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the Nazis' efforts, many homosexual men did not fit these stereotypes and many effeminate men were not homosexual. According to one estimate, denunciations resulted in 35 percent of arrests of homosexuals. Men were denounced by neighbors, relatives, coworkers, students, employees, or even ex-boyfriends seeking to settl... | the new law had no knowledge they were committing a crime. The law was also applied retroactively. Peak of persecution (1936–1939) From 1936 to 1939, German police focused on homosexuality as a top priority. In 1936, the Special Commission for Homosexuality in Berlin became the Reich Central Office for the Combating of... |
within the Judeo-Christian tradition. The Old Testament laws of kashrut forbade the consumption of fish without scales or appendages. Theologians and ichthyologists believe that the apostle Peter and his contemporaries harvested the fish that are today sold in modern industry along the Sea of Galilee, presently known a... | science. It remains one of the most ambitious treatises of the modern world. Scientific exploration of the Americas advanced knowledge of the remarkable diversity of fish. Charles Alexandre Lesueur was a student of Cuvier. He made a cabinet of fish dwelling within the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River regions. Adven... |
single non-transferable vote system is large. Casting only one vote, a rational voter wanting to maximize the number of seats captured by his party should vote for a candidate of the party that has a chance of winning, but one that will not win by too great a margin and thus take votes away from party colleagues. This ... | there is more chance of vote watage than under STV. But in elections that use SNTV, represenation is usually mixed. it is rare for one party to make a sweep of a city's seats, a thing common in First past the post elections. The number of wasted votes in an SNTV election is generally lower than in First past the post e... |
lived beyond infancy. She and Samuel Wesley had become members of the Church of England as young adults. As in many families at the time, Wesley's parents gave their children their early education. Each child, including the girls, was taught to read as soon as they could walk and talk. They were expected to become prof... | Wesley argued for the notion of Christian perfection and against Calvinism—and, in particular, against its doctrine of predestination. His evangelicalism, firmly grounded in sacramental theology, maintained that means of grace sometimes had a role in sanctification of the believer; however, he taught that it was by fai... |
II, archbishop of Cologne. Henry's education and training is supervised by Anno, who acts as his regent and is called his magister (his "master" or "teacher"). Empress Agnes of Poitou (Henry's mother) resigns the throne, and Anno with the archbishops Siegfried I and Adalbert of Hamburg takes her place. Britain Winter –... | in northern Wales, but Gruffydd manages to escape. Africa The Almoravids overrun modern-day Morocco, and establish an intercontinental kingdom, stretching from Spain to Senegal. The Banu Khurasan, a vassal of the Hammdid Dynasty, begin to rule the north of Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia). Marrakech is founded by the Almoravi... |
point (nominally 0°, but within 200 microseconds of the zero crossing point). An inactive zero crossing will not have a pulse of 120 kHz signal. In order to provide a predictable start point, every data frame transmitted always begins with a start code of three active zero crossings followed by an inactive crossing. Si... | consumer market was divided into two main categories, the ultra-high-end with a budget at US$100,000 and the mass market with budgets at US$2,000 to US$35,000. CEBus (1984) and LonWorks (1991) were attempts to improve reliability and replace X10. Brands X10 components are sold under a variety of brand names: X10 Powerh... |
