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Ombré-In fashion-21st century “Ombré” as a hair-coloring technique had been popularized in 2000 when the singer Aaliyah had her hair dyed in a subtle gradual fade from black at the roots to lighter towards the hair tips. As of 2010, the ombré hair trend was still popular. The style has been adopted by many celebrities,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ombré-In fashion-The popularization of ombré hair encouraged the spread of this technique to other facets of beauty, such as nail art. The adoption of the ombré nails trend by celebrities such as Lauren Conrad, Victoria Beckham, and Katy Perry, helped popularise it. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ombré-Home-Following the early 21st-century trend, many popular home decorators have incorporated ombré into their home decorating styles. Ombré can be used in many products from textiles to glassware, and as a wall-painting technique, where walls are painted in colors graduating to a lighter or darker tone towards the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ombré-Baking-In baking, ombré effects are typically achieved through applied techniques such as frosting on a cake, but baking individual cake layers in graduated tones from light to dark is possible. The effect can also be achieved by dyeing and stacking the layers of a cake in the ombré fade. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Ombré-Makeup-Due to the colour range available for different types of cosmetic products, an ombré effect can be achieved by blending two or more shades together on the eyes, lips, or cheeks. The gradient from dark to light is similar to the practice of contouring, where different tints and shades of natural skin tones ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Synchronous orbit-Synchronous orbit-A synchronous orbit is an orbit in which an orbiting body (usually a satellite) has a period equal to the average rotational period of the body being orbited (usually a planet), and in the same direction of rotation as that body. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Synchronous orbit-Simplified meaning-A synchronous orbit is an orbit in which the orbiting object (for example, an artificial satellite or a moon) takes the same amount of time to complete an orbit as it takes the object it is orbiting to rotate once. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Synchronous orbit-Properties-A satellite in a synchronous orbit that is both equatorial and circular will appear to be suspended motionless above a point on the orbited planet's equator. For synchronous satellites orbiting Earth, this is also known as a geostationary orbit. However, a synchronous orbit need not be equa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Synchronous orbit-Nomenclature-There are many specialized terms for synchronous orbits depending on the body orbited. The following are some of the more common ones. A synchronous orbit around Earth that is circular and lies in the equatorial plane is called a geostationary orbit. The more general case, when the orbit ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Synchronous orbit-Formula-For a stationary synchronous orbit: Rsyn=G(m2)T24π23 G = Gravitational constant m2 = Mass of the celestial body T = rotational period of the body Rsyn = Radius of orbitBy this formula one can find the stationary orbit of an object in relation to a given body.
Orbital speed (how fast a satellit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Synchronous orbit-Examples-An astronomical example is Pluto's largest moon Charon.
Much more commonly, synchronous orbits are employed by artificial satellites used for communication, such as geostationary satellites.
For natural satellites, which can attain a synchronous orbit only by tidally locking their parent body... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tryptoline-Tryptoline-Tryptoline, also known as tetrahydro-β-carboline and tetrahydronorharmane, is a natural organic derivative of beta-carboline. It is an alkaloid chemically related to tryptamines. Derivatives of tryptoline have a variety of pharmacological properties and are known collectively as tryptolines. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tryptoline-Pharmacology-Many tryptolines are competitive selective inhibitors of the enzyme monoamine oxidase type A (MAO-A). 5-Hydroxytryptoline and 5-methoxytryptoline (pinoline) are the most active monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) with IC50s of 0.5 μM and 1.5 μM respectively, using 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tryptoline-Pharmacology-Tryptolines are also potent reuptake inhibitors of serotonin and epinephrine, with a significantly greater selectivity for serotonin. Comparison of the inhibition kinetics of tetrahydro-β-carbolines for serotonin and epinephrine reuptake to that of the platelet aggregation response to these amin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tryptoline-Pharmacology-Although the in vivo formation of tryptolines has been a matter of controversy, they have profound pharmacological activity. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tripod packing-Tripod packing-In combinatorics, tripod packing is a problem of finding many disjoint tripods in a three-dimensional grid, where a tripod is an infinite polycube, the union of the grid cubes along three positive axis-aligned rays with a shared apex.Several problems of tiling and packing tripods and relat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tripod packing-Equivalent problems-The coordinates (xi,yi,zi) of the apexes of a solution to the tripod problem form a 2-comparable sets of triples, where two triples are defined as being 2-comparable if there are either at least two coordinates where one triple is smaller than the other, or at least two coordinates w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tripod packing-Lower bounds-It is straightforward to find a solution to the tripod packing problem with Ω(n3/2) tripods. For instance, for k=⌊n⌋ , the Ω(n3/2) triples are 2-comparable.
