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and docudrama. Documentary-style programs give viewers a private look into the lives of the subjects. Within documentary-style reality television are several subcategories or variants: Soap-opera style Although the term "docusoap" has been used for many documentary-style reality television shows, there have been shows ... | course of a series. One early example (and the longest running reality show of any genre) is Cops, which it debuted in 1989. Other such shows specifically relating to law enforcement include The First 48, Dog the Bounty Hunter, Police Stop!, Traffic Cops, Border Security and Motorway Patrol. Shows set at a specific pla... |
an isosceles trapezoid with the longer parallel side containing the input pins and the short parallel side containing the output pin. The schematic on the right shows a 2-to-1 multiplexer on the left and an equivalent switch on the right. The wire connects the desired input to the output. Applications One use for multi... | the demultiplexer's single input. The image to the right demonstrates this benefit. In this case, the cost of implementing separate channels for each data source is higher than the cost and inconvenience of providing the multiplexing/demultiplexing functions. At the receiving end of the data link a complementary demult... |
on horseback. The vibrant festival atmosphere, however, seems to be an everyday characteristic of the blissful community, whose citizens, though limited in their advanced technology and communal (rather than private) resources, are still intelligent, sophisticated, and cultured. Omelas has no kings, soldiers, priests, ... | final element of the city: its one atrocity. The city's constant state of serenity and splendor requires that a single unfortunate child be kept in perpetual filth, darkness, and misery. Once citizens are old enough to know the truth, most, though initially shocked and disgusted, ultimately acquiesce to this one injust... |
reddish seed covering (aril) of the nutmeg seed. Its flavour is similar to nutmeg but more delicate; it is used to flavour baked goods, meat, fish, and vegetables, and in preserving and pickling. In the processing of mace, the crimson-colored aril is removed from the nutmeg seed that it envelops and is flattened out an... | Whole nutmeg can also be ground at home using a grater specifically designed for nutmeg or a multi-purpose grating tool. In Indonesian cuisine, nutmeg is used in various dishes, mainly in many spicy soups, such as some variant of soto, konro, oxtail soup, sup iga (ribs soup), bakso and sup kambing. It is also used in g... |
1777) June 17 – César-François Cassini de Thury, French astronomer and cartographer (d. 1784) June 23 – Giovanni Sarnelli, Italian painter (d. 1793) July 1 – Michael Lally (brigadier-general), Irish-born French brigadier-general (d. 1773) July 2 – Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer (d. 1787) July 8 Friedrich Go... | May 12 – Johan Daniel Berlin, Norwegian composer and organist (d. 1787) May 14 – William Whitmore, British general (d. 1771) May 17 – Princess Anne Charlotte of Lorraine, French royal (d. 1773) May 20 – Henry Bathurst, 2nd Earl Bathurst, British lawyer and politician (d. 1794) June 6 – Joseph I of Portugal, Prince of B... |
owner of General Internet, Bill Day, and a group of other entrepreneurs in New York City. The original goal was to maintain 1,800 topic areas, but after five years of operation, this number was reduced to around 700. The company changed its name to "About Inc.", and the website address from "miningco.com" to "about.com... | 36 areas and 50,000 subjects, and approximately 4,000 advertisers. Following the purchase, which was finalized in the first quarter of 2001, the combined company was called "Primedia" and Kurnit remained chief executive officer (CEO). 2005–2012: Times Co. acquisition, Abang.com, About en Español In February 2005, The N... |
Old Uppsala 995, aged about 50 |- |width=auto|Olof Skötkonung 995 – 1022|||| 980, son of Eric the Victorious||Estrid of the Obotrites|| 1022, aged about 42 |- |width=auto|Anund Jacob (Anund Jakob) 1022–1050 ||||25 July 1008 or 1010 son of Olof Skötkonung and Estrid of the Obotrites||Gunnilda (?) || 1050, aged about 40 ... | on Visingsö, 10 March 1222, aged about 21, buried at Alvastra Abbey |- |bgcolor=yellow|Eric (XI) the Lisp and Lame (Erik läspe och halte), Summer 1222–28 or 29 November 1229||||1216 son of king Erik X of Sweden and Richeza of Denmark||bgcolor=tan|Catherine of Ymseborg||2 February 1250, aged about 34, buried at Varnhem ... |
States 44 U.S. states had enacted some version of an outpatient commitment law. In some cases, passage of the laws followed widely publicized tragedies, such as the murders of Laura Wilcox and Kendra Webdale. Oceania Australia and New Zealand introduced community treatment orders in the 1980s and 1990s. Australia In Au... | individuals who would not benefit from treatment in a hospital setting and would be based on risk. Further, this legislation would only apply to restricted patients who have been diverted to the mental health care system from courts. Scotland Scotland has a different community commitment regime from England and Wales i... |
War widow in the Clint Eastwood film Heartbreak Ridge (1986). She played Diane Keaton's meddling mother in the 1996 comedy film The First Wives Club. On television, Heckart had starring roles in The Five Mrs. Buchanans, Out of the Blue, Partners in Crime, and Backstairs at the White House (Emmy nomination as Eleanor Ro... | several awards, including the Drama Desk Award, the Lucille Lortel Award, the Drama League Award and the Outer Critics Circle Award. That same year, she was inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame and received an honorary Tony Award for lifetime achievement. She was granted three honorary doctorates by Sacred H... |
and princely styles Only those classified within the social class of royalty and upper nobility have a style of "Highness" attached before their titles. Reigning bearers of forms of Highness included grand princes, grand dukes, reigning princes, reigning dukes, and princely counts, their families, and the agnatic (of t... | Mediatized princely counts and countesses bear the style of Illustrious Highness (HIllH, ). In addition to their national royal styles, many monarchs had "treaty styles" to distinguish one monarch from another in international settings. For example, the sovereign of the United Kingdom was customarily referred to as "Br... |
several times the data rate available on each of the low rate data links. Note that, as with multiplexers, links are often used in bi-directional pairs and, at either end of the link, an inverse multiplexer will be combined with its reverse (an inverse demultiplexer) and still be called an inverse MUX. Inverse multiple... | are used, for example, to combine a number of ISDN channels together into one high rate circuit, where a higher rate connection than is available from a single ISDN connection is needed. This is typically useful in areas where higher rate circuits are not available. An alternative to an inverse multiplexer is to use se... |
York originally wanted to name her second daughter Ann Margaret, as she explained to Queen Mary in a letter: "I am very anxious to call her Ann Margaret, as I think Ann of York sounds pretty, & Elizabeth and Ann go so well together." King George V disliked the name Ann but approved of the alternative, Margaret Rose. Ma... | old, "Bad luck, he's married". A temporary assignment of three months from the RAF became permanent. George VI and the Queen Mother were fond of Townsend; the king reportedly saw the calm and efficient combat veteran as the son he never had. He may have been aware of his daughter's infatuation with the non-titled and n... |
Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese courtier, poet, calligrapher, painter and diarist , Japanese kuge , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , president of | , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese actor , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kugyō , Japanese kug... |
