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Alfred Pennyworth	also another version appearance batman tv series obtained completing “same bat time bat channel” level.alfred pennyworth appears lego dimensions voiced robin atkin downes.alfred pennyworth appears npc lego dc supervillains though later appears playable character part dlc pack based appearance start lego movie .arkham series alfred pennyworth supporting character batman arkham franchise voiced martin jarvis main series hugh fraser vr game.alfred pennyworths biography unlocked batman arkham asylum.while alfred physically appear batman arkham city remains constant radio contact batman oracle former investigates eponymous arkham city.alfred makes first physical appearance prequel game batman arkham origins.throughout game disapproves batmans techniques batman responds holding butler distance taking advantage him.hired assassins target batman alfred pleads latter abandon vigilante persona words fall deaf ears.deduced batmans secret identity bane attacks wayne manor beats alfred neardeath batman watch die.
Alfred Pennyworth	refusing accept dark knight uses electrocutioners gauntlets revive alfred.event leaves batman shaken verge quitting.understanding batman renewed alfred convinces keep fighting.continues help batman travels blackgate prison stop joker.in batman arkham knight alfred contacts batman holographic projector throughout game give valuable information.batmans secret identity revealed world alfred assists enacting knightfall protocol apparently killed large explosion wayne manor.in batman arkham vr alfred attempts wake bruce latter suffers nightmare due jokers blood system.
Alfred Pennyworth	telltales batman alfred pennyworth appears batman telltale series sequel batman enemy within voiced enn reitel.in first game like interpretations alfred bruces close friend guardian.however thomas waynes ties corruption revealed friendship fractured bruce learns alfred knew thomas crimes never told him.despite alfred continues support bruce field helps battle children arkham.alfred later kidnapped tortured group leader lady arkham part retribution wayne family though leaves clues bruce find rescued batmans final confrontation lady arkham.alfred may also lose eye depending whether player chooses attack lady arkham rather unmask safety.in second game alfred continues support bruce despite suffering posttraumatic stress disorder following kidnapping torture.
Alfred Pennyworth	due death lucius fox becomes bruces closest ally suggests bringing another person onto team.falling unconscious however alfred decides step away helping bruce vigilante leading realizing bruce going selfdestructive path father.depending whether bruce decides retire batman continue war crime alfred either stay return uk leaving certain instructions bruce.miscellaneous alfred pennyworth appears smallville season digital comic based tv series name.alfred pennyworth musical holy musical bman starkid productions portrayed chris allen.references plot summary citations external links alfred pennyworth dc comics official websitealfred pennyworth imdbalfred pennyworth dc database dc comics wiki
East Germany	commonly described communist state described socialist workers peasants state.territory administered occupied soviet forces following end world war ii—the soviet occupation zone potsdam agreement bounded east oderneisse line.soviet zone surrounded west berlin include west berlin remained outside jurisdiction gdr.the gdr established soviet zone federal republic germany commonly referred west germany established three western zones.satellite state soviet union soviet occupation authorities began transferring administrative responsibility german communist leaders gdr began function state october although soviet forces remained country throughout cold war.gdr governed socialist unity party germany sed although parties nominally participated alliance organization national front german democratic republic.
East Germany	sed made teaching marxism–leninism russian language compulsory schools.the economy centrally planned stateowned.prices housing basic goods services heavily subsidized set central government planners rather rising falling supply demand.although gdr pay substantial war reparations soviets became successful economy eastern bloc.emigration west significant problem many emigrants welleducated young people weakened state economically.government fortified inner german border built berlin wall .
East Germany	many people attempting flee killed border guards booby traps landmines.captured spent long periods time imprisoned attempting escape.referendum east germany regarding remilitarization germany held population voting favour.in numerous social economic political forces gdr abroad one notable peaceful protests starting city leipzig led fall berlin wall establishment government committed liberalization.following year free fair election held international negotiations led signing final settlement treaty status borders germany.gdr dissolved reunified west germany october former east german states reunified federal republic germany.
East Germany	several gdrs leaders notably last communist leader egon krenz prosecuted federal republic reunification offenses committed cold war.geographically gdr bordered baltic sea north poland east czechoslovakia southeast west germany southwest west.internally gdr also bordered soviet sector alliedoccupied berlin known east berlin also administered states de facto capital.also bordered three sectors occupied united states united kingdom france known collectively west berlin.three sectors occupied western nations sealed gdr berlin wall construction brought .naming conventions official name deutsche demokratische republik german democratic republic usually abbreviated ddr gdr.
East Germany	terms used east germany increasing usage abbreviated form especially since east germany considered west germans west berliners foreigners following promulgation second constitution .west germans western media statesmen initially avoided official name abbreviation instead using terms like ostzone eastern zone sowjetische besatzungszone soviet occupation zone often abbreviated sbz sogenannte ddr socalled gdr.the centre political power east berlin referred pankow seat command soviet forces east germany referred karlshorst.time however abbreviation ddr also increasingly used colloquially west germans west german media.when used west germans westdeutschland west germany term almost always reference geographic region western germany area within boundaries federal republic germany.however use always consistent west berliners frequently used term westdeutschland denote federal republic.world war ii ostdeutschland eastern germany used describe territories east elbe east elbia reflected works sociologist max weber political theorist carl schmitt.
East Germany	history explaining internal impact gdr government perspective german history long term historian gerhard a. ritter argued east german state defined two dominant forces – soviet communism one hand german traditions filtered interwar experiences german communists other.gdr always constrained example richer west east germans compared nation.changes implemented communists apparent ending capitalism transforming industry agriculture militarization society political thrust educational system media.hand new regime made relatively changes historically independent domains sciences engineering professions – protestant churches many bourgeois lifestyles.social policy says ritter became critical legitimization tool last decades mixed socialist traditional elements equally.
East Germany	origins yalta conference world war ii allies us uk soviet union agreed dividing defeated nazi germany occupation zones dividing berlin german capital among allied powers well.initially meant formation three zones occupation i.e.american british soviet.later french zone carved us british zones.establishment ruling communist party known socialist unity party germany sed formed april merger communist party germany kpd social democratic party germany spd.
East Germany	two former parties notorious rivals active nazis consolidated power criminalized official east german soviet histories portrayed merger voluntary pooling efforts socialist parties symbolic new friendship german socialists defeating common enemy however much evidence merger troubled commonly portrayed soviet occupation authorities applied great pressure spds eastern branch merge kpd communists held majority virtually total control policy.sed remained ruling party entire duration east german state.close ties soviets maintained military forces east germany dissolution soviet regime russia continued maintain forces territory former east germany stated purpose countering nato bases west germany.as west germany reorganized gained independence occupiers – gdr established east germany october .emergence two sovereign states solidified division germany.march would become known stalin note general secretary communist party soviet union joseph stalin issued proposal reunify germany policy neutrality conditions economic policies guarantees rights man basic freedoms including freedom speech press religious persuasion political conviction assembly free activity democratic parties organizations.
