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the white house is <unk> not calling the meeting a summit so that there wo n't be any expectation of detailed negotiations or agreements |
rather senior administration officials said that the unexpected meeting was scheduled at mr. bush 's request because of his preference for conducting <unk> through highly personal and informal meetings with other leaders |
the two leaders will meet on dec. N and N <unk> the two days of meetings between a u.s. and a soviet naval vessel in the <unk> sea |
the unusual <unk> meeting wo n't disrupt plans for a formal summit meeting next spring or summer at which an arms-control treaty is likely to be completed |
in announcing the meeting yesterday mr. bush told reporters at the white house that neither he nor mr. gorbachev expects any substantial decisions or agreements |
instead he said that the purpose is simply for the two to get better <unk> and discuss a wide range of issues without a formal agenda |
despite the informal nature of the session and the calculated effort to hold down expectations the meeting could pay significant political dividends for both leaders |
mr. gorbachev badly needs a diversion from the serious economic problems and ethnic unrest he faces at home |
american officials have said that a meeting with the leader of the u.s. could help bolster his <unk> among soviet politicians and <unk> whose support he needs |
for his part mr. bush has been criticized regularly at home for moving too slowly and cautiously in reacting to mr. gorbachev 's reforms and the historic moves away from communism in eastern europe |
a face-to-face meeting with mr. gorbachev should damp such criticism though it will hardly eliminate it |
senate majority leader george mitchell d. maine who has been the most prominent democratic critic of mr. bush 's handling of the soviet relationship praised the president for arranging the meeting |
but he added the mere fact of a meeting does n't deal with the substance of policy |
mr. bush said that the december meeting which was announced simultaneously in moscow will be held in the unusual setting of ships at sea to hold down the fanfare and force the two sides to limit participation to just small groups of advisers |
by doing it in this manner we can have i would say more time without the press of social activities or mandatory joint appearances things of that nature for public consumption mr. bush said |
soviet foreign minister eduard shevardnadze at a news conference in moscow said as the two sides plan to hold a <unk> summit in late <unk> summer next year they found it useful i would say even necessary to hold an interim informal meeting |
although no specific agreements are expected mr. shevardnadze said that does n't mean they will be without an agenda |
if the two leaders cover the subjects that have been featured in lower level u.s.-soviet meetings their talks would include human rights soviet reforms regional disputes relations with allies economic cooperation arms control and joint efforts to fight narcotics terrorism and pollution |
the president specifically mentioned u.s. economic advice to moscow as a possible topic |
mr. gorbachev has for months been publicly urging the u.s. to drop its restrictions on soviet trade |
he recently told a small group of american businessmen in moscow that he hoped to sign a general trade agreement with the u.s. possibly at the N summit |
the soviets hope a trade agreement would give them <unk> nation status which would lower the tariffs on soviet exports to the u.s. |
in an unusually <unk> article about the latest economic <unk> unemployment pravda yesterday reported that three million soviets have lost their jobs as a result of perestroika and the number could grow to N million by the year N |
economists in moscow are now proposing that the state start a system of unemployment benefits |
but one bush administration official knowledgeable about the summit plan cautioned against assuming that there will be bold new initiatives on the soviet economy or other issues |
do n't take this as some big opening for major movement on economic cooperation or arms control or the environment he said |
those things will all come up but in a fairly informal way |
instead this official said this is vintage george bush |
this was george bush 's own idea |
it 's george bush wanting to meet a foreign leader and talk to him directly |
aside from the soviet economic plight and talks on cutting strategic and chemical arms one other issue the soviets are likely to want to raise is naval force reductions |
western analysts say that given the meeting 's setting at sea gorbachev is unlikely to pass up the opportunity to press once again for negotiated cuts in the <unk> of both the north atlantic treaty organization and the warsaw pact |
that theme has been a <unk> one for soviet military officials for much of this year |
they argue that as the kremlin follows through on announced plans to cut land forces the soviets ' area of greatest strength the u.s. should show more willingness to cut sea forces washington 's area of greatest <unk> |
one of the reasons bush administration aides are anxious to insist that the coming meeting will be informal is to avoid comparisons with the last such <unk> structured <unk> gathering former president reagan 's N meeting with mr. gorbachev in <unk> <unk> |
that meeting sent <unk> through the western alliance because mr. reagan was pulled into discussing the possible elimination of nuclear weapons without consulting american allies |
mr. bush said that he initiated talks with the soviets on the informal meeting by sending a proposal to mr. gorbachev last july which the soviet leader readily accepted |
but word of the possible session was closely held by the president and a handful of top aides and word of it did n't reach many <unk> officials until the past few days |
indeed many senior officials had been insisting for weeks that mr. bush was n't interested in such an informal <unk> |
though president bush 's political critics at home have been urging him to open a more direct dialogue with mr. gorbachev it actually was the arguments of leaders within the soviet bloc itself that led the president to seek the december meeting |
mr. bush decided he wanted the meeting after talking in europe in july with the leaders of poland and hungary who urged him to support mr. gorbachev 's efforts to transform the soviet system and to urge him to loosen his grip on eastern europe a senior aide said |
while flying home from those discussions mr. bush drafted a letter to mr. gorbachev suggesting an informal <unk> to <unk> their formal summit next year |
peter <unk> in moscow contributed to this article |
<unk> <unk> del <unk> said its potential losses from lending to <unk> could reach N trillion lire $ N million marking the bank 's first <unk> of potential costs of unauthorized lending by its atlanta branch |
bnl previously reported that its georgia branch had taken on loan commitments <unk> $ N billion without the <unk> management 's approval |
