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Information security | means computing systems used store process information security controls used protect communication channels used access must functioning correctly.high availability systems aim remain available times preventing service disruptions due power outages hardware failures system upgrades.ensuring availability also involves preventing denialofservice attacks flood incoming messages target system essentially forcing shut down.in realm information security availability often viewed one important parts successful information security program.ultimately endusers need able perform job functions ensuring availability organization able perform standards organizations stakeholders expect.involve topics proxy configurations outside web access ability access shared drives ability send emails. |
Information security | executives oftentimes understand technical side information security look availability easy fix often requires collaboration many different organizational teams network operations development operations incident response policychange management.successful information security team involves many different key roles mesh align cia triad provided effectively.nonrepudiation law nonrepudiation implies ones intention fulfill obligations contract.also implies one party transaction cannot deny received transaction party deny sent transaction.it important note technology cryptographic systems assist nonrepudiation efforts concept core legal concept transcending realm technology.instance sufficient show message matches digital signature signed senders private key thus sender could sent message nobody else could altered transit data integrity. |
Information security | alleged sender could return demonstrate digital signature algorithm vulnerable flawed allege prove signing key compromised.fault violations may may lie sender assertions may may relieve sender liability assertion would invalidate claim signature necessarily proves authenticity integrity.sender may repudiate message authenticity integrity prerequisites nonrepudiation.risk management broadly speaking risk likelihood something bad happen causes harm informational asset loss asset.vulnerability weakness could used endanger cause harm informational asset. |
Information security | threat anything manmade act nature potential cause harm.likelihood threat use vulnerability cause harm creates risk.threat use vulnerability inflict harm impact.context information security impact loss availability integrity confidentiality possibly losses lost income loss life loss real property.the certified information systems auditor cisa review manual defines risk management process identifying vulnerabilities threats information resources used organization achieving business objectives deciding countermeasures take reducing risk acceptable level based value information resource organization.there two things definition may need clarification.first process risk management ongoing iterative process. |
Information security | must repeated indefinitely.business environment constantly changing new threats vulnerabilities emerge every day.second choice countermeasures controls used manage risks must strike balance productivity cost effectiveness countermeasure value informational asset protected.furthermore processes limitations security breaches generally rare emerge specific context may easily duplicated.thus process countermeasure evaluated vulnerabilities. |
Information security | possible identify risks possible eliminate risk.remaining risk called residual risk.a risk assessment carried team people knowledge specific areas business.membership team may vary time different parts business assessed.assessment may use subjective qualitative analysis based informed opinion reliable dollar figures historical information available analysis may use quantitative analysis.research shown vulnerable point information systems human user operator designer human.isoiec code practice information security management recommends following examined risk assessmentsecurity policyorganization information securityasset managementhuman resources securityphysical environmental securitycommunications operations managementaccess controlinformation systems acquisition development maintenanceinformation security incident managementbusiness continuity managementregulatory compliance.in broad terms risk management process consists ofidentification assets estimating value. |
Information security | include people buildings hardware software data electronic print supplies.conduct threat assessment.include acts nature acts war accidents malicious acts originating inside outside organization.conduct vulnerability assessment vulnerability calculate probability exploited.evaluate policies procedures standards training physical security quality control technical security.calculate impact threat would asset.use qualitative analysis quantitative analysis.identify select implement appropriate controls.provide proportional response. |
Information security | consider productivity cost effectiveness value asset.evaluate effectiveness control measures.ensure controls provide required cost effective protection without discernible loss productivity.for given risk management choose accept risk based upon relative low value asset relative low frequency occurrence relative low impact business.leadership may choose mitigate risk selecting implementing appropriate control measures reduce risk.cases risk transferred another business buying insurance outsourcing another business.reality risks may disputed. |
Information security | cases leadership may choose deny risk.security controls selecting implementing proper security controls initially help organization bring risk acceptable levels.control selection follow based risk assessment.controls vary nature fundamentally ways protecting confidentiality integrity availability information.isoiec defined controls different areas. |
Information security | organizations implement additional controls according requirement organization.isoiec offers guideline organizational information security standards.administrative administrative controls also called procedural controls consist approved written policies procedures standards guidelines.administrative controls form framework running business managing people.inform people business run daytoday operations conducted. |
Information security | laws regulations created government bodies also type administrative control inform business.industry sectors policies procedures standards guidelines must followed – payment card industry data security standard pci dss required visa mastercard example.examples administrative controls include corporate security policy password policy hiring policies disciplinary policies.administrative controls form basis selection implementation logical physical controls.logical physical controls manifestations administrative controls paramount importance.logical logical controls also called technical controls use software data monitor control access information computing systems. |
Information security | passwords network hostbased firewalls network intrusion detection systems access control lists data encryption examples logical controls.an important logical control frequently overlooked principle least privilege requires individual program system process granted access privileges necessary perform task.blatant example failure adhere principle least privilege logging windows user administrator read email surf web.violations principle also occur individual collects additional access privileges time.happens employees job duties change employees promoted new position employees transferred another department.access privileges required new duties frequently added onto already existing access privileges may longer necessary appropriate. |
Information security | physical physical controls monitor control environment work place computing facilities.also monitor control access facilities include doors locks heating air conditioning smoke fire alarms fire suppression systems cameras barricades fencing security guards cable locks etc.separating network workplace functional areas also physical controls.an important physical control frequently overlooked separation duties ensures individual complete critical task himself.example employee submits request reimbursement also able authorize payment print check.applications programmer also server administrator database administrator roles responsibilities must separated one another. |
Information security | defense depth information security must protect information throughout lifespan initial creation information final disposal information.information must protected motion rest.lifetime information may pass many different information processing systems many different parts information processing systems.many different ways information information systems threatened.fully protect information lifetime component information processing system must protection mechanisms. |
