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So that's what exerts the force in the end.
Por tanto, es quien le da la fuerza al final.
en-es
For you to understand that force, or for you to feel that force, let's all do an exercise together.
Pour que vous puissiez comprendre ou sentir cette force, nous allons faire un exercice ensemble.
en-fr
First, I'll explain it to you and then we'll see if we can all do it.
D'abord, j'explique et puis nous essayerons tous ensemble.
en-fr
The idea is that we're going to put our hands on the abdominal area, here, where the diaphragm is.
La idea es que nos vamos a poner las manos en la parte abdominal, aquí donde está el diafragma.
en-es
And we are going to take a deep breath.
Nous allons inspirer profondément,
en-fr
Trying to carry the air to the lower part of the lungs.
Intentando llevar el aire a la parte baja de los pulmones.
en-es
Let's take a breath in a moment and I'll count to three, we'll blow out.
Nous allons inspirer doucement et expirer d'un coup, à trois.
en-fr
Okay, are you ready?
Vous êtes prêts ?
en-fr
Let's do it. It's easy.
C'est facile à réaliser.
en-fr
Let's place our hands on the abdominal area like this, everyone.
Vamos a colocar las manos en la parte abdominal, así todos.
en-es
We're going to take a breath in a moment.
Vamos a coger aire en un tiempo.
en-es
Good, pause. I count three...
Je compte jusque trois...
en-fr
Well done! You did it perfectly, without practicing.
¡Muy bien! Lo habéis hecho perfectamente y no lo habíamos ensayado.
en-es
That force that you've felt, is the strength of the diaphragm towards the vocal cords.
Esa fuerza que habéis sentido, es la fuerza del diafragma hacia las cuerdas vocales.
en-es
So, if that force is low, it's small, then we are going to lower our intensity to down here.
Por tanto, si esa fuerza es baja, es poca, pues entonces vamos a bajar nuestra intensidad aquí abajo.
en-es
What we'll have as a result is low intensity.
Lo que tendremos será un resultado de intensidad baja.
en-es
(Pre-recorded voice, low intensity) The voice has a powerful influence.
(Voz pregrabada, baja intensidad) La voz tiene una poderosa influencia.
en-es
If we lift the circuit board up and go to high intensity...
Y en cambio, si subiéramos la regleta arriba y nos vamos a la intensidad alta...
en-es
(Pre-recorded voice, high intensity) The voice has a powerful influence.
(Voz pregrabada, alta intensidad) La voz tiene una poderosa influencia.
en-es
There is a small difference, right?
Il y a une petite différence, non ?
en-fr
We've gone from 43 decibels to 79.
Nous sommes passés de 43 à 79 décibels.
en-fr
Intensity is measured in decibels, no more than the volume of the voice.
L'intensité se mesure en décibels, qui représentent le volume,
en-fr
With which there is a perceptible difference.
Con lo cual hay una diferencia perceptiva.
en-es
Here comes the question: If I want to appear credible, what will I have to use?
Y aquí viene la pregunta: Si yo quiero parecer creíble, ¿qué tendré que usar?
en-es
Low intensity, or high intensity?
Forte ou faible ?
en-fr
Well, if we think about the voice reflecting our personality, if we think about the voice reflecting our state of mind, and we think that, of course, if I suddenly feel sad, very sad, I'm going to use low intensity.
Bueno, pues si pensamos que la voz refleja nuestra personalidad. Si pensamos que la voz refleja nuestro estado de ánimo. Y pensamos que, claro, si yo de repente estoy triste, muy triste, pues voy a utilizar una intensidad baja.
en-es
If I'm bored, too.
Pareil si je suis ennuyeuse
en-fr
And people who are introverted use low intensity.
ou introvertie.
en-fr
So of course, if I want to seem credible, of course that won't be the intensity that I have to use.
Así que claro, si quiero parecer creíble desde luego esa no será la intensidad que tengo que usar.
en-es
I have to use an energetic intensity. It has to sound loud and clear.
Tengo que usar una intensidad enérgica, que se me escuche bien.
en-es
I'm not saying shout. I'm saying an energetic intensity, more or less this, what I'm doing now.
Ça ne veut pas dire crier. J'ai dit une intensité dynamique, comme ce que je fais maintenant.
en-fr
Therefore, this would be the first tip: energetic intensity.
Voilà donc mon premier conseil : une intensité dynamique.
en-fr
Let's go to the second of our qualities.
Passons à la deuxième propriété :
en-fr
The second quality is the tone.
la tonalité.
en-fr
The tone of the voice is difficult to manage, but it's simple to understand.
C'est compliqué de moduler sa tonalité, mais c'est un concept facile.
en-fr
Once the diaphragm pushes the lungs, as you have seen, what it does is expel the air.
