne)
1st Corps Support Command (Airborne), Fort Braggsubordination formations and unitsMajor formations, 1950–2006
The 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions have served with the corps since the 1950s. The 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized) was 'reflagged' as the 3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized) in April 1996.
7th Infantry Division (Light)
10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry)
XVIII Airborne Corps Artillery
18th Field Artillery Brigade
1st Sustainment Command (Theater)
35th Signal Brigade
18th Aviation Brigade (no longer active)
20th Engineer Brigade
525th Battlefield Surveillance Brigade
108th Air Defense Artillery Brigade
16th Military Police Brigade
44th Medical Command
additional smaller, National Guard, and Reserve unitsCurrent structure
XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg
3rd Infantry Division, Fort Stewart
10th Mountain Division, Fort Drum
82nd Airborne Division, Fort Bragg
101st Airborne Division, Fort Campbell
3rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), Fort Bragg
7th Transportation Brigade, Fort Eustis
16th Military Police Brigade, Fort Bragg
83rd Civil Affairs Battalion, Fort Bragg (Administratively assigned, operationally controlled by XVIII Airborne Corps)
18th Field Artillery Brigade, Fort Bragg
20th Engineer Brigade, Fort Bragg
35th Signal Brigade, Fort Gordon
44th Medical Brigade, Fort Bragg
525th Expeditionary Military Intelligence Brigade, Fort BraggOther supporting units:
| 18
|
[
"XVIII Airborne Corps",
"conflict",
"Operation Inherent Resolve"
] |
21st century
The Corps headquarters was deployed to Afghanistan from May 2002 – 2003, and became Combined Joint Task Force 180 for the deployment.
XVIII Airborne Corps was deployed from January 2005 to January 2006 to Baghdad, Iraq, where it served as the Multi-National Corps – Iraq. Following its return, XVIII Airborne Corps and its subordinate units began the process of modernization and reorganization.
Under the previous Army Chief of Staff's future restructure of the Army, the corps headquarters of the XVIII Airborne Corps will lose its airborne (specifically parachute) certification as a cost-cutting measure—the same will occur to the divisional headquarters of the 82nd Airborne Division. This plan is designed to follow the U.S. Army's restructuring plan to go from being division-based to brigade-based. This will mean that the largest units that will be airborne – specifically parachute certified – will be at the brigade level. Even so, for traditional and historical reasons, the formation will continue to be called the XVIII Airborne Corps.
The divisions that fall under the XVIII Airborne Corps (as well as the other two corps in the Army) are in a period of transition, shifting from corps control to fall directly under FORSCOM, eliminating the corps status as a middle man. This ties in with the Army's broad modularity plan, as a corps can deploy and support any unit, not just the units subordinate to the corps. The 3d Infantry Division, the 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry), and the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) have already changed over to direct FORSCOM control. The 82nd Airborne Division will transfer after the division returns from Afghanistan.
In August 2006, XVIII Airborne Corps traveled to South Korea to participate in Ulchi Focus Lens, a joint training exercise between the Republic of Korea Army and coalition forces stationed there.In mid-April, 2007, the Department of the Army confirmed the next OIF deployment schedule, with XVIII Airborne Corps deploying to relieve III Corps as the MNC-I at Camp Victory, Baghdad, Iraq. XVIII Airborne Corps is scheduled to replace III Corps in November, 2007. The corps will deploy along with 1st Armored Division and 4th Infantry Division, as well as 1st Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division, and 1st BCT, 82nd Airborne Division.On 21 December 2016, Stars and Stripes reported that in August the XVIII Airborne Corps deployed to Iraq for Operation Inherent Resolve, in December this included the XVIII Airborne Corps headquarters and the 1st Special Forces Command, which is deployed as the Special Operations Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve. The 18th Field Artillery Brigade deployed into Iraq with High Mobility Artillery Rocket Systems.A Canadian Army General has served with the XVIII Corps since 2007.
| 19
|
[
"XVIII Airborne Corps",
"instance of",
"Airborne Corps"
] |
The XVIII Airborne Corps is a corps of the United States Army that has been in existence since 1942 and saw extensive service during World War II. The corps is designed for rapid deployment anywhere in the world and is referred to as "America's Contingency Corps." Its headquarters are at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.XVIII Airborne Corps returned to Fort Bragg in October 2022 after a nine month deployment to Germany, in support of NATO and European Allies and partners. The mission was to provide a joint task force-capable headquarters in light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.History
World War II
The corps was first activated on 17 January 1942, five weeks after the entry of the United States into World War II, as the II Armored Corps at Camp Polk, Louisiana, under the command of Major General William Henry Harrison Morris, Jr. When the concept of armored corps proved unnecessary, II Armored Corps was re-designated as XVIII Corps on 9 October 1943 at the Presidio of Monterey, California.XVIII Corps deployed to Europe on 17 August 1944 and became the XVIII Airborne Corps on 25 August 1944 at Ogbourne St. George, England, assuming command of the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions, as part of the preparation for Operation Market Garden. Prior to this time, the two divisions were assigned to VII Corps and jumped into Normandy during Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Normandy, as part of VII Corps.Major General Matthew Bunker Ridgway, a highly professional, competent and experienced airborne commander who had led the 82nd Airborne Division in Sicily, Italy and Normandy, was chosen to command the corps, which then consisted of the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions and was part of the newly created First Allied Airborne Army.
The corps headquarters did not see service in Operation Market Garden, with the British I Airborne Corps being chosen instead to exercise operational command of all Allied airborne forces in the operation, including the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions.
Following the Battle of the Bulge, in which the corps played a significant part (and which, during the early stages of the battle, the corps was commanded by Major General James M. Gavin of the 82nd Airborne), all American airborne units on the Western Front fell under command of the corps. XVIII Airborne Corps planned and executed Operation Varsity, the airborne component of Operation Plunder, the crossing of the River Rhine into Germany. It was one of the largest airborne operations of the war, with the British 6th and U.S. 17th Airborne Divisions under command.After taking part in the Western Allied invasion of Germany, the XVIII Airborne Corps, still under Ridgway, returned to the United States in June 1945 and was initially to take part in the invasion of Japan, codenamed Operation Downfall. However, the Japanese surrendered just weeks later and XVIII Airborne Corps was inactivated on 15 October 1945 at Fort Campbell, Kentucky.XVIII Airborne Corps, Fort Bragg, North CarolinaHeadquarters & Headquarters Company
18th Personnel Group
18th Finance Group
1st Battalion, 2nd Air Defense Artillery, Fort Stewart
10th Mountain Division (Light), Fort Drum, New York
24th Infantry Division (Mechanized), Fort Stewart, Georgia
82nd Airborne Division, Fort Bragg, North Carolina
101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), Fort Campbell, Kentucky
XVIII Airborne Corps Artillery, Fort Bragg
18th Field Artillery Brigade (Airborne), Fort BraggHeadquarters & Headquarters Battery
3rd Battalion, 8th Field Artillery (24 × M198 155mm towed howitzer)
5th Battalion, 8th Field Artillery (24 × M198 155mm towed howitzer)
3rd Battalion, 27th Field Artillery (27 × M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System)
1st Battalion, 39th Field Artillery (Airborne) (24 × M198 155mm towed howitzer)
1st Field Artillery Detachment (Target Acquisition)
18th Aviation Brigade (Airborne), Fort Bragg
Headquarters & Headquarters Company
1st Battalion, 58th Aviation (Air Traffic Control)
1st Battalion, 159th Aviation (General Support)
2nd Battalion, 159th Aviation (Medium Lift)
3rd Battalion, 159th Aviation (Attack)
2nd Battalion, 229th Aviation (Attack) (former 2nd Battalion, 101st Aviation)
20th Engineer Brigade (Airborne), Fort Bragg27th Engineer Battalion (Airborne)
30th Engineer Battalion (Topographic)
37th Engineer Battalion (Airborne)
175th Engineer Company
264th Engineer Company (Bridge)
362nd Engineer Company
16th Military Police Brigade (Airborne), Fort Bragg
503rd Military Police Battalion (Airborne)
35th Signal Brigade (Airborne), Fort Bragg25th Signal Battalion (Corps Area)
50th Signal Battalion (Corps Command Operations) (Airborne)
327th Signal Battalion (Corps Radio)
426th Signal Battalion (Corps Area)
525th Military Intelligence Brigade (Airborne), Fort Bragg
224th Military Intelligence Battalion (Aerial Exploitation), Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia
319th Military Intelligence Battalion (Operations)
519th Military Intelligence Battalion (Tactical Exploitation) (Airborne)
1st Corps Support Command (Airborne), Fort Braggsubordination formations and units
| 22
|
[
"XVIII Airborne Corps",
"instance of",
"United States Army Corps"
] |
The XVIII Airborne Corps is a corps of the United States Army that has been in existence since 1942 and saw extensive service during World War II. The corps is designed for rapid deployment anywhere in the world and is referred to as "America's Contingency Corps." Its headquarters are at Fort Bragg, North Carolina.XVIII Airborne Corps returned to Fort Bragg in October 2022 after a nine month deployment to Germany, in support of NATO and European Allies and partners. The mission was to provide a joint task force-capable headquarters in light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
| 23
|
[
"Filmauro",
"product or material produced",
"film"
] |
Filmauro is an Italian media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of films, founded in 1975 by Luigi De Laurentiis.
The company catalogue counts over 400 movies. The company also owns a series of movie theaters in Rome, Italy, and the Serie A football club, SSC Napoli.
They produced the successful annual Cinepanettone films.
| 4
|
[
"Filmauro",
"owned by",
"Aurelio De Laurentiis"
] |
Filmauro is an Italian media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of films, founded in 1975 by Luigi De Laurentiis.
The company catalogue counts over 400 movies. The company also owns a series of movie theaters in Rome, Italy, and the Serie A football club, SSC Napoli.
They produced the successful annual Cinepanettone films.
| 5
|
[
"Filmauro",
"industry",
"film industry"
] |
Filmauro is an Italian media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of films, founded in 1975 by Luigi De Laurentiis.
The company catalogue counts over 400 movies. The company also owns a series of movie theaters in Rome, Italy, and the Serie A football club, SSC Napoli.
They produced the successful annual Cinepanettone films.
| 6
|
[
"Filmauro",
"instance of",
"business"
] |
Filmauro is an Italian media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of films, founded in 1975 by Luigi De Laurentiis.
The company catalogue counts over 400 movies. The company also owns a series of movie theaters in Rome, Italy, and the Serie A football club, SSC Napoli.
They produced the successful annual Cinepanettone films.External links
Filmauro Corporate page
| 7
|
[
"City Football Group",
"country",
"United Kingdom"
] |
City Football Group Limited (CFG) is a British-based holding company that administers association football clubs. The group is owned by three organisations; of which 81% is majority owned by Abu Dhabi United Group, 18% by the American firm Silver Lake, and 1% by Chinese firms China Media Capital and CITIC Capital.The group derives its name from Manchester City F.C., its flagship football club and acts as the club's parent company. CFG also owns stakes in clubs in the United States, Australia, India, Japan, Spain, Brazil, Uruguay, China, Belgium, France and Italy.
| 0
|
[
"City Football Group",
"has subsidiary",
"Manchester City F.C."
