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Information assurance | vulnerabilities information assets determined order enumerate threats capable exploiting assets.assessment considers probability impact threat exploiting vulnerability asset impact usually measured terms cost assets stakeholders.sum products threats impact probability occurring total risk information asset.with risk assessment complete ia practitioner develops risk management plan.plan proposes countermeasures involve mitigating eliminating accepting transferring risks considers prevention detection response threats.framework published standards organization nist rmf risk cobit pci dss isoiec may guide development. |
Information assurance | countermeasures may include technical tools firewalls antivirus software policies procedures requiring controls regular backups configuration hardening employee training security awareness organizing personnel dedicated computer emergency response team cert computer security incident response team csirt.cost benefit countermeasure carefully considered.thus ia practitioner seek eliminate risks possible manage costeffective way.after risk management plan implemented tested evaluated often means formal audits.ia process iterative one risk assessment risk management plan meant periodically revised improved based data gathered completeness effectiveness.there exist two metatechniques information assurance audit risk assessment.business risk management business risk management breaks three main processes risk assessment risk mitigation evaluation assessment. |
Information assurance | information assurance one methodologies organizations use implement business risk management.use information assurance policies like brick frame work.additionally business risk management also occurs comply federal international laws regarding release security information hipaa information assurance aligned corporates strategies training awareness senior management involvement support intraorganizational communication allowing greater internal control business risk management.many security executives firms moving reliance information assurance protect intellectual property protect potential data leakage protect users themselves.use information assurance good ensuring certain pillars like confidentiality nonrepudiation etc. |
Information assurance | conflicting nature increase security often comes expense speed.said use information assurance business model improves reliable management decision making customer trust business continuity good governance public private sector.standards organizations standards number international national bodies issue standards information assurance practices policies procedures.uk include information assurance advisory council information assurance collaboration group.see also references notesbibliography |
Backdoor (computing) | home router embodiment e.g.part cryptosystem algorithm chipset even homunculus computer —a tiny computerwithinacomputer found intels amt technology.backdoors often used securing remote access computer obtaining access plaintext cryptographic systems.may used gain access privileged information like passwords corrupt delete data hard drives transfer information within autoschediastic networks.a backdoor may take form hidden part program separate program e.g.back orifice may subvert system rootkit code firmware hardware parts operating system windows. |
Backdoor (computing) | trojan horses used create vulnerabilities device.trojan horse may appear entirely legitimate program executed triggers activity may install backdoor.although secretly installed backdoors deliberate widely known.kinds backdoors legitimate uses providing manufacturer way restore user passwords.many systems store information within cloud fail create accurate security measures.many systems connected within cloud hackers gain access platforms vulnerable system.default passwords default credentials function backdoors changed user. |
Backdoor (computing) | debugging features also act backdoors removed release version.in united states government attempted deploy encryption system clipper chip explicit backdoor law enforcement national security access.chip unsuccessful.overview threat backdoors surfaced multiuser networked operating systems became widely adopted.petersen turn discussed computer subversion paper published proceedings afips conference.noted class active infiltration attacks use trapdoor entry points system bypass security facilities permit direct access data. |
Backdoor (computing) | use word trapdoor clearly coincides recent definitions backdoor.however since advent public key cryptography term trapdoor acquired different meaning see trapdoor function thus term backdoor preferred term trapdoor went use.generally security breaches discussed length rand corporation task force report published arpa sponsorship j.p. anderson d.j.edwards .a backdoor login system might take form hard coded user password combination gives access system.example sort backdoor used plot device film wargames architect wopr computer system inserted hardcoded password gave user access system undocumented parts system particular video gamelike simulation mode direct interaction artificial intelligence.although number backdoors systems using proprietary software software whose source code publicly available widely credited nevertheless frequently exposed. |
Backdoor (computing) | programmers even succeeded secretly installing large amounts benign code easter eggs programs although cases may involve official forbearance actual permission.politics attribution number cloak dagger considerations come play apportioning responsibility.covert backdoors sometimes masquerade inadvertent defects bugs reasons plausible deniability.cases might begin life actual bug inadvertent error discovered deliberately left unfixed undisclosed whether rogue employee personal advantage clevel executive awareness oversight.it also possible entirely aboveboard corporations technology base covertly untraceably tainted external agents hackers though level sophistication thought exist mainly level nation state actors.example photomask obtained photomask supplier differs gates photomask specification chip manufacturer would hardpressed detect otherwise functionally silent covert rootkit running photomask etching equipment could enact discrepancy unbeknown photomask manufacturer either means one backdoor potentially leads another.hypothetical scenario essentially silicon version undetectable compiler backdoor discussed below.in general terms long dependencychains modern highly specialized technological economy innumerable humanelements process controlpoints make difficult conclusively pinpoint responsibility time covert backdoor becomes unveiled.even direct admissions responsibility must scrutinized carefully confessing party beholden powerful interests. |
Backdoor (computing) | examples worms many computer worms sobig mydoom install backdoor affected computer generally pc broadband running microsoft windows microsoft outlook.backdoors appear installed spammers send junk email infected machines.others sonybmg rootkit placed secretly millions music cds late intended drm measures—and case datagathering agents since surreptitious programs installed routinely contacted central servers.a sophisticated attempt plant backdoor linux kernel exposed november added small subtle code change subverting revision control system.case twoline change appeared check root access permissions caller syswait function used assignment instead equality checking actually granted permissions system.difference easily overlooked could even interpreted accidental typographical error rather intentional attack.in january backdoor discovered certain samsung android products like galaxy devices. |
Backdoor (computing) | samsung proprietary android versions fitted backdoor provides remote access data stored device.particular samsung android software charge handling communications modem using samsung ipc protocol implements class requests known remote file server rfs commands allows backdoor operator perform via modem remote io operations device hard disk storage.modem running samsung proprietary android software likely offers overtheair remote control could used issue rfs commands thus access file system device.object code backdoors harder detect backdoors involve modifying object code rather source code – object code much harder inspect designed machinereadable humanreadable.backdoors inserted either directly ondisk object code inserted point compilation assembly linking loading – latter case backdoor never appears disk memory. |
Backdoor (computing) | object code backdoors difficult detect inspection object code easily detected simply checking changes differences notably length checksum cases detected analyzed disassembling object code.object code backdoors removed assuming source code available simply recompiling source trusted system.thus backdoors avoid detection extant copies binary must subverted validation checksums must also compromised source must unavailable prevent recompilation.alternatively tools length checks diff checksumming disassemblers compromised conceal backdoor example detecting subverted binary checksummed returning expected value actual value.conceal subversions tools must also conceal changes – example subverted checksummer must also detect checksumming subverted tools return false values.leads extensive changes system tools needed conceal single change.because object code regenerated recompiling reassembling relinking original source code making persistent object code backdoor without modifying source code requires subverting compiler – detects compiling program attack inserts backdoor – alternatively assembler linker loader. |