or some other material. Tin, gold, and silver are much less prone to oxidation than copper, which may lengthen wire life, and makes soldering easier. Tinning is also used to provide lubrication between strands. Tinning was used to help removal of rubber insulation. Tight lays during stranding makes the cable extensible... | equipment malfunction. The first solution to these problems is to keep cable lengths in buildings short since pick up and transmission are essentially proportional to the length of the cable. The second solution is to route cables away from trouble. Beyond this, there are particular cable designs that minimize electrom... |
of King Harald Greycloak of Norway was more tenuous, most likely lasting for no more than a few years in the 970s. Some sources say his son Sweyn Forkbeard forcibly deposed him from his Danish throne before his death. Name Harald's name is written as runic haraltr : kunukʀ (ᚼᛅᚱᛅᛚᛏᚱ ᛬ ᚴᚢᚾᚢᚴᛦ) in the Jelling stone inscri... | to Adam of Bremen he died in Jumne/Jomsborg from his wounds. His body was brought back to the Trinity Church in Roskilde where he was buried. The Curmsun Disc was found in Groß-Weckow, Pomerania and according to the inscription, Swedish archaeologist Sven Rosborn proposes that Harald may have been buried in the church ... |
monetarists he believed that the active manipulation of the money supply or its growth rate is more likely to destabilise than stabilise the economy. Opposition to the gold standard Most monetarists oppose the gold standard. Friedman, for example, viewed a pure gold standard as impractical. For example, whereas one of ... | Warburton is credited with making the first solid empirical case for the monetarist interpretation of business fluctuations in a series of papers from 1945.p. 493 Within mainstream economics, the rise of monetarism accelerated from Milton Friedman's 1956 restatement of the quantity theory of money. Friedman argued that... |
where the main architect of the Holocaust, Heinrich Himmler, had just stepped up the pace of the programme. Globocnik assigned Wirth to remain in Treblinka temporarily to help clean up the camp. On 28 August 1942, Globocnik suspended deportations. He chose Franz Stangl, who had been the commandant of the Sobibór exterm... | administrative compound where the guards lived, Camp 2 was the receiving area where incoming transports of prisoners were offloaded, and Camp 3 was the location of the gas chambers. All three parts were built by two groups of German Jews recently expelled from Berlin and Hanover and imprisoned at the Warsaw Ghetto (a t... |
caldera, one of many extinct volcanoes making up the San Juan volcanic field. One, La Garita Caldera, is in diameter. Large beds of lava, some extending under the floor of the San Luis Valley, are characteristic of the eastern slope of the San Juans. Tourism is now a major part of the regional economy, with the narrow ... | Juans, the western slope of the continental divide, is drained by tributaries of the San Juan, Dolores and Gunnison rivers, which all flow into the Colorado River. The San Juan and Uncompahgre National Forests cover a large portion of the San Juan Mountains. The Continental Divide Trail, a long-distance hiking trail fo... |
Software went public. In 2002, a Quest office opened in Japan. The next year, Quest opened new offices in Asia, specifically in Singapore, Korea, and China. In 2004, Gartner named Quest number one in application management. Doug Garn became President of Quest Software in 2005. Doug Garn became CEO and President, and Vi... | company headquartered in Aliso Viejo, California, United States. Quest provides cloud management, software as a service, security, workforce mobility, and backup & recovery. The company was founded in 1987 and has 53 offices in 24 countries. History Quest Software was founded in 1987 in Newport Beach, California, with ... |
off to join the First Crusade (called by Pope Urban II) at the head of an army of some 40,000 men. He pledges his allegiance to Emperor Henry IV who issues an order not to harm Jewish communities. September – French forces (7,000 infantry and 300 knights) led by Geoffrey Burel raid around Nicaea (the capital of the Rum... | King Coloman (the Learned) gives them permission to pass through Hungary, and to use the markets. Peter and his followers (some 20,000 men and women) travel from Budapest southwards supported by knights, while lumbering wagons carry stores and a chest of money that he has collected for the journey. May – The Rhineland ... |