] |
City Football Group Limited (CFG) is a British-based holding company that administers association football clubs. The group is owned by three organisations; of which 81% is majority owned by Abu Dhabi United Group, 18% by the American firm Silver Lake, and 1% by Chinese firms China Media Capital and CITIC Capital.The group derives its name from Manchester City F.C., its flagship football club and acts as the club's parent company. CFG also owns stakes in clubs in the United States, Australia, India, Japan, Spain, Brazil, Uruguay, China, Belgium, France and Italy.
| 3
|
[
"City Football Group",
"field of work",
"entertainment"
] |
City Football Group Limited (CFG) is a British-based holding company that administers association football clubs. The group is owned by three organisations; of which 81% is majority owned by Abu Dhabi United Group, 18% by the American firm Silver Lake, and 1% by Chinese firms China Media Capital and CITIC Capital.The group derives its name from Manchester City F.C., its flagship football club and acts as the club's parent company. CFG also owns stakes in clubs in the United States, Australia, India, Japan, Spain, Brazil, Uruguay, China, Belgium, France and Italy.
| 4
|
[
"City Football Group",
"instance of",
"business"
] |
City Football Group Limited (CFG) is a British-based holding company that administers association football clubs. The group is owned by three organisations; of which 81% is majority owned by Abu Dhabi United Group, 18% by the American firm Silver Lake, and 1% by Chinese firms China Media Capital and CITIC Capital.The group derives its name from Manchester City F.C., its flagship football club and acts as the club's parent company. CFG also owns stakes in clubs in the United States, Australia, India, Japan, Spain, Brazil, Uruguay, China, Belgium, France and Italy.
| 10
|
[
"City Football Group",
"instance of",
"enterprise"
] |
City Football Group Limited (CFG) is a British-based holding company that administers association football clubs. The group is owned by three organisations; of which 81% is majority owned by Abu Dhabi United Group, 18% by the American firm Silver Lake, and 1% by Chinese firms China Media Capital and CITIC Capital.The group derives its name from Manchester City F.C., its flagship football club and acts as the club's parent company. CFG also owns stakes in clubs in the United States, Australia, India, Japan, Spain, Brazil, Uruguay, China, Belgium, France and Italy.
| 11
|
[
"City Football Group",
"owned by",
"Abu Dhabi United Group"
] |
City Football Group Limited (CFG) is a British-based holding company that administers association football clubs. The group is owned by three organisations; of which 81% is majority owned by Abu Dhabi United Group, 18% by the American firm Silver Lake, and 1% by Chinese firms China Media Capital and CITIC Capital.The group derives its name from Manchester City F.C., its flagship football club and acts as the club's parent company. CFG also owns stakes in clubs in the United States, Australia, India, Japan, Spain, Brazil, Uruguay, China, Belgium, France and Italy.
| 14
|
[
"City Football Group",
"parent organization",
"Abu Dhabi United Group"
] |
City Football Group Limited (CFG) is a British-based holding company that administers association football clubs. The group is owned by three organisations; of which 81% is majority owned by Abu Dhabi United Group, 18% by the American firm Silver Lake, and 1% by Chinese firms China Media Capital and CITIC Capital.The group derives its name from Manchester City F.C., its flagship football club and acts as the club's parent company. CFG also owns stakes in clubs in the United States, Australia, India, Japan, Spain, Brazil, Uruguay, China, Belgium, France and Italy.
| 15
|
[
"City Football Group",
"legal form",
"private limited company"
] |
City Football Group Limited (CFG) is a British-based holding company that administers association football clubs. The group is owned by three organisations; of which 81% is majority owned by Abu Dhabi United Group, 18% by the American firm Silver Lake, and 1% by Chinese firms China Media Capital and CITIC Capital.The group derives its name from Manchester City F.C., its flagship football club and acts as the club's parent company. CFG also owns stakes in clubs in the United States, Australia, India, Japan, Spain, Brazil, Uruguay, China, Belgium, France and Italy.
| 16
|
[
"Maurice Lacroix",
"country",
"Switzerland"
] |
Maurice Lacroix is a Swiss luxury watchmaker based in the Canton of Jura and headquartered in Zürich.History
Maurice Lacroix was founded as part of Desco von Schulthess of Zürich in 1975. Founded in 1889, Desco von Schulthess (Desco) is an older company with roots in the silk trade. Since 1946, Desco has also been a representative for luxury watches including Audemars Piguet, Heuer, Eterna, and Jaeger-LeCoultre. Over the years, Desco became more interested in the watch business, and in 1961 Desco acquired an assembly facility named Tiara in Saignelégier, in the Swiss Canton of Jura. There it produced private label watches for third parties. In 1975, Desco started marketing watches under the brand name Maurice Lacroix. There was a member on the board of Desco von Schulthess, parent & founding company of Maurice Lacroix, who was named Mr. Lacroix.
By 1980, Maurice Lacroix had become so successful that the facility in Saignelégier ceased production for third parties. In 1989 Maurice Lacroix acquired the casemaker Queloz S.A., also based in Saignelégier. This ability to produce watch cases in-house makes Maurice Lacroix unusual compared to other luxury watch companies.
During the 1990s, Maurice Lacroix experienced a "rocket-like ascent" with the launch of their high end "Les Mécaniques" line, later renamed the "Masterpiece" line. During this time, the company elevated itself to the high ranks of Swiss watch manufactures, by both maintaining traditional 'Swiss watch-making art' and by creating their own movements for its Masterpiece Collection.As of 2010, Maurice Lacroix, has a total of approximately 220 employees worldwide, and is represented in around 4,000 shops in more than 60 countries all over the world.
| 0
|
[
"Maurice Lacroix",
"headquarters location",
"Zürich"
] |
Maurice Lacroix is a Swiss luxury watchmaker based in the Canton of Jura and headquartered in Zürich.
| 1
|
[
"Maurice Lacroix",
"industry",
"horology"
] |
Maurice Lacroix is a Swiss luxury watchmaker based in the Canton of Jura and headquartered in Zürich.History
Maurice Lacroix was founded as part of Desco von Schulthess of Zürich in 1975. Founded in 1889, Desco von Schulthess (Desco) is an older company with roots in the silk trade. Since 1946, Desco has also been a representative for luxury watches including Audemars Piguet, Heuer, Eterna, and Jaeger-LeCoultre. Over the years, Desco became more interested in the watch business, and in 1961 Desco acquired an assembly facility named Tiara in Saignelégier, in the Swiss Canton of Jura. There it produced private label watches for third parties. In 1975, Desco started marketing watches under the brand name Maurice Lacroix. There was a member on the board of Desco von Schulthess, parent & founding company of Maurice Lacroix, who was named Mr. Lacroix.
By 1980, Maurice Lacroix had become so successful that the facility in Saignelégier ceased production for third parties. In 1989 Maurice Lacroix acquired the casemaker Queloz S.A., also based in Saignelégier. This ability to produce watch cases in-house makes Maurice Lacroix unusual compared to other luxury watch companies.
During the 1990s, Maurice Lacroix experienced a "rocket-like ascent" with the launch of their high end "Les Mécaniques" line, later renamed the "Masterpiece" line. During this time, the company elevated itself to the high ranks of Swiss watch manufactures, by both maintaining traditional 'Swiss watch-making art' and by creating their own movements for its Masterpiece Collection.As of 2010, Maurice Lacroix, has a total of approximately 220 employees worldwide, and is represented in around 4,000 shops in more than 60 countries all over the world.
| 3
|
[
"Maurice Lacroix",
"instance of",
"business"
] |
Maurice Lacroix is a Swiss luxury watchmaker based in the Canton of Jura and headquartered in Zürich.History
Maurice Lacroix was founded as part of Desco von Schulthess of Zürich in 1975. Founded in 1889, Desco von Schulthess (Desco) is an older company with roots in the silk trade. Since 1946, Desco has also been a representative for luxury watches including Audemars Piguet, Heuer, Eterna, and Jaeger-LeCoultre. Over the years, Desco became more interested in the watch business, and in 1961 Desco acquired an assembly facility named Tiara in Saignelégier, in the Swiss Canton of Jura. There it produced private label watches for third parties. In 1975, Desco started marketing watches under the brand name Maurice Lacroix. There was a member on the board of Desco von Schulthess, parent & founding company of Maurice Lacroix, who was named Mr. Lacroix.
By 1980, Maurice Lacroix had become so successful that the facility in Saignelégier ceased production for third parties. In 1989 Maurice Lacroix acquired the casemaker Queloz S.A., also based in Saignelégier. This ability to produce watch cases in-house makes Maurice Lacroix unusual compared to other luxury watch companies.
During the 1990s, Maurice Lacroix experienced a "rocket-like ascent" with the launch of their high end "Les Mécaniques" line, later renamed the "Masterpiece" line. During this time, the company elevated itself to the high ranks of Swiss watch manufactures, by both maintaining traditional 'Swiss watch-making art' and by creating their own movements for its Masterpiece Collection.As of 2010, Maurice Lacroix, has a total of approximately 220 employees worldwide, and is represented in around 4,000 shops in more than 60 countries all over the world.
| 6
|
[
"Beretta Holding",
"headquarters location",
"Gardone Val Trompia"
] |
Subsidiaries
Europe
Gardone Val Trompia is Beretta Holding's headquarters, and also the headquarters for the Fabbrica d’Armi Pietro Beretta company, as well as for Italian replica firearms company A. Uberti. Beretta Holding also holds two other Italian companies, Benelli Armi in Urbino and Meccanica Del Sarca in Pietramurata, Trentino.In addition to its operations in Italy, Beretta holds several European companies, including Beretta Hellas in Athens, Espingardaria Belga in Lisbon, Holland & Holland in London, and Beretta Benelli Iberica in Trespuentes, Spain. Beretta has three subsidiaries in France, Chapuis Armes in Saint-Bonnet-le-Château and Humbert CTTS in Veauche, along with Cougar France which operates the Beretta Gallery retail store in Paris. Beretta has one Swiss subsidiary, Outdoor Enterprise in Muralto, and two in Germany, Manfred Alberts GmbH in Wiehl-Bielstein and Steiner-Optik GmbH in Bayreuth. In northern Europe, Beretta has the Finnish firearms manufacturer SAKO as well as UK distributor GMK Ltd, which owns the Beretta Gallery in London.
| 3
|
[
"Beretta Holding",
"location of formation",
"Gardone Val Trompia"
] |
Beretta Holding is headquartered in Gardone Val Trompia near Brescia, Italy. It is an Italian holding company for the Italian industrial group and holds direct or indirect participation in 26 companies. The eponymous company is managed by fifteenth-generation descendants of Maestro Bartolomeo Beretta, progenitor of a firearms manufacturing dynasty.Subsidiaries
Europe
Gardone Val Trompia is Beretta Holding's headquarters, and also the headquarters for the Fabbrica d’Armi Pietro Beretta company, as well as for Italian replica firearms company A. Uberti. Beretta Holding also holds two other Italian companies, Benelli Armi in Urbino and Meccanica Del Sarca in Pietramurata, Trentino.In addition to its operations in Italy, Beretta holds several European companies, including Beretta Hellas in Athens, Espingardaria Belga in Lisbon, Holland & Holland in London, and Beretta Benelli Iberica in Trespuentes, Spain. Beretta has three subsidiaries in France, Chapuis Armes in Saint-Bonnet-le-Château and Humbert CTTS in Veauche, along with Cougar France which operates the Beretta Gallery retail store in Paris. Beretta has one Swiss subsidiary, Outdoor Enterprise in Muralto, and two in Germany, Manfred Alberts GmbH in Wiehl-Bielstein and Steiner-Optik GmbH in Bayreuth. In northern Europe, Beretta has the Finnish firearms manufacturer SAKO as well as UK distributor GMK Ltd, which owns the Beretta Gallery in London.