Backdoor (computing) | requires subverting compiler turn fixed recompiling compiler removing backdoor insertion code.defense turn subverted putting source metabackdoor compiler detects compiling inserts metabackdoor generator together original backdoor generator original program attack.done source metabackdoor removed compiler recompiled original source compromised compiler executable backdoor bootstrapped.attack dates karger schell popularized thompsons article entitled reflections trusting trust hence colloquially known trusting trust attack.see compiler backdoors details. |
Backdoor (computing) | analogous attacks target lower levels systemsuch operating system inserted system booting process also mentioned karger schell exist form boot sector viruses.asymmetric backdoors traditional backdoor symmetric backdoor anyone finds backdoor turn use it.notion asymmetric backdoor introduced adam young moti yung proceedings advances cryptology crypto .asymmetric backdoor used attacker plants even full implementation backdoor becomes public e.g.via publishing discovered disclosed reverse engineering etc.. also computationally intractable detect presence asymmetric backdoor blackbox queries. |
Backdoor (computing) | class attacks termed kleptography carried software hardware example smartcards combination two.theory asymmetric backdoors part larger field called cryptovirology.notably nsa inserted kleptographic backdoor dual ec drbg standard.there exists experimental asymmetric backdoor rsa key generation.openssl rsa backdoor designed young yung utilizes twisted pair elliptic curves made available.compiler backdoors sophisticated form black box backdoor compiler backdoor compiler subverted insert backdoor program login program modified detect compiling inserts backdoor insertion code targeting program codemodifying selfcompilation like mechanism retroviruses infect host. |
Backdoor (computing) | done modifying source code resulting compromised compiler object code compile original unmodified source code insert exploit bootstrapped.this attack originally presented karger schell p. section .. trap door insertion united states air force security analysis multics described attack pli compiler call compiler trap door also mention variant system initialization code modified insert backdoor booting complex poorly understood call initialization trapdoor known boot sector virus.this attack actually implemented ken thompson popularized turing award acceptance speech published reflections trusting trust points trust relative software one truly trust code every step bootstrapping inspected.backdoor mechanism based fact people review source humanwritten code compiled machine code object code.program called compiler used create second first compiler usually trusted honest job.thompsons paper describes modified version unix c compiler would put invisible backdoor unix login command noticed login program compiled would also add feature undetectably future compiler versions upon compilation well.because compiler compiled program users would extremely unlikely notice machine code instructions performed tasks.second task compilers source code would appear clean.whats worse thompsons proof concept implementation subverted compiler also subverted analysis program disassembler anyone examined binaries usual way would actually see real code running something else instead.an updated analysis original exploit given karger schell section .. compiler trap doors historical overview survey literature given wheeler section background related work. |
Backdoor (computing) | occurrences thompsons version officially never released wild.believed however version distributed bbn least one use backdoor recorded.scattered anecdotal reports backdoors subsequent years.in august attack kind discovered sophos labs.winduca virus infected program compiler delphi windows programming language.virus introduced code compilation new delphi programs allowing infect propagate many systems without knowledge software programmer. |
Backdoor (computing) | attack propagates building trojan horse especially hard discover.believed induca virus propagating least year discovered.countermeasures system compromised backdoor trojan horse trusting trust compiler hard rightful user regain control system – typically one rebuild clean system transfer data executables over.however several practical weaknesses trusting trust scheme suggested.example sufficiently motivated user could painstakingly review machine code untrusted compiler using it. |
Backdoor (computing) | mentioned ways hide trojan horse subverting disassembler ways counter defense writing disassembler scratch.a generic method counter trusting trust attacks called diverse doublecompiling ddc.method requires different compiler source code compilerundertest.source compiled compilers results two different stage compilers however behavior.thus source compiled stage compilers must result two identical stage compilers.formal proof given latter comparison guarantees purported source code executable compilerundertest correspond assumptions. |
Backdoor (computing) | method applied author verify c compiler gcc suite v. .. contained trojan using icc v. .different compiler.in practice verifications done end users except extreme circumstances intrusion detection analysis due rarity sophisticated attacks programs typically distributed binary form.removing backdoors including compiler backdoors typically done simply rebuilding clean system.however sophisticated verifications interest operating system vendors ensure distributing compromised system highsecurity settings attacks realistic concern.list known backdoors back orifice created hackers cult dead cow group remote administration tool. |
Backdoor (computing) | allowed windows computers remotely controlled network parodied name microsofts backoffice.the dual ec drbg cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator revealed possibly kleptographic backdoor deliberately inserted nsa also private key backdoor.several backdoors unlicensed copies wordpress plugins discovered march .inserted obfuscated javascript code silently created example admin account website database.similar scheme later exposed joomla plugin.borland interbase versions ..hardcoded backdoor put developers. |
Log4j | server code contains compiledin backdoor account username politically password correct could accessed network connection user logging backdoor account could take full control interbase databases.backdoor detected patch released.juniper networks backdoor inserted year versions firmware screenos ..r ..r ..r ..r gives user administrative access using special master password.several backdoors discovered cdata optical line termination olt devices.researchers released findings without notifying cdata believe backdoors intentionally placed vendor.see also backdoorwin.hupigonbackdoor.win.seedhardware backdoortitanium malware references reading external links finding removing backdoorsthree archaic backdoor trojan programs still serve great pranksbackdoors removal — list backdoors removal instructions.faq farms backdoors faq wiki question answer forumlist backdoors removal —part apache logging services project apache software foundation.logj one several java logging frameworks.gülcü since started slfj reloadj logback projects intention offering successor logj.the apache logj team developed logj response problems logj ..java.util.logging logback addressing issues appeared frameworks.addition logj offered plugin architecture makes extensible predecessor. |
Log4j | logj backwards compatible .x versions although adapter available.august apache logging services project management committee announced logj reached end life users logj advised upgrade apache logj .january th reloadj version ... announced aim fixing urgent issues logj .. easy migration path.on december zeroday vulnerability involving arbitrary code execution logj published alibaba cloud security team given descriptor logshell.characterized tenable single biggest critical vulnerability last decade.apache logj apache logj successor logj released ga version july . |
Log4j | framework rewritten scratch inspired existing logging solutions including logj java.util.logging.main differences logj areimproved reliability.messages lost reconfiguring framework like logj logbackextensibility logj supports plugin system let users define configure custom componentssimplified configuration syntaxsupport xml json yaml properties configurationsimproved filtersproperty lookup support values defined configuration file system properties environment variables threadcontext map data present eventsupport multiple apis logj used applications using logj logj .slfj commons logging java.util.logging jul apis.custom log levelsjava style lambda support lazy loggingmarkerssupport userdefined message objectsgarbagefree low garbage common configurationsimproved speedimproved support linuxone recognized features logj performance asynchronous loggers.logj makes use lmax disruptor. |
Log4j | library reduces need kernel locking increases logging performance factor .example environment logj write messages per second whereas frameworks like logback logj write messages per second.features logj log levels following table defines builtin log levels messages logj decreasing order severity.left column lists log level designation logj right column provides brief description log level.custom log levels logj allows users define log levels. |
Log4j | source code generator tool provided create loggers support custom log levels identically builtin log levels.custom log levels either complement replace builtin log levels.logj configuration logj configured configuration file java code.configuration files written xml json yaml properties file format.within configuration define three main components loggers appenders layouts. |