East Germany	west demurred reunification priority leadership west germany nato powers declined proposal asserting germany able join nato negotiation soviet union would seen capitulation.several debates whether germany missed chance reunification .in soviets turned control east germany sed headed wilhelm pieck – became president gdr held office death sed general secretary walter ulbricht assumed executive authority.socialist leader otto grotewohl – became prime minister death.the government east germany denounced west german failures accomplishing denazification renounced ties nazi past imprisoning many former nazis preventing holding government positions.sed set primary goal ridding east germany traces nazism.estimated people sentenced imprisonment political grounds.
East Germany	zones occupation yalta potsdam conferences allies established joint military occupation administration germany via allied control council acc fourpower us uk ussr france military government effective restoration german sovereignty.eastern germany soviet occupation zone sbz – sowjetische besatzungszone comprised five states länder mecklenburgvorpommern brandenburg saxony saxonyanhalt thuringia.disagreements policies followed occupied zones quickly led breakdown cooperation four powers soviets administered zone without regard policies implemented zones.soviets withdrew acc subsequently three zones increasingly unified granted selfgovernment soviet administration instituted separate socialist government zone..seven years allies potsdam agreement common german policies ussr via stalin note march proposed german reunification superpower disengagement central europe three western allies united states france united kingdom rejected.soviet leader joseph stalin communist proponent reunification died early march .
East Germany	similarly lavrenty beria first deputy prime minister ussr pursued german reunification removed power year could act matter.successor nikita khrushchev rejected reunification equivalent returning east germany annexation west hence reunification went unconsidered .east germany regarded east berlin capital soviet union rest eastern bloc diplomatically recognized east berlin capital.however western allies disputed recognition considering entire city berlin occupied territory governed allied control council.according margarete feinstein east berlins status capital largely unrecognized west third world countries.practice accs authority rendered moot cold war east berlins status occupied territory largely became legal fiction soviet sector berlin became fully integrated gdr.the deepening cold war conflict western powers soviet union unresolved status west berlin led berlin blockade june – may .
East Germany	soviet army initiated blockade halting allied rail road water traffic west berlin.allies countered soviets berlin airlift – food fuel supplies west berlin.partition april communist party germany kommunistische partei deutschlands – kpd part social democratic party germany sozialdemokratische partei deutschlands – spd soviet zone merged form socialist unity party germany sed – sozialistische einheitspartei deutschlands elections october .sed government nationalised infrastructure industrial plants.in march german economic commission deutsche wirtschaftskomission—dwk chairman heinrich rau assumed administrative authority soviet occupation zone thus becoming predecessor east german government.on october sed established deutsche demokratische republik german democratic republic – gdr based socialist political constitution establishing control antifascist national front german democratic republic nf nationale front der deutschen demokratischen republik omnibus alliance every party mass organisation east germany.nf established stand election volkskammer peoples chamber east german parliament.
East Germany	first president german democratic republic wilhelm pieck.however political power east germany held first secretary sed walter ulbricht.on june workers constructing new stalinallee boulevard east berlin according gdrs officially promulgated sixteen principles urban design rioted productionquota increase.initially labour protest action soon included general populace june similar protests occurred throughout gdr million people striking cities towns.fearing anticommunist counterrevolution june government gdr enlisted soviet occupation forces aid police ending riot fifty people killed jailed.see uprising east germany.the german war reparations owed soviets impoverished soviet zone occupation severely weakened east german economy.
East Germany	– period soviets confiscated transported ussr approximately industrial plant early extracted us billion reparations agricultural industrial products.poverty east germany induced deepened reparations provoked republikflucht desertion republic west germany weakening gdrs economy.western economic opportunities induced brain drain.response gdr closed inner german border night august east german soldiers began erecting berlin wall.in ulbricht removed leadership soviet leader leonid brezhnev supported ouster erich honecker replaced him.ulbricht government experimented liberal reforms honecker government reversed them.
East Germany	new government introduced new east german constitution defined german democratic republic republic workers peasants.initially east germany claimed exclusive mandate germany claim supported communist bloc.claimed west germany illegallyconstituted puppet state nato.however onward east germany began recognizing separate country west germany shared legacy united german state –.formalized reunification clause removed revised east german constitution.west germany contrast maintained legitimate government germany.
East Germany	early west germany maintained east germany illegally constituted state.argued gdr soviet puppetstate frequently referred soviet occupation zone.west germanys allies shared position .east germany recognized primarily communist countries arab bloc along scattered sympathizers.according hallstein doctrine west germany establish formal diplomatic ties country—except soviets—that recognized east german sovereignty.in early ostpolitik eastern policy change rapprochement pragmatic government frg chancellor willy brandt established normal diplomatic relations east bloc states.
East Germany	policy saw treaty moscow august treaty warsaw december four power agreement berlin september transit agreement may basic treaty december relinquished separate claims exclusive mandate germany whole established normal relations two germanies.countries admitted united nations september .also increased number countries recognizing east germany including us uk france though three still refused recognize east berlin capital insisted specific provision un resolution accepting two germanies un effect.following ostpolitik west german view east germany de facto government within single german nation de jure state organisation parts germany outside federal republic.federal republic continued maintain could within structures recognize gdr de jure sovereign state international law fully acknowledged within structures international law gdr independent sovereign state.
East Germany	distinction west germany viewed within boundaries de facto de jure government also sole de jure legitimate representative dormant germany whole.two germanies relinquished claim represent internationally acknowledged necessarily implying mutual recognition capable representing populations de jure participating international bodies agreements united nations helsinki final act.this assessment basic treaty confirmed decision federal constitutional court german democratic republic internationallaw sense state subject international law.finding independent recognition international law german democratic republic federal republic germany.recognition never formally pronounced federal republic germany contrary repeatedly explicitly rejected.conduct federal republic germany towards german democratic republic assessed light détente policy particular conclusion treaty de facto recognition understood de facto recognition special kind.
East Germany	special feature treaty bilateral treaty two states rules international law apply like international treaty possesses validity two states parts still existing albeit incapable action reorganized comprehensive state whole germany single body politic.travel gdr poland czechoslovakia hungary became visafree .gdr identity beginning newly formed gdr tried establish separate identity.imperial military legacy prussia sed repudiated continuity prussia gdr.sed destroyed number symbolic relics former prussian aristocracy junker manorhouses torn berliner stadtschloß razed equestrian statue frederick great removed east berlin.instead sed focused progressive heritage german history including thomas müntzers role german peasants war – role played heroes class struggle prussias industrialization.especially ninth party congress east germany upheld historical reformers karl freiherr vom stein – karl august von hardenberg – wilhelm von humboldt – gerhard von scharnhorst – examples role models.