| 4
|
[
"Beretta Holding",
"legal form",
"joint-stock company"
] |
Beretta Holding is headquartered in Gardone Val Trompia near Brescia, Italy. It is an Italian holding company for the Italian industrial group and holds direct or indirect participation in 26 companies. The eponymous company is managed by fifteenth-generation descendants of Maestro Bartolomeo Beretta, progenitor of a firearms manufacturing dynasty.
| 5
|
[
"Beretta Holding",
"instance of",
"commercial organization"
] |
Beretta Holding is headquartered in Gardone Val Trompia near Brescia, Italy. It is an Italian holding company for the Italian industrial group and holds direct or indirect participation in 26 companies. The eponymous company is managed by fifteenth-generation descendants of Maestro Bartolomeo Beretta, progenitor of a firearms manufacturing dynasty.Subsidiaries
Europe
Gardone Val Trompia is Beretta Holding's headquarters, and also the headquarters for the Fabbrica d’Armi Pietro Beretta company, as well as for Italian replica firearms company A. Uberti. Beretta Holding also holds two other Italian companies, Benelli Armi in Urbino and Meccanica Del Sarca in Pietramurata, Trentino.In addition to its operations in Italy, Beretta holds several European companies, including Beretta Hellas in Athens, Espingardaria Belga in Lisbon, Holland & Holland in London, and Beretta Benelli Iberica in Trespuentes, Spain. Beretta has three subsidiaries in France, Chapuis Armes in Saint-Bonnet-le-Château and Humbert CTTS in Veauche, along with Cougar France which operates the Beretta Gallery retail store in Paris. Beretta has one Swiss subsidiary, Outdoor Enterprise in Muralto, and two in Germany, Manfred Alberts GmbH in Wiehl-Bielstein and Steiner-Optik GmbH in Bayreuth. In northern Europe, Beretta has the Finnish firearms manufacturer SAKO as well as UK distributor GMK Ltd, which owns the Beretta Gallery in London.
| 11
|
[
"University of Lyon",
"instance of",
"Group of universities and institutions (France)"
] |
Members
Claude Bernard University Lyon 1
Lumière University Lyon 2
Jean Moulin University Lyon 3
Jean Monnet University
École Normale Supérieure de Lyon
École centrale de Lyon
École nationale des travaux publics de l'État (ENTPE)
INSA Lyon
Institut d'études politiques de Lyon
VetAgro Sup (previously École Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon)
École nationale d'ingénieurs de Saint-Étienne, (ENISE)
Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)
| 24
|
[
"SABMiller",
"location of formation",
"Johannesburg"
] |
SABMiller plc was a South African multinational brewing and beverage company headquartered in Woking, England on the outskirts of London until 10 October 2016 when it was acquired by AB InBev. Prior to that date, it was the world's second-largest brewer measured by revenues (after Anheuser-Busch InBev) and was also a major bottler of Coca-Cola. Its brands included Foster's, Miller, and Pilsner Urquell. It operated in 80 countries worldwide and in 2009 sold around 21 billion litres of beverages. Since 10 October 2016, SABMiller is a business division of AB InBev, a Belgian multinational corporation with headquarters in Leuven.SABMiller was founded as South African Breweries in 1895 to serve a growing market of miners and prospectors in and around Johannesburg. Two years later, it became the first industrial company to list on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. From the early 1990s onwards, the company increasingly expanded internationally, making several acquisitions in both emerging and developed markets. In 1999, it formed a new UK-based holding company, SAB plc, and moved its primary listing to London. In May 2002, SAB plc acquired Miller Brewing, forming SABMiller plc.
The acquisition of SABMiller by Anheuser-Busch InBev on 10 October 2016 ended the corporate use of the name SABMiller; this entity became a business division of Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV. Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV (abbreviated as AB InBev) began trading on the Brussels Stock Exchange as ABI, as BUD on the New York stock exchange and as ANH on the Johannesburg market. SABMiller ceased trading on global stock marketsThe company divested itself of its interests in the MillerCoors beer company to Molson Coors. On 21 December 2016, the company agreed to sell the former SABMiller Ltd. business in Eastern Europe to Asahi Breweries. AB InBev had previously agreed to sell Grolsch Brewery, Peroni Brewery and Meantime Brewery to Asahi; that deal closed on 12 October 2016. On the same day, the sale of SABMiller's 49 percent share in the world's largest volume beer brand, Snow beer to China Resources Enterprise was also closed.Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV is also selling much of an SABMiller's subsidiary that was bottling and distributing Coca-Cola to the Coca-Cola Company. The affected regions include Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho, El Salvador and Honduras.Companies such as South African Breweries and Carlton & United Brewing that were subsidiaries of SABMiller, and were not sold after SABMiller was acquired by Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV, are now subsidiaries of AB InBev. CUB was sold to Asahi in July 2020.
| 4
|
[
"SABMiller",
"owned by",
"Anheuser-Busch InBev"
] |
Australia
In September 2011, the board of Foster's Group agreed to a takeover bid by SABMiller, valuing the company at A$9.9bn (US$10.2bn; £6.5bn). The Foster's Group, now known as Carlton & United Brewing was a direct subsidiary of Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV until July 2020 when it was sold to Asahi Global.
Brands include:
Carlton Draught, Cascade Draught (see Cascade Brewery), Foster's Lager, Melbourne Bitter, Pure Blonde, Victoria Bitter, and the Matilda Bay Brewing Company portfolio.
| 9
|
[
"SABMiller",
"parent organization",
"Anheuser-Busch InBev"
] |
SABMiller plc was a South African multinational brewing and beverage company headquartered in Woking, England on the outskirts of London until 10 October 2016 when it was acquired by AB InBev. Prior to that date, it was the world's second-largest brewer measured by revenues (after Anheuser-Busch InBev) and was also a major bottler of Coca-Cola. Its brands included Foster's, Miller, and Pilsner Urquell. It operated in 80 countries worldwide and in 2009 sold around 21 billion litres of beverages. Since 10 October 2016, SABMiller is a business division of AB InBev, a Belgian multinational corporation with headquarters in Leuven.SABMiller was founded as South African Breweries in 1895 to serve a growing market of miners and prospectors in and around Johannesburg. Two years later, it became the first industrial company to list on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. From the early 1990s onwards, the company increasingly expanded internationally, making several acquisitions in both emerging and developed markets. In 1999, it formed a new UK-based holding company, SAB plc, and moved its primary listing to London. In May 2002, SAB plc acquired Miller Brewing, forming SABMiller plc.
The acquisition of SABMiller by Anheuser-Busch InBev on 10 October 2016 ended the corporate use of the name SABMiller; this entity became a business division of Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV. Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV (abbreviated as AB InBev) began trading on the Brussels Stock Exchange as ABI, as BUD on the New York stock exchange and as ANH on the Johannesburg market. SABMiller ceased trading on global stock marketsThe company divested itself of its interests in the MillerCoors beer company to Molson Coors. On 21 December 2016, the company agreed to sell the former SABMiller Ltd. business in Eastern Europe to Asahi Breweries. AB InBev had previously agreed to sell Grolsch Brewery, Peroni Brewery and Meantime Brewery to Asahi; that deal closed on 12 October 2016. On the same day, the sale of SABMiller's 49 percent share in the world's largest volume beer brand, Snow beer to China Resources Enterprise was also closed.Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV is also selling much of an SABMiller's subsidiary that was bottling and distributing Coca-Cola to the Coca-Cola Company. The affected regions include Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Swaziland, Lesotho, El Salvador and Honduras.Companies such as South African Breweries and Carlton & United Brewing that were subsidiaries of SABMiller, and were not sold after SABMiller was acquired by Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV, are now subsidiaries of AB InBev. CUB was sold to Asahi in July 2020.
| 11
|
[
"SABMiller",
"owner of",
"South African Breweries"
] |
Pre-acquisition history
The origins of the company date back to the foundation of South African Breweries in 1895 in South Africa. For many decades, the operations of South African Breweries were mainly limited to southern Africa, where it had established a dominant position in the market during South African Apartheid, until 1990 when it began investing in Europe.In 1999, after listing on the London Stock Exchange to raise capital for acquisitions, the group purchased the Miller Brewing Company in North America from the Altria Group in 2002, and changed its name to SABMiller.Following this, the group's next major acquisition was of a major interest in Bavaria S. A., South America's second largest brewer and owner of the Aguila and Club Colombia brands in 2005.In 2008, SABMiller and Molson Coors created MillerCoors, a joint venture to produce beverages in the United States.
The company became engaged in the hostile takeover of Fosters in August 2011, and in September 2011 the board of Foster's agreed to a takeover bid valuing the company at A$9.9bn (US$10.2bn; £6.5bn). The deal was completed by the end of 2011, but excluded the Foster's lager brand in the UK and Europe, where it is owned by Heineken.In November 2011, SABMiller launched Impala Cervejas in Africa, the first commercially produced cassava beer, although Africans have been making cassava home brews for generations. The taste is described as "somewhat bitter, somewhat tangy, not sweet".In 2013, the company joined leading alcohol producers as part of a producers' commitments to reducing harmful drinking.In July 2014, the company announced it was divesting its 39.6 percent stake in casino and hotel group Tsogo Sun Holdings Limited through institutional share placements and a partial buy-back from Tsogo Sun. SABMiller's stake at the time was valued at approximately ZAR11.7 billion (US$1.09 billion).In September 2014, the company made an unsuccessful attempt to acquire a controlling stake in Dutch rival Heineken International, a move Bloomberg states was part of SABMiller's strategy to protect itself from a potential takeover bid from Anheuser-Busch InBev.On 27 November 2014, it was announced that SABMiller, The Coca-Cola Company and Gutsche Family Investments had agreed to combine the bottling operations of their non-alcoholic ready-to-drink beverages businesses in southern and east Africa. The new bottler, Coca-Cola Beverages Africa, will serve 12 high-growth countries accounting for approximately 40 percent of all Coca-Cola beverage volumes in Africa. SABMiller will hold 57 percent shareholding in the proposed venture.In May 2015, SABMiller announced it would acquire British brewery company Meantime Brewing for an undisclosed fee.
| 28
|
[
"AB InBev",
"owner of",
"Oriental Brewery"
] |
Oriental Brewery
On 1 April 2014, AB Inbev completed the re-acquisition of the Oriental Brewery (OB), which it had sold in July 2009. OB is the largest brewer in South Korea. Its CASS brand is the best-selling beer in South Korea. All beers produced by OB are brewed using rice.
| 12
|
[
"Amilcar",
"headquarters location",
"Saint-Denis"
] |
History
Foundation and location
Amilcar was founded in July 1921 by Joseph Lamy and Emile Akar. The name "Amilcar" was an imperfect anagram of the partners' names. The business was established at 34 rue du Chemin-Vert in the 11th arrondissement of Paris. However, Amilcar quickly outgrew their restricted city-centre premises, and during the middle part of 1924 the company relocated to Saint-Denis on the northern edge of the city.
| 2
|
[
"Amilcar",
"founded by",
"Joseph Lamy"
] |
History
Foundation and location
Amilcar was founded in July 1921 by Joseph Lamy and Emile Akar. The name "Amilcar" was an imperfect anagram of the partners' names. The business was established at 34 rue du Chemin-Vert in the 11th arrondissement of Paris. However, Amilcar quickly outgrew their restricted city-centre premises, and during the middle part of 1924 the company relocated to Saint-Denis on the northern edge of the city.