by Hiller and Ruiz in 1971, it was not until the development of the Karplus-Strong algorithm, the subsequent refinement and generalization of the algorithm into the extremely efficient digital waveguide synthesis by Julius O. Smith III and others, and the increase in DSP power in the late 1980s that commercial implemen... | tract shape in terms of the position of the lips, tongue and other organs. Although physical modelling was not a new concept in acoustics and synthesis, having been implemented using finite difference approximations of the wave equation by Hiller and Ruiz in 1971, it was not until the development of the Karplus-Strong ... |
apparently inserted into printer cartridges and placed in packages addressed to synagogues in the Chicago area. US President Barack Obama discussed the apparent terrorist plot with Cameron by phone, expressing his "appreciation for the professionalism of American and British services involved" in disrupting it. Cameron... | tortured and sexually assaulted by the UAE officers. Prisoners are electrocuted by their genitals and rocks are hung from their testicles. They are also sexually violated with wooden and steel poles. In March 2018, Emirati officers blind-folded and handcuffed all the detainees of Beir Ahmed prison and made them stand u... |
the "mole" as an amount of a compound that contained as many molecules as 32 grams of oxygen (). He called that number the Avogadro number in honor of physicist Amedeo Avogadro. Isotopic variation The discovery of isotopes of oxygen in 1929 required a more precise definition of the unit. Unfortunately, two distinct def... | the mass of one hydrogen atom, but oxygen was more amenable to experimental determination. This suggestion was made before the discovery of the existence of elemental isotopes, which occurred in 1912. The physicist Jean Perrin had adopted the same definition in 1909 during his experiments to determine the atomic masses... |
exercise of that reason. This contrasted with earlier forms of morality, which depended on religious understanding and interpretation, or nature for their substance. According to Kant, in a free society each individual must be able to pursue their goals however they see fit, so long as their actions conform to principl... | need to be communicated. When communicated, such speech becomes language, and the marks or notes or remembrance are called "Signes" by Hobbes. Going further back, although Aristotle is a source of the idea that only humans have reason (logos), he does mention that animals with imagination, for whom sense perceptions ca... |
a rod that can sustain detonation propagation): 0.9 mm for PETN at 1 g/cm3, smaller for higher densities (other value: 1.5 mm) In mixtures PETN is used in a number of compositions. It is a major ingredient of the Semtex plastic explosive. It is also used as a component of pentolite, a 50/50 blend with TNT. The XTX8003 ... | water content. PETN alone cannot be cast as it explosively decomposes slightly above its melting point, but it can be mixed with other explosives to form castable mixtures. PETN can be initiated by a laser. A pulse with duration of 25 nanoseconds and 0.5–4.2 joules of energy from a Q-switched ruby laser can initiate de... |
atoms. The effect can be observed for example by placing insoluble markers at the interface between a pure metal and an alloy containing that metal, and heating to a temperature where atomic diffusion is possible; the boundary will move relative to the markers. This process was named after Ernest Kirkendall (1914–2005)... | as diffusion progresses. Relative to the molybdenum markers, the copper-brass interface moves toward the brass at an experimentally measurable rate. Darken's equations Shortly after the publication of Kirkendall's paper, L.S. Darken published an analysis of diffusion in binary systems much like the one studied by Smige... |
by El Cid), defeat the Aragonese army. King Ramiro I is killed and succeeded by his son Sancho V, as ruler of Aragon. Battle of Cerami: Duke Roger I leads a small Norman force (supported by 136 mounted knights), and defeats a much larger Saracen army (35,000 men) at Cerami (near Troina) in Sicily. Summer – The Pisan fl... | Alp Arslan defeat his brother Qutalmish who claims the throne of late Tughril, founder of the Seljuk Empire. Qutalmish flees from the battle, but his son Suleiman is taken prisoner. By topic Architecture The Pizhi Pagoda located at Lingyan Temple (Shandong province) in China is completed, standing at a height of 54 m (... |
