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Money changer	money changers would assess foreign coin type wear tear validity accept deposit recording value local currency.merchant could withdraw money local currency conduct trade likely keep deposited money changer would act clearing facility.as size operations money changers grew began provide lending facility adding lendingfe...
Motor control	money changers would assess foreign coin type wear tear validity accept deposit recording value local currency.merchant could withdraw money local currency conduct trade likely keep deposited money changer would act clearing facility.as size operations money changers grew began provide lending facility adding lendingfe...
Motor control	humans motor neurons control contraction muscles.produce movements subset muscles must contract temporally precise pattern produce right force right time.motor units force production single motor neuron muscle fibers innervates called motor unit.example rectus femoris contains approximately million muscle fibers contro...
Motor control	increases action potential frequency spike rate motor neuron cause increases muscle fiber contraction maximal force.maximal force depends contractile properties muscle fibers.within motor unit muscle fibers type e.g.type slow twitch type ii fibers fast twitch motor units multiple types make given muscle.motor units giv...
Motor control	generate force increase spike rates active motor neurons andor recruiting stronger motor units.recruitment order motor units within motor pool recruited stereotypical order motor units produce small amounts force per spike producing largest force per spike.gradient motor unit force correlated gradient motor neuron soma...
Motor control	high force required low ↑ ↑ ↑ time type recruit first type ii type iib computational issues motor control nervous system produces movement selecting motor neurons activated when.finding recruitment order exists within motor pool thought reflect simplification problem particular muscle produce particular force activate ...
Motor control	noise defined small fluctuations unrelated signal occur neurons synaptic connections point sensation muscle contraction.delays.motor neuron activity precedes muscle contraction precedes movement.sensory signals also reflect events already occurred.delays affect choice motor program.uncertainty.uncertainty arises neural...
Motor control	speed coming ball.nonstationarity.even movement executed state world changes even simple effects reactive forces rest body causing translation joint actuated.nonlinearity.effects neural activity muscle contraction highly nonlinear nervous system must account predicting consequences pattern motor neuron activity.much on...
Motor control	reaction time refers period time stimulus presented end response.movement time time takes complete movement.first reaction time experiments carried franciscus donders used difference response times choice task determine length time needed process stimuli choose correct response.approach ultimately flawed gave rise idea...
Motor control	closed loop control classical definition closed loop system human movement comes jack a. adams .reference desired output compared actual output via error detection mechanisms using feedback error corrected for.movements carried daytoday activity formed using continual process accessing sensory information using accurat...
Motor control	sensory input processed necessarily cause conscious awareness action.closed loop control feedback based mechanism motor control act environment creates sort change affects future performance feedback.closed loop motor control best suited continuously controlled actions work quickly enough ballistic actions.ballistic ac...
Motor control	movements subject speedaccuracy tradeoff sensory processing used control movement faster movement carried less accurate becomes.open loop control classical definition jack a. adams “an open loop system feedback mechanisms error regulation.input events system exert influence system effects transformation input system ou...
Motor control	best study type control research focuses deafferentation studies often involving cats monkeys whose sensory nerves disconnected spinal cords.monkeys lost sensory information arms resumed normal behavior recovering deafferentation procedure.skills relearned fine motor control became difficult.shown open loop control ada...
Motor control	motor system highly complex composed many interacting parts many different organizational levelsperipheral neurons receive input central nervous system innervate muscles.turn muscles generate forces actuate joints.getting pieces work together challenging problem motor system problem resolved active area study motor con...
Motor control	reflexes play fundamental role stabilizing motor system providing almost immediate compensation small perturbations maintaining fixed execution patterns.reflex loops routed solely spinal cord without receiving input brain thus require attention conscious control.others involve lower brain areas influenced prior instruc...
Motor control	thus stretching muscle automatically signals reflexive contraction muscle without central control.name description implies monosynaptic reflexes depend single synaptic connection afferent sensory neuron efferent motor neuron.general actions monosynaptic reflexes fixed cannot controlled influenced intention instruction....