Log4j | configuring logging via file advantage logging turned without modifying application uses logj.application allowed run logging theres problem example logging turned back simply modifying configuration file.loggers named log message destinations.names known java application.logger independently configurable level logging fatal error etc.currently logs. |
Log4j | early versions logj called category priority theyre called logger level respectively.logger send log messages multiple appenders.the actual outputs done appenders.numerous appenders available descriptive names fileappender rollingfileappender consoleappender socketappender syslogappender smtpappender.logj added appenders write apache flume java persistence api apache kafka nosql databases memorymapped files random access files zeromq endpoints.multiple appenders attached logger possible log information multiple outputs example file locally socket listener another computer.appenders use layouts format log entries. |
Log4j | popular way format onelineatatime log files patternlayout uses pattern string much like c c function printf.also htmllayout xmllayout formatters use html xml formats convenient respectively.logj added layouts csv graylog extended log format gelf json yaml rfc.in logj filters defined configuration elements give finegrained control log entries processed loggers appenders.addition filtering log level regular expression matching message string logj added burst filters time filters filtering log event attributes like markers thread context map jsr script filters.to debug misbehaving configurationin logj configurations set status attribute trace send internal status logging output standard out.enable status logging configuration found use java vm property dorg.apache.logging.logj.simplelog.statuslogger.leveltrace.in logj use java vm property dlogj.debug.to find logj.xml configuration file loaded inspect getclass.getresourcelogj.xml.there also implicit unconfigured default configuration logj logjinstrumented java application lacks logj configuration. |
Log4j | prints stdout warning program unconfigured url logj web site details warning configuration may found.well printing warning unconfigured logj application print error fatal log entries standard out.example logj example logj .ttcc ttcc message format used logj.ttcc acronym time thread category component. |
Log4j | uses following pattern r p c x mnwhereexample output main info org.apache.logj.examples.sort exiting main method.ports logc port c. logc cbased logging library released sourceforge lgpl license.various unix operating systems autoconf automake files provided.windows makefile provided use msvc.developers may also choose use make system compile source depending build engineering requirements. |
Log4j | instance logc library may configured via three methods using environment variables programmatically via xml configuration file.logc appenders files streams memory mapped files.socket adapter.last version .. released project longer actively developed.logjs port javascript.logjs available licence apache software foundation. |
Log4j | one special feature logjs ability log events browser remotely server.using ajax possible send logging events several formats xml json plain ascii etc.server evaluated there.following appenders implemented logjs ajaxappender consoleappender fileappender jsconsoleappender metatagappender windowseventsappender.following layout classes provided basiclayout htmllayout jsonlayout xmllayout. |
Log4j | latest version .october .logjavascript another port javascript.logjavascript javascript logging framework based logj.latest version .. released may .jsnlog port javascript.automatically places messages javascript loggers server side logs using .net server side component interfaces lognet nlog elmah common.logging. |
Log4j | provide integrated log client server side events.request ids correlate events related specific user.configuration via server side web.config file.supports exception logging including stack traces.latest version .. updates made regularly.apache lognet port microsoft .net framework. |
Log4j | initial work done neoworks donated apache software foundation february .framework similar original logj taking advantage new features .net runtime.provides nested diagnostic context ndc mapped diagnostic context mdc.latest version ...logperl perl port logj.version . |
Log4j | february current .apache logphp versatile logging framework php.originally port apache logj php grown include various php specific features.plsqlloggingutility adaptation logj plsql.logdb logging utility db luw uses sql instructions sql pl code.apache logcxx logging framework c patterned apache logj uses apache portable runtime platformspecific code usable platform supported apr.currently undergoing incubation latest version .. released .logr comprehensive flexible logging library written ruby use ruby programs.inspired provides much features apache logj project.logshell vulnerability zeroday vulnerability involving remote code execution logj given descriptor logshell cve found reported apache alibaba november published tweet december . |
Log4j | affected services include cloudflare icloud minecraft java edition steam tencent qq twitter.apache software foundation assigned maximum cvss severity rating logshell millions servers could potentially vulnerable exploit.vulnerability characterized cybersecurity firm tenable single biggest critical vulnerability last decade lunasecs free wortley characterized design failure catastrophic proportions.in united states director cybersecurity infrastructure security agency cisa jen easterly termed exploit critical advised vendors prioritize software updates german agency federal office information security bsi designated exploit highest threat level calling extremely critical threat situation translated.canadian centre cyber security cccs called organisations take immediate action.the feature causing vulnerability could disabled configuration setting removed logj version ..rc officially released december three days vulnerability published replaced various settings restricting remote lookups thereby mitigating vulnerability.additional security features using jndi vulnerability based disabled default support message lookups removed version .. onward.the official minecraft java edition launcher vulnerability patched. |
Log4j | use custom launchers custom java versions could mean client patched.playing servers vulnerability patched allow player server execute potentially malicious code another clients computer.playing single player multiplayer versions .. prevent vulnerability.versions .affected. |
Application firewall | game server hosts must specifically patch servers running versions .. done player able use vulnerability.see also chainsaw log file viewerreloadj fork logj .. references reading external links official websiteoperates monitoring blocking communications based configured policy generally predefined rule sets choose from.application firewall control communications application layer osi model highest operating layer gets name.two primary categories application firewalls networkbased hostbased.history gene spafford purdue university bill cheswick att laboratories marcus ranum described thirdgeneration firewall known application layer firewall.marcus ranums work based firewall created paul vixie brian reid jeff mogul spearheaded creation first commercial product. |
Application firewall | product released dec named dec seal geoff mulligan secure external access link.decs first major sale june dupont.under broader darpa contract tis marcus ranum wei xu peter churchyard developed firewall toolkit fwtk made freely available license october .purposes releasing freely available commercial use fwtk demonstrate via software documentation methods used company time years experience formal security methods individuals firewall experience developed firewall software create common base good firewall software others build people continue roll scratch raise bar firewall software used.however fwtk basic application proxy requiring user interactions.in wei xu extended fwtk kernel enhancement ip stateful filter socket transparent.first transparent firewall known inception third generation firewall beyond traditional application proxy second generation firewall released commercial product known gauntlet firewall. |
Application firewall | gauntlet firewall rated one top application firewalls year acquired network associates inc nai.network associates continued claim gauntlet worlds secure firewall may security researcher jim stickley discovered large vulnerability firewall allowing remote access operating system bypassing security controls.stickley discovered second vulnerability year later effectively ending gauntlet firewalls security dominance.description application layer filtering operates higher level traditional security appliances.allows packet decisions made based sourcedestination ip address ports also use information spanning across multiple connections given host. |
Application firewall | networkbased application firewalls networkbased application firewalls operate application layer tcpip stack understand certain applications protocols file transfer protocol ftp domain name system dns hypertext transfer protocol http.allows identify unwanted applications services using non standard port detect allowed protocol abused.modern versions networkbased application firewalls include following technologies encryption offloading intrusion prevention systemdata loss preventionweb application firewalls waf specialized version networkbased appliance acts reverse proxy inspecting traffic forwarded associated server.hostbased application firewalls hostbased application firewall monitors application system calls general system communication.gives granularity control limited protecting host running on.control applied filtering per process basis. |