Harald Hardrada of Norway and Sweyn II of Denmark agree to a peace agreement. Harald turns his attentions to England where he believes he has a right to the throne. Seljuk Empire April 27 – Alp Arslan, succeeds to the throne as sultan of the Seljuk Empire. He becomes sole ruler of Persia from the river Oxus to the Tigr... | to the throne of England. Kings Harald Hardrada of Norway and Sweyn II of Denmark agree to a peace agreement. Harald turns his attentions to England where he believes he has a right to the throne. Seljuk Empire April 27 – Alp Arslan, succeeds to the throne as sultan of the Seljuk Empire. He becomes sole ruler of Persia... |
German nobleman (d. 1087) Hugh VII of Lusignan, count of La Marche (d. 1151) Humbert II (the Fat), count of Savoy (d. 1103) Li Jie, Chinese writer of the Song Dynasty (d. 1110) Niels (or Nicholas), king of Denmark (d. 1134) Richard de Montfort, French nobleman (d. 1092) Robert II, count of Flanders (approximate date) S... | His kingdom is divided among his three sons: the eldest Sancho II, the second Alfonso VI and the youngest García II. The kingdoms of Galicia and Portugal become independent under the rule of García. England October 3 – Northumbria rebels against Tostig, who is exiled. He takes refuge with his brother-in-law, Count Bald... |
the Cilician Gates and raid the region around Antioch in Syria. Europe March 3 – Battle on the Nemiga River: The three sons of Grand Prince Yaroslav I (the Wise) – Iziaslav I, Sviatoslav II, and Vsevolod I – defeat the forces under Vseslav of Polotsk. Eric and Eric, two pretenders to the Swedish throne, are both killed... | brothers Morcar and Edwin. Odo of Bayeux, a half-brother of William I, is appointed Earl of Kent and becomes William's deputy (or de facto regent) in England. His wealth and land become considerable. Eustace II, count of Boulogne, supports the Kentishmen in an attempt to seize Dover Castle. The conspiracy fails, and Eu... |
Chliat and Van, consolidating his control over the Lake Van region. Europe Spring – Romanos IV sends a Byzantine fleet (supported with an army) to relieve the siege of Bari. The Normans under Robert Guiscard defeat the Byzantines, and occupy the cities of Gravina and Obbiano in Apulia. February 28 – King Abbad II al-Mu... | a 27-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad, who becomes the ruler of the Taifa of Seville in Al-Andalus (until 1091). England January 28 – Northumbrians kill the new Norman earl of Northumbria, Robert de Comines, at Durham, and attack York. King Sweyn II of Denmark lands a fleet in the Humber in ... |
(Doukas), forms an alliance with Seljuk chieftain Suleiman ibn Qutulmish, who is raiding in the eastern regions of Anatolia. The Seljuk Turks ambush the Norman forces, Roussel and John are defeated and captured. But a ransom, raised by Roussel's wife, allows him to return to Amaseia. Europe February 2 – Treaty of Gerst... | led by Roussel de Bailleul proclaim John Doukas emperor of the Byzantine Empire. His nephew, Emperor Michael VII (Doukas), forms an alliance with Seljuk chieftain Suleiman ibn Qutulmish, who is raiding in the eastern regions of Anatolia. The Seljuk Turks ambush the Norman forces, Roussel and John are defeated and captu... |
Births March 18 – Al-Zamakhshari, Persian philosopher (d. 1144) April 16 – Orderic Vitalis, English Benedictine chronicler June 5 – Tianzuo (Yanning), last emperor of the Liao dynasty November 25 – Taizong, emperor of the Jin dynasty (d. 1135) Adelaide del Vasto, countess and regent of Sicily (d. 1118) Bertha, queen of... | English Benedictine chronicler June 5 – Tianzuo (Yanning), last emperor of the Liao dynasty November 25 – Taizong, emperor of the Jin dynasty (d. 1135) Adelaide del Vasto, countess and regent of Sicily (d. 1118) Bertha, queen of Aragon and Navarre (approximate date) Conrad I, archbishop of Salzburg (approximate date) F... |