Information security | building layering overlapping security measures called defense depth.contrast metal chain famously strong weakest link defense depth strategy aims structure one defensive measure fail measures continue provide protection.recall earlier discussion administrative controls logical controls physical controls.three types controls used form basis upon build defense depth strategy.approach defense depth conceptualized three distinct layers planes laid one top other.additional insight defense depth gained thinking forming layers onion data core onion people next outer layer onion network security hostbased security application security forming outermost layers onion. |
Information security | perspectives equally valid provides valuable insight implementation good defense depth strategy.classification important aspect information security risk management recognizing value information defining appropriate procedures protection requirements information.information equal information requires degree protection.requires information assigned security classification.first step information classification identify member senior management owner particular information classified. |
Information security | next develop classification policy.policy describe different classification labels define criteria information assigned particular label list required security controls classification.some factors influence classification information assigned include much value information organization old information whether information become obsolete.laws regulatory requirements also important considerations classifying information.information systems audit control association isaca business model information security also serves tool security professionals examine security systems perspective creating environment security managed holistically allowing actual risks addressed.the type information security classification labels selected used depend nature organization examples beingin business sector labels public sensitive private confidential.in government sector labels unclassified unofficial protected confidential secret top secret nonenglish equivalents.in crosssectoral formations traffic light protocol consists white green amber red.all employees organization well business partners must trained classification schema understand required security controls handling procedures classification.classification particular information asset assigned reviewed periodically ensure classification still appropriate information ensure security controls required classification place followed right procedures. |
Information security | access control access protected information must restricted people authorized access information.computer programs many cases computers process information must also authorized.requires mechanisms place control access protected information.sophistication access control mechanisms parity value information protected sensitive valuable information stronger control mechanisms need be.foundation access control mechanisms built start identification authentication.access control generally considered three steps identification authentication authorization. |
Information security | identification identification assertion someone something is.person makes statement hello name john doe making claim are.however claim may may true.john doe granted access protected information necessary verify person claiming john doe really john doe.typically claim form username. |
Information security | entering username claiming person username belongs to.authentication authentication act verifying claim identity.john doe goes bank make withdrawal tells bank teller john doe claim identity.bank teller asks see photo id hands teller drivers license.bank teller checks license make sure john doe printed compares photograph license person claiming john doe. |
Information security | photo name match person teller authenticated john doe claimed be.similarly entering correct password user providing evidence heshe person username belongs to.there three different types information used authenticationsomething know things pin password mothers maiden namesomething drivers license magnetic swipe cardsomething biometrics including palm prints fingerprints voice prints retina eye scansstrong authentication requires providing one type authentication information twofactor authentication.username common form identification computer systems today password common form authentication.usernames passwords served purpose increasingly inadequate.usernames passwords slowly replaced supplemented sophisticated authentication mechanisms timebased onetime password algorithms. |
Information security | authorization person program computer successfully identified authenticated must determined informational resources permitted access actions allowed perform run view create delete change.called authorization.authorization access information computing services begins administrative policies procedures.policies prescribe information computing services accessed conditions.access control mechanisms configured enforce policies. |
Information security | different computing systems equipped different kinds access control mechanisms.may even offer choice different access control mechanisms.access control mechanism system offers based upon one three approaches access control may derived combination three approaches.the nondiscretionary approach consolidates access control centralized administration.access information resources usually based individuals function role organization tasks individual must perform.discretionary approach gives creator owner information resource ability control access resources. |
Information security | mandatory access control approach access granted denied basing upon security classification assigned information resource.examples common access control mechanisms use today include rolebased access control available many advanced database management systems simple file permissions provided unix windows operating systems group policy objects provided windows network systems kerberos radius tacacs simple access lists used many firewalls routers.to effective policies security controls must enforceable upheld.effective policies ensure people held accountable actions.u.s. treasurys guidelines systems processing sensitive proprietary information example states failed successful authentication access attempts must logged access information must leave type audit trail.also needtoknow principle needs effect talking access control.principle gives access rights person perform job functions.principle used government dealing difference clearances. |
Information security | even though two employees different departments topsecret clearance must needtoknow order information exchanged.within needtoknow principle network administrators grant employee least amount privilege prevent employees accessing supposed to.needtoknow helps enforce confidentialityintegrityavailability triad.needtoknow directly impacts confidential area triad.cryptography information security uses cryptography transform usable information form renders unusable anyone authorized user process called encryption. |
Information security | information encrypted rendered unusable transformed back original usable form authorized user possesses cryptographic key process decryption.cryptography used information security protect information unauthorized accidental disclosure information transit either electronically physically information storage.cryptography provides information security useful applications well including improved authentication methods message digests digital signatures nonrepudiation encrypted network communications.older less secure applications telnet file transfer protocol ftp slowly replaced secure applications secure shell ssh use encrypted network communications.wireless communications encrypted using protocols wpawpa older less secure wep.wired communications itu‑t g.hn secured using aes encryption x. authentication key exchange. |
Information security | software applications gnupg pgp used encrypt data files email.cryptography introduce security problems implemented correctly.cryptographic solutions need implemented using industryaccepted solutions undergone rigorous peer review independent experts cryptography.length strength encryption key also important consideration.key weak short produce weak encryption.keys used encryption decryption must protected degree rigor confidential information. |