| 4
|
[
"PSA Group",
"founded by",
"Peugeot"
] |
History
Citroën acquisition
In December 1974, Peugeot S.A. acquired a 38.2% share of Citroën. On 9 April 1976 they increased their stake of the then bankrupt company to 89.95%, thus creating the PSA Group (where PSA is short for Peugeot Société Anonyme), becoming PSA Peugeot Citroën. Since Citroën had two successful new designs in the market at this time (the GS and CX) and Peugeot was typically prudent in its own finances, the PSA venture was a financial success from 1976 to 1979.PSA PowerTrain (formerly Peugeot Citroën Moteurs)
PSA PowerTrain is a manufacturer of petrol and diesel engines for a range of companies including BMW, Ford, Jaguar, and Land Rover. It was founded by Peugeot in 1898 in Lille and later named Compagnie Lilloise de Moteurs (CLM). In 1992 SCM-CLM as it was then known became Peugeot Citroën Moteurs.The company has had a partnership with Ford Motor Company since 1998.PSA and BMW have an agreement to develop the 1.6 Prince engine. PSA also sells their engines, gearboxes and other parts to small independent manufacturers such as De La Chapelle and PGO. This PSA Peugeot Citroën 1.6-litre turbo petrol engine has received the International Engine of the Year awards a total of eight times, from 2007 to 2014.
| 2
|
[
"PSA Group",
"has subsidiary",
"Peugeot"
] |
Developing markets
PSA was actively committed to developing its market presence and sales in many fast growing developing countries and regions of the world. This led to huge investments and partnerships in South America, Iran (Iran Khodro) and China (Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën Automobile). It announced plans to invest €650 million in a manufacturing plant in Sanand, India. With a capacity of 170,000 vehicles, the Sanand plant started production of the aaa in 2020. In Kazakhstan, assembly of the Peugeot passenger cars will start in June 2013 with a production capacity of 4,000 units per year at the beginning and more than 10,000 units in the near future. A PSA plant was opened in 2018 in Tunisia and in 2019 in Kenitra in Morocco.Citroën will enter the Indian market in early 2021, with the launch of the C5 Aircross SUV manufactured at a plant in Tiruvallur, India.Peugeot Citroën Automobiles S.A.
The manufacturer of Peugeot, Citroën and DS Automobiles-branded cars and vans, 100% owned by PSA Group and formed from the combination of Automobiles Citroën and Automobiles Peugeot. Automobiles Citroën, Automobiles Peugeot, and DS Automobiles remain in operation in relation to specific retail operations in various countries but not in the development or manufacture of vehicles.
| 3
|
[
"PSA Group",
"owner of",
"Peugeot"
] |
The PSA Group (French pronunciation: [ɡʁup pe ɛs ɑ]), legally known as Peugeot S.A. (Peugeot Société Anonyme, trading as Groupe PSA; formerly known as PSA Peugeot Citroën from 1991 to 2016) was a French multinational automotive manufacturing company which produced automobiles and motorcycles under the Peugeot, Citroën, DS, Opel and Vauxhall brands. On 18 December 2019, PSA and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) announced that they had agreed to the terms of a binding $50 billion merger. On 16 July 2020, both companies announced the new name for their merged operations, Stellantis. The deal closed on 16 January 2021. Stellantis is now the third largest automotive manufacturing company, behind only Volkswagen and Toyota.
Peugeot was the largest PSA brand. PSA was listed on the Euronext Paris stock exchange and was a constituent of the CAC 40 index.Beginning in 2016, PSA began to outline a strategy which entailed the rapid expansion of the company, through both geographic expansion and acquisitions of other car companies. PSA announced plans to enter the Indian, American, Canadian, South East Asian, and other markets in the coming years.
Headquartered in Rueil-Malmaison, PSA, with sales of 3.88 million units in 2018, was the third-largest Europe-based automaker, just a fraction behind Renault.In 2019, Groupe PSA was the ninth largest automaker in the world, after Volkswagen, Toyota, the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance, General Motors, Hyundai Motor Group, Ford Motor Company, Honda, and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles.Developing markets
PSA was actively committed to developing its market presence and sales in many fast growing developing countries and regions of the world. This led to huge investments and partnerships in South America, Iran (Iran Khodro) and China (Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën Automobile). It announced plans to invest €650 million in a manufacturing plant in Sanand, India. With a capacity of 170,000 vehicles, the Sanand plant started production of the aaa in 2020. In Kazakhstan, assembly of the Peugeot passenger cars will start in June 2013 with a production capacity of 4,000 units per year at the beginning and more than 10,000 units in the near future. A PSA plant was opened in 2018 in Tunisia and in 2019 in Kenitra in Morocco.Citroën will enter the Indian market in early 2021, with the launch of the C5 Aircross SUV manufactured at a plant in Tiruvallur, India.PSA PowerTrain (formerly Peugeot Citroën Moteurs)
PSA PowerTrain is a manufacturer of petrol and diesel engines for a range of companies including BMW, Ford, Jaguar, and Land Rover. It was founded by Peugeot in 1898 in Lille and later named Compagnie Lilloise de Moteurs (CLM). In 1992 SCM-CLM as it was then known became Peugeot Citroën Moteurs.The company has had a partnership with Ford Motor Company since 1998.PSA and BMW have an agreement to develop the 1.6 Prince engine. PSA also sells their engines, gearboxes and other parts to small independent manufacturers such as De La Chapelle and PGO. This PSA Peugeot Citroën 1.6-litre turbo petrol engine has received the International Engine of the Year awards a total of eight times, from 2007 to 2014.
| 4
|
[
"PSA Group",
"owner of",
"Citroën"
] |
Developing markets
PSA was actively committed to developing its market presence and sales in many fast growing developing countries and regions of the world. This led to huge investments and partnerships in South America, Iran (Iran Khodro) and China (Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën Automobile). It announced plans to invest €650 million in a manufacturing plant in Sanand, India. With a capacity of 170,000 vehicles, the Sanand plant started production of the aaa in 2020. In Kazakhstan, assembly of the Peugeot passenger cars will start in June 2013 with a production capacity of 4,000 units per year at the beginning and more than 10,000 units in the near future. A PSA plant was opened in 2018 in Tunisia and in 2019 in Kenitra in Morocco.Citroën will enter the Indian market in early 2021, with the launch of the C5 Aircross SUV manufactured at a plant in Tiruvallur, India.
| 7
|
[
"PSA Group",
"has subsidiary",
"Faurecia"
] |
Faurecia
PSA owns 57.43% of automotive supplier Faurecia, a company created by a 1997 merger between Bertrand Faure and PSA-owned ECIA. It provides various components to Peugeot, Citroën, DS and significant interior and exterior parts to companies such as Audi, BMW and Mercedes-Benz.
| 9
|
[
"PSA Group",
"owned by",
"Peugeot family"
] |
Developing markets
PSA was actively committed to developing its market presence and sales in many fast growing developing countries and regions of the world. This led to huge investments and partnerships in South America, Iran (Iran Khodro) and China (Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroën Automobile). It announced plans to invest €650 million in a manufacturing plant in Sanand, India. With a capacity of 170,000 vehicles, the Sanand plant started production of the aaa in 2020. In Kazakhstan, assembly of the Peugeot passenger cars will start in June 2013 with a production capacity of 4,000 units per year at the beginning and more than 10,000 units in the near future. A PSA plant was opened in 2018 in Tunisia and in 2019 in Kenitra in Morocco.Citroën will enter the Indian market in early 2021, with the launch of the C5 Aircross SUV manufactured at a plant in Tiruvallur, India.PSA PowerTrain (formerly Peugeot Citroën Moteurs)
PSA PowerTrain is a manufacturer of petrol and diesel engines for a range of companies including BMW, Ford, Jaguar, and Land Rover. It was founded by Peugeot in 1898 in Lille and later named Compagnie Lilloise de Moteurs (CLM). In 1992 SCM-CLM as it was then known became Peugeot Citroën Moteurs.The company has had a partnership with Ford Motor Company since 1998.PSA and BMW have an agreement to develop the 1.6 Prince engine. PSA also sells their engines, gearboxes and other parts to small independent manufacturers such as De La Chapelle and PGO. This PSA Peugeot Citroën 1.6-litre turbo petrol engine has received the International Engine of the Year awards a total of eight times, from 2007 to 2014.
| 26
|
[
"PSA Group",
"chairperson",
"Carlos Tavares"
] |
Merger with FCA
In May 2019 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) announced its intention to seek a merger with Groupe Renault. However, in early June merger talks were suspended, and never resumed. On 31 October 2019, Groupe PSA announced intent to merge with FCA. The merger would be on a 50-50 all stock basis. On 18 December 2019, FCA and PSA announced that they had agreed to the terms of a binding $50 billion merger, expected to be implemented in the next 12 months. The new group is incorporated in the Netherlands and has John Elkann as Chairman of the Board and Carlos Tavares as CEO. On 15 July 2020, the two companies announced that the merged entity will be named Stellantis, from the "Latin verb 'stello' meaning 'to brighten with stars.'" On 4 January 2021, both shareholders of PSA and FCA approved the merger and the deal was closed on 16 January 2021.
| 29
|
[
"PSA Group",
"has subsidiary",
"Banque PSA Finance"
] |
Financial services
PSA wholly owns Banque PSA Finance which provides financial services, and 98.67% of GIE PSA Tresorerie which was founded in 1990 as a treasury and cash management services division.
| 36
|
[
"PSA Group",
"industry",
"automotive industry"
] |
The PSA Group (French pronunciation: [ɡʁup pe ɛs ɑ]), legally known as Peugeot S.A. (Peugeot Société Anonyme, trading as Groupe PSA; formerly known as PSA Peugeot Citroën from 1991 to 2016) was a French multinational automotive manufacturing company which produced automobiles and motorcycles under the Peugeot, Citroën, DS, Opel and Vauxhall brands. On 18 December 2019, PSA and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) announced that they had agreed to the terms of a binding $50 billion merger. On 16 July 2020, both companies announced the new name for their merged operations, Stellantis. The deal closed on 16 January 2021. Stellantis is now the third largest automotive manufacturing company, behind only Volkswagen and Toyota.
Peugeot was the largest PSA brand. PSA was listed on the Euronext Paris stock exchange and was a constituent of the CAC 40 index.Beginning in 2016, PSA began to outline a strategy which entailed the rapid expansion of the company, through both geographic expansion and acquisitions of other car companies. PSA announced plans to enter the Indian, American, Canadian, South East Asian, and other markets in the coming years.