William I (the Conqueror), is beheaded near Winchester (see Revolt of the Earls). The Trial of Penenden Heath is held, with an important ruling regarding land rights, subsequent to the Norman Conquest (approximate date). November 1 – In England, a frost begins that lasts until April 1077. Africa Koumbi Saleh, an import... | Church, and all the bishops named by Henry are excommunicated. Summer – Dirk V, count of Holland, re-conquers West Frisia (modern Netherlands) from the Archdiocese of Utrecht. He besieges Bishop Conrad at the castle of IJsselmonde – taking him prisoner. October 8 – Demetrius Zvonimir is crowned as king of Croatia in So... |
(MLXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire Fall – Nikephoros Bryennios (the Elder), governor (doux) of the Theme of Dyrrhachium in the western Balkans, and Nikephoros Botaneiates, a general (strategos) of the Theme of Ana... | supports Sancho Ramírez (or Sancho V) in his conquest of the Castle of Muñones from Emir Ahmad al-Muqtadir, who rules the Taifa of Zaragoza. King Mihailo I is given the title "King of the Slavs" by Gregory VII. He becomes the first recognized ruler of the kingdom of Duklja (modern Montenegro). England Robert II (Curtho... |
ap Cynan in alliance with Rhys ap Tewdwr, prince of Deheubarth, defeats the forces of Trahaearn ap Caradog, Caradog ap Gruffydd and Meilir ap Rhiwallon (who are all killed), allowing Gruffudd to claim the Kingdom of Gwynedd. King William I (the Conqueror) orders the creation of a castle at Cardiff during his tour of so... | by several ships from Ragusa, a republic in the Balkans who are enemies of the Byzantines. October 18 – Battle of Dyrrhachium: After taking the island of Corfu, Robert Guiscard advances to Dyrrhachium (modern-day Durrës), and lays siege to the city. Alexios I Komnenos supports defend Illyria from the Normans (the first... |
Mailberg. The northern region of Lower Austria is devastated from pillage and famine. December 6 – Count Ramon Berenguer II of Barcelona is killed while hunting in the woods. He is succeeded by his twin brother Berenguer Ramon II as the sole ruler of Catalonia (modern Spain). Winter – Emperor Henry IV leads an expediti... | siege to the city of Larissa. Emperor Alexios I mobilizes a new army, and with the support of 7,000 Seljuk Turks he clears Thessaly from the Normans. Byzantine–Venetian treaty: Alexios I signs a trade and defence pact with Venice, in the form of an imperial Golden Bull. He grants the Venetians a commercial colony in Co... |
Conqueror) imprisons his half-brother Odo of Bayeux for planning a military expedition to Italy. Africa Ceuta falls to the Almoravids, after a five-year siege. Births December 1 – Anna Komnene, Byzantine princess (d. 1153) Florine of Burgundy, French noblewoman and crusader (d. 1097) Jindřich Zdík (or Henry Zdík), bish... | the Pyrenees). Summer – Emperor Henry IV besieges Pope Gregory VII in Castel Sant'Angelo at Rome. England King William I (the Conqueror) imprisons his half-brother Odo of Bayeux for planning a military expedition to Italy. Africa Ceuta falls to the Almoravids, after a five-year siege. Births December 1 – Anna Komnene, ... |
Chancellor Wang Anshi. The output of copper currency for the Chinese Song Dynasty reaches 6 billion coins a year, prompting the Chinese government to adopt the world's first paper-printed money later in the 1120s. Births September 19 – Maria Komnene, Byzantine princess Ahmad Sanjar, Seljuk ruler of Khorasan (approximat... | (approximate date) Imad ad-Din Zengi, Seljuk ruler of Mosul (approximate date) Meginhard I, count of Sponheim (approximate date) Otomae, Japanese female singer and musician (d. 1169) Otto II (the Black), Moravian prince (approximate date) Ralph I (or Raoul), count of Vermandois (approximate date) Robert fitz Martin, No... |
ruler of Georgia (until 1125). England Northumbria is divided by King William II into the counties of Northumberland, County Palatine of Durham, Yorkshire, Westmorland and Lancashire. August 11 – A powerful earthquake is recorded in England. By topic Religion March 21 – Cîteaux Abbey, the first Cistercian monastery, is... | (the Builder) who becomes ruler of Georgia (until 1125). England Northumbria is divided by King William II into the counties of Northumberland, County Palatine of Durham, Yorkshire, Westmorland and Lancashire. August 11 – A powerful earthquake is recorded in England. By topic Religion March 21 – Cîteaux Abbey, the firs... |
