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Configuration management | relatively minimal cost implementing cm returned manyfold cost avoidance.lack cm ineffectual implementation expensive sometimes catastrophic consequences failure equipment loss life.cm emphasizes functional relation parts subsystems systems effectively controlling system change.helps verify proposed changes systematically considered minimize adverse effects.changes system proposed evaluated implemented using standardized systematic approach ensures consistency proposed changes evaluated terms anticipated impact entire system.cm verifies changes carried prescribed documentation items systems reflects true configuration. |
Configuration management | complete cm program includes provisions storing tracking updating system information component subsystem system basis.a structured cm program ensures documentation e.g.requirements design test acceptance documentation items accurate consistent actual physical design item.many cases without cm documentation exists consistent item itself.reason engineers contractors management frequently forced develop documentation reflecting actual status item proceed change.reverse engineering process wasteful terms human resources minimized eliminated using cm. |
Configuration management | history configuration management originated united states department defense technical management discipline hardware material items—and standard practice virtually every industry.cm process became technical discipline sometime late dod developed series military standards called series i.e.milstd milstd milstd subsequently issued s. series consolidated single standard known mil–std– replaced mil–hdbk– pursuant general dod goal reduced number military standards favor industry technical standards supported standards developing organizations sdo.marked beginning evolved widely distributed accepted standard cm ansi–eia––.widely adopted numerous organizations agencies cm disciplines concepts include systems engineering se integrated logistics support ils capability maturity model integration cmmi iso prince project management method cobit itil product lifecycle management application lifecycle management. |
Configuration management | many functions models redefined cm traditional holistic approach technical management.treat cm similar librarian activity break change control change management separate stand alone discipline.overview cm practice handling changes systematically system maintains integrity time.cm implements policies procedures techniques tools manage evaluate proposed changes track status changes maintain inventory system support documents system changes.cm programs plans provide technical administrative direction development implementation procedures functions services tools processes resources required successfully develop support complex system. |
Configuration management | system development cm allows program management track requirements throughout lifecycle acceptance operations maintenance.changes inevitably occur requirements design must approved documented creating accurate record system status.ideally cm process applied throughout system lifecycle.professionals mix get confused asset management see also isoiec inventories assets hand.key difference cm former manage financial accounting aspect service system supports words later trying realize value asset.the cm process hardware softwareconfiguration items comprises five distinct disciplines established mil–hdbk–a ansieia. |
Configuration management | disciplines carried policies procedures establishing baselines performing standard changemanagement process.ieee process ieee .also activities adds release management delivery.the five disciplines arecm planning management formal document plan guide cm program includes items aspersonnelresponsibilities resourcestraining requirementsadministrative meeting guidelines including definition procedures toolsbaselining processesconfiguration control configurationstatus accountingnaming conventionsaudits reviewssubcontractorvendor cm requirementsconfiguration identification ci consists setting maintaining baselines define system subsystem architecture components developments point time.basis changes part system identified documented later tracked design development testing final delivery.ci incrementally establishes maintains definitive current basis configuration status accounting csa system configuration items cis throughout lifecycle development production deployment operational support disposal.configuration control includes evaluation changerequests changeproposals subsequent approval disapproval. |
Configuration management | covers process controlling modifications systems design hardware firmware software documentation.configuration status accounting includes process recording reporting configuration item descriptions e.g.hardware software firmware etc.departures baseline design production.event suspected problems verification baseline configuration approved modifications quickly determined.configuration verification audit independent review hardware software purpose assessing compliance established performance requirements commercial appropriate military standards functional allocated product baselines.configuration audits verify system subsystem configuration documentation complies functional physical performance characteristics acceptance architectural baseline. |
Configuration management | software software configuration management scm process looked upon practitioners best solution handling changes software projects.identifies functional physical attributes software various points time performs systematic control changes identified attributes purpose maintaining software integrity traceability throughout software development life cycle.the scm process defines need trace changes ability verify final delivered software planned enhancements supposed included release.identifies four procedures must defined software project ensure sound scm process implemented.areconfiguration identificationconfiguration controlconfiguration status accountingconfiguration auditsthese terms definitions change standard standard essentially same.configuration identification process identifying attributes define every aspect configuration item.configuration item product hardware andor software enduser purpose. |
Configuration management | attributes recorded configuration documentation baselined.baselining attribute forces formal configuration change control processes effected event attributes changed.configuration change control set processes approval stages required change configuration items attributes rebaseline them.configuration status accounting ability record report configuration baselines associated configuration item moment time.configuration audits broken functional physical configuration audits.occur either delivery moment effecting change.functional configuration audit ensures functional performance attributes configuration item achieved physical configuration audit ensures configuration item installed accordance requirements detailed design documentation.configuration management database itil specifies use configuration management system cms configuration management database cmdb means achieving industry best practices configuration management. |
Configuration management | cmdbs used track configuration items cis dependencies cis represent things enterprise worth tracking managing limited computers software software licenses racks network devices storage even components within items.the benefits cmscmdb includes able perform functions like root cause analysis impact analysis change management current state assessment future state strategy development.example systems commonly identifies service management itsm systems include freshservice servicenow samanage.information assurance information assurance cm defined management security features assurances control changes made hardware software firmware documentation test test fixtures test documentation throughout life cycle information system.cm information assurance sometimes referred secure configuration management relies upon performance functional physical attributes platforms products environments determine appropriate security features assurances used measure system configuration state.example configuration requirements may different network firewall functions part organizations internet boundary versus one functions internal local network firewall. |
