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Social capital | shows lower degree relationship desire significant effect relative importance friends.furthermore higher levels relative importance friends social satisfaction negatively correlated relationship desire.effects informal economies social capital associated reduction access informal credit informal economies especially developing countries.mwangi ouma ran bivariate probit model financial access national survey data impact social capital financial inclusion kenya.determined membership groups increased ones probability getting informal loan . |
Social capital | also group memberships one held likely access informal loan.similar results revealed crosssectional study run sarker bangladesh.authors also note importance social capital among female entrepreneurship.epo presented case social capital micro loans increase likelihood female entrepreneurship cameroon.epo comparing welfare outcomes entrepreneurs access access.authors however disagree positive correlation social capital microfinance kanak iiguni argue formation social capital largely dependent strategies implemented microfinance institutions. |
Social capital | kanak iiguni determined investigating social capital formation rural village bangladesh.see also cultural economicsintellectual capital managementorganization workshoporganisational capitalpolitical capitalreeds lawrelational capitalstructural capitalsexual capital references reading adler paul s. seokwoo kwon..social capital prospects new concept.academy management review – . |
Social capital | jstor .becker gary s. .accounting tastes.part personal capital part ii social capital.cambridge harvard university press.isbn . |
Social capital | lay summary.bourdieu pierre..ökonomisches kapital kulturelles kapital soziales kapital.pp.– soziale ungleichheiten soziale welt sonderheft edited r. kreckel. |
Social capital | goettingen otto schartz co.coleman james s. .social capital creation human capital.american journal sociology.s–s.citeseerx ..... doi.. jstor . |
Social capital | scid .dasgupta partha ismail serageldin eds..social capital multifaceted perspective.washington dc world bank.google books.edwards b. m. w. foley. |
Social capital | .civil society social capital beyond putnam.ellison nicole b. steinfield charles lampe cliff .benefits facebook friends social capital college students use online social network sites.journal computermediated communication.–. |
Social capital | doi.j....x.everingham c. .reconstituting communityfolland sherman rocco lorenzo eds..economics social capital health conceptual empirical roadmap.world scientific series global healthcare economics public policy. |
Social capital | vol..hackensack new jersey world scientific.p. .doi.. isbn .kay . |
Social capital | social capital social economy community development.community development journal.–.doi.cdjbsi.scid .koley gaurav deshmukh jayati srinivasa srinath . |
Social capital | social capital engagement belief revision.socinfo social informatics.lecture notes computer science.–.doi.. isbn .knack stephen keefer philip . |
Social capital | social capital economic payoff crosscountry investigation pdf.quarterly journal economics.–.doi.. jstor .archived original pdf may .leyden kevin . |
Social capital | social capital built environment importance walkable neighborhoods pdf.american journal public health.–.doi.ajph.... pmc .pmid . |
Social capital | archived original pdf october .retrieved february .lin nan..building network theory social capital.connections –.reprint lin nan. |
Social capital | .building network theory social capital.pp.– social capital edited n. lin k. cook r. s. burt.doi.. isbn .lin jihhsuan wei peng mijung kim sung yeun kim robert larose. |
Social capital | .social networking adjustments among international students.new media society –.doi.. scid .putnam robert d. .bowling alone americass declining social capital. |
Social capital | journal democracy –.doi.jod...—— .e pluribus unum diversity community twentyfirst century.nordic political science associationdurlauf steven n. lawrence e. blume eds.. |
Social capital | new palgrave dictionary economics nd ed.dasgupta partha.social capital.iannaccone laurence r. eli berman.religion economics of.young h. peyton.social normsmoody james martina morris social networks economic relevance ofmohan giles john mohan.. |
Social capital | placing social capital.progress human geography –.doi.phra.portes a. .social capital origins applications modern sociology.annual review sociology –. |
Social capital | doi.annurev.soc....silverman r. m. .communitybased organizations intersection social capital local context contemporary urban society.detroit wayne state university press.williams d. .net scales social capital online era.journal computermediated communication –. |
Social capital | doi.j....x.zhou min carl l. bankston..growing american vietnamese children adapt life united states.new york russell sage foundation.isbn . |
Chinese culture | external links world social capital monitor survey languages within united nations sustainable development goalssocial capital social dimension un sdg jos verbeek worldbank augustculture prevails across large geographical region east asia extremely diverse varying customs traditions varying greatly provinces cities even towns well.terms china geographical landmass china shifted across centuries last name great qing name china became commonplace modernity.chinese civilization historically considered dominant culture east asia.china one earliest ancient civilizations chinese culture exerts profound influence philosophy virtue etiquette traditions asia.chinese language ceramics architecture music dance literature martial arts cuisine visual arts philosophy business etiquette religion politics history global influence traditions festivals also celebrated instilled practiced people around world.identity qin dynasty late qing dynasty bc – ad chinese government divided chinese people four classes landlord peasant craftsmen merchant. |