Events By place Europe A third Almoravid expedition is launched in Al-Andalus, designed to finally subdue the Taifa's Kingdoms. The cities of Córdoba, Seville, Granada, Málaga, Almería and Ronda fall to the troops of Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin. King Stephen II of Croatia becomes involved in an open conflict between facti... | (Poitou and Saintonge) and Gascony (approximate date). Science and Technology Qin Guan, Chinese poet of the Song Dynasty, writes the Can Shu (Book of Sericulture), which describes a silk-reeling machine that has the world's oldest known mechanical belt drive. Births January 17 – Qin Hui, Chinese chancellor and traitor ... |
Confronted with this threat, Emir Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr Muhammad al-Aftas of Badajoz obtains the support of King Alfonso VI (the Brave) of Castile, in exchange for the Moorish positions on the Tagus River (Sintra, Santarém and Lisbon). Britain and France Spring – King William II invades Normandy with a large army. His ... | Antioch (until 1129). Births September 18 – Andronikos Komnenos, Byzantine prince and general December 22 – Jutta von Sponheim, German abbess (d. 1136) Hongzhi Zhengjue, Chinese Chan Buddhist monk and writer (d. 1157) Matilda of Rethel, French noblewoman and sovereign (d. 1151) Tiantong Zongjue, Chinese Buddhist monk a... |
of Bohemia, dies after a 6½-year reign and is succeeded by his brother Conrad I who becomes duke and not king because Vratislaus has been elevated to the royal dignity 'for life' by Emperor Henry IV (see 1085). Conrad dies September 6 after a 8-month reign and is succeeded by his nephew Bretislav II (the eldest son of ... | in England and Scotland. The Kentish lands of Earl Godwin are inundated, becoming known as the Goodwin Sands. Seljuk Empire November 19 – Sultan Malik-Shah I dies after a 20-year reign while hunting. The Seljuk Empire falls into chaos, his brother Tutush I and rival successors carve up their own independent sultanates ... |
the Scottish throne, Edmund sides with Donald as co-ruler and is named as heir as he has no children. Seljuk Empire Sultan Mahmud I dies after a 2-year reign. He is succeeded by his brother Barkiyaruq (one of the Seljuk prince who claim the throne) as ruler of the Seljuk Empire. By topic Religion May 15 – The Cathedral... | Breton abbot Ansger. October 8 – Doge Vitale Faliero consecrates the new Basilica of San Marco in Venice. King Ladislaus I of Hungary founds a diocese (alongside the bishop's see) in Zagreb. Births January 14 – Eudokia Komnene, Byzantine princess (d. 1129) Abd al-Mu'min, Almohad caliph (approximate date) Ibn Zuhr (or A... |
I break their way out of Jaffa, which is encircled by the Fatimid Army. A charge of the French cavalry breaks the enemy's ranks, and forces them to retreat to Ascalon. Raymond IV is imprisoned by Tancred, nephew of Bohemond I, and regent of the Principality of Antioch (he is later released after promising to demand any... | (modern Lebanon). Europe May 5 – The short-lived principality created by Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar (El Cid) ends: Valencia is captured by Almoravid forces under Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin. It is later recaptured, evacuated and burned by King Alfonso VI. June 4 – Władysław I Herman, duke of Poland, dies at Płock (possibly poi... |
a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire Summer – The Byzantines re-occupy the Cilician cities of Tarsus, Adana and Mamistra. A naval squadron, under Admiral Cantacuzenus, pursues in Cypriot waters a Genoese raiding fleet, and sails on... | and silver, and precious stuff to raise an army against Emperor Alexios I (Komnenos). Tancred becomes co-ruler over Antioch – and appoints his brother-in-law, Richard of Salerno, as his deputy. Toghtekin, Seljuk ruler (atabeg) of Damascus, founds a short-lived principality in Syria (the first example of a series of Sel... |