East Germany	die wende german reunification may following widespread public anger faking results local government elections many gdr citizens applied exit visas left country contrary gdr laws.impetus exodus east germans removal electrified fence along hungarys border austria may .although formally hungarian frontier still closed many east germans took opportunity enter hungary via czechoslovakia make illegal crossing hungary austria west germany beyond.july east germans crossed hungary attempt risky crossing austria remained instead hungary claimed asylum west german embassies prague budapest.the opening border gate austria hungary paneuropean picnic august set motion chain reaction leading end gdr disintegration eastern bloc.largest mass escape east germany since building berlin wall .
East Germany	idea opening border ceremony came otto von habsburg proposed miklós németh hungarian prime minister promoted idea.patrons picnic habsburg hungarian minister state imre pozsgay attend event saw planned event opportunity test mikhail gorbachevs reaction opening border iron curtain.particular tested whether moscow would give soviet troops stationed hungary command intervene.extensive advertising planned picnic made paneuropean union posters flyers among gdr holidaymakers hungary.austrian branch paneuropean union headed karl von habsburg distributed thousands brochures inviting gdr citizens picnic near border sopron near hungarys border austria.
East Germany	local sopron organizers knew nothing possible gdr refugees envisaged local party austrian hungarian participation.mass exodus paneuropean picnic subsequent hesitant behavior socialist unity party east germany nonintervention soviet union broke dams.thus barrier eastern bloc broken.reaction erich honecker daily mirror august late showed present loss power habsburg distributed leaflets far poland east german holidaymakers invited picnic.came picnic given gifts food deutsche mark persuaded come west.
East Germany	tens thousands east germans alerted media made way hungary longer ready keep borders completely closed force border troops open fire escapees.gdr leadership east berlin dare completely lock countrys borders.the next major turning point exodus came september hungarian foreign minister gyula horn announced country would longer restrict movement hungary austria.within two days east germans crossed austria tens thousands following weeks.many gdr citizens demonstrated ruling party especially city leipzig.leipzig demonstrations became weekly occurrence turnout people first demonstration october peaking estimated end month.protests surpassed east berlin half million demonstrators turned regime november.
East Germany	kurt masur conductor leipzig gewandhaus orchestra led local negotiations government held town meetings concert hall.demonstrations eventually led erich honecker resign october replaced slightly moderate communist egon krenz.the massive demonstration east berlin november coincided czechoslovakia formally opening border west germany.west accessible ever east germans made crossing via czechoslovakia first two days alone.try stem outward flow population sed proposed law loosening travel restrictions.volkskammer rejected november cabinet politburo gdr resigned.
East Germany	left one avenue open krenz sed completely abolishing travel restrictions east west.on november sections berlin wall opened resulting thousands east germans crossing freely west berlin west germany first time nearly years.krenz resigned month later sed opened negotiations leaders incipient democratic movement neues forum schedule free elections begin process democratization.part process sed eliminated clause east german constitution guaranteeing communists leadership state.change approved volkskammer december vote .east germany held last election march .winner coalition headed east german branch west germanys christian democratic union advocated speedy reunification.
East Germany	negotiations talks held involving two german states former allies led agreement conditions german unification.twothirds vote volkskammer august german democratic republic declared accession federal republic germany.five original east german states abolished redistricting restored.october five states officially joined federal republic germany east west berlin united third citystate manner bremen hamburg.july currency union preceded political union ostmark abolished western german deutsche mark became common currency.although volkskammers declaration accession federal republic initiated process reunification act reunification many specific terms conditions qualifications involved amendments west german basic law achieved constitutionally subsequent unification treaty august binding agreement former democratic republic federal republic recognising separate sovereign states international law.
East Germany	treaty voted effect prior agreed date unification volkskammer bundestag constitutionally required twothirds majorities effecting one hand extinction gdr agreed amendments basic law federal republic.the great economic sociopolitical inequalities former germanies required government subsidies full integration german democratic republic federal republic germany.resulting deindustrialization former east germany causes failure integration continue debated.western commentators claim depressed eastern economy natural aftereffect demonstrably inefficient command economy.many east german critics contend shocktherapy style privatization artificially high rate exchange offered ostmark speed entire process implemented leave room east german enterprises adapt.politics four periods east german political history.
East Germany	included – saw building socialism – berlin wall closed escape period stability consolidation – termed honecker era saw closer ties west germany – saw decline extinction east germany.organization ruling political party east germany sozialistische einheitspartei deutschlands socialist unity party germany sed.created sovietdirected merger communist party germany kpd social democratic party germany spd sovietcontrolled zone.however sed quickly transformed fullfledged communist party independentminded social democrats pushed out.the potsdam agreement committed soviets support democratic form government germany though soviets understanding democracy radically different west.sovietbloc countries noncommunist political parties allowed.
East Germany	nevertheless every political party gdr forced join national front democratic germany broad coalition parties mass political organisations includingchristlichdemokratische union deutschlands christian democratic union germany cdu merged west german cdu reunification.demokratische bauernpartei deutschlands democratic farmers party germany dbd.party merged west german cdu reunification.liberaldemokratische partei deutschlands liberal democratic party germany ldpd merged west german fdp reunification.nationaldemokratische partei deutschlands national democratic party germany ndpd merged west german fdp reunification.the member parties almost completely subservient sed accept leading role condition existence.however parties representation volkskammer received posts government.the volkskammer also included representatives mass organisations like free german youth freie deutsche jugend fdj free german trade union federation.also democratic womens federation germany seats volkskammer.important nonparliamentary mass organisations east german society included german gymnastics sports association deutscher turn und sportbund dtsb peoples solidarity volkssolidarität organisation elderly.another society note society germansoviet friendship.after fall communism sed renamed party democratic socialism pds continued decade reunification merging west german wasg form left party die linke.
East Germany	left party continues political force many parts germany albeit drastically less powerful sed.state symbols flag german democratic republic consisted three horizontal stripes traditional germandemocratic colors blackredgold national coat arms gdr middle consisting hammer compasssurrounded wreath corn symbol alliance workers peasants intelligentsia.first drafts fritz behrendts coat arms contained hammer wreath corn expression workers peasants state.final version mainly based work heinz behling.by law september state coat arms hammer compass wreath corn determined state flag continues blackredgold.law october coat arms inserted state flag.
East Germany	end public display flag federal republic germany west berlin regarded violation constitution public order prevented police measures cf.declaration interior ministers federation länder october .federal governmentdecreed police longer intervene anywhere use flag coat arms gdr.at request dsu first freely elected peoples chamber gdr decided may gdr state coat arms removed within week public buildings.nevertheless official end republic continued used variety ways example documents.the text resurrected ruins national anthem gdr johannes r. becher melody hanns eisler.beginning end however text anthem longer sung due passage deutschland einig vaterland.
East Germany	presidential standard standard president german democratic republicthe first standard president shape rectangular flag colors blackredgold inscription president yellow red stripe well d.d.r.contrary official abbreviation dots stripe black letters.flag surrounded stripe yellow color.original standard german historical museum berlin.war service flags symbols flags military units gdr bore national coat arms wreath two olive branches red background blackredgold flag.the flags peoples navy combat ships boats bore coat arms olive branch wreath red auxiliary ships boats blue flag cloth narrow centrally arranged blackredgold band.