Chinese culture | landlords peasants constituted two major classes merchant craftsmen collected two minor.theoretically except position emperor nothing hereditary.chinas majority ethnic group han chinese east asian ethnic group nation.constitute approximately population china taiwan han taiwanese singapore malaysia global population making worlds largest ethnic group numbering .billion people.in modern china officially labelled ethnic groups.throughout chinese history many nonchinese ethnic groups assimilated han chinese retained distinct ethnic identities faded away. |
Chinese culture | time han chinese majority maintained distinct linguistic regional cultural traditions throughout ages.term zhonghua minzu simplified chinese 中华民族 traditional chinese 中華民族 used describe notion chinese nationalism general.much traditional identity within community distinguishing family name.regional years civil war han dynasty bc – ad partial restoration feudalism wealthy powerful families emerged large amounts land huge numbers semiserfs.dominated important civilian military positions government making positions available members families clans. |
Chinese culture | tang dynasty extended imperial examination system attempt eradicate feudalism.traditional chinese culture covers large geographical territories region usually divided distinct subcultures.region often represented three ancestral items.example guangdong represented chenpi aged ginger hay.others include ancient cities like linan hangzhou include tea leaf bamboo shoot trunk hickory nut. |
Chinese culture | distinctions give rise old chinese proverb 十里不同風 百里不同俗十里不同風 praxis vary within ten li customs vary within hundred li.provinciallevel divisions peoples republic china grouped former administrative areas known traditional regions.social structure since three sovereigns five emperors period form chinese monarch main ruler all.different periods history different names various positions within society.conceptually imperial feudal period similar government military officials ranking high hierarchy rest population regular chinese law. |
Chinese culture | late zhou dynasty – bce onwards traditional chinese society organized hierarchic system socioeconomic classes known four occupations.however system cover social groups distinctions groups became blurred ever since commercialization chinese culture song dynasty – ce.ancient chinese education also long history ever since sui dynasty – ce educated candidates prepared imperial examinations drafted exam graduates government scholarbureaucrats.led creation meritocracy although success available males could afford test preparation.imperial examinations required applicants write essays demonstrate mastery confucian classics.passed highest level exam became elite scholarofficials known jinshi highly esteemed socioeconomic position. |
Chinese culture | major mythological structure developed around topic mythology imperial exams.trades crafts usually taught shifu.female historian ban zhao wrote lessons women han dynasty outlined four virtues women must abide scholars zhu xi cheng yi would expand upon this.chinese marriage taoist sexual practices rituals customs found society.with rise european economic military power beginning midth century nonchinese systems social political organization gained adherents china.wouldbe reformers totally rejected chinas cultural legacy others sought combine strengths chinese european cultures. |
Chinese culture | essence history thcentury china one experimentation new systems social political economic organization would allow reintegration nation wake dynastic collapse.spiritual values spirituality derived chinese buddhism taoism confucianism.subject school influential always debated many concepts neoconfucianism buddhism many others come about.reincarnation rebirth concept reminder connection reallife afterlife.chinese business culture concept guanxi indicating primacy relations rules well documented. |
Chinese culture | many deities part tradition recognized holy figures include guan yin jade emperor buddha.chinese buddhism shaped chinese culture wide variety areas including art politics literature philosophy medicine material culture.translation large body indian buddhist scriptures chinese inclusion translations together works composed china printed canon farreaching implications dissemination buddhism throughout china.chinese buddhism also marked interaction indian religions chinese religion taoism.religion chinese religion originally oriented worshipping supreme god shang di xia shang dynasties king diviners acting priests using oracle bones.zhou dynasty oriented worshipping broader concept heaven. |
Chinese culture | large part chinese culture based notion spiritual world exists.countless methods divination helped answer questions even serving alternative medicine.folklores helped fill gap things cannot explained.often blurred line myth religion unexplained phenomenon.many stories since evolved traditional chinese holidays. |
Chinese culture | concepts extended outside mythology spiritual symbols door god imperial guardian lions.along belief holy also evil.practices taoist exorcism fighting mogwai jiangshi peachwood swords concepts passed generations.chinese fortune telling rituals still use today thousands years refinement.taoism religious philosophical tradition chinese origin emphasizes living harmony tao 道 literally way also romanized dao.tao fundamental idea chinese philosophical schools taoism however denotes principle source pattern substance everything exists. |
Chinese culture | taoism differs confucianism emphasizing rigid rituals social order.taoist ethics vary depending particular school general tend emphasize wu wei effortless action naturalness simplicity spontaneity three treasures 慈 compassion 儉俭 frugality 谦 humility.roots taoism go back least th century bce.early taoism drew cosmological notions school yinyang naturalists deeply influenced one oldest texts chinese culture yijing expounds philosophical system keep human behavior accordance alternating cycles nature.legalist shen buhai may also major influence expounding realpolitik wu wei. |
Chinese culture | tao te ching compact book containing teachings attributed laozi chinese 老子 pinyin lǎozǐ wade–giles lao tzu widely considered keystone work taoist tradition together later writings zhuangzi.philosophy legalism confucianism also known ruism official philosophy throughout imperial chinas history mastery confucian texts primary criterion entry imperial bureaucracy.number authoritarian strains thought also influential legalism.there often conflict philosophies e.g.song dynasty neoconfucians believed legalism departed original spirit confucianism.examinations culture merit remain greatly valued china today. |