Information security | must protected unauthorized disclosure destruction must available needed.public key infrastructure pki solutions address many problems surround key management.process terms reasonable prudent person due care due diligence used fields finance securities law many years.recent years terms found way fields computing information security.u.s. federal sentencing guidelines make possible hold corporate officers liable failing exercise due care due diligence management information systems.in business world stockholders customers business partners governments expectation corporate officers run business accordance accepted business practices compliance laws regulatory requirements. |
Information security | often described reasonable prudent person rule.prudent person takes due care ensure everything necessary done operate business sound business principles legal ethical manner.prudent person also diligent mindful attentive ongoing due care business.in field information security harrisoffers following definitions due care due diligencedue care steps taken show company taken responsibility activities take place within corporation taken necessary steps help protect company resources employees.due diligence continual activities make sure protection mechanisms continually maintained operational.attention made two important points definitions.first due care steps taken show means steps verified measured even produce tangible artifacts. |
Information security | second due diligence continual activities means people actually things monitor maintain protection mechanisms activities ongoing.organizations responsibility practicing duty care applying information security.duty care risk analysis standard docra provides principles practices evaluating risk.considers parties could affected risks.docra helps evaluate safeguards appropriate protecting others harm presenting reasonable burden.increased data breach litigation companies must balance security controls compliance mission. |
Information security | security governance software engineering institute carnegie mellon university publication titled governing enterprise security ges implementation guide defines characteristics effective security governance.includean enterprisewide issueleaders accountableviewed business requirementriskbasedroles responsibilities segregation duties definedaddressed enforced policyadequate resources committedstaff aware traineda development life cycle requirementplanned managed measurable measuredreviewed audited incident response plans incident response plan irp group policies dictate organizations reaction cyber attack.security breach identified plan initiated.important note legal implications data breach.knowing local federal laws critical. |
Information security | every plan unique needs organization involve skill sets part team.example lawyer may included response plan help navigate legal implications data breach.as mentioned every plan unique plans include following preparation good preparation includes development incident response team irt.skills need used team would penetration testing computer forensics network security etc.team also keep track trends cybersecurity modern attack strategies.training program end users important well modern attack strategies target users network. |
Information security | identification part incident response plan identifies security event.end user reports information admin notices irregularities investigation launched.incident log crucial part step.members team updating log ensure information flows fast possible.identified security breach occurred next step activated. |
Information security | containment phase irt works isolate areas breach took place limit scope security event.phase important preserve information forensically analyzed later process.containment could simple physically containing server room complex segmenting network allow spread virus.eradication threat identified removed affected systems.could include using deleting malicious files terminating compromised accounts deleting components. |
Information security | events require step however important fully understand event moving step.help ensure threat completely removed.recovery stage systems restored back original operation.stage could include recovery data changing user access information updating firewall rules policies prevent breach future.without executing step system could still vulnerable future security threats. |
Information security | lessons learned step information gathered process used make future decisions security.step crucial ensure future events prevented.using information train admins critical process.step also used process information distributed entities experienced security event.change management change management formal process directing controlling alterations information processing environment. |
Information security | includes alterations desktop computers network servers software.objectives change management reduce risks posed changes information processing environment improve stability reliability processing environment changes made.objective change management prevent hinder necessary changes implemented.any change information processing environment introduces element risk.even apparently simple changes unexpected effects.one managements many responsibilities management risk. |
Information security | change management tool managing risks introduced changes information processing environment.part change management process ensures changes implemented inopportune times may disrupt critical business processes interfere changes implemented.not every change needs managed.kinds changes part everyday routine information processing adhere predefined procedure reduces overall level risk processing environment.creating new user account deploying new desktop computer examples changes generally require change management.however relocating user file shares upgrading email server pose much higher level risk processing environment normal everyday activity. |
Information security | critical first steps change management defining change communicating definition b defining scope change system.change management usually overseen change review board composed representatives key business areas security networking systems administrators database administration application developers desktop support help desk.tasks change review board facilitated use automated work flow application.responsibility change review board ensure organizations documented change management procedures followed.change management process followsrequest anyone request change.person making change request may may person performs analysis implements change. |
Information security | request change received may undergo preliminary review determine requested change compatible organizations business model practices determine amount resources needed implement change.approve management runs business controls allocation resources therefore management must approve requests changes assign priority every change.management might choose reject change request change compatible business model industry standards best practices.management might also choose reject change request change requires resources allocated change.plan planning change involves discovering scope impact proposed change analyzing complexity change allocation resources developing testing documenting implementation backout plans.need define criteria decision back made.test every change must tested safe test environment closely reflects actual production environment change applied production environment.backout plan must also tested.schedule part change review boards responsibility assist scheduling changes reviewing proposed implementation date potential conflicts scheduled changes critical business activities.communicate change scheduled must communicated. |
Information security | communication give others opportunity remind change review board changes critical business activities might overlooked scheduling change.communication also serves make help desk users aware change occur.another responsibility change review board ensure scheduled changes properly communicated affected change otherwise interest change.implement appointed date time changes must implemented.part planning process develop implementation plan testing plan back plan.implementation change fail post implementation testing fails drop dead criteria met back plan implemented.document changes must documented. |
Information security | documentation includes initial request change approval priority assigned implementation testing back plans results change review board critique datetime change implemented implemented whether change implemented successfully failed postponed.postchange review change review board hold postimplementation review changes.particularly important review failed backed changes.review board try understand problems encountered look areas improvement.change management procedures simple follow easy use greatly reduce overall risks created changes made information processing environment.good change management procedures improve overall quality success changes implemented.accomplished planning peer review documentation communication.isoiec visible ops handbook implementing itil practical auditable steps full book summary itil provide valuable guidance implementing efficient effective change management program information security. |
