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Title: [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]
[HIDDEN_NAME] Source: https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]
Published [HIDDEN_NAME]: 2001-11-12T19:39:34Z
[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]:
| [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]
[[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] of the [HIDDEN_NAME] ... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]_(1912-1954)_in_1936_at_Princeton_University_(cropped).jpg)[HIDDEN_NAME] in 1936
[HIDDEN_NAME]
[HIDDEN_NAME] Born [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]
23 [HIDDEN_NAME] 1912
[[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDE... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] of [HIDDEN_NAME]") ([BA](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] of [HIDDEN_NAME]"), [MA](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_of_[HIDDEN_NAME]_([HIDDEN_NAME],_[HIDDEN_NAME],_and_[HIDDEN_NAME]) "[HIDD... | 200 |
.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Turing_machine "Turing machine")
* [Turing test](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Turing_test "Turing test")
* [Unorganised machine](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Unorganized_machine "Unorganized machine")
* [Turing pattern](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HI... | 200 |
* [[HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME]")
* [[HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME]")
* [[HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME]")
* [Computer scienc... | 200 |
[[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]_([HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]) "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] ([HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME])")
[HIDDEN_NAME]
[HIDDEN_NAME] [[HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HID... | 200 |
* [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME]_Gandy "[HIDDEN_NAME] Gandy")[\[2\]](https:[HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME]en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org[HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]#cite_note-mathgene-2)[\[3\]](https:[HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME]en.[HIDDEN_NAM... | 200 |
icer_of_the_[HIDDEN_NAME]_of_the_[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] of the [HIDDEN_NAME] of the [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]") [FRS](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] of the [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]") (; 23 [HIDDEN_NAME] 1912 – 7 [HIDDEN_NAME] 1954) was an English ma... | 200 |
[theoretical computer science](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Theoretical_computer_science "Theoretical computer science"), providing a formalisation of the concepts of [algorithm](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME]") and [computation](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME])
Born in [HIDDEN_NAME], Turing was raised in [southern [HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]"). He graduated from [[HIDDEN_NAME]'s [HIDDEN_NAME], [HIDDEN_NAME]](https:[HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME]en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org[HIDDEN_NAME][HID... | 200 |
breaking "Codebreaking") centre that produced [[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]) "[HIDDEN_NAME] (cryptography)") intelligence. He led [[HIDDEN_NAME] 8](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_8 "[HIDDEN_NAME] 8"), the section responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. Turing devised tech... | 200 |
Axis_powers "Axis powers") in many crucial engagements, including the [[HIDDEN_NAME] of the [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_of_the_Atlantic "[HIDDEN_NAME] of the Atlantic").[\[10\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Alan_Turing#cite_note-[HIDDEN_NAME]-copeland-11)[\[11\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME... | 200 |
https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]") at the [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] of [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]_of_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] of [HIDDEN_NAME]"), where he helped develop ... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME]) and predicted [oscillating chemical reactions](https:[HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME]en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org[HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME]Chemical_oscillator "Chemical oscillator") such as the [[HIDDEN_NAME]–[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME]%E2%80%93[HID... | 200 |
castration](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "Chemical castration"), as an alternative to prison. Turing died on 7 [HIDDEN_NAME] 1954, aged 41, from [cyanide poisoning](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Cyanide_poisoning "Cyanide poisoning"). An inquest determined [his death ... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]") granted a pardon in 2013. The term "[[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] law](https:[HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME]en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org[HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME]_[... | 200 |