Chinese culture | recent years number new confucians confused neoconfucianism advocated democratic ideals human rights quite compatible traditional confucian asian values.confucianism described tradition philosophy religion humanistic rationalistic religion way governing simply way life.confucianism developed later called hundred schools thought teachings chinese philosopher confucius – bce considered retransmitter values zhou dynasty golden age several centuries before.han dynasty bce – ce confucian approaches edged prototaoist huanglao official ideology emperors mixed realist techniques legalism.hundred schools thought hundred schools thought philosophies schools flourished th century bc spring autumn period warring states period ancient china.era great cultural intellectual expansion china fraught chaos bloody battles also known golden age chinese philosophy broad range thoughts ideas developed discussed freely. |
Chinese culture | phenomenon called contention hundred schools thought 百家爭鳴百家争鸣 bǎijiā zhēngmíng paichia chengming hundred schools contend.thoughts ideas discussed refined period profoundly influenced lifestyles social consciousness present day china across east asia.intellectual society era characterized itinerant scholars often employed various state rulers advisers methods government war diplomacy.period ended rise imperial qin dynasty subsequent purge dissent.traditional source period shiji records grand historian sima qian. |
Chinese culture | autobiographical section shiji taishigong zixu 太史公自序 refers schools thought described below.mohism ancient chinese philosophy logic rational thought science developed academic scholars studied ancient chinese philosopher mozi c. bc–c.bc embodied eponymous book mozi.another group school military 兵家 bingjia studied warfare strategy sunzi sun bin influential leaders.school naturalists warring states era philosophy synthesized concepts yinyang five elements zou yan considered founder school.theory attempted explain universe terms basic forces nature complementary agents yin dark cold female negative yang light hot male positive five elements five phases water fire wood metal earth. |
Chinese culture | language ancient written standard classical chinese.used thousands years mostly used scholars intellectuals forms top class society called shi da fu 士大夫.difficult possible ordinary people promote class passing written exams.calligraphy later became commercialized works famous artists became prized possessions.chinese literature long past earliest classic work chinese ching book changes dates around bc. |
Chinese culture | flourishing philosophy warring states period produced noteworthy works confuciuss analects laozis tao te ching.see also chinese classics.dynastic histories often written beginning sima qians seminal records grand historian written bc bc.the tang dynasty witnessed poetic flowering four great classical novels chinese literature written ming qing dynasties.printmaking form movable type developed song dynasty.academies scholars sponsored empire formed comment classics printed handwritten form. |
Chinese culture | royalty frequently participated discussions well.chinese philosophers writers poets highly respected played key roles preserving promoting culture empire.classical scholars however noted daring depictions lives common people often displeasure authorities.start th century population still illiterate many mutuallyunintelligible languages spoken mandarin wu yue cantonese min nan banlamgu jin xiang hakka gan hui ping etc.different regions prevented communication people areas.nevertheless written language keeps communication open passing official orders documentations throughout entire region china. |
Chinese culture | reformers set establish national language settling beijingbased mandarin spoken form.may th movement classical chinese quickly replaced written vernacular chinese modeled vocabulary grammar standard spoken language.calligraphy chinese calligraphy form aesthetically pleasing writing calligraphy artistic expression human language tangible form.general standardizations various styles calligraphy tradition.chinese calligraphy ink wash painting closely related accomplished using similar tools techniques long history shared artistry. |
Chinese culture | distinguishing features chinese painting calligraphy include emphasis motion charged dynamic life.according stanleybaker calligraphy sheer life experienced energy motion registered traces silk paper time rhythm shifting space main ingredients.calligraphy also led development many forms art china including seal carving ornate paperweights inkstones.in china calligraphy referred shūfǎ 書法书法 literally waymethodlaw writing shodō 書道书道 japan literally wayprinciple writing seoye 서예 書藝 korea literally skillcriterion writing.chinese calligraphy normally regarded one arts chinese 藝術艺术 pinyin yìshù countries practised.chinese calligraphy focuses methods writing also cultivating ones character 人品 taught pursuit －書法 pinyin shūfǎ rules writing han characters. |
Chinese culture | literature zhou dynasty often regarded touchstone chinese cultural development.concepts covered within chinese classic texts present wide range subjects including poetry astrology astronomy calendar constellations many others.important early texts include ching shujing within four books five classics.many chinese concepts yin yang qi four pillars destiny relation heaven earth theorized preimperial periods.end qing dynasty chinese culture would embark new era written vernacular chinese common citizens. |
Chinese culture | hu shih lu xun would pioneers modern literature.founding peoples republic china study chinese modern literature gradually increased time.modernera literature formed aspect process forming modern interpretations nationhood creation sense national spirit.poetry tang dynasty tang poetry refers poetry written around time characteristic style chinas tang dynasty june – june including – reign wu zetian follows certain style often considered golden age chinese poetry.tang dynasty poetry continued important part social life levels society. |