Motor control	however actions controlled polysynaptic reflex loops still faster actions require perceptual processing.actions shortloop reflexes fixed polysynaptic reflexes often regulated instruction prior experience.common example long loop reflex asymmetrical tonic neck reflex observed infants.synergies motor synergy neural organ...
Motor control	synergies learned rather hardwired like reflexes organized taskdependent manner synergy structured particular action determined generally components themselves.nikolai bernstein famously demonstrated synergies work hammering actions professional blacksmiths.muscles arm controlling movement hammer informationally linked...
Motor control	synergies two defining characteristics addition task dependent sharing flexibilitystability.sharing requires execution particular motor task depends combined actions components make synergy.often components involved strictly needed particular task see redundancy control motor task distributed across components nonethel...
Motor control	considering force production task one finger produce enough force could compensated other.components motor synergy expected change action compensate errors variability components could affect outcome motor task.provides flexibility allows multiple motor solutions particular tasks provides motor stability preventing err...
Motor control	similar reflexes physically connected thus require control individual components central nervous system actions executed synergies minimal executive control functionally connected.beside motor synergies term sensory synergies recently introduced.sensory synergy believed play important role integrating mixture environme...
Motor control	motor programs synergies represent coordination derived peripheral interactions motor components motor programs specific prestructured motor activation patterns generated executed central controller case biological organism brain.represent topdown approach motor coordination rather bottomup approach offered synergies.m...
Motor control	reversal difficulty persists even stop signal presented initial go signal movement actually begins.research suggests selection execution motor program begins must run completion another action taken.effect found even movement executed particular motor program prevented occurring all.people attempt execute particular mo...
Motor control	movement organism could generate requires motor program would seem necessary organism possess unlimited repository programs would kept clear.aside enormous memory requirements facility would take motor program storage area brain yet identified.second problem concerned novelty movement.specific motor program required pa...
Motor control	difficulties led nuanced notion motor programs known generalized motor programs.generalized motor program program particular class action rather specific movement.program parameterized context environment current state organism.redundancy important issue coordinating motor system problem redundancy motor degrees freedo...
Motor control	possible motor components involved production actions generally required physical constraints action.example human arm seven joints determine position hand world.however three spatial dimensions needed specify location hand could placed in.excess kinematic degrees freedom means multiple arm configurations correspond pa...
Motor control	observed redundancy motor system made possible execute actions movements multitude different ways achieving equivalent outcomes.equivalency motor action means onetoone correspondence desired movements coordination motor system needed execute movements.desired movement action particular coordination neurons muscles kine...
Motor control	perception extremely important motor control carries relevant information objects environments bodies used organizing executing actions movements.perceived subsequent information used organize motor system ongoing area research.model based control strategies model based strategies motor control rely perceptual informat...
Motor control	inference indirect perception many models perceptual system assume indirect perception notion world gets perceived identical actual environment.environmental information must go several stages perceived transitions stages introduce ambiguity.actually gets perceived minds best guess occurring environment based previous ...
Motor control	another example ambiguity comes doctrine specific nerve energies.doctrine presents finding distinct nerve types different types sensory input nerves respond characteristic way regardless method stimulation.say color red causes optical nerves fire specific pattern processed brain experiencing color red.however nerve ele...
Motor control	forward models structure action determining forces velocities positions motor components affect changes environment individual.proposed forward models help neural control limb stiffness individuals interact environment.forward models thought use motor programs input predict outcome action.error signal generated predict...
Motor control	sensation experienced ticklish unpredictable.however forward models predict outcome motor movements meaning motion predictable therefore ticklish.evidence forward models comes studies motor adaptation.persons goaldirected reaching movements perturbed force field gradually steadily adapt movement arm allow reach goal.ho...
Motor control	torques forces.recovery provides evidence motivating movement particular motor plan individual using forward model predict arm dynamics change movement arm achieve particular task level characteristics.differences expected arm movement observed arm movement produces error signal used basis learning.additional evidence ...