Quand le diaphragme pousse sur les poumons comme on l'a vu, l'air en est éjecté.
en-fr
Well, that air comes up here, to the neck.
Il arrive dans la gorge, où se trouve le larynx.
en-fr
Inside the neck is the larynx, and inside the larynx are the vocal cords, which vibrate to the passage of that air.
Dentro del cuello está la laringe, y dentro de la laringe están las cuerdas vocales, que vibran al paso de ese aire.
en-es
Oh, my God! Those are vocal cords?
¡Hay Dios mío! Esas son las cuerdas vocales.
en-es
If the image impresses you a little, I can swear to you that you all have ones like these in your body, that vibrate like this.
L'image est un peu impressionnante, mais vous en avez tous des pareilles à l'intérieur de votre corps, qui vibrent comme ça.
en-fr
What does having a deeper tone or a more high-pitched tone depend on?
¿de qué depende el que vosotros tengáis un tono más grave o tengáis un tono más agudo?
en-es
Easy to understand.
C'est facile à comprendre.
en-fr
I have two ropes here.
J'ai deux cordes.
en-fr
If I move them with the same force, that is, with the same intensity, which one moves faster?
Si yo las muevo con la misma fuerza, es decir, con la misma intensidad. ¿Cuál se mueve más rápido?
en-es
This one, right?
Esta, ¿verdad?
en-es
It moves faster because it is shorter and because it's thinner.
C'est parce qu'elle est plus courte et plus fine.
en-fr
So, what does you having an average tone of voice or another depend?
Por tanto, ¿de qué depende el que tengáis un tono medio de voz u otro?
en-es
Well, it's simply the length and thickness of your vocal cords.
Simplement de la longueur et de l'épaisseur de vos cordes vocales.
en-fr
When they're shorter, they will vibrate faster, so, you'll have a higher pitched tone.
Si elles sont plus courtes, elles vibrent plus vite produisant une tonalité plus aiguë.
en-fr
And for larger ones, men generally have a deeper tone, they will speak more deeply.
Y a más grandes, los hombres tienen un tono más grave en general, hablarán más grave.
en-es
But of course, we don't speak in just one tone.
Pero claro, nosotros no hablamos con un solo tono.
en-es
This is our middle tone, let's say it's the one we use in our day to day, most frequently.
La tonalité moyenne est celle que nous utilisons le plus fréquemment au quotidien.
en-fr
But of course, we use a range of tones when we speak.
Nous nous exprimons grâce à toute une gamme de tonalités.
en-fr
There are differences between them.
Y hay diferencias entre uno y otro.
en-es
We'll see what happens if I lower the tone.
Voyons ce qu'il se passe si j'abaisse la tonalité.
en-fr
Let's see what it sounds like.
Écoutons le résultat.
en-fr
(Pre-recorded voice, low tone) The voice has a powerful influence.
(Voix off, tonalité grave) La voix a une puissante influence.
en-fr
On the other hand, if I raise it up...
Par contre, si je monte le bouton...
en-fr
(Pre-recorded voice, high tone) The voice has a powerful influence.
(Voix off, tonalité aigüe) La voix a une puissante influence.
en-fr
There is also a perceptible difference.
Hay también una diferencia perceptiva.
en-es
We have gone from 100 to 190 Hz.
Nous sommes passés de 100 à 190 Hz.
en-fr
It's simply that the vocal cords vibrate more slowly if it's deep, or more quickly if it's high-pitched.
Es sencillamente que las cuerdas vocales vibren más lento si es grave o más rápido si es agudo.
en-es
If we want to sound credible, what kind of tone do we have to use?
Si queremos sonar creíbles, ¿qué tipo de tono tenemos que usar?
en-es
Low, or high-pitched?
¿El más grave o el más agudo?
en-es
Well, all the studies we've done indicate that, in order to be perceived as attractive and credible, we have to use, as you see in the graph, a low tone rather than a high-pitched tone.
Toutes les études que nous avons menées révèlent que, pour avoir une voix engageante et crédible, nous devons privilégier, conformément à ce schéma, une tonalité grave.
en-fr
And because of that, many professionals and many politicians train their voice specifically to lower their voice, to use that lower tessitura of your voice.
Y por eso, muchos profesionales y muchos políticos, entrenan su voz precisamente para conseguir bajar la voz y digamos utilizar esa tesitura más baja de su voz.
en-es
I've brought to you the case of Margaret Thatcher, who trained her voice for a long time, to achieve that goal.
Comme Margaret Thatcher, qui a pendant longtemps entraîné sa voix pour atteindre cet objectif.
en-fr
Margaret Thatcher: (high-pitched tone) Oh, very much so. I've done a good deal, but speaking in the House of Commons is quite different. It's a unique experience.