arrested by imperial forces; hanged and his body burned at the stake in Rome. The city of Bari rebels against King William I (the Bad) of Sicily and recognizes the Byzantine emperor, Manuel I (Komnenos), as its overlord. The Virgin of Vladimir (or Our Lady of Vladimir) is taken by Grand Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky to Vla... | Castle. Henry II grants the city of Bristol (or Brycgstow) a Royal charter, and is divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset (until 1373). New Year's Day is changed from January 1 to March 25. Asia August 22 – The 16-year-old Emperor Konoe dies after a 14-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Go-Shirakawa as th... |
containing the formamide and now-formed adenine. The water-formamide-adenine solution is then poured through a filtering column of activated charcoal. The water and formamide molecules, being small molecules, will pass through the charcoal and into the waste flask; the large adenine molecules, however, will attach or “... | adenine reacted with ribose, as used in RNA and ATP; deoxyadenosine is adenine attached to deoxyribose, as used to form DNA. Structure Adenine forms several tautomers, compounds that can be rapidly interconverted and are often considered equivalent. However, in isolated conditions, i.e. in an inert gas matrix and in th... |
basis of folk etymology for the English word "assassin." August 21 – Minamoto no Yoritomo is granted the title of shōgun, thereby officially establishing the first shogunate in the history of Japan. Margaritus of Brindisi is created the first Count of Malta for capturing Constance, Holy Roman Empress in 1191. Second Ba... | under the pressure of Pope Celestine III in May, and returns to Germany in June. Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich of Novgorod burns down Tartu and Otepää Castles, in Estonia. The Third Crusade August 5 - Battle of Jaffa: Richard I of England defeats the forces of Saladin and ends hostilities, paving the way for a truce. S... |
the Reconquista. August 31 – King Sancho III (the Desired) dies after a 1-year reign. He is succeeded by his 2-year-old son Alfonso VIII (the Noble) as ruler of Castile. The noble houses of Lara and Castro claim the regency, as the boy's uncle, Ferdinand II (ruler of León and Galicia). Portuguese forces, led by King Af... | Frederick to Milan to suppress the rebellion in Lombardy (Northern Italy). The Diet of Roncaglia is convoked by Frederick I. He mobilises an army of 100,000 men and leaves in June for a second Italian expedition – accompanied by Henry the Lion and his Saxon forces. He crosses the Alps and lays siege to Milan. German fo... |
violation of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention which prohibits the deportation of civilians from occupied territory. The report also found the presence of any Israeli settlement in Hebron to violate international law. Israeli settlements Ideological background Post-1967 settlement was impelled by theological d... | masculine characteristics of God are united at the site. In this meta, settling Hebron is not only a right and duty, but is doing the world at large a favour, with the community's acts an example of the Jews of Hebron being "a light unto the nations" (Or la-Goyim) and bringing about their redemption, even if this means... |
along the geodesics in spacetime is considered inertial. Einstein discovered the field equations of general relativity, which relate the presence of matter and the curvature of spacetime and are named after him. The Einstein field equations are a set of 10 simultaneous, non-linear, differential equations. The solutions... | the four fundamental interactions of physics, approximately 1038 times weaker than the strong interaction, 1036 times weaker than the electromagnetic force and 1029 times weaker than the weak interaction. As a consequence, it has no significant influence at the level of subatomic particles. In contrast, it is the domin... |
attested before 1174. However, for reasons unknown, municipal authorities chose to celebrate the city's 1100th anniversary in 1999. The settlement is indeed an old one, as archeologists unearthed a Paleolithic dwelling as well as Scythian remains within the city limits. Middle Ages The present name of the city is tradi... | of Muscovy, while remaining part of the Cossack Hetmanate. The city suffered from the Great Turkish War when in 1695 Petro Ivanenko led an anti-Muscovite uprising with the help of Crimean Tatars, who ravaged the local monastery. The same year the Poltava Regiment actively participated in the Azov campaigns which result... |
trick; played upon him by Sieyès and Roger Ducos, the directors allied to Napoleon. Though Bernadotte declined to help Napoleon Bonaparte stage his coup d'état of November 1799, Napoleon was resolved to win over the "Obstacle Man" and showered him with honors. Napoleon acknowledged Bernadotte's administrative ability a... | in a letter to him. However, Bernadotte made it known to Napoleon that he did not want the Spanish Crown. Joseph Bonaparte, Bernadotte's friend and brother-in-law, was chosen instead. It was not the first, or last time, that Napoleon thought of placing Bernadotte on a foreign throne. Indeed, Napoleon on several occasio... |
recognition among Esperantists, and is used by most Esperantists. As an alternative to the flag, the jubilea simbolo ('jubilee symbol') has been more recently proposed (in 1987). History Verda Stelo Since the earliest days of Esperanto, the colour green has been used as a symbol of mutual recognition, and it appears pr... | of the colour green), though a few variations in exact flag patterning and symbology exist. The main flag of Esperanto, featuring the ('Green Star'), was adopted in 1905 for use as a symbol of mutual recognition among Esperantists, and is used by most Esperantists. As an alternative to the flag, the jubilea simbolo ('j... |
may refer to: Charles IX of France (1550–1574) Charles IX | France (1550–1574) Charles IX of Sweden (1550–1611) See also King |
is issued. March 12 – Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, by Queen Elizabeth I of England. April 23 – The Earl of Essex arrives in Dublin at the head of 16,000 troops, the largest army ever seen in Ireland. May 16 – The Kalmar Bloodbath takes place in Kalmar, Sweden. May 29 – Es... | his uncle Duke Charles, who takes over as regent of the realm until 1604, when he becomes King Charles IX. August 15 – First Battle of Curlew Pass: Irish forces defeat the English. September 21 – The first reported performance at the Globe Theatre in London (erected over Spring/Summer), a presentation of Shakespeare's ... |
2nd Earl of Salisbury, English earl (d. 1668) April 5 – Prince Frederick Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (d. 1634) April 11 – Bartholomeus Strobel, Silezian painter (d. 1650) April 25 – Marcos de Torres y Rueda, interim viceroy of New Spain (d. 1649) May 2 – Prince Francis Charles of Saxe-Lauenburg (d. 1660) May 5 –... | I, sultan of the Ottoman empire (d. 1639) July–December July 4 – Jonathan Rashleigh, English politician (d. 1675) July 9 – Jean Bagot, French theologian (d. 1664) July 20 – Anne Hutchinson, English Puritan preacher (d. 1643) August 6 – George William, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld (d. 1669) August 12 – Louis... |
Pauw, Dutch businessman (d. 1640) April 7 Louis de Dieu, Dutch theologian (d. 1642) John Upton, English politician (d. 1641) April 18 – Ahmed I, Ottoman Sultan (d. 1617) May – William Cecil, 17th Baron de Ros (d. 1618) May 3 – Franco Burgersdijk, Dutch logician (d. 1635) May 5 John Albert II, Duke of Mecklenburg (d. 16... | and politician (d. 1667) October 3 – Anna of Pomerania, Duchess-Consort of Croy and Havré (d. 1660) October 11 – William Pynchon, English colonist and fur trader in North America (d. 1662) November 25 – Juan Alonso de Cuevas y Davalos, Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Mexico and Antequera (d. 1665) December 3 – Da... |