East Germany	gösch state flag used reduced form.the ships boats border brigade coast baltic sea boats border troops gdr elbe oder carried green bar liekjust like service flag border troops.east germany political social emblems member thälmann pioneers schoolchildren ages east german youths would usually join fdj.young pioneer programs ernst thälmann pioneer organisation young pioneers thälmann pioneers youth organisation schoolchildren aged east germany.named ernst thälmann former leader communist party germany executed buchenwald concentration camp.the group subdivision freie deutsche jugend fdj free german youth east germanys youth movement.founded december broke apart german reunification.
East Germany	nearly schoolchildren ages organised young pioneer thälmann pioneer groups organisations nearly two million children collectively .the pioneer group loosely based scouting organised way teach schoolchildren aged – socialist ideology prepare freie deutsche jugend fdj.the program designed follow soviet pioneer program vladimir lenin allunion pioneer organization.pioneers slogan für frieden und sozialismus seid bereit – immer bereit peace socialism ready – always ready.usually shortened ready always ready.recited raising flag.one person said first part ready usually pioneer leader teacher head local pioneer group.
East Germany	pioneers answered always ready stiffening right hand placing forehead thumb closest little finger facing skywards.both pioneer groups would often massive parades honoring celebrating socialist success nations.membership membership young pioneers thälmann pioneers formally voluntary.hand taken granted state thus school well many parents.practice initiative admission students class came school.membership quota percent students later years gdr shows six tenyearolds parents become active order become members.
East Germany	nevertheless also children become members.rarely students admitted poor academic performance bad behavior punishment excluded membership.uniform pioneers uniform consisted white shirts blouses bought parents along blue trousers skirts special occasions.often thing worn important sign future socialist – triangular necktie.first blue thälmann pioneers wore red necktie like pioneers soviet union young pioneers kept blue one.
East Germany	pioneers wore uniforms political events state holidays workers demonstrations may day well school festivals pioneer events.the pioneer clothing consisted white blouses shirts could purchased sporting goods stores.left sleeve patch embroidered emblem pioneer organization necessary rank badge stripes color scarf.rank badges three stripes friendship council chairmen two stripes group council chairmen friendship council members one stripe group council members.cases symbols special functions also sewn point example red cross boy paramedic.dark blue trousers skirts worn dark blue cap pioneer emblem served cockadeas headgear.
East Germany	beginning windbreakerblouson dark red leisure blouse added.however pioneer clothing worn completely special occasions flag appeals commemoration days festive school events usually prescribed.from requirement trousersskirt dispensed many places dress code also relaxed regard cap.pioneer afternoons activities often triangular scarf worn.contrast soviet union eastern bloc countries blue scarf common gdr.occasion th anniversary organization red scarf introduced thälmann pioneers young pioneers remained blue scarf.change color scarf solemnly designed pioneer organization.from extended clothing range consisting nicki colors white light yellow turquoise pink imprint symbol pioneer organization long short trousers snap belt colder months lined windbreaker red girls gray boys.suitable pioneers trained paramedics training wore badge young paramedic.
East Germany	music pioneer songs sung opportunity including following titleswir tragen die blaue fahne – carry blue flagunser kleiner trompeter – little trumpeterthälmannlied – thälmann songpioniermarsch – pioneers marchder volkspolizist – peoples policemanjetzt bin ich junger pionier – young pioneerunsere heimat – heimatdie heimat hat sich schön gemacht – homeland smartened upauf zum sozialismus – onwards socialismkleine weiße friedenstaube – little white dove peacelied der jungen naturforscher – song young nature researcherswenn mutti früh zur arbeit geht – mother goes work morninggute freunde – good friendshabn se nicht noch altpapier – got waste paperpioniere voran – onwards pioneerslaßt euch grüßen pioniere – greetings pioneersimmer lebe die sonne – may always sunshinefriede auf unserer erde – peace earth free german youth freie deutsche jugend organization meant young people male female ages comprised young population former east germany.– meant .million members.member thälmann pioneers schoolchildren ages east german youths would usually join fdj.the fdj increasingly developed instrument communist rule became member ‘democratic bloc’ .however fdjs focus ‘happy youth life’ characterised increasingly marginalised following walter ulbrichts emphasis ‘accelerated construction socialism’ th parliament radicalisation sed policy july .
East Germany	turn severe antireligious agenda whose aim obstruct church youths’ work grew within fdj ultimately reaching high point midapril fdj newspaper junge welt reported details ‘criminal’ activities ‘illegal’ junge gemeinden.fdj gangs sent church meetings heckle inside school tribunals interrogated expelled students refused join fdj religious reasons.membership upon request young people admitted fdj age .membership voluntary according statutes nonmembers fear considerable disadvantages admission secondary schools well choice studies careers also exposed strong pressure lineloyal teachers join organization.end around one million young people joined corresponded almost third young people.
East Germany	berlin youth organizations also admitted due fourpower status proportion fdj members youth limited percent .organization .million members corresponding percent gdr youths ages .young people tacitly ended fdj membership completing apprenticeship studies entered workforce.however period military service nva responsiblepolitical officerfdj secretary attached great importance reviving fdj membership.
East Germany	degree organisation much higher urban areas rural areas.fdj clothing blue fdj shirt blue shirt– girls blue fdj blouse – fdj emblem rising sun left sleeve.greeting fdjers friendship.end gdr incomedependent membership fee ..
East Germany	marks per month.music festival political songs german festival des politischen liedes one largest music events east germany held .hosted free german youth featured international artists.uniform blue shirt also fdj shirt fdj blouse since official organizational clothing gdr youth organization freie deutsche jugend fdj.official occasions fdj members wear blue shirts.
East Germany	fdj shirt – fdj blouse girls – longsleeved shirt blue color folding collar epaulettes chest pockets.left sleeve fdj symbol rising sun sewn up.blue shirts made cottonlater cheaper variant made polyester mixture.the epaulettes blue shirt contrast epaulettes military uniforms serve make visible rank unit membershipbut used put beret through.official functions fdj example fdj secretary school apprentice class rank badges could read fdj shirt.however members fdj order groups officially wore fdj shirt together red armband missions.from onwards official patches pins issued certain events could worn fdj shirt.
East Germany	fixed wearing style.orders decorationsthat ordinary fdj members received end membership age – usually badge good knowledge – usually worn.rule fulltime fdj members way nomenklatura older age achieved awards also worn.population east german population declined three million people throughout fortyone year history million million population four million deported lands east oderneisse line made home millions germans part poland soviet union.stark contrast poland increased time million little east germany million twice east germanys population.