Motor control	types models particularly useful open loop control allow specific types movements fixating stationary object head moving.complementary forward models inverse models attempt estimate achieve particular perceptual outcome order generate appropriate motor plan.inverse models forward model closely associated studies intern...
Motor control	movements achieve desired tasklevel outcomes estimated inverse model.adaptation therefore proceeds process estimating necessary movements inverse model simulating forward model outcome movement plans observing difference desired outcome actual outcome updating models future attempt.information based control alternative...
Motor control	information based control strategies often treat environment organism single system action proceeding natural consequence interactions system.core assumption information based control strategies perceptions environment rich information veridical purposes producing actions.runs counter assumptions indirect perception ma...
Motor control	problem indirect perception proposes physical information object environment available due ambiguity sensory information proponents direct perception like gibson suggest relevant information encoded sensory signals physical properties objects rather action opportunities environment affords.affordances directly perceiva...
Motor control	example doorway affords passing wall not.one might pass doorway specified visual information received environment well information perceived ones body.together information determines passability doorway wall.addition act moving towards passing doorway generates information turn specifies action.conclusion direct percep...
Motor control	behavioral dynamics building assumptions direct perception behavioral dynamics behavioral control theory treats perceptual organisms dynamic systems respond informational variables actions functional manner.understanding behavior actions unfold natural consequence interaction organisms available information environment...
Motor control	minimum jerk model states cns minimizes jerk limb endpoint trajectory time reaching results smooth trajectory.however model based solely kinematics movement consider underlying dynamics musculoskeletal system.hence minimum torquechange model introduced alternative cns minimizes joint torque change time reaching.later a...
Motor control	also line fitts law speedaccuracy tradeoff.optimal control theory used extend model based signaldependent noise cns optimizes objective function consists term related accuracy additionally term related metabolic cost movement.another type models based costbenefit tradeoff objective function includes metabolic cost move...
Motor control	multicomponent movements studies observed cns split complex movement submovements.initial submovement tends fast imprecise order bring limb endpoint vicinity target soon possible.final submovement tends slow precise order correct accumulated error first initial submovement successfully reach target.later study explored...
Motor control	longer reaching distances similar effect since error accumulated initial submovement thus requiring complex final correction.less complex conditions final actual target large movement short cns tends use single movement without splitting multiple competents.see also motor learningmotor skillmotor coordinationmotor cort...
Motor control	closed loop theory motor learning.journal motor behavior p .george e. stelmach ed.motor control issues trends.academic press.
Motor control	new york reading schmidt richard a. lee timothy donald .motor control learning behavioral emphasis.champaign il human kinetics.isbn .oclc .shadmehr reza.
Motor control	wise steven p. .computational neurobiology reaching pointing foundation motor learning.cambridge mass.mit press.isbn .
Motor control	oclc .iaroslav blagouchine eric moreau.control speech robot via optimum neuralnetworkbased internal model constraints.ieee transactions robotics vol.no.pp.
Motor control	— february .research athletes gray rob .links attention performance pressure movement skilled motor action.current directions psychological science.–.
Motor control	doi.. scid .mikheev maxim mohr christine afanasiev sergei landis theodor thut gregor .motor control cerebral hemispheric specialization highly qualified judo wrestlers.neuropsychologia.–.doi.s.
Motor control	pmid .scid .paul m. ganesan s. sandhu j. simon j. .effect sensory motor rhythm neurofeedback psychophysiological electroencephalographic measures performance archery players.ibnosina journal medicine biomedical sciences.–.
Climate change in Morocco	doi.x..coastal country hot arid climates environmental impacts climate change likely wide varied.analysis environmental changes economy morocco expected create challenges levels economy.main effects felt agricultural systems fisheries employ half population account gdp.addition population industrial activity coast sea ...
Climate change in Morocco	impacts natural environment temperature weather changes sea level rise population morocco lives coast flooding sea level rise expected significantly effect populations.effects especially going effect economic activities including tourism agriculture industry.according noaa sealevel rise technical report “sea level rise...