Configuration management | maintenance systems configuration management used maintain understanding status complex assets view maintaining highest level serviceability lowest cost.specifically aims ensure operations disrupted due asset parts asset overrunning limits planned lifespan quality levels.in military type activity often classed mission readiness seeks define assets available type mission classic example whether aircraft board aircraft carrier equipped bombs ground support missiles defense.operating system configuration management configuration management used maintain os configuration files.example systems include ansible bcfg cfengine chef nix otter puppet quattor saltstack terraform pulumi vagrant.many systems utilize infrastructure code define maintain configuration.the promise theory configuration maintenance developed mark burgess practical implementation present day computer systems software cfengine able perform real time repair well preventive maintenance. |
Configuration management | preventive maintenance understanding state asset major components essential element preventive maintenance used maintenance repair overhaul enterprise asset management systems.complex assets aircraft ships industrial machinery etc.depend many different components serviceable.serviceability often defined terms amount usage component since new since fitted since repaired amount use life several limiting factors.understanding near end life components major undertaking involving laborintensive record keeping recent developments software.predictive maintenance many types component use electronic sensors capture data provides live condition monitoring. |
Configuration management | data analyzed board remote location computer evaluate current serviceability increasingly likely future state using algorithms predict potential future failures based previous examples failure field experience modeling.basis predictive maintenance.availability accurate timely data essential order cm provide operational value lack often limiting factor.capturing disseminating operating data various support organizations becoming industry itself.the consumers data grown numerous complex growth programs offered original equipment manufacturers oems.designed offer operators guaranteed availability make picture complex operator managing asset oem taking liability ensure serviceability.standards number standards support include configuration management includingansieia national consensus standard configuration managementeiaa national consensus standard configuration managementansi eiac configuration management standardiso quality management systems – guidelines configuration managementfederal standard cgeia standard – configuration management data exchange interoperabilityieee standard software test documentation ieee standard configuration management systems software engineering. |
Configuration management | .doi.ieeestd... isbn .milstd configuration management cancelled september nato stanag configuration management systems life cycle management includingnato acmp policy configuration managementnato acmp guidance configuration managementnato acmp configuration management contractual requirementscmmi cmmi development version .configuration managementcmiie cmii standard enterprise configuration managementextended list configuration management related standardsitil service asset configuration managementiso service management system.ecssmstc rev.configuration information management guidelines ieee standard configuration management systems software engineering published dateiso quality management – guidelines configuration managementnato acmp – guidance configuration managementansieia processes engineering systemansieia national consensus standard configuration managementgeiahb – implementation guide configuration managementeia consensus standard configuration management data exchange interoperabilitymilhdbkb configuration management guidance april milstd configuration management march canceled june defense acquisition guidebook elements cm .. se processes attributes cm .. lifecycle supportsystems engineering fundamentals chapter configuration managementconfiguration management plan united states dept.defense acquisition document construction recently configuration management applied large construction projects often complex huge number details changes need documented. |
Configuration management | construction agencies federal highway administration used configuration management infrastructure projects.constructionbased configuration management tools aim document change orders rfis order ensure project stays schedule budget.programs also store information aid maintenance modification infrastructure completed.one application ccsnet tested case study funded federal transportation administration fta efficacy configuration management measured comparing approximately complete construction los angeles county metropolitan transit agency lacmta first second segments red line .billion rail construction project. |
Birth control | study yielded results indicating benefit using configuration management projects nature.see also change detectiongranular configuration automationcomparison open source configuration management softwaredependencylist software engineering topicsinterchangeable partscontinuous configuration automationsystem configurationsystems management referencesbirth control used since ancient times effective safe methods birth control became available th century.planning making available using birth control called family planning.cultures limit discourage access birth control consider morally religiously politically undesirable.term birth control bit misnomer since abortion regularly considered term.the world health organization united states centers disease control prevention provide guidance safety birth control methods among women specific medical conditions.effective methods birth control sterilization means vasectomy males tubal ligation females intrauterine devices iuds implantable birth control. |
Birth control | followed number hormonebased methods including oral pills patches vaginal rings injections.less effective methods include physical barriers condoms diaphragms birth control sponges fertility awareness methods.least effective methods spermicides withdrawal male ejaculation.sterilization highly effective usually reversible methods reversible immediately upon stopping them.safe sex practices use male female condoms also help prevent sexually transmitted infections. |
Birth control | methods birth control protect sexually transmitted diseases.emergency birth control prevent pregnancy taken within hours unprotected sex.argue sex also form birth control abstinenceonly sex education may increase teenage pregnancies offered without birth control education due noncompliance.in teenagers pregnancies greater risk poor outcomes.comprehensive sex education access birth control decreases rate unwanted pregnancies age group.forms birth control generally used young people longacting reversible birth control implants iuds vaginal rings successful reducing rates teenage pregnancy. |
Birth control | delivery child woman exclusively breastfeeding may become pregnant four six weeks.methods birth control started immediately following birth others require delay six months.women breastfeeding progestinonly methods preferred combined oral birth control pills.women reached menopause recommended birth control continued one year last period.about million women want avoid pregnancy developing countries using modern birth control method.birth control use developing countries decreased number deaths around time pregnancy deaths prevented could prevent full demand birth control met. |
Birth control | lengthening time pregnancies birth control improve adult womens delivery outcomes survival children.developing world womens earnings assets weight well childrens schooling health improve greater access birth control.birth control increases economic growth fewer dependent children women participating workforce less use scarce resources.methods birth control methods include barrier methods hormonal birth control intrauterine devices iuds sterilization behavioral methods.used sex emergency contraceptives effective five days sex. |