Information security | business continuity business continuity management bcm concerns arrangements aiming protect organizations critical business functions interruption due incidents least minimize effects.bcm essential organization keep technology business line current threats continuation business usual.bcm included organizations risk analysis plan ensure necessary business functions need keep going event type threat business function.it encompassesanalysis requirements e.g.identifying critical business functions dependencies potential failure points potential threats hence incidents risks concern organizationspecification e.g.maximum tolerable outage periods recovery point objectives maximum acceptable periods data lossarchitecture design e.g. |
Information security | appropriate combination approaches including resilience e.g.engineering systems processes high availability avoiding preventing situations might interrupt business incident emergency management e.g.evacuating premises calling emergency services triagesituation assessment invoking recovery plans recovery e.g.rebuilding contingency management generic capabilities deal positively whatever occurs using whatever resources availableimplementation e.g.configuring scheduling backups data transfers etc. |
Information security | duplicating strengthening critical elements contracting service equipment supplierstesting e.g.business continuity exercises various types costs assurance levelsmanagement e.g.defining strategies setting objectives goals planning directing work allocating funds people resources prioritization relative activities team building leadership control motivation coordination business functions activities e.g.facilities human resources risk management information risk security operations monitoring situation checking updating arrangements things change maturing approach continuous improvement learning appropriate investmentassurance e.g.testing specified requirements measuring analyzing reporting key parameters conducting additional tests reviews audits greater confidence arrangements go plan invoked.whereas bcm takes broad approach minimizing disasterrelated risks reducing probability severity incidents disaster recovery plan drp focuses specifically resuming business operations quickly possible disaster. |
Information security | disaster recovery plan invoked soon disaster occurs lays steps necessary recover critical information communications technology ict infrastructure.disaster recovery planning includes establishing planning group performing risk assessment establishing priorities developing recovery strategies preparing inventories documentation plan developing verification criteria procedure lastly implementing plan.laws regulations partial listing governmental laws regulations various parts world significant effect data processing information security.important industry sector regulations also included significant impact information security.the uk data protection act makes new provisions regulation processing information relating individuals including obtaining holding use disclosure information.european union data protection directive eudpd requires e.u. |
Information security | members adopt national regulations standardize protection data privacy citizens throughout e.u.the computer misuse act act u.k. parliament making computer crime e.g.hacking criminal offense.act become model upon several countries including canada republic ireland drawn inspiration subsequently drafting information security laws.the e.u.s data retention directive annulled required internet service providers phone companies keep data every electronic message sent phone call made six months two years.the family educational rights privacy act ferpa u.s.c.§ g cfr part u.s. federal law protects privacy student education records.law applies schools receive funds applicable program u.s. department education. |
Information security | generally schools must written permission parent eligible student order release information students education record.the federal financial institutions examination councils ffiec security guidelines auditors specifies requirements online banking security.the health insurance portability accountability act hipaa requires adoption national standards electronic health care transactions national identifiers providers health insurance plans employers.additionally requires health care providers insurance providers employers safeguard security privacy health data.the gramm–leach–bliley act glba also known financial services modernization act protects privacy security private financial information financial institutions collect hold process.section sarbanes–oxley act sox requires publicly traded companies assess effectiveness internal controls financial reporting annual reports submit end fiscal year.chief information officers responsible security accuracy reliability systems manage report financial data.act also requires publicly traded companies engage independent auditors must attest report validity assessments.the payment card industry data security standard pci dss establishes comprehensive requirements enhancing payment account data security.developed founding payment brands pci security standards council — including american express discover financial services jcb mastercard worldwide visa international — help facilitate broad adoption consistent data security measures global basis. |
Information security | pci dss multifaceted security standard includes requirements security management policies procedures network architecture software design critical protective measures.state security breach notification laws california many others require businesses nonprofits state institutions notify consumers unencrypted personal information may compromised lost stolen.the personal information protection electronics document act pipeda canada supports promotes electronic commerce protecting personal information collected used disclosed certain circumstances providing use electronic means communicate record information transactions amending canada evidence act statutory instruments act statute revision act.greeces hellenic authority communication security privacy adae law establishes describes minimum information security controls deployed every company provides electronic communication networks andor services greece order protect customers confidentiality.include managerial technical controls e.g.log records stored two years.greeces hellenic authority communication security privacy adae law concentrates around protection integrity availability services data offered greek telecommunication companies.law forces related companies build deploy test appropriate business continuity plans redundant infrastructures.culture describing simply security aware employees information security culture ideas customs social behaviors organization impact information security positive negative ways. |
Information security | cultural concepts help different segments organization work effectively work effectiveness towards information security within organization.way employees think feel security actions take big impact information security organizations.roer petric identify seven core dimensions information security culture organizationsattitudes employees’ feelings emotions various activities pertain organizational security information.behaviors actual intended activities risktaking actions employees direct indirect impact information security.cognition employees awareness verifiable knowledge beliefs regarding practices activities selfefficacy relation related information security.communication ways employees communicate sense belonging support security issues incident reporting.compliance adherence organizational security policies awareness existence policies ability recall substance policies.norms perceptions securityrelated organizational conduct practices informally deemed either normal deviant employees peers e.g.hidden expectations regarding security behaviors unwritten rules regarding uses informationcommunication technologies.responsibilities employees understanding roles responsibilities critical factor sustaining endangering security information thereby organization.andersson reimers found employees often see part organization information security effort often take actions ignore organizational information security best interests.research shows information security culture needs improved continuously. |