Climate change in Morocco	puts pressure water resources already stressed sources population expansion urban growth industry tourism.furthermore many coastal aquifers increasingly become stressed coastal salinization.impacts people economy agriculture agricultural system morocco especially vulnerable climate change.crop production primarily rain...
Role-based access control	mitigation adaptation renewable energy energy policy government policies legislation morocco ranked second approach addressing climate change climate change performance index.government morocco plan vert strategy order cope climate change.plan government commits producing half energy renewables removing subsidies fossi...
Role-based access control	design within organization roles created various job functions.permissions perform certain operations assigned specific roles.members staff system users assigned particular roles role assignments acquire permissions needed perform particular system functions.since users assigned permissions directly acquire role roles ...
Role-based access control	rule rule ensures users take roles authorized.permission authorization subject exercise permission permission authorized subjects active role.rules rule ensures users exercise permissions authorized.additional constraints may applied well roles combined hierarchy higherlevel roles subsume permissions owned subroles.wit...
Role-based access control	⊆ × r displaystyle sasubseteq stimes r many many subject role assignment relation.r h ⊆ r × r displaystyle rhsubseteq rtimes r subject may multiple simultaneous sessions within different roles.standardized levels nistansiincits rbac standard recognizes three levels rbaccore rbachierarchical rbac adds support inheritanc...
Role-based access control	mac simulate rbac role graph restricted tree rather partially ordered set.prior development rbac belllapadula blp model synonymous mac file system permissions synonymous dac.considered known models access control model blp considered dac model vice versa.research late demonstrated rbac falls neither category.unlike con...
Role-based access control	resemblance cbac entityrelationship based access control erbac although acronym also used modified rbac systems extended rolebased access control system able secure instances data considering association executing subject.comparing acl access control lists acls used traditional discretionary accesscontrol systems affec...
Role-based access control	role thus sequence operations within larger activity.rbac shown particularly well suited separation duties sod requirements ensure two people must involved authorizing critical operations.necessary sufficient conditions safety sod rbac analyzed.underlying principle sod individual able effect breach security dual privil...
Role-based access control	barkley showed rbacm aclg equivalent.in modern sql implementations like acl cakephp framework acls also manage groups inheritance hierarchy groups.aspect specific modern acl implementations compared specific modern rbac implementations better old file system implementations.for data interchange high level comparisons a...
Role-based access control	classification department ownerthe action andthe context e.g.time location ip.abac policybased sense uses policies rather static permissions define allowed allowed.use availability use rbac manage user privileges computer permissions within single system application widely accepted best practice.report prepared nist re...
Role-based access control	nist model adopted standard incits ansiincits .discussion design choices nist model also published.see also references reading david f. ferraiolo d. richard kuhn ramaswamy chandramouli .rolebased access control nd ed.. artech house.isbn .
Tank controls	external links faq rbac models standardsrole based access controls nistxacml core hierarchical role based access control profileinstitute cyber security university texas san antoniopractical experiences implementing rbacmechanism game tank controls pressing example dpad analog stick cursor movement keys game controller...
Tank controls	shinji mikami director first resident evil felt use fixed camera perspectives tank controls made game scarier.criticism tank controls received criticism feeling stiff cumbersome.become less common time freeroaming cameras become standard games.remastered versions grim fandango resident evil include alternative control ...
Strategic control	visthe purpose control strategic level answer question made right strategic choices time past rather well well immediate future reliable information available point bring light past errors identify needed corrections steer corporation desired direction.determination must made respect currently desirable longrange goals...
Strategic control	goold quinn muralidharan.four elements proposed muralidharan arethe articulation strategic outcomes soughtthe description strategic activities carried attached specific managed resources pursuit required outcomesthe definition method track progress made two elements usually via monitoring small number performance measu...
Strategic control	strategic control new task top management j h horovitz published candidate first paper explicitly discuss topic first definition strategic control form consistent modern usage term probably paper reufli sarrazin published .as reufli sarrazin observed key issue strategic control mechanisms need deal uncertainty ambiguit...