Birth control | effectiveness generally expressed percentage women become pregnant using given method first year sometimes lifetime failure rate among methods high effectiveness tubal ligation.the effective methods long acting require ongoing health care visits.surgical sterilization implantable hormones intrauterine devices firstyear failure rates less .hormonal contraceptive pills patches vaginal rings lactational amenorrhea method lam adhered strictly also firstyear lam firstmonth failure rates less .typical use firstyear failure rates considerably high due inconsistent use.methods condoms diaphragms spermicides higher firstyear failure rates even perfect usage. |
Birth control | american academy pediatrics recommends long acting reversible birth control first line young individuals.while methods birth control potential adverse effects risk less pregnancy.stopping removing many methods birth control including oral contraceptives iuds implants injections rate pregnancy subsequent year used birth control.for individuals specific health problems certain forms birth control may require investigations.women otherwise healthy many methods birth control require medical exam—including birth control pills injectable implantable birth control condoms.example pelvic exam breast exam blood test starting birth control pills appear affect outcomes.world health organization published detailed list medical eligibility criteria type birth control. |
Birth control | hormonal hormonal contraception available number different forms including oral pills implants skin injections patches iuds vaginal ring.currently available women although hormonal contraceptives men clinically tested.two types oral birth control pills combined oral contraceptive pills contain estrogen progestin progestogenonly pills sometimes called minipills.either taken pregnancy increase risk miscarriage cause birth defects.types birth control pills prevent fertilization mainly inhibiting ovulation thickening cervical mucus. |
Birth control | may also change lining uterus thus decrease implantation.effectiveness depends users adherence taking pills.combined hormonal contraceptives associated slightly increased risk venous arterial blood clots.venous clots average increase ..per women years still less associated pregnancy. |
Birth control | due risk recommended women years age continue smoke.due increased risk included decision tools dash score perc rule used predict risk blood clots.the effect sexual desire varied increase decrease effect most.combined oral contraceptives reduce risk ovarian cancer endometrial cancer change risk breast cancer.often reduce menstrual bleeding painful menstruation cramps.lower doses estrogen released vaginal ring may reduce risk breast tenderness nausea headache associated higher dose estrogen products.progestinonly pills injections intrauterine devices associated increased risk blood clots may used women history blood clots veins. |
Birth control | history arterial blood clots nonhormonal birth control progestinonly method injectable version used.progestinonly pills may improve menstrual symptoms used breastfeeding women affect milk production.irregular bleeding may occur progestinonly methods users reporting periods.progestins drospirenone desogestrel minimize androgenic side effects increase risks blood clots thus first line.perfect use firstyear failure rate injectable progestin . |
Birth control | typical use first failure rate .barrier barrier contraceptives devices attempt prevent pregnancy physically preventing sperm entering uterus.include male condoms female condoms cervical caps diaphragms contraceptive sponges spermicide.globally condoms common method birth control.male condoms put mans erect penis physically block ejaculated sperm entering body sexual partner intercourse fellatio.modern condoms often made latex made materials polyurethane lambs intestine. |
Birth control | female condoms also available often made nitrile latex polyurethane.male condoms advantage inexpensive easy use adverse effects.making condoms available teenagers appear affect age onset sexual activity frequency.japan couples using birth control use condoms germany number united states .male condoms diaphragm spermicide typical use firstyear failure rates respectively.perfect use condoms effective firstyear failure rate versus firstyear rate diaphragm. |
Birth control | condoms additional benefit helping prevent spread sexually transmitted infections hivaids however condoms made animal intestine not.contraceptive sponges combine barrier spermicide.like diaphragms inserted vaginally intercourse must placed cervix effective.typical failure rates first year depend whether woman previously given birth not.sponge inserted hours intercourse must left place least six hours afterward.allergic reactions severe adverse effects toxic shock syndrome reported. |
Birth control | intrauterine devices current intrauterine devices iud small devices often tshaped containing either copper levonorgestrel inserted uterus.one form longacting reversible contraception effective types reversible birth control.failure rates copper iud .levonorgestrel iud failure rates .first year use. |
Birth control | among types birth control along birth control implants result greatest satisfaction among users.iuds widely used form reversible contraception million users worldwide.evidence supports effectiveness safety adolescents previously children.iuds affect breastfeeding inserted immediately delivery.may also used immediately abortion.removed even long term use fertility returns normal immediately.while copper iuds may increase menstrual bleeding result painful cramps hormonal iuds may reduce menstrual bleeding stop menstruation altogether. |
Birth control | cramping treated painkillers like nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.potential complications include expulsion – rarely perforation uterus less .. previous model intrauterine device dalkon shield associated increased risk pelvic inflammatory disease however risk affected current models without sexually transmitted infections around time insertion.iuds appear decrease risk ovarian cancer.sterilization surgical sterilization available form tubal ligation women vasectomy men.tubal ligation decreases risk ovarian cancer. |
Birth control | short term complications twenty times less likely vasectomy tubal ligation.vasectomy may swelling pain scrotum usually resolves one two weeks.chronic scrotal pain associated negative impact quality life occurs vasectomy men.tubal ligation complications occur percent procedures serious complications usually due anesthesia.neither method offers protection sexually transmitted infections. |
Birth control | sometimes salpingectomy also used sterilization women.this decision may cause regret men women.women undergone tubal ligation age regret decision compared women received sterilization within one year delivery turning nulliparous women sterilized age .contrast less men likely regret sterilization.men likely regret sterilization younger young children unstable marriage.survey biological parents stated would children able again.although sterilization considered permanent procedure possible attempt tubal reversal reconnect fallopian tubes vasectomy reversal reconnect vasa deferentia. |
Birth control | women desire reversal often associated change spouse.pregnancy success rates tubal reversal percent complications including increased risk ectopic pregnancy.number males request reversal percent.rates success fathering another child reversal percent success lower longer time period vasectomy reversal.sperm extraction followed vitro fertilization may also option men. |
Birth control | behavioral behavioral methods involve regulating timing method intercourse prevent introduction sperm female reproductive tract either altogether egg may present.used perfectly firstyear failure rate may around .however used poorly firstyear failure rates may approach .fertility awareness fertility awareness methods involve determining fertile days menstrual cycle avoiding unprotected intercourse.techniques determining fertility include monitoring basal body temperature cervical secretions day cycle. |
Birth control | typical firstyear failure rates perfect use firstyear failure rates depend method used range ..evidence estimates based however poor majority people trials stop use early.globally used .couples. |
Birth control | based basal body temperature another primary sign method referred symptothermal.firstyear failure rates overall .perfect use reported clinical studies symptothermal method.number fertility tracking apps available commonly designed assist trying get pregnant rather prevent pregnancy.withdrawal withdrawal method also known coitus interruptus practice ending intercourse pulling ejaculation. |