Application firewall | generally prompts used define rules processes yet received connection.filtering done examining process id owner data packets.many hostbased application firewalls combined used conjunction packet filter.due technological limitations modern solutions sandboxing used replacement hostbased application firewalls protect system processes.implementations various application firewalls available including free open source software commercial products.mac os x starting mac os x leopard implementation trustedbsd mac framework taken freebsd included. |
Application firewall | trustedbsd mac framework used sandbox services provides firewall layer given configuration sharing services mac os x leopard snow leopard.thirdparty applications provide extended functionality including filtering outgoing connections app.linux list security software packages linux allowing filtering application os communication possibly byuser basisapparmorkerio control commercial productmodsecurity also works windows mac os x solaris versions unix.modsecurity designed work webservers iis apache nginx.portmaster safingio activity monitoring application.also available windows.systracezorp windows wingate network appliances devices may sold hardware software virtualized network appliances.nextgeneration firewallscisco firepower threat defensecheck pointfortinet fortigate seriesjuniper networks srx seriespalo alto networkssonicwall tznsasupermassive seriesweb application firewallsloadbalancersa networks web application firewallbarracuda networks web application firewallload balancer adccitrix netscalerf networks bigip application security managerfortinet fortiweb serieskemp technologiesimpervaotherscloudflaremerakismoothwallsnapt inc see also references external links web application firewall open web application security projectweb application firewall evaluation criteria web application security consortiumsafety clouds vaporizing web application firewall secure cloud computing |
Reputation management | types security appliances active devices block unwanted traffic.examples devices firewalls anti virus scanning devices content filtering devices.passive devices detect report unwanted traffic intrusion detection appliances.preventative devices scan networks identify potential security problems penetration testing vulnerability assessment appliances.unified threat management utm appliances combine features together one system firewalls content filtering web caching etc.referencesgrowth internet social media led growth reputation management companies search results core part clients reputation.online reputation management sometimes abbreviated orm focuses management product service search engine results.ethical grey areas include mug shot removal sites astroturfing customer review sites censoring complaints using search engine optimization tactics influence results.cases ethical lines clear reputation management companies closely connected websites publish unverified libelous statements people.unethical reputation management companies charge thousands dollars remove posts – temporarily – websites.this field public relations developed extensively growth internet social media advent reputation management companies. |
Reputation management | overall outlook search results become integral part defines reputation reputation management exists two spheres online offline reputation management.online reputation management focuses management product service search results within digital space common see suggested links first page google search.variety electronic markets online communities like ebay amazon alibaba orm systems built using effective control nodes minimize threat protect systems possible misuses abuses malicious nodes decentralized overlay networks.offline reputation management shapes public perception said entity outside digital sphere using select clearly defined controls measures towards desired result ideally representing stakeholders think feel entity.popular controls offline reputation management include social responsibility media visibility press releases print media sponsorship amongst related tools.within last decade active social media use marketing company promoting products online become large components businesses strategies.terms reputation management companies trying aware perceived audiences inside outside target market.problem often arises false advertising. |
Reputation management | past contribution internet posts blogs company would foreign concept corporations consumers.however due increased number competitors market increasingly difficult get noticed become popular within realm online business among influencers algorithms work social media.marketing used restore lost reputations companies lost establish brand new new one.history reputation social construct based opinion people hold person thing.internet developed consumers wanting learn company fewer options. |
Reputation management | access resources yellow pages mostly relied wordofmouth.companys reputation depended personal experience.company grew expanded subject markets perception brand.public relations developed manage image manage reputation company individual.concept initially created broaden public relations outside media relations. |
Reputation management | academic studies identified driving force behind fortune corporate public relations since beginning st century.originally public relations included printed media events networking campaigns.end search engines became widely used.popularity internet introduced new marketing branding opportunities.journalists main source media content blogs review sites social media gave voice consumers regardless qualification.public relations became part online reputation management orm. |
Reputation management | orm includes traditional reputation strategies public relations also focuses building longterm reputation strategy consistent across webbased channels platforms.orm includes search engine reputation management designed counter negative search results elevate positive content.some businesses adopted unethical means falsely improve reputations.study university california berkeley found sellers ebay undertaking reputation management selling products discount exchange positive feedback game system.online reputation management reputation management sometimes referred rep management orm practice attempting shape public perception person organization influencing information entity primarily online.necessitates shaping perceptions role consumers organization cognizance much ignored perceptions may harm companys performance time year risk entrepreneur company executive afford.specifically reputation management involves monitoring reputation individual brand internet primarily focusing various social media platforms facebook instagram youtube etc. |
Reputation management | addressing content potentially damaging using customer feedback try solve problems damage individuals brands reputation.major part reputation management involves suppressing negative search results highlighting positive ones.businesses reputation management usually involves attempt bridge gap company perceives others view it.in article released titled social media research advertising communication marketing public relations written hyoungkoo khang etal.references kaplan haenleins theory social presence highlights concept selfpresentation.khang highlights “companies must monitor individuals comments regarding service .imply reputation company essentially rely consumer ones make break it. |
Reputation management | people internet rely trust advertisements rather reviews others often sells product.question hand ethical follow influencers often portraying clean slate lifestyle promoting products services dont believe in.however recent times backlash apparent example instagram models advertise ‘fitteas’ appear slimmer accused stem societal beauty pressures seen harmful youth.khang deliberates actually ironic.social influencer holds power essentially influencing products opinions audiences even society whereas hand audiences ‘power’ sometimes even destroy career backlash. |
Reputation management | good management companies fastgrowing discipline corporate necessity reputation management widely acknowledged valuable intangible asset one important sources competitive edge fiercely competitive market firms scrutiny business community regulators corporate governance watchdogs good reputation management practices continues help firms cope scrutiny.other benefits sound reputation management practices much reinforce aid corporations branding objectives along way play paramount role helping company meet marketing business communication objectives key driver towards much company go towards increasing profits market share.good reputation management practices helping entity manage staff confidence control tool public perceptions undermined ignored costly long run may cripple employee confidence risk employer would dare explore staff morale one important drivers company performance.reputation management campaigns popular media controversy around taco bell restaurant chain arose public accusations made seasoned beef product made real beef.class action lawsuit filed law firm beasley allen taco bell.suit voluntarily withdrawn beasley allen citing inception case stated taco bell would make certain changes regarding disclosure marketing seasoned beef product case could dismissed. |
