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Terrorism | united nations created online counterterrorism resource.the mass media occasion censor organizations involved terrorism selfrestraint regulation discourage terrorism.may encourage organizations perform extreme acts terrorism shown mass media.conversely james f. pastor explains significant relationship terrorism media underlying benefit receives other.there always point terrorist ceases manipulate media gestalt.point violence may well escalate beyond terrorist become symptomatic media gestalt itself.terrorism ordinarily understand innately mediarelated.former british prime minister margaret thatcher famously spoke close connection terrorism media calling publicity oxygen terrorism. |
Terrorism | outcome terrorist groups jones libicki created list terrorist groups could find active .found .splintered still active .ones ended percent converted nonviolent political actions like irish republican army northern ireland.law enforcement took percent. |
Terrorism | ten percent won.groups percent destroyed military force.fortytwo groups became large enough labeled insurgency ended .percent converted nonviolent political actors.percent ended law enforcement.twentysix percent won. |
Terrorism | twentyone percent succumbed military force.jones libicki concluded military force may necessary deal large insurgencies occasionally decisive military often seen bigger threat civilians terrorists.avoid rules engagement must conscious collateral damage work minimize it.another researcher audrey cronin lists six primary ways terrorist groups endcapture killing groups leader.decapitation.entry group legitimate political process.negotiation.achievement group aims. |
Terrorism | success.group implosion loss public support.failure.defeat elimination brute force.repression.transition terrorism forms violence.reorientation.databases following terrorism databases made publicly available research purposes track specific acts terrorismglobal terrorism database opensource database university maryland college park terrorist events around world cases.mipt terrorism knowledge baseworldwide incidents tracking systemtocsearch dynamic databasethe following public report index provides summary key global trends patterns terrorism around worldglobal terrorism index produced annually institute economics peacethe following publicly available resources index electronic bibliographic resources subject terrorismhuman security gatewaythe following terrorism databases maintained secrecy united states government intelligence counterterrorism purposesterrorist identities datamart environmentterrorist screening databasejones libicki includes table terrorist groups active status still active splintered converted nonviolence removed law enforcement military won. |
Terrorism | data convenient machinereadable format available.see also notes references spaaij ramon .understanding lone wolf terrorism global patterns motivations prevention.perspectives terrorisms bibliography root causes terrorism..archived october wayback machine reading bakker edwin. |
Terrorism | forecasting unpredictable review forecasts terrorism – international centre counterterrorism – hague bowie neil g. april .terrorism databases data sets new inventory pdf.perspectives terrorism.leiden university.xv . |
Terrorism | issn .lay summary.cite journal cite uses deprecated parameter layurl helpburleigh michael.blood rage cultural history terrorism.harper .chaliand gérard arnaud blin eds. |
Terrorism | history terrorism antiquity al qaeda.university california press .coates susan w. rosenthal jane schechter daniel s. september trauma human bonds.new york taylor francis inc. .crenshaw martha ed.terrorism context.pennsylvania state university press .jones seth g. libicki martin c. terrorist groups end lessons countering al qaida pdf rand corporation isbn hennigfeld ursula packard stephan ed. |
Terrorism | abschied von distanznahme zur katastrophe.berlin frank timme .hennigfeld ursula ed.poetiken des terrors.narrative des .september im interkulturellen vergleich. |
Terrorism | heidelberg winter .jones sidney.terrorism myths facts.jakarta international crisis group .land isaac ed.enemies humanity nineteenthcentury war terrorism.palgrave macmillan .lee newton. |
Terrorism | counterterrorism cybersecurity total information awareness nd edition.new york springer .isbn lutz james brenda lutz.terrorism origins evolution.palgrave macmillan miller martin a. foundations modern terrorism state society dynamics political violence. |
Terrorism | cambridge university press .nairn tom james paul .global matrix nationalism globalism stateterrorism.london new york pluto press.neria yuval gross raz marshall randall d. susser ezra.september treatment research public mental health wake terrorist attack.new york cambridge university press .schmid alex p. november . |
Terrorism | handbook terrorism prevention preparedness.international centre counterterrorism.doi... inactive october .isbn .issn .cite book cs maint doi inactive october link openaccess publication issued since november international centre counterterrorism icct website chapter published week.stern jessica. |
Terrorism | ultimate terrorists.first harvard university press pbk.ed.cambridge mass.harvard university press cop. |
Terrorism | .p. isbn tausch arno estimates global threat islamic state terrorism face paris copenhagen attacks december .middle east review international affairs rubin center research international affairs idc herzliya israel vol.no.spring .terrorism law democracy years canadian institute administration justice. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | isbn .external links united nations conventions terrorismunited nations office drugs crime conventions terrorism.archived original august .unodc – united nations office drugs crime – terrorism preventionterrorism international humanitarian law international committee red crossuk counter terrorism policingevents took place two weeks london bombings july people killed.the independent police complaints commission ipcc launched two investigations.stockwell findings initially kept secret concluded none officers would face disciplinary charges.stockwell strongly criticised police command structure communications public.july crown prosecution service said insufficient evidence prosecute named individual police officers personal capacity although criminal prosecution commissioner official capacity behalf police force brought health safety work etc.act failure duty care due menezes. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | commissioner found guilty office fined.december inquest returned open verdict.menezes death led protests brazil prompted apologies british prime minister tony blair foreign secretary jack straw.landless workers movement demonstrated outside british diplomatic missions brasília rio de janeiro.shooting also led debate shoottokill policies adopted metropolitan police service september attacks.biography son bricklayer menezes grew farm gonzaga minas gerais brazil. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | discovering early aptitude electronics left farm aged live uncle são paulo education.received professional diploma escola estadual state school são sebastião.according home office arrived britain march sixmonth visitors visa.expiry applied stay student granted permission remain june .home office said record correspondence added seen copy mr menezes passport containing stamp apparently giving indefinite leave remain uk.investigation stamp one use immigration nationality directorate date given. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | denied family menezes foreign secretary jack straw stated believed menezes living uk legally precise information confirm this.immigration records show menezes entered republic ireland france april .records show exact date returned uk immigration control entry republic ireland order foreign citizen entering uk republic ireland automatic right remain three months long working according paragraph a. however clause apply visa nationals valid visa enter uk paragraph previously left united kingdom whilst limited leave enter remain since expired according paragraph .accordingly menezes unlawfully residing uk day killed.shooting almost facts regarding menezes shooting initially disputed various parties. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | contradictory witness accounts record statements police media speculation added confusion.itv report august claimed contain leaked documents ipcc investigation.hunt suspects july metropolitan police searching four suspects four attempted bombings carried previous day three underground stations one bus hackney.perpetrators died failed suicide bombing large police investigation manhunt began immediately.address scotia road tulse hill written gym membership card found inside one unexploded bags used bombers.menezes electrician lived one flats two cousins received call fix broken fire alarm kilburn. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | around a.m. officers carrying surveillance saw menezes emerge communal entrance block.an officer duty scotia road referred frank stockwell report compared menezes cctv photographs bombing suspects previous day felt warranted attention.officer allegedly urinating unable immediately film suspect transmit images gold command metropolitan police operational headquarters major incidents.inquest transcript confirms frank soldier secondment undercover surveillance unit.misidentification basis franks suspicion mets gold commander cressida dick authorised officers continue pursuit surveillance ordered suspect prevented entering tube system.documents independent agency investigation shooting later concluded mistakes police surveillance procedure led failure properly identify menezes early leading rushed assumptions actions later stockwell tube station.pursuit officers followed menezes busstop number bus tulse hill several plainclothes police officers boarded. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | menezes briefly got bus brixton station.seeing notice station closed due security alert previous days attempted bombings made telephone call reboarded bus towards stockwell.unaware station closed surveillance officers said believed menezess behaviour suggested might one previous days failed bomb suspects.officers claimed menezes behaviour appeared suspicious.later stated satisfied correct man noting mongolian eyes.point journey towards stockwell station . |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | kilometres .mi away pursuing officers contacted gold command reported menezes potentially matched description two previous days suspects including osman hussain.based information gold command authorised code red tactics ordered surveillance officers prevent menezes boarding train.according senior police source scotland yard police commander cressida dick told surveillance team man detained soon possible entering station.gold command transferred control operation specialist firearms command known co dispatched firearms officers stockwell tube station.menezes entered tube station a.m. stopping pick free newspaper. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | used oyster card pay fare walked barriers descended escalator.ran across platform board newly arrived train.menezes boarded train found one first available seats.three surveillance officers codenamed hotel hotel hotel followed menezes onto train.according hotel menezes sat glass panel right two seats in.hotel took seat left two three passengers menezes himself. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | firearms officers arrived platform hotel moved door blocked closing left foot shouted hes identify suspects location.shooting firearms officers boarded train initially claimed challenged suspect though later reports indicate challenged.according hotel menezes stood moved towards officers hotel point hotel grabbed pinned arms torso pushed back seat.although menezes restrained body straight natural sitting position.hotel heard shot close ear dragged away onto floor carriage. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | shouted police hands raised dragged carriage one armed officers boarded train.hotel heard several gunshots dragged out.two officers fired total eleven shots according number empty cartridge casings found floor train afterwards.menezes shot seven times head shoulder close range died scene.eyewitness later said eleven shots fired thirtysecond period threesecond intervals.separate witness reported hearing five shots followed interval several shots.immediately shooting metropolitan police stated shooting directly linked investigation attempted bombings previous day. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | revealed police policy towards suspected suicide bombers revised officers ordered fire directly towards suspects heads theory according british authorities shooting chest could conceivably detonate concealed bomb.the firearms officers involved shooting debriefed drugs alcohol tests taken per standard procedure.officers taken duty pending investigation shooting.one security agency source said later members received training sas.said operation typical police bore hallmarks special forces operation.it emerged hollowpoint bullets employed senior police source said menezess body unrecognisable.bullets widely used law enforcement may often necessary quickly stop armed assailant minimising risk collateral damage posed use full metal jacket ammunition. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | full metal jacket bullet likely exit target still retaining lethal force.home office spokesman said chief officers use whatever ammunition consider appropriate operational circumstances.immediate aftermath day shooting metropolitan police identified victim jean charles de menezes said carrying explosives connected way attempted bombings.issued apology describing incident tragedy one metropolitan police service regrets.the menezes family condemned shooting rejected apology.grandmother said reason think terrorist. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | although initially reported offered almost £ compensation menezes family eventually received £ compensation metropolitan police.his cousin alex alves pereira said believe cousins death result police incompetence.pereira said police claims regarding incident conflicting took issue pursuit menezes extended period allowing suspected suicide bomber board bus.let get bus afraid suicide bombers... could running police... underground stops everybody runs get train.jumped barriers lie.the brazilian government released statement expressing shock killing saying looked forward receiving necessary explanation british authorities circumstances led tragedy.foreign minister celso amorim already arranged visit london said would seek meeting uks foreign secretary jack straw. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | later met ministers telephone conversation straw.the muslim council britain expressed immediate concern apparent existence shoottokill policy called police make clear reasons shooting man dead.on july menezess body flown brazil burial.funeral took place gonzaga july .public requiem mass menezes attended cardinal cormac murphyoconnor held westminster cathedral around time.public reaction britain vigil stockwell station held relatives sunday immediately following shooting police apology.another called stop war coalition held july. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | state thousand people attended several hundred people led group brazilians friends jean charles began impromptu demonstration.on august dania gorodi romanian immigrant sister victim michelle otto killed july london bombings asked end criticism sir ian blair menezes shooting felt moved media focus away bombings.people lost sight bigger picture said.need support police right crucify one man.unprecedented british history.sir ian best can.when september metropolitan police authority promoted commander cressida dick role deputy assistant commissioner family said absolutely disgusted. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | family also criticised awarding queens police medal commander dick new years day honours.on september performance artist mark mcgowan reenacted killing stockwell station protest thencurrent lack response.quoted saying people distracted things like x factor christmas im reaction.police comments senior scotland yard officer deputy assistant commissioner alan given operational responsibilities relation officers actually killed menezes said ... came stockwell shooting sense different incident police shooting bank robber.on day menezess death midafternoon press conference sir ian blair stated need make clear death deeply regrettable.brazil reaction brazilian public overwhelmingly negative.protests demonstrations held brazil. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | cousin called menezess death thirdworld error.brazilian newspaper globo criticised home secretary charles clarke praise metropolitan police service shooting jornal brasil wrote instead apologising english authorities came defence responsible disastrous police action.independent police complaints commission inquiry several days shooting announced incident would subject internal investigation officers scotland yards directorate professional standards would referred independent police complaints commission ipcc case fatal police shootings.immediately shooting commissioner sir ian blair telephoned chairman ipcc wrote letter home office describing instruction shooting occurred stockwell referred ipcc given access scene present time.letter later released met freedom information act expressed commissioners intent protect tactics sources information used counterterrorism operation public jeopardizing future operations.controversy met ipcc august lawyers representing menezes family met ipcc urged conduct fast investigation. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | lawyers harriet wistrich gareth peirce held press conference lamented chaotic mess.stated desire ask ipcc find ... much incompetence negligence gross negligence much something sinister.on august ipcc issued statement said metropolitan police initially opposed taking investigation.also announced inquiry expected last three six months.ipcc announced took inquiry july however inquiry handed july.the police lobbied mps try influence inquiry shooting.unsolicited emails sent nick williams acting inspector metropolitan polices diamond support group labour mps denying shoottokill policy tactics employed necessary. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | met declined repeated requests ipcc disclose hundreds pages internal papers gave mets private assessment operation including discussions much compensation met thought pay menezes family risk individual officers might face murder manslaughter charges vulnerability blair met action civil damages whether special branch officers altered surveillance logs.in may metropolitan police federation staff association represents interests police officers released page statement highly critical ipcc general specifically criticised handling stockwell inquiry.leak inquiry august british television network itv released report said based leaked documents ipcc investigation conflicted previous statements police chief sir ian blair.met ipcc refused comment allegations ipcc investigation ongoing though anonymous senior police source claimed leak accurate.lana vandenberghe ipcc secretary thought responsible leak suspended subsequently sacked.ipcc launched investigation leaking documents.september leicester constabulary serious crime unit initiated dawn raids behalf ipcc one scottish two london residential premises time vandenberghe arrested. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | two dawn raids took place october itn journalist neil garrett girlfriend arrested.may leicestershire police crown prosecution service announced charges would filed vandenberghe garrett partner.stockwell according press release made december ipccs chairman nick hardwick john tate director legal services inquirys report would list criminal offences commission thought may committed police.though without reached conclusions also admitted commissions judgement would lower threshold standard prosecutors would apply making final decision prosecute.on march ipcc announced first part inquiry known stockwell completed recommendations passed metropolitan police authority crown prosecution service report could made public legal processes concluded.the report published november .stockwell stockwell second part inquiry focuses conduct sir ian blair andrew hayman following discovery menezess identity released august . |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | allegations mps officers made concurred inaccurate public statements concerning circumstances death.alleged inaccurate information included statements mr de menezes wearing clothing behaving manner aroused suspicions.brian paddick march met threatened legal action deputy assistant commissioner brian paddick.evidence ipcc paddick stated member sir ians private office team believed wrong man targeted six hours shooting contrary official line taken time.information became public scotland yard issued statement officer making claim paddick categorically denied interview statement ipcc investigators. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | statement continued satisfied whatever reasons suggestion made simply true.paddicks interpretation statement accused lying.after statement released march met intend imply senior officer misled probe shooting jean charles de menezes paddick accepted clarification considered matter closed.in substantial campaigning daily telegraph interview november – know make londoners feel safe paddick gave support suitability become mayor said policing dangerous job trust professional judgement officers front line.shouldnt prosecute bosses decide put lives line public.investigation suppression evidence october inquest death police surveillance officer admitted deleted computer record cressida dicks instruction could allow menezes run tube carrying anything.inquest told court reflection looked thought cannot actually say that. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | ipcc announced would investigate matter highest level investigation.dpp cps involvement july crown prosecution service cps like ipcc operates independently met announced would carry forward charges individual involved shooting jean charles de menezes.the metropolitan police commissioner official capacity faced criminal charges sections health safety work etc.act failing provide health safety welfare jean charles de menezes.the decision prosecute individuals made grounds insufficient evidence.family menezes appealed decisions office director public prosecutions dpp behalf crown prosecution service high court.the legal representatives metropolitan police service behalf office commissioner pleaded guilty charges careful consideration.trial started october .on december lord justice richards richards lj high court sitting mr justice forbes forbes j mr justice mackay mackay j unanimously rejected application judicial review decision office dpp behalf cps rule criminal prosecutions individual police officers shot dead jean charles de menezes ruling reasonable decision ... basis likely fail.on november metropolitan police commissioner official capacity found guilty offences office fined £ together £ legal costs. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | met published terse release decision len duvall chair metropolitan police authority asked full report investigation published.controversy police procedure much discussion following shooting centred rules engagement followed armed police dealing suspected suicide bombers.roy ramm former commander specialist operations metropolitan police said rules changed permit officers shoot kill potential suicide bombers claiming headshots safest way kill suspect without risk detonating devices.the possibility police confrontation suicide bomber united kingdom reportedly discussed following september attacks united states.based possibility new guidelines developed identifying confronting dealing forcefully terrorist suspects.guidelines given code name operation kratos.based part advice security forces israel sri lanka—two countries experience suicide bombings—operation kratos guidelines allegedly state head lower limbs aimed suspected suicide bomber appears intention surrendering. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | contrary usual practice aiming torso presents biggest target since hit torso may detonate explosive belt.sir ian blair appeared television july accept responsibility error part metropolitan police acknowledge defend shoot kill policy sayingthere point shooting someones chest bomb likely be.point shooting anywhere else fall detonate it.the mets commissioner sir ian blair predecessor lord stevens expressed concern legal position police officers might kill suspected suicide bombers.explicit legal requirement armed officers warn suspect firing although guidelines published association chief police officers say considered.potential suicide bomber thought represent circumstance warning suspect may put public greater risk bomber may detonate explosives warned.lord stevens defended policy introduced despite error made.azzam tamimi muslim association britain critical saying cannot imagine someone pinned ground source danger. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | leaders uks muslim community took similar view.ken livingstone mayor london defended police acted way thought appropriate time aim protecting public.confirmation bias part metropolitan police may come play case.disconfirming evidence menezes suspect may present interpreted incorrectly.threat suicide bombing underground may produced stress time pressures individuals within department turn could affected decisionmaking thresholds.owing controversy surrounding death menezes codename operation kratos dropped police lexicon – although tactics dealing suicide threat remained broadly same.during trial allegation made police manipulated photo de menezes increase resemblance terrorist hussain oman.forensic specialist concluded de menezes face appeared brightened lost definition. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | however asked manipulation primary features face replied dont believe any... making image brighter changed image.jean charles de menezes family campaign august jean charles de menezes family campaign also known justicejean began calling public inquiry unlawful killing menezes.critics conservative london assemblyman brian coleman suggested involvement asad rehman former leader stop war coalition former adviser respect politician george galloway campaign shows familys campaign hijacked death menezes used advance political aim.galloways secretary said rehman acting personal capacity ... role political adviser menezes family members alessandro pereira vivien figueiredo denied manipulation.the family campaign organised three events july vigil parliament square multifaith memorial service westminster cathedral held time menezess funeral brazil.on august petition asking public inquiry delivered downing street menezes family member alessandro pereira members justicejean.protestors made way downing street scotland yard together relatives paul coker azelle rodney individuals also died london police incidents .on october campaign launched london school economics menezess parents family lawyer gareth peirce bianca jagger matthew taylor mp irene khan amnesty international.the family campaign continue actively supported newham monitoring project july held minute silence outside stockwell tube station commemorate second anniversary menezess death.two days earlier campaign projected metre metre x image menezess face slogan two years justice walls houses parliament. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | campaign set blog duration inquest starting september released preinquest briefing.on january memorial unveiled stockwell tube station.made local artist mary edwards help menezes cousin vivian figueiredo chrysoula vardaxi member group kept alive memorial shrine menezes beginning within days following death.european court human rights june menezes family took british government european court human rights decision prosecute anyone involved killing jean charles de menezes.legal challenge mounted article european convention human rights regarding state deprivation life use force.on march grand chamber held—by majority —that violation article …the court considered aspects authorities responsibility fatal shooting thoroughly investigated … decision prosecute individual officer due failings investigation states tolerance collusion unlawful acts rather due fact following thorough investigation prosecutor considered facts case concluded insufficient evidence individual officer prosecute.dissenting judges highlighted concerns objective reasonableness honest belief perceived good reasons justifying use force officers permitted write notes together threshold prosecution stringent states incongruity individual subject disciplinary action despite finding institutional criminal responsibility health safety act.inquest inquest opened september john major conference room oval kennington london. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | coroner sir michael wright former high court judge assistant deputy coroner inner south london jury heard almost witnesses including police officers.on first day inquest heard police officers shot menezes dead convinced time suicide bomber.comments sir michael wright said two officers thought menezes detonate device tube.took inquest jury events leading menezess death listing number occasions officers unclear whether thought pursuing bomber.jury told differences relayed radio logged scotland yard control room officers field interpreting information.he said menezes entered stockwell tube station member surveillance team positively identified hussain osman.regarding decision two firearms officers shoot menezes sir michael said fired nine rounds seven struck menezess head point blank range. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | added two officers concerned convinced menezes suicide bomber detonate device option open instant killing.on october ipcc launched investigation metropolitan police surveillance officer named owen admitted altered evidence submitted inquest.officer deleted one computer notes quoted deputy assistant commissioner cressida dick concluding menezes security threat.note said cd – run tube carrying anything.on october inquest heard menezes initially considered suspect police wanted unarmed officers halt question case information failed terrorist attack july .detective sergeant piers dingemans fourman squad tasked stopping menezes intelligence purposes travelled stockwell station bus.dingemans told inquest car behind bus stood said thought menezes considered suspect.on december sir michael ordered jury shortly retired consider verdict could return one unlawful killing leaving options lawful killing open verdict. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | said verdict could inconsistent earlier criminal trial.well shortform verdict lawful killing open sir michael also asked respond three questions fact nine possible contributory factors simple yes cannot decide answers.menezes family lodged immediate application judicial review decision.on december sir michaels summingup members menezes family got undid jackets exposing printed slogans tshirts wording legal right decide – unlawful killing verdict left courtroom pausing seconds front jury.following day sir michael asked jury ignore protest.summingup sir michael stated return verdict lawful killing jury satisfied two matters balance probabilitiesa time fired charlie charlie honestly believed mr de menezes represented imminent mortal danger andor others around andb used force reasonably necessary circumstances honestly believed be.if jury satisfied return open verdict.on december jury asked coroner whether required find unanimity shortform verdict additional questions. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | sir michael instructed strive unanimity would accept – – verdict.later day one jury permanently dismissed owing travel plans reducing jury following day sir michael said would accept – – verdict.on friday december inquest jean charles death returned open verdict.answers specific questions contributory facts follows.latter portion answers yes cant decide determined jury answering broader question factors contributed death.the officer identified ivor member special branch covert surveillance team followed menezes bus attempted identify him.also designated hotel . |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | officer identified c charlie member co firearms unit first opened fire killed menezes.disputed facts events clothing regard dress day shooting observer reported dressed baseball cap blue fleece baggy trousers.mark whitby witness shooting told reuters observed menezes wearing large winter coat looked place.vivien figueiredo cousin menezes later told police menezes wearing denim jacket day shooting.anthony larkin another eyewitness told bbc menezes appeared wearing bomb belt wires coming out.based eyewitness reports press speculation time said wearing heavy clothing warm day raised suspicions menezes hiding explosives underneath therefore potential suicide bomber. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | time shooting temperature london heathrow airport weather station °c °f.no device resembling bomb belt reported found.menezes also carrying tool bag since left colleague previous evening.according report leaked ipcc documents menezes wearing pair jeans light denim jacket.confirmed photo body floor carriage shooting.police challenge police initially stated challenged menezes ordered stop outside stockwell station. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | metropolitan police commissioner sir ian blair said later press conference warning issued prior shooting.lee ruston eyewitness waiting platform said police identify themselves.times reported senior police sources saying police policy would require warning given suspected suicide bomber lethal action taken.the leaked ipcc documents indicated menezes seated train carriage armed unit arrived.shout police may made suspect opportunity respond shot.leaked documents indicated restrained undercover officer shot.during inquest menezess death passengers travelling carriage also contradicted police accounts saying heard warnings menezes gave significant reaction arrival policemen. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | one passenger said menezes appeared calm even gun held head clear police officers shout warnings shooting him.ticket barrier witnesses stated twenty police officers plain clothes pursued menezes stockwell station jumped ticket barrier ran escalator tried jump onto train.menezes family briefed police son jump ticket barrier used travelcard pass subsequently confirmed cctv recordings shown metropolitan police trial.the pathologists postmortem report written five days shooting recorded menezes vaulted ticket barriers ran stairs tube station.dr kenneth shorrock later told inquest given information police walkthrough officers stockwell tube station could remember given incorrect information also featured earliest eyewitness reports.it suggested man reported eyewitnesses jumping barrier may one police officers pursuit.cctv footage initial uk media reports suggested cctv footage available stockwell station recording media replaced removed examination previous days attempted bombings. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | reports stated faulty cameras platform reason lack video evidence.anonymous source confirmed cctv footage available ticket area problem platform coverage.source suggested useful cctv footage platform train carriage.extracts later police report stated examination platform cameras produced footage.said established technical problem cctv equipment relevant platform footage exists.platform cctv system maintained tube lines consortium charge maintaining northern line. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | company made statement mail sunday insisting cameras working order.during inquest evidence confirmed video tapes changed station supervisor three video recorders monitoring station cctv morning shooting.machines emit audible noise receiving audiovideo signal indication supervisor heard alarm.three days later equipment tested found cable transmitting cctv images video recorders damaged cut possibly refurbishment work cable may severed workman stepped following day communications expert confirmed alarm sounding result loss signal.the police report also reported footage cctv carriage menezes shot stating although onboard cctv train due previous incidents july bombings hard drive removed replaced.cctv footage number bus menezes took station also shown inquest incomplete.ipcc claimed due excessive vibration prevented several cameras bus working.motivations several reasons initially posited media sources family members menezes may run police indicated initial reports. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | weeks earlier attacked gang may perceived similar situation upon seeing plainclothes officers chasing him.several sources speculated irregularities immigration status may given reason wary police evidence emerged course criminal trial health safety charge showed menezes lawfully country july .mentioned stockwell one report footnote page .sydney morning herald reported colleague believed menezes ran simply late job.later indicated leaked ipcc documents menezes may run across platform get seat train know time watched pursued. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | gunshots initially stated police menezes shot five times head.mark whitby passenger train menezes run onto said one police officers carrying black handgun—it looked like automatic—he half tripped… pushed floor bundled top unloaded five shots him.another passenger dan copeland said officer jumped door left screamed everybody people froze seats cowering seconds leapt up.turned door platform heard four dull bangs.menezess cousin alex pereira lived asserted menezes shot behind pushed way morgue. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | wouldnt let see him.mouth twisted wounds looked like shot back neck.later reports confirmed jean charles de menezes shot total eight times seven times head shoulder.the leaked ipcc documents also indicated additional three shots missed menezes.one witness claimed shots evenly distributed timespan thirty seconds.substantiated witness reports leaked ipcc documents. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | involvement special forces several commentators suggested special forces may involved shooting.professor michael clarke professor defence studies kings college london went far say unless major change policy likely police carried shooting special forcesto bullets pumped like suggests quite lot authorities whoever assumed him.fact shot way strongly suggests someone authorities knew suspected carrying explosives him.… dont shoot somebody five times think might made mistake may able arrest him.… even special branch trained sort thing. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | plausible special forces elements special forces.on august guardian reported newly created special reconnaissance regiment srr special forces unit specialising covert surveillance involved operation led shooting.anonymous whitehall sources provided story stressed srr involved intelligence gathering menezes shot armed police members srr soldiers.defence sources would comment speculation srr soldiers among plainclothes officers followed menezes onto number bus.august sunday herald reported srr men believed tube train shooting occurred.stockwell one states surveillance teams p. july surveillance team member military attached them.soldiers unarmed.in transcript inquest soldiers testimonies recorded including hotel frank. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | exonerated sexual assault allegations february woman claimed police man resembled menezes attacked hotel room new years eve west london.scotland yard spent several weeks investigating claim.claim made public march menezes family denied allegation claimed metropolitan police trying smear menezes.although family initially denied request blood sample eventually taken permission menezess autopsy.april scotland yard announced forensic tests sample cleared menezes. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | legal settlement fouryear legal battle family jean charles de menezes ended reached settlement metropolitan police service november .mps agreed pay compensation family return agreed end legal action.sum money involved settlement reported £ addition familys substantial legal costs paid.joint statement family metropolitan police commissioner made unreserved apology family tragic death jean charles de menezes reiterated totally innocent victim way blame untimely death.one journalist reacted critically level compensation paid metropolitan police comparing level payout awards employment tribunals speculating perhaps de menezes life worth less poor.similar incidents comparisons made death menezes innocent unarmed men shot british police officers disputed circumstances including stephen waldorf james ashley harry stanley june forest gate raid. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | media television panorama episode stockwell – countdown killing shown bbc one march investigated partially dramatised shooting.the shooting subject hourlong factual drama titled stockwell first broadcast uk terrestrial channel itv january pm.line duty creator jed mercurio said series inspired shooting menezes.film film menezess life titled jean charles filmed directed henrique goldman.selton mello portrays menezes vanessa giácomo portrays cousin.movie debuted brazil june .theatre documentary play stockwell opened july landor theatre clapham london. |
Shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes | play featured actors reading scripts edited playwright kieron barry transcripts inquest.this much true written paul unwin cocreator bbc television show casualty sarah beck documentary stage play following journeys caught wake shooting weaving together testimony menezess family justicejean campaigners senior police officers lawyers.production ran theatre battersea october november .music hollow point album handmade life song shooting jean charles de menezes written english folk musician songwriter composer chris wood.hollow point song year bbc radio folk awards wood also folk singer year.during wall live tour roger waters added acoustic coda another brick wall part additional lyrics honour menezes.song part roger waters wall live release called ballad jean charles de menezes. |
Shooting of Stephon Clark | animation projected wall showing silhouette underground train pulling station train comes stop vocal narrative end another brick wall part finishes line stand still laddie shots heard flashes light seen one carriage.projection main circular screen changes photo jean charles de menezes additional coda song.see also list killings law enforcement officers united kingdompolice use firearms united kingdomdeaths contact police references readingencounter filmed police video cameras sacramento county sheriffs department helicopter involved observing clark ground directing ground officers point shooting took place.officers stated shot clark firing rounds believing pointed gun them.police found cell phone him.sacramento county coroners autopsy report concluded clark shot seven times including three shots right side back pathologist hired clark family stated clark shot eight times including six times back.the shooting caused large protests sacramento clarks family members rejected initial police description events leading clarks death.sacramento police department placed officers paid administrative leave opened use force investigation. |
Shooting of Stephon Clark | police stated confident clark suspect responsible breaking windows area prior encounter.on march sacramento county district attorney announced sacramento police officers killed clark would charged probable cause stop clark legally justified use deadly force.stephon clark stephon clark born stephan alonzoclark august – march african american graduated sacramento high school football team.years old time killed.according los angeles times clark lived tough neighborhood characterized tense relations sacramento police department.older brother stevante clark told kovr stephon come underprivileged broken homes. |
Shooting of Stephon Clark | yearold brother killed shooting .stephon released county jail month shooting staying grandparents off.brother said arrested hes different lately.really changed life.sacramento county court records show clark history convictions robbery domestic abuse prostitutionrelated offense. |
Shooting of Stephon Clark | time death probation robbery conviction.according investigation clark searched online ways commit suicide.toxicology report also released police found traces cocaine cannabis codeine clarks system.codeine hydrocodone found clarks urine.multiple leaders community opined clarks criminal record immaterial death. |
Shooting of Stephon Clark | domestic incident march neighbor called police report behalf salena mohamed manni mother clarks child report two arguing argument turned violent.police arrived apartment clark present officers found manni extensive injuries face hole wall apartment.clark probation two domestic violence convictions one conviction assault deadly weapon evaded police days leading shooting.shooting sacramento police department stated sunday march p.m. two officers responded call individual breaking car windows.media release shooting police stated looking suspect hiding backyard. |
Shooting of Stephon Clark | said suspect thin black man feet inch cm height wearing dark pants black hooded sweatshirt.sheriffs helicopter spotted man p.m. nearby backyard told officers ground shattered window using tool bar run front house looked adjacent car.officers ground entered front yard clarks grandmothers home saw clark next home.vance chandler sacramento police department spokesman said clark man breaking windows tracked police helicopters.chandler said clark confronted ordered stop show hands clark fled back property.police body camera footage officers shot clark recorded incident though footage dark shaky.videos officers spot clark grandmothers driveway shout hey show hands. |
Shooting of Stephon Clark | stop.stop.video shows officers chased clark backyard officer yells show hands gun three seconds elapse officer yells show hands gun gun gun shooting clark.according police shot clark turned held object extended front moved towards officers.officers said believed clark pointing gun them.police stated officers feared safety p.m. fired rounds hitting clark multiple times. |
Shooting of Stephon Clark | according independent autopsy clark shot eight times including six times back.report found one bullets strike clark front likely fired already ground.bodycam footage shows shooting officers continued yell one shined flashlight kept guns aimed him.one officer stated one bodycam videos something hands looked like gun perspective.three minutes shooting female officer called said need know youre ok. need get medics cant go get help know dont weapon.waited five minutes shooting clark approaching handcuffing him. |
Shooting of Stephon Clark | clark found iphone unarmed.clarks girlfriend later said phone belonged her.after officers arrived one officer said hey mute audio recording body camera turned off.the police department stated march one day shooting clark seen tool bar.evening day police revised statement say clark carrying cell phone tool bar shot.police added clark might used either concrete block aluminum gutter railing break sliding glass door house next door shot believed clark broken windows least three vehicles area.investigation sacramento police department began useofforce investigation placed officers paid administrative leave. |
Shooting of Stephon Clark | march california attorney general xavier becerra said department would provide independent oversight investigation separately would scrutinize police departments useofforce policies training procedures.prior release county coroners report family requested second independent autopsy results released march .pathologist dr. bennet omalu said clark shot eight times back side adding could reasonably conclude received seven gunshot wounds back.the sacramento county coroners report subsequently released public may .county autopsy conducted forensic pathologist dr. kengchih su indicated clark shot front left thigh three times directly side three times right side back.coroners office dr. sus autopsy reviewed county’s chief forensic pathologist two county coroner pathologists addition forensic pathologist dr. gregory reiber.on june new york times team published analysis also based videos made two police body cameras overhead heatsensing helicopter camera.during investigation discovered clarks phone records showed called salena mohamed manni times leading shooting causing block phone number.clark also attempted get ahold probation officer hours reported domestic violence unable so. |
Shooting of Stephon Clark | clark also received text messages manni telling would sent back prison domestic incident would see children long time.clark also texted exgirlfriends seeking drugs well texting manni going commit suicide.examination internet search history also showed researching websites suicide.on march sacramento county district attorney anne marie schubert announced office would filing criminal charges police officers involved clarks death.schubert stated officers probable cause stop detain clark legally justified using deadly force him.march california attorney general xavier becerra announced office could file criminal charges clarks death.on september us attorney mcgregor scott federal bureau investigation fbi announced insufficient evidence bring federal civil right charges officers. |