Headquartered in Rueil-Malmaison, PSA, with sales of 3.88 million units in 2018, was the third-largest Europe-based automaker, just a fraction behind Renault.In 2019, Groupe PSA was the ninth largest automaker in the world, after Volkswagen, Toyota, the Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance, General Motors, Hyundai Motor Group, Ford Motor Company, Honda, and Fiat Chrysler Automobiles.
| 48
|
[
"Stellantis",
"product or material produced",
"motor car"
] |
Stellantis N.V. is a multinational automotive manufacturing corporation formed in 2021 on the basis of a 50–50 cross-border merger between the Italian-American conglomerate Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) and the French PSA Group. The company is headquartered in Amsterdam. Stellantis is (as of 2022) the fourth largest automaker by sales, behind Toyota, Volkswagen and Hyundai-Kia.The primary listings for the company's stock are on Milan's Borsa Italiana and on Euronext Paris. The principal activity of Stellantis is the design, development, manufacture, and sale of automobiles bearing its 16 brands: Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Citroën, Dodge, DS, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Jeep, Lancia, Maserati, Mopar, Opel, Peugeot, Ram, and Vauxhall. At the time of the merger, Stellantis had approximately 300,000 employees and a presence in more than 130 countries, with manufacturing facilities in 30 countries.
| 0
|
[
"Stellantis",
"has subsidiary",
"Peugeot"
] |
Stellantis N.V. is a multinational automotive manufacturing corporation formed in 2021 on the basis of a 50–50 cross-border merger between the Italian-American conglomerate Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) and the French PSA Group. The company is headquartered in Amsterdam. Stellantis is (as of 2022) the fourth largest automaker by sales, behind Toyota, Volkswagen and Hyundai-Kia.The primary listings for the company's stock are on Milan's Borsa Italiana and on Euronext Paris. The principal activity of Stellantis is the design, development, manufacture, and sale of automobiles bearing its 16 brands: Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Citroën, Dodge, DS, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Jeep, Lancia, Maserati, Mopar, Opel, Peugeot, Ram, and Vauxhall. At the time of the merger, Stellantis had approximately 300,000 employees and a presence in more than 130 countries, with manufacturing facilities in 30 countries.
| 2
|
[
"Stellantis",
"has subsidiary",
"Citroën"
] |
Stellantis N.V. is a multinational automotive manufacturing corporation formed in 2021 on the basis of a 50–50 cross-border merger between the Italian-American conglomerate Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) and the French PSA Group. The company is headquartered in Amsterdam. Stellantis is (as of 2022) the fourth largest automaker by sales, behind Toyota, Volkswagen and Hyundai-Kia.The primary listings for the company's stock are on Milan's Borsa Italiana and on Euronext Paris. The principal activity of Stellantis is the design, development, manufacture, and sale of automobiles bearing its 16 brands: Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Citroën, Dodge, DS, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Jeep, Lancia, Maserati, Mopar, Opel, Peugeot, Ram, and Vauxhall. At the time of the merger, Stellantis had approximately 300,000 employees and a presence in more than 130 countries, with manufacturing facilities in 30 countries.Citroën RacingCommercial operation focusing on customer racing with the Citroën C3 Rally2, although known to be supporting entries in WRC2
DS PerformanceEntrant in Formula E World Championship
MaseratiEntrant in Formula E World Championship
Opel MotorsportManufacturer of the electric rally car Opel Corsa-e Rally and organiser of its Opel e-Rally Cup
Commercial operation focusing on customer racing with the Opel Corsa Rally4
Peugeot SportEntrant of the FIA World Endurance Championship
Commercial operation focusing on customer racing with the Peugeot 208 Rally4Except for Maserati, the four remaining brands belonged to PSA Motorsport, a department of the former PSA Group before the creation of Stellantis.The Stellantis Motorsport Racing Shop combines Citroën Racing, Peugeot Sport and Opel Motorsports' customer racing distribution and retail sales operations. It is also known as Peugeot Citroën Racing Shop and Peugeot Citroën Opel Racing Shop.The Stellantis Motorsport Cup is a rally competition run in Belgium, France and Spain using Peugeot 208 and Opel Corsa Rally4 cars. The cup originated in Belgium and Luxembourg as PSA Motorsport Cup Belux.
| 3
|
[
"Stellantis",
"headquarters location",
"Amsterdam"
] |
Stellantis N.V. is a multinational automotive manufacturing corporation formed in 2021 on the basis of a 50–50 cross-border merger between the Italian-American conglomerate Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) and the French PSA Group. The company is headquartered in Amsterdam. Stellantis is (as of 2022) the fourth largest automaker by sales, behind Toyota, Volkswagen and Hyundai-Kia.The primary listings for the company's stock are on Milan's Borsa Italiana and on Euronext Paris. The principal activity of Stellantis is the design, development, manufacture, and sale of automobiles bearing its 16 brands: Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Citroën, Dodge, DS, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Jeep, Lancia, Maserati, Mopar, Opel, Peugeot, Ram, and Vauxhall. At the time of the merger, Stellantis had approximately 300,000 employees and a presence in more than 130 countries, with manufacturing facilities in 30 countries.
| 6
|
[
"Stellantis",
"has subsidiary",
"Alfa Romeo"
] |
Stellantis N.V. is a multinational automotive manufacturing corporation formed in 2021 on the basis of a 50–50 cross-border merger between the Italian-American conglomerate Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) and the French PSA Group. The company is headquartered in Amsterdam. Stellantis is (as of 2022) the fourth largest automaker by sales, behind Toyota, Volkswagen and Hyundai-Kia.The primary listings for the company's stock are on Milan's Borsa Italiana and on Euronext Paris. The principal activity of Stellantis is the design, development, manufacture, and sale of automobiles bearing its 16 brands: Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Citroën, Dodge, DS, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Jeep, Lancia, Maserati, Mopar, Opel, Peugeot, Ram, and Vauxhall. At the time of the merger, Stellantis had approximately 300,000 employees and a presence in more than 130 countries, with manufacturing facilities in 30 countries.
| 7
|
[
"Stellantis",
"instance of",
"automobile manufacturer"
] |
Stellantis N.V. is a multinational automotive manufacturing corporation formed in 2021 on the basis of a 50–50 cross-border merger between the Italian-American conglomerate Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) and the French PSA Group. The company is headquartered in Amsterdam. Stellantis is (as of 2022) the fourth largest automaker by sales, behind Toyota, Volkswagen and Hyundai-Kia.The primary listings for the company's stock are on Milan's Borsa Italiana and on Euronext Paris. The principal activity of Stellantis is the design, development, manufacture, and sale of automobiles bearing its 16 brands: Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Citroën, Dodge, DS, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Jeep, Lancia, Maserati, Mopar, Opel, Peugeot, Ram, and Vauxhall. At the time of the merger, Stellantis had approximately 300,000 employees and a presence in more than 130 countries, with manufacturing facilities in 30 countries.History
In early 2019, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) sought a merger with French automaker Renault and reached a provisional agreement with the company. However, the behaviour of the French government during negotiations led to the abandonment of the deal; The Economist reported that "for FCA, this portended future interference". Nissan also had various concerns about the impact of the proposal on its alliance with Renault. Subsequently, FCA approached Peugeot S.A. (PSA). The merger officially agreed to in December 2019, was to create the world's fourth-largest carmaker by global vehicle sales with expected annual cost savings of €3.7 billion, or about US$4.22 billion. On 21 December 2020, the European Commission approved the merger, while imposing minimal remedies to ensure competition in the sector. The merger was approved on 4 January 2021 by the shareholders of both FCA and PSA, and the deal was completed on 16 January 2021. Common shares of the new company began trading on the Milan Stock Exchange and Euronext Paris on 18 January 2021 and on the New York Stock Exchange on 19 January 2021, in each case under the ticker symbol "STLA".PSA merged with and into Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V., with Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V. as the surviving company in the merger. On 17 January 2021, the combined company was renamed Stellantis N.V. International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, mandate the identification of the company acting as the acquirer and the company being acquired; Peugeot is considered the acquirer for accounting purposes, and statements reflect PSA's historical records. Per the filing, the Stellantis board had 11 directors, six from PSA and five from Fiat Chrysler. Additionally, the new company's first CEO, vested with full authority to represent Stellantis, was Carlos Tavares, the former president of the PSA managing board, as well as former CEO of PSA Group, with a five-year term as Stellantis CEO. PSA shareholders paid a pre-merger premium to FCA shareholders. However, Exor, the Agnelli family company that was the largest shareholder of FCA, held the largest stake in Stellantis with 14.4%. The merger agreements allowed the Peugeot family to increase its current 7.2% stake in Stellantis by up to an additional 1.5% by acquiring shares from France's state lender Bpifrance, from Dongfeng, or on the market.The name Stellantis is exclusively used to identify the corporate entity, while group brand names and logos remain unchanged. In 2021, CEO Carlos Tavares issued a challenge for the group's brands to prove themselves within a 10-year window, in exchange for much-needed investment in new models and technology. The group planned to have 29 electrified vehicle models available by the end of 2021. Stellantis planned to develop four EV platforms by the end of the 2020s. Overall, the company announced more than €30bn would be invested by the end of 2021. A network of charging stations started in November 2021. In the third quarter of 2021, Stellantis sales of new vehicles dropped due to issues related to the supply chain shortage of semiconductor chips used in their vehicles. Stellantis made an agreement with semiconductor manufacturer Foxconn to supply chips for the company and others in the automotive industry. In June 2022, the company paused production at two French plants due to shortages in semiconductors.In May 2022, Stellantis pled guilty to criminal conduct and paid $300 million to settle a probe into its effort to illegally conceal the amount of pollution created by its diesel-engined vehicles. This settled a years-long probe by the United States Department of Justice into the auto maker's efforts to evade emissions requirements for more than 100,000 older models. On 8 July 2022, Stellantis acquired the carsharing platform Share Now. Stellantis placed Share Now's operational management under Free2move. In November 2022, Stellantis acquired the Budapest-headquartered autonomous vehicle technology company aiMotive.On 15 February 2023, Stellantis said it would establish a new software development and engineering hub in Gliwice, Poland.
| 11
|
[
"Stellantis",
"instance of",
"public company"
] |
Stellantis N.V. is a multinational automotive manufacturing corporation formed in 2021 on the basis of a 50–50 cross-border merger between the Italian-American conglomerate Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) and the French PSA Group. The company is headquartered in Amsterdam. Stellantis is (as of 2022) the fourth largest automaker by sales, behind Toyota, Volkswagen and Hyundai-Kia.The primary listings for the company's stock are on Milan's Borsa Italiana and on Euronext Paris. The principal activity of Stellantis is the design, development, manufacture, and sale of automobiles bearing its 16 brands: Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Citroën, Dodge, DS, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Jeep, Lancia, Maserati, Mopar, Opel, Peugeot, Ram, and Vauxhall. At the time of the merger, Stellantis had approximately 300,000 employees and a presence in more than 130 countries, with manufacturing facilities in 30 countries.
| 12
|
[
"Stellantis",
"owned by",
"Peugeot family"
] |
NotesOwnership
Following the 50% FCA and 50% PSA merger, the owners were:
Agnelli family (Exor N.V.): 14.40%
Peugeot family (Etablissements Peugeot Frères, EPF): 7.19%
Bpifrance: 6.18%
Dongfeng Motor Corporation: 4.5%
BlackRock: 2.52%Leadership
Senior management
Chairman: John Elkann (since January 2021)
Chief executive: Carlos Tavares (since January 2021)
Vice chairman: Robert Peugeot (since January 2021)
| 13
|
[
"Stellantis",
"owned by",
"Agnelli family"
] |
NotesOwnership
Following the 50% FCA and 50% PSA merger, the owners were:
Agnelli family (Exor N.V.): 14.40%
Peugeot family (Etablissements Peugeot Frères, EPF): 7.19%
Bpifrance: 6.18%
Dongfeng Motor Corporation: 4.5%
BlackRock: 2.52%
| 14
|
[
"Stellantis",
"instance of",
"commercial organization"
] |
Stellantis N.V. is a multinational automotive manufacturing corporation formed in 2021 on the basis of a 50–50 cross-border merger between the Italian-American conglomerate Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) and the French PSA Group. The company is headquartered in Amsterdam. Stellantis is (as of 2022) the fourth largest automaker by sales, behind Toyota, Volkswagen and Hyundai-Kia.The primary listings for the company's stock are on Milan's Borsa Italiana and on Euronext Paris. The principal activity of Stellantis is the design, development, manufacture, and sale of automobiles bearing its 16 brands: Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Citroën, Dodge, DS, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Jeep, Lancia, Maserati, Mopar, Opel, Peugeot, Ram, and Vauxhall. At the time of the merger, Stellantis had approximately 300,000 employees and a presence in more than 130 countries, with manufacturing facilities in 30 countries.
