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And she's talking to her baby. | Ir ji kalba su savo mažyliu. Ši moteris -- | en-lt |
What this mother -- and the 800 people who speak Koro in the world -- understands is that, to preserve this language, they need to speak it to the babies. | и 800-те души, които говорят Коро в света -- разбират е, че ако искат да запазят този език, те трябва да го говорят на бебетата. | en-bg |
And therein lies a critical puzzle. | Dhe këtu qëndron një mister shumë i rëndësishëm. | en-sq |
Why is it that you can't preserve a language by speaking to you and I, to the adults? | Почему нельзя сохранить язык, разговаривая с нами, со взрослыми? | en-ru |
Well, it's got to do with your brain. | Dat heeft te maken met je brein. | en-nl |
What we see here is that language has a critical period for learning. | Itt azt láthatjuk, hogy a nyelv tanulásának van egy kritikus szakasza. | en-hu |
The way to read this slide is to look at your age on the horizontal axis. | इस स्लाइड को पढ़ने का तरीका है कि आप अपनी उम्र को क्षैतिज अक्ष पर देखें. | en-hi |
(Laughter) And you'll see on the vertical your skill at acquiring a second language. | (ठहाके) और ह्म ऊर्ध्वाधर पर देखेंगे दूसरी भाषा सीखने का हुनर. | en-hi |
The babies and children are geniuses until they turn seven, and then there's a systematic decline. | Bábätká a deti sú géniovia, pokým nedosiahnu vek 7 rokov, potom táto schopnosť systematicky klesá. | en-sk |
After puberty, we fall off the map. | Ergenlikten sonra, önemsiz oluyor. | en-tr |
No scientists dispute this curve, but laboratories all over the world are trying to figure out why it works this way. | Žádní vědci tuto křivku nezpochybňují, ale laboratoře na celém světě se snaží přijít na to, proč to tak funguje. | en-cs |
Work in my lab is focused on the first critical period in development, and that is the period in which babies try to master which sounds are used in their language. | O trabalho no meu laboratório é focado no primeiro período crucial em desenvolvimento, quando os bebês tentam dominar quais sons são usados na sua própria língua. | en-pt |
We think, by studying how the sounds are learned, we'll have a model for the rest of language, and perhaps for critical periods that may exist in childhood for social, emotional and cognitive development. | Wir glauben, dass wenn wir erforschen wie diese Laute gelernt werden, dass wir ein Modell für die Sprache haben und für womöglich wichtige Phasen in der Kindheit für die soziale, emotionale und kognitive Entwicklung. | en-de |
So we've been studying the babies using a technique that we're using all over the world and the sounds of all languages. | Så vi har studeret babyer vha. en teknologi som hele verden bruger, og vha. lydene fra alle sprog. | en-da |
The baby sits on a parent's lap, and we train them to turn their heads when a sound changes -- like from "ah" to "ee." | Copilul stă în poala părintelui și îi învățăm să întoarcă capul atunci când se schimbă un sunet, de exemplu, din „a” în „i”. | en-ro |
If they do so at the appropriate time, the black box lights up and a panda bear pounds a drum. | se črna škatla zasveti in panda udari na boben. | en-sl |
A six-monther adores the task. | Šestmesečni malčki obožujejo to nalogo. | en-sl |
What have we learned? | Czego się nauczyliśmy? | en-pl |
Well, babies all over the world are what I like to describe as "citizens of the world." | שתינוקות בכל העולם הם מה שאני אוהבת להגדיר בתור אזרחי העולם; | en-he |
They can discriminate all the sounds of all languages, no matter what country we're testing and what language we're using, and that's remarkable because you and I can't do that. | pueden discriminar todos los sonidos de todos los idiomas sin importar el país que en que estemos ni el idioma que estemos usando. Y es algo notable porque ni Uds. ni yo podemos hacer eso. | en-es |
