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Makyō-Makyō in Zen Meditation-John Daido Loori offers a similar description of makyō in The Art of Just Sitting. Loori writes: "Sometimes during sitting people have what we call makyo: a vision or hallucination. Other times it's a smell or sound. Students often think this means they're enlightened–particularly if the i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Makyō-Makyō in Zen Meditation-Robert Baker Aitken described makyō as a class of delusions. He mentioned several examples of makyō outside of Zen meditation, including hearing heavenly voices, speaking in tongues, hallucinations such as a flock of white doves descending into one's body, and experiences of astral project... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Makyō-Comparisons to Other Traditions-Experiences comparable to makyō occur in other meditative traditions. In some Hindu schools, experiences similar to makyō are regarded as a product of the sukshma sharira, or "experience body", in its unstable state. Such experiences are viewed as another form of maya, the illusory... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wilson–Mikity syndrome-Wilson–Mikity syndrome-Wilson–Mikity syndrome, a form of chronic lung disease (CLD) that exists only in premature infants, leads to progressive or immediate development of respiratory distress. This rare condition affects low birth babies and is characterized by rapid development of lung emphysem... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wilson–Mikity syndrome-Symptoms and signs-The onset of respiratory difficulty occurs at the first day of life and continues up to three weeks into the infant's life, at which point treatment is needed for infant survival.
Complications Mothers who have developed chorioamnionitis during pregnancy put their infant at hig... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wilson–Mikity syndrome-Cause-The cause of Wilson-Mikity syndrome is unknown. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wilson–Mikity syndrome-Diagnosis-The diagnosis of Wilson-Mikity syndrome can be made through two distinct symptoms: analogous characteristics of respiratory distress syndrome and presence of diffuse and streaky infiltrates with small cystic changes, seen through a chest X-ray. Early screening allows for the identificat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wilson–Mikity syndrome-Diagnosis-Infants display deteriorating respiratory symptoms along with early chronic lung changes which can be seen on chest radiography. These changes are diagnosed either directly upon birth or within the first month, as the premature infant requires mechanical ventilation for survival. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wilson–Mikity syndrome-Treatment-When caught early enough, continuous, mechanical oxygen therapy can be used to reverse the infant's poor circulation and decreased blood oxygen, a symptom known as cyanosis. Improvement is gradual; however, cases show that after the first year of treatment using oxygen therapy and mecha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Wilson–Mikity syndrome-Epidemiology-Around 75% of affected infants survive and are able to receive oxygen therapies and treatments to overcome this disease. In fatal cases, infants do not have noticeable or substantial respiratory recovery and can develop right-sided heart failure, ultimately leading to death. Patients... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Perpetual student-Perpetual student-A perpetual student or career student is a college or university attendee who re-enrolls for several years more than is necessary to obtain a given degree, or who pursues multiple terminal degrees. Perpetual students might publish or work in several fields. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Perpetual student-Examples-Luciano Baietti (born September 1, 1947) holds fifteen academic degrees, including the subjects of physical education, law, literature, philosophy, sociology, criminology, and military strategy. The Guinness Book of World Records officially recognizes Baietti as the most graduated living pers... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Perpetual student-Examples-Dr. Bruce Berry (1940-2014), notable for being a school crossing guard, having retired from a career including technical document translation for Agfa-Gevaert, working for the Post Office, and teaching, took his first degree from Manchester University in 1963. He continued to study from the 1... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Perpetual student-Examples-Benjamin Bolger, who received his first four-year degree from the University of Michigan has seventeen degrees from different colleges. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Perpetual student-Examples-Milton De Jesús has been a student at the University of Puerto Rico since 1963. In 2010, De Jesús was interviewed by the newspaper, since he was the only student on the campus who could compare the 2010 student strikes and the 1970s, 80s, 90s, and 2005 strikes. According to his Facebook page,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Perpetual student-Examples-Shrikant Jichkar (14 September 1954 – 2 June 2004) held twenty academic degrees.