Chinese culture | scholars required master poetry civil service exams art theoretically available everyone.led large record poetry poets partial record survives today.two famous poets period li bai du fu.tang poetry ongoing influence world literature modern quasimodern poetry.quantangshi complete tang poems anthology compiled early eighteenth century includes poems written authors.the quantangwen 全唐文 complete tang prose despite name contains fu another widely consulted source tang poetry. |
Chinese culture | despite names sources comprehensive manuscripts discovered dunhuang twentieth century included many shi fu well variant readings poems also included later anthologies.also collections individual poets work generally dated earlier qing anthologies although earlier eleventh century.hundred tang poets collected editions extant.another important source anthologies poetry compiled tang dynasty although thirteen anthologies survive full part.many records poetry well writings lost tang capital changan damaged war eighth ninth centuries tang poems survive earlier period chinese history still likely represents small portion poetry actually produced period. |
Chinese culture | many seventhcentury poets reported imperial library catalog left behind massive volumes poetry tiny portion survives notable gaps poetic œuvres even li bai du fu two celebrated tang poets.ci song dynasty ci 辭辞 poetic form type lyric poetry done tradition classical chinese poetry.ci use set poetic meters derived base set certain patterns fixedrhythm fixedtone variable linelength formal types model examples rhythmic tonal pattern ci based upon certain definitive musical song tunes.also known changduanju 長短句长短句 lines irregular lengths shiyu 詩餘诗馀 beside poetry.typically number characters line arrangement tones determined one around set patterns associated particular title called cípái 詞牌词牌.originally written sung tune title set rhythm rhyme tempo. |
Chinese culture | song dynasty also period great scientific literature saw creation works su songs xin yixiang fayao shen kuos dream pool essays.also enormous works historiography large encyclopedias sima guangs zizhi tongjian four great books song fully compiled edited th century.notable confucianists taoists scholars classes made significant contributions documenting history authoring saintly concepts seem hundreds years ahead time.although oldest surviving textual examples surviving ci th century ce dunhuang manuscripts beginning poetry liang dynasty ci followed tradition shi jing yuefu lyrics developed anonymous popular songs sophisticated literary genre although case ci form fixedrhythm patterns origin central asia.form developed tang dynasty.although contributions li bo also known li po – fraught historical doubt certainly tang poet wen tingyun – great master ci writing distinct mature form. |
Chinese culture | one notable practitioners developers form li yu southern tang dynasty five dynasties ten kingdoms period.however ci form classical chinese poetry especially associated poetry song dynasty indeed popular poetic form.revival ci poetry form occurred end ming dynasty beginning qing dynasty characterized exploration emotions connected romantic love together valorization often context brief poetic story narrative within ci poem linked group ci poems application chuanqi form short story tales poetry.qu yuan dynasty qu form poetry type classical chinese poetry form consisting words written one number certain set tone patterns based upon tunes various songs.thus qu poems lyrics lines varying longer shorter lengths set according certain specific fixed patterns rhyme tone conventional musical pieces upon based matched variations lyrics individual qu poems generally take name. |
Chinese culture | fixedtone type verse qu ci together shi fu forms poetry comprise three main forms classical chinese poetry.chinese literature qu chinese 曲 pinyin qǔ wade–giles chü form poetry yuan dynasty may called yuanqu 元曲 p yuánqǔ w yüanchü.qu may derived chinese opera zaju 雜劇杂剧 case qu may referred sanqu 散曲.san sanqu refers detached status qu lyrics verse form words rather embedded part opera performance lyrics stand separately own.since qu became popular late southern song dynasty reached special height popularity poetry yuan dynasty therefore often called yuanqu 元曲 specifying type qu found chinese opera typical yuan dynasty era. |
Chinese culture | sanqu ci lyrics written fit different melodies sanqu differs ci colloquial allowed contain chenzi 襯字衬字 filler words additional words make complete meaning.sanqu divided xiaoling 小令 santao 散套 latter containing one melody.novels ming dynasty qing dynasty four great classical classic novels chinese literature four novels commonly regarded chinese literary criticism greatest influential premodern chinese fiction.dating ming qing dynasties well known chinese either directly many adaptations chinese opera forms popular culture.among worlds longest oldest novels considered pinnacle chinas literary achievement classic novels influencing creation many stories plays movies games forms entertainment across parts east asia.chinese fiction rooted narrative classics shishuo xinyu sou shen ji wenyuan yinghua da tang xiyu ji youyang zazu taiping guangji official histories developed novel early song dynasty. |
Chinese culture | novel extended prose narrative realistically creates believable world evolved china europe th th centuries though little earlier china.chinese audiences interested history historically minded.appreciated relative optimism moral humanism relative emphasis collective behavior welfare society.the rise money economy urbanization beginning song era led professionalization entertainment encouraged spread printing rise literacy education.china western europe novel gradually became autobiographical serious exploration social moral philosophical problems.chinese fiction late ming dynasty early qing dynasty varied selfconscious experimental. |