Birth control | main risk withdrawal method man may perform maneuver correctly timely manner.firstyear failure rates vary perfect usage typical usage.considered birth control medical professionals.there little data regarding sperm content preejaculatory fluid.tentative research find sperm one trial found sperm present volunteers.withdrawal method used birth control couples. |
Birth control | abstinence sexual abstinence may used form birth control meaning either engaging type sexual activity specifically engaging vaginal intercourse engaging forms nonvaginal sex.complete sexual abstinence effective preventing pregnancy.however among take pledge abstain premarital sex many engage sex prior marriage.choice abstain sex cannot protect pregnancy result rape public health efforts emphasizing abstinence reduce unwanted pregnancy may limited effectiveness especially developing countries among disadvantaged groups.deliberate nonpenetrative sex without vaginal sex deliberate oral sex without vaginal sex also sometimes considered birth control.generally avoids pregnancy pregnancy still occur intercrural sex forms penisnearvagina sex genital rubbing penis exiting anal intercourse sperm deposited near entrance vagina travel along vaginas lubricating fluids.abstinenceonly sex education reduce teenage pregnancy. |
Birth control | teen pregnancy rates sti rates generally higher states students given abstinenceonly education compared comprehensive sex education.authorities recommend using abstinence primary method backup methods available condoms emergency contraceptive pills.lactation lactational amenorrhea method involves use womans natural postpartum infertility occurs delivery may extended breastfeeding.usually requires presence periods exclusively breastfeeding infant child younger six months.world health organization states breastfeeding infants source nutrition failure rate six months following delivery. |
Birth control | six uncontrolled studies lactational amenorrhea method users found failure rates months postpartum .. failure rates increase – one year two years.feeding formula pumping instead nursing use pacifier feeding solids increase failure rate.exclusively breastfeeding begin periods three months six months.breastfeeding fertility may return four weeks delivery.emergency emergency contraceptive methods medications sometimes misleadingly referred morningafter pills devices used unprotected sexual intercourse hope preventing pregnancy. |
Birth control | emergency contraceptives often given victims rape.work primarily preventing ovulation fertilization.unlikely affect implantation completely excluded.number options exist including high dose birth control pills levonorgestrel mifepristone ulipristal iuds.providing emergency contraceptive pills women advance affect rates sexually transmitted infections condom use pregnancy rates sexual risktaking behavior. |
Birth control | methods minimal side effects.levonorgestrel pills used within days decrease chance pregnancy single episode unprotected sex condom failure resulting pregnancy rate .. ulipristal used within days decreases chance pregnancy pregnancy rate .effective levonorgestrel.mifepristone also effective levonorgestrel copper iuds effective method.iuds inserted five days intercourse prevent pregnancies episode unprotected sex pregnancy rate ... makes effective form emergency contraceptive. |
Birth control | overweight obese levonorgestrel less effective iud ulipristal recommended.dual protection dual protection use methods prevent sexually transmitted infections pregnancy.condoms either alone along another birth control method avoidance penetrative sex.if pregnancy high concern using two methods time reasonable.example two forms birth control recommended taking antiacne drug isotretinoin antiepileptic drugs like carbamazepine due high risk birth defects taken pregnancy.effects health contraceptive use developing countries estimated decreased number maternal deaths deaths prevented could prevent deaths full demand birth control met. |
Birth control | benefits achieved reducing number unplanned pregnancies subsequently result unsafe abortions preventing pregnancies high risk.birth control also improves child survival developing world lengthening time pregnancies.population outcomes worse mother gets pregnant within eighteen months previous delivery.delaying another pregnancy miscarriage however appear alter risk women advised attempt pregnancy situation whenever ready.teenage pregnancies especially among younger teens greater risk adverse outcomes including early birth low birth weight death infant.united states pregnancies unplanned.comprehensive sex education access birth control effective decreasing pregnancy rates age group.birth control methods especially hormonal methods also undesirable side effects. |
Birth control | intensity side effects range minor inhabilitating varies individual experiences.commonly include change menstruation regularity flow nausea breast tenderness headaches weight gain mood changes specifically increase depression anxiety.additionally hormonal contraception contribute bone mineral density loss impaired glucose metabolism increased risk venous thromboembolism.comprehensive sex education transparent discussion birth control side effects contraindications healthcare provider patient imperative.finances developing world birth control increases economic growth due fewer dependent children thus women participating increased contribution workforce usually primary caregiver children. |
Birth control | womens earnings assets body mass index childrens schooling body mass index improve greater access birth control.family planning via use modern birth control one costeffective health interventions.every dollar spent united nations estimates two six dollars saved.cost savings related preventing unplanned pregnancies decreasing spread sexually transmitted illnesses.methods beneficial financially use copper iuds resulted greatest savings.the total medical cost pregnancy delivery care newborn united states average vaginal delivery caesarean delivery . |
Birth control | countries cost less half.child born average us family spend years raise them.prevalence globally approximately married able children use birth control.frequently different methods used varies widely countries.common method developed world condoms oral contraceptives africa oral contraceptives latin america asia sterilization. |
Birth control | developing world overall birth control via female sterilization via iuds via oral contraceptives via condoms via male sterilization.while less used developed countries developing world number women using iuds million.avoiding sex fertile used .women childbearing age usage high areas south america.couples using male form birth control either condoms vasectomy higher rates developed world.usage male forms birth control decreased . |
Birth control | contraceptive use among women subsaharan africa risen .as women childbearing age want avoid pregnancy million.million women however able access birth control million subsaharan africa million asia.results million unplanned pregnancies nearly maternal deaths year.part reason many women without birth control many countries limit access due religious political reasons another contributor poverty.due restrictive abortion laws subsaharan africa many women turn unlicensed abortion providers unintended pregnancy resulting – obtaining unsafe abortions year. |
Birth control | history early history egyptian ebers papyrus bc kahun papyrus bc within earliest documented descriptions birth control use honey acacia leaves lint placed vagina block sperm.silphium species giant fennel native north africa may used birth control ancient greece ancient near east.due supposed desirability first century ad become rare worth weight silver late antiquity fully extinct.methods birth control used antiquity probably ineffective.the ancient greek philosopher aristotle c. – bc recommended applying cedar oil womb intercourse method probably effective occasion.hippocratic text nature women recommended woman drink copper salt dissolved water claimed would prevent pregnancy year. |