We're culture-bound listeners. | Suntem ascultători limitați de cultură. | en-ro |
We can discriminate the sounds of our own language, but not those of foreign languages. | αλλά όχι αυτές των ξένων γλωσσών. Το ερώτημα που τίθεται είναι | en-el |
So the question arises: When do those citizens of the world turn into the language-bound listeners that we are? | どの時点で世界市民から 言語に縛られた聴き手へと変わるのかということです | en-ja |
And the answer: before their first birthdays. | Odgovor je: prije svog prvog rođendana. | en-hr |
What you see here is performance on that head-turn task for babies tested in Tokyo and the United States, here in Seattle, as they listened to "ra" and "la" -- sounds important to English, but not to Japanese. | Čia Jūs matote kaip atliekama ši galvos pasukimo užduotis su kūdikiais iš Tokijo ir iš Jungtinių Valstijų, čia Sietle, jiems klausantis "ra" ir "la" -- garsų, kurie anglų kalboje yra svarbūs, o japonų kalboje - ne. | en-lt |
So at six to eight months, the babies are totally equivalent. | כך שבגיל 6 עד 8 חודשים התינוקות משתווים זה לזה. | en-he |
Two months later, something incredible occurs. | 2개월이 지난 후에는 놀라운 일이 벌어집니다. | en-ko |
The babies in the United States are getting a lot better, babies in Japan are getting a lot worse, but both of those groups of babies are preparing for exactly the language that they are going to learn. | os bebês nos Estados Unidos estão ficando bem melhores e os bebês no Japão estão ficando bem piores. Mas ambos os grupos de bebês estão se preparando justamente para a língua que irão aprender. Então a questão é: o que está acontecendo | en-pt |
So the question is: What's happening during this critical two-month period? | κατά τη διάρκεια αυτού του κρίσιμου διμήνου; | en-el |
This is the critical period for sound development, but what's going on up there? | 這個階段是語音發展的階段 在嬰兒的腦袋裏發生了什麽事？ | en-zh-tw |
So there are two things going on. | Er gebeuren twee dingen. | en-nl |
The first is that the babies are listening intently to us, and they're taking statistics as they listen to us talk -- they're taking statistics. | İlki bebekler bizi dikkatlice dinliyor, ve bizi dinledikçe istatistik tutuyorlar -- istatistik tutuyorlar. İki annenin çocuklarla konuşurken kullandığımız | en-tr |
So listen to two mothers speaking motherese -- the universal language we use when we talk to kids -- first in English and then in Japanese. | — la langue universelle qu'on utilise quand on parle aux enfants — premièrement en anglais et ensuite en japonais. | en-fr-ca |
(Video) Ah, I love your big blue eyes -- so pretty and nice. | (Video) Matka angielska: Oh, kocham twoje wielkie niebieskie oczy -- takie śliczne i słodkie. | en-pl |
(Japanese) Patricia Kuhl: During the production of speech, when babies listen, what they're doing is taking statistics on the language that they hear. | Mãe japonesa: [japonês] Durante a produção da fala, quando bebês escutam, o que eles estão fazendo é calculando estatísticas na língua que eles ouvem. | en-pt |
And those distributions grow. | И тези разпределения нарастват. | en-bg |
And what we've learned is that babies are sensitive to the statistics, and the statistics of Japanese and English are very, very different. | Ono što smo naučili je to da su bebe osjetljive na statistiku, a statistika japanskog i engleskog je jako, jako različita. | en-hr |
English has a lot of Rs and Ls. | Engleza are multe R-uri și L-uri | en-ro |
The distribution shows. | điều mà sự phân bố cho ta thấy. | en-vi |
And the distribution of Japanese is totally different, where we see a group of intermediate sounds, which is known as the Japanese "R." | E a distruibuição em japonês é totalmente diferente onde vemos um grupo de sons intermediários, que é conhecido como o R japonês. | en-pt |
