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Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Iron-Iron cycling in the ocean Iron isotopes have become particularly useful in recent years for tracing biogeochemical cycling in the oceans. Iron is an important micronutrient for living species in the ocean, particularly for the growth of phytoplankton. Iron is estimated to... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Iron-For example, the combination of iron concentration and iron isotope data can use to determine the sources of oceanic iron. In the South Atlantic and in the Southern Ocean, isotopically light iron is observed in intermediate waters (200 - 1,300 meters), whereas isotopicall... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Iron-Constraining processes on extraterrestrial bodies Iron isotopes have been applied for a number of purposes on planetary bodies. Their variations have been measured to more precisely determine the processes that occurred during planetary accretion. In the future, the compa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Iron-Planetary accretion One of the primary challenges in the study of planetary accretion is the fact that many tracers of the processes occurring in the early Solar System have been eliminated as a result of subsequent geologic events. Because transition metals do not show l... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Iron-Variations in δ57/54Fe between samples from Vesta, Mars, the Moon, and Earth have been observed, and these variations cannot be explained by any known petrological, geochemical, or planetary processes, thus, it has been inferred that the observed fractionations are a resu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Iron-Astrobiology The use of iron isotopes may also have applications when studying potential evidence for life on other planets. The ability of microbes to utilize iron in their metabolisms makes it possible for organisms to survive in anoxic, iron-rich environments, such as ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Iron-Biomedical research Iron plays many roles in human biology, specifically in oxygen transport, short-term oxygen storage, and metabolism Iron also plays a role in the body's immune system. Current biomedical research aims to use iron isotopes to better understand the speci... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Copper-Stable isotopes and natural abundances Copper has two naturally occurring stable isotopes: 63Cu and 65Cu, which exist in the following natural abundances: The isotopic composition of Cu is conventionally reported in delta notation (in ‰) relative to a NIST SRM 976 stand... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Copper-Finally, due to its full d-orbital, Cu1+ has diamagnetic resonance. In contrast, Cu2+ has one unpaired electron in its d-orbital, giving it paramagnetic resonance. The different resonances of the Cu ions enable determination of Cu's redox state by techniques such as ele... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Copper-Biology Copper can be found in the active sites of most enzymes that catalyze redox reactions (i.e., oxidoreductases), as it facilitates single electron transfers while reversibly oscillating between the Cu1+ and Cu2+ redox states. Enzymes typically contain between one ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Copper-Examples of copper-based enzymes Copper serves catalytic and structural roles in many essential enzymes in biology. In the context of catalytic activity, copper proteins function as electron or oxygen carriers, oxidases, mono- and dioxygenases and nitrite reductases. In... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Copper-Biological fractionation Biological processes that fractionate Cu isotopes are not well-understood, but play an important role in driving the δ65Cu values of materials observed in the marine and terrestrial environments. The natural 65Cu/63Cu varies according to copper'... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Copper-Geochemistry The concentration of Cu in bulk silicate Earth is ~30 ppm, slightly less than its average concentration (~72 ppm) in fresh mid-oceanic ridge basalt (MORB) glass. Cu1+ and Cu2+ form a variety of sulfides (often in association with Fe), as well as carbonates ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Copper-Measurement In order to measure Cu isotope ratios of various materials, several steps must be taken prior to the isotopic measurement in order to extract and purify copper. The first step in the analytical pipeline to measure Cu isotopes is to liberate Cu from its host ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Copper-Natural copper isotopic variations The field of Cu isotope biogeochemistry is still in a relatively early stage, so the Cu isotope compositions of materials in the environment are not well-documented. However, based on a compilation of measurements already made, it appe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Copper-In humans In human bodies, coppers is an important constituent of many essential enzymes, including ceruloplasmin (which carries Cu and oxidizes Fe2+ in human plasma), cytochrome c oxidase, metallothionein and superoxide dismutase 1. Serum in human blood is typically 65... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Copper-In the terrestrial environment To first order, δ65Cu values in organisms are driven by the δ65Cu values of source materials. The δ65Cu values of various soils from different regions have been found to vary from -0.34 to +0.33‰ depending on the biogeochemical processes t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Copper-In rocks and minerals In general, igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary processes do not appear to strongly fractionate Cu isotopes, while δ65Cu values of Cu minerals vary widely. The average Cu isotopic composition of bulk silicate Earth has been measured as 0.06 ± 0.20... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Copper-In the marine environment Cu is strongly cycled in the surface and deep ocean. In the deep ocean, Cu concentrations are ~5 nM in the Pacific and ~1.5 nM in the Atlantic. The deep/surface ratio of Cu in the ocean is typically <10, and vertical concentration profiles for ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Copper-Due to equilibrium and biological processes that fractionate Cu isotopes in the marine environment, the bulk copper isotopic composition (δ65Cu = +0.6 to +1.5‰) is different from the δ65Cu values of the riverine input (δ65Cu = +0.02 to +1.45‰, with discharge-weighted av... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Copper-Equilibrium processes that fractionate Cu isotopes include high temperature ion exchange and redox speciation between mineral phases, and low temperature ion exchange between aqueous species or redox speciation between inorganic species. In riverine and marine environme... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Copper-Applications of copper isotopes Medicine Due to its relatively short turnover time of ~6 weeks in the human body, Cu serves as an important indicator of cancer and other diseases that rapidly evolve. The serum of cancer patients contains significantly higher levels of C... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Zinc-Stable isotopes and natural abundances Zinc has five stable isotopes, tabulated along with their natural abundances below: The isotopic composition of Zn is reported in delta notation (in ‰): 64 64 Zn)std] where xZn is a Zn isotope other than 64Zn (commonly either 66Zn or... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Zinc-Chemistry Because it has just one valence state (Zn2+), zinc is a redox-inert element. The electronic configurations of Zn0 and Zn2+ are shown below: Biology Zinc is present in almost 3,000 human proteins, and thus is essential for nearly all cellular functions. Zn is als... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Zinc-Examples of zinc-based enzymes Zn is present in the active sites of most hydrolytic enzymes, and is used as an electrophilic catalyst to activate water molecules that ultimately hydrolyze chemical bonds. Examples of zinc-based enzymes include superoxide dismutase (SOD), m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Zinc-Biological fractionation Relatively little is known about isotopic fractionation of zinc by biological processes, but several studies have elucidated that Zn isotopes fractionate during surface adsorption, intracellular uptake processes and speciation. Many organisms, inc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Zinc-Geochemistry The concentration of Zn in bulk silicate Earth is ~55 ppm, while its average concentration in fresh mid-oceanic ridge basalt (MORB) glass is ~87 ppm. Like Cu, Zn commonly associates with Fe to form a variety of zinc sulfide minerals such as sphalerite. Additi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Zinc-Measurement The analytical pipeline for preparation of sample material for Zn isotope measurements is similar to that of Cu, consisting of digestion of host material or concentration from seawater, isolation and purification via anion-exchange chromatography, removal of i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Zinc-Natural zinc isotopic variations As with Cu, the field of Zn isotope biogeochemistry is still in a relatively early stage, so the Zn isotope compositions of materials in the environment are not well-documented. However, based on a compilation of some reported measurements... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Zinc-In humans Zn isotope ratios vary between individual blood components, bones and the different organs in humans, though in general, δ66Zn values fall within a narrow range. In the blood of healthy individuals, the Zn isotopic composition of erythrocytes is typically ~0.3‰ ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Zinc-In the terrestrial environment Zn isotope ratios vary on small scales throughout the terrestrial biosphere. Zn is released into soils during mineral weathering, and isotopes of Zn fractionate upon interaction with mineral and organic components in the soil. In 5 soil prof... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Zinc-In rocks and minerals In general, δ66Zn values of various rocks and minerals do not appear to significantly vary. The δ66Zn value of bulk silicate Earth (BSE) is +0.28 + 0.05‰. Fractionation of Zn isotopes by igneous processes is generally insignificant, and δ66Zn values ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Zinc-In the marine environment Zn is an essential biological nutrient in the oceans, and its concentration is largely controlled by uptake by phytoplankton and remineralization. In addition to its critical role in many metalloenzymes (see Zinc Biology section), Zn is an import... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Zinc-A multitude of complex processes fractionate Zn isotopes in the marine environment. As seen with copper isotopes, the bulk isotopic composition of zinc in the oceans (δ66Zn = +0.5‰) is heavier than that of the riverine input (δ66Zn = +0.3‰), reflecting both equilibrium, b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry-Zinc-Applications of zinc isotopes Medicine Zn isotopes may be useful as a tracer for breast cancer. Relative to non-cancerous patients, breast cancer patients are known to have significantly higher concentrations of Zn in their breast tissue, but lower concentrations in their... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eye neoplasm-Eye neoplasm-Eye neoplasms can affect all parts of the eye, and can be a benign tumor or a malignant tumor (cancer). Eye cancers can be primary (starts within the eye) or metastatic cancer (spread to the eye from another organ). The two most common cancers that spread to the eye from another organ are brea... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eye neoplasm-Types-Tumors in the eye and orbit can be benign like dermoid cysts, or malignant like rhabdomyosarcoma and retinoblastoma. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eye neoplasm-Types-Malignant The most common eyelid tumor is called basal cell carcinoma. This tumor can grow around the eye but rarely spreads to other parts of the body. Other types of common eyelid cancers include squamous carcinoma, sebaceous carcinoma and malignant melanoma. The most common orbital malignancy is o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eye neoplasm-Types-Adults The most common malignant primary intraocular tumor in adults is uveal melanoma. These tumors can occur in the choroid, iris and ciliary body. The latter are sometimes called iris or ciliary body melanoma.