Reputation management | taco bell responded case withdrawn launching reputation management campaign titled would kill say youre sorry ran advertisements various news outlets print online attempted draw attention voluntary withdrawal case.examples organisations often attempt manage reputations websites many people visit ebay wikipedia google.tactics used reputation management firms includemodifying way results searches displayed search engine white papers make appear priority positive customer testimonials order push negative content.publishing original positive websites social media profiles aim outperforming negative results search.submitting online press releases authoritative websites order promote brand presence suppress negative content.submitting legal takedown requests pretend libeled.getting mentions business individual thirdparty sites rank highly google.creating fake positive reviews individual business counteract negative ones.using spambots denialofservice attacks force sites damaging content web entirely.astroturfing thirdparty websites creating anonymous accounts create positive reviews lash negative ones.proactively offering free products prominent reviewers.removing online mug shots.proactively responding public criticism stemming recent changes.removing suppressing images embarrassing violate copyright.contacting wikipedia editors remove allegedly incorrect information wikipedia pages businesses represent.forbidding comments ethics practice reputation management raises many ethical questions.widely disagreed upon line disclosure astroturfing censorship drawn.firms known hire staff pose bloggers thirdparty sites without disclosing paid criticized asking websites remove negative posts. |
Reputation management | exposure unethical reputation management may risky reputation firm attempts known.google declares nothing inherently wrong reputation management even introduced toolset users monitor online identity request removal unwanted content.many firms selective clients accept.example may avoid individuals committed violent crimes looking push information crimes lower search results.in study showed naymz one first web .services provide utilities online reputation management orm developed method assess online reputation members repscore rather easy deceive.study found highest level online reputation easily achieved engaging small social group nine persons connect provide reciprocal positive feedbacks endorsements. |
Reputation management | december naymz shut down.in online retailer amazon.com sued people paid publish fake fivestar reviews products.reviews created using website macrotasking fiverr.com.several companies offer fake yelp facebook reviews one journalist amassed fivestar reviews business doesnt exist social media accounts also given overwhelmingly positive reviews chiropractor arizona hair salon london limo company north carolina realtor texas locksmith florida among farflung businesses.in washington post detailed court cases least false addresses defendant.court cases similar language defendant agreed injunction plaintiff allowed reputation management company issue takedown notices google yelp leagle ripoff report various news sites websites.see also references external links reputation management future corporate communications public relations tony langham emerald group publishing isbn reputation management key successful public relations corporate communication john doorley helio fred garcia routledge isbn reputation management building protecting companys profile digital world andrew hiles ac black isbn reputation management sabrina helm kerstin liehrgobbers christopher storck springer science business media isbn |
Project management | information usually described project documentation created beginning development process.primary constraints scope time budget.secondary challenge optimize allocation necessary inputs apply meet predefined objectives.the objective project management produce complete project complies clients objectives.many cases objective project management also shape reform clients brief feasibly address clients objectives.clients objectives clearly established influence decisions made people involved project – example project managers designers contractors subcontractors. |
Project management | illdefined tightly prescribed project management objectives detrimental decision making.a project temporary unique endeavor designed produce product service result defined beginning end usually timeconstrained often constrained funding staffing undertaken meet unique goals objectives typically bring beneficial change added value.temporary nature projects stands contrast business usual operations repetitive permanent semipermanent functional activities produce products services.practice management distinct production approaches requires development distinct technical skills management strategies.history civil engineering projects generally managed creative architects engineers master builders example vitruvius first century bc christopher wren – thomas telford – isambard kingdom brunel –.organizations started systematically apply projectmanagement tools techniques complex engineering projects.as discipline project management developed several fields application including civil construction engineering heavy defense activity. |
Project management | two forefathers project management henry gantt called father planning control techniques famous use gantt chart project management tool alternatively harmonogram first proposed karol adamiecki henri fayol creation five management functions form foundation body knowledge associated project program management.gantt fayol students frederick winslow taylors theories scientific management.work forerunner modern project management tools including work breakdown structure wbs resource allocation.the marked beginning modern project management era core engineering fields come together work one.project management became recognized distinct discipline arising management discipline engineering model.united states prior projects managed adhoc basis using mostly gantt charts informal techniques tools. |
Project management | time two mathematical projectscheduling models developed.critical path method cpm developed joint venture dupont corporation remington rand corporation managing plant maintenance projects.program evaluation review technique pert developed u.s. navy special projects office conjunction lockheed corporation booz allen hamilton part polaris missile submarine program.pert cpm similar approach still present differences.cpm used projects assume deterministic activity times times activity carried known.pert hand allows stochastic activity times times activity carried uncertain varied. |
Project management | core difference cpm pert used different contexts.mathematical techniques quickly spread many private enterprises.at time projectscheduling models developed technology project cost estimating cost management engineering economics evolving pioneering work hans lang others.american association cost engineers aace international association advancement cost engineering formed early practitioners project management associated specialties planning scheduling cost estimating costschedule control project control.aace continued pioneering work released first integrated process portfolio program project management total cost management framework.in project management institute pmi formed usa.pmi publishes original version guide project management body knowledge pmbok guide william duncan primary author describes project management practices common projects time. |
Project management | project management types project management methods applied project.often tailored specific type projects based project size nature industry sector.example construction industry focuses delivery things like buildings roads bridges developed specialized form project management refers construction project management project managers become trained certified.information technology industry also evolved develop form project management referred project management specializes delivery technical assets services required pass various lifecycle phases planning design development testing deployment.biotechnology project management focuses intricacies biotechnology research development. |
Project management | localization project management includes application many standard project management practices translation works even though many consider type management different discipline.public project management covers public works government carried government agencies contracted contractors.another classification project management based hard physical soft nonphysical type.common among project management types focus three important goals time quality cost.successful projects completed schedule within budget according previously agreed quality standards i.e.meeting iron triangle triple constraint order projects considered success failure.for type project management project managers develop utilize repeatable templates specific industry theyre dealing with. |
Project management | allows project plans become thorough highly repeatable specific intent increase quality lower delivery costs lower time deliver project results.approaches project management study suggested success project depends well four key aspects aligned contextual dynamics affecting project referred four psaim expectations aims expectations project.plan planning forecasting activities.process overall approach activities project governance.people including dynamics collaborate communicate.power lines authority decisionmakers organograms policies implementation like.there number approaches organizing completing project activities including phased lean iterative incremental.also several extensions project planning example based outcomes productbased activities processbased.regardless methodology employed careful consideration must given overall project objectives timeline cost well roles responsibilities participants stakeholders.benefits realization management benefits realization management brm enhances normal project management techniques focus outcomes benefits project rather products outputs measuring degree happening keep project track.help reduce risk completed project failure delivering agreed upon requirements outputs i.e. |