Johnny Lechner attended the University of Wisconsin–Whitewater from 1994 to at least 2005. He was scheduled to graduate in 2008 with multiple majors and minors, but continued into a 15th year of college.
Michael ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knee examination-Knee examination-The knee examination, in medicine and physiotherapy, is performed as part of a physical examination, or when a patient presents with knee pain or a history that suggests a pathology of the knee joint.
The exam includes several parts: position/lighting/draping inspection palpation motio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knee examination-History taking-Before performing a physical examination of the knee joint, a comprehensive history should be asked. A thorough history can be helpful in locating the possible pathological site during the physical examination. The mechanism of injury, location, character of the knee pain, the presence o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knee examination-General examination-Physical examination of the knee begins by observing the person's gait to assess for any abnormalities seen while walking. Gait assessment can be used to differentiate genuine knee pain or pain which referred from hip, lower back or the foot. A person can be asked to perform a duckw... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knee examination-Palpation-Palpation of the knee should begin from the unaffected side first. This will reassure the patient and is useful for comparison with the affected knee. The back of the hand can be used to assess the warmth of the knee. The knee is then flexed 90 degrees and the anterior structures are assessed... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knee examination-Motion-Assessment of effusion The absence of normal grooves around patella may indicates a patellar intra-articular effusion. There are two ways to confirm the effusion. The knee is extended fully before the examination begins. This first way is the patellar tap. It is to squeeze the fluid between the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knee examination-Motion-Assessment of range of motion Both the active and passive range of motion should be assessed. The normal knee extension is between 0 and 10 degrees. The normal knee flexion is between 130 and 150 degrees. Any pain, abnormal movement, or crepitus of the patella should be noted. If there is pain o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knee examination-Motion-Assessment of collateral ligaments Valgus stress test can be performed with the examined knee in 25 degrees flexion to determine the integrity of the medial collateral ligament. Similarly, varus stress test can be performed to access the integrity of the lateral collateral ligament. The degree o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knee examination-Motion-Assessment of anterior cruciate ligament The anterior drawer and Lachman tests can be used to access the integrity of the anterior cruciate ligament. In the anterior drawer test, the person being examined should lie down on their back (supine position) with the knee in 90 degrees flexion. The fo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knee examination-Motion-Assessment of posterior cruciate ligament Posterior drawer test and tibial sag tests can determine the integrity of the posterior cruciate ligament. Similar to anterior drawer test, the knee should be flexed 90 degrees and the tibia is pushed backwards. If the tibia can be pushed posteriorly, th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knee examination-Motion-Assessment of meniscus Those with meniscal injuries may report symptoms such as clicking, catching, or locking of knees. Apart from joint line tenderness, there are three other methods of accessing meniscus tear: the McMurray test, the Thessaly test, and the Apley grind test. In McMurray test, t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Knee examination-Motion-Additional Tests Clarke's test may be used to examine for patello-femoral pain The Wilson test is a test used to detect the presence of osteochondritis dissecans in the knee. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nilpotent orbit-Nilpotent orbit-In mathematics, nilpotent orbits are generalizations of nilpotent matrices that play an important role in representation theory of real and complex semisimple Lie groups and semisimple Lie algebras. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nilpotent orbit-Definition-An element X of a semisimple Lie algebra g is called nilpotent if its adjoint endomorphism ad X: g → g, ad X(Y) = [X,Y]is nilpotent, that is, (ad X)n = 0 for large enough n. Equivalently, X is nilpotent if its characteristic polynomial pad X(t) is equal to tdim g.
A semisimple Lie group or al... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nilpotent orbit-Examples-Nilpotent n×n matrices with complex entries form the main motivating case for the general theory, corresponding to the complex general linear group. From the Jordan normal form of matrices we know that each nilpotent matrix is conjugate to a unique matrix with Jordan blocks of sizes λ1≥λ2≥…≥λ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nilpotent orbit-Examples-The complex special linear group is a subgroup of the general linear group with the same nilpotent orbits. However, if we replace the complex special linear group with the real special linear group, new nilpotent orbits may arise. In particular, for n=2 there are now 3 nilpotent orbits: the zer... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nilpotent orbit-Properties-Nilpotent orbits can be characterized as those orbits of the adjoint action whose Zariski closure contains 0.