So babies absorb the statistics of the language and it changes their brains; it changes them from the citizens of the world to the culture-bound listeners that we are. | Бебе упијају статистику језика и то мења њихов мозак; мења их из грађана света у културом-везане слушаоце, као што смо то ми. | en-sr |
But we as adults are no longer absorbing those statistics. | Namun kita sebagai orang dewasa tidak lagi menyerap data statistik ini. | en-id |
We are governed by the representations in memory that were formed early in development. | Suntem conduși de reprezentările din memorie pe care ni le-am format în primii ani de dezvoltare. | en-ro |
So what we're seeing here is changing our models of what the critical period is about. | Donc ce que nous voyons ici change nos modèles de ce qu'est la période critique. | en-fr |
We're arguing from a mathematical standpoint that the learning of language material may slow down when our distributions stabilize. | Stiamo sostenendo da un punto di vista matematico che l'apprendimento di un materiale linguistico possa rallentare quando la distribuzione statistica si stabilizza. | en-it |
It's raising lots of questions about bilingual people. | Questo solleva molte questioni a proposito delle persone bilingui. | en-it |
Bilinguals must keep two sets of statistics in mind at once and flip between them, one after the other, depending on who they're speaking to. | A kétnyelvűeknek két statisztikahalmazt kell észben tartaniuk egyszerre, és azokat váltogatják, egyiket a másik után, attól függően, hogy kihez beszélnek éppen. | en-hu |
So we asked ourselves, can the babies take statistics on a brand new language? | Então nos perguntamos: os bebês podem calcular estatísticas numa língua completamente nova? | en-pt |
And we tested this by exposing American babies who'd never heard a second language to Mandarin for the first time during the critical period. | Testovali sme to tak, že sme americké bábätká, ktoré sa nikdy nestretli s iným jazykom, nechali počúvať mandarínčinu počas kritického obdobia. | en-sk |
We knew that, when monolinguals were tested in Taipei and Seattle on the Mandarin sounds, they showed the same pattern. | Ne dinim që, kur ata që dinë vetëm një gjuhë janë provuar në lidhje me tingujt e gjuhës Mandarin, në Taipei dhe Sietëll, ata shfaqen të njëjtën strukturë rezultatesh. | en-sq |
Six to eight months, they're totally equivalent. | V šesti až osmi měsících si jsou naprosto rovni. | en-cs |
Two months later, something incredible happens. | Po dveh mesecih pa se je zgodilo nekaj neverjetnega. | en-sl |
But the Taiwanese babies are getting better, not the American babies. | A tajvani babák jobbak lettek, az amerikaiak viszont nem. | en-hu |
What we did was expose American babies, during this period, to Mandarin. | Expusimos a los bebés estadounidenses durante este período al mandarín. | en-es |
It was like having Mandarin relatives come and visit for a month and move into your house and talk to the babies for 12 sessions. | Era como hacer que los parientes chinos vinieran de visita un mes y se quedaran en vuestra casa y hablaran con los bebés por 12 sesiones. | en-es |
Here's what it looked like in the laboratory. | Έτσι ήταν στο εργαστήριο. (Βίντεο) Ομιλητής γλώσσας Μανδαρίνων: [Γλώσσα Μανδαρίνων] | en-el |
(Mandarin) PK: So what have we done to their little brains? | PK: Vậy chúng tôi đã làm gì với bộ não bé nhỏ của chúng? (Cười) | en-vi |
(Laughter) We had to run a control group to make sure that coming into the laboratory didn't improve your Mandarin skills. | وكان علينا تشكيل وحدة مراقبة للتأكيد بأن مجرد الحضور إلى المختبر لا يثبت مهاراتكم في لغة الماندرين. | en-ar |
So a group of babies came in and listened to English. | بنابراین گروهی از نوزادان آمدند و به انگلیسی گوش دادند | en-fa |