Information security | information security culture analysis change authors commented never ending process cycle evaluation change maintenance.manage information security culture five steps taken preevaluation strategic planning operative planning implementation postevaluation.preevaluation identify awareness information security within employees analyze current security policystrategic planning come better awarenessprogram need set clear targets.clustering people helpful achieve itoperative planning create good security culture based internal communication management buyin security awareness training programsimplementation feature commitment management communication organizational members courses organizational members commitment employeespostevaluation better gauge effectiveness prior steps build continuous improvement sources standards international organization standardization iso consortium national standards institutes countries coordinated secretariat geneva switzerland.iso worlds largest developer standards.iso information technology – security techniques – framework security assurance isoiec information technology – security techniques – code practice information security management iso information technology – service management isoiec information technology – security techniques – information security management systems – requirements particular interest information security professionals.the us national institute standards technology nist nonregulatory federal agency within u.s. department commerce. |
Information security | nist computer security divisiondevelops standards metrics tests validation programs well publishes standards guidelines increase secure planning implementation management operation.nist also custodian u.s. federal information processing standard publications fips.the internet society professional membership society organizations individual members countries.provides leadership addressing issues confront future internet organizational home groups responsible internet infrastructure standards including internet engineering task force ietf internet architecture board iab.isoc hosts requests comments rfcs includes official internet protocol standards rfc site security handbook.the information security forum isf global nonprofit organization several hundred leading organizations financial services manufacturing telecommunications consumer goods government areas.undertakes research information security practices offers advice biannual standard good practice detailed advisories members.the institute information security professionals iisp independent nonprofit body governed members principal objective advancing professionalism information security practitioners thereby professionalism industry whole. |
Information security | institute developed iisp skills framework.framework describes range competencies expected information security information assurance professionals effective performance roles.developed collaboration private public sector organizations worldrenowned academics security leaders.the german federal office information security german bundesamt für sicherheit der informationstechnik bsi bsistandards – set recommendations including methods processes procedures approaches measures relating information security.bsistandard itgrundschutz methodology describes information security management implemented operated.standard includes specific guide baseline protection catalogs also known itgrundschutz catalogs. |
Information security | catalogs formerly known baseline protection manual.catalogs collection documents useful detecting combating securityrelevant weak points environment cluster.collection encompasses september pages introduction catalogs.itgrundschutz approach aligned isoiec x family.the european telecommunications standards institute standardized catalog information security indicators headed industrial specification group isg isi.see also references reading external links dod ia policy chart archived wayback machine dod information assurance technology analysis center web site.patterns practices security engineering explainedopen security architecture controls patterns secure systemsiws – information security chapter archived wayback machineross andersons book security engineering |
Hardware Trojan | hardware trojan completely characterized physical representation behavior.payload ht entire activity trojan executes triggered.general trojans try bypass disable security fence system example leaking confidential information radio emission.hts also could disable damage destroy entire chip components it.hardware trojans may introduced hidden frontdoors inserted designing computer chip using premade applicationspecific integrated circuit asic semiconductor intellectual property core ip core purchased nonreputable source inserted internally rogue employee either acting behalf rogue special interest groups state sponsored spying espionage.one recent paper published ieee explains hardware design containing trojan could leak cryptographic key leaked antenna network connection provided correct easter egg trigger applied activate data leak.in high security governmental departments hardware trojans well known problem buying hardware kvm switch keyboards mice network cards network equipment.especially case purchasing equipment nonreputable sources could placed hardware trojans leak keyboard passwords provide remote unauthorized entry. |
Hardware Trojan | background diverse global economy outsourcing production tasks common way lower products cost.embedded hardware devices always produced firms design andor sell country used.outsourced manufacturing raise doubt evidence integrity manufactured product i.e.ones certainty endproduct design modifications compared original design.anyone access manufacturing process could theory introduce change final product. |
Hardware Trojan | complex products small changes large effects difficult detect.the threat serious malicious design alteration especially relevant government agencies.resolving doubt hardware integrity one way reduce technology vulnerabilities military finance energy political sectors economy.since fabrication integrated circuits untrustworthy factories common advanced detection techniques emerged discover adversary hidden additional components otherwise sabotaged circuits function.characterization hardware trojans ht characterized several methods physical representation activation phase action phase.alternative methods characterize ht trigger payload stealth. |
Hardware Trojan | physical characteristics one physical trojan characteristics type.type trojan either functional parametric.trojan functional adversary adds deletes transistors gates original chip design.kind trojan parametric trojan modifies original circuitry e.g.thinning wires weakening flipflops transistors subjecting chip radiation using focused ionbeams fib reduce reliability chip.the size trojan physical extension number components made of. |
Hardware Trojan | trojan consist many components designer distribute parts malicious logic chip.additional logic occupy chip wherever needed modify add remove function.malicious components scattered called loose distribution consist components called tight distribution area small malicious logic occupies layout chip.in cases higheffort adversaries may regenerate layout placement components ic altered.rare cases chip dimension altered.changes structural alterations. |
Hardware Trojan | activation characteristics typical trojan conditionbased triggered sensors internal logic states particular input pattern internal counter value.conditionbased trojans detectable power traces degree inactive.due leakage currents generated trigger counter circuit activating trojan.hardware trojans triggered different ways.trojan internally activated means monitors one signals inside ic.malicious circuitry could wait count logic attacker added chip trojan awakes specific timespan. |
Hardware Trojan | opposite externally activated.malicious logic inside chip uses antenna sensors adversary reach outside chip.example trojan could inside control system cruising missile.owner missile know enemy able switch rockets radio.a trojan alwayson reduced wire.chip modified way produces errors fails every time wire used intensely. |
Hardware Trojan | alwayson circuits hard detect power trace.in context combinational trojans sequential trojans distinguished.combinational trojan monitors internal signals specific condition happens.sequential trojan also internally activated conditionbased circuit monitors internal signals searches sequences specific state condition like combinational trojans do.cryptographic key extraction extraction secret keys means hardware trojan without detecting trojan requires trojan uses random signal cryptographic implementation itself.to avoid storing cryptographic key trojan reduction physical unclonable function used.physical unclonable functions small size identical layout cryptographic properties different action characteristics ht could modify chips function changes chips parametric properties e.g. |
