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Symmetric space-Properties-Lifting the metric tensor The metric tensor on the Riemannian manifold M can be lifted to a scalar product on G by combining it with the Killing form. This is done by defining otherwise Here, ⟨⋅,⋅⟩p is the Riemannian metric defined on TpM , and trace ad ad Y) is the Killing form. The mi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Symmetric space-Properties-Factorization The tangent space m can be further factored into eigenspaces classified by the Killing form. This is accomplished by defining an adjoint map m→m taking Y↦Y# as ⟨X,Y#⟩=B(X,Y) where ⟨⋅,⋅⟩ is the Riemannian metric on m and B(⋅,⋅) is the Killing form. This map is sometimes cal... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Symmetric space-Applications and special cases-Symmetric spaces and holonomy If the identity component of the holonomy group of a Riemannian manifold at a point acts irreducibly on the tangent space, then either the manifold is a locally Riemannian symmetric space, or it is in one of 7 families.
Hermitian symmetric spa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Symmetric space-Applications and special cases-An irreducible symmetric space G/K is Hermitian if and only if K contains a central circle. A quarter turn by this circle acts as multiplication by i on the tangent space at the identity coset. Thus the Hermitian symmetric spaces are easily read off of the classification. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Symmetric space-Applications and special cases-Quaternion-Kähler symmetric spaces A Riemannian symmetric space which is additionally equipped with a parallel subbundle of End(TM) isomorphic to the imaginary quaternions at each point, and compatible with the Riemannian metric, is called quaternion-Kähler symmetric space... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Symmetric space-Applications and special cases-An irreducible symmetric space G/K is quaternion-Kähler if and only if isotropy representation of K contains an Sp(1) summand acting like the unit quaternions on a quaternionic vector space. Thus the quaternion-Kähler symmetric spaces are easily read off from the classific... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Symmetric space-Applications and special cases-Bott periodicity theorem In the Bott periodicity theorem, the loop spaces of the stable orthogonal group can be interpreted as reductive symmetric spaces. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
2-Chloropyridine-2-Chloropyridine-2-Chloropyridine is an organohalide with the formula C5H4ClN. It is a colorless liquid that is mainly used to generate fungicides and insecticides in industry. It also serves to generate antihistamines and antiarrythymics for pharmaceutical purposes. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
2-Chloropyridine-Preparation-2-Choropyridine is produced by direct reaction of pyridine with chlorine. The initially formed 2-chloropyridine reacts further to give 2,6-dichloropyridine.Alternatively, 2-chloropyridines can be conveniently synthesized in high yields from pyridine-N-oxides.2-Choropyridine was originally p... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
2-Chloropyridine-Main reactions and applications-2-Chloropyridine reacts with nucleophiles to generate pyridine derivatives substituted at the second and fourth carbons on the heterocycle. Therefore, many reactions using 2-chloropyridine generate mixtures of products which require further workup to isolate the desired ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
2-Chloropyridine-Environmental properties-Although pyridine is an excellent source of carbon, nitrogen, and energy for certain microorganisms, introduction of a halogen moiety significantly retards degradation of the pyridine ring. With the exception of 4-chloropyridine, each of the mono- and di-substituted chloropyrid... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
2-Chloropyridine-Toxicity-The LD50 is 64 mg/kg (dermal, rabbit). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tivantinib-Tivantinib-Tivantinib (ARQ197; by Arqule, Inc.) is an experimental small molecule anti-cancer drug. It is a bisindolylmaleimide that binds to the dephosphorylated MET kinase in vitro. (MET is a growth factor receptor.) Tivantinib is being tested clinically as a highly selective MET inhibitor. However, the me... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Entrée de ballet-Entrée de ballet-An entrée de ballet ("ballet entrance") is an autonomous scene of ballet de cour, divertissement, comédie-ballet, opéra-ballet, even tragédie lyrique, which brings together several dancers in and out of the scenario.
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, baroque dance distinguis... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sandcastle (software)-Sandcastle (software)-Sandcastle is a documentation generator from Microsoft. It automatically produces MSDN-style code documentation out of reflection information of .NET assemblies and XML documentation comments found in the source code of these assemblies. It can also be used to produce user do... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sandcastle (software)-Overview-Sandcastle is a set of command line programs, configuration files, build components and XSLT files that work together to convert XML-based documentation into help topics that are fit for viewing in a help system. Sandcastle is typically used to automatically generate web-ready, XML-compli... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sandcastle (software)-Overview-Sandcastle currently features a lightweight graphical user interface (GUI) as an alternative to the MSBuild project, batch script and Windows PowerShell scripts that are also provided. Several community GUI tools are also available for Sandcastle, providing additional features and simplif... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sandcastle (software)-Sandcastle tools-Sandcastle consists of several programs, not all of which are used in the typical help build process. Commonly used tools are listed below.