"Turing [HIDDEN_NAME]") for computing innovation. His portrait appears on the [[HIDDEN_NAME] of [HIDDEN_NAME] £50 [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_of_[HIDDEN_NAME]_%C2%A350_note "[HIDDEN_NAME] of [HIDDEN_NAME] £50 note"), first released on 23 [HIDDEN_NAME] 2021 to coincide with his birthday. The audience vote... | 200 |
[[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]") plaque in [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]"), [HIDDEN_NAME] marking [HIDDEN_NAME]'s birthplace in 1912
[HIDDEN_NAME] was born in ... | 200 |
/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME]") state, in [[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME]").[\[17\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Alan_[HIDDEN_NAME]#cite_note-[HIDDEN_NAME]-18)[\[18\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]) [HIDDEN_NAME]'s father was th... | 200 |
_[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] and [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]"). The [HIDDEN_NAME] were a [[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_in_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] in [HIDDEN_NAME]") [[HIDDEN_NAME]-Irish](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]-Irish_people "[HIDDEN_NA... | 200 |
at the [HIDDEN_NAME] of [HIDDEN_NAME] [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]'s [HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]%27s_[HIDDEN_NAME],_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]'s [HIDDEN_NAME], [HIDDEN_NAME]") on [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.o... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/M[HIDDEN_NAME]_Vale "M[HIDDEN_NAME] Vale"),[\[21\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]#cite_note-[HIDDEN_NAME]) [HIDDEN_NAME], where [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] was born on 23 [HIDDEN_NAME] 1912, as recorded by a [blue plaque](https://en... | 200 |
en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Alan_[HIDDEN_NAME]#cite_note-turingorguk-25) [HIDDEN_NAME] had an elder brother, [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME], father of [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAM... | 200 |
_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]") couple. At [HIDDEN_NAME], [HIDDEN_NAME] stayed at [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]"), [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME], [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]-on-[HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.o... | 200 |
early in life, Turing's parents purchased a house in [[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME]") in 1927, and Turing lived there during school holidays. The location is also marked with a blue plaque.[\[29\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME])
### [HIDDEN_NAME]
Turing's pa... | 200 |
, an independent school in the village of [[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME]") in [HIDDEN_NAME] (now [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]")).[\[31\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[... | 200 |
[HIDDEN[HIDDEN_NAME]NAME] [HIDDEN[HIDDEN_NAME]NAME] general strike"), in [HIDDEN[HIDDEN_NAME]NAME], but Turing was so determined to attend that he rode his bicycle unaccompanied 60 miles (97 km) from [[HIDDEN[HIDDEN_NAME]NAME]/[HIDDEN[HIDDEN_NAME]NAME]/[HIDDEN[HIDDEN_NAME]NAME] "[HIDDEN[HIDDEN_NAME]NAME]") to [HIDDEN[... | 200 |
he is wasting his time at a public school".[\[34\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]) Despite this, Turing continued to show remarkable ability in the studies he loved, solving advanced problems in 1927 without having studied even elementary [calculus](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HI... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME] formed a significant friendship with fellow pupil [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] (13 [HIDDEN_NAME] 1911 – 13 [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]) who has been described as [HIDDEN_NAME]'s first love.[\[37\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Alan_[HIDDEN_NAME]... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME]-[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]-42)[\[42\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]-[HIDDEN_NAME])
The event caused Turing great sorrow. He coped with his grief by working that much harder on the topics of science and mathematics that he had shared with [HIDDEN_NAME]. In a... | 200 |
that is what he would like me to do.[\[43\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME])
[HIDDEN_NAME]'s relationship with [HIDDEN_NAME]'s mother continued long after [HIDDEN_NAME]'s death, with her sending gifts to [HIDDEN_NAME], and him sending letters, typically on [HIDDEN_NAME]'s birthday.[\[44... | 200 |
speculated that [HIDDEN_NAME]'s death was the cause of [HIDDEN_NAME]'s [atheism](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME]") and [materialism](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME]").[\[46\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDD... | 200 |
the spirit is gone and the spirit finds a new body sooner or later, perhaps [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Alan_Turing#cite_note-48)[\[48\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME])
### [HIDDEN_NAME] and work on computability
After graduating from [HIDDEN_NAME], Turing applied for several [HIDDEN_... | 200 |
Alan_Turing#cite_note-51) There, Turing studied the undergraduate course in [H[HIDDEN_NAME]DDEN_NAME] [H[HIDDEN_NAME]DDEN_NAME] (that is, a three-year [H[HIDDEN_NAME]DDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] and [HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME], of the [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HID... | 200 |