East Germany	primarily result emigration—about one quarter east germans left country berlin wall completed time east germany low birth rates except recovery birth rate east germany considerably higher west germany.vital statistics major cities populationseast berlin leipzig dresden karlmarxstadt chemnitz reverted original name magdeburg rostock halle saale erfurt potsdam gera schwerin cottbus zwickau jena dessau administrative districts east germany comprised capital east berlin though legally fully part gdrs territory five german states mecklenburgvorpommern renamed mecklenburg brandenburg saxonyanhalt thuringia saxony postwar territorial demarcations approximating prewar german demarcations middle german länder states provinzen provinces prussia.western parts two provinces pomerania lower silesia remainder annexed poland remained gdr attached mecklenburg saxony respectively.the east german administrative reform established bezirke districts de facto disestablished five länder.new bezirke named district centres follows rostock ii neubrandenburg iii schwerin created land state mecklenburg iv potsdam v frankfurt oder vii cottbus brandenburg vi magdeburg viii halle saxonyanhalt ix leipzig xi dresden xii karlmarxstadt chemnitz saxony x erfurt xiii gera xiv suhl thuringia.east berlin made countrys th bezirk retained special legal status residents approved new draft constitution.despite city whole legally control allied control council diplomatic objections allied governments gdr administered bezirk berlin part territory.
East Germany	military government east germany control large number military paramilitary organisations various ministries.chief among ministry national defence.east germanys proximity west cold war – military forces among advanced warsaw pact.defining military force matter dispute.national peoples army nationale volksarmee nva largest military organisation east germany.
East Germany	formed kasernierte volkspolizei barracked peoples police military units regular police volkspolizei east germany joined warsaw pact.creation controlled ministry national defence east germany.allvolunteer force eighteenmonth conscription period introduced .regarded nato officers best military warsaw pact.the nva consisted following branchesland forces national peoples armyvolksmarine – peoples navyair forces national peoples army border troops border troops eastern sector originally organised police force deutsche grenzpolizei similar bundesgrenzschutz west germany.controlled ministry interior.
East Germany	following remilitarisation east germany deutsche grenzpolizei transformed military force modeled soviet border troops transferred ministry national defense part national peoples army.separated nva remained ministry.peak numbered approximately men.volkspolizeibereitschaft nva separated volkspolizei ministry interior maintained public order barracked reserve known volkspolizeibereitschaften vpb.units like kasernierte volkspolizei equipped motorised infantry numbered men.
East Germany	stasi ministry state security stasi included felix dzerzhinsky guards regiment mainly involved facilities security plain clothes events security.part feared stasi visible public unpopular within population.stasi numbered around men guards regiment around – men.combat groups working class kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse combat groups working class numbered around much existence organised around factories.kda politicalmilitary instrument sed essentially party army.
East Germany	kda directives decisions made zks politbüro.received training volkspolizei ministry interior.membership voluntary sed members required join part membership obligation.conscientious objection every man required serve eighteen months compulsory military service medically unqualified conscientious objector baueinheiten construction units volkshygienedienst peoples sanitation service established two years introduction conscription response political pressure national lutheran protestant church upon gdrs government.east german leaders acknowledged former construction soldiers sanitation service soldiers disadvantage rejoined civilian sphere.
East Germany	foreign policy support third world socialist countries receiving wider international diplomatic recognition – gdr began active cooperation third world socialist governments national liberation movements.ussr control overall strategy cuban armed forces involved actual combat mostly peoples republic angola socialist ethiopia gdr provided experts military hardware maintenance personnel training oversaw creation secret security agencies based stasi model.already contacts established angolas mpla mozambiques frelimo paigc guinea bissau cape verde.official cooperation established selfproclaimed socialist governments peoples republics peoples republic congo peoples democratic republic yemen somali democratic republic libya peoples republic benin.the first military agreement signed peoples republic congo.friendship treaties signed angola mozambique ethiopia.it estimated altogether – ddr military security experts dispatched africa.addition representatives african arab countries liberation movements underwent military training gdr.
East Germany	east germany middle east conflict east germany pursued antizionist policy jeffrey herf argues east germany waging undeclared war israel.according herf middle east one crucial battlefields global cold war soviet union west also region east germany played salient role soviet blocs antagonism toward israel.east germany saw antifascist state regarded israel fascist state east germany strongly supported palestine liberation organization plo armed struggle israel.gdr government recognized plo sole legitimate representative palestinian people.plo declared palestinian state november first intifada gdr recognized state prior reunification.
East Germany	becoming member un east germany made excellent use un wage political warfare israel enthusiastic highprofile vigorous member antiisraeli majority general assembly.soviet military occupation economy east german economy began poorly devastation caused second world war loss many young soldiers disruption business transportation allied bombing campaigns decimated cities reparations owed ussr.red army dismantled transported russia infrastructure industrial plants soviet zone occupation.early reparations paid agricultural industrial products lower silesia coal mines szczecin important natural port given poland decision stalin accordance potsdam agreement.the socialist centrally planned economy german democratic republic like ussr.gdr joined comecon trade bloc.
East Germany	collective state enterprises earned .net national income.ensure stable prices goods services state paid basic supply costs.estimated per capita income dollars based unreal official exchange rate.average annual growth gdp approximately five percent.
East Germany	made east german economy richest soviet bloc reunification .notable east german exports photographic cameras praktica brand automobiles trabant wartburg ifa brands hunting rifles sextants typewriters wristwatches.until east germans endured shortages basic foodstuffs sugar coffee.east germans friends relatives west access hard currency necessary staatsbank foreign currency account could afford western products exportquality east german products via intershop.consumer goods also available post danish jauerfood genex companies.the government used money prices political devices providing highly subsidised prices wide range basic goods services known second pay packet.production level artificial prices made system semibarter resource hoarding.consumer led substitution gdr money time barter hard currencies.
East Germany	socialist economy became steadily dependent financial infusions hardcurrency loans west germany.east germans meanwhile came see soft currency worthless relative deutsche mark dm.economic issues would also persist east germany reunification west east.according federal office political education june alone billion deutschmarks transferred eastern germany secure incomes support businesses improve infrastructure... total amounted .trillion marks net... sums large public debt germany doubled.consumption jobs many western commentators maintained loyalty sed primary criterion getting good job professionalism secondary political criteria personnel recruitment development.beginning series secret international agreements east germany recruited workers poland hungary cuba albania mozambique angola north vietnam.
East Germany	numbered .many future politician zeca schall emigrated angola contract worker stayed germany wende.religion religion became contested ground gdr governing communists promoting state atheism although people remained loyal christian communities.state authorities established state secretariat church affairs handle governments contact churches religious groups sed remained officially atheist.in gdr citizens protestants catholics.renowned philosophical theologian paul tillich claimed protestant population east germany admirable church protestantism communists able win spiritual victory them.
East Germany	membership christian churches dropped significantly.protestants constituted population catholics .share people considered nonreligious rose .state atheism first came power communist party asserted compatibility christianity marxismleninism sought christian participation building socialism.first promotion marxistleninist atheism received little official attention.