Project management | project success failing deliver benefits outcomes requirements i.e.product success.in addition brm practices aim ensure strategic alignment project outcomes business strategies.effectiveness practices supported recent research evidencing brm practices influencing project success strategic perspective across different countries industries.wider effects called strategic impact.an example delivering project requirements might agreeing deliver computer system process staff data manage payroll holiday staff personnel records shorter times reduced errors.brm agreement might achieve specified reduction staff hours errors required process maintain staff data system installation compared without system. |
Project management | critical path method critical path method cpm algorithm determining schedule project activities.traditional process used predictive based project planning.cpm method evaluates sequence activities work effort required interdependencies resulting float time per line sequence determine required project duration.thus definition critical path pathway tasks network diagram extra time available little extra time.critical chain project management critical chain project management ccpm application theory constraints toc planning managing projects designed deal uncertainties inherent managing projects taking consideration limited availability resources physical human skills well management support capacity needed execute projects.the goal increase flow projects organization throughput. |
Project management | applying first three five focusing steps toc system constraint projects well resources identified.exploit constraint tasks critical chain given priority activities.finally projects planned managed ensure resources ready critical chain tasks must start subordinating resources critical chain.earned value management earned value management evm extends project management techniques improve project monitoring.illustrates project progress towards completion terms work value cost. |
Project management | earned schedule extension theory practice evm.iterative incremental project management critical studies project management noted phased approaches well suited projects largescale multicompany undefined ambiguous fastchanging requirements high degrees risk dependency fastchanging technologies.cone uncertainty explains planning made initial phase project suffers high degree uncertainty.becomes especially true software development often realization new novel product.these complexities better handled exploratory iterative incremental approach.several models iterative incremental project management evolved including agile project management dynamic systems development method extreme project management innovation engineering®. |
Project management | lean project management lean project management uses principles lean manufacturing focus delivering value less waste reduced time.project lifecycle five phases project lifecycle known process groups.process group represent series interrelated processes manage work series distinct steps completed.type project approach often referred traditional waterfall.five process groups areinitiatingplanningexecutingmonitoring controllingclosingsome industries may use variations project stages rename better suit organization. |
Project management | example working brickandmortar design construction projects typically progress stages like preplanning conceptual design schematic design design development construction drawings contract documents construction administration.while phased approach works well small welldefined projects often results challenge failure larger projects complex ambiguities issues risk.processbased management incorporation processbased management driven use maturity models opm cmmi capability maturity model integration see imagecapability maturity model.jpg project production management project production management application operations management delivery capital projects.project production management framework based project production system view project transforms inputs raw materials information labor plant machinery outputs goods services.productbased planning productbased planning structured approach project management based identifying products project deliverables contribute achieving project objectives.defines successful project outputoriented rather activity taskoriented. |
Project management | common implementation approach prince.process groups traditionally depending project management methodology used project management includes number elements four five project management process groups control system.regardless methodology terminology used basic project management processes stages development used.major process groups generally includeinitiationplanningproduction executionmonitoring controllingclosingin project environments significant exploratory element e.g.research development stages may supplemented decision points gono go decisions projects continuation debated decided. |
Project management | example phase–gate model.initiating initiating processes determine nature scope project.stage performed well unlikely project successful meeting business’ needs.key project controls needed understanding business environment making sure necessary controls incorporated project.deficiencies reported recommendation made fix them.the initiating stage include plan encompasses following areas. |
Project management | areas recorded series documents called project initiation documents.project initiation documents series planned documents used create order duration project.tend include project proposal idea behind project overall goal durationproject scope project direction trackproduct breakdown structure pbs hierarchy deliverables outcomes components thereofwork breakdown structure wbs hierarchy work done daily tasksresponsibility assignment matrix raci roles responsibilities aligned deliverables outcomestentative project schedule milestones important dates deadlinesanalysis business needs requirements measurable goalsreview current operationsfinancial analysis costs benefits including budgetstakeholder analysis including users support personnel projectproject charter including costs tasks deliverables schedulesswot analysis strengths weaknesses opportunities threats business planning initiation stage project planned appropriate level detail see example flowchart.main purpose plan time cost resources adequately estimate work needed effectively manage risk project execution.initiation process group failure adequately plan greatly reduces projects chances successfully accomplishing goals.project planning generally consists ofdetermining project management methodology follow e.g.whether plan defined wholly front iteratively rolling wavesdeveloping scope statementselecting planning teamidentifying deliverables creating product work breakdown structuresidentifying activities needed complete deliverables networking activities logical sequenceestimating resource requirements activitiesestimating time cost activitiesdeveloping scheduledeveloping budgetrisk planningdeveloping quality assurance measuresgaining formal approval begin work.additional processes planning communications scope management identifying roles responsibilities determining purchase project holding kickoff meeting also generally advisable.for new product development projects conceptual design operation final product may performed concurrent project planning activities may help inform planning team identifying deliverables planning activities. |
Project management | executing executing must know planned terms need executed.the executionimplementation phase ensures project management plans deliverables executed accordingly.phase involves proper allocation coordination management human resources resources material budgets.output phase project deliverables.project documentation documenting everything within project key successful.maintain budget scope effectiveness pace project must physical documents pertaining specific task. |
Project management | correct documentation easy see whether projects requirement met.go along documentation provides information regarding already completed project.documentation throughout project provides paper trail anyone needs go back reference work past.cases documentation successful way monitor control specific phases project.correct documentation projects success tracked observed project goes on. |
Project management | performed correctly documentation backbone projects success monitoring controlling monitoring controlling consists processes performed observe project execution potential problems identified timely manner corrective action taken necessary control execution project.key benefit project performance observed measured regularly identify variances project management plan.monitoring controlling includesmeasuring ongoing project activities aremonitoring project variables cost effort scope etc.project management plan project performance baseline beidentifying corrective actions address issues risks properly get track againinfluencing factors could circumvent integrated change control approved changes implemented.two main mechanisms support monitoring controlling projects.one hand contracts offer set rules incentives often supported potential penalties sanctions.hand scholars business management paid attention role integrators also called project barons achieve projects objectives. |