Nilpotent orbits are finite in number.
The Zariski closure of a nilpotent orbit is a union of nilpotent orbits. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nilpotent orbit-Properties-Jacobson–Morozov theorem: over a field of characteristic zero, any nilpotent element e can be included into an sl2-triple {e,h,f} and all such triples are conjugate by ZG(e), the centralizer of e in G. Together with the representation theory of sl2, this allows one to label nilpotent orbits b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nilpotent orbit-Poset structure-Nilpotent orbits form a partially ordered set: given two nilpotent orbits, O1 is less than or equal to O2 if O1 is contained in the Zariski closure of O2. This poset has a unique minimal element, zero orbit, and unique maximal element, the regular nilpotent orbit, but in general, it is ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nilpotent orbit-Poset structure-In the case of the special linear group SLn, the nilpotent orbits are parametrized by the partitions of n. By a theorem of Gerstenhaber, the ordering of the orbits corresponds to the dominance order on the partitions of n. Moreover, if G is an isometry group of a bilinear form, i.e. an o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitecture-In computer science and computer engineering, microarchitecture, also called computer organization and sometimes abbreviated as µarch or uarch, is the way a given instruction set architecture (ISA) is implemented in a particular processor. A given ISA may be implemented with differen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Relation to instruction set architecture-The ISA is roughly the same as the programming model of a processor as seen by an assembly language programmer or compiler writer. The ISA includes the instructions, execution model, processor registers, address and data formats among other things. The microarc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Relation to instruction set architecture-The microarchitecture of a machine is usually represented as (more or less detailed) diagrams that describe the interconnections of the various microarchitectural elements of the machine, which may be anything from single gates and registers, to complete arithm... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Relation to instruction set architecture-Each microarchitectural element is in turn represented by a schematic describing the interconnections of logic gates used to implement it. Each logic gate is in turn represented by a circuit diagram describing the connections of the transistors used to implemen... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Relation to instruction set architecture-In principle, a single microarchitecture could execute several different ISAs with only minor changes to the microcode. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Aspects-The pipelined datapath is the most commonly used datapath design in microarchitecture today. This technique is used in most modern microprocessors, microcontrollers, and DSPs. The pipelined architecture allows multiple instructions to overlap in execution, much like an assembly line. The pipel... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Aspects-Execution units are also essential to microarchitecture. Execution units include arithmetic logic units (ALU), floating point units (FPU), load/store units, branch prediction, and SIMD. These units perform the operations or calculations of the processor. The choice of the number of execution u... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Aspects-System-level design decisions such as whether or not to include peripherals, such as memory controllers, can be considered part of the microarchitectural design process. This includes decisions on the performance-level and connectivity of these peripherals.