MrefBuilder uses Common Compiler Infrastructure (CCI) to reflect against managed assemblies and generate an output file.
XslTransform applies... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sandcastle (software)-Sandcastle tools-BuildAssembler executes a build component stack, once for each topic defined in an XML manifest. A build component stack is defined in an XML file with a .config extension. Sandcastle provides several build components that are used in build component stacks to perform tasks such a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sandcastle (software)-Community tools-Because in its current state Sandcastle by itself is rather complex to use, people have come up with tools and scripts that can automate the task for them. This section contains a list of such tools and scripts.
Sandcastle Help File Builder DocProject (Visual Studio 2005/2008) Batc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sandcastle (software)-Output-Sandcastle produces XML-based HTML files in a chosen presentation style. (This does not mean, however, that the files are XHTML-compliant.) The HTML is defined by XSL transformation files that are included in the particular presentation style being used. A build normally uses only one prese... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sandcastle (software)-Output-The HTML files that Sandcastle produces are either conceptual (user) documentation, being the result of a transformation from Microsoft Assistance Markup Language (MAML) topics, or they are reference documentation, which is automatically generated from reflection data and XML documentation ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sandcastle (software)-Output-The processes for building conceptual documentation and reference documentation are similar, with one of the main differences being that conceptual documentation does not require the MRefBuilder program to be used.
Conceptual documentation consists of topics written using a MAML document ty... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sandcastle (software)-Output-Reference documentation is generated automatically for managed Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) from reflection data and XML documentation comments. A "doc model" XSL transformation, provided by the chosen presentation style, is applied to define the files that will be generated. S... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sandcastle (software)-Compiled help-Sandcastle does not produce compiled help output itself (although, the HTML files that it produces can be used as input to HTML help compilers such as the HTML Help Workshop and Microsoft Help 2). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sandcastle (software)-Compiled help-For example, the typical Help 1.x build process starts by running MrefBuilder.exe to produce an XML reflection file for one or more assemblies. The reflection file is then processed by the XslTransform.exe tool multiple times to apply various XSL transformations that add data such as... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sandcastle (software)-Compiled help-Some tools are used multiple times during a single build, like XslTransform and BuildAssembler. Depending upon the requirements, other tools and XSL transformations may be used at various stages during the process to modify Sandcastle's output. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sandcastle (software)-Background-The Sandcastle application was developed by Microsoft to create a scalable and performing documentation generator for their API documentation. Microsoft released Sandcastle as a Community Technology Preview (CTP) version in July 2006, a few days before NDoc was declared dead The author ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sandcastle (software)-Background-On June 6, 2008 the SandCastle project was removed from CodePlex website after a discussion thread on the CodePlex site pointed out that source code was not available; despite CodePlex requiring this and the SandCastle project being touted as "open source". On July 2 the project returne... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sandcastle (software)-History-July 29, 2006 — the July 2006 CTP version was released, this version mainly focused on performance and scalability. No GUI was present yet, the application did not contain a feature to resolve GAC DLLs yet.
