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Tampon tax-Tampon tax-Tampon tax (or period tax) is a popular term used to call attention to tampons, and other feminine hygiene products, being subject to value-added tax (VAT) or sales tax, unlike the tax exemption status granted to other products considered basic necessities. Proponents of tax exemption argue that t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tampon tax-Tampon tax-Proponents of tax exemption argue that tampons, sanitary napkins, menstrual cups and other products which serve the basic menstrual cycle constitute unavoidable necessities for women and should be classified alongside other unavoidable, tax-exempt necessities, such as groceries and personal medica... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tampon tax-Tax law by jurisdiction-Below are examples of countries that have or used to have a tampon tax (ordered by most recent changes to the country's tax system first): Belize will eliminate the General Sales Tax on feminine hygiene products on April 1, 2023. They will also no longer be subject to importation duti... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tampon tax-Tax law by jurisdiction-United Kingdom There is a zero rate of VAT applying to women's sanitary products in the UK. The United Kingdom had levied a value-added tax on sanitary products since it joined the European Economic Community in 1973. This rate was reduced to 5% specifically for sanitary products in 2... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tampon tax-Tax law by jurisdiction-Scotland In July 2017, a pilot programme began in Scotland to have free sanitary products available at schools and food banks for women who cannot afford them. The pilot scheme was launched for six months in Aberdeen, with £42,500 of funding from the devolved Scottish Government in or... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tampon tax-Tax law by jurisdiction-A study by the WHO and UNICEF showed that one out of five women in Scotland have been forced to improvise with items including toilet paper and old clothes because of the high cost of commercial products. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tampon tax-Tax law by jurisdiction-The Scottish government in 2019 began providing free sanitary products for poorer students at schools, with hopes that this would be rolled out across the entire nation.A bill to make period products available for free to everyone who needs them received preliminary approval in the Sc... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tampon tax-Tax law by jurisdiction-United States Menstrual hygiene products are considered by many states within the United States as "tangible individual property" resulting in additional sales tax. This additional tax increases the overall price and further limits accessibility to menstrual hygiene products to lower-... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tampon tax-Tax law by jurisdiction-The movement of menstrual equity has been gaining traction in recent years. This movement is based on the central tenet that period products should be affordable and accessible to women who menstruate. The movement aims to reduce the stigma around menstruation that has prevented legis... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tampon tax-Tax law by jurisdiction-California California Assemblywoman Cristina Garcia reported that California women each pay roughly US$7 per month over 40 years, constituting US$20 million in annual taxes. Garcia and Ling Ling Chang proposed a bill to remove the tampon tax in early 2016. At this time, only a handful... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tampon tax-Tax law by jurisdiction-New York In July 2016, New York State exempted feminine hygiene products from taxation, reducing the state's tax revenue by an estimated US$10 million annually. In the court case of the "Tampon Tax", attorney Zoe Salzman defended the movement of repealing the taxes on feminine menstru... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tampon tax-Tax law by jurisdiction-New Jersey A 2018 empirical study on New Jersey's 2005 tax break on menstrual products found that "repealing tampon taxes removes an unequal tax burden and could make menstrual hygiene products more accessible for low-income consumers". The study utilized data from more than 16,000 pu... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tampon tax-Tax law by jurisdiction-Washington On July 1, 2020, Washington became the 20th state to remove tax from menstrual products. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tampon tax-Tax law by jurisdiction-Michigan On November 5, 2021, Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer signed into law bill SB 153 repealing the tax on feminine hygiene products. The bill went into effect 90 days later on February 3, 2022 Other states Many states that have tampon taxes have tried to repeal or eliminate th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tampon tax-Tax law by jurisdiction-Kenya In 2004, Kenya became the first country to exempt menstrual products from Value Added Tax. In 2011, Kenya exempted imported menstrual products from excise tax. In 2016, Kenya exempted the raw materials used for the manufacture of menstrual products from the 16% value added tax (... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tampon tax-Tax law by jurisdiction-Canada In January 2015, the Canadian government recognised sanitary products as an essential item, ending the GST tax on all sanitary products. The Canadian government is currently debating whether to make menstrual products free in the workplace. The Government of Canada has publishe... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tampon tax-Tax law by jurisdiction-China In China, menstrual products are subject to a 13% sales tax, the same as for most consumer items.