Birth control | method ineffective also dangerous later medical writer soranus ephesus c. – ad pointed out.soranus attempted list reliable methods birth control based rational principles.rejected use superstition amulets instead prescribed mechanical methods vaginal plugs pessaries using wool base covered oils gummy substances.many soranuss methods probably also ineffective.in medieval europe effort halt pregnancy deemed immoral catholic church although believed women time still used number birth control measures coitus interruptus inserting lily root rue vagina.women middle ages also encouraged tie weasel testicles around thighs sex prevent pregnancy. |
Birth control | oldest condoms discovered date recovered ruins dudley castle england dated back .made animal gut likely used prevent spread sexually transmitted diseases english civil war.casanova living th century italy described use lambskin covering prevent pregnancy however condoms became widely available th century.birth control movement birth control movement developed th early th centuries.malthusian league based ideas thomas malthus established united kingdom educate public importance family planning advocate getting rid penalties promoting birth control. |
Birth control | founded knowlton trial annie besant charles bradlaugh prosecuted publishing various methods birth control.in united states margaret sanger otto bobsein popularized phrase birth control .sanger primarily advocated birth control idea would prevent women seeking unsafe abortions lifetime began campaign grounds would reduce mental physical defects.mainly active united states gained international reputation s. time comstock law distribution birth control information illegal.jumped bail arrest distributing birth control information left united states united kingdom.u.k. sanger influenced havelock ellis developed arguments birth control. |
Birth control | believed women needed enjoy sex without fearing pregnancy.time abroad sanger also saw flexible diaphragm dutch clinic thought better form contraceptive.sanger returned united states established shortlived birthcontrol clinic help sister ethel bryne based brownville section brooklyn new york .shut eleven days resulted arrest.publicity surrounding arrest trial appeal sparked birth control activism across united states. |
Birth control | besides sister sanger helped movement first husband william sanger distributed copies family limitation.sangers second husband james noah h. slee would also later become involved movement acting main funder.sanger also contributed funding research hormonal contraceptives s. helped fund research dr. john rock biologist gregory pincus resulted first hormonal contraceptive pill later called enovid.first human trials pill done patients worcester state psychiatric hospital clinical testing done puerto rico enovid approved use u.s.. people participating trials fully informed medical implications pill often minimal family planning options.newly approved birth control method made available participants trials contraceptives still widely accessible puerto rico.the increased use birth control seen form social decay. |
Birth control | decrease fertility seen negative.throughout progressive era increase voluntary associations aiding contraceptive movement.organizations failed enlist women use birth control often compared eugenics however women seeking community likeminded women.ideology surrounded birth control started gain traction progressive era due voluntary associations establishing community.birth control unlike victorian era women wanted manage sexuality. |
Birth control | use birth control another form selfinterest women clung to.seen women began gravitate towards strong figures like gibson girl.the first permanent birthcontrol clinic established britain marie stopes working malthusian league.clinic run midwives supported visiting doctors offered womens birthcontrol advice taught use cervical cap.clinic made contraception acceptable presenting scientific terms.sanger founded american birth control league later became planned parenthood federation america. |
Birth control | society provision birth control clinics founded campaign municipal clinics led opening second clinic greengate salford .throughout stopes feminist pioneers including dora russell stella browne played major role breaking taboos sex.april birth control conference assembled delegates successful bringing birth control abortion political sphere – three months later ministry health united kingdom allowed local authorities give birthcontrol advice welfare centres.the national birth control association founded britain became family planning association eight years later.association amalgamated several british birth controlfocused groups central organisation administering overseeing birth control britain.group incorporated birth control investigation committee collective physicians scientists founded investigate scientific medical aspects contraception neutrality impartiality. |
Birth control | subsequently association effected series pure applied product safety standards manufacturers must meet ensure contraceptives could prescribed part associations standard twoparttechnique combining rubber appliance protect mouth womb chemical preparation capable destroying... sperm.association founded funded series tests assess chemical efficacy safety rubber quality.tests became basis associations approved list contraceptives launched went become annual publication expanding network fpa clinics relied upon means establish facts contraceptives publish facts basis sound public scientific opinion built.in united states court appeals second circuit ruled united states v. one package japanese pessaries medically prescribing contraception save persons life wellbeing illegal comstock laws.following decision american medical association committee contraception revoked statement condemning birth control.national survey showed percent adult population supported use contraception. |
Birth control | birth control clinics running united states despite advertisement still illegal.first lady eleanor roosevelt publicly supported birth control family planning.restrictions birth control comstock laws effectively rendered null void supreme court decisions griswold v. connecticut eisenstadt v. baird .president lyndon b. johnson started endorsing public funding family planning services federal government began subsidizing birth control services lowincome families.affordable care act passed law march president barack obama requires plans health insurance marketplace cover contraceptive methods. |
Birth control | include barrier methods hormonal methods implanted devices emergency contraceptives sterilization procedures.modern methods richard richter developed first intrauterine device made silkworm gut developed marketed germany ernst gräfenberg late s. austrianborn american chemist named carl djerassi syntex mexico city made hormones progesterone pills using mexican yams dioscorea mexicana.djerassi chemically created pill equipped distribute patients.meanwhile gregory pincus john rock help planned parenthood federation america developed first birth control pills mestranolnoretynodrel became publicly available food drug administration name enovid.medical abortion became alternative surgical abortion availability prostaglandin analogs mifepristone s. society culture legal positions human rights agreements require governments provide family planning contraceptive information services. |
Birth control | include requirement create national plan family planning services remove laws limit access family planning ensure wide variety safe effective birth control methods available including emergency contraceptives make sure appropriately trained healthcare providers facilities affordable price create process review programs implemented.governments fail may put breach binding international treaty obligations.in united states supreme court decision griswold v. connecticut overturned state law prohibiting dissemination contraception information based constitutional right privacy marital relationships.eisenstadt v. baird extended right privacy single people.in united nations launched every woman every child movement assess progress toward meeting womens contraceptive needs.initiative set goal increasing number users modern birth control million women worlds poorest countries year .additionally aim eradicate discrimination girls young women seek contraceptives. |