August 28, 2006 — the August 2006 CTP version was released, the bugs fixed in this ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Intravitreal implants-Intravitreal implants-Intravitreal implants are micro device-like inserts injected into the posterior segment of the eye to treat retinal diseases releasing therapeutic drugs at a set rate over a desired period of time. The posterior segment of the eye consists of the sclera, choroid, fovea, vitre... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Intravitreal implants-Applications-Non-biodegradable implants Inserts made with non-biodegradable materials such as polymers require a surgical removal of the implant after the end of the treatment period. Examples of these materials consist of polymers such as ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), pol... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Great comet-Great comet-A great comet is a comet that becomes exceptionally bright. There is no official definition; often the term is attached to comets such as Halley's Comet, which during certain appearances are bright enough to be noticed by casual observers who are not looking for them, and become well known outsi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Great comet-Causes-The vast majority of comets are never bright enough to be seen by the naked eye, and generally pass through the inner Solar System unseen by anyone except astronomers. However, occasionally a comet may brighten to naked eye visibility, and even more rarely it may become as bright as or brighter than ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Great comet-Causes-Size and activity of the nucleus Cometary nuclei vary in size from a few hundreds of metres across or less to many kilometres across. When they approach the Sun, large amounts of gas and dust are ejected by cometary nuclei, due to solar heating. A crucial factor in how bright a comet becomes is how l... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Great comet-Causes-The sudden brightening of Comet Holmes in 2007 showed the importance of the activity of the nucleus in the comet's brightness. On October 23–24, 2007, the comet underwent a sudden outburst which caused it to brighten by factor of about half a million. It unexpectedly brightened from an apparent magni... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Great comet-Causes-Close perihelion approach The brightness of a simple reflective body varies with the inverse square of its distance from the Sun. That is, if an object's distance from the Sun is halved, its brightness is quadrupled. However, comets behave differently, due to their ejection of large amounts of volati... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Great comet-Causes-This means that the peak brightness of a comet depends significantly on its distance from the Sun. For most comets, the perihelion of their orbit lies outside the Earth's orbit. Any comet approaching the Sun to within 0.5 AU (75 million km) or less may have a chance of becoming a great comet. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Great comet-Causes-Close approach to the Earth For a comet to become very bright, it also needs to pass close to the Earth. Halley's Comet, for example, is usually very bright when it passes through the inner Solar System every seventy-six years, but during its 1986 apparition, its closest approach to Earth was almost ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Great comet-List of great comets-Great comets of the past two millennia include the following: | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 7-CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 7-CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing 7 (i.e. CMTM7), previously termed chemokine-like factor superfamily 7 (i.e. CKLFSF7), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CMTM7 gene. This gene, which is locat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
CKLF like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 7-Function-CMTM7 protein levels are low in the malignant tissues of various cancers such as those of esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, lung, cervix, and breast. as compared with its expression in the normal tissues of these organs. Furthermore, the forced overexpressi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3 nm process-3 nm process-In semiconductor manufacturing, the 3 nm process is the next die shrink after the 5 nanometer MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) technology node. South Korean chipmaker Samsung started shipping its 3 nm gate all around (GAA) process, named 3GAA, in mid-2022. On December... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3 nm process-3 nm process-However, in real world commercial practice, "3 nm" is used primarily as a marketing term by individual microchip manufacturers to refer to a new, improved generation of silicon semiconductor chips in terms of increased transistor density (i.e. a higher degree of miniaturization), increased spe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3 nm process-History-Research and technology demos In 1985, a Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) research team fabricated a MOSFET (NMOS) device with a channel length of 150 nm and gate oxide thickness of 2.5 nm. In 1998, an Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) research team fabricated a MOSFET (NMOS) device with a channel l... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
3 nm process-History-Commercialization history In late 2016, TSMC announced plans to construct a 5 nm–3 nm node semiconductor fabrication plant with a co-commitment investment of around US$15.7 billion.In 2017, TSMC announced it was to begin construction of the 3 nm semiconductor fabrication plant at the Tainan Science... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Codec 2-Codec 2-Codec 2 is a low-bitrate speech audio codec (speech coding) that is patent free and open source. Codec 2 compresses speech using sinusoidal coding, a method specialized for human speech. Bit rates of 3200 to 450 bit/s have been successfully created. Codec 2 was designed to be used for amateur radio and ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Codec 2-Overview-The codec was developed by David Grant Rowe, with support and cooperation of other researchers (e.g., Jean-Marc Valin from Opus).Codec 2 consists of 3200, 2400, 1600, 1400, 1300, 1200, 700 and 450 bit/s codec modes. It outperforms most other low-bitrate speech codecs. For example, it uses half the band... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Codec 2-Overview-The reference implementation is open source and is freely available in a GitHub repository. The source code is released under the terms of version 2.1 of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). It is programmed in C and current source code requires floating-point arithmetic, although the algorith... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Codec 2-Overview-The codec has been presented in various conferences and has received the 2012 ARRL Technical Innovation Award, and the Linux Australia Conference's Best Presentation Award. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Codec 2-Technology-Internally, parametric audio coding algorithms operate on 10 ms PCM frames using a model of the human voice. Each of these audio segments is declared voiced (vowel) or unvoiced (consonant). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Codec 2-Technology-Codec 2 uses sinusoidal coding to model speech, which is closely related to that of multi-band excitation codecs. Sinusoidal coding is based on regularities (periodicity) in the pattern of overtone frequencies and layers harmonic sinusoids. Spoken audio is recreated by modelling speech as a sum of ha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Codec 2-Technology-For example, Mode 3200, has 20 ms of audio converted to 64 bits. So 64 bits will be output every 20 ms (50 times a second), for a minimum data rate of 3200 bit/s. These 64 bits are sent as 8 bytes to the application, which has to unwrap the bit fields, or send the bytes over a data channel. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Codec 2-Technology-Another example is Mode 1300, which is sent 40 ms of audio, and outputs 52 bits every 40 ms (25 times a second), for a minimum rate of 1300 bit/s. These 52 bits are sent as 7 bytes to the application or data channel. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Codec 2-Adoption-Codec 2 is currently used in several radios and Software Defined Radio Systems FreeDV FlexRadio 6000 series SM1000 Quisk M17 ProjectCodec2 has also been integrated into FreeSWITCH and there's a patch available for support in Asterisk.