The next most common is primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) which is usually non-Hodgkin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eye neoplasm-Signs and symptoms-Melanomas (choroidal, ciliary body and uveal) - In the early stages there may be no symptoms (the person does not know there is a tumor until an ophthalmologist or optometrist looks into the eye with an ophthalmoscope during a routine test). As the tumor grows, symptoms can be blurred vi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eye neoplasm-Signs and symptoms-A nevus is a benign, freckle in the eye. These should be checked out and regular checks on the eye done to ensure it has not turned into a melanoma.
Iris and conjuctival tumors (melanomas) - Present as a dark spot. Any spot which continues to grow on the iris and the conjunctiva should b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eye neoplasm-Signs and symptoms-Retinoblastoma - Strabismus (crossed eyes), a whitish or yellowish glow through the pupil, decreasing/loss of vision, sometimes the eye may be red and painful. Retinoblastoma can occur in one or both eyes. This tumor occurs in babies and young children. It is called RB for short. Check p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eye neoplasm-Diagnosis-Classification Choroidal tumors Choroidal hemangioma Choroidal melanoma Choroidal metastasis Choroidal nevus Choroidal osteoma Ciliary body melanoma The nevus of Ota Conjunctival tumors Conjunctival Kaposi's sarcoma Epibulbar dermoid Malignant conjunctival tumors Lymphoma of the conjunctiva Melan... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eye neoplasm-Treatment-Laser therapy Plaque therapy Radiotherapy - The ophthalmologist decides in conjunction with the radiation oncologist which type of radiation therapy is most suitable, based on size and location of the tumour. Today, modern radiation treatment modalities, such as proton therapy, are likely to be c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eye neoplasm-Treatment-Proton therapy Enucleation of the eye - Removal of the eye, but the muscles and eyelids are left intact. An implant is inserted, then the person wears a conformer shield and later the person will have their prosthesis made and fitted (the prosthesis is made by an ocularist and is made to look lik... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eye neoplasm-Treatment-Exenteration - Removal of the eye, all orbital contents, which can involve the eyelids as well. A special prosthesis is made to cover the defect and improve appearance.