Shooting of Stephon Clark | sacramento police department also said departments investigation found policy training violations related shooting.officers cleared return active duty assigned desk duty.officers sacramento police department initially stated would release names officers shot clark within days event.sources leaked alleged names shooters however sacramento police department confirm validity names citing fears officers safety.in march shortly district attorney decided press charges two officers came forward revealed identities terrance mercadal jared robinet opened experience shooting interview sacramento bee.protests numerous public protests sacramento killing. |
Shooting of Stephon Clark | march black lives matter led march shut interstate prevented nba fans entering sacramento kings game resulting delay game.one week shooting sacramento kings boston celtics nba teams wore shirts clarks name words accountability one warmups national anthem.on march independent autopsy concluded clark shot eight times mostly back hundreds protesters gathered downtown sacramento.peaceful protest led retired nba player matt barnes announced starting scholarship fund clarks sons.local activist wanda cleveland struck sacramento county sheriffs department vehicle rally.video incident shows number protesters converged official vehicles ordered loudspeakers step away.one sheriffs vehicle hit cleveland knocked standing front car.according cleveland vehicle accelerating never even stopped hit her. |
Shooting of Stephon Clark | hospitalized bruises head arm released next morning.members progressive advocacy group national lawyers guild present protest said vehicle accelerated fast hit cleveland sped off.according sheriffs department collision occurred patrol vehicle traveling slow speeds.california highway patrol investigating matter.at press conference sacramento county sheriff scott jones blamed paid professional protesters professional instigators infiltrate protests purposes incident.protest organizers denied allegation outraged comments. |
Shooting of Stephon Clark | sociology political science professor david meyer said joness allegation realistic.politifact concluded jones provide evidence claim rated claim false.on march district attorney decided pursue charges clarks death led protests.people including journalists arrested.protesters marched east sacramento.one protester said went area populated sacramentos elite neighborhood would likely never experience tragic violent loss one residents bringing discomfort pain trauma doorstep. |
Shooting of Stephon Clark | responses elected officials political activists sacramento mayor darrell steinberg initially said would secondguess decisions made officers ground.following public backlash steinberg stated videos clarks shooting made feel really sick shooting wrong however declined comment whether officers charged.house minority leader nancy pelosi stated clark alive today.reverend al sharpton stated alarmed story said received enough media attention.on march white house spokesman raj shah stated unaware comments president donald trump regarding incident.two days later white house press secretary sarah huckabee sanders stated trump supportive law enforcement incident local matter dealt local authorities. |
Shooting of Stephon Clark | clark family civil rights attorney benjamin crump represents clark family stated autopsy finding inconsistent official narrative clark charging toward police officers fired.clarks family expressed skepticism police version events.clarks brother stevante clark said police statements said gun.said crowbar.said toolbar ... lie know youll lie again. |
Shooting of Stephon Clark | clarks aunt saquoia durham said police gave clark time respond commands shooting him.according crump officers identify police encountered clark.police stated officers confronted clark wearing uniforms time.in january clarks two underage sons filed civil lawsuit sacramento two officers shot clark seeking million damages.september city settled lawsuit .million son receive taxfree turn . |
Shooting of Stephon Clark | policing experts university south carolina criminology professor geoffrey alpert stated might hard officers justify conclusion clark armed since told carrying toolbar.peter moskos assistant professor law police science john jay college said officers appeared think fired upon following shooting.alpert clarks family protesters questioned officers decisions mute microphones.police chief daniel hahn said unable explain muting.cedric alexander former police chief rochester new york former president national organization black law enforcement executives said muting appear violate policy although action would reflect poorly officers. |
Killing of Breonna Taylor | also stated unusual police mute body cams attorneys advise police mute conversations prevent recording comments could used administrative criminal proceedings.policy changes april city sacramento enacted policy generally prohibits police officers shutting body cams audio recording devices.july sacramento police department changed foot pursuit policy requiring officers assess danger chasing suspect poses officers public.see also lists killings law enforcement officers united statespolice use deadly force united stateskilling joseph mann referencestaylors boyfriend kenneth walker inside apartment plainclothes officers knocked door forced entry.officers said announced police forcing entry walker said hear announcement thought officers intruders fired warning shot them.shot hit mattingly leg officers fired shots return.walker unhurt taylor behind walker hit six bullets died.according police taylors home never searched.walker charged assault attempted murder police officer charges dismissed prejudice months later. |
Killing of Breonna Taylor | june lmpd fired hankison blindly firing covered patio door window taylors apartment.september city louisville agreed pay taylors family million reform police practices.september state grand jury indicted hankison three counts wanton endangerment endangering taylors neighbors shots.none officers involved raid charged taylors death.cosgrove determined fired fatal shot killed taylor. |
Killing of Breonna Taylor | october recordings grand jury investigation shooting released.two jurors released statement saying grand jury presented homicide charges officers.several jurors also accused kentucky attorney general daniel cameron police covering happened.the shooting taylor police officers led numerous protests added across united states police brutality racism.grand jury indict officers death civil unrest ensued.persons involved breonna taylor worked university louisville health fulltime er technician former emergency medical technician. |
Killing of Breonna Taylor | funeral march .kenneth walker taylors boyfriend present apartment time fired shots thought intruders.jonathan mattingly lmpd police officer joined department became sergeant joined narcotics division .brett hankison former lmpd detective.hankison joined department .lmpd fired june .myles cosgrove lmpd police officer transferred departments narcotics division .background lmpd investigations primary targets jamarcus glover adrian walker related kenneth walker suspected selling controlled substances drug house approximately miles km away.glover said police pressured move residence unspecified reasons. |
Killing of Breonna Taylor | glover taylor onoff relationship started lasted february taylor committed kenneth walker.in december fernandez bowman found dead car rented taylor used glover.shot eight times.glover used taylors address phone number various purposes including bank statements.jamarcus glovers statements variety statements glover said taylor involvement drug operations favor held money proceeds handled money purposes.different recorded jailhouse conversations glover said taylor handling money holding given taylor money pay phone bills told sister another woman keeping groups money.in recorded conversations interview courierjournal louisville glover repeatedly said taylor involved drug operations police business looking residence denied said recorded conversations kept money residence. |