(d. 1666) January 28 – Francisco Ximénez de Urrea, Spanish historian (d. 1647) February 5 Honorat de Bueil, seigneur de Racan (d. 1670) Esteban Manuel de Villegas, Spanish poet (d. 1669) February 7 – Jacob de Witt, Mayor of Dordrecht (d. 1674) February 8 – Peter Melander Graf von Holzappel, Protestant military leader i... | Arques: King Henry IV of France's forces defeat those of the Catholic League, under Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne (younger brother of Henry I, Duke of Guise). November 1 – Henry IV of France is repulsed in an attempt to capture Paris from the Catholic League. December 25 (Christmas Day) – The monks of the Pechen... |
days later, on the orders of Elizabeth's privy council, Mary is beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle. February 12–24 – Period of exceptionally severe cold in western Europe. April 29 – Singeing the King of Spain's Beard: On an expedition against Spain, English privateer Sir Francis Drake leads a raid in the Bay of Cádiz, si... | Friedrich, Count Palatine of Sulzbach-Hilpoltstein (1614–1644) (d. 1644) August 28 – Christian William of Brandenburg, administrator of bishoprics of Magdeburg and Halberstadt (d. 1665) September 1 – Gómez Suárez de Figueroa, 3rd Duke of Feria, Spanish general (d. 1634) September 3 – Countess Juliane of Nassau-Dillenbu... |
September 20–21 – Execution of the Babington Plotters: The 14 men convicted of a plot (uncovered on July 17) to murder Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots, are hanged, drawn and quartered (the first seven being disembowelled before death) in St Giles Field, London. September 22 – Battle of Zutphen... | Christendom (d. 1656) December 31 – Duchess Magdalene Sibylle of Prussia, Electress of Saxony (d. 1659) date unknown – John Mason, English explorer (d. 1635) date unknown – Kocc Barma Fall, Senegambian philosopher (d. 1655) probable Giles Fletcher, English poet (d. 1623) David HaLevi Segal, Polish Jewish rabbi (d. 1667... |
(d. 1634) September 15 – Georg Rudolf Weckherlin, German poet (d. 1653) September 16 – Giulio Roma, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1652) September 17 – John Finch, 1st Baron Finch, English judge (d. 1660) October 10 – Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke (d. 1650) November 3 – Jean-Pierre Camus, French Catholic bishop (... | January–June January–March – Archangelsk is founded as New Kholmogory in northern Russia, by Ivan the Terrible. January 11 – Sir Walter Mildmay is given a royal licence to found Emmanuel College, Cambridge. March 18 (N.S. March 28) – Ivan the Terrible, ruler of Russia since 1533, dies; he is succeeded as Tsar by his so... |
theologian (d. 1654) August 19 – Daišan, Manchu politician (d. 1648) August 21 Denis Pétau, French Jesuit theologian (d. 1652) Eleanor of Prussia, Electress consort of Brandenburg (d. 1607) August 26 – Adam, Count of Schwarzenberg, German politician (d. 1641) August 31 – Richard Harrison, English politician (d. 1655) S... | 18) concludes, when Catholic forces under Prince-elector-archbishop Ernest of Bavaria capture the strategic position, from defenders of the Calvinist convert Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg. Date unknown The world's oldest, intact, still-surviving amusement park, Dyrehavsbakken, is founded north of Copenhagen. The Bunch... |
(d. 1656) January 6 – Countess Palatine Dorothea of Simmern, Princess consort of Anhalt-Dessau (d. 1631) January 30 – Christian, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth (1603–1655) (d. 1655) February 17 – Fausto Poli, Italian Catholic prelate and cardinal (d. 1653) March 16 – Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, Dutch historian (d. 164... | Austria, Austrian archduchess (d. 1597) June 21 – Edward Barrett, 1st Lord Barrett of Newburgh, English politician (d. 1645) June 27 – Louis Günther I, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1630–1646) (d. 1646) July 18 – Pier Luigi Carafa, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1655) July 20 – Isidoro Bianchi, Italian painter (d. 16... |
a continuous voyage, and the first under its original commander. Date unknown The Billy Mitchell volcano, on the island of Bougainville, undergoes a catastrophic eruption (VEI 6). The first session of the Jewish Vaad (Council of Four Lands) is held in Lublin, Poland; 70 delegates of Jewish local qahals meet to discuss ... | rapidly through Africa, Europe, and eventually the Americas. More than 10% of the population of Rome dies, and whole towns in Spain are depopulated. Births January 8 – Jens Hermansson Juel, Stattholder of Norway (d. 1634) January 12 Jan Baptist van Helmont, Flemish chemist (d. 1644) Alexander Ruthven, Scottish earl (d.... |
of Boac in Marinduque, Philippines is founded. The Bible of Kralice begins publication. The first complete translation of the Bible into the Czech language (with notes), it is prepared by the Unity of the Brethren, and published at Kralice nad Oslavou, Bohemia. Births January 1 – Jacob Dircksz de Graeff, Dutch mayor (d... | Netherlands under the Duke of Parma, governor in the name of king Philip II of Spain. January 23 – The Union of Utrecht unites the northern Netherlands in a confederation called the United Provinces. William I of Orange becomes Stadtholder, and the Duc d'Anjou, younger brother of Henry III of France, is invited to beco... |
recover control of the French-speaking Southern Netherlands. April 27 – The Duel of the Mignons claims the lives of two favorites of Henry III of France, and two favourites of Henry I, Duke of Guise. May 26 – The Alteratie in Amsterdam ends Catholic rule, and open Catholic worship there. May 31 – Martin Frobisher sails... | third Dalai Lama of Tibet. The last outbreak of sweating sickness occurs in England. The Portuguese assist Lord Ōmura Sumitada, the first Christian Japanese diamyo, in repulsing an assault on Nagasaki by the Ryūzōji clan. Fur trade begins in Newfoundland in North America. Births January 7 – Agnes of Solms-Laubach, Land... |
Paul Rubens, Flemish painter (d. 1640) July 9 – Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, English governor of Virginia (d. 1618) July 21 Anne de Montafié, Countess of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, French countess (d. 1644) Adam Willaerts, Dutch painter (d. 1664) August 11 (bapt.) – Barnaby Potter, English Bishop of Carlisle (d. 164... | – Scipione Borghese, Italian Catholic cardinal and art collector (d. 1633) September 8 – Otto Heurnius, Dutch physician and philosopher (d. 1652) September 24 – Louis V, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt from 1596 to 1626 (d. 1626) October 3 – Tobie Matthew, English Member of Parliament, later Catholic priest (d. 1655) Octo... |
February 2 – Alix Le Clerc, French Canoness Regular and foundress (d. 1622) February 10 – Festus Hommius, Dutch theologian (d. 1642) February 29 – Antonio Neri, Italian chemist (d. 1614) March 14 – Eric of Lorraine, Bishop of Verdun (d. 1623) March 31 – Countess Louise Juliana of Nassau, countess consort and a regent o... | São Paulo da Assumpção de Loanda on the south western coast of Africa, which becomes Luanda. 1st May – Hungarian Transylvanian Prince Stephen Báthory is crowned king of Poland. May 5 – The Edict of Beaulieu or Peace of Monsieur (after "Monsieur", the Duke of Anjou, brother of the King, Henry III of France, who negotiat... |
Lelio Biscia, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1638) June 24 – William Petre, 2nd Baron Petre, English peer and MP (d. 1637) June 26 – Anne Catherine of Brandenburg (d. 1612) July 2 – Elizabeth de Vere, Countess of Derby (d. 1627) July 11 – Thomas Berkeley, English politician (d. 1611) July 14 – Augustus, Prince of Anhalt... | of the Redeswire: Sir John Carmichael defeats Sir John Forster, in the last battle between England and Scotland. July 26 – Edmund Grindal succeeds Matthew Parker as Archbishop of Canterbury. August 5 – Henry Sidney is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. October 10 – Battle of Dormans: Catholic forces under Henry I, D... |
