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Death of Gareth Williams | suggested elevated temperature inside apartment would sped decomposition williamss body.subsequently police released efit photo two people seeking seen enter communal entrance home june july .coroners inquest lawyer family anthony otoole coroners inquest march said second person either present williams died someone broke afterwards stole items.forensic evidence support view.sign forced entry could found also noted door locks removed time police experts become involved.dna found williamss hand turned contamination one forensic scientists police determined mediterranean couple seeking nothing inquiry.lgc forensic company apologized error inflicted pain family caused incorrect data entry numerical code.evidence inquest showed would virtually impossible williams locked bag. |
Death of Gareth Williams | two experts unable lock similar bag despite making attempts although one stated small chance williams managed feat.pathologist richard shepherd stated likely williams alive got bag due difficulty arranging corpse position williamss body found in.another pathologist stated williams would overcome hypercapnia elevated carbon dioxide levels two three minutes bag.video surfaced may showing possible someone lock bag identical one mi spy gareth williams found in.gloves found bag fingerprints either padlock indeed bag.williamss family said believed suspected person “was member agency specialising dark arts secret services”.fiona wilcox coroner said follow evidence wherever led. |
Death of Gareth Williams | fiona wilcox also coroner death william broeksmit auditor deutsche bank time bank underwriting danskeestonia russian money laundering operation.evidence given williamss former landlady cheltenham showed one night awoken husband screaming help.apparently managed tie bed required assistance releasing himself.testimony williams claimed time done see could free promised try again.nothing said incident since williams landlady.evidence given £ worth womens clothing found flat.journalist duncan campbell reported inquest evidence indicated williams one team intelligence officers sent penetrate us uk hacking networks.attended black hat briefings def con conferences. |
Death of Gareth Williams | started sis london spring taking number training courses started active operational work.months death asked return gchq disliked rat race flash car competitions postwork drinking culture sis keen cyclist walker wanted go back countryside due return september.inquest verdict coroner found narrative verdict williamss death unnatural likely criminally mediated.coroner satisfied balance probabilities gareth killed unlawfully.insufficient evidence give verdict unlawful killing. |
Death of Gareth Williams | coroner concluded another party placed bag containing williams bath balance probabilities locked bag.fingerprints found around bath bag.coroner critical sis failing report williams missing seven days caused extra anguish suffering family led loss forensic evidence.the coroner rejected suicide interest bondage crossdressing autoerotic activity involved williamss death.said visits bondage websites occurred intermittently frequency indicate active interest.coroner condemned leaks crossdressing possible attempt media manipulation.the coroner highly critical metropolitan polices counter terrorism command failed tell senior investigating officer inquest began existence nine memory sticks property williamss sis office. |
Death of Gareth Williams | failed take formal statements interviewing sis officers.coroner said possible involvement sis staff death legitimate line inquiry police.metropolitan police investigation finding coroner prompted reinvestigation metropolitan police lasting months officers said allowed unprecedented access serving mi staff following strong criticism inquest spying agencys actions following death mr williams.metropolitan police deputy assistant commissioner martin hewitt announced despite reexamination evidence investigation new leads definitive answers obtained cause williamss death probable scenario died alone flat pimlico central london result accidentally locking inside bag.developments september october boris karpichkov former kgb agent defected russia lives britain stated interviews sources russia claimed russian foreign intelligence service also known svr responsible williamss murder.according karpichkov svr tried failed blackmail williams becoming double agent.in response svrs attempts williams apparently claimed knew identity russian spy inside gchq. |
Death of Gareth Williams | karpichkov claimed williamss threat meant svr alternative exterminate order protect agent inside gchq.regarding cause death karpichkov claimed svr killed williams untraceable poison introduced ear.the bbc two television series london spy loosely based williams case.miniseries stars ben whishaw danny accused murder partner mi spy alex found dead inside locked trunk.developments february reported single hair found williams hand could solve mystery death.at time investigation forensic scientists said hair belonged person williams could extract dna profile.angela gallop forensic scientist founded laboratory carried testing announced technical advances profile could extracted two millimetres hair. |
List of people who died in traffic collisions | said would happy help police.metropolitan police responded plans review case since investigation inquest completed.however later metropolitan police stated assessing whether new information techniques could help case.see also list unsolved deaths referenceslist include killed competing closed road events whether motorsport competitive cycling events.passengers vehicle indicated parentheses mode transport field.b c e f g h j k l n p q r u v w z see also list deaths motorcycle accidentlist professional cyclists died racelist racing drivers died racing crashes references southwell david twist sean .mysterious deaths disappearances.rosen publishing group. |
List of people who died in traffic collisions | p. .isbn .retrieved august .leiby richard october .far taylor kramer rock musician rocket scientist entrepreneur vanished thin air.washington post. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | archived original august .retrieved august .active republican paramilitary group troubles.saw army allisland irish republic sole legitimate successor original ira irish war independence.designated terrorist organisation united kingdom illegal organisation republic ireland whose authority rejected.the provisional ira emerged december due split within previous incarnation ira broader irish republican movement.initially minority faction split compared official ira became dominant faction .troubles begun shortly largely catholic nonviolent civil rights campaign met violence ulster loyalists royal ulster constabulary ruc culminating august riots deployment british soldiers. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | ira initially focused defence catholic areas began offensive campaign aided weapons supplied irish american sympathisers libyan leader muammar gaddafi.used guerrilla tactics british army ruc rural urban areas carried bombing campaign northern ireland england military political economic targets british military targets europe.the provisional ira declared final ceasefire july political wing sinn féin admitted multiparty peace talks future northern ireland.resulted good friday agreement ira formally ended armed campaign decommissioned weapons supervision independent international commission decommissioning.several splinter groups formed result splits within ira including continuity ira real ira still active dissident irish republican campaign.iras armed campaign primarily northern ireland also england mainland europe killed people including roughly members british security forces – civilians. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | addition – members ira killed conflict.history origins original ira formed irish volunteers time ireland part united kingdom.volunteers took part easter rising british rule war independence followed declaration independence revolutionary parliament dáil éireann came known ira.ireland partitioned southern ireland northern ireland government ireland act following implementation angloirish treaty southern ireland renamed irish free state became selfgoverning dominion northern ireland chose remain home rule part united kingdom.treaty caused split ira protreaty ira absorbed national army defeated antitreaty ira civil war. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | subsequently denying legitimacy free state surviving elements antitreaty ira focused overthrowing northern ireland state achievement united ireland carrying bombing campaign england campaign northern ireland border campaign –.following failure border campaign internal debate took place regarding future ira.chiefofstaff cathal goulding wanted ira adopt socialist agenda become involved politics traditional republicans seán mac stíofáin wanted increase recruitment rebuild ira.following partition northern ireland became de facto oneparty state governed ulster unionist party parliament northern ireland catholics viewed secondclass citizens.protestants given preference jobs housing local government constituencies gerrymandered places derry.policing carried armed royal ulster constabulary ruc bspecials almost exclusively protestant. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | mids tension catholic protestant communities increasing.ireland celebrated th anniversary easter rising prompting fears renewed ira campaign.feeling threat protestants formed ulster volunteer force uvf paramilitary group killed three people may two catholic men.january northern ireland civil rights association nicra formed diverse group people including ira members liberal unionists.civil rights marches nicra similar organisation peoples democracy protesting discrimination met counterprotests violent clashes loyalists including ulster protestant volunteers paramilitary group led ian paisley.marches marking ulster protestant celebration twelfth july led riots violent clashes belfast derry elsewhere. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | following month threeday riot began catholic bogside area derry following march protestant apprentice boys derry.battle bogside caused catholics belfast riot solidarity bogsiders try prevent ruc reinforcements sent derry sparking retaliation protestant mobs.subsequent arson attacks damage property intimidation forced catholic families protestant families leave homes belfast northern ireland riots august riots resulted buildings destroyed requiring major repairs .occupied catholics.number people killed sides police british army deployed northern ireland. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | ira poorly armed failed properly defend catholic areas protestant attacks considered one roles since s. veteran republicans critical goulding iras dublin leadership political reasons refused prepare aggressive action advance violence.august group including joe cahill seamus twomey dáithí ó conaill billy mckee jimmy steele came together belfast decided remove progoulding belfast leadership billy mcmillen jim sullivan return traditional militant republicanism.september twomey mckee steele among sixteen armed ira men confronted belfast leadership failure adequately defend catholic areas.compromise agreed mcmillen stayed command communication iras dublin based leadership.split ira split provisional official factions december ira convention held boyle county roscommon republic ireland. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | two main issues convention resolution enter national liberation front radical leftwing groups resolution end abstentionism would allow participation british irish northern ireland parliaments.traditional republicans refused vote national liberation front passed twentynine votes seven.traditionalists argued strongly ending abstentionism official minutes report resolution passed twentyseven votes twelve.following convention traditionalists canvassed support throughout ireland ira director intelligence mac stíofáin meeting disaffected members ira belfast.shortly traditionalists held convention elected provisional army council composed mac stíofáin ruairí ó brádaigh paddy mulcahy sean tracey leo martin ó conaill cahill.term provisional chosen mirror provisional government irish republic also designate temporary pending ratification ira convention. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | nine thirteen ira units belfast sided provisional army council december roughly activists supporters.provisional ira issued first public statement december statingwe declare allegiance county irish republic proclaimed easter established first dáil éireann overthrown force arms suppressed day existing britishimposed sixcounty twentysixcounty partition states ... call irish people home exile increased support towards defending people north eventual achievement full political social economic cultural freedom ireland.the irish republican political party sinn féin split along lines january dublin third delegates walked partys highest deliberative body ard fheis protest party leaderships attempt force ending abstentionism despite failure achieve twothirds majority vote delegates required change policy.delegates walked reconvened another venue mac stíofáin ó brádaigh mulcahy provisional army council elected caretaker executive provisional sinn féin.despite declared support faction sinn féin early provisional ira avoided political activity instead relying physical force republicanism.£ donated fianna fáilled irish government defence committees catholic areas ended hands ira. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | resulted arms crisis criminal charges pursued two former government ministers others including john kelly ira volunteer belfast.provisional ira maintained principles pre ira considering british rule northern ireland government republic ireland illegitimate army council provisional government allisland irish republic.belief based series perceived political inheritances constructed legal continuity second dáil –.ira recruited many young nationalists northern ireland involved ira radicalised violence broke .people became known sixty niners joined . |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | ira adopted phoenix symbol irish republican rebirth one slogans ashes rose provisionals representing iras resurrection ashes burntout catholic areas belfast.initial phase january army council decided adopt threestage strategy defence nationalist areas followed combination defence retaliation finally launching guerrilla campaign british army.official ira opposed campaign felt would lead sectarian conflict would defeat strategy uniting workers sides sectarian divide.provisional iras strategy use force cause collapse northern ireland government inflict heavy casualties british army british government would forced public opinion withdraw ireland.mac stíofáin decided would escalate escalate escalate british army would later describe classic insurgency. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | october ira began bombing campaign economic targets end year explosions.following year responsible vast majority explosions occurred northern ireland.strategic aim behind bombings target businesses commercial premises deter investment force british government pay compensation increasing financial cost keeping northern ireland within united kingdom.ira also believed bombing campaign would tie british soldiers static positions guarding potential targets preventing deployment counterinsurgency operations.loyalist paramilitaries including uvf carried campaigns aimed thwarting iras aspirations maintaining political union britain. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | loyalist paramilitaries tended target catholics connection republican movement seeking undermine support ira.as result escalating violence internment without trial introduced northern ireland government august suspects arrested first twentyfour hours.despite loyalist violence also increasing arrested republicans including political activists associated ira student civil rights leaders.onesided nature internment united catholics opposition government riots broke protest across northern ireland.twentytwo people killed next three days including six civilians killed british army part ballymurphy massacre august belfast catholics protestants forced homes rioting.introduction internment dramatically increased level violence seven months prior internment people killed people killed introduction internment end year including thirty soldiers eleven ruc officers. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | internment boosted ira recruitment dublin taoiseach jack lynch abandoned planned idea introduce internment republic ireland.ira recruitment increased bloody sunday derry january british army killed fourteen unarmed civilians antiinternment march.due deteriorating security situation northern ireland british government suspended northern ireland parliament imposed direct rule march .suspension northern ireland parliament key objective ira order directly involve british government northern ireland ira wanted conflict seen one ireland britain.may official ira called ceasefire leaving provisional ira sole active republican paramilitary organisation. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | new recruits saw official ira existing purpose defence contrast provisional ira existing purpose attack increased recruitment defections official ira provisional ira led latter becoming dominant organisation.on june ira announced ceasefire would begin midnight june anticipation talks british government.two days later ó brádaigh ó conaill held press conference dublin announce éire nua new ireland policy advocated allireland federal republic devolved governments parliaments four historic provinces ireland.designed deal fears unionists united ireland ulster parliament narrow protestant majority would provide protection interests.british government held secret talks republican leadership july mac stíofáin ó conaill ivor bell twomey gerry adams martin mcguinness flying england meet british delegation led william whitelaw.mac stíofáin made demands including british withdrawal removal british army sensitive areas release republican prisoners amnesty fugitives. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | british refused talks broke iras ceasefire ended july.late early iras leadership depleted arrests sides irish border mac stíofáin ó brádaigh mcguinness imprisoned ira membership.due crisis ira bombed london march army council believed bombs england would greater impact british public opinion.followed intense period ira activity england left fortyfive people dead end including twentyone civilians killed birmingham pub bombings.following ira ceasefire christmas period one january february ira issued statement suspending offensive military action six oclock following day.series meetings took place iras leadership british government representatives throughout year ira led believe start process british withdrawal. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | occasional ira violence occurred ceasefire bombs belfast derry south armagh.ira also involved tit tat sectarian killings protestant civilians retaliation sectarian killings loyalist paramilitaries.july army council concerned progress talks concluding prospect lasting peace without public declaration british government intent withdraw ireland.august gradual return armed campaign truce effectively ended september ira set bombs across northern ireland.old guard leadership ó brádaigh ó conaill mckee criticised younger generation activists following ceasefire influence ira slowly declined. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | younger generation viewed ceasefire disastrous ira causing organisation irreparable damage taking close defeated.army council accused falling trap allowed british breathing space time build intelligence ira mckee criticised allowing ira become involved sectarian killings well feud official ira october november left eleven people dead.long war following end ceasefire british government introduced new threepart strategy deal troubles parts became known ulsterisation normalisation criminalisation.ulsterisation involved increasing role locally recruited ruc ulster defence regiment udr parttime element british army order try contain conflict inside northern ireland reduce number british soldiers recruited outside northern ireland killed.normalisation involved ending internment without trial special category status latter introduced following hunger strike led mckee. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | criminalisation designed alter public perception troubles insurgency requiring military solution criminal problem requiring law enforcement solution.result withdrawal special category status september ira prisoner kieran nugent began blanket protest maze prison hundreds prisoners refused wear prison uniforms.in ira evolved new strategy called long war would remain strategy rest troubles.strategy accepted campaign would last many years successful included increased emphasis political activity sinn féin.republican document early states sinn féin ira play different converging roles war national liberation.irish republican army wages armed campaign ... sinn féin maintains propaganda war public political voice movement. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | edition green book induction training manual used ira describes strategy long war termsa war attrition enemy personnel british army aimed causing many casualties deaths possible create demand british people home withdrawal.a bombing campaign aimed making enemys financial interests country unprofitable time curbing longterm investment country.to make six counties ... ungovernable except colonial military rule.to sustain war gain support ends national international propaganda publicity campaigns.by defending war liberation punishing criminals collaborators informers.the long war saw iras tactics move away large bombing campaigns early favour attacks members security forces.iras new multifaceted strategy saw begin use armed propaganda using publicity gained attacks assassination lord mountbatten warrenpoint ambush focus attention nationalist communitys rejection british rule.ira aimed keep northern ireland unstable would frustrate british objective installing power sharing government solution troubles.the prison protest criminalisation culminated irish hunger strike seven ira three irish national liberation army members starved death pursuit political status.hunger strike leader bobby sands anti hblock activist owen carron successively elected british house commons two protesting prisoners elected dáil éireann.electoral successes led iras armed campaign pursued parallel increased electoral participation sinn féin. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | strategy known armalite ballot box strategy named danny morrisons speech sinn féin ard fheiswho really believes win war ballot box anyone object ballot paper hand armalite hand take power irelandattacks highprofile political military targets remained priority ira.chelsea barracks bombing london october killed two civilians injured twentythree soldiers week later ira struck london assassination attempt lieutenant general steuart pringle commandant general royal marines.attacks military targets england continued hyde park regents park bombings july killed eleven soldiers injured fifty people including civilians.october carried brighton hotel bombing assassination attempt british prime minister margaret thatcher blamed deaths ten hunger strikers.bombing killed five members conservative party attending party conference including mp anthony berry thatcher narrowly escaping death. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | planned escalation england bombing campaign prevented six ira volunteers including martina anderson brighton bomber patrick magee arrested glasgow.plans major escalation campaign late cancelled ship carrying tonnes weapons donated libya seized coast france.plans modelled tet offensive vietnam war relied element surprise lost ships captain informed french authorities four earlier shipments weapons allowed british army deploy appropriate countermeasures.ira began attacking british military targets mainland europe beginning rheindahlen bombing followed approximately twenty gun bomb attacks aimed british armed forces personnel bases .peace process late troubles military political stalemate ira able prevent british government imposing settlement unable force objective irish reunification. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | sinn féin president adams contact social democratic labour party sdlp leader john hume delegation representing irish government order find political alternatives iras campaign.result republican leadership appearing interested peace british policy shifted peter brooke secretary state northern ireland began engage hoping political settlement.backchannel diplomacy ira british government began october sinn féin given advance copy planned speech brooke.speech given london following month brooke stating british government would give violence offering significant political change violence stopped ending statement sayingthe british government selfish strategic economic interest northern ireland role help enable encourage ... partition acknowledgement reality assertion national selfinterest.the ira responded brookes speech declaring threeday ceasefire christmas first fifteen years.afterwards ira intensified bombing campaign england planting bombs . |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | baltic exchange bombing april killed three people caused estimated £ million worth damage £ million total damage caused troubles northern ireland point.december patrick mayhew succeeded brooke secretary state northern ireland gave speech directed ira coleraine stating irish reunification could achieved negotiation british government would give violence.secret talks british government ira via intermediaries continued british government arguing ira would likely achieve objective politics continued violence.talks progressed slowly due continued ira violence including warrington bombing march killed two children bishopsgate bombing month later killed one person caused estimated £ billion worth damage.december press conference held londons downing street british prime minister john major irish taoiseach albert reynolds. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | delivered downing street declaration conceded right irish people selfdetermination separate referendums northern ireland republic ireland.january army council voted reject declaration sinn féin asked british government clarify certain aspects declaration.british government replied saying declaration spoke refused meet sinn féin unless ira called ceasefire.on august ira announced complete cessation military operations understanding sinn féin would included political talks settlement.new strategy known tuas revealed iras rankandfile following ceasefire described either tactical use armed struggle irish republican movement totally unarmed strategy broader irish nationalist movement.strategy involved coalition including sinn féin sdlp irish government acting concert apply leverage british government iras armed campaign starting stopping necessary option call ceasefire negotiations failed. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | british government refused admit sinn féin multiparty talks ira decommissioned weapons standoff began ira refused disarm final peace settlement agreed.ira regarded undefeated decommissioning act surrender stated decommissioning never mentioned prior ceasefire declared.march mayhew set three conditions sinn féin admitted multiparty talks.firstly ira willing agree disarm progressively secondly scheme decommissioning agreed finally weapons decommissioned prior talks beginning confidence building measure.ira responded public statements september calling decommissioning unreasonable demand stalling tactic british government.on february statement army council delivered irish national broadcaster raidió teilifís éireann announcing end ceasefire minutes later docklands bombing killed two people caused estimated £– million damage londons expensive commercial property. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | three weeks later british irish governments issued joint statement announcing multiparty talks would begin june sinn féin excluded unless ira called new ceasefire.iras campaign continued manchester bombing june injured people caused estimated £ million damage city centre.attacks mostly england apart osnabrück mortar attack british army base germany.iras first attack northern ireland since end ceasefire october thiepval barracks bombing killed british soldier.february ira sniper team killed lance bombadier stephen restorick last british soldier killed ira.following may uk general election major replaced prime minister tony blair labour party. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | new secretary state northern ireland mo mowlam announced prior election would willing include sinn féin multiparty talks without prior decommissioning weapons within two months ira ceasefire.ira declared new ceasefire july sinn féin admitted multiparty talks produced good friday agreement april .one aim agreement paramilitary groups northern ireland fully disarm may .ira began decommissioning process monitored canadian general john de chastelains independent international commission decommissioning iicd weapons decommissioned october april .october decommissioning first time irish republican paramilitary organisation voluntarily disposed arms. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | october devolved northern ireland assembly suspended british government direct rule returned order prevent unionist walkout.partly triggered stormontgate—allegations republican spies operating within parliament buildings police service northern ireland psni—and ira temporarily broke contact de chastelain.however decommissioning took place october .aftermath december northern bank robbery minister justice equality law reform michael mcdowell stated could place government either northern ireland republic ireland party supported threatened use violence possessed explosives firearms involved criminality.beginning february ira declared withdrawing decommissioning offer late . |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | followed demand democratic unionist party paisley insisting photographic evidence decommissioning.end armed campaign july ira announced end armed campaign stating would work achieve aims solely peaceful political means volunteers end paramilitary activity.ira also stated would complete process disarmament quickly possible.ira invited two independent witnesses view secret disarmament work catholic priest father alec reid protestant minister reverend harold good.september iicd announced totality iras arsenal decommissioned. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | janes information group estimated weaponry decommissioned september included rifles tonnes plastic explosive semtex– heavy machine guns surfacetoair missiles flamethrowers detonators rocketpropelled grenade launchers handguns hand grenadeshaving compared weapons decommissioned british irish security forces estimates iras arsenal iras full involvement process decommissioning weapons iicd arrived conclusion ira weaponry decommissioned.secretary state northern ireland peter hain said accepted conclusion iicd.since occasional claims media ira decommissioned weaponry.response claims independent monitoring commission imc stated tenth report ira decommissioned weaponry control.said weapons kept would kept individuals ira orders.in february garda commissioner nóirín osullivan stated republic irelands police service gardaí evidence iras military structure remains ira engaged crime. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | august george hamilton psni chief constable stated ira longer exists paramilitary organisation.said structure remains group committed following peaceful political path engaged criminal activity directing violence.however added members engaged criminal activity violence ends.statement response recent killings two former ira members.august kevin mcguigan shot dead believed revenge killing former ira members shooting death former belfast ira commander gerard davison three months earlier. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | chief constable stated evidence killing mcguigan sanctioned ira leadership.response british government commissioned assessment paramilitary groups northern ireland concluded october ira committed peace continued exist reduced form.weaponry operations early days troubles ira poorly armed derry early iras weaponry consisted six carbines two thompson submachine guns one two garand rifles variety handguns.result black market arms deals donations sympathisers ira obtained large array weapons surfacetoair missiles machine guns armalite ar fn fal akm rifles dshk heavy machine guns lpo flamethrowers barrett sniper rifles.ira also used variety bombs armed campaign car truck bombs time bombs booby traps using explosives including anfo gelignite plastic explosive semtex. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | iras engineering department also manufactured series improvised mortars built standard comparable military models.iras development mortar tactics response heavy fortifications ruc british army bases ira mortars generally fired indirectly able bypass perimeter security measures.mortars used variety different firing mechanisms including delay timers combined disposable nature weapons allowed ira volunteers reduce risk arrested scene.the ira mainly active northern ireland although also attacked targets england mainland europe limited activity also took place republic ireland.iras offensive campaign mainly targeted british army including udr ruc british soldiers iras preferred target.targets included british government officials politicians establishment judicial figures senior british army police officers. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | bombing campaign principally targeted political economic military targets described counterterrorism expert andy oppenheimer biggest terrorist bombing campaign history.economic targets included shops restaurants hotels railway stations public buildings.ira blamed abercorn restaurant bombing march bomb exploded without warning killing two women injuring many people.due negative publicity abercorn bombing ira introduced system telephoned coded warnings try avoid civilian casualties still causing intended damage properties economy.civilian deaths counterproductive ira provided british propaganda coups affected recruitment funding. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | despite ira bombs continued kill civilians generally due ira mistakes incompetence errors communication.included donegall street bombing killed seven people including four civilians bloody friday nine people five civilians killed twentytwo bombs planted onemile radius belfast city centre.premature explosions another cause civilian deaths remembrance day bombing killed eleven people including ten civilians shankill road bombing killed ten people including eight civilians.casualties ira responsible deaths organisation troubles.two detailed studies deaths troubles conflict archive internet cain book lost lives differ slightly numbers killed ira total number conflict deaths. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | according cain ira responsible deaths total conflict deaths.members former members british security forces civilians.according lost lives ira responsible deaths total conflict deaths.members british security forces civilians including former members security forces.civilian figure also includes civilians employed british security forces politicians members judiciary alleged criminals informers. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | remainder loyalist republican paramilitary members including ira members accidentally killed bombs shot security force agents informers.overall ira responsible – total british security force deaths – total civilian deaths.iras campaign england responsible least incidents causing injuries deaths including civilians british soldiers.ira members killed troubles iras biggest loss life single incident loughgall ambush eight volunteers attempting bomb police station killed british armys special air service.structure levels organisation entitled send delegates general army conventions. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | convention iras supreme decisionmaking authority supposed meet every two years every four years following change iras constitution .conventions met regularly owing difficulty organising large gathering illegal organisation secret iras armed campaign ongoing held september october october november .ceasefire held frequently known held october may december early june .convention elected member executive selected seven members usually within executive form army council.vacancies executive would filled substitutes previously elected convention. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | daytoday purposes authority vested army council well directing policy taking major tactical decisions appointed chiefofstaff one number less often outside ranks.the chiefofstaff would assisted adjutant general well general headquarters ghq staff consisted quartermaster general directors finance engineering training intelligence publicity operations security.ghqs largest department quartermaster generals accounted approximately iras personnel responsible acquiring weapons smuggling ireland would hidden arms dumps distributed ira units needed.next important department engineering manufactured improvised explosive devices improvised mortars.ghq ira divided northern command southern command.northern command operated northern ireland well border counties donegal leitrim cavan monaghan louth southern command operated remainder ireland. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | parallel introduction cell structures local level command warzone given northern command facilitated coordinated attacks across northern ireland rapid alterations tactics.southern command consisted dublin brigade number smaller units rural areas.main responsibilities support activities northern command importation storage arms providing safe houses raising funds robberies organising training camps.another department attached ghq separate ira structures england department responsible bombing campaign england.the ira referred ordinary members volunteers óglaigh irish reflect ira irregular army people forced join could leave time.late ira volunteers organised units based conventional military structures. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | volunteers living one area formed company part battalion could part brigade belfast brigade derry brigade south armagh brigade east tyrone brigade.late belfast brigade restructured introducing clandestine cells named active service units consisting four ten members.similar changes made elsewhere ira moving away larger conventional military organisational principle owing security vulnerability.old structures used support activities policing nationalist areas intelligencegathering hiding weapons bulk attacks carried active service units using weapons controlled brigades quartermaster.exception reorganisation south armagh brigade retained traditional hierarchy battalion structure. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | handful volunteers south armagh brigade convicted serious offences fewer arrests area meaning security forces struggled recruit informers.political ideology iras goal allireland democratic socialist republic.richard english professor queens university belfast writes iras adherence socialist goals varied according time place radical ideas specifically socialist ones key part ira thinking.former ira volunteer tommy mckearney states iras goal socialist republic coherent analysis understanding socialism idea details would worked following ira victory.contrast official ira irish national liberation army adopted clearly defined marxist positions. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | similarly northern ireland leftwing politician eamonn mccann remarked provisional ira considered nonsocialist ira compared official ira.during iras commitment socialism became solidified ira prisoners began engage works political marxist theory authors frantz fanon che guevara antonio gramsci hochi minh general giap.members felt irish version tet offensive could possibly key victory british pending arrival weapons secured libya.however never came pass fall berlin wall brought dogmatic commitment socialism back question possible socialist allies eastern europe wilted away.years followed ira prisoners began look towards south african politics example set african national congress.many imprisoned ira members saw parallels struggle nelson mandela encouraged mandelas use compromise following ascent power south africa consider compromise themselves. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | categorisation ira proscribed organisation united kingdom terrorism act unlawful organisation republic ireland offences state acts ira volunteers tried nonjury special criminal court.similar system introduced northern ireland northern ireland emergency provisions act diplock court consisting single judge jury.ira rejected authority courts northern ireland republic ireland standing orders allow volunteers trial criminal court enter plea recognise authority court could lead expulsion ira.orders relaxed due sentences republic ireland ira membership increased two years seven years imprisonment.ira prisoners uk republic ireland granted conditional early release part good friday agreement. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | ira members often refused travel visas enter united states due previous criminal convictions immigration nationality act bars entry people members organisation advocates overthrow government force.american tv news broadcasts used terms activists guerrillas describe ira members british tv news broadcasts commonly used term terrorists particularly bbc part editorial guidelines published .republicans reject label terrorism instead describing iras activity war military activity armed struggle armed resistance.ira prefer terms freedom fighter soldier activist volunteer members.ira also described private army.ira saw irish war independence guerrilla war accomplished aims remaining unfinished business.an internal british army document written general sir mike jackson two senior officers released freedom information act. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | examined british armys years deployment northern ireland described ira professional dedicated highly skilled resilient force loyalist paramilitaries republican groups described little collection gangsters.strength support numerical strength unclear many people joined ira troubles keep detailed records personnel.journalists eamonn mallie patrick bishop state roughly people passed ranks ira first years existence many leaving arrest retirement disillusionment.mcguinness held variety leadership positions estimated total membership course troubles.british army estimates ira volunteers july derry belfast journalist ed moloney states end year ira belfast volunteers. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | late restructure british army estimated ira fulltime volunteers.british army report brigadier james glover stated restructured ira require number volunteers early small number volunteers could maintain disproportionate level violence.journalist brendan obrien states late ira roughly active volunteers support roles historian richard english states ira believed thirty experienced gunmen bombers twenty volunteers less experience support roles.moloney estimates october ira active volunteers.support countries organisations libyan leader colonel muammar gaddafi supplier arms ira donating two shipments arms early another five mids. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | final shipment intercepted french authorities prior four shipments included akm assault rifles dshk heavy machine guns generalpurpose machine guns rpg rocket launchers sam surfacetoair missiles lpo flamethrowers two tonnes plastic explosive semtex.another main source support irish americans donated weapons money.backbone ira support united states irish northern aid committee better known noraid addition raising money families ira prisoners also secretly funneled money weapons ira.united states november five men including michael flannery noraid george harrison acquitted smuggling arms ira claimed central intelligence agency cia approved shipment arms dealer george de meo although de meo denied connection cia.harrisons conservative estimate smuggled – weapons approximately rounds ammunition ireland.american support weakened september attacks subsequent war terror.the ira links basque separatist group eta. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | maria mcguire states ira received fifty revolvers eta exchange explosives training.ira accused spanish police providing explosives assassination spanish prime minister luis carrero blanco madrid following year eta spokesman told german magazine der spiegel good relations ira.representative basque political party euskal iraultzarako alderdia attended sinn féins ard fheis ó brádaigh close relationship basque separatists regularly visiting basque region .ira received support palestine liberation organization plo volunteers attending training camps middle east.shipment arms plo seized antwerp belgium. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | shipment included twentynine ak assault rifles twentynine french submachine guns seven rpg rocket launchers sixty rocketpropelled grenades two bren light machine guns mortars grenades ammunition.plo leader yasser arafat distanced ira following assassination lord mountbatten .in may federal security service russias internal security service accused estonia arms smuggling claimed ira bought weapons arms dealers linked estonias volunteer defence force kaitseliit.three irishmen known colombia three arrested accused training colombian guerrillas revolutionary armed forces colombia farc.irish minister justice equality law reform stated ira paid million train farc bombmaking techniques including shaped charges propane bombs landmines construction mortars.commander national army colombia stated ira techniques used colombia farc british military experts confirmed bombs used farc previously used ira. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | colombia three acquitted trial april reversed appeal court december although men fled country returned ireland appeal court verdict.activities sectarian attacks ira publicly condemned sectarianism sectarian attacks however ira members carry sectarian attacks.killed ira malcolm sutton classifies sectarian killings protestants committed .unlike loyalists ira denied responsibility sectarian attacks members involved used cover names republican action force used claim responsibility kingsmill massacre ten protestant civilians killed gun attack.stated attacks protestants retaliation attacks catholics. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | many ira opposed sectarian attacks others deemed effective preventing similar attacks catholics.robert white professor indiana university states ira generally sectarian organisation rachel kowalski department war studies kings college london states ira acted way mostly blind religious diversity.protestants rural border areas counties fermanagh tyrone number members security forces killed high viewed iras campaign ethnic cleansing.henry patterson professor university ulster concludes iras campaign unavoidably sectarian amount ethnic cleansing.although ira specifically target people religious affiliation protestants joined security forces many people community believed attacks sectarian.mckearney argues due british governments ulsterisation policy increasing role locally recruited ruc udr ira choice target local knowledge acknowledges protestants viewed sectarian attack community. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | financing fund campaign ira allegedly involved criminal activities robberies counterfeiting protection rackets kidnapping ransom fuel laundering cigarette smuggling.ira also raised funds running legitimate businesses taxi firms nightclubs offices nursing homes.british law enforcement estimated ira needed £.million year operate.ira supporters argue clandestine organisation forced use extralegal methods fundraising justified order achieve political goal. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | however activity allowed british government portray ira criminal gang.armed robberies banks trains small businesses across ireland significant source funding ira raids post offices northern ireland.psni imc british irish governments accused ira involvement biggest bank raid british history—the northern bank robbery—when £.million stolen ira denied.generally ira drug dealing prostitution would unpopular within catholic communities moral reasons.chief ruc drugs squad kevin sheehy said ira tried prevent volunteers directly involved drugs noted one occasion ira member caught small amount cannabis disowned humiliated local area. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | ira targeted drug dealers punishment shootings ordered leave ireland killed using covername direct action drugs.however claims ira licensed certain dealers operate forced pay protection money.following murder robert mccartney ira expelled three ira volunteers.adams said sinn féins ard fheis place republicanism anyone involved criminality adding refuse criminalise break law pursuit legitimate political objectives.echoed shortly ira statement issued easter saying criminality within ranks would tolerated. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | imc stated ira longer involved criminality members engaged criminality ends without sanction support ira.vigilantism troubles ira took role policing nationalist areas northern ireland.many nationalists trust official police force—the ruc—and saw biased community.ruc found difficult operate certain nationalist neighbourhoods entered armoured convoys due risk attack preventing community policing could occurred officers patrolled foot.neighbourhoods many residents expected ira act policing force policing propaganda value ira. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | ira also sought minimise contact residents ruc residents might pass information forced become police informer.ira set arbitration panels would adjudicate investigate complaints locals criminal antisocial activities.first time offenders may given warning serious offences curfew may imposed.responsible serious repeat offences could given punishment beating banished community.kneecapping also used ira form punishment. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | punishment attacks officially attributed ira since february .the vigilantism ira paramilitary organisations condemned summary justice.january ira british army held secret talks aimed stopping persistent rioting ballymurphy.agreed ira would responsible policing agreement shortlived.ceasefire incident centres set across northern ireland staffed sinn féin members dealt incidents might endanger truce.residents went report crime well make complaints security forces. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | incident centres seen locals ira police stations gave legitimacy ira policing force.following end ceasefire incident centres remained open sinn féin offices crime continued reported dealt ira.informers throughout troubles members ira passed information security forces.many ira members arrested implicated former ira members known supergrasses raymond gilmour.highprofile allegations senior ira figures british informers. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | may american website named freddie scappaticci british spy codenamed stakeknife.scappaticci said highlevel ira informer working british armys force research unit head iras internal security unit interrogated killed suspected informers.scappaticci denies stakeknife involvement ira activity.december sinn féin member former ira volunteer denis donaldson appeared press conference dublin confessed british spy since early s. donaldson ran sinn féins operations new york northern ireland peace process expelled party.april donaldson shot dead real ira splinter group retreat near glenties county donegal. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | prominent informers include eamon collins sean ocallaghan roy mcshane worked driver leadership sinn féin including adams.the ira regarded informers traitors threat organisation lives members.suspected informers dealt iras internal security unit carried investigation interrogated suspects.following court martial would take place consisting three members equal higher rank accused plus member ghq army council acting observer.death sentence would ratified army council would informed verdict observer.original ira well major paramilitary organisations active troubles also killed alleged informers. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | ira usually killed informers single shot head left many bodies public deter informers.also group sixteen people known disappeared secretly buried included alleged informers agents security forces people stole ira weapons used armed robberies.march ira apologised prolonged anguish caused families disappeared stated identified burial places nine people including highprofile victim jean mcconville catholic civilian widowed motheroften.led recovery three bodies later although jean mcconvilles body recovered august .bodies columba mcveigh joe lynskey undercover british army intelligence officer robert nairac yet recovered. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | splinter groups former ira volunteers involved various dissident republican splinter groups active lowlevel dissident irish republican campaign.oldest dissident group continuity ira formed following split republican movement decision allow members elected take seats dáil éireann.group inactive several years acquiring weapons finance first attack provisional iras first ceasefire.real ira formed november senior provisional ira members including quartermastergeneral michael mckevitt resigned acceptance mitchell principles.real ira best known omagh bombing killed civilians massereene barracks shooting killed two british soldiers. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | provisional ira members defected formed óglaigh na héireann became active .group also included former members irish national liberation army faction splintered real ira.group calling ira claimed responsibility murder ronan kerr catholic member psni.group believed formed included former senior provisional ira members unhappy sinn féins direction peace process.also republican action drugs raad formed derry. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | vigilante groups membership included former provisional ira members members republican groups.raad ira smaller groups merged real ira form new ira.notes references notes citations bibliography external links media related provisional irish republican army wikimedia commonscain conflict archive internet archive ira statementsbehind mask ira sinn fein pbs frontline documentary subjectthe ira american funding dean peter krogh foreign affairs digital archivesbell j. bowyer.dragonworld ii deception tradecraft provisional ira.international journal intelligence counterintelligence. |