Hardware Trojan | provokes process delay.confidential information also transmitted adversary transmission key information.peripheral device hardware trojans relatively new threat vector networks network endpoints ht appearing physical peripheral device designed interact network endpoint using approved peripheral devices communication protocol.example usb keyboard hides malicious processing cycles target network endpoint attached communicating target network endpoint using unintended usb channels.sensitive data exfiltrated target network endpoint ht ht process data decide store memory later physical retrieval ht possibly exfiltrate internet using wireless using compromised network endpoint pivot. |
Hardware Trojan | potential threat common trojan passive timespan altered device use activation cause fatal damage.trojan activated functionality changed device destroyed disabled leak confidential information tear security safety.trojans stealthy means precondition activation rare event.traditional testing techniques sufficient.manufacturing fault happens random position malicious changes well placed avoid detection. |
Hardware Trojan | detection physical inspection first molding coat cut reveal circuitry.engineer repeatedly scans surface grinding layers chip.several operations scan circuitry.typical visual inspection methods scanning optical microscopy som scanning electron microscopy sem picosecond imaging circuit analysis pica voltage contrast imaging vci light induced voltage alteration liva charge induced voltage alteration civa.compare floor plan chip compared image actual chip. |
Hardware Trojan | still quite challenging do.detect trojan hardware include crypto keys different image diff taken reveal different structure chip.known hardware trojan using unique crypto keys structure is.property enhances undetectability trojan.functional testing detection method stimulates input ports chip monitors output detect manufacturing faults. |
Hardware Trojan | logic values output match genuine pattern defect trojan could found.builtin tests builtin selftest bist design test dft techniques add circuitry logic chip intended help verify chip built implements functional specification.extra logic monitors input stimulus internal signals memory states generally computing checksums exposing internal registers via customized scanning technique.dft usually coordinates external testing mechanism bistenabled chips incorporate custom testpattern generators.bist functionality often exists perform atspeed high speed verification possible use scan chains lowspeed dft capabilities. |
Hardware Trojan | methods originally developed detect manufacturing errors also doubleedged potential detect effects malicious logic chip exploited malicious logic covertly inspect remote state within chip.consider dft recognizes unintended logic.driven dft inputs genuine chip generates familiar signature defective altered chip displays unexpected signature.signature may consist number data outputs chip entire scan chain intermediate data result.trojandetection context dft logic may regarded encryption algorithm using dft input key sign message derived behavior design test.intrusionavoidance context bist dft functions typically disabled hardwarereconfiguration outside manufacturing environment access chips internal state expose function covert surveillance subversive attack. |
Hardware Trojan | side channel analyses every device electrically active emits different signals like magnetic electric fields.signals caused electric activity analyzed gain information state data device processes.advanced methods measure sideeffects developed sensitive sidechannel attack.hence possible detect tightly coupled trojans via measurement analog signals.measured values used signature analyzed device. |
Hardware Trojan | also common set measured values evaluated avoid measurement errors inaccuracies.see also fdivhardware backdoorhardware obfuscationhardware securitykill switchphysical unclonable function pufsecurity switchintel management engine reading mainak banga michael s. hsiao region based approach identification hardware trojans bradley department electrical computer engineering virginia tech.host a. l. d’souza m. hsiao error diagnosis sequential circuits using regionbased model proceedings ieee vlsi design conference january pp.–.c.fagot o. gascuel p. girard c. landrault calculating efficient lfsr seeds builtin self test proc. |
Hardware Trojan | european test workshop pp –g.hetherington t. fryars n. tamarapalli m. kassab a. hassan j. rajski logic bist large industrial designs real issues case studies itc pp.–w.t. cheng m. sharma t. rinderknecht c. hill signature based diagnosis logic bist itc oct. pp.–rajat subhra chakraborty somnath paul swarup bhunia ondemand transparency improving hardware trojan detectability department electrical engineering computer science case western reserve university cleveland oh usayier jin yiorgos makris hardware trojan detection using path delay fingerprint department electrical engineering yale university new havenreza rad mohammad tehranipoor jim plusquellic sensitivity analysis hardware trojans using power supply transient signals st ieee international workshop hardwareoriented security trust host dakshi agrawal selcuk baktir deniz karakoyunlu pankaj rohatgi berk sunar trojan detection using ic fingerprinting ibm t.j. watson research center yorktown heights electrical computer engineering worcester polytechnic institute worcester massachusetts nov p. song f. stellari d. pfeiffer j. culp a. weger a. bonnoit b. wisnieff t. taubenblatt marvel malicious alteration recognition verification emission lightieee int. |
Hardware Trojan | symp.hardwareoriented security trust host pp.– xiaoxiao wang mohammad tehranipoor jim plusquellic detecting malicious inclusions secure hardware challenges solutions st ieee international workshop hardwareoriented security trust host miron abramovici paul bradley integrated circuit security new threats solutionszheng gong marc x. makkes hardware trojan sidechannels based physical unclonable functions information security theory practice.security privacy mobile devices wireless communication lecture notes computer science p.vasilios mavroudis andrea cerulli petr svenda dan cvrcek dusan klinec george danezis.touch evil highassurance cryptographic hardware untrusted components. |
Security-focused operating system | th acm conference computer communications security dallas tx oct thnov rd .xinmu wang hardware trojan attacks threat analysis lowcost countermeasures goldenfree detection andsecure design case western reserve university.references external links hardware trojan lecture university floridatrusthub websiteoperating systems generalpurpose usage may secure without specific focus security.similar concepts include securityevaluated operating systems achieved certification auditing organization trusted operating systems provide sufficient support multilevel security evidence correctness meet particular set requirements.linux androidbased grapheneos free open source privacy security focused android custom romkali nethunter free open source kali linux based mobile operating system usually android devices debianbased subgraph linuxbased operating system designed resistant surveillance interference sophisticated adversaries internet.subgraph os designed features aim reduce attack surface operating system increase difficulty required carry certain classes attack.accomplished system hardening proactive ongoing focus security attack resistance.subgraph os also places emphasis ensuring integrity installed software packages deterministic compilation. |
Security-focused operating system | subgraph os features kernel hardened grsecurity pax patchset linux namespaces xpra application containment mandatory file system encryption using luks resistance cold boot attacks configured default isolate network communications installed applications independent circuits tor anonymity network.tails securityfocused linux distribution aimed preserving privacy anonymity.meant run livecd usb drive write kind data drive unless specified persistence set.way lives ram everything purged system whenever powered off.tails designed emergency shutdown erase data ram medium resides expelled.whonix anonymous general purpose operating system based virtualbox debian linux tor.whonix design ip dns leaks impossible. |
Security-focused operating system | even malware superuser find users real ip addresslocation.whonix consists two virtual machines.one machine solely runs tor acts gateway called whonixgateway.machine called whonixworkstation completely isolated network.also possible use multiple whonix workstations simultaneously one gateway provide stream isolation though necessarily endorsed. |