Commit (version control)	links tools although strategic control general management topic rather proscriptive tool reliance feedback organisational performance resulted long association performance management tools balanced scorecard derivatives performance prism related strategy implementation execution frameworks acme framework five step proc...
Conformational change	command adds files working directory staged git commit.commit applied last step push commit given software repository case named origin branch mastergit push origin masteralso shortcut add unstaged files make commit time git commit commit message mercurial hg commit change mercurial command line assuming hg installed f...
Conformational change	method secondharmonicactive probe placed site undergoes motion protein mutagenesis nonsitespecific attachment protein adsorbed specifically immobilized surface.change protein conformation produces change net orientation dye relative surface plane therefore intensity second harmonic beam.protein sample welldefined orien...
Control of chaos	computational analysis xray crystallography provide information changes conformation atomic level expense difficulty experiments make computational methods attractive alternative.normal mode analysis elastic network models gaussian network model used probe molecular dynamics trajectories well known structures.prody pop...
Control of chaos	methods require previous determination unstable periodic orbits chaotic system controlling algorithm designed.ogy method e. ott c. grebogi j. a. yorke first make key observation infinite number unstable periodic orbits typically embedded chaotic attractor could taken advantage purpose achieving control means applying s...
Control of chaos	information section gathered one allows system run waits comes near desired periodic orbit section.next system encouraged remain orbit perturbing appropriate parameter.control parameter actually changed chaotic attractor shifted distorted somewhat.goes according plan new attractor encourages system continue desired tra...
Control of chaos	reason method successful controlling wide variety chaotic systems.the weaknesses method isolating poincaré section calculating precise perturbations necessary attain stability.pyragas method pyragas method stabilizing periodic orbit appropriate continuous controlling signal injected system whose intensity practically z...
Sound change	control chaos synchronization constitute parts cybernetical physics.cybernetical physics research area border physics control theory.references external links chaos control bibliographysound change involve replacement one speech sound generally one phonetic feature value different one called phonetic change general cha...
Sound change	apparent exceptions regular change occur dialect borrowing grammatical analogy causes known unknown changes described sporadic affect one particular words without apparent regularity.the neogrammarian linguists th century introduced term sound law refer rules regular change perhaps imitation laws physics term law still...
Sound change	previous sound change causes xy features x merge new one cannot affect original x.sound change ignores grammar sound change phonological constraints like x z unstressed syllables.example cannot affect adjectives.exception sound change may may recognise word boundaries even indicated prosodic clues.also sound changes ma...
Sound change	apparent exceptions possible analogy regularization processes another sound change unrecognized conditioning factor.traditional view expressed neogrammarians.past decades however shown sound change necessarily affect possible words.however sound change initiated often eventually expands whole lexicon.example spanish fr...
Sound change	contrast voicing wordinitial latin k g occurred colaphus golpe cattus gato canna caña.see also lexical diffusion.sound change inevitable languages vary place place time time neither writing media prevents change.formal notation statement forma bis read sound changes replaced reflected etc sound b. therefore belongs old...
Sound change	fmeans protooceanic poc.reflected f rotuman rot..the two sides statement indicate start end change additional intermediate stages may occurred.example actually compressed account sequence changes first changed θ like initial consonant english thin since yielded f represented fullyt θ funless change operates uncondition...
Sound change	sing.here second examplepir.−cont−voi contccont preconsonantal voiceless noncontinuant voiceless stop changed corresponding voiceless continuant fricative protoiranian pir.immediately followed continuant consonant resonant fricative protoindoiranian pra forth avestan fra trayas three masc.nom.pl.
Sound change	av.θrayō čatwāras four masc.nom.pl.av.
Sound change	čaθwārō pśaws cow nom.paśu av.fšāoš nom.pasu.note fricativization occur stops sapta seven av.
Sound change	hapta.however variety iranian led old persian fricativization occurred clusters old persian hafta seven.the symbol stands word boundary initial final notation means wordfinally means wordinitiallygk.stop ∅ wordfinal stops deleted greek gk..that simplified togk.p ∅ p stands plosive.terms changes pronunciation historical...