sequence of aftershocks continue for four years, with over 2,000 in the period from November 1570 to February 1571. December 13 – The Treaty of Stettin ends the Northern Seven Years' War. Date unknown Spanish conquistador Juan de Salcedo (in the service of Miguel López de Legazpi) begins the conquest of the Kingdom of ... | defeat the forces of Rajah Sulayman. June 10 – The Kingdom of Livonia is established. July–December July 3 – The Ottoman conquest of Cyprus begins. July 14 – Pope Pius V issues Quo primum, promulgating the 1570 edition of the Roman Missal. July 22 – Thomson Snell & Passmore was founded, the oldest law firm in operation... |
December 15 – Muzio Oddi, Italian mathematician (d. 1639) December 18 – Jakob Hassler, German composer (d. 1622) December 22 – Étienne Martellange, French architect (d. 1641) December 31 – Anna de' Medici, Tuscan princess (d. 1584) date unknown Guillén de Castro y Bellvis, Spanish dramatist (d. 1631) Tobias Hume, Engli... | of the King James Bible (d. 1626) September 5 – Georg Friedrich of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Weikersheim, officer and amateur poet (d. 1645) September 9 – Joachim Andreas von Schlick, Czech leader (d. 1621) September 23 – Tachibana Ginchiyo, female samurai leader of the Tachibana clan in Japan (d. 1602) September 24 – Ernst... |
of rebels near Antwerp in the Habsburg Netherlands, beginning the Eighty Years' War. May 15 – Mary, Queen of Scots, marries James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell. May 24 – The infamous Sture Murders take place at Uppsala Castle in Sweden. June 15 – Battle of Carberry Hill: Mary, Queen of Scots, is defeated by the Scottis... | of Brandenburg, Duchess Consort of Pomerania (d. 1618) February 12 – Thomas Campion, English poet and composer (d. 1620) February 23 – Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Countess of Holstein-Schauenburg and Duchess Consort of Brunswick-Harburg (d. 1618) February 24 – Jindřich Matyáš Thurn, Swedish general (d. 1640) F... |
(d. 1717) April–June April 3 – François Vachon de Belmont, French Catholic bishop (d. 1732) April 11 – Juan del Valle y Caviedes, Spanish-born Peruvian poet (d. 1697) April 17 – James Olmsted, Connecticut politician (d. 1731) April 22 – Christine of Baden-Durlach, German noblewoman (d. 1705) May 3 – Thomas Maule, promi... | and ceding Jemtland, Herjedalen, Gotland and Ösel (Saaremaa) to Sweden, which also holds the province of Halland for a period of 30 years, as a guarantee. September 10 – English Civil War: Prince Rupert surrenders Bristol. September 13 – Battle of Philiphaugh: The Covenanters defeat Montrose at Selkirk. September 24 – ... |
12 Johann Heinrich Acker, German writer (d. 1719) Eberhard Werner Happel, German author (d. 1690) August 22 – Denis Papin, French inventor (d. 1713) August 28 – Erik Carlsson Sjöblad, Swedish governor, admiral, and baron (d. 1725) August 31 – Mary Scott, 3rd Countess of Buccleuch, young Scottish peeress (d. 1661) Septe... | of Saxe-Weissenfels (d. 1687) June 17 – James Kendall, English soldier, politician (d. 1708) June 19 – Miles Gale, English antiquarian (d. 1721) June 20 – John George III, Elector of Saxony (d. 1691) June 22 – Ivan Ratkaj, Croatian Jesuit missionary and explorer (d. 1683) July–September July 2 – Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl ... |
British Governor of Madras (d. 1726) July 11 – Sarah Good, accused Massachusetts witch (d. 1692) August 9 – John Oldham, English poet (d. 1683) August 10 – Louis-Guillaume Pécour, French dancer and choreographer (d. 1729) August 14 – Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle, English statesman (d. 1688) August 15 – Joha... | biographer (d. 1734) September 4 – Henry Wise (gardener), English gardener (d. 1738) September 8 – Sir Walter Yonge, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1731) September 8 – Fuquan (prince), Chinese Qing Dynasty prince (d. 1703) September 17 – Sir Henry Monson, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1718) October 1 – Sir G... |
Æsir and the Vanir. According to another theory, the Vanir (and the fertility cults associated with them) may be more archaic than that of the more warlike Æsir, such that the mythical war may mirror a half-remembered religious conflict. This argument was first suggested in 1877 by Wilhelm Mannhardt. On a similar note,... | hostages, but they are often ranked among the Æsir. Scholarly theories and interpretations Given the difference between their roles and emphases, some scholars have speculated that the interactions between the Æsir and the Vanir reflect the types of interaction that occurred between clans (or social classes) within Nor... |
(d. 1738) April 23 – Anton Egon, Prince of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg, Governor of the Electorate of Saxony (d. 1716) May 2 – Sir Richard Levinge, 1st Baronet, British politician (d. 1724) May 4 – John Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Dornburg (d. 1704) May 8 – Sir John Mainwaring, 2nd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. ... | of the Swedish Empire and the Margraviate of Brandenburg defeat the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, near Warsaw. September 15 – Köprülü Mehmed Pasha becomes Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. December – The pendulum clock is invented by Christiaan Huygens. December 20 – The Treaty of Labiau is signed, be... |
colonel (d. 1712) June 11 – Victor Honoré Janssens, Flemish painter (d. 1736) June 22 – Louis VII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. 1678) July 10 – Luigi Ferdinando Marsili, Italian soldier and naturalist (d. 1730) July 14 – Camillo Rusconi, Italian artist (d. 1728) July 17 – Diogo de Mendonça Corte-Real, Portuguese po... | August 10 – Susanne Maria von Sandrart, German engraver (d. 1716) August 11 – Sir Justinian Isham, 4th Baronet, English baronet and Member of Parliament (d. 1730) August 16 – Jan Frans van Son, Flemish Baroque painter (d. 1704) August 16 – Ralph Thoresby, British historian (d. 1725) August 18 – Jan František Beckovský,... |
All of these, he claims, commit "philosophical suicide" by reaching conclusions that contradict the original absurd position, either by abandoning reason and turning to God, as in the case of Kierkegaard and Shestov, or by elevating reason and ultimately arriving at ubiquitous Platonic forms and an abstract god, as in ... | from the absurd position, and the first two explore the theme of philosophical suicide. However, both The Diary and his last novel, The Brothers Karamazov, ultimately find a path to hope and faith and thus fail as truly absurd creations. Chapter 4: The Myth of Sisyphus In the last chapter, Camus outlines the legend of ... |
– Yamamoto Tsunetomo, Japanese samurai (d. 1719) June 15 – Claude de Ramezay, Canadian politician (d. 1724) June 22 – Simon-Pierre Denys de Bonaventure, French officer and governor of Acadia (d. 1711) June 26 – Sir John Brownlow, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1697) July 3 – Franz Beer, Austrian architect (d. 1726... | of France, the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic sign the Concert of The Hague. May 25 – Richard Cromwell resigns as English Lord Protector. May 31 – The Netherlands, England, and France sign the Treaty of The Hague. June 29 – Russo-Polish War (1654–67) – Battle of Konotop: Ivan Vyhovsky, hetman of Ukraine... |
professional stage in England in a non-singing rôle, as Desdemona in Othello, following reopening of the theatres (variously considered to be Margaret Hughes, Anne Marshall or Katherine Corey). Date unknown The Royal African Company is founded by the future king James II of England, to trade slaves along the coast of W... | 21 – Hubert Gautier, French engineer (d. 1737) August 27 Robert Wroth, British politician (d. 1720) Claude-François Fraguier, French churchman, writer (d. 1728) September 2 – Louis Chéron, French painter (d. 1725) September 25 – Willem Verschuring, Dutch painter (d. 1726) September 26 – George William, Duke of Liegnitz... |
Severe frost hits England. July–Sept – The Esopus Wars in and around Kingston, New York, against the Esopus tribe of the Delaware Indians are ended after four years by a coalition of Dutch settlers, Wappinger and Mohawk tribes. Date unknown The Prix de Rome scholarship is established in France for students of the arts.... | de Vilhena, Portuguese Grand Master of the Order of Saint John (d. 1736) June 2 – Anne-Marguerite Petit du Noyer, French journalist (d. 1719) June 8 – Sir William Lowther, 1st Baronet, of Swillington, British politician (d. 1729) June 24 – Jean Baptiste Massillon, French Catholic bishop, famous preacher (d. 1742) July ... |