Provisional Irish Republican Army | volume no..spring .p. –.published online january . |
Specialist Operations (New South Wales) | available researchgateoperation banner analysis military operations northern irelanddivision headed deputy commissioner nsw police whose position occupied nick kaldas prior retirement.the command replaced investigations counter terrorism command overseas number specialist units commands headed deputy commissioner.various units groups listed since moved commands specialist support command corporate services command.groups specialist operations command divided subgroups consist ofpolice prosecutionscounter terrorism special tacticsforensic services groupoperational communications information commandprofessional standards commandspecial services group including marine area command aviation support branchstate crime command major units counter terrorism special tactics assistant commissioner counter terrorism responsible counter terrorism special tactics command ctst state protection group spg.spg contains number highly trained specialised units police rescue bomb disposal unit dog squad tactical operations unit witness security unit name few.state crime command state crime command scc made squads number support units specialise particular area.the squads includefraud squaddrug squadfirearms regulated industries crime squadasian crime squadsex crimes squadgangshomicidemiddle eastern organised crime squadpropertyrobbery serious crime squadorganised crime targeting squadjoint investigation response squad forensic services group forensic services branch provides specialised crime scene support service police throughout new south wales regarding criminal coronial incident investigations.group comprises number specialised sections retains number qualified experts police civilian scenes crime officers socos . |
Specialist Operations (New South Wales) | special services group special service group includes units marine area command known commonly water police aviation support branch commonly known polair referring police airwing.aviation support branchthe aviation support branch currently fleet two cessna citation jets five helicopters including kawasaki bk transporter jointly owned nsw fire brigades primarily used respond major incidents including hazmat urban search rescue usar bushfire operations counterterrorismspecial operations .branch also four eurocopter squirrels general police work.used required support searches missing bushwalkers vessels aircraft specialised rescue missions bushfire fighting reconnaissance .marine area commandnsw large busy coastline leading expansive system waterways.nsw police force maintains fulltime comprehensive water police service designated marine area command.the nsw police marine area commands mac responsibility extends coastal areas nsw nautical miles km sea.earliest days settlement state required dedicated water based policing service. |
Specialist Operations (New South Wales) | services provided mac similar carried landbased police including crime prevention detection search rescue high visibility patrols.police vessels personnel strategically located important commercial leisure ports harbours along new south wales coast headquarters balmain sydney harbour.also based broken bay newcastle port stephens coffs harbour botany bay port kembla recently eden.remote country waterways serviced local area commands deniliquin states far south west .the nsw water police hold distinction first civilian form policing established nsw.one year colony founded governor phillip created person row boat guard patrol sydney cove smugglers convicts attempting pass letters ships anchored harbour.by independent water police force operating.merged police units nsw police department . |
Ben Carson | lateth century water police entered modern era combustion engines two steam launches bileola argus.used nearly years replaced motor launches.with introduction nsw police marine area command july equipment includes sea going craft number smaller boats electronic navigational aids.mac employs personnel including operational water police marine intelligence unit marine crime prevention officer divers detectives marine operational support team most.marine area commands version public order riot squad assists operations ship boarding crowd control.their duties includepolicing waterways nsw reduce marine crimeprotecting life property sea inland watersoverseeing aquatic events controlling spectator craftcoordinating search rescue coast nswcarrying diving operations underwater searches missing persons evidencemaintain service police launchesaddressing marine crime prevention issuessafety compliance reinforcement see also nsw police forcestate protection group references external links specialist operations – new south wales policecandidate president united states republican primaries.considered pioneer field neurosurgery.carson became director pediatric neurosurgery johns hopkins childrens center age youngest chief pediatric neurosurgery united states.retirement professor neurosurgery oncology plastic surgery pediatrics johns hopkins school medicine.carsons achievements include participating first reported separation conjoined twins joined back head.although surgically success twins continued suffer neurologicmedical complications. |
Ben Carson | additional accomplishments include performing first successful neurosurgical procedure fetus inside womb developing new methods treat brainstem tumors revitalizing hemispherectomy techniques controlling seizures.wrote neurosurgical publications.retired medicine .carson gained national fame among political conservatives delivering speech national prayer breakfast perceived critical policies president barack obama.following widespread speculation presidential run carson officially announced campaign republican nomination president may .carson performed strongly early polls leading considered frontrunner nomination fall however polling support began decline following scrutiny foreign policy credentials november paris attacks. |
Ben Carson | carson withdrew race super tuesday following string disappointing primary results endorsed donald trump.following trumps victory trump nominated carson secretary housing urban development confirmed united states senate – vote march .carson one prominent black conservatives america.carson received numerous honors neurosurgery work including honorary doctorate degrees numerous national merit citations.named cnn time magazine one nations foremost physicians scientists selected library congress one living legends th anniversary.carson bestowed presidential medal freedom highest civilian award united states. |
Ben Carson | elected national academy medicine.subject tv film gifted hands ben carson story wherein portrayed cuba gooding jr. carson also written cowritten six bestselling books.early life education carsons parents robert solomon carson jr. – world war ii u.s. army veteran sonya carson née copeland –.robert carson baptist minister later became cadillac automobile plant laborer.parents came large families rural georgia living rural tennessee met married. |
Ben Carson | carsons mother father married father finished military service moved chattanooga tennessee detroit lived large house indian village neighborhood.carsons older brother curtis born mother .carsons parents purchased new square foot singlefamily detached home deacon street boynton neighborhood southwest detroit.carson born detroit michigan september .carsons detroit public schools education began kindergarten fisher school continued first second first half third grade time average student.age five mother learned father prior family divorced first wife. |
Ben Carson | age eight parents separated moved mother brother live two years mothers seventhday adventist older sister sisters husband multifamily dwellings dorchester roxbury neighborhoods boston.boston carsons mother attempted suicide several psychiatric hospitalizations depression first time began working outside home domestic worker carson brother attended twoclassroom school berea seventhday adventist church two teachers taught eight grades vast majority time spent singing songs playing games.in age moved mother brother back southwest detroit lived multifamily dwelling primarily white neighborhood springwells village across railroad tracks delray neighborhood renting house deacon street mother received divorce settlement.returned detroit public schools carson brothers academic performance initially lagged far behind new classmates according carson essentially lost year school attending small seventhday adventist parochial school boston improved mother limited time watching television required read write book reports two library books per week.carson attended predominantly white higgins elementary school fifth sixth grades predominantly white wilson junior high school seventh first half eighth grade.age moved mother brother back house deacon street. |