Chinese culture | china however counterpart thcentury european explosion novels.novels ming early qing dynasties represented pinnacle classic chinese fiction.scholar literary critic andrew h. plaks argues romance three kingdoms water margin journey west golden lotus collectively constituted technical breakthrough reflecting new cultural values intellectual concerns.educated editors authors commentators used narrative conventions developed earlier storytellers episodic structure interspersed songs folk sayings speaking directly reader fashioned selfconsciously ironic narratives whose seeming familiarity camouflaged neoconfucian moral critique late ming decadence.plaks explores textual history novels published authors deaths usually anonymously ironic satiric devices novels paved way great novels th century. |
Chinese culture | plaks shows ming novels share formal characteristics.fashion clothing chinas fashion history covers hundreds years colorful diverse arrangements.different social classes different eras boast different fashion trends color yellow usually reserved emperor chinas imperial era.preqing beginning history han clothing especially elite circles inseparable silk supposedly discovered yellow emperors consort leizu.dynasty follow shang western zhou dynasty established strict hierarchical society used clothing status meridian inevitably height ones rank influenced ornateness costume. |
Chinese culture | markers included length skirt wideness sleeve degree ornamentation.addition classoriented developments han chinese clothing became looser introduction wide sleeves jade decorations hung sash served keep yi closed.yi essentially wrapped style known jiaoling youren wrapping right side left initially greater challenge righthanded wearer people zhongyuan discouraged lefthandedness like many historical cultures considering unnatural barbarian uncivilized unfortunate.shang dynasty c. bc – bc developed rudiments chinese clothing consisted yi narrowcuffed kneelength tunic tied sash narrow anklelength skirt called chang worn bixi length fabric reached knees.vivid primary colors green used due degree technology time. |
Chinese culture | qipao qing dynasty chinas last imperial dynasty dramatic shift clothing occurred examples include cheongsam qipao mandarin.clothing era qing dynasty referred hanfu traditional han chinese clothing.many symbols phoenix used decorative well economic purposes.among banners qí mostly manchu group called banner people 旗人 pinyin qí rén.manchu women typically wore onepiece dress retrospectively came known qípáo 旗袍 manchu sijigiyan banner gown. |
Chinese culture | generic term male female forms manchu dress essentially similar garments chángpáo 長袍长袍.qipao fitted loosely hung straight body flared slightly aline.dynastic laws han chinese banner system forced adopt manchu male hairstyle wearing queue manchu men dress manchu qipao.however order ordinary nonbanner han civilians wear manchu clothing lifted han served officials required wear manchu clothing rest civilian han population dressing however wanted.qipao covered womans body revealing head hands tips toes. |
Chinese culture | baggy nature clothing also served conceal figure wearer regardless age.time though qipao tailored become form fitting revealing.modern version recognized popularly china standard qipao first developed shanghai partly influence beijing styles.people eagerly sought modernized style dress transformed old qipao suit tastes.slender form fitting high cut great differences traditional qipao. |
Chinese culture | highclass courtesans celebrities city would make redesigned tight fitting qipao popular time.shanghai first known zansae long dress 長衫—mandarin chinese chángshān shanghainese zansae cantonese chèuhngsāam name survives english cheongsam.han civilian men eventually voluntarily adopted manchu clothing han women continued wearing han clothing.changpao required clothing chinese men certain class han chinese women continued wear loose jacket trousers overskirt formal occasions.qipao new fashion item han chinese women started wearing around .the original qipao wide loose. |
Chinese culture | hosiery turn declined later decades cheongsams nowadays come commonly worn bare legs.arts chinese art visual art whether ancient modern originated practiced china chinese artists.chinese art republic china taiwan overseas chinese also considered part chinese art based draws chinese heritage chinese culture.early stone age art dates back bc mostly consisting simple pottery sculptures.early period chinese art like chinese history typically classified succession ruling dynasties chinese emperors lasted several hundred years.chinese art arguably oldest continuous tradition world marked unusual degree continuity within consciousness tradition lacking equivalent western collapse gradual recovery classical styles. |
Chinese culture | media usually classified west since renaissance decorative arts extremely important chinese art much finest work produced large workshops factories essentially unknown artists especially chinese ceramics.different forms art swayed influence great philosophers teachers religious figures even political figures.chinese art encompasses facets fine art folk art performance art.porcelain pottery one first forms art palaeolithic period.early chinese music poetry influenced book songs chinese poet statesman qu yuan.chinese painting became highly appreciated art court circles encompassing wide variety shui specialized styles ming dynasty painting.early chinese music based percussion instruments later gave away stringed reed instruments. |
Chinese culture | han dynasty papercutting became new art form invention paper.chinese opera would also introduced branched regionally addition performance formats variety arts.chinese lantern chinese paper lantern 紙燈籠 纸灯笼 lantern made thin brightly colored paper.paper lanterns come various shapes sizes well various methods construction.simplest form simply paper bag candle placed inside although complicated lanterns consist collapsible bamboo metal frame hoops covered tough paper. |
Chinese culture | sometimes lanterns made colored silk usually red vinyl.silk lanterns also collapsible metal expander decorated chinese characters andor designs.vinyl lanterns durable resist rain sunlight wind.paper lanterns last long soon break silk lanterns last longer.gold paper soon fade away pale white red silk become mix pink red. |