Project management | turn recent research project management questioned type interplay contracts integrators.argued two monitoring mechanisms operate substitutes one type organization would decrease advantages using one.in multiphase projects monitoring control process also provides feedback project phases implement corrective preventive actions bring project compliance project management plan.project maintenance ongoing process includescontinuing support enduserscorrection errorsupdates product timein stage auditors pay attention effectively quickly user problems resolved.over course construction project work scope may change.change normal expected part construction process.changes result necessary design modifications differing site conditions material availability contractorrequested changes value engineering impacts third parties name few.beyond executing change field change normally needs documented show actually constructed. |
Project management | referred change management.hence owner usually requires final record show changes specifically change modifies tangible portions finished work.record made contract documents – usually necessarily limited design drawings.end product effort industry terms asbuilt drawings simply built.requirement providing norm construction contracts. |
Project management | construction document management highly important task undertaken aid online desktop software system maintained physical documentation.increasing legality pertaining construction industrys maintenance correct documentation caused increase need document management systems.when changes introduced project viability project reassessed.important lose sight initial goals targets projects.changes accumulate forecasted result may justify original proposed investment project.successful project management identifies components tracks monitors progress stay within time budget frames already outlined commencement project. |
Project management | exact methods suggested identify informative monitoring points along project lifecycle regarding progress expected duration.closing closing includes formal acceptance project ending thereof.administrative activities include archiving files documenting lessons learned.this phase consists ofcontract closure complete settle contract including resolution open items close contract applicable project project phase.project close finalize activities across process groups formally close project project phasealso included phase post implementation review.vital phase project project team learn experiences apply future projects.normally post implementation review consists looking things went well analyzing things went badly project come lessons learned. |
Project management | project controlling project control systems project controlling also known cost engineeringshould established independent function project management.implements verification controlling function processing project reinforce defined performance formal goals.tasks project controlling also creation infrastructure supply right information updatethe establishment way communicate disparities project parametersthe development project information technology based intranet determination project key performance indicator system kpidivergence analyses generation proposals potential project regulationsthe establishment methods accomplish appropriate project structure project workflow organization project control governancecreation transparency among project parametersfulfillment implementation tasks achieved applying specific methods instruments project controlling.following methods project controlling applied investment analysiscost–benefit analysisvalue benefit analysisexpert surveyssimulation calculationsriskprofile analysissurcharge calculationsmilestone trend analysiscost trend analysistargetactualcomparisonproject control element project keeps track ontime within budget.project control begins early project planning ends late project postimplementation review thorough involvement step process. |
Project management | projects may audited reviewed project progress.formal audits generally risk compliancebased management direct objectives audit.examination may include comparison approved project management processes project actually managed.project assessed appropriate level control needed much control timeconsuming little control risky.project control implemented correctly cost business clarified terms errors fixes.control systems needed cost risk quality communication time change procurement human resources. |
Project management | addition auditors consider important projects financial statements reliant stakeholders controls many controls exist.auditors review development process procedures implemented.process development quality final product may also assessed needed requested.business may want auditing firm involved throughout process catch problems earlier fixed easily.auditor serve controls consultant part development team independent auditor part audit.businesses sometimes use formal systems development processes. |
Project management | help assure systems developed successfully.formal process effective creating strong controls auditors review process confirm well designed followed practice.good formal systems development plan outlinesa strategy align development organizations broader objectivesstandards new systemsproject management policies timing budgetingprocedures describing processevaluation quality change characteristics projects five important characteristics projecti always specific start end dates.ii performed completed group people.iii output delivery unique product service.iv temporary nature.v progressively elaborated.examples designing new car writing book.project complexity complexity nature plays important role area project management.despite number debates subject matter studies suggest lack definition reasonable understanding complexity relation management complex projects.project complexity property project makes difficult understand foresee keep control overall behavior even given reasonably complete information project system.the identification complex projects specifically important multiproject engineering environments.as considered project complexity project performance closely related important define measure complexity project project management effective.complexity bestructural complexity also known detail complexity complicatedness i.e. |
Project management | consisting many varied interrelated parts.typically expressed terms size variety interdependence project components described technological organizational factors.dynamic complexity refers phenomena characteristics manifestations ambiguity uncertainty propagation emergence chaos.based cynefin framework complex projects classified assimple clear obvious known projects systems contexts.characterized known knowns stability clear causeandeffect relationships.solved standard operating procedures best practices.complicated characterized known unknowns.complicated system sum parts. |
Project management | principle deconstructed smaller simpler components.difficult complicated problems theoretically solvable additional resources specialized expertise analytical reductionist simplification decomposition techniques scenario planning following good practices.complex characterized unknown unknowns emergence.patterns could uncovered obvious.complex system described euclid’s statement whole sum parts.really complex projects a.k.a.complex chaotic characterized unknowables. |
Project management | patterns discernible really complex projects.causes effects unclear even retrospect.paraphrasing aristotle really complex system different sum parts.by applying discovery measuring work complexity described requisite organization stratified systems theory dr elliott jaques classifies projects project work stages tasks basic levels project complexity based criteria timespan discretion complexity projects outputlevel project – improve direct output activity quantity quality time within business process targeted completion time months.level project – develop improve compliance business process targeted completion time months year.level project – develop change improve business process targeted completion time years.level project – develop change improve functional system targeted completion time years.level project – develop change improve group functional systems business function targeted completion time years.level project – develop change improve whole single value chain company targeted completion time years.level project – develop change improve multiple value chains company target completion time years.benefits measuring project complexity improve project people feasibility bymatch level projects complexity effective targeted completion time projectmatch level projects complexity respective capability level project managermatch level project tasks complexity respective capability project members positive appropriate requisite negative complexity similarly law requisite variety law requisite complexity project complexity sometimes required order project reach objectives sometimes beneficial outcomes.based effects complexity stefan morcov proposed classification positive appropriate negative.positive complexity complexity adds value project whose contribution project success outweighs associated negative consequences.appropriate requisite complexity complexity needed project reach objectives whose contribution project success balances negative effects cost mitigation outweighs negative manifestations.negative complexity complexity hinders project success.project managers project manager professional field project management. |
Project management | project managers charge people project.people key successful project.without correct people right place right time project cannot successful.project managers responsibility planning execution controlling closing project typically relating construction industry engineering architecture computing telecommunications.many fields production engineering design engineering heavy industrial project managers.a project manager needs understand order execution project schedule project correctly well time necessary accomplish individual task within project. |