16 [HIDDEN_NAME] 1935. By spring of that same year, [HIDDEN_NAME] started his master's course (Part III)—which he completed in 1937—and, at the same time, he published his first paper, a one-page article called _[HIDDEN_NAME] of left and right almost periodicity_ (sent on 23 [HIDDEN_NAME]), featured in the tenth volum... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Alan_[HIDDEN_NAME]#cite_note-[HIDDEN_NAME]) However, and, unknown to [HIDDEN_NAME], this version of the theorem he proved in his paper, had already been proven, in 1922, by [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]... | 200 |
/Alan_[HIDDEN_NAME]#cite_note[HIDDEN_NAME]55)[\[55\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Alan_[HIDDEN_NAME]#cite_note[HIDDEN_NAME]FOOTNOTEHodges1983113[HIDDEN_NAME]56)[\[56\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME])
Between the springs of 1935 and 1936, at the same time as [HIDDEN_N... | 200 |
year, he finished and delivered his 36-page paper for publication called "[On [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME], with an Application to the [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/On_[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME],_with_an_Application_to_the_Entscheidungsproblem "On [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME], with an Application to the Entscheidungsprob... | 200 |
-based formal language with the formal and simple hypothetical devices that became known as [Turing machines](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Turing_machine "Turing machine"). The _[[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME]")_ (decision problem) was originally posed by German mathematicia... | 200 |
"): it is not possible to decide algorithmically whether a Turing machine will ever halt. This paper has been called "easily the most influential math paper in [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Alan_Turing#cite_note-60)
[ was published shortly after [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]")'s equivalent proof using his [lambda calc... | 200 |
According to the [[HIDDEN_NAME]–[HIDDEN_NAME] thesis](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]%E2%80%93[HIDDEN_NAME]_thesis "[HIDDEN_NAME]–[HIDDEN_NAME] thesis"), [HIDDEN_NAME] machines and the lambda calculus are capable of computing anything that is computable. [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDD... | 200 |
/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_Turing#cite_note-[HIDDEN_NAME]-4) in the second year as a [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] Fellow](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDE... | 200 |
_Turing#cite_note-66) his dissertation, _[[HIDDEN_NAME] of [HIDDEN_NAME] Based on [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_of_[HIDDEN_NAME]_Based_on_Ordinals "[HIDDEN_NAME] of [HIDDEN_NAME] Based on Ordinals")_,[\[66\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Alan_Turing#cite_note-turingphd-67)[\[67\]](https:/... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME]_researcher "[HIDDEN_NAME] researcher"), but he went back to the [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME])
[HIDDEN_NAME] and research
-------------------
When Turing returned to [HIDDEN_NAME], he attended lectures given in 1939 by [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]](https... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME] "Philosophy of mathematics") and [HIDDEN_NAME] propounding his view that mathematics does not discover any absolute truths, but rather invents [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME])
### Cryptanalysis
During the [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME], [HIDDEN_NAME] was a leading participant in the... | 200 |
-time with the [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] and [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]_and_[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] and [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]") (GC&CS), the British codebreaking organisation. He concentrated on [cryptanalysis o... | 200 |
_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]") gave the British and French details of the wiring of [[HIDDEN_NAME] machine's rotors](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_rotor_details "[HIDDEN_NAME] rotor details") and their method of decrypting [[HIDDEN_NAME] machine](https://en.[... | 200 |
bombe](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME]") (an improvement on the Polish [[HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]) "[HIDDEN_NAME] ([HIDDEN_NAME]ryptography)")).[\[75\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME])
[![Imag... | 200 |
on [HIDDEN_NAME], Turing reported to [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME], the wartime station of [HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME]Alan_Turing#cite_note-Copeland2006p378-77) Like all others who came to [HIDDEN_NAME], he was required to sign the [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]](https:[HIDDEN_NAME][... | 200 |
burismus "Banburismus")[HIDDEN_NAME] for making much more efficient use of the bombes; developing a procedure dubbed [HIDDEN_NAME][[HIDDEN[HIDDEN_NAME]NAME]/[HIDDEN[HIDDEN_NAME]NAME]/[HIDDEN[HIDDEN_NAME]NAME] "[HIDDEN[HIDDEN_NAME]NAME]")[HIDDEN_NAME] for working out the cam settings of the wheels of the [[HIDDEN[HIDDEN... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME])