Chinese culture | often associated festivals paper lanterns common china japan korea taiwan similarly chinatowns large communities overseas chinese often hung outside businesses attract attention.japan traditional styles include bonbori chōchin special style lettering called chōchin moji used write them.airborne paper lanterns called sky lanterns often released night sky aesthetic effect lantern festivals.the chinese sky lantern 天燈 天灯 also known kongming lantern small hot air balloon made paper opening bottom small fire suspended.asia elsewhere around world sky lanterns traditionally made centuries launched play part longestablished festivities.name sky lantern translation chinese name also referred sky candles fire balloons. |
Chinese culture | general design thin paper shell may cm couple metres across opening bottom.opening usually cm wide even largest shells surrounded stiff collar serves suspend flame source keep away walls.lit flame heats air inside lantern thus lowering density causing lantern rise air.sky lantern airborne long flame stays alight lantern sinks back ground.chinese hand fan oldest existing chinese fans pair woven bamboo wood paper sidemounted fans nd century bce. |
Chinese culture | chinese character fan 扇 etymologically derived picture feathers roof.particular status gender would associated specific type fan.song dynasty famous artists often commissioned paint fans.chinese dancing fan developed th century.chinese form hand fan row feathers mounted end handle. |
Chinese culture | later centuries chinese poems fourword idioms used decorate fans using chinese calligraphy pens.ancient china fans came various shapes forms leaf oval halfmoon shape made different materials silk bamboo feathers etc.carved lacquer carved lacquer qīdiāo chinese 漆雕 distinctive chinese form decorated lacquerware.lacquer used china least years technique carving thick coatings appears developed th century ce.extremely timeconsuming produce always luxury product essentially restricted china though imitated japanese lacquer somewhat different styles. |
Chinese culture | producing process called diāoqī 雕漆彫漆 carving lacquer.though surviving examples ming qing dynasties main types subject matter carvings begun song dynasty development technique carving essentially early ming.types abstract guri swordpommel pattern figures landscape birds plants.designs religious symbols animals auspicious characters right imperial dragons added.objects made technique wide range small types mostly practical vessels containers boxes plates trays.screens pieces chinese furniture made. |
Chinese culture | carved lacquer rarely combined painting lacquer lacquer techniques.later chinese writers dated introduction carved lacquer tang dynasty – many modern writers pointed late tang pieces armour found silk road aurel stein british museum.red black lacquer camel hide lacquer thin less one millimeter thickness effect different simple abstract shapes plain field almost impression relief.style carving thick lacquer used later first seen southern song – following development techniques making thick lacquer.evidence literary sources existed late tang.first style decoration used known guri 屈輪曲仑 japanese word ringpommel sword motifs used metal often called swordpommel pattern english. |
Chinese culture | style uses family repeated twobranched scrolling shapes cut rounded profile surface v section layers lacquer different colours black red yellow later green giving marbled effect contrasted colours technique called tìxī 剔犀剃犀 chinese.style continued used ming dynasty especially small boxes jars covers though song red often used motifs often carved wider flat spaces bottom level exposed.folding screen folding screen simplified chinese 屏风 traditional chinese 屏風 type freestanding furniture.consists several frames panels often connected hinges means.made variety designs different kinds materials. |
Chinese culture | folding screens many practical decorative uses.originated ancient china eventually spreading rest east asia europe parts world.screens date back china eastern zhou period – bce.initially onepanel screens contrast folding screens.folding screens invented han dynasty bce – ce. |
Chinese culture | depictions folding screens found hanera tombs one zhucheng shandong province.folding screens originally made wooden panels painted lacquered surfaces eventually folding screens made paper silk became popular too.even though folding screens known used since antiquity became rapidly popular tang dynasty –.tang dynasty folding screens considered ideal ornaments many painters display paintings calligraphy on.many artists painted paper silk applied onto folding screen.two distinct artistic folding screens mentioned historical literature era. |
Chinese culture | one known huaping simplified chinese 画屏 traditional chinese 畫屏 lit.painted folding screen known shuping simplified chinese 书屏 traditional chinese 書屏 lit.calligraphed folding screen.uncommon people commission folding screens artists tangera painter cao ba songera painter guo xi.landscape paintings folding screens reached height song dynasty –. |
Chinese culture | lacquer techniques coromandel screens known kuǎncǎi 款彩 incised colors emerged late ming dynasty – applied folding screens create dark screens incised painted inlaid art motherofpearl ivory materials.chinese jade chinese jade 玉 refers jade mined carved china neolithic onward.primary hardstone chinese sculpture.although deep bright green jadeite better known europe chinas history jade come variety colors white muttonfat nephrite highly praised prized.native sources henan along yangtze exploited since prehistoric times largely exhausted chinese jade today extracted northwestern province xinjiang. |
Chinese culture | jade prized hardness durability musical qualities beauty.particular subtle translucent colors protective qualities caused become associated chinese conceptions soul immortality.prominent early use crafting six ritual jades found since rdmillennium bc liangzhu culture bi cong huang hu gui zhang.although items ancient original meaning uncertain time composition rites zhou thought represent sky earth four directions.han dynasty royal family prominent lords buried entirely ensheathed jade burial suits sewn gold thread idea would preserve body souls attached it. |