1728) February 13 – Teodor Andrzej Potocki, Polish noble (d. 1738) February 23 – Georg Dietrich Leyding, German composer and organist (d. 1710) February 24 (baptized) – Thomas Newcomen, English inventor (d. 1729) February 26 – Nicolas Fatio de Duillier, Swiss mathematician (d. 1753) March 4 – Juan de Esteyneffer, Morav... | besieges and destroys Novi Zrin fortress, in northern Croatia. July–December August 1 – Battle of Saint Gotthard: The Ottoman Empire is defeated by a Habsburg army, led by Raimondo Montecuccoli, leading to the Peace of Vasvár. August 27 The French East India Company (Compagnie des Indes Orientales) is founded. Peter St... |
– Reinhold Curicke, jurist and historian from Danzig (Gdańsk) (b. 1610) April 10 – Jan Marek Marci, Bohemian physician and scientist (b. 1595) April 13 – Bassam Al-Soukaria, Lebanese army commander (b. 1580) April 21 – Roger Hill, English politician (b. 1605) April 24 – Matthew Wren, influential English clergyman (b. 1... | of his father Negus Fasilides. November 25 – A devastating earthquake rocks Caucasia, killing 80,000 people. Date unknown After Shivaji's escape, hostilities between the Marathas and the Mughals ebb, with Mughal sardar Jaswant Singh acting as intermediary between Shivaji and Aurangzeb for new peace proposals. The first... |
of Saxony (d. 1694) October 30 – Sophia Charlotte of Hanover, sister of King George I of Great Britain (d. 1705) November 10 Louis III, Prince of Condé (d. 1710) François Couperin, French composer (d. 1733) November 11 – Johann Albert Fabricius, German scholar (d. 1736) November 27 – Henri François d'Aguesseau, Chancel... | Gondar, which decides to expel all Roman Catholics from the country. English scientist Isaac Newton builds the first reflecting telescope (Newton's reflector). Births May 8 – Alain-René Lesage, French writer (d. 1747) June 23 – Giambattista Vico, Italian philosopher and historian (d. 1744) July 21 – Frederick Heinrich ... |
(d. 1727) Jiang Tingxi, Chinese painter (d. 1732) Elżbieta Sieniawska, politically influential Polish magnate (d. 1729) probable – Peter King, 1st Baron King, Lord Chancellor of England (d. 1734) Deaths January 27 – Gaspar de Crayer, Flemish painter (b. 1584) February 3 – Catharina Questiers, Dutch poet (b. 1631) Febru... | in Beijing. Blaise Pascal's Pensées is posthumously published in Paris. Jan Swammerdam publishes his Algemeene Verhandeling van de bloedeloose dierkens, a groundbreaking work in microscopy, as well as entomology. The Orange College of Breda is wound up. Jean Picard begins measurement of 1 degree of Earth's meridian arc... |
20 – William Whitfield II, American Army officer (d. 1795) May 22 – François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis, French cardinal and statesman (d. 1794) June 7 – Lodewijk Caspar Valckenaer, Dutch classical scholar (d. 1785) June 12 Nicolas Thyrel de Boismont, French abbot (d. 1786) Charles-René Dejordy de Villebon, French-Can... | the birthday of King George I as supporters of the Old Pretender, James of the House of Stuart, begin mass protesting against the rule of the House of Hanover, near London in the towns of Smithfield and Highgate, and the Cheapside financial district in London. June 9 – King Philip, ruler of the Kingdom of Castile and t... |
1782) c. February 11 – William Williams Pantycelyn, Welsh hymn-writer, a key leader of the 18th century Methodist revival (d. 1791) February 17 – Adam Friedrich Oeser, German etcher (d. 1799) February 19 – David Garrick, English actor (d. 1779) February 27 – Johann David Michaelis, German biblical scholar and teacher (... | 9 (November 29, O.S.) – King George I of Great Britain banishes his son and daughter-in-law, George, Prince of Wales and Caroline of Ansbach, from the royal household after the Prince threatens the King's personal assistant, the Duke of Newcastle, the royal Lord Chamberlain. The altercation takes place at the baptismal... |
India, Sufi rebel leader Shah Inayat Shaheed from Sindh who had led attacks against the Mughal Empire, is beheaded days after being tricked into meeting with the Mughals to discuss peace. January 17 – Jeremias III reclaims his role as the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, chief leader within the Eastern Orthodox ... | Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland succeeds James Stanhope as the new First Lord of the Treasury, and Stanhope takes Sunderland's job. April – June April 4 – Great Britain, France and the Dutch Republic agree on the phasing out of the authority of the House of Medici over the semi-independent Grand Duchy of Tuscan... |
beheaded on September 16. August 13 – In the Battle of Stäket, Crown Prince Frederick I of Sweden leads the successful defense of Stockholm from Russian Admiral Fyodor Apraksin's Baltic Fleet during the Russian Pillage. August 19 – Siege of San Sebastian. The Spanish garrison surrenders to the Duke of Berwick. August 2... | Russia's Baltic Sea fleet is first spotted from the Swedish coast, starting the Russian Pillage of 1719–21 as part of the Great Northern War. July 16 – The Carlsten fortress in Sweden surrenders to a Danish and Norwegian force after a siege of seven days. Colonel Henrich Danckwardt, who surrendered the fortress to Pete... |
War. August 8 – The Parliament of Great Britain, third since the Act of Union, is dissolved August 22 – Voting begins in the 1713 British general election in various constituencies and continues to November 12 September 1 – Tuscarora War: The Carolina militia, led by Colonel James Moore, returns to South Carolina, afte... | Treaty of Schwedt is signed between Russia and Brandenburg-Prussia, with the latter accepting the annexation of Baltic territories and paying Russia expenses in return for the southern part of Pomerania, recently taken from Sweden in the Great Northern War. October 17 – The Battle of Pälkäne is fought in what is now Fi... |
–June April 6–7 – New York City's Slave Insurrection results in nine whites being killed, and 21 slaves and other blacks being convicted and executed. April 11 – Great Northern War: the Battle of Fladstrand takes place at sea near Fladstrand, Jylland, between Swedish and Danish forces. May 15 – Curuguaty in Paraguay is... | represent Britain. A translation of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer into Irish, made by John Richardson (1664–1747), is published. Births January–March January 1 – Sir Richard Acton, 5th Baronet, English baronet (d. 1791) January 2 – Marie-Angélique Memmie Le Blanc, French feral child (d. 1775) January 5 Ludwig van Beet... |
November 28 – Sir John Frederick, 4th Baronet, British politician (d. 1783) November 30 – Antoine de Laurès, French poet and playwright from Languedoc (d. 1779) December 2 Theodorick Bland of Cawsons, clerk of the court of Prince George County, Virginia (d. 1784) Marianus Königsperger, German composer, organist and Cat... | of Forth in Scotland. April 8 – Easter Sunday: The first performance of George Frideric Handel's oratorio La resurrezione takes place in Rome. April 9 – Ottoman princess Emine Sultan, daughter of Sultan Mustafa II, marries Grand Vizier Çorlulu Ali Pasha. April 28 – The Great Hoei fire breaks out in Kyoto, Japan, destro... |
13 – The Raudot Ordinance of 1709 becomes law in the French colony of New France, legalizing slavery. April 21 – Mirwais Hotak takes control of Kandahar (in Afghanistan) by murdering the Persian governor, Gurgin Khan, known also as George XI. May 6 – The first influx into Britain of poor refugee families of German Pala... | United States (d. 1810) January 17 Giovanni Ottavio Bufalini, Italian cardinal (d. 1782) George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton (d. 1773) Margaret Rolle, 15th Baroness Clinton (d. 1781) January 24 – Dom Bédos de Celles, Benedictine monk and master pipe organ builder (d. 1779) February 7 – Charles de Brosses French write... |