Indian Population and Menstruation With a population of 355 million, India has approximately 88% of women who are unable to acquire safe menstrual products because of a lack of capi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tampon tax-Activism-Supporters of the exemption of said taxes are calling their efforts "menstrual equity", explaining it as a social movement that strives for feminine products like tampons to be considered necessities. Activists are often led by members of the government. At the beginning of 2016, councilwoman Juliss... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Tampon tax-Activism-Free the Tampon, an advocate for free menstrual products estimates that it would cost less than $5 a year per user to provide tampons and pads in restrooms at schools and businesses.Activists with United for Access organized a petition and march to put pressure on the US Department of Education to e... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flash mob-Flash mob-A flash mob (or flashmob) is a group of people who assemble suddenly in a public place, perform for a brief time, then quickly disperse, often for the purposes of entertainment, satire, and artistic expression. Flash mobs may be organized via telecommunications, social media, or viral emails.The ter... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flash mob-Flash mob-The term "flash rob" or "flash mob robberies", a reference to the way flash mobs assemble, has been used to describe a number of robberies and assaults perpetrated suddenly by groups of teenage youth. Bill Wasik, originator of the first flash mobs, and a number of other commentators have questioned ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flash mob-History-First flash mob The first flash mobs were created in Manhattan in 2003, by Bill Wasik, senior editor of Harper's Magazine. The first attempt was unsuccessful after the targeted retail store was tipped off about the plan for people to gather. Wasik avoided such problems during the first successful flas... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flash mob-History-Precedents and precursors In 19th-century Tasmania, the term flash mob was used to describe a subculture consisting of female prisoners, based on the term flash language for the jargon that these women used. The 19th-century Australian term flash mob referred to a segment of society, not an event, and... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flash mob-History-Flash mobs began as a form of performance art. While they started as an apolitical act, flash mobs may share superficial similarities to political demonstrations. In the 1960s, groups such as the Yippies used street theatre to expose the public to political issues. Flash mobs can be seen as a speciali... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flash mob-Use of the term-The first documented use of the term flash mob as it is understood today was in 2003 in a blog entry posted in the aftermath of Wasik's event. The term was inspired by the earlier term smart mob.Flash mob was added to the 11th edition of the Concise Oxford English Dictionary on July 8, 2004, w... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flash mob-Legality-The city of Brunswick, Germany, has stopped flash mobs by strictly enforcing the already existing law of requiring a permit to use any public space for an event. In the United Kingdom, a number of flash mobs have been stopped over concerns for public health and safety. The British Transport Police ha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flash mob-Crime-Referred to as flash robs, flash mob robberies, or flash robberies by the media, crimes organized by teenage youth using social media rose to international notoriety beginning in 2011. The National Retail Federation does not classify these crimes as "flash mobs" but rather "multiple offender crimes" tha... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flash mob-Crime-These kids are taking part in what's basically a meme. They heard about it from friends, and probably saw it on YouTube, and now they're getting their chance to participate in it themselves. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Flash mob-Crime-HuffPost raised the question asking if "the media was responsible for stirring things up", and added that in some cases the local authorities did not confirm the use of social media making the "use of the term flash mob questionable". Amanda Walgrove wrote that criminals involved in such activities don'... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Urban heat island-An urban heat island (UHI) is an urban area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities. The temperature difference is usually larger at night than during the day, and is most apparent when winds are weak. UHI is most noticeable during the su... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Urban heat island-Not all cities have a distinct urban heat island, and the heat island characteristics depend strongly on the background climate of the area in which the city is located. Effects within a city can vary significantly depending on local environmental conditions. Heat can be reduced by t... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Urban heat island-Other options include green roofs, passive daytime radiative cooling applications, and the use of lighter-colored surfaces and less absorptive building materials in urban areas, to reflect more sunlight and absorb less heat.Climate change is not the cause of urban heat islands but it... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Description-Definition A definition of urban heat island is: "The relative warmth of a city compared with surrounding rural areas.": 2926 This relative warmth is caused by "heat trapping due to land use, the configuration and design of the built environment, including street layout and building size,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Description-Seasonal variability The urban heat island temperature difference is not only usually larger at night than during the day, but also larger in winter than in summer. This is especially true in areas where snow is common, as cities tend to hold snow for shorter periods of time than surroundi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Description-Models and simulations If a city or town has a good system of taking weather observations the UHI can be measured directly. An alternative is to use a complex simulation of the location to calculate the UHI, or to use an approximate empirical method. Such models allow the UHI to be include... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Description-Leonard O. Myrup published the first comprehensive numerical treatment to predict the effects of the urban heat island (UHI) in 1969. The heat island effect was found to be the net result of several competing physical processes. In general, reduced evaporation in the city center and the th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Causes-There are several causes of an urban heat island (UHI); for example, dark surfaces absorb significantly more solar radiation, which causes urban concentrations of roads and buildings to heat more than suburban and rural areas during the day; materials commonly used in urban areas for pavement a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Causes-Climate change as an amplifier Climate change is not a cause but an amplifier of the urban heat island effect. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report from 2022 summarized the available research accordingly: "Climate change increases heat stress risks in cities [...] and amplifies the urban heat islan... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Impacts-On weather and climate Aside from the effect on temperature, UHIs can produce secondary effects on local meteorology, including the altering of local wind patterns, the development of clouds and fog, the humidity, and the rates of precipitation. The extra heat provided by the UHI leads to grea... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Impacts-On human health UHIs have the potential to directly influence the health and welfare of urban residents. As UHIs are characterized by increased temperature, they can potentially increase the magnitude and duration of heat waves within cities. The number of individuals exposed to extreme temper... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Impacts-On water bodies and aquatic organisms UHIs also impair water quality. Hot pavement and rooftop surfaces transfer their excess heat to stormwater, which then drains into storm sewers and raises water temperatures as it is released into streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes. Additionally, increased ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Impacts-On animals Species that are good at colonizing can utilize conditions provided by urban heat islands to thrive in regions outside of their normal range. Examples of this include the grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) and the common house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus). Grey-headed ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Impacts-With temperate climates, urban heat islands will extend the growing season, therefore altering breeding strategies of inhabiting species. This can be best observed in the effects that urban heat islands have on water temperature (see effects on water bodies). Urban heat islands caused by citi... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Impacts-On energy usage for cooling Another consequence of urban heat islands is the increased energy required for air conditioning and refrigeration in cities that are in comparatively hot climates. The heat island effect costs Los Angeles about US$ 100 million per year in energy (in the year 2000). ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Options for reducing heat island effects-Strategies to improve urban resilience by reducing excessive heat in cities include: Planting trees in cities, white roofs and light-coloured concrete, green infrastructure (including green roofs), passive daytime radiative cooling.The temperature difference be... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Options for reducing heat island effects-Planting trees in cities Planting trees around the city can be another way of increasing albedo and decreasing the urban heat island effect. It is recommended to plant deciduous trees because they can provide many benefits such as more shade in the summer and n... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Options for reducing heat island effects-White roofs and light-coloured concrete Painting rooftops white has become a common strategy to reduce the heat island effect. In cities, there are many dark colored surfaces that absorb the heat of the sun in turn lowering the albedo of the city. White rooftop... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Options for reducing heat island effects-Green infrastructure Another option is to increase the amount of well-watered vegetation. These two options can be combined with the implementation of green roofs. Green roofs are excellent insulators during the warm weather months and the plants cool the surro... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Options for reducing heat island effects-Passive daytime radiative cooling A passive daytime radiative cooling roof application can double the energy savings of a white roof, attributed to high solar reflectance and thermal emittance in the infrared window, with the highest cooling potential in hot an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Society and culture-History of research The phenomenon was first investigated and described by Luke Howard in the 1810s, although he was not the one to name the phenomenon. A description of the very first report of the UHI by Luke Howard said that the urban center of London was warmer at night than th... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Society and culture-Aspects of social inequality Some studies suggest that the effects of UHIs on health may be disproportionate, since the impacts may be unevenly distributed based on a variety of factors such as age, ethnicity and socioeconomic status. This raises the possibility of health impacts f... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Society and culture-There is a correlation between neighborhood income and tree canopy cover. Low-income neighborhoods tend to have significantly fewer trees than neighborhoods with higher incomes. Researchers hypothesized that less-well-off neighborhoods do not have the financial resources to plant a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Society and culture-Researchers have also noted that the spread of impervious surfaces is correlated with low socioeconomic status neighborhoods across various U.S. cities and states. The presence of these materials, which include concrete, tar and asphalt, serves as a predictor of "intra-urban variat... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Examples-United States Bill S.4280, introduced to the U.S. Senate in 2020, would authorize the National Integrated Heat Health Information System Interagency Committee (NIHHIS) to tackle extreme heat in the United States. Successful passage of this legislation would fund NIHHIS for five years and woul... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Examples-The city of New York determined that the cooling potential per area was highest for street trees, followed by living roofs, light covered surface, and open space planting. From the standpoint of cost effectiveness, light surfaces, light roofs, and curbside planting have lower costs per temper... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Examples-Los Angeles A hypothetical "cool communities" program in Los Angeles has projected in 1997 that urban temperatures could be reduced by approximately 3 °C (5 °F) after planting ten million trees, reroofing five million homes, and painting one-quarter of the roads at an estimated cost of US$1 b... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Urban heat island-Examples-Athens green space initiative Athens, the capital of Greece, has undertaken initiatives to reduce the urban heat island effect and reduce the impact of pollution from vehicles. To create green spaces that offer cooling, small unused plots of land are being reconfigured into pocket parks. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Malpuech facial clefting syndrome-Malpuech facial clefting syndrome-Malpuech facial clefting syndrome, also called Malpuech syndrome or Gypsy type facial clefting syndrome, is a rare congenital syndrome. It is characterized by facial clefting (any type of cleft in the bones and tissues of the face, including a cleft li... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Malpuech facial clefting syndrome-Signs and symptoms-Malpuech syndrome is congenital, being apparent at birth. It is characterized by a feature known as facial clefting. Observed and noted in the initial description of the syndrome as a cleft lip and palate, facial clefting is identified by clefts in the bones, muscles... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Malpuech facial clefting syndrome-Signs and symptoms-Congenital abnormalities of the heart have also been observed with Malpuech syndrome. From a healthy Japanese couple, Chinen and Naritomi (1995) described the sixth child who had features consistent with the disorder. This two-month-old male infant was also affected ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Malpuech facial clefting syndrome-Genetics-Malpuech syndrome, as with the other disorders within the 3MC syndrome consideration, is caused by mutations in the COLLEC11 and MASP1 genes. In an investigation by Rooryck et al. (2011), eleven families affected by 3MC syndrome were studied, which resulted in the identificati... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Malpuech facial clefting syndrome-Genetics-The MASP1, or Mannan-binding Serine Protease I gene is located on the long arm of human chromosome 3 at 3q27-q28. The protein is a type of connectin called a mannan-binding lectin, which plays a role in innate immunity by binding to pathogens such as viruses including HIV.As d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Malpuech facial clefting syndrome-Diagnosis-It is suggested that the diagnostic criteria for Malpuech syndrome should include cleft lip and/or palate, typical associated facial features, and at least two of the following: urogenital anomalies, caudal appendage, and growth or developmental delay. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Malpuech facial clefting syndrome-Diagnosis-Due to the relatively high rate of hearing impairment found with the disorder, it too may be considered in the diagnosis. Another congenital disorder, Wolf-Hirschhorn (Pitt-Rogers-Danks) syndrome, shares Malpuech features in its diagnostic criteria. Because of this lacking di... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Malpuech facial clefting syndrome-Diagnosis-Classification Malpuech syndrome has been shown to have physical, or phenotypical similarities with several other genetic disorders. A report by Reardon et al. (2001) of a nine-year-old boy exhibiting facial, caudal and urogenital anomalies consistent with Malpuech syndrome, ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Malpuech facial clefting syndrome-Management-Many of the congenital malformations found with Malpuech syndrome can be corrected surgically. These include cleft lip and palate, omphalocele, urogenital and craniofacial abnormalities, skeletal deformities such as a caudal appendage or scoliosis, and hernias of the umbilic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Malpuech facial clefting syndrome-History-The incidence of Malpuech syndrome has not been determined. A 1999 report by Crisponi et al. suggested that only about 12 individuals worldwide were affected by the disorder at that time. The syndrome was first reported by Guilliaume Malpuech and colleagues in 1983, observed in... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
False singular-False singular-In English grammar, a false singular occurs when a singular noun ending in a s or z sound is understood as a plural from which a new singular is constructed. The false singular is a form of back-formation.