Iridectomy - Removal of the affected piece of the iris Choroidectomy - Removal of the choroid layer (the vascular tissue sandwic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eye neoplasm-Ocular oncology-Ocular oncology is the branch of medicine dealing with tumors relating to the eye and its adnexa. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Eye neoplasm-Ocular oncology-Ocular oncology takes into consideration that the primary requirement for patients is preservation of life by removal of the tumor, along with best efforts directed at preservation of useful vision, followed by cosmetic appearance. The treatment of ocular tumors is generally a multi-special... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Marilyn Ball-Marilyn Ball-Marilyn Ball is a professor at the College of Medicine, Biology and Environment at the Australian National University (ANU), and leader of the Ball (Marilyn) Lab for Ecophysiology of Salinity and Freezing Tolerance. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Marilyn Ball-Marilyn Ball-Ball gained her PhD in environmental biology from the ANU in 1982. She held postdoctoral positions at the University of California, Berkeley from 1981 to 1984 and at the ANU's North Australia Research Unit in Darwin from 1985 to 1988. In 1989, Ball was awarded a National Research Fellowship fr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Marilyn Ball-Areas of expertise-Global Change Biology Plant Physiology Ecological Physiology Cell Metabolism | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Marilyn Ball-Awards-2009 Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science, awarded by the Australian Academy of ScienceJoint College Award for Excellence in Education, awarded by the ANU College of Medicine, Biology & Environment and the ANU College of Physical & Mathematical Sciences 2007 Lifetime Honorary Member Award fro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Marilyn Ball-Ball (Marilyn) Lab for Ecophysiology of Salinity and Freezing Tolerance-Ball's laboratory investigates how plant communities respond to changed environmental conditions, in terms of their physiology. In particular they explore the relationships between stress tolerance and photosynthesis, and the consequen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Marilyn Ball-Projects-Student projects Ecophysiology of salinity and temperature tolerance in a changing world (Honours, Higher degree by research) Other projects Climate change and carbon gain in Antarctic mosses Coping with temperature extremes: morphological constraints on leaf function in a warmer, drier climate Sa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Marilyn Ball-Publications-Publications Authored by Marilyn C Ball | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Carlactone synthase-Carlactone synthase-Carlactone synthase (EC 1.13.11.69, CCD8 (gene), MAX4 (gene), NCED8 (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal:O2 oxidoreductase (14,15-cleaving, carlactone-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction 9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shed style-Shed style-Shed Style refers to a style of architecture that makes use of single-sloped roofs (commonly called "shed roofs"). The style originated from the designs of architects Charles Willard Moore and Robert Venturi in the 1960s. Their works were influential to the style that would include the Sea Ranch ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Shed style-Characteristics-Common stylistic features of shed style include overall asymmetry with strong lines, one- to two-story height, and seamless roof and wall intersection. Shed styles were developed in the early 1970s, however, they quickly died out in the 1980s because of the high maintenance costs they created... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
7 nm process-7 nm process-In semiconductor manufacturing, the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors defines the 7 nm process as the MOSFET technology node following the 10 nm node. It is based on FinFET (fin field-effect transistor) technology, a type of multi-gate MOSFET technology. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
7 nm process-7 nm process-Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) began production of 256 Mbit SRAM memory chips using a 7 nm process called N7 in June 2016, before Samsung began mass production of their 7 nm process called 7LPP devices in 2018. The first mainstream 7 nm mobile processor intended for mass mar... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
7 nm process-7 nm process-Since at least 1997, however, "node" has become a commercial name for marketing purposes that indicates new generations of process technologies, without any relation to gate length, metal pitch or gate pitch. TSMC and Samsung's 10 nm (10 LPE) processes are somewhere between Intel's 14 nm and 1... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
7 nm process-History-Technology demos 7 nm scale MOSFETs were first demonstrated by researchers in the early 2000s. In 2002, an IBM research team including Bruce Doris, Omer Dokumaci, Meikei Ieong and Anda Mocuta fabricated a 6 nm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFET. In 2003, NEC's research team led by Hitoshi Wakabayash... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
7 nm process-History-Expected commercialization and technologies In April 2016, TSMC announced that 7 nm trial production would begin in the first half of 2017. In April 2017, TSMC began risk production of 256 Mbit SRAM memory chips using a 7 nm (N7FF+) process, with extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV). TSMC's 7 nm p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
7 nm process-History-In April 2018, TSMC announced volume production of 7 nm (CLN7FF, N7) chips. In June 2018, the company announced mass production ramp up.In May 2018, Samsung announced production of 7 nm (7LPP) chips this year. ASML Holding NV is their main supplier of EUV lithography machines.In August 2018, Global... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
7 nm process-History-On January 17, 2019, for the Q4 2018 earnings call, TSMC mentioned that different customers will have "different flavors" of second generation 7 nm.On April 16, 2019, TSMC announced their 6 nm process called (CLN6FF, N6), which is expected to be in mass products from 2021. N6 uses EUVL in up to 5 l... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
7 nm process-History-Technology commercialization In June 2018, AMD announced 7 nm Radeon Instinct GPUs launching in the second half of 2018. In August 2018, the company confirmed the release of the GPUs.On August 21, 2018, Huawei announced their HiSilicon Kirin 980 SoC to be used in their Huawei Mate 20 and Mate 20 Pr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