| 15
|
[
"Stellantis",
"has subsidiary",
"Vauxhall"
] |
Stellantis N.V. is a multinational automotive manufacturing corporation formed in 2021 on the basis of a 50–50 cross-border merger between the Italian-American conglomerate Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) and the French PSA Group. The company is headquartered in Amsterdam. Stellantis is (as of 2022) the fourth largest automaker by sales, behind Toyota, Volkswagen and Hyundai-Kia.The primary listings for the company's stock are on Milan's Borsa Italiana and on Euronext Paris. The principal activity of Stellantis is the design, development, manufacture, and sale of automobiles bearing its 16 brands: Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Citroën, Dodge, DS, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Jeep, Lancia, Maserati, Mopar, Opel, Peugeot, Ram, and Vauxhall. At the time of the merger, Stellantis had approximately 300,000 employees and a presence in more than 130 countries, with manufacturing facilities in 30 countries.
| 16
|
[
"Stellantis",
"has subsidiary",
"Stellantis Italy"
] |
Europe
France:
Sausheim, Grand Est (Stellantis Mulhouse Plant)
Poissy, Île-de-France (Stellantis Poissy Plant)
Rennes, Brittany (Stellantis Rennes Plant)
Sochaux, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (Stellantis Sochaux Plant)
Hordain, Hauts-de-France (Sevel Nord)
Germany:
Eisenach, Thuringia (Opel Eisenach)
Rüsselsheim, Hesse (Opel Rüsselsheim)
Italy:
Turin (Stellantis Mirafiori)
Grugliasco (Avvocato Giovanni Agnelli Plant) (closing)
Piedimonte San Germano (Stellantis Cassino)
Modena (Maserati)
Pomigliano d'Arco (Stellantis Pomigliano)
Melfi (SATA)
Atessa (Sevel Sud)
Poland:
Gliwice, Silesia (Opel Manufacturing Poland)
Tychy, Silesia
| 23
|
[
"Stellantis",
"has subsidiary",
"Stellantis North America"
] |
North America
Canada:
Brampton, Ontario (Brampton Assembly)
Windsor, Ontario (Windsor Assembly)
Mexico:
Saltillo, Coahuila (Saltillo Truck Assembly)
Saltillo, Coahuila (Saltillo Van Assembly)
Toluca (Toluca Car Assembly)
United States:
Belvidere, Illinois (Belvidere Assembly Plant) (Idled since February 2023)
Detroit, Michigan (Jefferson North Assembly)
Detroit, Michigan (Mack Avenue Engine Complex)
Sterling Heights, Michigan (Sterling Heights Assembly)
Warren, Michigan (Warren Truck Assembly)
Toledo, Ohio (Toledo Complex)
| 26
|
[
"Stellantis",
"industry",
"automotive industry"
] |
Stellantis N.V. is a multinational automotive manufacturing corporation formed in 2021 on the basis of a 50–50 cross-border merger between the Italian-American conglomerate Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) and the French PSA Group. The company is headquartered in Amsterdam. Stellantis is (as of 2022) the fourth largest automaker by sales, behind Toyota, Volkswagen and Hyundai-Kia.The primary listings for the company's stock are on Milan's Borsa Italiana and on Euronext Paris. The principal activity of Stellantis is the design, development, manufacture, and sale of automobiles bearing its 16 brands: Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Citroën, Dodge, DS, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Jeep, Lancia, Maserati, Mopar, Opel, Peugeot, Ram, and Vauxhall. At the time of the merger, Stellantis had approximately 300,000 employees and a presence in more than 130 countries, with manufacturing facilities in 30 countries.History
In early 2019, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) sought a merger with French automaker Renault and reached a provisional agreement with the company. However, the behaviour of the French government during negotiations led to the abandonment of the deal; The Economist reported that "for FCA, this portended future interference". Nissan also had various concerns about the impact of the proposal on its alliance with Renault. Subsequently, FCA approached Peugeot S.A. (PSA). The merger officially agreed to in December 2019, was to create the world's fourth-largest carmaker by global vehicle sales with expected annual cost savings of €3.7 billion, or about US$4.22 billion. On 21 December 2020, the European Commission approved the merger, while imposing minimal remedies to ensure competition in the sector. The merger was approved on 4 January 2021 by the shareholders of both FCA and PSA, and the deal was completed on 16 January 2021. Common shares of the new company began trading on the Milan Stock Exchange and Euronext Paris on 18 January 2021 and on the New York Stock Exchange on 19 January 2021, in each case under the ticker symbol "STLA".PSA merged with and into Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V., with Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V. as the surviving company in the merger. On 17 January 2021, the combined company was renamed Stellantis N.V. International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, mandate the identification of the company acting as the acquirer and the company being acquired; Peugeot is considered the acquirer for accounting purposes, and statements reflect PSA's historical records. Per the filing, the Stellantis board had 11 directors, six from PSA and five from Fiat Chrysler. Additionally, the new company's first CEO, vested with full authority to represent Stellantis, was Carlos Tavares, the former president of the PSA managing board, as well as former CEO of PSA Group, with a five-year term as Stellantis CEO. PSA shareholders paid a pre-merger premium to FCA shareholders. However, Exor, the Agnelli family company that was the largest shareholder of FCA, held the largest stake in Stellantis with 14.4%. The merger agreements allowed the Peugeot family to increase its current 7.2% stake in Stellantis by up to an additional 1.5% by acquiring shares from France's state lender Bpifrance, from Dongfeng, or on the market.The name Stellantis is exclusively used to identify the corporate entity, while group brand names and logos remain unchanged. In 2021, CEO Carlos Tavares issued a challenge for the group's brands to prove themselves within a 10-year window, in exchange for much-needed investment in new models and technology. The group planned to have 29 electrified vehicle models available by the end of 2021. Stellantis planned to develop four EV platforms by the end of the 2020s. Overall, the company announced more than €30bn would be invested by the end of 2021. A network of charging stations started in November 2021. In the third quarter of 2021, Stellantis sales of new vehicles dropped due to issues related to the supply chain shortage of semiconductor chips used in their vehicles. Stellantis made an agreement with semiconductor manufacturer Foxconn to supply chips for the company and others in the automotive industry. In June 2022, the company paused production at two French plants due to shortages in semiconductors.In May 2022, Stellantis pled guilty to criminal conduct and paid $300 million to settle a probe into its effort to illegally conceal the amount of pollution created by its diesel-engined vehicles. This settled a years-long probe by the United States Department of Justice into the auto maker's efforts to evade emissions requirements for more than 100,000 older models. On 8 July 2022, Stellantis acquired the carsharing platform Share Now. Stellantis placed Share Now's operational management under Free2move. In November 2022, Stellantis acquired the Budapest-headquartered autonomous vehicle technology company aiMotive.On 15 February 2023, Stellantis said it would establish a new software development and engineering hub in Gliwice, Poland.
| 27
|
[
"Stellantis",
"has subsidiary",
"Opel"
] |
Stellantis N.V. is a multinational automotive manufacturing corporation formed in 2021 on the basis of a 50–50 cross-border merger between the Italian-American conglomerate Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (FCA) and the French PSA Group. The company is headquartered in Amsterdam. Stellantis is (as of 2022) the fourth largest automaker by sales, behind Toyota, Volkswagen and Hyundai-Kia.The primary listings for the company's stock are on Milan's Borsa Italiana and on Euronext Paris. The principal activity of Stellantis is the design, development, manufacture, and sale of automobiles bearing its 16 brands: Abarth, Alfa Romeo, Chrysler, Citroën, Dodge, DS, Fiat, Fiat Professional, Jeep, Lancia, Maserati, Mopar, Opel, Peugeot, Ram, and Vauxhall. At the time of the merger, Stellantis had approximately 300,000 employees and a presence in more than 130 countries, with manufacturing facilities in 30 countries.
| 31
|
[
"Stellantis",
"chairperson",
"John Elkann"
] |
NotesLeadership
Senior management
Chairman: John Elkann (since January 2021)
Chief executive: Carlos Tavares (since January 2021)
Vice chairman: Robert Peugeot (since January 2021)
| 34
|
[
"Stellantis France",
"country",
"France"
] |
Europe
France:
Sausheim, Grand Est (Stellantis Mulhouse Plant)
Poissy, Île-de-France (Stellantis Poissy Plant)
Rennes, Brittany (Stellantis Rennes Plant)
Sochaux, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (Stellantis Sochaux Plant)
Hordain, Hauts-de-France (Sevel Nord)
Germany:
Eisenach, Thuringia (Opel Eisenach)
Rüsselsheim, Hesse (Opel Rüsselsheim)
Italy:
Turin (Stellantis Mirafiori)
Grugliasco (Avvocato Giovanni Agnelli Plant) (closing)
Piedimonte San Germano (Stellantis Cassino)
Modena (Maserati)
Pomigliano d'Arco (Stellantis Pomigliano)
Melfi (SATA)
Atessa (Sevel Sud)
Poland:
Gliwice, Silesia (Opel Manufacturing Poland)
Tychy, Silesia
| 0
|
[
"Stellantis France",
"headquarters location",
"Poissy"
] |
Europe
France:
Sausheim, Grand Est (Stellantis Mulhouse Plant)
Poissy, Île-de-France (Stellantis Poissy Plant)
Rennes, Brittany (Stellantis Rennes Plant)
Sochaux, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (Stellantis Sochaux Plant)
Hordain, Hauts-de-France (Sevel Nord)
Germany:
Eisenach, Thuringia (Opel Eisenach)
Rüsselsheim, Hesse (Opel Rüsselsheim)
Italy:
Turin (Stellantis Mirafiori)
Grugliasco (Avvocato Giovanni Agnelli Plant) (closing)
Piedimonte San Germano (Stellantis Cassino)
Modena (Maserati)
Pomigliano d'Arco (Stellantis Pomigliano)
Melfi (SATA)
Atessa (Sevel Sud)
Poland:
Gliwice, Silesia (Opel Manufacturing Poland)
Tychy, Silesia
| 1
|
[
"Stellantis France",
"product or material produced",
"motor car"
] |
Europe
France:
Sausheim, Grand Est (Stellantis Mulhouse Plant)
Poissy, Île-de-France (Stellantis Poissy Plant)
Rennes, Brittany (Stellantis Rennes Plant)
Sochaux, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (Stellantis Sochaux Plant)
Hordain, Hauts-de-France (Sevel Nord)
Germany:
Eisenach, Thuringia (Opel Eisenach)
Rüsselsheim, Hesse (Opel Rüsselsheim)
Italy:
Turin (Stellantis Mirafiori)
Grugliasco (Avvocato Giovanni Agnelli Plant) (closing)
Piedimonte San Germano (Stellantis Cassino)
Modena (Maserati)
Pomigliano d'Arco (Stellantis Pomigliano)
Melfi (SATA)
Atessa (Sevel Sud)
Poland:
Gliwice, Silesia (Opel Manufacturing Poland)
Tychy, Silesia
| 2
|
[
"Stellantis France",
"replaces",
"Groupe PSA"
] |
Europe
France:
Sausheim, Grand Est (Stellantis Mulhouse Plant)
Poissy, Île-de-France (Stellantis Poissy Plant)
Rennes, Brittany (Stellantis Rennes Plant)
Sochaux, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (Stellantis Sochaux Plant)
Hordain, Hauts-de-France (Sevel Nord)
Germany:
Eisenach, Thuringia (Opel Eisenach)
Rüsselsheim, Hesse (Opel Rüsselsheim)
Italy:
Turin (Stellantis Mirafiori)
Grugliasco (Avvocato Giovanni Agnelli Plant) (closing)
Piedimonte San Germano (Stellantis Cassino)
Modena (Maserati)
Pomigliano d'Arco (Stellantis Pomigliano)
Melfi (SATA)
Atessa (Sevel Sud)
Poland:
Gliwice, Silesia (Opel Manufacturing Poland)
Tychy, Silesia
| 6
|
[
"Stellantis France",
"instance of",
"company"
] |
Europe
France:
Sausheim, Grand Est (Stellantis Mulhouse Plant)
Poissy, Île-de-France (Stellantis Poissy Plant)
Rennes, Brittany (Stellantis Rennes Plant)
Sochaux, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (Stellantis Sochaux Plant)
Hordain, Hauts-de-France (Sevel Nord)
Germany:
Eisenach, Thuringia (Opel Eisenach)
Rüsselsheim, Hesse (Opel Rüsselsheim)
Italy:
Turin (Stellantis Mirafiori)
Grugliasco (Avvocato Giovanni Agnelli Plant) (closing)
Piedimonte San Germano (Stellantis Cassino)
Modena (Maserati)
Pomigliano d'Arco (Stellantis Pomigliano)
Melfi (SATA)
Atessa (Sevel Sud)
Poland:
Gliwice, Silesia (Opel Manufacturing Poland)
Tychy, Silesia
| 7
|
[
"Stellantis France",
"parent organization",
"Stellantis"
] |
Leadership
Senior management
Chairman: John Elkann (since January 2021)
Chief executive: Carlos Tavares (since January 2021)
Vice chairman: Robert Peugeot (since January 2021)
| 9
|
[
"Stellantis France",
"instance of",
"automobile manufacturer"
] |
Europe
France:
Sausheim, Grand Est (Stellantis Mulhouse Plant)
Poissy, Île-de-France (Stellantis Poissy Plant)
Rennes, Brittany (Stellantis Rennes Plant)
Sochaux, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (Stellantis Sochaux Plant)
Hordain, Hauts-de-France (Sevel Nord)
Germany:
Eisenach, Thuringia (Opel Eisenach)
Rüsselsheim, Hesse (Opel Rüsselsheim)
Italy:
Turin (Stellantis Mirafiori)
Grugliasco (Avvocato Giovanni Agnelli Plant) (closing)
Piedimonte San Germano (Stellantis Cassino)
Modena (Maserati)
Pomigliano d'Arco (Stellantis Pomigliano)
Melfi (SATA)
Atessa (Sevel Sud)
Poland:
Gliwice, Silesia (Opel Manufacturing Poland)
Tychy, Silesia
| 11
|
[
"Azimut Yachts",
"parent organization",
"Azimut Benetti Group"
] |
Azimut Yachts is an Italian yacht-manufacturing company based in Viareggio, Italy. It was established in 1969 by Paolo Vitelli.The company began by chartering sailboats, later developing into a large luxury yacht building industry. The first major work started with a contract at the ship-yard of Amerglass, a modern Dutch shipyard producing boats in fibreglass. The business developed quickly, adding the distribution of sailing boats, motorcruisers and finally motoryachts from different makers: British Powles, Westerly, and others.