By using statistical techniques to optimise the trial of different possibilities in the code breaking process, Turing made an innovative contribution to the subject. He wrote two papers discussing mathematical approaches, titled _The [HIDDEN_NAME] of [... | 200 |
centenary of his birth. A [HIDDEN_NAME] mathematician, "who identified himself only as [HIDDEN_NAME]," said at the time that the fact that the contents had been restricted under the [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] for some 70 years demonstrated their importance, and their relevance to post-war cryptanalysis:... | 200 |
colleagues as "[HIDDEN_NAME]" and his treatise on [HIDDEN_NAME] was known as the "[HIDDEN_NAME]'s [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Alan_[HIDDEN_NAME]#cite_note-84)[\[84\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]) According to historian [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[H... | 200 |
time to adjust the chain by hand. Another of his eccentricities is that he chained his mug to the radiator pipes to prevent it being [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME])
[[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]") recou... | 200 |
ourselves could have created such concepts and originated such thoughts. However, the experience of sharing the intellectual life of a genius is entirely different; one realizes that one is in the presence of an intelligence, a sensibility of such profundity and originality that one is filled with wonder and excitemen... | 200 |
-distance running"), occasionally ran the 40 miles (64 km) to [HIDDEN_NAME] when he was needed for [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]) and he was capable of world-class marathon standards.[\[89\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Alan_Turing#cite_note-90)[\[90\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/... | 200 |
35 minutes. He was [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]'s best runner, a fact discovered when he passed the group while running [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Alan_Turing#cite_note-92)[\[92\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Alan_Turing#cite_note-93)[\[93\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]) However, official war historian [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]") estimated that this work shortened the war in [HIDDEN_NAME] by more than two years and saved over 14 million... | 200 |
ritish_[HIDDEN_NAME] "Order of the [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]") ([HIDDEN_NAME]) in 1946 by [HIDDEN_NAME] [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]") for his wartime services, his work remained secret for many years.[\[97\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HI... | 200 |
omba_(cryptography) "[HIDDEN_NAME] (cryptography)")_, from which its name was derived. The bombe, with an enhancement suggested by [HIDDEN_NAME] [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]"), became one of the primary tools, and the major automated one, used to at... | 200 |
"The [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] of [HIDDEN_NAME]") on [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]
The bombe searched for possible correct settings used for an [HIDDEN_NAME] message (i.e., rotor order, rotor settings and plugboard settings) using a suitable _[crib](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Crib_(cryptanalysis)... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME])
The bombe detected when a contradiction had occurred and ruled out that setting, moving on to the next. Most of the possible settings would cause contradictions and be discarded, leaving only a few to be investigated in detail. A contradiction would occur when an enciphered l... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME]-[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]-[HIDDEN_NAME]") were frustrated. Building on the [work of the Poles](https:[HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME]en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org[HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]"), ... | 200 |
/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]") explaining their difficulties, with Turing as the first named. They emphasised how small their need was compared with the vast expenditure of men and money by the forces and compared with the level of assistance they could offer to the [HIDDEN_NA... | 200 |
Make sure they have all they want on extreme priority and report to me that this has been done." On 18 [HIDDEN_NAME], the chief of the secret service reported that every possible measure was being taken.[\[104\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Alan_Turing#cite_note-[HIDDEN_NAME]-105) The cryptographer... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME])
[HIDDEN_NAME] of Turing holding an [HIDDEN_NAME] machine by [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]") at [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME], commissioned by [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[H... | 200 |
was doing anything about it and I could have it to [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Alan_Turing#cite_note-[HIDDEN_NAME]-109) In [HIDDEN_NAME] 1939, Turing solved the essential part of the naval [indicator](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_machine#Indicator "[HIDDEN_NAME] machine") system, which... | 200 |
later called [sequential analysis](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Sequential_analysis "Sequential analysis")) to assist in breaking the naval [HIDDEN_NAME], "though I was not sure that it would work in practice, and was not, in fact, sure until some days had actually broken".[\[108\]](https://en.[HIDD... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Cryptanalysis_of_the_[HIDDEN_NAME]_cipher "Cryptanalysis of the [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME])