7 nm process-History-On September 12, 2018, Apple announced their A12 Bionic chip used in iPhone XS and iPhone XR built using TSMC's 7 nm (N7) process. The A12 processor became the first 7 nm chip for mass market use as it released before the Huawei Mate 20. On October 30, 2018, Apple announced their A12X Bionic chip u... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
7 nm process-History-On August 6, 2019, Samsung announced their Exynos 9825 SoC, the first chip built using their 7LPP process. The Exynos 9825 is the first mass market chip built featuring EUVL.On September 6, 2019, Huawei announced their HiSilicon Kirin 990 4G & 990 5G SoCs, built using TSMC's N7 and N7+ processes.On... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
7 nm process-7 nm patterning difficulties-The 7 nm foundry node is expected to utilize any of or a combination of the following patterning technologies: pitch splitting, self-aligned patterning, and EUV lithography. Each of these technologies carries significant challenges in critical dimension (CD) control as well as ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
7 nm process-7 nm patterning difficulties-Spacer patterning Spacer patterning involves depositing a layer onto pre-patterned features, then etching back to form spacers on the sidewalls of those features, referred to as core features. After removing the core features, the spacers are used as an etch mask to define tren... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
7 nm process-7 nm patterning difficulties-When self-aligned quadruple patterning (SAQP) is used, there is a second spacer that is utilized, replacing the first one. In this case, the core CD is replaced by core CD - 2* 2nd spacer CD, and the gap CD is replaced by gap CD - 2 * 2nd spacer CD. Thus, some feature dimension... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
7 nm process-7 nm patterning difficulties-Spacer-defined lines also require cutting. The cut spots may shift at exposure, resulting in distorted line ends or intrusions into adjacent lines.
Self-aligned litho-etch-litho-etch (SALELE) has been implemented for 7 nm BEOL patterning. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
7 nm process-7 nm patterning difficulties-EUV lithography Extreme ultraviolet lithography (also known as EUV or EUVL) is capable of resolving features below 20 nm in conventional lithography style. However, the 3D reflective nature of the EUV mask results in new anomalies in the imaging. One particular nuisance is the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
7 nm process-7 nm patterning difficulties-Attenuated phase shift masks have been used in production for 90 nm node for adequate focus windows for arbitrarily pitched contacts with the ArF laser wavelength (193 nm), whereas this resolution enhancement is not available for EUV.At 2021 SPIE's EUV Lithography conference, i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
7 nm process-7 nm design rule management in volume production-The 7 nm metal patterning currently practiced by TSMC involves self-aligned double patterning (SADP) lines with cuts inserted within a cell on a separate mask as needed to reduce cell height. However, self-aligned quad patterning (SAQP) is used to form the f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
7 nm process-7 nm process nodes and process offerings-The naming of process nodes by 4 different manufacturers (TSMC, Samsung, SMIC, Intel) is partially marketing-driven and not directly related to any measurable distance on a chip – for example TSMC's 7 nm node was previously similar in some key dimensions to Intel's ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
7 nm process-7 nm process nodes and process offerings-GlobalFoundries' 7 nm 7LP (Leading Performance) process would have offered 40% higher performance or 60%+ lower power with a 2x scaling in density and at a 30-45+% lower cost per die over its 14 nm process. The Contacted Poly Pitch (CPP) would have been 56 nm and th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MicroRNA 4521-MicroRNA 4521-MicroRNA 4521 is a micro RNA that in humans is encoded by the MIR4521 gene. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MicroRNA 4521-Function-microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs. miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated pri... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
MicroRNA 4521-Function-miR-4521 has been shown to have decreased expression in various cancers, including breast cancer and lung cancer. In gastric carcinoma, miR-4521 has been reported to inhibit EMT and metastasis. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Automatic sounding-Automatic sounding-In telecommunication, automatic sounding is the testing of selected channels for quality by providing a very brief identifying transmission that may be used by other stations to evaluate connectivity, and availability, and to identify known working channels for immediate or later u... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Automatic sounding-Automatic sounding-Automatic soundings are primarily intended to increase the efficiency of the automatic link establishment (ALE) function, thereby increasing system throughput. In ALE, the sounding information consists of a heavily error-corrected short message identifying the sender. Recipients d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cluster impact fusion-Cluster impact fusion-Cluster Impact Fusion is a suggested method of producing practical fusion power using small clusters of heavy water molecules directly accelerated into a titanium-deuteride target. Calculations suggested that such a system enhanced the cross section by many orders of magnitud... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cluster impact fusion-Cluster impact fusion-The idea was first reported by researchers at Brookhaven in 1989. Intrigued by recent reports of cold fusion, they attempted to study potential causes for the effect by accelerating tiny droplets of heavy water, about 25 to 1300 D2O molecules each, into a target at about 220 ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Klangfarbenmelodie-Klangfarbenmelodie-Klangfarbenmelodie (German for "sound-color melody") is a musical technique that involves splitting a musical line or melody between several instruments, rather than assigning it to just one instrument (or set of instruments), thereby adding color (timbre) and texture to the melodi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Klangfarbenmelodie-History-The term derives from Arnold Schoenberg's Harmonielehre, where he discusses the creation of "timbre structures". Schoenberg and Anton Webern are particularly noted for their use of the technique, Schoenberg most notably in the third of his Five Pieces for Orchestra (Op. 16), and Webern in his... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Klangfarbenmelodie-Sources-Grove, George (1898). Beethoven and His Nine Symphonies. London: Novello. Reprinted, New York: Dover Publications, 1962.