There was an FM-to-Codec2 digital voice repeater in earth orbit on a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Codec 2-History-The prominent free software advocate and radio amateur Bruce Perens lobbied for the creation of a free speech codec for operation at less than 5 kBit/s. Since he did not have the background himself, he approached Jean-Marc Valin in 2008, who introduced him to lead developer David Grant Rowe, who has wor... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Codec 2-History-He agreed to the task and announced his decision to work on a format on August 21, 2009. He built on the research and findings from his doctoral thesis. The underlying sinusoidal modelling goes back to developments by Robert J. McAulay and Thomas F. Quatieri (MIT Lincoln labs) from the mid-1980s.
In Aug... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Codec 2-History-Codec 2 700C, a new mode with a bit rate of 700 bit/s, was finished in early 2017.In July 2018 an experimental 450 bit/s mode was demonstrated, which was developed as part of a master thesis at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. By clever training of the vector quantization the data rate could be fur... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ray of Creation-Ray of Creation-The Ray of Creation is an esoteric cosmology which was taught by G. I. Gurdjieff. It is a diagram which better represents the place which Earth occupies in the Universe. The diagram has eight levels, each corresponding to Gurdjieff's Law of Octaves (see In Search of the Miraculous, chapt... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ray of Creation-Levels-The first level is "The Absolute", followed by "All Worlds", "All Suns", "Sun", "All Planets", "Earth", "Moon", and "The Absolute": The heaviest/last level - "The Absolute" Earth's satellite - "The Moon" Our planet - "Earth" All of the planets in the solar system to which Earth belongs to - "All ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ray of Creation-Laws-It was taught that in "The Absolute" the three holy forces form a whole, and thereby there is only one law (force) in the Absolute (which is the Will of the Absolute). The three forces of this law converge to form "All Worlds", whose level, now, being a part of the whole now has three laws. This le... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ray of Creation-Laws-Each level after the Absolute has a bigger number of laws which govern it. Therefore, the further the level is away from the Absolute, the more mechanical the living things in it are. By this comparison it is claimed that there are 48 laws governing the life of living beings on Earth, thereby also ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ray of Creation-Laws-Note that "the three holy forces" above, have manifestations in the physical universe as we know it today, such as are studies by physicists, other scientists. That is, aspects of "The Ray of Creation" as taught by Gurdjieff, Ouspensky, and others, can be understood and described by modern science ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ray of Creation-Matter-Similarly to the difference of laws on each level, the level (in this case 'density') of matter differs in the same way. "The Absolute" has a matter density of one, "All Worlds" has a density of 3 (one atom of "All Worlds" has a three times the density as one atom of "The Absolute"), "All Suns" 6... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ray of Creation-Matter-This way everything in the universe according to this cosmology is classified as matter. (Note that even the matter of density 12 is too rarefied for contemporary science to classify it as matter.) | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ray of Creation-Higher bodies-Gurdjieff's classification of Higher Bodies can be better represented on this scale. Physical body has the properties of the "Earth" level (that is, it has a density of 48 and it is subject to 48 laws). In comparison, a higher plane body would have a lighter density and it would be subject... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ray of Creation-Higher bodies-In the book Gnosis I, author Boris Mouravieff explains the names given to the notes of the solfege: DOminus (God) SIdereus orbis (Starry sky/Ensemble of all Worlds) LActeus orbis (the Milky Way) SOL (the Sun) FAtum (Fate: the Planetary World, with direct influence on human destiny) MIxtus ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ray of Creation-Other properties-There are many other properties which can be displayed on the Ray of Creation such as: the evolution of the substances in the Universe, relationship between the cosmoses and the human body, etc. In a word, many of the properties of the laws of octaves could be displayed using the Ray of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ray of Creation-Ray of Creation in history-According to G. I. Gurdjieff, some of the ancient geocentric models don't represent an Earth-centered universe at all, but in reality display the Ray of Creation. This confusion was due to a lack of knowledge on the part of those examining the diagrams. Thus, the Ray of Creati... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Angioedema-Angioedema-Angioedema is an area of swelling (edema) of the lower layer of skin and tissue just under the skin or mucous membranes. The swelling may occur in the face, tongue, larynx, abdomen, or arms and legs. Often it is associated with hives, which are swelling within the upper skin. Onset is typically ov... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Angioedema-Signs and symptoms-The skin of the face, normally around the mouth, and the mucosa of the mouth and/or throat, as well as the tongue, swell over the period of minutes to hours. The swelling can also occur elsewhere, typically in the hands. The swelling can be itchy or painful. There may also be slightly decr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Angioedema-Pathophysiology-Bradykinin plays a critical role in all forms of hereditary angioedema. This peptide is a potent vasodilator and increases vascular permeability, leading to rapid accumulation of fluid in the interstitium. This is most obvious in the face, where the skin has relatively little supporting conne... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Angioedema-Pathophysiology-Various mechanisms that interfere with bradykinin production or degradation can lead to angioedema. ACE inhibitors block ACE, the enzyme that among other actions, degrades bradykinin. In hereditary angioedema, bradykinin formation is caused by continuous activation of the complement system du... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Angioedema-Pathophysiology-The three types of hereditary angioedema are: Type I - decreased levels of C1INH (85%); Type II - normal levels, but decreased function of C1INH (15%); Type III - no detectable abnormality in C1INH, occurs in an X-linked dominant fashion and therefore mainly affects women; it can be exacerbat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Angioedema-Pathophysiology-Consumption of foods that are themselves vasodilators, such as alcoholic beverages or cinnamon, can increase the probability of an angioedema episode in susceptible patients. If the episode occurs at all after the consumption of these foods, its onset may be delayed overnight or by some hours... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Angioedema-Diagnosis-The diagnosis is made on the clinical picture. Routine blood tests (complete blood count, electrolytes, kidney function, liver enzymes) are typically performed. Mast cell tryptase levels may be elevated if the attack was due to an acute allergic (anaphylactic) reaction. When the patient has been st... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Angioedema-Diagnosis-The hereditary form (HAE) often goes undetected for a long time, as its symptoms resemble those of more common disorders, such as allergy or intestinal colic. An important clue is the failure of hereditary angioedema to respond to antihistamines or steroids, a characteristic that distinguishes it f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Angioedema-Diagnosis-Angioedema is classified as either hereditary or acquired. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Angioedema-Diagnosis-Acquired angioedema Acquired angioedema (AAE) can be immunologic, nonimmunologic, or idiopathic. It is usually caused by allergy and occurs together with other allergic symptoms and urticaria. It can also occur as a side effect to certain medications, particularly ACE inhibitors. It is characterize... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Angioedema-Diagnosis-Hereditary angioedema Hereditary angioedema (HAE) exists in three forms, all of which are caused by a genetic mutation inherited in an autosomal dominant form. They are distinguished by the underlying genetic abnormality. Types I and II are caused by mutations in the SERPING1 gene, which result in ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Angioedema-Management-Allergic In allergic angioedema, avoidance of the allergen and use of antihistamines may prevent future attacks. Cetirizine is a commonly prescribed antihistamine for angioedema. Some patients have reported success with the combination of a nightly low dose of cetirizine to moderate the frequency ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Angioedema-Management-Drug induction ACE inhibitors can induce angioedema. ACE inhibitors block the enzyme ACE so it can no longer degrade bradykinin; thus, bradykinin accumulates and can cause angioedema. This complication appears more common in African-Americans. In people with ACE inhibitor angioedema, the drug need... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Angioedema-Management-Hereditary In hereditary angioedema (HAE), specific stimuli that have previously led to attacks may need to be avoided in the future. It does not respond to antihistamines, corticosteroids, or epinephrine. Acute treatment consists of C1-INH (C1-esterase inhibitor) concentrate from donor blood, whi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Angioedema-Management-Acquired In acquired angioedema, HAE types I and II, and nonhistaminergic angioedema, antifibrinolytics such as tranexamic acid or ε-aminocaproic acid may be effective. Cinnarizine may also be useful because it blocks the activation of C4 and can be used in patients with liver disease, whereas and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Angioedema-Epidemiology-In the U.S., there are as many as 80,000 to 112,000 emergency department (ED) visits for angioedema annually, and it ranks as the top allergic disorder resulting in hospitalization. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Angioedema-History-Heinrich Quincke first described the clinical picture of angioedema in 1882, though there had been some earlier descriptions of the condition.William Osler remarked in 1888 that some cases may have a hereditary basis; he coined the term "hereditary angio-neurotic edema".The link with C1 esterase inhi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