The company currently owns Benetti, another luxury ship building company.
Atlantis (boat builder) was acquired before 2013 and continued producing for the Atlantis brand for years, but in 2013 Azimut Atlantis models were on offer.
| 3
|
[
"Azimut Yachts",
"product or material produced",
"yacht"
] |
Azimut Yachts is an Italian yacht-manufacturing company based in Viareggio, Italy. It was established in 1969 by Paolo Vitelli.The company began by chartering sailboats, later developing into a large luxury yacht building industry. The first major work started with a contract at the ship-yard of Amerglass, a modern Dutch shipyard producing boats in fibreglass. The business developed quickly, adding the distribution of sailing boats, motorcruisers and finally motoryachts from different makers: British Powles, Westerly, and others.
The company currently owns Benetti, another luxury ship building company.
Atlantis (boat builder) was acquired before 2013 and continued producing for the Atlantis brand for years, but in 2013 Azimut Atlantis models were on offer.
| 4
|
[
"World Bank Group",
"has part(s)",
"World Bank"
] |
the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), established in 1944, which provides debt financing based on sovereign guarantees;
the International Finance Corporation (IFC), established in 1956, which provides various forms of financing without sovereign guarantees, primarily to the private sector;
the International Development Association (IDA), established in 1960, which provides concessional financing (interest-free loans or grants), usually with sovereign guarantees;
the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), established in 1965, which works with governments to reduce investment risk;
the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), established in 1988, which provides insurance against certain types of risk, including political risk, primarily to the private sector.The term "World Bank" generally refers to just the IBRD and IDA, whereas the term "World Bank Group" or "WBG" is used to refer to all five institutions collectively.The World Bank Institute is the capacity development branch of the World Bank, providing learning and other capacity-building programs to member countries.
The IBRD has 189 member governments, and the other institutions have between 153 and 184. The institutions of the World Bank Group are all run by a board of governors meeting once a year. Each member country appoints a governor, generally its Minister of Finance. Daily, the World Bank Group is run by a board of 25 executive directors to whom the governours have delegated certain powers. Each director represents either one country (for the largest countries), or a group of countries. Executive directors are appointed by their respective governments or the constituencies.The agencies of the World Bank are each governed by their Articles of Agreement that serves as the legal and institutional foundation for all their work.The activities of the IFC and MIGA include investment in the private sector and providing insurance, respectively.
| 2
|
[
"World Bank Group",
"different from",
"World Bank"
] |
the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), established in 1944, which provides debt financing based on sovereign guarantees;
the International Finance Corporation (IFC), established in 1956, which provides various forms of financing without sovereign guarantees, primarily to the private sector;
the International Development Association (IDA), established in 1960, which provides concessional financing (interest-free loans or grants), usually with sovereign guarantees;
the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), established in 1965, which works with governments to reduce investment risk;
the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), established in 1988, which provides insurance against certain types of risk, including political risk, primarily to the private sector.The term "World Bank" generally refers to just the IBRD and IDA, whereas the term "World Bank Group" or "WBG" is used to refer to all five institutions collectively.The World Bank Institute is the capacity development branch of the World Bank, providing learning and other capacity-building programs to member countries.
The IBRD has 189 member governments, and the other institutions have between 153 and 184. The institutions of the World Bank Group are all run by a board of governors meeting once a year. Each member country appoints a governor, generally its Minister of Finance. Daily, the World Bank Group is run by a board of 25 executive directors to whom the governours have delegated certain powers. Each director represents either one country (for the largest countries), or a group of countries. Executive directors are appointed by their respective governments or the constituencies.The agencies of the World Bank are each governed by their Articles of Agreement that serves as the legal and institutional foundation for all their work.The activities of the IFC and MIGA include investment in the private sector and providing insurance, respectively.
| 3
|
[
"World Bank Group",
"has part(s)",
"International Finance Corporation"
] |
the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), established in 1944, which provides debt financing based on sovereign guarantees;
the International Finance Corporation (IFC), established in 1956, which provides various forms of financing without sovereign guarantees, primarily to the private sector;
the International Development Association (IDA), established in 1960, which provides concessional financing (interest-free loans or grants), usually with sovereign guarantees;
the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), established in 1965, which works with governments to reduce investment risk;
the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), established in 1988, which provides insurance against certain types of risk, including political risk, primarily to the private sector.The term "World Bank" generally refers to just the IBRD and IDA, whereas the term "World Bank Group" or "WBG" is used to refer to all five institutions collectively.The World Bank Institute is the capacity development branch of the World Bank, providing learning and other capacity-building programs to member countries.
The IBRD has 189 member governments, and the other institutions have between 153 and 184. The institutions of the World Bank Group are all run by a board of governors meeting once a year. Each member country appoints a governor, generally its Minister of Finance. Daily, the World Bank Group is run by a board of 25 executive directors to whom the governours have delegated certain powers. Each director represents either one country (for the largest countries), or a group of countries. Executive directors are appointed by their respective governments or the constituencies.The agencies of the World Bank are each governed by their Articles of Agreement that serves as the legal and institutional foundation for all their work.The activities of the IFC and MIGA include investment in the private sector and providing insurance, respectively.
| 8
|
[
"World Bank Group",
"has part(s)",
"Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency"
] |
the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), established in 1944, which provides debt financing based on sovereign guarantees;
the International Finance Corporation (IFC), established in 1956, which provides various forms of financing without sovereign guarantees, primarily to the private sector;
the International Development Association (IDA), established in 1960, which provides concessional financing (interest-free loans or grants), usually with sovereign guarantees;
the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), established in 1965, which works with governments to reduce investment risk;
the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), established in 1988, which provides insurance against certain types of risk, including political risk, primarily to the private sector.The term "World Bank" generally refers to just the IBRD and IDA, whereas the term "World Bank Group" or "WBG" is used to refer to all five institutions collectively.The World Bank Institute is the capacity development branch of the World Bank, providing learning and other capacity-building programs to member countries.
The IBRD has 189 member governments, and the other institutions have between 153 and 184. The institutions of the World Bank Group are all run by a board of governors meeting once a year. Each member country appoints a governor, generally its Minister of Finance. Daily, the World Bank Group is run by a board of 25 executive directors to whom the governours have delegated certain powers. Each director represents either one country (for the largest countries), or a group of countries. Executive directors are appointed by their respective governments or the constituencies.The agencies of the World Bank are each governed by their Articles of Agreement that serves as the legal and institutional foundation for all their work.The activities of the IFC and MIGA include investment in the private sector and providing insurance, respectively.
| 10
|
[
"Detroit Aircraft Corporation",
"instance of",
"aerospace manufacturer"
] |
Subsidiaries
Ryan Aircraft Corporation: Incorporated into Detroit Aircraft on July 5, 1929, Ryan Aircraft acquired the assets and business of the Mahoney-Ryan Aircraft Corporation, the successor to Ryan Air Lines. Ryan Aircraft manufactured four and six-place cabin monoplanes at their St. Louis facility, adjacent to the municipal airport. The Detroit Aircraft Corporation owned Ryan Aircraft's entire capital stock.Aircraft Development Corporation: was incorporated on July 12, 1929 in Michigan to take over and continue development and construction of "metal-clad" airships for commercial, military and naval uses. Company held patents covering design and construction of "Metalclad" rigid airships and airship mooring towers. The first "Metalclad" airship, the ZMC-2, was constructed for the U.S. Navy in 1929. Detroit Aircraft Corp. owned entire capital stock. Edsel Ford, William May and William Stout, invested in the venture in an effort to make Detroit the manufacturing center of the dirigible industry. The Ford name was not closely associated with the ZMC-2 at the insistence of Henry and Edsel Ford, but Ford laboratories, on the property of the newly completed Ford Airport conducted tests on the ZMC-2 and paid $500,000 for the 225-foot (69 m) dirigible mooring at Ford's airport
Aviation Tool, Co. Incorporated in Michigan, June 11, 1929, to take over and continue the development of automatic riveting machines and their application to all types of aircraft. Detroit Aircraft Corp. owned entire capital stock.Grosse Ile Airport, Inc. Incorporated in Michigan, Nov. 15, 1926. Owned and operated an airport on Grosse Ile, an island in the Detroit River. The airport covered 403 acres (1.63 km2) of land and has water approaches on three sides. Contains a circular landing field. 3,000 feet (910 m) in diameter, and an airship hangar. Detroit Aircraft Corp. owned entire capital stock.Marine Aircraft Corp. Incorporated in Michigan, June 11, 1929, to specialise exclusively in all-metal amphibian and flying boat construction for commercial and naval uses. Manufactured an all-metal six-place cabin amphibian plane. Detroit Aircraft Corp. owned entire capital stock.