Some false singulars become standard English. For example, pea was originally a fals... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Halyard bend-Halyard bend-Studding-Sail Bend is a way to attach the end of a rope at right angle to a cylindrical object such as a beam. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Halyard bend-Tying-wrap the end two or more times around the object make the end hook around the standing part and under all wrappings, to come out by the last wrap make the end turn back and cross over the wrappings, to tuck/pass it under the first wrapHalyard bend may be considered to be the "double-loop-around, and ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Secondary growth-Secondary growth-In botany, secondary growth is the growth that results from cell division in the cambia or lateral meristems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken, while primary growth is growth that occurs as a result of cell division at the tips of stems and roots, causing them to elongate,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Secondary growth-Secondary growth-The formation of secondary vascular tissues from the cambium is a characteristic feature of dicotyledons and gymnosperms. In certain monocots, the vascular tissues are also increased after the primary growth is completed but the cambium of these plants is of a different nature. In the ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Secondary growth-Lateral meristems-In many vascular plants, secondary growth is the result of the activity of the two lateral meristems, the cork cambium and vascular cambium. Arising from lateral meristems, secondary growth increases the width of the plant root or stem, rather than its length. As long as the lateral m... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Secondary growth-Lateral meristems-Because this growth usually ruptures the epidermis of the stem or roots, plants with secondary growth usually also develop a cork cambium. The cork cambium gives rise to thickened cork cells to protect the surface of the plant and reduce water loss. If this is kept up over many years,... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Secondary growth-In nonwoody plants-Secondary growth also occurs in many nonwoody plants, e.g. tomato, potato tuber, carrot taproot and sweet potato tuberous root. A few long-lived leaves also have secondary growth. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Secondary growth-Abnormal secondary growth-Abnormal secondary growth does not follow the pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem to the inside and phloem to the outside as in ancestral lignophytes. Some dicots have anomalous secondary growth, e.g. in Bougainvillea a series of cambia arise outside the oldes... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fenoprop-Fenoprop-Fenoprop, also called 2,4,5-TP, is the organic compound 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid. It is a phenoxy herbicide and a plant growth regulator, an analog of 2,4,5-T in which the latter's acetic acid sidechain is replaced with a propionate group (with an extra CH3). The addition of this extra... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Fenoprop-Fenoprop-The name Silvex was used in the USA but it has been banned from use there since 1985. According to the Environmental Protection Agency its greatest use was as a postemergence herbicide for control of woody plants, and broadleaf herbaceous weeds in rice and bluegrass turf, in sugarcane, in rangeland im... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Cantic octagonal tiling-Cantic octagonal tiling-In geometry, the tritetratrigonal tiling or shieldotritetragonal tiling is a uniform tiling of the hyperbolic plane. It has Schläfli symbol of t1,2(4,3,3). It can also be named as a cantic octagonal tiling, h2{8,3}. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Signal-regulatory protein alpha-Signal-regulatory protein alpha-Signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) is a regulatory membrane glycoprotein from SIRP family expressed mainly by myeloid cells and also by stem cells or neurons. | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Signal-regulatory protein alpha-Signal-regulatory protein alpha-SIRPα acts as inhibitory receptor and interacts with a broadly expressed transmembrane protein CD47 also called the "don't eat me" signal. This interaction negatively controls effector function of innate immune cells such as host cell phagocytosis. SIRPα d... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Signal-regulatory protein alpha-Structure-The cytoplasmic region of SIRPα is highly conserved between rats, mice and humans. Cytoplasmic region contains a number of tyrosine residues, which likely act as ITIMs. Upon CD47 ligation, SIRPα is phosphorylated and recruits phosphatases like SHP1 and SHP2. The extracellular r... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Signal-regulatory protein alpha-Ligands-SIRPα recognizes CD47, an anti-phagocytic signal that distinguishes live cells from dying cells. CD47 has a single Ig-like extracellular domain and five membrane spanning regions. The interaction between SIRPα and CD47 can be modified by endocytosis or cleavage of the receptor, o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Signal-regulatory protein alpha-Signalling-The extracellular domain of SIRP α binds to CD47 and transmits intracellular signals through its cytoplasmic domain. CD47-binding is mediated through the NH2-terminal V-like domain of SIRP α. The cytoplasmic region contains four ITIMs that become phosphorylated after binding o... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Signal-regulatory protein alpha-Cancer-Cancer cells highly expressed CD47 that activate SIRP α and inhibit macrophage-mediated destruction. In one study, they engineered high-affinity variants of SIRP α that antagonized CD47 on cancer cells and caused increase phagocytosis of cancer cells. Another study (in mice) found... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