Turing travelled to the [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] in [HIDDEN_NAME] 1942 and worked with [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] cryptanalysts on the naval [HIDDEN_NA... | 200 |
_[HIDDEN_NAME])
Turing's reaction to the [HIDDEN_NAME] bombe design was far from enthusiastic:
> The [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] programme was to produce 336 [HIDDEN_NAME]s, one for each wheel order. I used to smile inwardly at the conception of [HIDDEN_NAME] hut routine implied by this programme, but thought that no... | 200 |
/Secure_speech "Secure speech") [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Alan_[HIDDEN_NAME]#cite_note-117) He returned to [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] in [HIDDEN_NAME] 1943. During his absence, [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]_O%27Donel_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [H... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME] who thought the problem worth tackling and not only was he primarily responsible for the main theoretical work within the [HIDDEN_NAME], but he also shared with [HIDDEN_NAME] and [HIDDEN_NAME] the chief credit for the invention of the bombe. It is always difficult to say that anyone is 'absolutely indispe... | 200 |
[HIDDEN[HIDDEN_NAME]NAME])[HIDDEN_NAME]) for use against the [[HIDDEN[HIDDEN_NAME]NAME] [HIDDEN[HIDDEN_NAME]NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN[HIDDEN_NAME]NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN[HIDDEN_NAME]NAME] "[HIDDEN[HIDDEN_NAME]NAME] [HIDDEN[HIDDEN_NAME]NAME]") messages produced by the [HIDDEN[HIDDEN_NAME]NAME]' new [HIDDEN_NAME]Gehe... | 200 |
_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]"), went on to build the [[HIDDEN_NAME] computer](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_computer "[HIDDEN_NAME] computer"), the world's first programmable digital electronic computer, which replaced a simpler prior machine (the [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NA... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME]) but he was not directly involved in the [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME])
### Delilah
Following his work at [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]](https:[HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME]en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org[HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] Park").[\[126\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Alan_Turing#cite_note-127)[\[127\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]) At the park, he further developed his kno[HIDDEN_NAME]ledge of electronics [HIDDEN_NAME]ith the as... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME]) The machine was intended for different applications, but it lacked the capability for use with long-distance radio transmissions. In any case, [HIDDEN_NAME] was completed too late to be used during the war. Though the system worked fully, with Turing demonstrating it to officials by encrypting and decryp... | 200 |
/2/2b/[HIDDEN_NAME]-[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]:Alan_Turing_78_[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]_blue_plaque.jpg)
[HIDDEN_NAME], 78 [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME], [[HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME], [HIDDEN_NAME]")
Between 1945 and 1947, Tu... | 200 |
_[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]_([HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]) "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] ([HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME])"). He presented a paper on 19 [HIDDEN_NAME] 1946, which was the first detailed design of a [stored-program [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Stored-program_computer "Stored-program computer").[\... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME] of the [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME], it "contains a number of ideas which are [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]'s [HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME]Alan_[HIDDEN_NAME]#cite_note-133)
Although [HIDDEN_NAME] was a feasible design, the effect of the [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HID... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME]) While he was at [HIDDEN_NAME], the [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]") was being built in his absence. It executed its first program on 10 [HIDDEN_NAME] 1950, and a number of later computers around the world owe much to it, including the [... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME] for [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]_for_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] for [HIDDEN_NAME]"), published by [HIDDEN_NAME], [HIDDEN_NAME], there was a meeting between [HIDDEN_NAME] and [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.... | 200 |
_([HIDDEN_NAME]) "[HIDDEN_NAME] (academic rank)") in the [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_of_[HIDDEN_NAME],_[HIDDEN_NAME]_of_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] of [HIDDEN_NAME], [HIDDEN_NAME] of [HIDDEN_NAME]") at the [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] of [HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HI... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]) During this time, he continued to do more abstract work in mathematics,[\[138\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Alan_Turing#cite_note-doi10.1093/[HIDDEN_NAME]-139) and in "[[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] and [HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDE... | 200 |