Hoffer, Charles (2009). Music Listening Today.. ISBN 9780495571995. ISBN 9780495916147.
MacDonald, Malcolm (1976). Schoenberg. Dent.
Nadel, Ira B., ed. (1999). The Cambridg... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Booking (clubbing)-Booking (clubbing)-Booking (Korean: 부킹) is a common practice in South Korean night clubs of forced socialization. Booking is a practice in which waiters bring female patrons, sometimes forcibly, to a table to sit with men. Both parties are free to leave at any time, or depending on mutual interest, t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Booking (clubbing)-Background-Confucianism in Korea has had a profound effect on social interactions, in traditional Confucianism one was expected to give proper deference and respect to one another based on one's position within a five level hierarchy, only the bottom of which was of one between equals, one's position... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Booking (clubbing)-Background-As South Korea urbanised and industrialised, the hierarchical stratification of society remained, in addition to ancestry one's social position in Korean society now includes the level of one's education, alma mater, profession, which company one works for and one's position and seniority ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Booking (clubbing)-Background-Booking arose therefore as an icebreaker between individuals who would otherwise be too embarrassed to approach one another and has been described as a form of speed dating. As South Koreans have become more comfortable with other ways to meet new people, such as through the internet, book... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Booking (clubbing)-Practice-In booking clubs groups of men will pay for a booth or room, the higher priced they are the better placed they are to observe the dance floor, they will also order a set of drinks and snacks for their table. The male groups are assigned a waiter who for tips will try and bring female patrons... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Booking (clubbing)-Practice-Among both male and female patrons there will be those who want more than some drinks, conversation and an exchange of phone numbers, it is the job of the waiter therefore to try and match only those with similar intentions. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Booking (clubbing)-Criticism-Ahn Hyeong-hwan (안형환), the Grand National Party representative and the member of the parliamentary-level Committee on Culture, Sports, Tourism, Broadcasting & Communications raised the issue of how the English-language Arirang TV presented the concept of booking to viewers, and how it could... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Booking (clubbing)-Outside of Korea-In the United States, Le Prive was a popular Korean-American venue for booking. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB-Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB-Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB (abbreviation: GPBB) is an isoenzyme of glycogen phosphorylase. This isoform of the enzyme exists in cardiac (heart) and brain tissue.
The enzyme is one of the "new cardiac markers" which are discussed to improve... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
EA-3167-EA-3167-EA-3167 is a potent and long-lasting anticholinergic deliriant drug, related to the chemical warfare agent 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB). It was developed under contract to Edgewood Arsenal during the 1960s as part of the US military chemical weapons program, in an attempt to develop non-lethal incapa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
EA-3167-EA-3167-Stereoisomers of EA-3167 have also been synthesized under the codename HL-031120. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
EA-3167-Effects-The intensity of EA-3167's effects is unparalleled among known psychoactive substances of any class. Incapacitating effects can last anywhere from 5-10 days, sometimes manifesting as a full 3-day peak of vivid hallucinations, along with prolonged confusion, amnesia, and inhibition of speech and cognitio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Health effects of coal ash-Health effects of coal ash-Coal ash, also known as coal combustion residuals (CCRs), is the mineral residue that remains from burning coal. Exposure to coal ash and to the toxic substances it contains may pose a health risk to workers in coal-fired power plants and residents living near coal ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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