East Germany	mids cold war heated atheism became topic major interest state domestic foreign contexts.university chairs departments devoted study scientific atheism founded much literature scholarly popular subject produced.activity subsided late amid perceptions started become counterproductive.official scholarly attention atheism renewed beginning though time emphasis scholarship training cadres propaganda.throughout attention paid atheism east germany never intended jeopardise cooperation desired east germans religious.
East Germany	protestantism east germany historically majority protestant primarily lutheran early stages protestant reformation onwards.freed influence nazioriented german christians lutheran reformed united churches parts germany came together evangelical church germany ekd conference eisenach kirchenversammlung von eisenach.in regional protestant churches east germany east berlin broke away ekd formed federation protestant churches german democratic republic german bund der evangelischen kirchen der ddr bek also joined moravian herrnhuter brüdergemeinde.june following german reunification bek churches merged ekd ones.between leadership east german lutheran churches gradually changed relations state hostility cooperation.founding gdr socialist unity party sought weaken influence church rising generation.church adopted attitude confrontation distance toward state.
East Germany	around began develop neutral stance accommodating conditional loyalty.government longer regarded illegitimate instead church leaders started viewing authorities installed god therefore deserving obedience christians.matters state demanded something churches felt accordance god churches reserved right say no.structural intentional causes behind development.structural causes included hardening cold war tensions europe mids made clear east german state temporary.
East Germany	loss church members also made clear leaders church come kind dialogue state.intentions behind change attitude varied traditional liberal lutheran acceptance secular power positive attitude toward socialist ideas.manfred stolpe became lawyer brandenburg protestant church taking position church headquarters berlin.helped found bund der evangelischen kirchen der ddr bek negotiated government time working within institutions protestant body.regional elections brandenburg state assembly head spd list .stolpe remained brandenburg government joined federal government .apart protestant state churches german landeskirchen united ekdbek catholic church number smaller protestant bodies including protestant free churches german evangelische freikirchen united federation free protestant churches german democratic republic federation free protestant churches germany well free lutheran church old lutheran church federation reformed churches german democratic republic.
East Germany	moravian church also presence herrnhuter brüdergemeine.also protestants methodists adventists mennonites quakers.catholicism smaller catholic church eastern germany fully functioning episcopal hierarchy full accord vatican.early postwar years tensions high.catholic church whole particularly bishops resisted east german state marxistleninist ideology.
East Germany	state allowed bishops lodge protests issues abortion.after church fairly well integrating catholic exiles lands east mostly became part poland adjusting institutional structures meet needs church within officially atheist society.meant increasingly hierarchical church structure whereas area religious education press youth organisations system temporary staff developed one took account special situation caritas catholic charity organisation.therefore existed catholic subsociety well adjusted prevailing specific conditions capable maintaining catholic identity.with generational change episcopacy taking place early state hoped better relations new bishops new bishops instead began holding unauthorised mass meetings promoting international ties discussions theologians abroad hosting ecumenical conferences.new bishops became less politically oriented involved pastoral care attention spiritual concerns.government responded limiting international contacts bishops.list apostolic administratorserfurtmeiningengörlitzmagdeburgschwerin culture east germanys culture strongly influenced communist thought marked attempt define opposition west particularly west germany united states.
East Germany	critics east german state claimed states commitment communism hollow cynical tool machiavellian nature assertion challenged studies found east german leadership genuinely committed advance scientific knowledge economic development social progress.however pence betts argue majority east germans time increasingly regarded states ideals hollow though also substantial number east germans regarded culture healthier authentic mentality west germany.gdr culture politics limited harsh censorship.music puhdys karat popular mainstream bands east germany.like mainstream acts members sed appeared staterun popular youth magazines neues leben magazin.popular rock bands wir city silly pankow.
East Germany	artists recorded stateowned amiga label.required open live performances albums east german national anthem.schlager popular west also gained foothold early east germany numerous musicians gerd christian uwe jensen hartmut schulzegerlach gained national fame.international schlager festival held rostock garnering participants countries year.city dresden held similar international festival schlager musicians shortly reunification.national schlager contest hosted yearly magdeburg well.bands singers communist countries popular e.g.
East Germany	czerwone gitary poland known rote gitarren.czech karel gott golden voice prague beloved german states.hungarian band omega performed german states yugoslavian band korni grupa toured east germany s.west german television radio could received many parts east.western influence led formation underground groups decisively westernoriented sound.bands – socalled die anderen bands bands – die skeptiker die art feeling b. additionally hip hop culture reached ears east german youth.
East Germany	videos beat street wild style young east germans able develop hip hop culture own.east germans accepted hip hop music form.entire street culture surrounding rap entered region became outlet oppressed youth.the government gdr invested promoting tradition german classical music supporting composers write new works tradition.notable east german composers include hanns eisler paul dessau ernst hermann meyer rudolf wagnerrégeny kurt schwaen.the birthplace johann sebastian bach – eisenach rendered museum featuring three hundred instruments received visitors.leipzig bach archive contains compositions correspondence recordings music.governmental support classical music maintained fifty symphony orchestras gewandhausorchester thomanerchor leipzig sächsische staatskapelle dresden berliner sinfonie orchester staatsoper unter den linden berlin.
East Germany	kurt masur prominent conductor.theatre east german theatre originally dominated bertolt brecht brought back many artists exile reopened theater schiffbauerdamm berliner ensemble.alternatively influences tried establish working class theatre played working class working class.after brechts death conflicts began arise family around helene weigel artists brechts legacy including slatan dudow erwin geschonneck erwin strittmatter peter hacks benno besson peter palitzsch ekkehard schall.in swiss director benno besson deutsches theater successfully toured europe asia including japan dragon evgeny schwartz.became intendant volksbühne often working heiner müller.in parallel theatre scene sprung creating theatre outside berlin artists played provincial theatres.example peter sodann founded neues theater hallesaale frank castorf theater anklam.theatre cabaret high status gdr allowed proactive.
East Germany	often brought confrontation state.benno besson said contrast artists west took us seriously bearing.the friedrichstadtpalast berlin last major building erected gdr making exceptional architectural testimony germany overcame former division.berlins great revue tradition lives today bringing viewers stateoftheart shows.important theatres include berliner ensemble deutsches theater maxim gorki theater volksbühne.cinema prolific cinema east germany headed defa deutsche film ag subdivided different local groups example gruppe berlin gruppe babelsberg gruppe johannisthal local teams shot produced films.east german industry became known worldwide productions especially childrens movies das kalte herz film versions brothers grimm fairy tales modern productions das schulgespenst.frank beyers jakob der lügner jacob liar holocaust fünf patronenhülsen five cartridges resistance fascism became internationally famous.films daily life die legende von paul und paula heiner carow solo sunny directed konrad wolf wolfgang kohlhaase popular.the film industry remarkable production ostern westernlike movies.