was that a computer could be said to "think" if a human interrogator could not tell it apart, through conversation, from a human [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]) In the paper, [HIDDEN_NAME] suggested that rather than building a program to simulate the adult mind, it would be better to produce a simpler one t... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] Ch[HIDDEN_NAME]"), began writing a [chess](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME]") program for a computer that did not yet exist. By 1950, the program was completed and dubbed the [[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Turochamp "Turochamp").[\[140\]](https://en... | 200 |
.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]) According to [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]"), [HIDDEN_NAME]'s program "played a recognizable game of chess".[\[142\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Alan_[HIDDEN_NA... | 200 |
When Turing was 39 years old in 1951, he turned to [mathematical [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "Mathematical and theoretical biology"), finally publishing his masterpiece "[The [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] of [HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/The_[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]_of_... | 200 |
146) He used systems of [partial differential equations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/[HIDDEN_N[HIDDEN_N[HIDDEN_N[HIDDEN_NAME]ME]ME]ME] "Partial differential equations") to model catalytic chemical reactions. For example, if a catalyst [HIDDEN_N[HIDDEN_N[HIDDEN_NAME]ME]ME] is required for a certain chemical reaction t... | 200 |
use linear approximations to solve the equations by hand. These calculations gave the right qualitative results, and produced, for example, a uniform mixture that oddly enough had regularly spaced fixed red spots. The Russian biochemist [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAM... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME])
Although published before the structure and role of [[HIDDEN_NAME]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME]") was understood, [HIDDEN_NAME]'s work on morphogenesis remains relevant today and is considered a seminal piece of work in mathematical biology.[\[147\]](http... | 200 |
puts the heart on the left side of the [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]) In 2012, [HIDDEN_NAME], [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME] found that in mice, remov[HIDDEN_NAME] of [[HIDDEN_NAME] genes](https://en[HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME]pedia[HIDDEN_NAME]org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_genes "[HIDDEN_NAME] g... | 200 |
en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME]_[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]"), the experiment involved growing [chia seeds](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Chia_seed "Chia seed") in even layers within trays, later adjusting the available moisture. Researc... | 200 |
") weighing 3,200 [HIDDEN_NAME] (90 [HIDDEN_NAME]) and worth £250 (in 2022, £8,000 adjusted for inflation, £48,000 at spot price) and buried them in a wood near [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]) Upon returning to dig them up, Turing found that he was unable to break his own code describing where ... | 200 |
his fiancée, who was reportedly "unfazed" by the revelation, [HIDDEN_NAME] decided that he could not go through with the [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Alan_[HIDDEN_NAME]#cite_note-159)
### Homosexuality and indecency conviction
In [HIDDEN_NAME] 1951, [HIDDEN_NAME] met [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME], a 19-year-old unemplo... | 200 |
acquainted, and [HIDDEN_NAME] reported the crime to the police. During the investigation, he acknowledged a sexual relationship with [HIDDEN_NAME]. [HIDDEN_NAME] acts were criminal offences in the [HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME] at that time,[\[160\]](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Alan_[HIDDEN_NAME]#cite... | 200 |
en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/Committal_procedure "Committal procedure") for the trial were held on 27 [HIDDEN_NAME] during which [HIDDEN_NAME]'s solicitor "reserved his defence", i.e., did not argue or provide evidence against the allegations. The proceedings were held at the [[HIDDEN_NAME] [HIDDEN_NAME]/[HI... | 200 |
31 [HIDDEN_NAME] 1952.[\[164\]](https:[HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME]en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org[HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN_NAME]) Turing was convicted and given a choice between imprisonment and probation. His probation would be conditional on his agreement to undergo [hormonal](https:[HIDDEN_NAME][HIDDEN... | 200 |
[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME]"); this feminization of his body was continued for the course of one year. The treatment rendered [HIDDEN_NAME] [impotent](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDEN_NAME] "[HIDDEN_NAME]") and caused [breast tissue to form](https://en.[HIDDEN_NAME]pedia.org/[HIDDEN_NAME]/[HIDDE... | 200 |
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