And we can see from the graph that exposure to English didn't improve their Mandarin. | Je ziet aan de grafiek dat hun Mandarijns niet beter werd van naar Engels te luisteren. | en-nl |
But look at what happened to the babies exposed to Mandarin for 12 sessions. | اما نگاه کنید چه اتفاقی برای نوزادانی که برای 12 جلسه با زبان ماندرین مواجه شدند رخ داد. | en-fa |
They were as good as the babies in Taiwan who'd been listening for 10 and a half months. | 他們的國語就跟住在臺灣 聼了十個月半國語的嬰兒一樣好。 | en-zh-tw |
What it demonstrated is that babies take statistics on a new language. | Това, което доказахме е, че бебетата възприемат статистически данни от нов език. | en-bg |
Whatever you put in front of them, they'll take statistics on. | Del que els posis al davant, ells prenen estadístiques. | en-ca |
But we wondered what role the human being played in this learning exercise. | Питали смо се коју улогу људска бића имају у вежбама у којима бебе уче. | en-sr |
So we ran another group of babies in which the kids got the same dosage, the same 12 sessions, but over a television set. | Vì vậy chúng tôi kiểm tra một nhóm trẻ em nữa bằng cách mà chúng tôi đã làm như trước, vẫn 12 lần, nhưng bằng tivi | en-vi |
And another group of babies who had just audio exposure and looked at a teddy bear on the screen. | e outro grupo de bebês foram expostos apenas ao áudio enquanto olhavam para um ursinho de pelúcia na tela. | en-pt-br |
What did we do to their brains? | Chúng ta đã làm gì với bộ não của chúng? | en-vi |
What you see here is the audio result -- no learning whatsoever -- and the video result -- no learning whatsoever. | Tu vidíte výsledky za použitia iba samotného zvuku -- nič sa nenaučili -- a za použitia videa -- nič sa nenaučili. | en-sk |
It takes a human being for babies to take their statistics. | Le človeško posredovanje jezika omogoči dojenčkom ustvarjanje statistik. | en-sl |
The social brain is controlling when the babies are taking their statistics. | Otak sosial mengendalikan kapan bayi-bayi ini mengambil data statistik mereka. Kami ingin melihat ke dalam otak | en-id |
We want to get inside the brain and see this thing happening as babies are in front of televisions, as opposed to in front of human beings. | i veure el que passa quan els nadons estan davant del televisor, en lloc de davant d'éssers humans. | en-ca |
Thankfully, we have a new machine, magnetoencephalography, that allows us to do this. | Našťastie, máme nový prístroj, magnetoencefalograf (MEG), ktorý nám toto umožňuje. | en-sk |
It looks like a hair dryer from Mars. | Выглядит он как марсианская сушилка для волос, но он абсолютно безопасный, | en-ru |
But it's completely safe, completely noninvasive and silent. | potpuno neinvazivan i nečujan. | en-hr |
We're looking at millimeter accuracy with regard to spatial and millisecond accuracy using 306 SQUIDs -- these are superconducting quantum interference devices -- to pick up the magnetic fields that change as we do our thinking. | Става въпрос за точност до милиметъра по отношение на пространството, и точност до милисекундата, използвайки 306 СУКМ -- това са свръхпроводящи устройства за квантова намеса -- за да доловят магнитните полета, които се променят докато мислим. | en-bg |
We're the first in the world to record babies in an MEG machine while they are learning. | Nós somos os primeiros no mundo a registrar bebês em um equipamento MEG enquanto eles estão aprendendo. | en-pt-br |
So this is little Emma. | Ini adalah Emma kecil. | en-id |
She's a six-monther. | Ей шесть месяцев. | en-ru |
And she's listening to various languages in the earphones that are in her ears. | Und sie hört verschiedene Sprachen aus den Kopfhörern in ihren Ohren. | en-de |
You can see, she can move around. | Ви бачите, що вона може вільно рухатись. | en-uk |