Ben Carson | attended predominantly black hunter junior high school second half eighth grade.age eight carson dreamt becoming missionary doctor five years later aspired lucrative lifestyles psychiatrists portrayed television brother bought subscription psychology today th birthday.high school grade familys financial situation improved mother surprising neighbors paying cash buy new chrysler car government assistance still relied food stamps.carson attended predominantly black southwestern high school grades nine twelve graduating third class academically.high school played euphonium band participated forensics public speaking chess club u.s. army junior reserve officers training corps jrotc program reached highest rank—cadet colonel. |
Ben Carson | carson served laboratory assistant high schools biology chemistry physics school laboratories beginning grades respectively worked biology laboratory assistant wayne state university summer grade .in book gifted hands carson relates youth violent temper.teenager would go people rocks bricks baseball bats hammers carson told nbcs meet press october .said tried hit mother head hammer clothing dispute ninth grade tried stab friend changed radio station.fortunately blade broke friends belt buckle.carson said intended victim whose identity wants protect classmate friend close relative. |
Ben Carson | incident carson said began reading book proverbs applying verses anger.result states never another problem temper.various books campaign events repeated stories said attacked schoolmate combination lock.nine friends classmates neighbors grew told cnn remember anger violence described.response carson posted facebook parade magazine issue mother verified stabbing incident. |
Ben Carson | questioned extent effort cnn exerted investigation.carson said protected white students biology lab race riot broke high school response assassination martin luther king jr. .wall street journal confirmed riot could find anyone remembered carson sheltering white students.college carsons sat college admission test scores ranked somewhere low th percentile.wanted attend college farther away brother university michigan.carson says narrowed college choices harvard yale could afford application fee apply one them. |
Ben Carson | said decided apply yale seeing team yale defeat team harvard g.e.college bowl television show.carson accepted yale offered full scholarship covering tuition room board.carson graduated b.a.psychology yale fairly respectable grade point average although far top class.carson say books whether received college student deferment vietnam war. |
Ben Carson | say older brother student university michigan received low number first draft lottery able enlist navy four years instead drafted whereas received high number second draft lottery .carson said would readily accepted responsibility fight drafted identified strongly antiwar protesters revolutionaries enthusiastically voted antiwar democratic presidential candidate george mcgovern .book america beautiful carson said vietnam war retrospect noble conflict.brought shame nation outcome cause.in summers following high school graduation second year medical school carson worked variety jobs clerk payroll office ford motor company supervisor sixperson crew picking trash along highway federal jobs program innercity students clerk mailroom young rubicam advertising assembling fender parts inspecting back window louvers assembly line chrysler crane operator sennett steel finally radiology technician taking xrays.yale carson parttime job campus student police aide.in autobiography carson said offered scholarship west point. |
Ben Carson | politico reported west point record ever seeking admission.academy award scholarships anyone cadets receive free education room board exchange commitment serve military least five years graduation.carson also said university michigan offered scholarship.staff later said described scenario similar west point never actually applied entry university michigan.autobiography gifted hands carson recounted exams yale psychology course took junior year perceptions inexplicably burned forcing students retake exam. |
Ben Carson | carson said students walked protest discovered retest significantly harder original examination alone finished test.carson said congratulated course instructor told retest hoax intended find honest student class.carson said professor awarded photographer yale daily news present take picture appeared student newspaper story experiment.doubts raised story carsons presidential campaign.wall street journal attempted verify carsons account reporting yale undergraduate courses identified two digits early yale offered course called perceptions time carsons photo never appeared yale daily news. |
Ben Carson | carson acknowledging class number correct said know write book cowriter say class lot time theyll put number something give meat.know obviously decades later im going remember course number.medical school carson entered university michigan medical school first struggled academically poorly first set comprehensive exams faculty adviser recommended drop medical school take reduced academic load take longer finish.continued regular academic load grades improved average first year medical school.second year medical school carson began excel academically seldom attending lectures instead studying textbooks lecture notes a.m. p.m. carson graduated university michigan medical school m.d. |
Ben Carson | degree elected alpha omega alpha honor medical society.carson accepted johns hopkins university school medicine neurosurgery program served one year surgical intern five years neurosurgery resident completing final year chief resident .spent one year – senior registrar neurosurgery sir charles gairdner hospital nedlands suburb perth western australia.medical career upon returning johns hopkins carson appointed universitys director pediatric neurosurgery.surgeon specialized traumatic brain injuries brain spinal cord tumors achondroplasia neurological congenital disorders craniosynostosis epilepsy trigeminal neuralgia.said hand–eye coordination threedimensional reasoning made gifted surgeon.while johns hopkins carson figured revival hemispherectomy drastic surgical procedure part one hemisphere brain removed control severe pediatric epilepsy. |
Ben Carson | encouraged john m. freeman refined procedure performed many times.in carson lead neurosurgeon member surgical team separated conjoined twins patrick benjamin binder joined back head craniopagus twins.separation surgery held promise part twin boys separate brains.johns hopkins childrens center surgical team rehearsed surgery weeks practicing two dolls secured together velcro.although followup stories following binder twins return germany seven months operation twins reportedly far normal two years procedure one vegetative state.neither twin ever able talk care eventually became institutionalized wards state. |
Ben Carson | patrick binder died sometime last decade according uncle located washington post .binder surgery served blueprint similar twin separations procedure refined subsequent decades.carson participated four subsequent highrisk conjoinedtwin separations including operation craniopagus zambian twins joseph luka banda resulted normal neurological outcome.two sets twins died including iranian twins ladan laleh bijani.another separation resulted death one twin survival legally blind struggles walk.according washington post binder surgery launched stardom carson walked operating room day spotlight never dimmed beginning press conference covered worldwide created name recognition leading publishing deals motivational speaking career. |
Ben Carson | condition film would premiere baltimore carson agreed cameo appearance head surgeon farrelly brothers comedy stuck starring matt damon greg kinnear conjoined twins unhappy surgical separation continue life attached velcro.in march carson announced would retire surgeon saying would much rather quit im top game.retirement became official july .in carson joined galectin therapeutics assist development companys galectin inhibitor belapectin treatment nash cirrhosis combination immunotherapy treatment cancers.articles books business relationships media posts carson written many articles peerreviewed journals six bestselling books published zondervan international christian media publishing company.first book autobiography published .two others personal philosophies success sees stabilizing influence religion.according cnn carson extensive relationship mannatech multilevel marketing company produces dietary supplements made substances aloe vera extract larchtree bark. |
Ben Carson | carson gave four paid speeches company events.denied paid mannatech anything else saying prolific speaker addressed many groups.speech credited companys products disappearance prostate cancer symptoms.nature relationship became issue carsons presidential campaign.carsons relationship mannatech continued company paid million settle deceptivemarketing lawsuit texas claims products could cure autism cancer. |
Ben Carson | recent paid speech company paid .image appeared corporations website year praised glyconutrient supplements pbs special subsequently featured site.carson delivered keynote address mannatech distributor convention said company donated funds help obtain coveted endowedchair post johns hopkins medicine three years ago endowed chair bestowed upon uh requires .million endowed chair im proud say part .million came mannatech.october carsons campaign team said contribution mannatech johns hopkins statement legitimate mistake part. |
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