August 11 – Princess Marie Auguste of Thurn and Taxis, Regent of Württemberg (d. 1756) August 15 – Benjamin Dass, Norwegian educator and scholar who served as Rector of Trondheim Cathedral School (d. 1775) August 16 – Bakht Singh of Marwar, Indian Raja of the Rathore Clan (d. 1752) August 21 – Pierre Nicolas d'Incarvil... | 1739 (d. 1765) February 8 – Luis de Córdova y Córdova, Spanish admiral (d. 1796) February 11 – Nils Rosén von Rosenstein, Swedish physician (d. 1773) February 12 – Johann Joseph Christian, German Baroque sculptor and woodcarver (d. 1777) February 17 – Robert Hampden-Trevor, 1st Viscount Hampden, British diplomat at The... |
– Thirty-one people are killed in a colliery explosion at the Stony Flatt pit in Gateshead, Northumberland, England. October 4 – Stanisław Leszczyński is crowned Stanisław I of Poland. November – In Williamsburg, capital of the Colony of Virginia in America, construction of the Capitol Building is completed. November 5... | 1778) March 30 – August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof, German miniature painter (d. 1759) March 31 – Sophie Caroline of Brandenburg-Kulmbach, princess consort of Ostfriesland as the spouse of Prince George Albert (d. 1764) April–June April 7 – Sir Edward O'Brien, 2nd Baronet (d. 1765) April 9 – Nathan Webb (d. 1772) April ... |
and end to the reign of the House of Stuart and enabling the Hanoverian Succession. After the death of William, the States General of the Netherlands do not appoint a new stadtholder, and so the Dutch Republic becomes a true republic again. March 22 (March 11 Old Style) – The first regular English-language national new... | French general of Irish Jacobite ancestry (d. 1766) January 14 – Emperor Nakamikado, of Japan (d. 1737) January 18 – Sava II Petrović-Njegoš, Metropolitan of Cetinje (d. 1782) January 24 – Frederica Henriette of Anhalt-Bernburg, member of the House of Ascania by birth and Princess of Anhalt-Köthen by marriage (d. 1723)... |
– Jacob Mossel (d. 1761) December 8 – Anton de Haen, Austrian physician of Dutch ancestry (d. 1776) December 12 Peter Kemble, American politician from the colonial period, President of the New Jersey Provincial Council from 1745 to 1776 (d. 1789) Sir Edward Knatchbull, 7th Baronet (d. 1789) December 26 – Lord George Be... | in Ceylon (d. 1764) February 15 Aloysius Bellecius, Jesuit ascetic author (d. 1757) Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne, French sculptor who worked in both the rococo and neoclassical style (d. 1778) February 17 Marie-Madeleine Hachard, French letter writer and abbess of the Ursuline order (d. 1760) Józef Pułaski (d. 1769) Prince Jo... |
architect (d. 1754) Theodoor Verhaegen, sculptor from the Southern Netherlands (d. 1759) June 9 – Carl Hieronimus Gustmeyer, Danish merchant (d. 1756) June 11 – David Carnegie, 5th Earl of Northesk, son of David Carnegie (d. 1741) June 17 Edward Antill, colonial plantation owner and winemaker (d. 1770) Paula de Odivela... | merchant and statesman in provincial Pennsylvania (d. 1766) October 15 – Marie-Marguerite d'Youville, Canadian saint (d. 1771) October 18 – Charles le Beau, French historical writer (d. 1778) October 20 – Jean-Baptiste de La Noue, French actor and playwright (d. 1760) October 22 – Maria Amalia, Holy Roman Empress (d. 1... |
under his brother-in-law Samuel Cranston. June 8 (May 28 O.S.) – The legislature for the Province of Massachusetts Bay (now the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the U.S.) passes into law "An Act against Jesuits & Popish Priests" making a finding that Roman Catholic clerics have attempted to incite American Indians into... | and Denmark–Norway adopt the Gregorian calendar. March 1 (Swedish), March 11 (Gregorian), February 29 (Julian) – The Swedish calendar is adopted. March 3 - Shivaji II acceded to the throne of Maratha Empire as 4th Chhatrapati after his father's Rajaram I's death. March 25 – The Treaty of London is signed between France... |
popular comedies by using profanity, blasphemy and indecency. March – Samuel Cranston becomes the governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (now the U.S. state of Rhode Island) and goes on to serve for the next 29 years until his death on April 26, 1727. April–June April 1 – Scottish pirate Capt... | in disgrace, with readmission to the Privy Council by King William III. On July 26, he is selected as one of the Lords Justice. June 24 – The Trade with Africa Act 1697 goes into effect in the British Empire, ending the monopoly of the Royal African Company in the African slave trade by opening trade to any English mer... |
– Edward Stillingfleet, British theologian and scholar (b. 1635) April 21 – Jean Racine, French classic dramatist (b. 1639) April 22 – Hans Erasmus Aßmann, Freiherr von Abschatz, German statesman and poet (b. 1646) May 12 – Lucas Achtschellinck, Flemish painter (b. 1626) May 15 – Sir Edward Petre, 3rd Baronet, English ... | 1 September to 1 January. Births March 23 – John Bartram, American botanist (d. 1777) March 25 – Johann Adolph Hasse, German composer (d. 1783) April 17 – Robert Blair, Scottish poet and cleric (d. 1746) May 13 – Marquis of Pombal, Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1782) May 14 – Hans Joachim von Zieten, Prussian field ma... |
William III of Orange its Stadtholder. August 22 – Forces of the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire clash near Andros. August 29 – The Treaty of Turin between France and the Duchy of Savoy, ending Savoy's participation in the Nine Years' War. In return for Savoy's withdrawal from the Grand Alliance and the disma... | Thomas Prendergast. February 23 – A royal proclamation is issued to arrest suspected Jacobite conspirators who had plotted the assassination of King William III, including gunman Robert Charnock and organizers George Barclay, and Sir John Fenwick. Barclay eludes capture, but Charnock and Fenwick are executed. March 7 –... |
Town, South Africa, along with two wives, two concubines and 12 children. Resettled by the colonial government at a farm in Zandvliet, the Sheikh introduces Islam to South Africa. April 7 – The English Navy's 40-gun warship, HMS Ruby, captures the French privateer Entreprenant in battle. The confiscated ship is renamed... | arrested on January 11 for conspiracy to restore King James to the throne, escapes with the aid of the two persons guarding him and flees to France, arriving in Paris on February 15. January 21 (January 11 O.S.) – The Kiev Academy, now the national university of Ukraine, receives official recognition by Ivan V, Tsar of... |
and requests the Pueblo people to accept the authority of the colonial government. Negotiations fail and a siege begins on December 29. The Pueblo defenders surrender the next day and the 70 rebels are executed soon after. The 400 civilian women and children are made slaves and distributed to the Spanish colonists. Dec... | her body is set afire. April 5 – The Order of Saint Louis, the first medal to be awarded in France to military personnel who are not members of nobility, is created by order of King Louis XIV, and named after his ancestor, King Louis IX. April 28 – The 90-gun English Royal Navy warship HMS Windsor Castle is wrecked bey... |
– The city of Ponce is founded in Puerto Rico, September 8 – An earthquake in Brabant of scale 5.8 is felt across the Low Countries, Germany and England. September 14 – Diego de Vargas leads Spanish colonists in retaking the city of Santa Fe, New Mexico, after a 12-year exile, following the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. Septe... | Fe, New Mexico, after a 12-year exile, following the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. September 19 – Giles Corey is pressed to death, in an attempt to coerce a confession from him of witchcraft during the Salem witch trials. September 22 – The last of those convicted of witchcraft in the Salem witch trials are hanged. By the end... |