Birth control | american congress obstetricians gynecologists acog recommended oral birth control pills counter medications.since least american religious medical legislative legal commentators debated contraception laws.ana garner angela michel found discussions men often attach reproductive rights moral political matters part ongoing attempt regulate human bodies.press coverage found divide institutional ideology reallife experiences women.religious views religions vary widely views ethics birth control.roman catholic church reaffirmed teachings natural family planning permissible although large numbers catholics developed countries accept use modern methods birth control. |
Birth control | pope francis amoris laetitia teaches attitude would solve everything applying general rules deriving undue conclusions particular theological considerations greek orthodox church admits possible exception traditional teaching forbidding use artificial contraception used within marriage certain purposes including spacing births.among protestants wide range views supporting none quiverfull movement allowing methods birth control.views judaism range stricter orthodox sect prohibits methods birth control relaxed reform sect allows most.hindus may use natural modern contraceptives.common buddhist view preventing conception acceptable intervening conception occurred not. |
Birth control | islam contraceptives allowed threaten health although use discouraged some.world contraception day september world contraception day devoted raising awareness improving education sexual reproductive health vision world every pregnancy wanted.supported group governments international ngos including office population affairs asian pacific council contraception centro latinamericano salud mujer european society contraception reproductive health german foundation world population international federation pediatric adolescent gynecology international planned parenthood federation marie stopes international population services international population council united states agency international development usaid women deliver.misconceptions number common misconceptions regarding sex pregnancy.douching sexual intercourse effective form birth control. |
Birth control | additionally associated number health problems thus recommended.women become pregnant first time sexual intercourse sexual position.possible although likely become pregnant menstruation.contraceptive use regardless duration type negative effect ability women conceive following termination use doesnt significantly delay fertility.women use oral contraceptives longer duration may slightly lower rate pregnancy women using oral contraceptives shorter period time possibly due fertility decreasing age. |
Birth control | accessibility access birth control may affected finances laws within region country.united states african american hispanic young women disproportionately affected limited access birth control result financial disparity.example hispanic african american women often lack insurance coverage often poor.new immigrants united states offered preventive care birth control.research directions females improvements existing birth control methods needed around half get pregnant unintentionally using birth control time. |
Birth control | number alterations existing contraceptive methods studied including better female condom improved diaphragm patch containing progestin vaginal ring containing longacting progesterone.vaginal ring appears effective three four months currently available areas world.women rarely sex taking hormonal birth control levonorgestrel around time sex looks promising.a number methods perform sterilization via cervix studied.one involves putting quinacrine uterus causes scarring infertility.procedure inexpensive require surgical skills concerns regarding longterm side effects. |
Birth control | another substance polidocanol functions manner looked at.device called essure expands placed fallopian tubes blocks approved united states .black boxed warning regarding potentially serious side effects added device discontinued.males methods male birth control include condoms vasectomies withdrawal.males sexually active would use hormonal birth control available them. |
Birth control | number hormonal nonhormonal methods trials research looking possibility contraceptive vaccines.a reversible surgical method investigation reversible inhibition sperm guidance risug consists injecting polymer gel styrene maleic anhydride dimethyl sulfoxide vas deferens.injection sodium bicarbonate washes substance restores fertility.another intravas device involves putting urethane plug vas deferens block it.combination androgen progestin seems promising selective androgen receptor modulators.ultrasound methods heat testicles undergone preliminary studies. |
Birth control | animals neutering spaying involves removing reproductive organs often carried method birth control household pets.many animal shelters require procedures part adoption agreements.large animals surgery known castration.birth control also considered alternative hunting means controlling overpopulation wild animals.contraceptive vaccines found effective number different animal populations.kenyan goat herders fix skirt called olor male goats prevent impregnating female goats. |
Sex change | see also human population planningimmunocontraception references reading external links birth control curliewho fact sheet.july .retrieved july .birth control comparison chart.cedar river clinics.bulk procurement birth control world health organizationcommonly however term used sex reassignment therapy including sex reassignment surgery carried humans.also sometimes used medical procedures applied intersex people.term may also applied broader process changing gender role living woman instead living man vice versa including necessarily limited medical procedures.natural sex change animals species exhibit sequential hermaphroditism.species many species coral reef fishes sex change normal anatomical process. |
Sex change | clownfish wrasses moray eels gobies fish species known change sex including reproductive functions.school clownfish always built hierarchy female fish top.dies dominant male changes sex takes place.wrasses family labridae sex change female male largest female harem changing male taking harem upon disappearance previous dominant male.natural sex change directions also reported mushroom corals.posited take place response environmental energetic constraints improve organisms evolutionary fitness similar phenomena observed dioecious plants.chickens sometimes undergo natural sex changes. |
Sex change | normally female chickens one functional ovary left side.although two sex organs present embryonic stages birds chickens female hormones come effect typically develops left ovary.right gonad yet defined ovary testes called ovotestis typically remains dormant.certain medical conditions cause chickens left ovary regress.absence functional left ovary dormant right sex organ may begin grow activated right gonad ovotestis testes begin secreting androgens. |
Sex change | hen completely change rooster however.transition limited making bird phenotypically male.condition could also caused mycotoxins develop animal feed stored effect synthetic hormones.percent cases eggs fertilized male chromosomes cooled degrees three days laying relative activity sex hormones favour development female characteristics.sex chromosomes work coding enzymes affect birds development egg life. |
Sex change | cooling produce chicken fully functioning reproductively fertile female bodytype even though chicken genetically male.apparent sex change humans several medical conditions result apparent sex change humans appearance birth somewhat mostly completely one sex changes course lifetime somewhat mostly completely sex.overwhelming majority natural sex changes female appearance birth male appearance puberty due either alphareductase deficiency alphard betahydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency betahsd.sex change medical procedure term sex change refer sex reassignment surgery set medical procedures undergone transgender people alter sexual characteristics male female female male considered offensive inaccurate transgender community.term also sometimes used medical procedures intersex people undergo often subjected children.the term sex change sometimes also used whole process changing gender role living woman instead living man vice versa limited medical procedures. |