CUTEr-CUTEr-CUTEr (Constrained and Unconstrained Testing Environment, revisited) is an open source testing environment for optimization and linear algebra solvers. CUTEr provides a collection of test problems along with a set of tools to help developers design, compare, and improve new and existing test problem solvers... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
CUTEr-CUTEr-The test problems provided in CUTEr are written in Standard Input Format (SIF). A decoder to convert from this format into well-defined subroutines and data files is available as a separate package. Once translated, these files may be manipulated to provide tools suitable for testing optimization packages. ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
CUTEr-CUTEr-CUTEr is available on a variety of UNIX platforms, including Linux and Mac OS X, and is designed to be accessible and easily manageable on heterogeneous networks. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sigma factor-Sigma factor-A sigma factor (σ factor or specificity factor) is a protein needed for initiation of transcription in bacteria. It is a bacterial transcription initiation factor that enables specific binding of RNA polymerase (RNAP) to gene promoters. It is homologous to archaeal transcription factor B and t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sigma factor-Sigma factor-The sigma factor in the RNA polymerase holoenzyme complex is required for the initiation of transcription, although once that stage is finished, it is dissociated from the complex and the RNAP continues elongation on its own. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sigma factor-Specialized sigma factors-Different sigma factors are utilized under different environmental conditions. These specialized sigma factors bind the promoters of genes appropriate to the environmental conditions, increasing the transcription of those genes. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sigma factor-Specialized sigma factors-Sigma factors in E. coli: σ70(RpoD) – σA – the "housekeeping" sigma factor or also called as primary sigma factor (Group 1), transcribes most genes in growing cells. Every cell has a "housekeeping" sigma factor that keeps essential genes and pathways operating. In the case of E. c... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sigma factor-Specialized sigma factors-σ19 (FecI) – the ferric citrate sigma factor, regulates the fec gene for iron transport and metabolism σ24 (RpoE) – extreme heat stress response and the extracellular proteins sigma factor σ28 (RpoF/FliA) – the flagellar synthesis and chemotaxis sigma factor σ32 (RpoH) – the heat ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sigma factor-Specialized sigma factors-σ38 (RpoS) – the starvation/stationary phase sigma factor σ54 (RpoN) – the nitrogen-limitation sigma factorThere are also anti-sigma factors that inhibit the function of sigma factors and anti-anti-sigma factors that restore sigma factor function. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sigma factor-Structure-By sequence similarity, most sigma factors are σ70-like (InterPro: IPR000943). They have four main regions (domains) that are generally conserved: N-terminus --------------------- C-terminus 1.1 2 3 4 The regions are further subdivided. For example, region 2 includes 1.2 and 2.1 through 2.4. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sigma factor-Structure-Domain 1.1 is found only in "primary sigma factors" (RpoD, RpoS in E.coli; "Group 1"). It is involved in ensuring the sigma factor will only bind the promoter when it is complexed with the RNA polymerase. Domains 2-4 each interact with specific promoter elements and with RNAP. Region 2.4 recogniz... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sigma factor-Structure-Other known sigma factors are of the σ54/RpoN (InterPro: IPR000394) type. They are functional sigma factors, but they have significantly different primary amino acid sequences. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sigma factor-Retention during transcription elongation-The core RNA polymerase (consisting of 2 alpha (α), 1 beta (β), 1 beta-prime (β'), and 1 omega (ω) subunits) binds a sigma factor to form a complex called the RNA polymerase holoenzyme. It was previously believed that the RNA polymerase holoenzyme initiates transcr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Sigma factor-Sigma cycle-It had long been thought that the sigma factor obligatorily leaves the core enzyme once it has initiated transcription, allowing it to link to another core enzyme and initiate transcription at another site. Thus, the sigma factor would cycle from one core to another.
However, fluorescence reson... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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