After several earlier improvements to this naïve bound, Gowers and Long found solutions to the tripod problem of cardinality 1.546 ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tripod packing-Upper bounds-From any solution to the tripod packing problem, one can derive a balanced tripartite graph whose vertices are three copies of the numbers from 0 to n−1 (one for each of the three coordinates) with a triangle of edges connecting the three vertices corresponding to the coordinates of the ap... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tripod packing-Small instances-For small instances of the tripod problem, the exact solution is known. The numbers of tripods that can be packed into an n×n×n cube, for 11 , are: For instance, the figure shows the 11 tripods that can be packed into a 5×5×5 cube.
The number of distinct monotonic matrices of order n ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Coconut milk-Coconut milk is an opaque, milky-white liquid extracted from the grated pulp of mature coconuts. The opacity and rich taste of coconut milk are due to its high oil content, most of which is saturated fat. Coconut milk is a traditional food ingredient used in Southeast Asia, Oceania, South Asia... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Coconut milk-Coconut milk is differentiated into subtypes based on fat content. They can be generalized into coconut cream (or thick coconut milk) with the highest amount of fat; coconut milk (or thin coconut milk) with a maximum of around 20% fat; and coconut skim milk with negligible amounts of fat. This... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Nutrition-In a 100 milliliter (ml) portion, coconut milk contains 230 kilocalories and is 68% water, 24% total fat, 6% carbohydrates, and 2% protein (see table). The fat composition includes 21 grams of saturated fat, half of which is lauric acid.Coconut milk is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Valu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Definition and terminology-Coconut milk is a relatively stable oil-in-water emulsion with proteins that act as emulsifiers and thickening agents. It is opaque and milky white in color and ranges in consistency from watery to creamy. Based on fat content, coconut milk is divided into different subtypes gene... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Traditional preparation-Coconut milk is traditionally made by grating the white inner flesh of mature coconuts and mixing the shredded coconut pulp with a small amount of hot water in order to suspend the fat present in the grated pulp. The grating process can be carried out manually or by machine.
Coconut... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Traditional preparation-Coconut cream is extracted from the first pressings of grated coconut pulp directly through cheesecloth. Sometimes a small amount of hot water may also be added, but generally coconut cream is extracted with no added water. Thin coconut milk, on the other hand, is produced by the su... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Traditional preparation-Coconut graters Coconut graters (also called "coconut scrapers"), a necessary tool for traditionally extracting coconut milk, were part of the material culture of the Austronesian peoples. From Island Southeast Asia, it was carried along with the sea voyages of the Austronesian expa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Processed coconut milk products-Commercially processed coconut milk products use largely the same processes to extract coconut milk from pulp, though they use more mechanical equipment like deshelling machines, grinders and pulverizers, motorized coconut shredders, and coconut milk extractors.They differ s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Processed coconut milk products-Coconut milk powder Coconut cream can be dehydrated into coconut milk powder which has a far longer shelf life. They are processed by adding maltodextrin and casein to coconut cream to improve fluidity and then spray drying the mixture. The powder is packaged in moisture-pro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Processed coconut milk products-Coconut skim milk Coconut skim milk is coconut milk with very low levels of fat (0% to 1.5%). It is a byproduct of coconut cream and coconut oil production and are usually discarded. However, they are increasingly being used as a food ingredient for products which require co... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Processed coconut milk products-Milk substitutes Processed coconut milk can be used as a substitute for milk beverages, usually marketed as "coconut milk beverage". They are sometimes confusingly also simply labeled as "coconut milk", though they are not the same product as coconut milk used for cooking (w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Processed coconut milk products-Filled milk Coconut milk is also used widely for filled milk products. It is blended with milk (usually skim milk or powdered milk) for its vegetable oils and proteins which act as substitutes for expensive butterfat in some processed milk products. They include low fat fill... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Processed coconut milk products-Cheese and custard production Coconut milk can also be used in cheese and custard production, substituting at most 50% of milk without lowering the overall quality of the products. By mixing skim milk with coconut milk, one procedure develops cheeses – including a garlic-spi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Processed coconut milk products-Soy milk enrichment Coconut milk can be used to enrich the fat content of soy milk, improving its texture and taste to be closer to that of real milk. Coconut cream can also be added to soy milk in the production of tofu to enrich its caloric density without affecting its pa... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Processed coconut milk products-Cream of coconut Cream of coconut is a thick, heavily sweetened, processed coconut milk product resembling condensed milk. It is originally produced by the Puerto Rican company Coco López and is used most notably in piña coladas in the United States. It can also be used for ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Cuisine-Coconut milk derivatives In the Philippines, coconut milk can also be further processed into coconut caramel and coconut curds, both known as latík. The coconut caramel latík made from a reduction of muscovado sugar and coconut milk has been developed into a commercial product marketed as coconut s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Cuisine-A similar product found throughout Southeast Asia is coconut jam. It is known as matamís sa báo in the Philippines and uses only coconut milk and sugar. However, the coconut jam versions from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore (kaya); Thailand (sangkhaya); Cambodia (sankiah); and Vietnam (banh gan)... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Cuisine-Food Coconut milk can be used in both sweet and savory dishes. In many tropical and Asian cuisines, it is a traditional ingredient in curries and other dishes, including desserts. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Cuisine-Southeast Asia In Indonesia, coconut milk is used in various recipes ranging from savoury dishes – such as rendang, soto, gulai, mie celor, sayur lodeh, gudeg, sambal goreng krechek, and opor ayam – to sweet desserts, such as serabi, es cendol and es doger. Soto is ubiquitous in Indonesia and consi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Cuisine-In Malaysia, coconut milk is one of the essential ingredients in a lot of the dishes, this includes a few of the popular dishes in the region, such as the ubiquitous nasi lemak and nasi dagang, rendang, laksa, gulai and Tamil and Mamak style-curry, it is also used in dessert-making such as Kuih Lap... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Cuisine-Latin America and the Caribbean In Brazil, coconut milk is mostly used in northeastern cuisine, generally with seafood stews and desserts. In Venezuela, pulp dishes are prepared with coconut milk and shredded fish in a dish called mojito en coco. In Colombia and Panama, the grated flesh of coconut ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Cuisine-Coconut milk is used to make traditional Venezuelan dishes, such as majarete (a typical Venezuelan dessert), and arroz con coco (the Venezuelan version of coconut rice). | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Cuisine-Drink In Southeast Asia, coconut milk is used to make many traditional drinks. Cendol is a popular iced drink from this region containing chilled coconut milk and green jellies made of rice flour. Coconut milk is also used in hot drinks such as bandrek and bajigur, two popular drinks from Indonesia... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Cuisine-The jelly-like pulp from the inside of the coconut is often added to coconut water to make a tropical drink. In Brazil, for example, coconut milk is mixed with sugar and cachaça to make a cocktail called batida de côco.: 183 Puerto Rico is also popular for tropical drinks containing coconut, such ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Saturated fat and health risk-One of the most prominent components of coconut milk is coconut oil, which many health organizations discourage people from consuming in significant amounts due to its high levels of saturated fat. Excessive coconut milk consumption can also raise blood levels of cholesterol d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Horticulture-In 1943, it was discovered that coconut milk could actively encourage plant growth. Although there are many factors that attribute coconut milk to plant growth, the main cause is the existence of a cytokinin known as zeatin found in coconut milk. While the zeatin in coconut milk speeds up plan... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Coconut milk-Commerce-Coconuts are widely produced in tropical climates and exported globally as canned products, most frequently to North America and Europe. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Caffitaly-Caffitaly-The Caffitaly System (known in some markets as the Caffita System) is a capsule system for making espresso and other coffee drinks in home espresso machines. The name is a portmanteau of caffè, the Italian word for coffee, and Italy. Caffitaly is based in Bologna, Italy. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Caffitaly-Caffitaly-Caffitaly was developed by Caffita System SpA and has been adopted by other manufacturers, notably Bewley's of Ireland, Princess of the Netherlands, Germany's Tchibo, Julius Meinl, Dallmayr, Italy's Caffe Cagliari, Crem Caffe, Swiss Chicco D'oro, Três Corações in Brazil, USA's Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Caffitaly-Caffitaly-Like similar proprietary coffee-making systems, Caffitaly can be seen as an example of the razor and blades business model, in which the relatively low price of the coffeemaker is recouped through a higher profit margin on the coffee capsules it uses.