Sex change | process often much important transgender people medical procedures although medically induced changes surgeries may needed make change gender role possible socially legally also significant impact persons wellbeing.many people regard term sex reassignment surgery preferable sex change.sex humans usually determined four factorschromosomesgonads ovaries andor testicles associated gametes eggs spermhormone statusprimary sex characteristics secondary sex characteristicsnot factors changedchromosomes cannot changedgonads removed replacedhormone status changedexisting secondary sex characteristics extent changed existing ones mostly surgery nonexisting ones induced grow hormones.example changing male genital anatomy good even excellent female appearance functioning complicated entirely possible changing female genital anatomy even reasonably male appearing one however extremely complicated successful often function always limited.sex reassignment usually preceded period feminization masculinization.accomplished hormone replacement therapy transitioning female estrogens antiandrogens sometimes progestogens prescribed.transitioning male androgens prescribed. |
Sex change | common minimum waiting period gender reassignment surgery two years specified standards care health transsexual transgender gender nonconforming people.hormone replacement therapy normally started sufficient counseling andor period living fulltime target gender typically minimum six months.waiting period may vary depending local regulations sometimes nonexistent.many trans people become medical tourists gender reassignment surgery typically less expensive less regulated sometimes performed much experienced surgeons countries thailand.references |
Control flow | passing colors standards ensigns outgoing commander incoming one ensures unit soldiers never without official leadership continuation trust also signifies allegiance soldiers units commander.great symbolism attached ceremonial aspects change command.inspection review soldiers gun salutes well military band often incorporated ceremony.for command sergeant major transferred item might saber change responsibility chaplain item might passing clerical stole.see also footnotes external links media related change command ceremonies wikimedia commonsth combat communications squadron usaf change command ceremony videocanadian army change command –emphasis explicit control flow distinguishes imperative programming language declarative programming language.within imperative programming language control flow statement statement results choice made two paths follow.nonstrict functional languages functions language constructs exist achieve result usually termed control flow statements.a set statements turn generally structured block addition grouping also defines lexical scope.interrupts signals lowlevel mechanisms alter flow control way similar subroutine usually occur response external stimulus event occur asynchronously rather execution inline control flow statement.at level machine language assembly language control flow instructions usually work altering program counter.central processing units cpus control flow instructions available conditional unconditional branch instructions also termed jumps.categories kinds control flow statements supported different languages vary categorized effectcontinuation different statement unconditional branch jumpexecuting set statements condition met choice i.e.conditional branchexecuting set statements zero times condition met i.e. |
Control flow | loop conditional branchexecuting set distant statements flow control usually returns subroutines coroutines continuationsstopping program preventing execution unconditional halt primitives labels label explicit name number assigned fixed position within source code may referenced control flow statements appearing elsewhere source code.label marks position within source code effect.line numbers alternative named label used languages basic.whole numbers placed start line text source code.languages use often impose constraint line numbers must increase value following line may require consecutive.example basicin languages c ada label identifier usually appearing start line immediately followed colon. |
Control flow | example cthe language algol allowed whole numbers identifiers labels linked colons following statement algol variants allowed whole numbers.early fortran compilers allowed whole numbers labels.beginning fortran alphanumeric labels also allowed.goto goto statement combination english words go pronounced accordingly basic form unconditional transfer control.although keyword may either upper lower case depending language usually written goto labelthe effect goto statement cause next statement executed statement appearing immediately indicated label.goto statements considered harmful many computer scientists notably dijkstra.subroutines terminology subroutines varies may alternatively known routines procedures functions especially return results methods especially belong classes type classes.in computer memories small current standards subroutines used mainly reduce program size. |
Control flow | piece code written used many times various places program.today subroutines often used help make program structured e.g.isolating algorithm hiding data access method.many programmers working one program subroutines one kind modularity help divide work.sequence structured programming ordered sequencing successive commands considered one basic control structures used building block programs alongside iteration recursion choice.minimal structured control flow may böhm jacopini published article communications acm showed program gotos could transformed gotofree form involving choice else loops condition xxx possibly duplicated code andor addition boolean variables truefalse flags. |
Control flow | later authors showed choice replaced loops yet boolean variables.that minimalism possible mean necessarily desirable computers theoretically need one machine instruction subtract one number another branch result negative practical computers dozens even hundreds machine instructions.what böhm jacopinis article showed programs could gotofree.research showed control structures one entry one exit much easier understand form mainly could used anywhere statement without disrupting control flow.words composable.later developments nonstrict programming languages – recently composable software transactions – continued strategy making components programs even freely composable.some academics took purist approach böhmjacopini result argued even instructions like break return middle loops bad practice needed böhmjacopini proof thus advocated loops single exit point.purist approach embodied language pascal designed – mids preferred tool teaching introductory programming academia. |
Control flow | direct application böhmjacopini theorem may result additional local variables introduced structured chart may also result code duplication.pascal affected problems according empirical studies cited eric s. roberts student programmers difficulty formulating correct solutions pascal several simple problems including writing function searching element array.study henry shapiro cited roberts found using pascalprovided control structures correct solution given subjects subject wrote incorrect code problem allowed write return middle loop.control structures practice programming languages control structures initial keyword indicates type control structure involved.languages divide whether control structures final keyword.no final keyword algol c c haskell java pascal perl php pli python powershell. |
Control flow | languages need way grouping statements togetheralgol pascal begin ... endc c java perl php powershell curly brackets ... pli ... endpython uses indent level see offside rulehaskell either indent level curly brackets used freely mixedlua uses ... endfinal keyword ada algol modula fortran mythryl visual basic.forms final keyword varyada final keyword end space initial keyword e.g.... end loop ... end loopalgol mythryl initial keyword spelled backwards e.g.... fi case ... esacfortran final keyword end initial keyword e.g.... endif ... enddomodula final keyword end everythingvisual basic every control structure keyword. |
Control flow | ... end ... next ... loop ... wend choice ifthenelse statements conditional expressions conditional constructs features programming language perform different computations actions depending whether programmerspecified boolean condition evaluates true false.if..goto.form found unstructured languages mimicking typical machine code instruction would jump goto label line number condition met.if..then..endif.rather restricted jump simple statement nested block could follow key keyword.structured form.if..then..else..endif. |