Unlike architectural design, where a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-Instruction cycles To run programs, all single- or multi-chip CPUs: Read an instruction and decode it Find any associated data that is needed to process the instruction Process the instruction Write the results outThe instruction cycle is repeated continuously until the pow... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-Multicycle microarchitecture Historically, the earliest computers were multicycle designs. The smallest, least-expensive computers often still use this technique. Multicycle architectures often use the least total number of logic elements and reasonable amounts of power. Th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-In a multicycle computer, the computer does the four steps in sequence, over several cycles of the clock. Some designs can perform the sequence in two clock cycles by completing successive stages on alternate clock edges, possibly with longer operations occurring outside th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-In the control logic, the combination of cycle counter, cycle state (high or low) and the bits of the instruction decode register determine exactly what each part of the computer should be doing. To design the control logic, one can create a table of bits describing the con... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-Increasing execution speed Complicating this simple-looking series of steps is the fact that the memory hierarchy, which includes caching, main memory and non-volatile storage like hard disks (where the program instructions and data reside), has always been slower than the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-Instruction set choice Instruction sets have shifted over the years, from originally very simple to sometimes very complex (in various respects). In recent years, load–store architectures, VLIW and EPIC types have been in fashion. Architectures that are dealing with data pa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-However, the choice of instruction set architecture may greatly affect the complexity of implementing high-performance devices. The prominent strategy, used to develop the first RISC processors, was to simplify instructions to a minimum of individual semantic complexity com... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-Instruction pipelining One of the first, and most powerful, techniques to improve performance is the use of instruction pipelining. Early processor designs would carry out all of the steps above for one instruction before moving onto the next. Large portions of the circuitr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-Pipelining improves performance by allowing a number of instructions to work their way through the processor at the same time. In the same basic example, the processor would start to decode (step 1) a new instruction while the last one was waiting for results. This would al... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-RISC makes pipelines smaller and much easier to construct by cleanly separating each stage of the instruction process and making them take the same amount of time—one cycle. The processor as a whole operates in an assembly line fashion, with instructions coming in one side ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-Pipelines are by no means limited to RISC designs. By 1986 the top-of-the-line VAX implementation (VAX 8800) was a heavily pipelined design, slightly predating the first commercial MIPS and SPARC designs. Most modern CPUs (even embedded CPUs) are now pipelined, and microcod... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-Cache It was not long before improvements in chip manufacturing allowed for even more circuitry to be placed on the die, and designers started looking for ways to use it. One of the most common was to add an ever-increasing amount of cache memory on-die. Cache is very fast ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-RISC designs started adding cache in the mid-to-late 1980s, often only 4 KB in total. This number grew over time, and typical CPUs now have at least 2 MB, while more powerful CPUs come with 4 or 6 or 12MB or even 32MB or more, with the most being 768MB in the newly released... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-Caches and pipelines were a perfect match for each other. Previously, it didn't make much sense to build a pipeline that could run faster than the access latency of off-chip memory. Using on-chip cache memory instead, meant that a pipeline could run at the speed of the cach... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-Branch prediction One barrier to achieving higher performance through instruction-level parallelism stems from pipeline stalls and flushes due to branches. Normally, whether a conditional branch will be taken isn't known until late in the pipeline as conditional branches de... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-Techniques such as branch prediction and speculative execution are used to lessen these branch penalties. Branch prediction is where the hardware makes educated guesses on whether a particular branch will be taken. In reality one side or the other of the branch will be call... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-Superscalar Even with all of the added complexity and gates needed to support the concepts outlined above, improvements in semiconductor manufacturing soon allowed even more logic gates to be used. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-In the outline above the processor processes parts of a single instruction at a time. Computer programs could be executed faster if multiple instructions were processed simultaneously. This is what superscalar processors achieve, by replicating functional units such as ALUs... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-In modern designs it is common to find two load units, one store (many instructions have no results to store), two or more integer math units, two or more floating point units, and often a SIMD unit of some sort. The instruction issue logic grows in complexity by reading in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-Out-of-order execution The addition of caches reduces the frequency or duration of stalls due to waiting for data to be fetched from the memory hierarchy, but does not get rid of these stalls entirely. In early designs a cache miss would force the cache controller to stall ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-Register renaming Register renaming refers to a technique used to avoid unnecessary serialized execution of program instructions because of the reuse of the same registers by those instructions. Suppose we have two groups of instruction that will use the same register. One ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-Multiprocessing and multithreading Computer architects have become stymied by the growing mismatch in CPU operating frequencies and DRAM access times. None of the techniques that exploited instruction-level parallelism (ILP) within one program could make up for the long sta... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-This trend is sometimes known as throughput computing. This idea originated in the mainframe market where online transaction processing emphasized not just the execution speed of one transaction, but the capacity to deal with massive numbers of transactions. With transactio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-One technique of how this parallelism is achieved is through multiprocessing systems, computer systems with multiple CPUs. Once reserved for high-end mainframes and supercomputers, small-scale (2–8) multiprocessors servers have become commonplace for the small business mark... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-With further transistor size reductions made available with semiconductor technology advances, multi-core CPUs have appeared where multiple CPUs are implemented on the same silicon chip. Initially used in chips targeting embedded markets, where simpler and smaller CPUs woul... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-Another technique that has become more popular recently is multithreading. In multithreading, when the processor has to fetch data from slow system memory, instead of stalling for the data to arrive, the processor switches to another program or program thread which is ready... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-Conceptually, multithreading is equivalent to a context switch at the operating system level. The difference is that a multithreaded CPU can do a thread switch in one CPU cycle instead of the hundreds or thousands of CPU cycles a context switch normally requires. This is ac... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Microarchitecture-Microarchitectural concepts-A further enhancement is simultaneous multithreading. This technique allows superscalar CPUs to execute instructions from different programs/threads simultaneously in the same cycle. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
FVWM95-FVWM95-FVWM95 is a window manager for the X Window System based on the popular FVWM 2 window manager. It is similar to the original FVWM, but is designed to closely resemble the look of Windows 95.