to conquer the indigenous Maya people in the rain forests of Lacandona, departing from Huehuetenango to rendezvous with the colonial governor at San Mateo Ixtatán. January 31 – In the wake of the success of France's campaign against Protestantism, Victor Amadeus II, the Duke of Savoy, issues an edict against the Valdes... | of Savoy decline to obey the edict to convert to Catholicism, Duke Victor Amadeus dispatches a force of 9,000 French and Piedmontese soldiers to enforce the edict. February 22 – Sweden's Council of State endorses the reforms proposed by King Charles XI for the Swedish Church Law 1686, after having debated it in three s... |
Italian city of Genoa in the course of the War of the Reunions between France and the Republic of Genoa. During the fight, the French fleet, commanded by Abraham Duquesne, fires almost 13,000 cannonballs, pausing only during a cease-fire on May 21 and May 22, and uses the new technology of explosive bombs. When the bom... | of Akwida. March 5 – Pope Innocent XI forms a Holy League with the Habsburg Empire, Venice and Poland, to end Ottoman Turkish rule in Europe. March 19 – In Japan, the Tenna era ends on the 21st day of the 2nd month of the Chinese calendar of the 4th year of the Tenna era and the Jōkyō era begins as Japan's royal astron... |
The River Thames in England freezes, allowing a frost fair to be held. Date unknown Wild boars are hunted to extinction in Britain. Births January 13 – Christoph Graupner, German composer (d. 1760) January 29 – Juan de Galavís, Spanish Catholic Archbishop of Santo Domingo, Bogotá (d. 1739) February 4 – Jean-Baptiste Bé... | the Ottoman Sultan is less powerful. August 18 – Francesco Maria Imperiale Lercari becomes the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa. August 20 – Bahadur, son of the Emperor Aurangzeb of the Mughal Empire in India, is dispatched along with other Mughal nobles on an invasion of Konkan, the area on the southwestern Indian co... |
Moscow, with actual power exercised by their older sister, Sophia Alekseyevna for the next seven years. July–September July 19 – Iyasus succeeds his father Yohannes I as Emperor of Ethiopia. August 6 – The Ottoman Empire declares war on the Holy Roman Empire and makes plans to attack Vienna. August 12 – Vesuvius begins... | aim is to chronicle the towns, cities and great houses of the country. Her travels continue until at least 1712, and will take her to every county in England, though the main body of her journal is not written until the year 1702. The Richard Wall House, believed to be the longest continuously inhabited residence in th... |
Lima after a voyage of almost 10 months from Spain and becomes the new Viceroy of Peru, succeeding the Archbishop of Lima, Melchor Liñán y Cisneros, who had administered the area since 1678. November 25 – Cornelis Speelman of the Netherlands becomes the new Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and ... | Island Ceylon. August 12 – Ahom King Gadadhar Singha (or Gadapani), who takes the Tai name Supaatphaa, ascends the throne. August 31 – English perjurer Titus Oates is told to leave his state apartments in Whitehall; his fame begins to wane, and he is soon arrested and imprisoned for sedition. September 30 – France anne... |
– Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia becomes the first woman to be awarded a university degree, a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Padua. July–September July 20 – Muhammad Azam Shah is appointed as the Mughal Governor of Bengal by his father, the Emperor Aurangzeb, and serves for a little more than a year be... | Popish Plot arrests. December 3 – The Test Act provides that members of both the House of Lords and House of Commons of England must swear an anti-Catholic oath, before taking office. Date unknown Rebellion breaks out in southern China. About 1,200 Irish families sail from Barbados, to Virginia and the Carolinas. In Ir... |
a bill that would exclude non-Anglicans from the succession to the English throne, specifically the king's Roman Catholic brother, James, Duke of York, as part of the Exclusion Crisis. August 7 – The brigantine Le Griffon, commissioned by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the southern end of the Niag... | Catholic James, Duke of York, from the succession to the English throne, as part of the Exclusion Crisis. March 12– Catherine Deshayes Monvoisin, commonly called "La Voisin" and the suspected killer of over 1,000 people in France by poisoning, is arrested outside of the Church of Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle in Paris a... |
this time in the district. The Rev. Increase Mather’s church, dwelling and a portion of his personal library are destroyed. December 4 – Scanian War – Battle of Lund: Sweden defeats the forces of Denmark. December 7 – Ole Rømer makes the first quantitative measurements of the speed of light. Date unknown Emperor Yohann... | – After the Nipmuc tribe attacks Lancaster, Massachusetts, colonist Mary Rowlandson is taken captive, and lives with the Indians until May. February 14 – Metacomet and his Wampanoags attack Northampton, Massachusetts; meanwhile, the Massachusetts Council debates whether a wall should be erected around Boston. February ... |
Sikh gurus, is executed by Mughal rulers; he prefers execution, to defend the right of Hindus to practice their own religion. He is succeeded by Guru Gobind Singh as tenth Guru. Gottfried Leibniz uses infinitesimal calculus on a function. December 11 – Antonio de Vea expedition enters San Rafael Lake in western Patagon... | stately church of Allhallows, 2 other parish churches and above three-fourth parts of the whole town was consumed and laid in ashes.". October 5 – The Pocomtuc tribe attacks and destroys Springfield, Massachusetts. October 13 – The Massachusetts Council convenes and agrees that all Christian Indians should be ordered t... |
England and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Westminster, ending the Third Anglo-Dutch War. Its provisions come into effect gradually (see November 10). March 14 – Third Anglo-Dutch War: Battle of Ronas Voe – The English Royal Navy captures the Dutch East India Company ship Wapen van Rotterdam in Shetland. May 21 – J... | German composer (b. 1616) February 26 – Jean Pecquet, French anatomist (b. 1622) March 2 – Salomon Sweers, Dutch businessman (b. 1611) March 8 – Charles Sorel, sieur de Souvigny, French writer (b. 1597) March 15 – Edward Digges, English barrister and colonist, Colonial Governor of Virginia (b. 1620) March 19 – Queen In... |
12 – Margaret Theresa of Spain (b. 1651) March 15 – Salvator Rosa, Italian painter and poet (b. 1615) March 20 Anna Margareta von Haugwitz, Swedish countess (b. 1622) Augustyn Kordecki, Polish prior (b. 1603) April 21 – Ignace-Gaston Pardies, French physicist (b. 1636) May 14 – Sir Gerrard Napier, 1st Baronet, English ... | the second oldest botanic garden in England, is founded by the Society of Apothecaries, for the study of medicinal and other plants. The Mitsui family's trading and banking house is founded in Japan. The stalactic grotto of Antiparos (Aegean Sea) is discovered. Archpriest Petrovich Avvakum writes his Zhitie (Life), as ... |
Archibald Armstrong, court jester to James I of England and Charles I of England March 4 – Luis Guillermo de Moncada, 7th Duke of Montalto, Spanish Catholic cardinal (b. 1614) March 8 – Thomas Tyrrell, English judge and politician (b. 1594) March 18 – Agneta Horn, Swedish writer (b. 1629) April 2 Pedro Calungsod, Filip... | (b. 1654) Diego Luis de San Vitores, Spanish Jesuit missionary to Guam (b. 1627) April 4 – Henry Ernest, Count of Stolberg (b. 1593) April 13 – Marguerite of Lorraine, princess of Lorraine, duchess of Orléans (b. 1615) April 14 Friedrich Wilhelm III, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (b. 1657) King Pye Min of Burma (b. 1619) Apri... |
to 1625 from the Cirksena family (d. 1625) October 4 – Dorothea of Saxony, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (d. 1587) October 13 – Francis Caracciolo, Italian Catholic priest (d. 1608) October 14 – Jodocus Hondius, Flemish artist (d. 1633) October 28 – Berlinghiero Gessi, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1639) October 30... | of Guise, is assassinated while besieging Orléans. March 19 – The Edict of Amboise is signed at the Château d'Amboise by Catherine de' Medici, acting as regent for her son Charles IX of France, having been negotiated between the Huguenot Louis, Prince of Condé, and Anne, duc de Montmorency, Constable of France. It acco... |