M. Thatcher (en anglais, tonalité aiguë) : « J'ai beaucoup parlé, mais devant la Chambre des communes, c'est une expérience unique.
en-fr
Margaret Thatcher: (low tone) I think we shall have to make up our minds about the Cabinet very quickly because, otherwise, the press will discuss it all for me.
» (Tonalité grave) « Nous devons trancher la question du Cabinet rapidement, sinon la presse en fera ses choux gras.
en-fr
Because of course, an Iron Lady talking like this-- It wouldn't make much sense.
Porque claro, una Dama de Hierro hablando así... poco sentido iba a tener.
en-es
And this is what she did, trained her voice for this.
Y esto es lo que hizo, entrenar su voz para esto.
en-es
Whenever we train the voice, we must use an expert, because if we don't, we can damage the vocal cords.
Suivez toujours les conseils d'un professionnel pour éviter d'abîmer vos cordes vocales.
en-fr
So, we have a range of tones, we have a piano, we have to play them in different ways.
Pues bien, tenemos una gama de tonos, tenemos un piano, tenemos que tocarlos de diferentes maneras.
en-es
When we talk, we use that combination of tones, and that combination of tones is what we know as intonation.
L'ensemble de ces tonalités représente notre intonation.
en-fr
Intonation is relatively complicated to understand, but I'll give you two tips.
La entonación es relativamente complicada de entender, pero os voy a dar dos consejos:
en-es
The first is that you can't be monotonous when you speak, because if you're monotonous, then no one will listen to you.
Le premier, c'est de ne pas être monotone, sinon personne ne vous écoutera.
en-fr
Basically.
Básicamente.
en-es
In order to try to modify that monotony, let's try to start the phrase in a high-pitched tone and end in a low tone.
Para intentar conseguir modificar esa monotonía vamos a intentar comenzar la frase en un tono agudo y acabar en grave.
en-es
As you can hear in this example.
Comme dans cet exemple.
en-fr
(Pre-recorded voice, high-pitched to low tone) The voice has a powerful influence.
(Voz pregrabada, tono agudo a grave) La voz tiene una poderosa influencia.
en-es
Good. It's a way of changing the tones.
C'est une manière de faire.
en-fr
What we can never do when we speak in public, when we have a presentation, is sing, because if I sing, I leave everything up, and that doesn't sound credible.
Lo que nunca podemos hacer cuando hablamos en público, cuando tenemos una presentación. Es cantar, porque si yo canto dejo entonces todas las cosas arriba, y eso no suena creíble.
en-es
And you'll see it in this example.
Comme dans cet exemple.
en-fr
(Pre-recorded voice, higher intonation) The voice has a powerful influence.
(Voix off, intonation montante) La voix a une puissante influence.
en-fr
It's as if something is missing! Why are you staying up there?
On a l'impression qu'il manque quelque chose !
en-fr
We always have to lower the message down, to be credible.
Tenemos siempre que bajar el mensaje abajo, para resultar creíbles.
en-es
(Pre-recorded voice, lower intonation) The voice has a powerful influence.
(Voix off, intonation descendante) La voix a une puissante influence.
en-fr
And here is where it is competent, it is credible, sounds sure, right?
Ainsi, la voix paraît compétente, crédible, confiante, n'est-ce pas ?
en-fr
Let there be no doubt about this.
No hay ninguna duda.
en-es
So, always remember not to be monotonous, let's try going up to the higher pitch at the beginning, going down to the low pitch at the end.
Por tanto, recordaros siempre: no ser monótono, vamos intentar subir al agudo al inicio, vamos a intentar bajar al grave al final.
en-es
And of course, the idea is not to sing.
Sans chanter, évidemment.
en-fr
Well, when it comes to tone, what happens is many people say, "Having a low tone, I'm already perceived as credible."
Bueno, esto en cuanto al tono. Lo que pasa es que mucha gente dice: "Yo con tener un tono grave, ya soy percibido como creíble".
en-es
And I'm not sure that's true.
Y creo que no es cierto.
en-es
(Low pitch, closed timbre) It must have been making you sleepy.
(Voix off, grave, timbre fermé) Vous devriez dormir un peu.
en-fr
I believe that this is not an attractive voice.
Cette voix n'est pas très engageante.
en-fr
But it is a voice in a low tone.
Pero es una voz en tono grave.
en-es
And that's because Marge Simpson lacks our third quality: timbre.
En fait, il manque à Marge Simpson la troisième propriété : le timbre.
en-fr
The timbre of the voice is very easy to understand.
El timbre de la voz es muy fácil de entender.
en-es
It is the combination of the sound that comes out of the vocal cords, plus the one that comes out from our sound box.
C'est le résultat du son produit par les cordes vocales, plus celui qui sort de notre caisse de résonance.
en-fr
What is this sound box?
¿Qué es esto de la caja de resonancia?
en-es