We're tracking her head with little pellets in a cap, so she's free to move completely unconstrained. | 我们用她帽子上的小球 来记录她的脑图 所以她完全不受束缚地自由地移动。 | en-zh-cn |
It's a technical tour de force. | C'est un tour de force technique. | en-fr-ca |
What are we seeing? | Čo vidíme? | en-sk |
We're seeing the baby brain. | Bebek beynini görüyoruz. | en-tr |
As the baby hears a word in her language, the auditory areas light up, and then subsequently areas surrounding it that we think are related to coherence, getting the brain coordinated with its different areas, and causality, one brain area causing another to activate. | Quando la bimba sente un suono nella sua lingua si illumina l'area dedicata all'udito, e successivamente le aree che la circondano, che pensiamo essere legate alla coerenza, che coordinano il cervello con le sue diverse aree, e alla causalità, ossia un'area del cervello che causa l'attivazione di un'altra. | en-it |
We are embarking on a grand and golden age of knowledge about child's brain development. | Chúng ta đang đi trên một thời đại vàng của kiến thức về sự phát triển của bộ não của trẻ em. | en-vi |
We're going to be able to see a child's brain as they experience an emotion, as they learn to speak and read, as they solve a math problem, as they have an idea. | Мы будем способны мониторить детский мозг, когда они испытывают эмоции, учатся говорить и читать, решают математические задачи, рождают идеи. | en-ru |
And we're going to be able to invent brain-based interventions for children who have difficulty learning. | ונהיה מסוגלים להמציא המצאות מבוססות-מוח עבור ילדים המתקשים ללמוד. | en-he |
Just as the poets and writers described, we're going to be able to see, I think, that wondrous openness, utter and complete openness, of the mind of a child. | Ακριβώς όπως έγραψαν οι ποιητές και οι συγγραφείς, θα μπορέσουμε να δούμε, νομίζω, αυτή τη θαυμαστή ανοικτοσύνη, την ατελείωτη και πλήρη ανοικτοσύνη του μυαλού ενός παιδιού. | en-el |
In investigating the child's brain, we're going to uncover deep truths about what it means to be human, and in the process, we may be able to help keep our own minds open to learning for our entire lives. | I undersøgelsen af barnets hjerne, vil vi afdække dybe sandheder om hvad det betyder at være menneske og i den proces, vil vi måske kunne holde vores egne sind åbne for læring, resten af vores liv. Tak skal I have. | en-da |
I was around 10 when one day, I discovered a box of my father's old things. | 10歳頃だったある日 父の古物が入った箱を見つけました | en-ja |
In it, under a bunch of his college textbooks, was a pair of black corduroy bell-bottom pants. | 在里面的一堆大学教材下面， 是几条黑色灯芯绒喇叭裤。 | en-zh-cn |
These pants were awful -- musty and moth-eaten. | Они были в ужасном состоянии — пропахшие плесенью и изъеденные молью. | en-ru |
And of course, I fell in love with them. | Եվ իհարկե, ես սիրահարվեցի դրան։ | en-hy |
I'd never seen anything like them. | 我從來沒看過這樣的東西。 | en-zh-tw |
Until that day, all I'd ever known and worn was my school uniform, which, in fact, I was pretty grateful for, because from quite a young age, I'd realized I was somewhat different. | حتى ذلك اليوم، كان كل ما أرتديته هو زيي المدرسي، وهو ما كنت شاكرًا له في الواقع، لأنه منذ كنت صغيرًا، أدركت أنني مختلف بعض الشيء. | en-ar |
I'd never been one of the boys my age; terrible at sports, possibly the unmanliest little boy ever. | Jag liknade inte pojkarna i min ålder; jag var dålig på sport, kanske världens omanligaste lille pojke. | en-sv |
(Laughter) I was bullied quite a bit. | (Nevetés) Sokat piszkáltak emiatt. | en-hu |
And so, I figured that to survive I would be invisible, and the uniform helped me to seem no different from any other child. | और, इसलिए मैंने हिसाब लगाया कि मुझे अदृश्य होना होगा, और वर्दी से मुझे मदद मिली कि मैं किसी अन्य बच्चे से अलग ना लगूँ। | en-hi |
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