Security-focused operating system | connections forced tor whonix gateway virtual machine therefore ip dns leaks impossible.fedorabased qubes os desktop operating system based around xen hypervisor allows grouping programs number isolated sandboxes virtual machines provide security.windows programs running within sandboxes security domains color coded easy recognition.security domains configurable transient changes file system preserved network connection routed special virtual machines example one provides tor networking.operating system provides secure mechanisms copy paste copying files security domains gentoobased pentoo live cd live usb designed penetration testing security assessment. |
Security-focused operating system | based gentoo linux pentoo provided bit installable live cd.built hardened gentoo linux including hardened kernel toolchain.tin hat linux derived hardened gentoo linux.aims provide secure stable fast desktop environment lives purely ram.linux distributions alpine linux actively maintained lightweight musl busyboxbased distribution.uses pax grsecurity patches default kernel compiles packages stacksmashing protection.annvix originally forked mandriva provide securityfocused server distribution employs propolice protection hardened configuration small footprint. |
Security-focused operating system | plans include full support rsbac mandatory access control system.annvix dormant however last version released december .engarde secure linux secure platform designed servers.browserbased tool mac using selinux since .additionally accompanied web dns email enterprise applications specifically focusing security without unnecessary software.community platform engarde secure linux bleedingedge version freely available download.immunix commercial distribution linux focused heavily security. |
Security-focused operating system | supplied many systems making including stackguard cryptographic signing executables race condition patches format string exploit guarding code.immunix traditionally releases older versions distribution free noncommercial use.immunix distribution licensed two licenses immunix commercial noncommercial licenses.many tools within gpl however kernel.solar designers openwall project owl first distribution nonexecutable userspace stack tmp race condition protection access control restrictions proc data way kernel patch.also features peruser tmp directory via pammktemp pam module supports blowfish password encryption. |
Security-focused operating system | bsdbased trustedbsd subproject freebsd designed add trusted operating system extensions targeting common criteria information technology security evaluation see also orange book.main focuses working access control lists event auditing extended attributes mandatory access controls finegrained capabilities.since access control lists known confronted confused deputy problem capabilities different way avoid issue.part trustedbsd project also port nsas flaskte implementation run freebsd.many trusted extensions integrated main freebsd branch starting .x.openbsd research operating system developing security mitigations. |
Security-focused operating system | objectcapability systems operating systems engineered around objectcapabilities security paradigm instead system deciding access request granted bundling authority designation makes impossible request anything legitimate.caproserosgenodefiasco.ockeykossel solarisbased trusted solaris securityfocused version solaris unix operating system.aimed primarily government computing sector trusted solaris adds detailed auditing tasks pluggable authentication mandatory access control additional physical authentication devices finegrained access control.trusted solaris common criteria certified.recent version trusted solaris released received eal certification level augmented number protection profiles.telnet vulnerable buffer overflow exploits patched april . |
Cybercrime | see also referencescomputer may used commission crime may target.cybercrime may harm someones security financial health.there many privacy concerns surrounding cybercrime confidential information intercepted disclosed lawfully otherwise.internationally governmental nonstate actors engage cybercrimes including espionage financial theft crossborder crimes.cybercrimes crossing international borders involving actions least one nationstate sometimes referred cyberwarfare.warren buffett describes cybercrime number one problem mankind poses real risks humanity.a report sponsored mcafee published estimated annual damage global economy billion. |
Cybercrime | report cybersecurity ventures predicted global damages incurred result cybercrime would cost trillion annually .trillion annually .approximately .billion lost online credit debit card fraud us.study center strategic international studies csis partnership mcafee concludes nearly one percent global gdp close billion lost cybercrime year.world economic forum global risk report confirmed organized cybercrimes bodies joining forces perpetrate criminal activities online estimating likelihood detection prosecution less percent us. |
Cybercrime | classifications traditional crime reducing global communities continue witness sporadic growth cybercrime.computer crime encompasses broad range activities financial crimes scams cybersex trafficking ad frauds financial fraud crimes computer fraud dishonest misrepresentation fact intended let another refrain something causes loss.context fraud result obtaining benefit byaltering unauthorized way.requires little technical expertise common form theft employees altering data entry entering false data entering unauthorized instructions using unauthorized processesaltering destroying suppressing stealing output usually conceal unauthorized transactions.difficult detectaltering deleting stored dataother forms fraud may facilitated using computer systems including bank fraud carding identity theft extortion theft classified information. |
Cybercrime | types crime often result loss private information monetary information.cyberterrorism government officials information technology security specialists documented significant increase internet problems server scams since early .growing concern among government agencies federal bureau investigations fbi central intelligence agency cia intrusions part organized effort cyberterrorist foreign intelligence services groups map potential security holes critical systems.cyberterrorist someone intimidates coerces government organization advance political social objectives launching computerbased attack computers networks information stored them.cyberterrorism general defined act terrorism committed use cyberspace computer resources parker .simple propaganda piece internet bomb attacks holidays considered cyberterrorism. |
Cybercrime | also hacking activities directed towards individuals families organized groups within networks tending cause fear among people demonstrate power collecting information relevant ruining peoples lives robberies blackmailing etc.cyberextortion cyberextortion occurs website email server computer system subjected threatened repeated denial service attacks malicious hackers.hackers demand money return promising stop attacks offer protection.according federal bureau investigation cybercrime extortionists increasingly attacking corporate websites networks crippling ability operate demanding payments restore service.cases reported month fbi many go unreported order keep victims name public domain. |
Cybercrime | perpetrators typically use distributed denialofservice attack.however cyberextortion techniques exist doxing extortion bug poaching.an example cyberextortion attack sony pictures .ransomware kind cyberextortion malware used restrict access files sometimes threatening permanent data erasure unless ransom paid.kapersky lab security bulletin report estimates business falls victim ransomware every minutes.predicted attack business every minutes .ransomware remaining one fastest growing cybercrimes world global ransomware damage predicted cost billion . |
Cybercrime | cybersex trafficking cybersex trafficking transportation victims live streaming coerced sexual acts rape webcam.victims abducted threatened deceived transferred cybersex dens.dens location cybersex traffickers computer tablet phone internet connection.perpetrators use social media networks videoconferences dating pages online chat rooms apps dark web sites platforms.use online payment systems cryptocurrencies hide identities. |