Sound change	number types often usually sporadic less accidents happen specific form.others affect whole phonological system.sound changes affect whole phonological system also classified according affect overall shape system see phonological change.assimilation one sound becomes like another much rarely two sounds become like othe...
Sound change	connūbium n becomes nn rather mm.assimilation contiguous segments diachronically speaking exceptionless sound laws rather sporadic isolated changes.dissimilation opposite assimilation.one sound becomes less like another much rarely two sounds become less like other.examples classical latin quīnque kʷiːnkʷe five vulgar ...
Sound change	great majority dissimilations involve segments contiguous assimilations great majority involve earlier sound changing reference later one.dissimilation usually sporadic phenomenon grassmanns law sanskrit greek exemplifies systematic dissimilation.change sequence fricatives one becomes stop dissimilation changes protoge...
Sound change	changes sporadic occasionally sound law involved romance tl spanish ld thus kapitlu titlu chapter cathedral tittle spanish cabildo tilde.metathesis take place noncontiguous segments greek amélgō milk modern greek armégō.lenition softening consonant e.g.stop consonant affricate fricative antonym fortition hardening cons...
Sound change	examples features rarely indicated standard orthography.striking exception sanskrit orthography reflects wide variety features thus tat written tat tac taj tad tan depending first sound next word is.assimilations medial sequences assimilate way.haplology loss syllable adjacent syllable similar rarely identical.example ...
Sound change	word haplology sometimes jokingly pronounced haplogy.elision aphaeresis syncope apocope losses sounds.elision loss unstressed sounds aphaeresis loss initial sounds syncope loss medial sounds apocope loss final sounds.elision examples southeastern united states unstressed schwas tend drop american əˈmɛɹəkən ˈmɚkən.stand...
Sound change	commonly epenthesis nature transitional consonant vowels may epenthetic nonstandard english film two syllables athlete three.epenthesis regular indoeuropean tool suffix tlom everywhere becomes latin culum speculum mirror speḱtlom pōculum drinking cup pohtlom.scholars reserve term epenthesis intrusive vowels use excresc...
Sound change	example french words used pronounced pronounced ɛ̃ n longer pronounced except cases liaison.examples specific historical sound changes anglofrisian nasal spirant lawcanaanite shiftdahls lawgrassmanns lawgreat vowel shift englishgrimms lawhigh german consonant shiftkluges lawruki sound lawslavic palatalizationsound chan...
Sound change	mit press.hale mark .historical linguistics theory method.oxford blackwellhock hans henrich .principles historical linguistics.mouton de gruyter.mcdorman richard e. .
Sound change	labial instability sound change.organizational knowledge press.morley rebecca .sound structure sound change modeling approach.berlin language science press.isbn .
Model predictive control	doi.zenodo.. open access.httplangscipress.orgcatalogbooksihler andrew l. .language history introduction.john benjamins.use process industries chemical plants oil refineries since s. recent years also used power system balancing models power electronics.model predictive controllers rely dynamic models process often line...
Model predictive control	pid controllers predictive ability.mpc nearly universally implemented digital control although research achieving faster response times specially designed analog circuitry.generalized predictive control gpc dynamic matrix control dmc classical examples mpc.overview models used mpc generally intended represent behavior ...
Model predictive control	chemical process independent variables adjusted controller often either setpoints regulatory pid controllers pressure flow temperature etc.final control element valves dampers etc.. independent variables cannot adjusted controller used disturbances.dependent variables processes measurements represent either control obj...
Model predictive control	linear mpc approaches used majority applications feedback mechanism mpc compensating prediction errors due structural mismatch model process.model predictive controllers consist linear models superposition principle linear algebra enables effect changes multiple independent variables added together predict response dep...
Model predictive control	nonlinear model may form empirical data fit e.g.artificial neural networks highfidelity dynamic model based fundamental mass energy balances.nonlinear model may linearized derive kalman filter specify model linear mpc.an algorithmic study elgherwi budman el kamel shows utilizing dualmode approach provide significant re...

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