East Germany	amerindians films often took role displaced people fight rights contrast north american westerns time often either mentioned portrayed villains.yugoslavs often cast native americans small number native americans europe.gojko mitić well known roles often playing righteous kindhearted charming chief die söhne der großen bärin directed josef mach.became honorary sioux chief visited united states television crew accompanying showed tribe one movies.american actor singer dean reed expatriate lived east germany also starred several films.
East Germany	films part phenomenon europe producing alternative films colonization americas.cinemas gdr also showed foreign films.czechoslovak polish productions common certain western movies shown though numbers limited cost foreign exchange buy licences.films representing glorifying state viewed capitalist ideology bought.comedies enjoyed great popularity danish olsen gang movies french comedian louis de funès.since fall berlin wall several films depicting life gdr critically acclaimed.notable good bye lenin wolfgang becker das leben der anderen lives others florian henckel von donnersmarck academy award best film foreign language alles auf zucker go zucker dani levi.
East Germany	film heavily infused cultural nuances unique life gdr.sport east germany successful sports cycling weightlifting swimming gymnastics track field boxing ice skating winter sports.success largely attributed doping direction manfred höppner sports doctor described architect east germanys statesponsored drug program.anabolic steroids detected doping substances iocaccredited laboratories many years.development implementation statesupported sports doping program helped east germany small population become world leader sport winning large number olympic world gold medals records.
East Germany	another factor success furtherance system young people gdr.sports teachers school encouraged look certain talents children ages .older pupils possible attend grammar schools focus sports example sailing football swimming.policy also used talented pupils regard music mathematics.sports clubs highly subsidized especially sports possible get international fame.example major leagues ice hockey basketball included teams each.
East Germany	football popular sport.club football teams dynamo dresden .fc magdeburg fc carl zeiss jena .fc lokomotive leipzig bfc dynamo successes european competition.many east german players matthias sammer ulf kirsten became integral parts reunified national football team.the east west also competed via sport gdr athletes dominated several olympic sports sv dynamo club security agencies olympic medals.
East Germany	special interest football match federal republic germany german democratic republic firstround match fifa world cup east – west germany host went win world cup.television radio television radio east germany staterun industries rundfunk der ddr official radio broadcasting organisation unification.organization based funkhaus nalepastraße east berlin.deutscher fernsehfunk dff known fernsehen der ddr ddrfs state television broadcaster .reception western broadcasts widespread.
East Germany	industry telecommunications mids east germany possessed welldeveloped communications system.approximately .million telephones usage .every inhabitants telex stations.networks run deutsche post der ddr east german post office.
East Germany	east germany assigned telephone country code several months reunification east german telephone exchanges incorporated country code .an unusual feature telephone network cases direct distance dialing longdistance calls possible.although area codes assigned major towns cities used switching international calls.instead location list dialing codes shorter codes local calls longer codes longdistance calls.unification existing network largely replaced area codes dialing became standardised.in east germany inaugurated operation groundbased radio station fürstenwalde purpose relaying receiving communications soviet satellites serve participant international telecommunications organization established soviet government intersputnik.totalitarianism repression general consensus among academics gdr fulfilled criteria considered totalitarian state.
East Germany	however ongoing debate whether positive aspects regime sufficiently dilute harsher aspects make totalitarian tag seem excessive.according historian mary fulbrookeven critical concept admit regime possessed objective traits associated term i.e.rule single party elite dominated state machinery centrally directed controlled economy mass communication forms social cultural organisation espoused official allencompassing utopian depending one’s point view dystopian ideology used physical mental terror repression achieve goals mobilise masses silence opposition made possible buildup vast state security service.state security service ssd commonly known stasi fundamental socialist leaderships attempts reach historical goal.open secret gdr stasi read peoples mail tapped phone calls.
East Germany	also employed vast network unofficial informers would spy people directly report stasi handlers.collaborators hired walks life access nearly every organisation country.end gdr approximately still active informants every grade.repressive measures carried stasi roughly divided two main chronological groupings pre post honecker came power.according historian nessim ghouas ‘there change stasi operated honecker .brutal aspects repression seen stalinist era torture executions physical repression descending gdr’s earlier days changed selective use power.’the direct forms repression arrest torture could mean significant international condemnation gdr.
East Germany	however stasi still needed paralyse disrupt considered ‘hostilenegative’ forces internal domestic enemies socialist goal properly realised.person could targeted stasi expressing politically culturally religiously incorrect views performing hostile acts member group considered sufficiently counterproductive socialist state warrant intervention.writers artists youth subcultures members church often targeted.preliminary research stasi found individual warranted action would open ‘operational case’ regard them.two desirable outcomes case person either arrested tried imprisoned ostensibly justified reason could achieved debilitated though application zersetzung transl.
East Germany	decomposition methods.honecker era zersetzung became primary method stasi repression due large part ambition avoid political fallout wrongful arrest.zersetzung methods varied tailored depending individual targeted.known included sending offensive mail persons house spreading malicious rumours banning traveling sabotaging career breaking house moving objects around etc.acts could intensely intimidating confusing person targeted.frequently led unemployment social isolation poor mental health.
East Germany	many people various forms mental nervous breakdown.similarly physical imprisonment zersetzung methods effect paralysing persons ability operate advantage source unknown least unprovable.ongoing debate whether directed energy devices xray transmitters used combination psychological warfare methods zersetzung.modern day victims historical zersetzung draw special pension german state.historian mike dennis states stasi conducted ovs operational cases per year.
East Germany	official public holidays legacy decrepit infrastructure almost east german highways railroads sewage systems public buildings state disrepair time reunification little done maintain infrastructure gdrs last decades.unified german public spending pour trillion former east germany make regions neglect malaise later years bring minimal standard.the greifswald nuclear power plant closely avoided chernobylscale meltdown .east german nuclear power plants shut reunification meet western safety standards.authoritarianism german historian jürgen kocka summarized consensus recent scholarshipconceptualizing gdr dictatorship become widely accepted meaning concept dictatorship varies.massive evidence collected proves repressive undemocratic illiberal nonpluralistic character gdr regime ruling party.
East Germany	ostalgie many east germans initially regarded dissolution gdr positively reaction partly turned sour.west germans often acted east germans lost unification leading many east germans ossis resent west germans wessis.ascher barnstone wrote east germans resent wealth possessed west germans west germans see east germans lazy opportunists want something nothing.east germans find wessis arrogant pushy west germans think ossis lazy goodfornothings.in addition many east german women found west appealing left region never return leaving behind underclass poorly educated jobless men.for people stayed east germany majority defend gdr polled saying gdr good sides bad sides.problems life good oppose criticism east germany say gdr part good sides.