Caffita sponsored the Lampre–Caffita cycling tea... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Caffitaly-Caffitaly-Danesi of Italy meanwhile has associated themselves with Caffitaly system brewing machines, selling in the USA through Boston King Coffee. In Australia, Woolworths and Gloria Jeans promote and make their own capsules exclusively for the system, with the latter also selling Gloria Jeans branded machi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Oculocardiac reflex-Oculocardiac reflex-The oculocardiac reflex, also known as Aschner phenomenon, Aschner reflex, or Aschner–Dagnini reflex, is a decrease in pulse rate associated with traction applied to extraocular muscles and/or compression of the eyeball. The reflex is mediated by nerve connections between the oph... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Oculocardiac reflex-Treatment-The reflex can be blocked by intravenous injection of an anti-muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) antagonist, such as atropine or glycopyrrolate. If bradycardia does occur, removal of the stimulus is immediately indicated. This often results in the restoration of normal sinus rhythm of the hear... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Nostepinne-Nostepinne-The nostepinne, also known as a nostepinde or nøstepinde, is a tool used in the fiber arts to wind yarn, often yarn that has been hand spun, into a ball for easily knitting, crocheting, or weaving from. In its simplest form, it is a dowel, generally between 10–12 inches (25–30 cm) long and most fr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electron bifurcation-Electron bifurcation-In biochemistry, electron bifurcation (EB) refers to a system that enables an unfavorable (endergonic) transformation by coupling to a favorable (exergonic) transformation. Two electrons are involved: one flows to an acceptor with a "higher reduction potential and the other wit... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Electron bifurcation-Electron bifurcation-Two versions of EB are recognized. One involves redox of quinones and the other involves flavins. Quinones and flavins are cofactors that are capable of undergoing 2 e− – 2 proton redox.A pervasive example of electron bifurcation is the Q cycle, which is part of the machinery ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Slate industry-The slate industry is the industry related to the extraction and processing of slate. Slate is either quarried from a slate quarry or reached by tunneling in a slate mine. Common uses for slate include as a roofing material, a flooring material, gravestones and memorial tablets, and electr... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Slate industry-Slate mines are found around the world. 90% of Europe's natural slate used for roofing originates from the Slate Industry in Spain. The major slate mining region in the United Kingdom is Wales; in Cornwall there are several slate quarries, including prominent ones in Delabole, and in the L... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Slate industry in Spain-Ninety percent of Europe's natural slate used for roofing originates from the slate industry in Spain, with the region of Galicia being the primary production source.
In Galicia, the larger slate production companies are concentrated in Valdeorras in Ourense, with other important ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Slate industry in Spain-The slate deposits in this region of northern Spain are over 500 million years old, having formed during the Palaeozoic period. The colour and texture of the slate produced is largely dependent upon the tectonic environment, the source of the sedimentary material from which the sl... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Slate industry in Spain-An important use of Spanish slate is as a roofing material. It is particularly suitable for this purpose as it has a low water absorption index of less than 0.4%, making it very resistant to frost damage and breakage due to freezing. Tiles produced from Spanish slate are usually h... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Slate industry in Wales-Background Slate has been quarried in north Wales for almost two millennia with the Segontium Roman fort at Caernarfon being roofed by local slate in the late second century. Export of slate has been carried out for several centuries, which was recently confirmed by the discovery ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Slate industry in Wales-The men worked the slate in partnerships of four, six or eight and these were known as "Bargain Gangs". "Bargains" were let by the "Bargain Letter" when a price for a certain area of rock was agreed. Adjustments were made according to the quality of the slate and the proportion of... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Slate industry in Wales-Rubblers helped to keep the chambers free from waste: one ton of saleable slate could produce up to 30 tons of waste. It is the mountainous heaps of this very same waste that is perhaps the first thing to strike someone visiting the old regions nowadays. The men had to pay for the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Slate industry in Wales-Working methods Early workings tended to be in surface pits, but as the work progressed downwards, it became necessary to work underground. This was often accompanied by the driving of one or more adits to gain direct access to a Level. In some rare instances, such as Moel Fferna,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Slate industry in Wales-Chambers were usually driven from the bottom, by means of a "roofing shaft" which was then continued across the width of the chamber: the chamber would then be worked downwards. Slate was freed from the rockface by blasting in shot holes hammered (and later drilled) into the rock.... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Slate industry in Wales-Cilgwyn quarry, Nantlle Valley. Dating from the 12th century it is thought to be the oldest in Wales.In the Blaenau Ffestiniog area, most of the workings were underground as the slate veins are steeply angled and open cast workings would require the removal of a massive amount of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Slate industry in Wales-Manod – used by the National Gallery, London to store artworks in World War II Maenofferen Oakeley – now partially untopped as an opencast working by Alfred McAlpine plc Cwmorthin Rhosydd CroesorThere were also a number of slate mines in the Llangollen area which produced a much d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Slate industry in Wales-Remains Most underground slate mines in north Wales were closed by the 1960s although some open-cast quarries have remained open, including the Penrhyn Quarry and the untopping work at Oakeley in Blaenau Ffestiniog. Work also continues at Berwyn near Llangollen. The final large-sc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Slate industry in Wales-Many of the mines are now in a state of considerable decay and those that are accessible should not be entered as they are on private property and contain many hidden dangers.
Historical and adventurous underground tours are provided at several mines including Rhiwbach (by Go Belo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Other slate producing areas in Great Britain-The most significant non-Welsh British slate industry is that of Cornwall and Devon where the Delabole Quarry is thought to be the largest single quarry in the island. Many of these are no longer worked owing to lower costs of extraction in the larger British ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Other slate producing areas in Great Britain-Slate has also been quarried at Swithland in Leicestershire. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Other slate producing areas in Great Britain-There are considerable workings in Cumbria. During the last 500 years, much slate extraction has taken place in the Lake District at both surface quarries and underground mines. The major workings are: Broughton Moor Old Man Complex (Coniston); Cove Quarries ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Slate industry in North America-Slate was first quarried in the United States as early as 1734 along the Pennsylvania Maryland border; however, it was not until 1785 that the first commercial slate quarry was opened in the United States, by William Docher in Peach Bottom Township, Pennsylvania. Productio... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Slate industry in North America-The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission states that in the Slateford Water Gap area the first verified quarry started some time around 1808 . The industry in this region of Pennsylvania spread across the northern edges of both Lehigh and Northampton counties whic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Slate industry in North America-The Slate Valley (the district of Granville, New York) is well known for its slate. Slate was quarried in 1839 at Fair Haven, Vermont. An influx of immigrants from the North Wales slate quarrying communities saw a boom in slate production that peaked in the latter half of ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Slate industry in North America-Large scale slate quarrying also took place around the town of Monson, Maine where an extensive series of quarries flourished from the 1860s onwards. A small scale quarrying and dressing operation continues in Monson into the 21st century.
Slate is also found in the Arctic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Slate industry-Slate industry in Brazil-95% of the slate extraction in Brazil comes from Minas Gerais. Slate from this region is formed differently from traditional slate areas such as Galicia. Such products are sedimentary rocks that have split along their original bedding plane, whereas true slate has been subjected ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-Mechanical filter-A mechanical filter is a signal processing filter usually used in place of an electronic filter at radio frequencies. Its purpose is the same as that of a normal electronic filter: to pass a range of signal frequencies, but to block others. The filter acts on mechanical vibrations wh... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-Mechanical filter-The components of a mechanical filter are all directly analogous to the various elements found in electrical circuits. The mechanical elements obey mathematical functions which are identical to their corresponding electrical elements. This makes it possible to apply electrical networ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-Mechanical filter-Steel alloys and iron–nickel alloys are common materials for mechanical filter components; nickel is sometimes used for the input and output couplings. Resonators in the filter made from these materials need to be machined to precisely adjust their resonance frequency before final as... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-Mechanical filter-While the meaning of mechanical filter in this article is one that is used in an electromechanical role, it is possible to use a mechanical design to filter mechanical vibrations or sound waves (which are also essentially mechanical) directly. For example, filtering of audio frequenc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-Mechanical filter-The theory of mechanical filters was first applied to improving the mechanical parts of phonographs in the 1920s. By the 1950s mechanical filters were being manufactured as self-contained components for applications in radio transmitters and high-end receivers. The high "quality fact... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-Elements-The elements of a passive linear electrical network consist of inductors, capacitors and resistors which have the properties of inductance, elastance (inverse capacitance) and resistance, respectively. The mechanical counterparts of these properties are, respectively, mass, stiffness and damp... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-Elements-The scheme presented in the table is known as the impedance analogy. Circuit diagrams produced using this analogy match the electrical impedance of the mechanical system seen by the electrical circuit, making it intuitive from an electrical engineering standpoint. There is also the mobility a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-History-Harmonic telegraph Mechanical filter design was developed by applying the discoveries made in electrical filter theory to mechanics. However, a very early example (1870s) of acoustic filtering was the "harmonic telegraph", which arose precisely because electrical resonance was poorly understoo... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-History-Mechanical equivalent circuits Once the basics of electrical network analysis began to be established, it was not long before the ideas of complex impedance and filter design theories were carried over into mechanics by analogy. Kennelly, who was also responsible for introducing complex impeda... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-History-Wegel, in 1921, was the first to express these equations in terms of mechanical impedance as well as electrical impedance. The element 22 is the open circuit mechanical impedance, that is, the impedance presented by the mechanical side of the transducer when no current is entering the electri... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-History-Sound reproduction An early application of these new theoretical tools was in phonographic sound reproduction. A recurring problem with early phonograph designs was that mechanical resonances in the pickup and sound transmission mechanism caused excessively large peaks and troughs in the frequ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-History-Harrison used Campbell's image filter theory, which was the most advanced filter theory available at the time. In this theory, filter design is viewed essentially as an impedance matching problem. More advanced filter theory was brought to bear on this problem by Norton in 1929 at Bell Labs. N... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-History-Volume production Modern mechanical filters for intermediate frequency (IF) applications were first investigated by Robert Adler of Zenith Electronics who built a 455 kHz filter in 1946. The idea was taken up by Collins Radio Company who started the first volume production of mechanical filter... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-Transducers-Both magnetostrictive and piezoelectric transducers are used in mechanical filters. Piezoelectric transducers are favoured in recent designs since the piezoelectric material can also be used as one of the resonators of the filter, thus reducing the number of components and thereby saving s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-Transducers-Magnetostrictive A magnetostrictive material is one which changes shape when a magnetic field is applied. In reverse, it produces a magnetic field when distorted. The magnetostrictive transducer requires a coil of conducting wire around the magnetostrictive material. The coil either induce... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-Transducers-Piezoelectric A piezoelectric material is one which changes shape when an electric field is applied. In reverse, it produces an electric field when it is distorted. A piezoelectric transducer, in essence, is made simply by plating electrodes on to the piezoelectric material. Early piezoele... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-Resonators-It is possible to achieve an extremely high Q with mechanical resonators. Mechanical resonators typically have a Q of 10,000 or so, and 25,000 can be achieved in torsional resonators using a particular nickel-iron alloy. This is an unreasonably high figure to achieve with LC circuits, whose... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-Resonators-Resonator modes It is usually possible for a mechanical part to vibrate in a number of different modes, however the design will be based on a particular vibrational mode and the designer will take steps to try to restrict the resonance to this mode. As well as the straightforward longitudin... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-Circuit designs-There are a great many combinations of resonators and transducers that can be used to construct a mechanical filter. A selection of some of these is shown in the diagrams. Figure 6 shows a filter using disc flexural resonators and magnetostrictive transducers. The transducer drives the... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-Circuit designs-Semi-lumped designs Frequencies of the order of megahertz (MHz) are above the usual range for mechanical filters. The components start to become very small, or alternatively the components are large compared to the signal wavelength. The lumped-element model described above starts to b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-Circuit designs-Bridging wires Bridging wires are rods that couple together resonators that are not adjacent. They can be used to produce poles of attenuation in the stopband. This has the benefit of increasing the stopband rejection. When the pole is placed near the passband edge, it also has the ben... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Mechanical filter-Circuit designs-The method of coupling between non-adjacent resonators is not limited to mechanical filters. It can be applied to other filter formats and the general term for this class is cross-coupled filter. For instance, channels can be cut between cavity resonators, mutual inductance can be used... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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