Killing of Breonna Taylor | taylor never codefendant glovers case.incident warrant lmpd obtained noknock search warrant taylors apartment springfield drive louisville.search warrant included taylors residence suspected glover received packages containing drugs might keeping narcotics andor proceeds sale narcotics car registered taylor seen parked front glovers house several times.specifically warrant alleges january glover left taylors apartment unknown package presumed contain drugs took known drug apartment soon afterward.warrant states event verified us postal inspector. |
Killing of Breonna Taylor | may u.s. postal inspector louisville publicly announced collaboration law enforcement never actually occurred.postal office said actually asked different agency monitor packages going taylors apartment concluded theres sic packages interest going there.public revelation put investigation especially warrant question resulted internal investigation.the warrant applied lmpd detective joshua c. jaynes among total five warrants approved preceding day jefferson county circuit judge mary m. shaw within minutes stamped filed court clerks office april .five warrants contain similar language involving justification noknock entry concludes due nature drug traffickers operate.christopher slobogin director vanderbilt universitys criminal justice program said unless police reason suspect taylors residence surveillance cameras noknock warrant would improper. |
Killing of Breonna Taylor | brian gallini professor university arkansas also expressed skepticism warrant writing appropriate particular search every routine drug transaction would justify grounds noknock.detective jaynes attested affidavit thataffiant verified us postal inspector jamarcus glover receiving packages springfield drive .affiant knows training experience uncommon drug traffickers receive mail packages different locations avoid detection law enforcement.affiant believes training experience mr. j. glover may keeping narcotics andor proceeds sale narcotics springfield drive safe keeping.but sergeant timothy salyer supervisor shively kentucky police departments special investigations unit told lmpd internal investigators may due bad blood united states postal inspection service uspis lmpd inquiries related drug trafficking investigation routed shively pd.interview internal investigators jaynes said raid taylors apartment mattingly told shively pd reported united states postal service delivered suspicious packages address.jaynes reassigned duties lmpd june.according new york times execution noknock warrant orders changed knock announce. |
Killing of Breonna Taylor | police entry apartment shortly midnight march louisville police dressed plain clothes knocked taylors door forcing entry using battering ram.dispute whether officers announced forcing entry.walker contends taylor asked several times hearing loud bang door.hearing answer decided call mother instead police.calling mother dialed armed himself.police officers involved testified announced multiple times using battering ram enter apartment.the new york times interviewed roughly dozen neighbors alleged one exterior staircase immediately taylors apartment heard officers shout police knock least three times approximately neighbors heard knock announcement including one outside smoking cigarette.according statement attorney general cameron independent investigation concluded noknock warrant indeed served knockandannounce warrant corroborated one independent witness near taylors apartment. |
Killing of Breonna Taylor | september witnesss lawyer said police announced passing implied witness quoted context video deceptively spliced.according vice news witness originally said nobody identified interviewed police week shooting.police called two months later said heard cops.shooting aftermath walker said taylor believed intruders breaking apartment.initially told police arrest taylor opened fire later reversed statement stating fired warning shot selfdefense. |
Killing of Breonna Taylor | according officials shot struck mattingly leg.walkers legal team asserts forensic photography shows blood part apartment mattingly says shot courtsealed photograph single hollowpoint bullet walkers firearm shows blood based consultations pathologists believe hollowpoint bullet would done considerably damage mattinglys thigh evidence suggests mattingly shot police officers.kentucky state police ballistics report inconclusive saying due limited markings comparative value bullet hit mattingly exited thigh neither identified eliminated fired walkers gun.fired mm pistol like walkers whereas officers carrying caliber guns.police fired rounds apartment two flurries waves shots separated one minute eight seconds.mattingly officer entered residence fired six shots. |
Killing of Breonna Taylor | time cosgrove fired shots doorway area matter seconds.hankison fired times outside sliding glass door bedroom window covered blinds curtains.officers shots hit objects living room dining room kitchen hallway bathroom bedrooms.taylor struck five six bullets hallway pronounced dead scene.cosgrove fired shot killed her.walker uninjured.according police grandjury testimony warrant never executed taylors apartment searched drugs money shooting. |
Killing of Breonna Taylor | month shooting glover offered plea deal would testify taylor part drug dealing operations.prosecutors said offer draft deal later removed.glover rejected deal.on november glovers associate adrian walker fatally shot.louisville police stated suspects killing.investigations autopsy death certificate autopsy conducted taylor cause death determined homicide. |
Killing of Breonna Taylor | death certificate also notes received five gunshot wounds body.coroner denied courierjournals request copy autopsy.newspaper appealing attorney generals office july .investigations three police officers police filed incident report claimed taylor injuries forced entry occurred.police department said technical errors led nearly entirely blank malformed report. |
Killing of Breonna Taylor | local state investigation three officers involved shooting placed administrative reassignment pending outcome investigation police departments internal professional integrity unit.may investigations findings given daniel cameron attorney general kentucky determine whether officer criminally charged.louisville mayor greg fischer also asked fbi u.s. attorneys office review findings.in early june fischer called officer hankison removed louisville police merit board reviews appeals police offices departmental disciplinary matters.hankison one five members board consists three civilians two police officers selected river city fraternal order police.june three months taylors killing louisville metro police interim chief robert schroeder sent hankison letter notifying schroeder begun termination proceedings him. |
Killing of Breonna Taylor | letter accused hankison violating departmental policies use deadly force wantonly blindly firing taylors apartment without determining whether person presented immediate threat whether innocent persons present.letter also cited past disciplinary action taken hankison department including reckless conduct.hankison formally fired four days later june ten days july appeal termination louisville police merit board.appeal delayed criminal investigation finished.on september state grand jury indicted hankison three counts wanton endangerment endangering neighboring white family three shots fired penetrated apartment.conviction could include sentence five years prison fine count. |
Killing of Breonna Taylor | bullets also entered upstairs apartment black family charges filed.neither hankison two officers involved raid indicted taylors death.the louisville courier journal raised questions whether grand jury allowed decide whether charges pressed mattingly cosgrove whether prosecutors decided officers acted selfdefense without submitting issue grand jury.hankisons walkers attorneys requested release grand jury transcript related evidence.september grand juror filed court motion stating cameron mischaracterized grandjury proceedings using grand jurors shield deflect accountability responsibility charging decisions.judge ordered release grand jury proceedings recording camerons office hankisons attorney opposed ruling. |
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