Project management | project manager person accountable accomplishing stated project objectives behalf client.project managers tend multiple years’ experience field.project manager required know project supervising workers along project.typically construction engineering architecture industrial projects project manager another manager working alongside typically responsible execution task daily basis.position cases known superintendent. |
Project management | superintendent project manager work hand hand completing daily project task.key project management responsibilities include creating clear attainable project objectives building project requirements managing triple constraint including constraints calling competing constraints projects cost time quality scope first three three additional ones current project management.typical project composed team workers work project manager complete assignment within time budget targets.project manager normally reports directly someone higher stature completion success project.a project manager often client representative determine implement exact needs client based knowledge firm representing.ability adapt various internal procedures contracting party form close links nominated representatives essential ensuring key issues cost time quality client satisfaction realized.a complete project manager term first coined dr. robert j. graham simulation expanded upon randall l. englund alfonso bucero. |
Project management | describe complete project manager person embraces multiple disciplines leadership influence negotiations politics change conflict management humor.soft people skills enable project leaders effective achieve optimized consistent results.multilevel success framework criteria project success vs. project performance tendency confuse project success project management success.two different things.“project success” perspectives perspective process i.e. |
Project management | delivering efficient outputs typically called project management performance project efficiency.the perspective result i.e.delivering beneficial outcomes typically called project performance sometimes project success.project management success criteria different project success criteria.project management said successful given project completed within agreed upon time met agreed upon scope within agreed upon budget.subsequent triple constraints multiple constraints considered ensure project success.however triple multiple constraints indicate efficiency measures project indeed project management success criteria project lifecycle.the priori criteria leave important aftercompletion results project comprise four levels i.e. |
Project management | output product success outcome benefits success impact strategic success product lifecycle.posterior success criteria indicate effectiveness measures project product service result project completion handover.overarching multilevel success framework projects programs portfolios developed paul bannerman .words project said successful succeeds achieving expected business case needs clearly identified defined project inception selection starting development phase.multilevel success framework conforms theory project transformation depicted inputprocess activityoutputoutcomeimpact order generate whatever value intended.emanuel camilleri classifies critical success failure factors groups matches multilevel success criteria order deliver business value. |
Project management | risk management united states department defense states cost schedule performance risk four elements department defense acquisition professionals make tradeoffs track program status.also international standards.risk management applies proactive identification see tools future problems understanding consequences allowing predictive decisions projects.work breakdown structure breakdown structures work breakdown structure wbs tree structure shows subdivision activities required achieve objective – example portfolio program project contract.wbs may hardware product service processoriented see example nasa reporting structure . |
Project management | beside wbs project scope management organizational breakdown structure chart cost breakdown structure risk breakdown structure.a wbs developed starting end objective successively subdividing manageable components terms size duration responsibility e.g.systems subsystems components tasks subtasks work packages include steps necessary achieve objective.the work breakdown structure provides common framework natural development overall planning control contract basis dividing work definable increments statement work developed technical schedule cost labor hour reporting established.the work breakdown structure displayed two forms table subdivision tasks organisational chart whose lowest nodes referred work packages.it essential element assessing quality plan initial element used planning project.example wbs used project scheduled use work packages recorded tracked.similarly work breakdown structure wbs decomposition techniques tools organization breakdown structure obs product breakdown structure pbs cost breakdown structure cbs risk breakdown structure rbs resource breakdown structure resbs.international standards several project management standards includingthe iso standards iso family standards quality management systems iso quality management systems guidelines quality management projects.iso – guidance project management.first international standard related project management published iso. |
Project management | standards family include guidance programme management guidance portfolio management guidance governance vocabulary earned value management project programme management work breakdown structures project programme management.iso – risk management.isoiecieee – systems software engineering—life cycle processes—project managementindividual competence baseline icb international project management association ipma.capability maturity model cmm software engineering institute.gapps global alliance project performance standards – open source standard describing competencies project program managers.hermes method swiss general project management method selected use luxembourg international organizations.the logical framework approach lfa popular international development organizations.pmbok guide project management institute pmi.prince axelos.pm² project management methodology developed european commission.procedures project formulation management ppfm indian ministry defence team software process tsp software engineering institute.total cost management framework aace internationals methodology integrated portfolio program project management.vmodel original systems development method.program management.project networks projects either identical different managed program management.programs collections projects support common objective set goals.individual projects clearly defined specific scope timeline program’s objectives duration defined lower level granularity.besides programs portfolios additional structures combine different characteristics project networks megaprojects megaprograms.a project network temporary project formed several different distinct evolving phases crossing organizational lines. |
Project management | megaprojects megaprograms defined exceptional terms size cost public political attention competencies required.project portfolio management increasing number organizations using referred project portfolio management ppm means selecting right projects using project management techniques means delivering outcomes form benefits performing public private notforprofit organization.portfolios collections similar projects.portfolio management supports efficiencies scale increasing success rates reducing project risks applying similar standardized techniques projects portfolio group project management professionals sharing common tools knowledge.organizations often create project management offices organizational structure support project portfolio management structured way.thus ppm usually performed dedicated team managers organized within enterprise project management office pmo usually based within organization headed pmo director chief project officer. |
Project management | cases strategic initiatives organization form bulk ppm head ppm sometimes titled chief initiative officer.project management software project management software software used help plan organize manage resource pools develop resource estimates implement plans.depending sophistication software functionality may include estimation planning scheduling cost control budget management resource allocation collaboration software communication decisionmaking workflow risk quality documentation andor administration systems.virtual project management virtual program management vpm management project done virtual team though rarely may refer project implementing virtual environment noted managing virtual project fundamentally different managing traditional projects combining concerns telecommuting global collaboration culture time zones language.see also references external links guidelines managing projects uk department business enterprise regulatory reform berrpm foundation pm blog media related project management wikimedia commons |
Remote desktop software | remote desktop applications varying features.allow attaching existing users session remote controlling either displaying remote control session blanking screen.taking desktop remotely form remote administration.overview remote access also explained remote control computer using another device connected via internet another network.widely used many computer manufacturers large businesses help desks technical troubleshooting customers problems.remote desktop software captures mouse keyboard inputs local computer client sends remote computer server. |
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