Control flow | second action performed condition false.one common forms many variations.require terminal endif others not.c related languages require terminal keyword require parentheses around condition.conditional statements often nested inside conditional statements.languages allow else combined elseif avoiding need series endif final statements end compound statement.less common variations includesome languages fortran threeway arithmetic testing whether numeric value positive negative zero.some languages functional form statement instance lisps cond.some languages operator form statement cs ternary operator.perl supplements cstyle unless.smalltalk uses iftrue iffalse messages implement conditionals rather fundamental language construct. |
Control flow | case switch statements switch statements case statements multiway branches compare given value specified constants take action according first constant match.usually provision default action else otherwise taken match succeeds.switch statements allow compiler optimizations lookup tables.dynamic languages cases may limited constant expressions might extend pattern matching shell script example right implements default case glob matching string.case logiccan also implemented functional form sqls decode statement. |
Control flow | loops loop sequence statements specified may carried several times succession.the code inside loop body loop shown xxx obeyed specified number times collection items condition met indefinitely.in functional programming languages haskell scheme loops expressed using recursion fixed point iteration rather explicit looping constructs.tail recursion special case recursion easily transformed iteration.countcontrolled loops programming languages constructions repeating loop certain number times.in cases counting go downwards instead upwards step sizes used.n n begin xxx xxx next end n xxx xxx end examples n body loop may execute value depending programming language.in many programming languages integers reliably used countcontrolled loop.floatingpoint numbers represented imprecisely due hardware constraints loop x . |
Control flow | step ..domight repeated times depending rounding errors andor hardware andor compiler version.furthermore increment x occurs repeated addition accumulated rounding errors may mean value x iteration differ quite significantly expected sequence .. |
Control flow | .... .. conditioncontrolled loops programming languages constructions repeating loop condition changes.some variations test condition start loop others test end.if test start body may skipped completely end body always executed least once.test repeat xxx xxx loop test test xxx xxx testa control break value change detection method used within ordinary loops trigger processing groups values.values monitored within loop change diverts program flow handling group event associated them.endoffile newzipcode currentzipcode displaytallycurrentzipcode zipcount currentzipcode newzipcode zipcount endif zipcount loop collectioncontrolled loops several programming languages e.g. |
Control flow | ada c smalltalk php perl object pascal java c matlab visual basic ruby python javascript fortran later special constructs allow implicit looping elements array members set collection.somecollection eachelement xxx.item collection begin xxx end foreach item mycollection xxx foreach somearray xxx foreach somearray k v xxx collectionstring coll string coll foreach string mystringcollection xxx somecollection foreachobject forall index firstlaststep... scala forexpressions generalise collectioncontrolled loops also support uses asynchronous programming.haskell doexpressions comprehensions together provide similar function forexpressions scala.general iteration general iteration constructs cs statement common lisps form used express sorts loops others looping number collections parallel. |
Control flow | specific looping construct used usually preferred general iteration construct since often makes purpose expression clearer.infinite loops infinite loops used assure program segment loops forever exceptional condition arises error.instance eventdriven program server loop forever handling events occur stopping process terminated operator.infinite loops implemented using control flow constructs.commonly unstructured programming jump back goto structured programming indefinite loop loop set never end either omitting condition explicitly setting true true .... languages special constructs infinite loops typically omitting condition indefinite loop.examples include ada loop ... end loop fortran ... end go ... ruby loop ... end.often infinite loop unintentionally created programming error conditioncontrolled loop wherein loop condition uses variables never change within loop. |
Control flow | continuation next iteration sometimes within body loop desire skip remainder loop body continue next iteration loop.languages provide statement continue languages skip next perl ruby this.effect prematurely terminate innermost loop body resume normal next iteration.iteration last one loop effect terminate entire loop early.redo current iteration languages like perl ruby redo statement restarts current iteration start. |
Control flow | restart loop ruby retry statement restarts entire loop initial iteration.early exit loops using countcontrolled loop search table might desirable stop searching soon required item found.programming languages provide statement break languages exit visual basic last perl effect terminate current loop immediately transfer control statement immediately loop.another term earlyexit loops loopandahalf.the following example done ada supports early exit loops loops test middle.features similar comparing code snippets show difference early exit must combined statement condition middle selfcontained construct.python supports conditional execution code depending whether loop exited early break statement using elseclause loop. |
Control flow | examplethe else clause example linked statement inner statement.pythons loops support else clause executed early exit loop occurred.some languages support breaking nested loops theory circles called multilevel breaks.one common use example searching multidimensional table.done either via multilevel breaks break n levels bash php via labeled breaks break continue given label java perl.alternatives multilevel breaks include single breaks together state variable tested break another level exceptions caught level broken placing nested loops function using return effect termination entire nested loop using label goto statement. |
Control flow | c include multilevel break usual alternative use goto implement labeled break.python multilevel break continue – proposed pep rejected basis added complexity worth rare legitimate use.the notion multilevel breaks interest theoretical computer science gives rise today called kosaraju hierarchy.s. rao kosaraju refined structured program theorem proving possible avoid adding additional variables structured programming long arbitrarydepth multilevel breaks loops allowed.furthermore kosaraju proved strict hierarchy programs exists every integer n exists program containing multilevel break depth n cannot rewritten program multilevel breaks depth less n without introducing added variables.one also return subroutine executing looped statements breaking nested loop subroutine.proposed control structures multiple breaks generally implemented exceptions instead.in textbook david watt uses tennents notion sequencer explain similarity multilevel breaks return statements. |
Control flow | watt notes class sequencers known escape sequencers defined sequencer terminates execution textually enclosing command procedure encompasses breaks loops including multilevel breaks return statements.commonly implemented however return sequencers may also carry return value whereas break sequencer implemented contemporary languages usually cannot.loop variants invariants loop variants loop invariants used express correctness loops.in practical terms loop variant integer expression initial nonnegative value.variants value must decrease loop iteration must never become negative correct execution loop.loop variants used guarantee loops terminate.a loop invariant assertion must true first loop iteration remain true iteration. |
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