FVWM95 was for a while a rather popular window manager; for example, Red Hat Linux 5.0 used it as the default. It i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
FVWM95-Features-Windows 95-like appearance.
Taskbar for quick window switching.
Virtual desktop support.
Most features from FVWM 2 (may not include absolute latest bleeding-edge capabilities). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Scooterboy-Scooterboy-A scooterboy (or scooter boy) is a member of one of several scooter-related subcultures of the 1960s and later decades, alongside rude boys, mods and skinheads. The term is sometimes used as a catch-all designation for any scootering enthusiast who does not fall into the latter three categories. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Scooterboy-Definitions-Michael Brake identifies the subculture differently, classifying it as a subgroup of the mods, alongside "art school mods", "mainstream mods", and "hard mods". Scooter boys, according to Brake, had "Italian motor scooters (a working-class sports car) covered in accessories and anoraks and wide je... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Scooterboy-Definitions-He characterises the late 1970s revival, in contrast, as "something of an oddity", in which scooter owners were "more concerned with the machine — the mechanics, the practicalities — than the look. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Photoinjector-Photoinjector-A photoinjector is a type of source for intense electron beams which relies on the photoelectric effect. A laser pulse incident onto the cathode of a photoinjector drives electrons out of it, and into the accelerating field of the electron gun. In comparison with the widespread thermionic el... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Photoinjector-Photoinjector-A photoinjector comprises a photocathode, electron gun (AC or DC), power supplies, driving laser system, timing and synchronization system, emittance compensation magnets. It can include vacuum system and cathode fabrication or transport system. It is usually followed by beam diagnostics and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Photoinjector-Photoinjector-The key component of a photoinjector is a photocathode, which is located inside the cavity of electron gun (usually, a 0.6-fractional cell for optimal distribution of accelerating field). Extracted electron beam suffers from its own space-charge fields that deteriorate the beam brightness. F... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Photoinjector-Photoinjector-The photoemission on the cathode is initiated by an incident pulse from the driving laser. Depending on the material of the photocathode, the laser wavelength can vary from 1700 nm (infrared) down to 100-200 nm (ultraviolet). Emission from the cavity wall is possible with laser wavelength of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
JWH-057-JWH-057-JWH-057, also known as deoxy-Δ8-THC-DMH, is a selective cannabinoid ligand, with a binding affinity of Ki = 2.9 ± 1.6 nM for the CB2 subtype, and Ki = 23 ± 7 nM for CB1. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep water cycle-Deep water cycle-The deep water cycle, or geologic water cycle, involves exchange of water with the mantle, with water carried down by subducting oceanic plates and returning through volcanic activity, distinct from the water cycle process that occurs above and on the surface of Earth. Some of the wate... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep water cycle-Deep water cycle-The process of deep water recycling involves water entering the mantle by being carried down by subducting oceanic plates (a process known as regassing) being balanced by water being released at mid-ocean ridges (degassing). This is a central concept in the understanding of the long‐te... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep water cycle-Introduction-In the conventional view of the water cycle (also known as the hydrologic cycle), water moves between reservoirs in the atmosphere and Earth's surface or near-surface (including the ocean, rivers and lakes, glaciers and polar ice caps, the biosphere and groundwater). However, in addition t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep water cycle-Introduction-Water is not just present as a separate phase in the ground. Seawater percolates into oceanic crust and hydrates igneous rocks such as olivine and pyroxene, transforming them into hydrous minerals such as serpentines, talc and brucite. In this form, water is carried down into the mantle. I... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep water cycle-Storage capacity-An upper bound on the amount of water in the mantle can be obtained by considering the amount of water that can be carried by its minerals (their storage capacity). This depends on temperature and pressure. There is a steep temperature gradient in the lithosphere where heat travels by ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep water cycle-Storage capacity-The mantle can be divided into the upper mantle (above 410 km depth), transition zone (between 410 km and 660 km), and the lower mantle (below 660 km). Much of the mantle consists of olivine and its high-pressure polymorphs. At the top of the transition zone, it undergoes a phase trans... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep water cycle-Water from the mantle-The carrying capacity of the mantle is only an upper bound, and there is no compelling reason to suppose that the mantle is saturated. Further constraints on the quantity and distribution of water in the mantle comes from a geochemical analysis of erupted basalts and xenoliths fro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep water cycle-Water from the mantle-Basalts Basalts formed at mid-ocean ridges and hotspots originate in the mantle and are used to provide information on the composition of the mantle. Magma rising to the surface may undergo fractional crystallization in which components with higher melting points settle out first,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep water cycle-Water from the mantle-Diamond inclusions Mineral samples from the transition zone and lower mantle come from inclusions found in diamonds. Researchers have recently discovered diamond inclusions of ice-VII in the transition zone. Ice-VII is water in a high pressure state. The presence of diamonds that ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep water cycle-Geophysical evidence-Seismic Both sudden decreases in seismic activity and electricity conduction indicate that the transition zone is able to produce hydrated ringwoodite. The USArray seismic experiment is a long-term project using seismometers to chart the mantle underlying the United States. Using d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Deep water cycle-Subduction-As an oceanic plate descends into the upper mantle, its minerals tend to lose water. How much water is lost and when depends on the pressure, temperature and mineralogy. Water is carried by a variety of minerals that combine various proportions of magnesium oxide (MgO), silicon dioxide (SiO2... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SageMath-SageMath-SageMath (previously Sage or SAGE, "System for Algebra and Geometry Experimentation") is a computer algebra system (CAS) with features covering many aspects of mathematics, including algebra, combinatorics, graph theory, numerical analysis, number theory, calculus and statistics. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SageMath-SageMath-The first version of SageMath was released on 24 February 2005 as free and open-source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2, with the initial goals of creating an "open source alternative to Magma, Maple, Mathematica, and MATLAB". The originator and leader of the SageMa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SageMath-SageMath-SageMath uses a syntax resembling Python's, supporting procedural, functional and object-oriented constructs. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SageMath-Development-Stein realized when designing Sage that there were many open-source mathematics software packages already written in different languages, namely C, C++, Common Lisp, Fortran and Python. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SageMath-Development-Rather than reinventing the wheel, Sage (which is written mostly in Python and Cython) integrates many specialized CAS software packages into a common interface, for which a user needs to know only Python. However, Sage contains hundreds of thousands of unique lines of code adding new functions and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SageMath-Achievements-2007: first prize in the scientific software division of Les Trophées du Libre, an international competition for free software.
2012: one of the projects selected for the Google Summer of Code.
2013: ACM/SIGSAM Jenks Prize. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SageMath-Performance-Both binaries and source code are available for SageMath from the download page. If SageMath is built from source code, many of the included libraries such as OpenBLAS, FLINT, GAP (computer algebra system), and NTL will be tuned and optimized for that computer, taking into account the number of pro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
SageMath-Performance-Cython can increase the speed of SageMath programs, as the Python code is converted into C. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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