state-owned bnl italy 's largest bank has filed charges against the branch 's former manager christopher <unk> and a former branch vice president alleging fraud and breach of their fiduciary duties |
bnl also said that its board had approved after an <unk> discussion a letter to the bank of italy <unk> measures the state-owned bank has taken or plans to take to improve controls on its foreign branches |
the central bank had ordered bnl to come up with a suitable program by yesterday |
bank of italy has also ordered bnl to shore up its capital base to account for potential foreign loan losses and the rome bank has outlined a N trillion lire <unk> operation |
bnl was unable to elaborate on what measures were planned by the bank to improve controls on its branches abroad |
hardly a day passes without news photos of the police dragging <unk> protesters from some building or <unk> in one of our cities |
of recent note are the activities of the <unk> and anti-abortionists anti-nuclear activists animal rights protesters college students concerned about <unk> <unk> groups various <unk> environmentalists and those <unk> with the pace of the war against aids |
maybe he did n't start it but <unk> gandhi certainly provided a <unk> beginning to non-violent civil disobedience as we know it today |
the <unk> or great <unk> one <unk> several campaigns of passive resistance against the british government in india |
unfortunately according to webster 's <unk> <unk> his policies went beyond his control and resulted in <unk> and <unk> and later a renewed campaign of civil disobedience resulted in <unk> and a second <unk> |
i am not a <unk> of everything gandhi did but some of his law breaking was justified because india was then under <unk> by a foreign power and indians were not able to participate fully in decisions that <unk> affected them |
it is difficult however to justify civil disobedience non-violent or not where citizens have full <unk> to the ballot box to effect change |
where truly representative governments are <unk> by constitutional <unk> of human rights and an independent judiciary to <unk> those rights there is no excuse for breaking the law because some individual or group <unk> with it |
there may be a few cases where the law breaking is well <unk> and so completely <unk> of the rights of others that it is difficult to <unk> it |
the case of <unk> parks the black woman who refused to sit at the back of the bus comes to mind as an illustration |
but most cases of non-violent civil disobedience are not nearly so benign |
the public has a tendency to <unk> <unk> demonstrations with non-violent civil disobedience |
it is true that both are non-violent but there is a fundamental difference between them |
<unk> demonstrations such as peaceful <unk> and other <unk> that do not <unk> the peace or cause a public <unk> or interfere with the rights of others are rights guaranteed by any truly free system of government |
civil disobedience violent or non-violent is <unk> law breaking |
the subject of this discussion is non-violent civil disobedience but before we get on with that let me make just a few <unk> remarks about <unk> demonstrations |
they are useful to call public attention to <unk> but they have little value in <unk> anyone about the issues in dispute |
the <unk> of television in dramatic confrontation encourages <unk> of <unk> <unk> through <unk> <unk> gestures <unk> signs and other <unk> inspired tactics |
<unk> <unk> and an environment where compromise can begin are lost in a hostile posture <unk> by <unk> media interviews |
at best demonstrations are <unk> and <unk> <unk> at worst they can become the <unk> that lead to law breaking |
demonstrations are particularly apt to <unk> into criminal conduct when they leave the site of the <unk> and become mobile |
<unk> criminals and street people looking for excitement <unk> themselves like <unk> to the <unk> of the crowd and use the protest as an excuse for rock throwing auto <unk> <unk> window breaking <unk> <unk> picking and general <unk> |
soon the whole purpose of the demonstration is lost in <unk> mania |
there are better ways to promote a cause |
where non-violent civil disobedience is the centerpiece rather than a <unk> demonstration that may only attract crime it is difficult to justify |
some find no harm in the <unk> of trespass minor property destruction blocking traffic and the like |
they say these are small prices to pay for <unk> action for the <unk> cause |
the crimes may appear small but the prices can be huge |
here are two cases to illustrate |
assume a neighborhood demonstration to protest speeding on a certain road or a <unk> accident involving a police car |
the protesters lie down in the street blocking traffic and will not move until the authorities carry them away |
assume that someone caught in the <unk> has a heart attack |
there is no way to get an <unk> in quickly to move him to a hospital |
he dies |
the demonstration was non-violent and involved only a simple <unk> but its impact on that individual was violent and terminal |
assume that a tv network is airing a celebrity interview program with a live audience |
the politician appearing is highly controversial and has recently generated a good deal of <unk> amid certain groups |
in a planned protest against his appearance several members of the studio audience chain themselves in front of the tv cameras in such a way that the program can not continue |
the network must refund money to the advertisers and loses considerable revenue and prestige |
the demonstrators have been non-violent but the result of their <unk> has been to seriously <unk> the rights of others <unk> with their dispute |
it might be alleged that tv has done more than its share to <unk> and promote non-violent civil disobedience so the second situation <unk> above would be simply a case of <unk> coming home to <unk> |
or maybe the tv network would lose nothing |
<unk> or phil would probably pull up another camera and interview the <unk> protesters |
let us look for a moment at another type of non-violent civil disobedience that only <unk> other people indirectly yet does <unk> damage to the nation as a whole |
i am referring to those young men who chose to <unk> their country 's call to arms during the vietnam war and fled to canada or some other <unk> to avoid combat |
their <unk> acts of civil disobedience which they tried to hide under the <unk> of <unk> at a war they characterized as <unk> weakened the national fabric and threw additional burdens on those who served <unk> in that conflict |
even more at fault are those leaders in and out of government who urged and supported their <unk> thereby giving great help and comfort to the enemy <unk> |
it is amazing that the <unk> mass executions in vietnam and cambodia do not weight more heavily on minds so morally <unk> |
worse it remained to a <unk> but <unk> president of the united states to <unk> the final <unk> upon those who fought and died in vietnam |
under the <unk> of <unk> the <unk> of the nation president carter <unk> thousands of draft <unk> thus giving dignity to their allegations of the war 's <unk> |
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