ClinVar-ClinVar-ClinVar is a public archive with free access to reports on the relationships between human variations and phenotypes, with supporting evidence. The database includes germline and somatic variants of any size, type or genomic location. Interpretations are submitted by clinical testing laboratories, resea... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Contract manufacturing organization-Contract manufacturing organization-A contract manufacturing organization (CMO), more recently referred to (and more commonly used now) as a contract development and manufacturing organization (CDMO) to avoid the acronym confusion of Chief Medical Officer or Clinical Monitoring Organ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Contract manufacturing organization-Contract manufacturing organization-Services offered by CDMOs include, but are not limited to: pre-formulation, formulation development, stability studies, method development, pre-clinical and Phase I clinical trial materials, late-stage clinical trial materials, formal stability, s... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Contract manufacturing organization-Overview-The pharmaceutical market uses outsourcing services from providers in the form of contract research organizations (CROs) who work on very early-stage drug development on very small scale providing medicinal chemistry services. These are now often called CDROs as they provide... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Contract manufacturing organization-Overview-CDMOs are a response to the competitive international nature of the pharmaceutical market as well as the increasing demand for outsourced services. The best-positioned service providers focus on a specific technology or dosage form and promote end-to-end continuity and effic... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Contract manufacturing organization-History-Before the financial crisis of 2007–2008, 75% of the candidate that outsourced services were small and mid-sized biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies. Following the financial crash in 2008 the CMO industry started to be funded by private equity as a result of a substant... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Contract manufacturing organization-Advantages-The bio/pharma companies used to build and staff dedicated manufacturing capacities for drugs in development only to see them cancelled if the product failed in Phase III of clinical research; working with a CDMO limits that financial risk. Using a CDMO also allows drug an... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Contract manufacturing organization-Disadvantages-The pharmaceutical client using the services of a CDMO does not have direct control of the project in regard to scheduling, cost, quality, or accountability yet should be heavily invested to work closely with the CDMO partner to ensure success. Data security can be an i... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Contract manufacturing organization-Disadvantages-One of the major risk remains in the lack of control over the CDMO's compliance for the client, for example when an FDA warning letter is issued, a resulting interruption of production may result in major delay or interruption of shipping thus it is critical to properly... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dobson unit-Dobson unit-The Dobson unit (DU) is a unit of measurement of the amount of a trace gas in a vertical column through the Earth's atmosphere. It originated, and continues to be primarily used in respect to, atmospheric ozone, whose total column amount, usually termed "total ozone", and sometimes "column abund... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dobson unit-Dobson unit-The Dobson unit is defined as the thickness (in units of 10 μm) of that layer of pure gas which would be formed by the total column amount at standard conditions for temperature and pressure (STP). This is sometimes referred to as a 'milli-atmo-centimeter'. A typical column amount of 300 DU of a... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dobson unit-Dobson unit-The Dobson unit is named after Gordon Dobson, a researcher at the University of Oxford who in the 1920s built the first instrument to measure total ozone from the ground, making use of a double prism monochromator to measure the differential absorption of different bands of solar ultraviolet rad... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dobson unit-Ozone-NASA uses a baseline value of 220 DU for ozone. This was chosen as the starting point for observations of the Antarctic ozone hole, since values of less than 220 Dobson units were not found before 1979. Also, from direct measurements over Antarctica, a column ozone level of less than 220 Dobson units ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dobson unit-Sulfur dioxide-In addition, Dobson units are often used to describe total column densities of sulfur dioxide, which occurs in the atmosphere in small amounts due to the combustion of fossil fuels, from biological processes releasing dimethyl sulfide, or by natural combustion such as forest fires. Large amou... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
Dobson unit-Derivation-The Dobson unit arises from the ideal gas law PV=nRT, where P and V are pressure and volume respectively, and n, R and T are the number of moles of gas, the gas constant (8.314 J/(mol·K)), and T is temperature in kelvins (K).
The number density of air is the number of molecules or atoms per unit ... | milkshake721/2.1M-wiki-STEM |
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