Cybercrime | millions reports occurrence sent authorities annually.new legislation police procedures needed combat type cybercrime.an example cybersex trafficking – nth room case south korea.cyberwarfare u.s. department defense notes cyberspace emerged nationallevel concern several recent events geostrategic significance.among included attack estonias infrastructure allegedly russian hackers.august russia allegedly conducted cyber attacks time coordinated synchronized kinetic nonkinetic campaign country georgia. |
Cybercrime | fearing attacks may become norm future warfare among nationstates concept cyberspace operations impacts adapted warfighting military commanders future.computer target crimes committed selected group criminals.unlike crimes using computer tool crimes require technical knowledge perpetrators.technology evolves nature crime.crimes relatively new existence long computers have—which explains unprepared society world general towards combating crimes. |
Cybercrime | numerous crimes nature committed daily internet.seldom committed loners instead involves large syndicate groups.crimes primarily target computer networks includecomputer virusesdenialofservice attacksmalware malicious code computer tool individual main target cybercrime computer considered tool rather target.crimes generally involve less technical expertise.human weaknesses generally exploited.damage dealt largely psychological intangible making legal action variants difficult. |
Cybercrime | crimes existed centuries offline world.scams theft likes existed even development hightech equipment.criminal simply given tool increases potential pool victims makes harder trace apprehend.crimes use computer networks devices advance ends includefraud identity theft although increasingly uses malware hacking phishing making example computer target computer tool crimeinformation warfarephishing scamsspampropagation illegal obscene offensive content including harassment threatsthe unsolicited sending bulk email commercial purposes spam unlawful jurisdictions.phishing mostly propagated via email.phishing emails may contain links websites affected malware.may contain links fake online banking websites used steal private account information. |
Cybercrime | obscene offensive content content websites electronic communications may distasteful obscene offensive variety reasons.instances communications may illegal.the extent communications unlawful varies greatly countries even within nations.sensitive area courts become involved arbitrating groups strong beliefs.one area internet pornography target strongest efforts curtailment child pornography illegal jurisdictions world.debarati halder k. jaishankar define cybercrime perspective gender defined cybercrime women crimes targeted women motive intentionally harm victim psychologically physically using modern telecommunication networks internet mobile phones.adfraud adfrauds particularly popular among cybercriminals frauds less likely prosecuted particularly lucrative cybercrimes. |
Cybercrime | jeanloup richet professor sorbonne business school classified large variety adfraud observed cybercriminal communities three categories identity fraud attribution fraud adfraud services.identity fraud aims impersonate real users inflate audience numbers.several adfraud techniques relate category include traffic bots coming hosting company data center compromised devices cookie stuffing falsifying user characteristics location browser type fake social traffic misleading users social networks visiting advertised website creation fake social signals make bot look legitimate instance opening twitter facebook account.attribution fraud aims impersonate real users’ behaviors clicks activities conversations etc.. multiple adfraud techniques belong category hijacked devices use infected users malware part botnet participate ad fraud campaigns click farms companies lowwage employees paid click engage conversations affiliates’ offers incentivized browsing video placement abuse delivered display banner slots hidden ads never viewed real users domain spoofing ads served website advertised realtime bidding website clickjacking user forced click ad.ad fraud services related online infrastructure hosting services might needed undertake identity attribution fraud .services involve creation spam websites fake networks websites created provide artificial backlinks link building services hosting services creation fake scam pages impersonating famous brand used part ad fraud campaign.a successful adfraud campaign involves sophisticated combination three types adfraud—sending fake traffic bots using fake social accounts falsified cookies bots click ads available scam page faking famous brand.online harassment whereas content may offensive nonspecific way harassment directs obscenities derogatory comments specific individuals focusing example gender race religion nationality sexual orientation.there instances committing crime using computer lead enhanced sentence.example case united states v. neil scott kramer defendant given enhanced sentence according u.s. sentencing guidelines manual §g.b use cell phone persuade induce entice coerce facilitate travel minor engage prohibited sexual conduct. |
Cybercrime | kramer appealed sentence grounds insufficient evidence convict statute charge included persuading computer device cellular phone technically computer.although kramer tried argue point u.s. sentencing guidelines manual states term computer means electronic magnetic optical electrochemical highspeed data processing device performing logical arithmetic storage functions includes data storage facility communications facility directly related operating conjunction device.in united states alone missouri states passed laws regulations regard extreme online harassment criminal act.acts punished federal scale us code section states using computers threaten harass lead sentence years depending action taken.several countries outside united states also created laws combat online harassment.china country supports percent worlds internet users legislative affairs office state council passed strict law bullying young people bill response human flesh search engine.united kingdom passed malicious communications act among acts stated sending messages letters electronically government deemed indecent grossly offensive andor language intended cause distress anxiety lead prison sentence six months potentially large fine. |
Cybercrime | australia directly addressing issue harassment grouped majority online harassment criminal code act .using telecommunication send threats harass cause offense direct violation act.although freedom speech protected law democratic societies us done first amendment include types speech.fact spoken written true threat speechtext criminalized intent harm intimidate.also applies online type networkrelated threats written text speech.cyberbullying increased drastically growing popularity online social networking.january adult internet users united states personally experienced online harassment. |
Cybercrime | children experience online harassment deal negative sometimes lifethreatening side effects.reports displayed children developing social anxiety children developing depression children suicidal thoughts.the united arab emirates named spying scandal gulf nation along repressive governments purchased nso group’s mobile spyware pegasus mass surveillance.prominent activists journalists targeted part campaign including ahmed mansoor princess latifa princess haya more.ghada oueiss one many highprofile female journalists activists became target online harassment.oueiss filed lawsuit uae ruler mohamed bin zayed al nahyan along defendants accusing sharing photos online. |
Cybercrime | defendants including uae ruler filed motions dismiss case hackandleak attack.drug trafficking darknet markets used buy sell recreational drugs online.drug traffickers use encrypted messaging tools communicate drug mules.dark web site silk road major online marketplace drugs shut law enforcement reopened new management shut law enforcement again.silk road . |
Cybercrime | went silk road reloaded emerged.however older marketplace named diabolus market used name exposure brands previous success.darknet markets uprise traffic recent years many reasons.one biggest contributors anonymity safety goes along using markets.numerous ways lose money invested caught using darknet markets.vendors customers alike go great lengths keep identities secret online. |
Cybercrime | commonly used tools virtual private networks tails tor help hide trail left behind investigators.darknet markets make user feel safe get want comfort home.people easily gain access tor browser duckduckgo browser allows user explore much deeper browsers google chrome.however actually gaining access illicit market isnt simple typing search engine like would google.darknet markets special links changing everyday ending .onion opposed typical .com .net. |
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