East Germany	life happier better reunified germany today.as vast majority residents former gdr prefer live unified germany.however feeling nostalgia persists among termed ostalgie blend ost east nostalgie nostalgia.depicted wolfgang becker film goodbye lenin.according klaus schroeder historian political scientist free university berlin original residents gdr still feel dont belong theyre strangers unified germany life gdr manageable.warns german society watch case ostalgie results distortion romanticization past.
East Germany	electoral consequences divide east west seen contemporary german elections.leftwing die linke party roots sed continues stronghold often wins plurality east german state thuringia remains popular party.stark distinction west centrist parties cducsu spd dominate.see also explanatory notes references citations general sources judt tony .postwar history europe since .mccauley martin .
East Germany	german democratic republic since .palgrave macmillan.isbn .weitz eric d. .creating german communism – popular protests socialist state.princeton new jersey princeton university press.
Security as a service	reading historiography memory german dahn daniela.wenn und aber anstiftungen zem widerspruch berlin rowohlt verlag dahn daniela.westwärts und nicht vergessen vom unbehagen der einheit rowohlt verlag dahn daniela.vertreibung ins paradies unzeitgemäße texte zur zeit berlin rowohlt verlag external links border museum schifflersgrundddr museum berlin – culture gdrahf – nationale volksarmee nvathat gdr german wayback machine archived april east german propaganda calvin universityscenes behind wall images east germany exhibit collection c special collections research center george mason university libraries.geschichte des ostdeutschen designs – history east german design germaneast berlin past present wayback machine archived september pictures gdr –rferl east german subject files blinken open society archives budapeststamps catalog german democratic republic archive.today archived january east german anthem english german lyricsmap – europe nato two germanys omniatlas.commauerkarte – detailed interactive map border east west germanysecaas inspired software service model applied information security type services require onpremises hardware avoiding substantial capital outlays.security services often include authentication antivirus antimalwarespyware intrusion detection penetration testing security event management among others.outsourced security licensing delivery boasting multibilliondollar market.secaas provides users internet security services providing protection online threats attacks ddos constantly searching access points compromise websites.demand use cloud computing skyrockets users vulnerable attacks due accessing internet new access points.secaas serves buffer persistent online threats.
Security as a service	categories secaas cloud security alliance csa organization dedicated defining raising awareness secure cloud computing.csa defined following categories secaas tools created series technical implementation guidance documents help businesses implement understand secaas.categories includebusiness continuity disaster recovery bcdr bcdrcontinuous monitoringdata loss prevention dlpemail securityencryptionidentity access management iamintrusion managementnetwork securitysecurity assessmentpenetration testingsecurity information event management siemvulnerability scanningweb security secaas models secaas typically offered several formssubscriptionpayment utilized servicesfreeware features free additions pay examples include aws nmap.online ibm cloudfree charge examples include cloudbric cloudflare incapsula.benefits security service offers number benefits includingcostcutting secaas eases financial constraints burdens online businesses integrating security services without onpremises hardware huge budget.using cloudbased security product also bypasses need costly security experts analysts.consistent uniform protectionsecaas services provide continued protection databases constantly updated provide uptodate security coverage.
Security as a service	also alleviates issue separate infrastructures instead combining elements one manageable system.constant virus definition updates reliant user compliancegreater security expertise typically available within organizationfaster user provisioningoutsourcing administrative tasks log management save time money allow organization devote time core competenciesa web interface allows inhouse administration tasks well view security environment ongoing activities challenges secaas number deficiencies make insecure many applications.individual security service request adds least one acrossthenet roundtrip counting installer packages four opportunities hacker intercept conversationat send connection point going upat receive connection point going upat sending point return andat receiving point return.secaas makes security handling uniform security breach one request security broken requests broadest attack surface be.also multiplies rewards incentive hacker value gained effort dramatically increased.factors especially tailored resources nationstatesponsored hacker.the biggest challenge secaas market maintaining reputation reliability superiority standard noncloud services.secaas whole seemingly become mainstay cloud market.cloudbased website security doesnt cater businesses specific requirements must properly assessed individual needs.
List of films considered the worst	business cater end consumers cannot afford keep data loose vulnerable hacker attacks.heaviest part secaas educating businesses.since data biggest asset businesses cios ctos take care overall security company.see also web application securitymanaged security servicecloud computing references external links security service working groupexamples sources include metacritic roger eberts list mosthated films golden turkey awards leonard maltins movie guide rotten tomatoes pop culture writer nathan rabins world flops stinkers bad movie awards cult tv series mystery science theater alongside spinoffs cinematic titanic rifftrax cult web series cinema snob golden raspberry awards aka razzies.films lists generally featurelength films commercialartistic nature intended turn profit express personal statements professionally independently produced opposed amateur productions released theaters television recently video demand streaming services.maniac maniac also known sex maniac exploitationhorror film directed dwain esper.story loose adaptation edgar allan poe story black cat follows vaudeville impersonator becomes assistant mad scientist.promoted documentary mental illness maniac criticized gratuitous footage women undressing taking horror sequences danish silent film häxan.
List of films considered the worst	danny peary believes maniac worst film ever made charlie jane anders gawker medias io described possibly worst movie history chicago tribune critic michael wilmington wrote may worst film ever seen writing voyages ineptitude like dwain espers anticlassic maniac defy reason.rotten tomatoes placed maniac list movies bad theyre unmissable vanity fair included film list worst movies ever featured john j. b. wilsons official razzie movie guide enjoying best hollywoods worst book.reefer madness reefer madness originally released tell children sometimes titled subtitled burning question dope addict doped youth love madness american exploitation film propaganda work revolving around melodramatic events ensue high school students lured pushers try marijuana—from hit run accident manslaughter suicide attempted rape descent madness.pacific standard wrote reefer madness one first films ever considered transcendentally bad leonard maltin called granddaddy worst movies.las vegas citylife named worst ever runnerup plan outer space news.com.au considered disastrous flop turned cult classic due terrible acting exaggerated drugaddicted stereotypes.
List of films considered the worst	film inspired number parodies including offbroadway musical satire film based musical.terror tiny town terror tiny town directed sam newfield produced jed buell remains musical western alldwarf cast.film pulled obscurity camp classic appearing college midnight screenings early s. included michael medveds book fifty worst films time since listed one worst films ever made flavorwire rotten tomatoes golden turkey awards.melvin defleur referred perhaps worst film time critic gabriel ricard listed worst film ever made stating pretty terrible tiny town also pretty endearing.terror tiny town first film featured canned film festival late night television show featuring worst movies ever made.
List of films considered the worst	orchids miss blandish orchids miss blandish british gangster film adapted novel james hadley chase received hostile reception press.mainly due films high time level sexual violent content also attempt portray americans using largely british cast including early role sid james seen unconvincing.british film journal monthly film bulletin called sickening exhibition brutality perversion sex sadism ever shown cinema screen.sunday express film reviewer called orchids miss blandish worst film ever seen.australian newspaper age also gave harsh review orchids miss blandish disgrace studio made also reflects british industry whole ... entire production unpardonable.

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