Chinese culture | jade also thought combat fatigue living.han also greatly improved prior artistic treatment jade.uses gave way three kingdoms period buddhist practices new developments taoism alchemy.nonetheless jade remained part traditional chinese medicine important artistic medium.although use never became widespread japan jade became important art korea southeast asia. |
Chinese culture | mythological beings chinese culture loong loongs also known chinese dragon legendary creatures chinese mythology chinese folklore east asian culture.chinese dragons many animallike forms turtles fish commonly depicted snakelike four legs.traditionally symbolize potent auspicious powers particularly control water rainfall typhoons floods.dragon also symbol power strength good luck people worthy it.days imperial china emperor china usually used dragon symbol imperial power strength. |
Chinese culture | also symbol representative son heaven mandate heaven celestial empire chinese tributary system history china.fenghuang fenghuang 鳳凰 mythological birds found chinese east asian mythology reign birds.males originally called feng females huang distinction gender often longer made blurred single feminine entity bird paired chinese dragon traditionally deemed male.fenghuang also called august rooster simplified chinese 鹍鸡 traditional chinese 鶤雞 鵾雞 pinyin yùnjī kūnjī wade–giles yünchi kunchi since sometimes takes place rooster chinese zodiac.western world commonly called chinese phoenix simply phoenix although mythological similarities western phoenix superficial. |
Chinese culture | qilin qilin tɕʰǐ.lǐn chinese 麒麟 kirin japanese mythical hooved chimerical creature known chinese culture said appear imminent arrival passing sage illustrious ruler.qilin specific type lin mythological family onehorned beasts.earliest references qilin th century bc zuo zhuan.qilin made appearances variety subsequent chinese works history fiction feng shen bang.emperor wu han apparently captured live qilin bc although sima qian skeptical this. |
Chinese culture | xuanwu xuanwu chinese玄武 one four symbols chinese constellations.despite english name usually depicted turtle entwined together snake.known genbu japanese hyeonmu korean.represents north winter season.japan one four guardian spirits protect kyoto said protects city north. |
Chinese culture | represented kenkun shrine located top mt funaoka kyoto.creatures name identical important taoist god xuanwu sometimes journey west portrayed company turtle snake.music instruments dancing music dance closely associated early periods china.music china dates back dawn chinese civilization documents artifacts providing evidence welldeveloped musical culture early zhou dynasty bce – bce.earliest music zhou dynasty recorded ancient chinese texts includes ritual music called yayue piece may associated dance. |
Chinese culture | oldest written music dates back confuciuss time.first major welldocumented flowering chinese music exemplified popularization qin plucked instrument seven strings tang dynasty although instrument known played major role han dynasty.there many musical instruments integral chinese culture xun ocarinatype instrument also integral native american cultures guzheng zither movable bridges guqin bridgeless zither sheng xiao vertical flute erhu alto fiddle bowed lute pipa pearshaped plucked lute many others.dance china highly varied art form consisting many modern traditional dance genres.dances cover wide range folk dances performances opera ballet may used public celebrations rituals ceremonies.also officially recognized ethnic groups china ethnic minority group china also folk dances.best known chinese dances today dragon dance lion dance. |
Chinese culture | architecture chinese architecture style architecture taken shape ages influenced architecture east asia many centuries.structural principles chinese architecture remained largely unchanged main changes decorative details.since tang dynasty chinese architecture major influence architectural styles east asia japan korea.chinese architecture examples found years ago almost old chinese civilization long important hallmark chinese culture.certain features common chinese architecture regardless specific regions different provinces use. |
Chinese culture | important symmetry connotes sense grandeur applies everything palaces farmhouses.one notable exception design gardens tends asymmetrical possible.like chinese scroll paintings principle underlying gardens composition create enduring flow let patron wander enjoy garden without prescription nature herself.feng shui played important part structural development.chinese garden landscape garden style evolved three thousand years. |
Chinese culture | includes vast gardens chinese emperors members imperial family built pleasure impress intimate gardens created scholars poets former government officials soldiers merchants made reflection escape outside world.create idealized miniature landscape meant express harmony exist man nature.typical chinese garden enclosed walls includes one ponds rock works trees flowers assortment halls pavilions within garden connected winding paths zigzag galleries.moving structure structure visitors view series carefully composed scenes unrolling like scroll landscape paintings.chinese palace chinese palace imperial complex royal court civil government resided. |
Chinese culture | structures considerable elaborate.chinese character gong 宮 meaning palace represents two connected rooms 呂 roof 宀. originally character applied residence mansion used reference solely imperial residence since qin dynasty rd century bc.chinese palace composed many buildings.large areas surrounded walls moats.contains large halls 殿 ceremonies official business well smaller buildings temples towers residences galleries courtyards gardens outbuildings. |
Chinese culture | apart main imperial palace chinese dynasties also several imperial palaces capital city empress crown prince members imperial family dwelled.also existed palaces outside capital city called away palaces 離宮离宫 emperors resided traveling.empress dowager cixi 慈禧太后 built summer palace yiheyuan 頤和園颐和园 – garden nurtured harmony near old summer palace much smaller scale old summer palace.paifang paifang also known pailou traditional style chinese architectural arch gateway structure related indian torana derived.word paifang chinese 牌坊 pinyin páifāng originally collective term top two levels administrative division subdivisions ancient chinese cities. |