5 – Battle of Corrichie in Scotland: The rebellion of George Gordon, Earl of Huntly is crushed by James Stewart, Earl of Moray. November 20 – Maximilian of Bohemia is elected King of the Romans. December 19 – Battle of Dreux: Huguenot and Catholic forces fight a bloody battle, narrowly won by the Catholic side. The off... | 6 – Shane O'Neill of Tír Eoghain pleads his cause at the Palace of Whitehall in London, before Queen Elizabeth I of England, who recognises his status. He returns to Ireland on May 26, and resumes his rebellious activities by November. January 17 – Huguenots are recognized under the Edict of Saint-Germain. January 18 T... |
February – Hendrik Goltzius, Dutch painter (d. 1617) January 16 – Jakobea of Baden, Margravine of Baden by birth, Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg by marriage (d. 1597) January 29 – Paul Hentzner, German lawyer (d. 1623) March 7 – Johann VII, Duke of Mecklenburg, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1576–1592) (d. 1592) April 30... | designations, the 558th year of the 2nd millennium, the 58th year of the 16th century, and the 9th year of the 1550s decade. Events January–June January 7 – French troops, led by Francis, Duke of Guise, take Calais, the last continental possession of the Kingdom of England. January 9 – Geneva becomes independent from t... |
and grounds a caravel; the 1,000 survivors divide to relocate/resupply the settlement, but suffer famine & attacks, and abandon the effort in 1561. September 21 – The 15-year-old King Francis II of France is crowned at Reims. The crown is too heavy for him, and has to be held in place by his nobles. December 25 – Pope ... | of Lille). August 15 – Led by Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano, a Spanish missionary colony of 1,500 men, on 13 ships, arrives from Vera Cruz at Pensacola Bay, founding the oldest European settlement in the mainland U.S. (St. Augustine is founded in 1565.) September 4 – Gorkha state is established by Dravya Shah, beating... |
Christian Barnekow, Danish noble, explorer and diplomat (d. 1612) February 4 – Dorothea of Hanau-Münzenberg, German noblewoman (d. 1638) February 7 – Countess Maria of Nassau (d. 1616) February 16 – Tōdō Takatora, Japanese daimyō (d. 1630) February 21 – Sethus Calvisius, German calendar reformer (d. 1615) March 7 – Gui... | and reformer (d. 1614) August 10 – Philipp Nicolai, German Lutheran pastor (d. 1608) August 16 – Bartolomeo Cesi, Italian painter (d. 1629) August 17 – Alexander Briant, English Jesuit martyr (d. 1581) September 21 – William Harris, English knight (d. 1616) October 18 Charles I, Duke of Elbeuf, French duke and nobleman... |
heretic. December 25 – Battle of Tucapel: Mapuche rebels under Lautaro defeat the Spanish conquistadors, and execute Pedro de Valdivia, the first Royal Governor of Chile. Date unknown Tonbridge School is founded by Sir Andrew Judde, under letters patent of Edward VI of England. The xiii Bukes of Eneados of the famose P... | The Lord Mayor of London proclaims Mary I the rightful Queen, following a change of allegiance by the Privy Council; Lady Jane Grey voluntarily abdicates. August – English explorer Richard Chancellor enters the White Sea and reaches Arkhangelsk, going on to the court of Ivan IV of Russia, opening up trade between Engla... |
Interim of 1548, and promises religious freedom to the Protestant princes. September – In Hungary, captain István Dobó commands the breaking of the Siege of Eger, led by Kara Ahmed Pasha of the Ottoman Empire. September 24 – The Debatable Lands on the border of England and Scotland are divided between the two kingdoms ... | Gabriello Chiabrera, Italian poet (d. 1638) June 17 – John George of Ohlau, Duke of Oława and Wołów (1586-1592) (d. 1592) June 29 – Elizabeth Spencer, Baroness Hunsdon, English baroness (d. 1618) July 18 – Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1612) July 22 Anthony Browne, Sheriff of Surrey and Kent (d. 1592) Mary Wriothes... |
sweating sickness in England. John Caius of Shrewsbury writes the first full contemporary account of the symptoms of the disease. July – Invasion of Gozo: Ottoman Turks and Barbary pirates invade the Mediterranean island of Gozo, enslaving all inhabitants (estimated at 5,000 to 6,000) and transporting them to Tarhuna W... | victims either flee, starve, or resort to cannibalism. This follows a series of natural disasters in Henan in the years 1528, 1531, 1539, and 1545. In Slovakia, Guta (modern-day Kolárovo) receives town status. Portugal founds a sugar colony at Bahia. Juan de Betanzos begins to write his Narrative of the Incas. The new ... |
1617) January 24 – Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, Austrian Archduchess (d. 1578) February 8 – Girolamo Mattei, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1603) February 18 – Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī, Syrian Arab co-founder of the Isfahan School of Islamic Philosophy (d. 1621) February 24 – Don John of Austria, military ... | (d. 1562) August 10 – Francis II, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (d. 1619) September 10 – George I, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. 1596) September 14 – Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, Dutch statesman (d. 1619) September 22 – Philipp Nicodemus Frischlin, German philologist and poet (d. 1590) September 20 – Faizi, Indo-Persian poet ... |
theologian and saint (d. 1617) February 6 – Francesco Panigarola, Italian bishop (d. 1594) March 13 – Sasbout Vosmeer, Dutch Apostolic Vicar (d. 1614) March 17 – Honda Tadakatsu, Japanese general (d. 1610) March 18 – Cornelis Ketel, Dutch painter (d. 1616) April 15 – Pietro Cataldi, Italian mathematician (d. 1626) May ... | haven of Shuangyu, frequented by Chinese, Japanese and Portuguese smugglers. John Dee starts to study at the Old University of Leuven. July–December July 7 – A marriage treaty is signed between Scotland and France, whereby five-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots, is betrothed to the future King Francis II of France. August ... |
the Prayer Book Rebellion against it breaks out in the West Country. July – Kett's Rebellion breaks out in East Anglia, against land enclosures; rebellion breaks out in Oxfordshire, against landowners associated with religious changes. July 27 – Francis Xavier arrives in Japan. August 8–9 – England and France declare w... | Brazil's first capital, is founded by Tome de Sousa. July–December June 9 – The Book of Common Prayer is introduced in English churches; the Prayer Book Rebellion against it breaks out in the West Country. July – Kett's Rebellion breaks out in East Anglia, against land enclosures; rebellion breaks out in Oxfordshire, a... |
Friis, Norwegian clergyman and author (d. 1614) April 2 – Elisabeth of Valois, queen of Philip II of Spain (d. 1568) April 15 – Karl II, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Duke of Oels (1565–1617), Duke of Bernstadt (1604–1617) (d. 1617) April 24 – Henry Wriothesley, 2nd Earl of Southampton, English earl (d. 1581) April 28 – Yi... | September – Mobye Narapati succeeds as ruler of the Ava Kingdom and offers peace to the Taungoo Dynasty, ending the Taungoo–Ava War (1538–45), and leaving the Taungoo as the dominant rulers in Burma. October – The Siege of Kawagoe Castle begins, as part of an unsuccessful attempt by the Uesugi clan to regain Kawagoe Ca... |
Medici, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1562) November 1 – Hasan Kafi Pruščak, Bosnian scholar and judge (d. 1615) November 15 – Dorothea Susanne of Simmern, Duchess of Saxe-Weimar (d. 1592) December 23 – Anna of Saxony, only child and heiress of Maurice, Elector of Saxony (d. 1577) date unknown Richard Bancroft, Archbis... | chiefship in Scotland; reportedly, five Frasers and eight Macdonalds survive. July 19–September 14 – Italian War of 1542–46 – First Siege of Boulogne: King Henry VIII of England besieges and captures Boulogne in northern France. August 17 – The University of Königsberg ("Albertina") is inaugurated (founding deed signed... |
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