Eastman Aircraft Corp. Incorporated in Michigan. Nov. 26, 1928. Manufactured the Sea Rover and Sea Pirate flying boat ranging In price from $7,500 to $10,000. Detroit Aircraft Corp. owned entire capital stock.
Blackburn Aircraft Corp. Incorporated in Michigan, May 20, 1929. to acquire design and patent rights on entire line of metal aircraft of Blackburn Airplane & Motor Co., Ltd. of England. DAC controlled 90% with the UK company holding 10% of the stock.
Detroit Aircraft Export Co. Incorporated in December 1928 for the purpose of handling export sales in South and Central China. Japan, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Detroit Aircraft Corp. owned entire capital stock.
Gliders, Inc. Engaged exclusively in the manufacture of sailplanes. Factory located In Detroit, Detroit Aircraft Corp. owned entire capital stock.The Lockheed Aircraft Company of Santa Barbara, California had been a going concern all throughout the 1920s. However, in 1929, the management of Lockheed voted to sell majority share ownership to the Detroit Aircraft Corporation. In July 1929, the Detroit Aircraft Corporation acquired 87 percent of the assets of Lockheed Aircraft Company.
Park's Air College and Affiliated Companies, Inc., see Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology.
| 5
|
[
"Detroit Aircraft Corporation",
"industry",
"aerospace"
] |
Subsidiaries
Ryan Aircraft Corporation: Incorporated into Detroit Aircraft on July 5, 1929, Ryan Aircraft acquired the assets and business of the Mahoney-Ryan Aircraft Corporation, the successor to Ryan Air Lines. Ryan Aircraft manufactured four and six-place cabin monoplanes at their St. Louis facility, adjacent to the municipal airport. The Detroit Aircraft Corporation owned Ryan Aircraft's entire capital stock.Aircraft Development Corporation: was incorporated on July 12, 1929 in Michigan to take over and continue development and construction of "metal-clad" airships for commercial, military and naval uses. Company held patents covering design and construction of "Metalclad" rigid airships and airship mooring towers. The first "Metalclad" airship, the ZMC-2, was constructed for the U.S. Navy in 1929. Detroit Aircraft Corp. owned entire capital stock. Edsel Ford, William May and William Stout, invested in the venture in an effort to make Detroit the manufacturing center of the dirigible industry. The Ford name was not closely associated with the ZMC-2 at the insistence of Henry and Edsel Ford, but Ford laboratories, on the property of the newly completed Ford Airport conducted tests on the ZMC-2 and paid $500,000 for the 225-foot (69 m) dirigible mooring at Ford's airport
Aviation Tool, Co. Incorporated in Michigan, June 11, 1929, to take over and continue the development of automatic riveting machines and their application to all types of aircraft. Detroit Aircraft Corp. owned entire capital stock.Grosse Ile Airport, Inc. Incorporated in Michigan, Nov. 15, 1926. Owned and operated an airport on Grosse Ile, an island in the Detroit River. The airport covered 403 acres (1.63 km2) of land and has water approaches on three sides. Contains a circular landing field. 3,000 feet (910 m) in diameter, and an airship hangar. Detroit Aircraft Corp. owned entire capital stock.Marine Aircraft Corp. Incorporated in Michigan, June 11, 1929, to specialise exclusively in all-metal amphibian and flying boat construction for commercial and naval uses. Manufactured an all-metal six-place cabin amphibian plane. Detroit Aircraft Corp. owned entire capital stock.
Eastman Aircraft Corp. Incorporated in Michigan. Nov. 26, 1928. Manufactured the Sea Rover and Sea Pirate flying boat ranging In price from $7,500 to $10,000. Detroit Aircraft Corp. owned entire capital stock.
Blackburn Aircraft Corp. Incorporated in Michigan, May 20, 1929. to acquire design and patent rights on entire line of metal aircraft of Blackburn Airplane & Motor Co., Ltd. of England. DAC controlled 90% with the UK company holding 10% of the stock.
Detroit Aircraft Export Co. Incorporated in December 1928 for the purpose of handling export sales in South and Central China. Japan, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. Detroit Aircraft Corp. owned entire capital stock.
Gliders, Inc. Engaged exclusively in the manufacture of sailplanes. Factory located In Detroit, Detroit Aircraft Corp. owned entire capital stock.The Lockheed Aircraft Company of Santa Barbara, California had been a going concern all throughout the 1920s. However, in 1929, the management of Lockheed voted to sell majority share ownership to the Detroit Aircraft Corporation. In July 1929, the Detroit Aircraft Corporation acquired 87 percent of the assets of Lockheed Aircraft Company.
Park's Air College and Affiliated Companies, Inc., see Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology.
| 7
|
[
"United Nations",
"has subsidiary",
"International Court of Justice"
] |
The United Nations, referred to informally as the UN, is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. It is the world's largest international organization. The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City, and the organization has other offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, and The Hague, where the International Court of Justice is headquartered.
The UN was established after World War II with the aim of preventing future world wars, and succeeded the League of Nations, which was characterized as ineffective. On 25 April 1945, 50 nations met in San Francisco, California for a conference and started drafting the UN Charter, which was adopted on 25 June 1945. The charter took effect on 24 October 1945, when the UN began operations. The organization's objectives, as defined by its charter, include maintaining international peace and security, protecting human rights, delivering humanitarian aid, promoting sustainable development, and upholding international law. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; as of 2023, it has 193 – almost all of the world's sovereign states.The organization's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades due in part to Cold War tensions that existed between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies. Its mission has included the provision of primarily unarmed military observers and lightly armed troops charged with primarily monitoring, reporting and confidence-building roles. UN membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization in the 1960s. Since then, 80 former colonies have gained independence, including 11 trust territories that had been monitored by the Trusteeship Council. By the 1970s, the UN's budget for economic and social development programmes vastly exceeded its spending on peacekeeping. After the end of the Cold War in 1991, the UN shifted and expanded its field operations, undertaking a wide variety of complex tasks.The UN has six principal operational organizations: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the International Court of Justice, the UN Secretariat, and the Trusteeship Council, although the Trusteeship Council has been inactive since 1994. The UN System includes a multitude of specialized agencies, funds, and programmes, including the World Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, and UNICEF. Additionally, non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with the Economic and Social Council and other agencies.
The UN's chief administrative officer is the secretary-general, currently Portuguese politician and diplomat António Guterres, who began his first five year-term on 1 January 2017 and was re-elected on 8 June 2021. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states.
The UN, its officers, and its agencies have won many Nobel Peace Prizes, though other evaluations of its effectiveness have been mixed. Some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development, while others have called it ineffective, biased, and corrupt.International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice (or ICJ), sometimes known as the World Court, is the primary judicial organ of the UN. It is the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice and occupies the body's former headquarters in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands, making it the only principal organ not based in New York City. The ICJ's main function is adjudicating disputes among nations Examples of issues they have heard include war crimes, violations of state sovereignty and ethnic cleansing. The court can also be called upon by other UN organs to provide advisory opinions on matters of international law. All UN member states are parties to the ICJ Statute, which forms an integral part of the UN Charter, and non-members may also become parties. The ICJ's rulings are binding upon parties and, along with its advisory opinions, serve as sources of international law. The court is composed of 15 judges appointed to nine-year terms by the General Assembly Every sitting judge must be from a different nation.
| 16
|
[
"United Nations",
"has part(s)",
"United Nations Security Council"
] |
Structure
The United Nations is part of the broader UN System, which includes an extensive network of institutions and entities. Central to the organization are five principal organs established by the UN Charter: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the International Court of Justice and the UN Secretariat. A sixth principal organ, the Trusteeship Council, suspended its operations on 1 November 1994 upon the independence of Palau; the last remaining UN trustee territory.Four of the five principal organs are located at the main UN Headquarters in New York City, while the International Court of Justice is seated in The Hague. Most other major agencies are based in the UN offices at Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi, and additional UN institutions are located throughout the world. The six official languages of the UN, used in intergovernmental meetings and documents, are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. On the basis of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, the UN and its agencies are immune from the laws of the countries where they operate; safeguarding the UN's impartiality with regard to host and member countries.Below the six organs sit, in the words of the author Linda Fasulo, "an amazing collection of entities and organizations, some of which are actually older than the UN itself and operate with almost complete independence from it". These include specialized agencies, research and training institutions, programmes and funds and other UN entities.All organizations in the UN system obey the Noblemaire principle, which calls for salaries that will attract and retain citizens of countries where compensation is highest, and which ensures equal pay for work of equal value regardless of the employee's nationality. In practice, the International Civil Service Commission, which governs the conditions of UN personnel, takes reference to the highest-paying national civil service. Staff salaries are subject to an internal tax that is administered by the UN organizations.
| 29
|
[
"United Nations",
"has subsidiary",
"World Health Organization"
] |
The United Nations, referred to informally as the UN, is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. It is the world's largest international organization. The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City, and the organization has other offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, and The Hague, where the International Court of Justice is headquartered.
The UN was established after World War II with the aim of preventing future world wars, and succeeded the League of Nations, which was characterized as ineffective. On 25 April 1945, 50 nations met in San Francisco, California for a conference and started drafting the UN Charter, which was adopted on 25 June 1945. The charter took effect on 24 October 1945, when the UN began operations. The organization's objectives, as defined by its charter, include maintaining international peace and security, protecting human rights, delivering humanitarian aid, promoting sustainable development, and upholding international law. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; as of 2023, it has 193 – almost all of the world's sovereign states.The organization's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades due in part to Cold War tensions that existed between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies. Its mission has included the provision of primarily unarmed military observers and lightly armed troops charged with primarily monitoring, reporting and confidence-building roles. UN membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization in the 1960s. Since then, 80 former colonies have gained independence, including 11 trust territories that had been monitored by the Trusteeship Council. By the 1970s, the UN's budget for economic and social development programmes vastly exceeded its spending on peacekeeping. After the end of the Cold War in 1991, the UN shifted and expanded its field operations, undertaking a wide variety of complex tasks.The UN has six principal operational organizations: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the International Court of Justice, the UN Secretariat, and the Trusteeship Council, although the Trusteeship Council has been inactive since 1994. The UN System includes a multitude of specialized agencies, funds, and programmes, including the World Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, and UNICEF. Additionally, non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with the Economic and Social Council and other agencies.
The UN's chief administrative officer is the secretary-general, currently Portuguese politician and diplomat António Guterres, who began his first five year-term on 1 January 2017 and was re-elected on 8 June 2021. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states.
The UN, its officers, and its agencies have won many Nobel Peace Prizes, though other evaluations of its effectiveness have been mixed. Some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development, while others have called it ineffective, biased, and corrupt.The World Health Organization (or WHO), which focuses on international health issues and disease eradication, is another of the UN's largest agencies. In 1980, the agency announced that the eradication of smallpox had been completed. In subsequent decades, WHO eradicated polio, river blindness, and leprosy. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (or UNAIDS) co-ordinated the organization's response to the AIDS epidemic. The UN Population Fund, which also dedicates part of its resources to combating HIV, is the world's largest source of funding for reproductive health and family planning services.Along with the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the UN takes a leading role in co-ordinating emergency relief. The World Food Programme (or the WFP) provides food aid in response to famine, natural disasters, and armed conflict. The organization feeds an average of 90 million people in 80 nations per year. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (or the UNHCR) works to protect the rights of refugees, asylum seekers and stateless people. The UNHCR and the WFP programmes are funded by voluntary contributions from governments, corporations, and individuals, though the UNHCR's administrative costs are paid for by the UN's primary budget.
| 33
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