Chinese culture | largest division within city ancient china fang 坊 fāng equivalent current day ward.fang enclosed walls fences gates enclosures shut guarded every night.fang divided several pai 牌 pái placard equivalent current day unincorporated community.pai turn contained area including several hutongs alleyways.system urban administrative division subdivision reached elaborate level tang dynasty continued following dynasties. |
Chinese culture | example ming dynasty beijing divided total fangs.originally word paifang referred gate fang marker entrance building complex town song dynasty paifang evolved purely decorative monument.chinese garden chinese garden landscape garden style evolved years.includes vast gardens chinese emperors members imperial family built pleasure impress intimate gardens created scholars poets former government officials soldiers merchants made reflection escape outside world.create idealized miniature landscape meant express harmony exist man nature. |
Chinese culture | typical chinese garden enclosed walls includes one ponds rock works trees flowers assortment halls pavilions within garden connected winding paths zigzag galleries.moving structure structure visitors view series carefully composed scenes unrolling like scroll landscape paintings.earliest recorded chinese gardens created valley yellow river shang dynasty – bc.gardens large enclosed parks kings nobles hunted game fruit vegetables grown.early inscriptions period carved tortoise shells three chinese characters garden pu yuan. |
Chinese culture | royal garden birds animals kept pu garden plants.qin dynasty – bc yuan became character gardens.the old character yuan small picture garden enclosed square represent wall symbols represent plan structure small square represent pond symbol plantation pomegranate tree.according shiji one famous features garden wine pool meat forest 酒池肉林.large pool big enough several small boats constructed palace grounds inner linings polished oval shaped stones sea shores.pool filled wine. |
Chinese culture | small island constructed middle pool trees planted skewers roasted meat hanging branches.king zhou friends concubines drifted boats drinking wine hands eating roasted meat trees.later chinese philosophers historians cited garden example decadence bad taste.spring autumn period – bc bc terrace shanghua lavishly decorated palaces built king jing zhou dynasty.bc even elaborate garden terrace gusu begun. |
Chinese culture | located side mountain included series terraces connected galleries along lake boats form blue dragons navigated.highest terrace view extended far lake tai great lake.martial arts china one main birth places eastern martial arts.chinese martial arts often named umbrella terms kung fu wushu several hundred fighting styles developed centuries china.fighting styles often classified according common traits identified families 家 jiā sects 派 pài schools 门門 mén martial arts. |
Chinese culture | examples traits include shaolinquan 少林拳 physical exercises involving five animals 五形 mimicry training methods inspired old chinese philosophies religions legends.styles focus qi manipulation called internal 內家拳内家拳 nèijiāquán others concentrate improving muscle cardiovascular fitness called external 外家拳 wàijiāquán.geographical association northern北拳 běiquán southern 南拳 nánquán another popular classification method.chinese martial arts collectively given name kung fu gong achievement merit fu man thus human achievement previously modern contexts wushu martial arts military arts.china also includes home wellrespected shaolin monastery wudang mountains.first generation art started purpose survival warfare art. |
Chinese culture | time art forms branched others retained distinct chinese flavor.regardless china produced renowned martial artists including wong fei hung many others.arts also coexisted variety weapons including standard arms.legendary controversial moves like dim mak also praised talked within culture.martial arts schools also teach art lion dance evolved pugilistic display kung fu entertaining dance performance.leisure number games pastimes popular within chinese culture. |
Chinese culture | common game mahjong.pieces used styled games shanghai solitaire.others include pai gow pai gow poker bone domino games.weiqi xiangqi also popular.ethnic games like chinese yoyo also part culture performed social events.qigong practice spiritual physical medical techniques. |
Chinese culture | form exercise although commonly used among elderly one age practice free time.cuisine chinese cuisine important part chinese culture includes cuisine originating diverse regions china well chinese people parts world.chinese diaspora historical power country chinese cuisine influenced many cuisines asia modifications made cater local palates.preference seasoning cooking techniques chinese provinces depend differences historical background ethnic groups.geographic features including mountains rivers forests deserts also strong effect local available ingredients considering climate china varies tropical south subarctic northeast. |
Chinese culture | imperial royal noble preference also plays role change chinese cuisines.imperial expansion trading ingredients cooking techniques cultures integrated chinese cuisines time.praised four major cuisines chuan lu yue huaiyang representing west north south east china cuisine correspondingly.modern eight cuisines china anhui cantonese fujian hunan jiangsu shandong sichuan zhejiang cuisines.color smell taste three traditional aspects used describe chinese food well meaning appearance nutrition food. |
Chinese culture | cooking appraised ingredients used cuttings cooking time seasoning.considered inappropriate use knives dining table.chopsticks main eating utensils chinese food used cut pick food.tea culture practice drinking tea long history china originated there.history tea china long complex chinese enjoyed tea millennia. |
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