Böckelheim. England Summer – King Henry I invades Normandy, takes Bayeux (after a short siege) and Caen. He advances on Falaise, and starts inconclusive peace negotiations with Duke Robert II (Curthose). Henry withdraws to deal with political issues at home. Henry I meets Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, under threat ... | nephew William-Jordan, count of Cerdagne, becomes regent over Alfonso. Bertrand, the eldest son of Raymond, inherits the title 'Count of Toulouse'. April 20 – Battle of Artah: The Crusaders under Tancred, Norman prince and regent of Antioch, defeat a Seljuk army (some 7,000 men) at Artah (modern-day Reyhanlı). Tancred ... |
duke of Poland, begins a civil war against his half-brother Zbigniew, for control over Lesser Poland and Silesia. The city of Balaguer (located in Catalonia) is conquered from the Moors by Ermengol VI, count of Urgell. England Roger le Poer, bishop of Salisbury, is granted land in south Wales by Henry I. He starts the ... | newlywed wife Constance (who is pregnant by him) and followers. Sultan Yusuf ibn Tashfin dies after a 45-year reign. He is succeeded by his 22-year-old son Ali ibn Yusuf as ruler of the Almoravid Empire. Ali appoints his brother Tamin ibn Yusuf as governor of Al-Andalus (modern Spain). Bolesław III (Wrymouth), duke of ... |
– King Philip I (the Amorous) dies at Melun, after a 48-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Louis VI (the Fat), who faces at the start of his rule insurrections, from feudal brigands and rebellious robber barons. September – Siege of Dyrrhachium: Italo-Norman forces under Bohemond I lift the siege due to illness and... | of Bergamo are first mentioned, indicating that the city has become an independent commune in Lombardy (Northern Italy). Levant Summer – Jawali Saqawa, Turkish ruler (atabeg) of Mosul, accepts a ransom of 30,000 dinar by Count Joscelin I and releases his cousin Baldwin II, count of Edessa, who is held as prisoner (see ... |
Brave). She marries Alfonso I (the Battler). August 10 – Battle of Nakło: Bolesław III (Wrymouth) leads an expedition into Pomerania. He besieges the castle of Nakło, and defeats a Pomeranian relief force. August 24 Siege of Głogów: German forces led by King Henry V besiege Głogów. He is forced to abandon the siege – d... | forces under Henry V at Hundsfeld (Silesia). The Germans are ambushed by the Polish forces. The Almoravid army, led by Ali ibn Yusuf, fails to reconquer Toledo (lost in 1085). By topic Education Anselm of Laon, French monk and theologian, becomes chancellor of the cathedral at Laon (approximate date). Births July 25 – ... |
the publisher that most of the book's sales were to sailors who thought it was a naval songbook. Coleridge made several modifications to the poem over the years. In the second edition of Lyrical Ballads, published in 1800, he replaced many of the archaic words. Inspiration for the poem The poem may have been inspired b... | a man who is on his way to a wedding ceremony and begins to narrate a story. The Wedding-Guest’s reaction turns from bemusement to impatience to fear to fascination as the mariner's story progresses, as can be seen in the language style: Coleridge uses narrative techniques such as personification and repetition to crea... |
Mamluks. Levant October 10 – Richard of Cornwall, brother of King Henry III, arrives at Acre for a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. His pilgrimage has the approval of Emperor Frederick II – who is married to his younger sister, Isabella of England, and gives him the task to make arrangements with the Military Orders. On his ar... | a minor town on the western border of the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal. Reconquista: King Sancho II (the Pious) conquers the city of Ayamonte from the Almoravids, securing the Portuguese position in Al-Andalus. Africa Summer – As-Salih Ayyub becomes ruler of Egypt, after deposing his half-brother Al-Adil II. Meanwhi... |
upon the philosophical schools of surrounding countries as well, including Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. Livonian Crusade: The Estonian rebellion of 1237 is suppressed on Saaremaa Island, by the Livonian Order. The University of Valladolid is founded in Spain. Births September 4 – King Alexander III of Scotland (d. 1286) ... | – Snorri Sturluson, Icelandic saga writer, is murdered by Gissur Þorvaldsson, an emissary of King Haakon IV of Norway. October 25 – Pope Celestine IV succeeds Pope Gregory IX, as the 179th pope. Emperor Lizong of Song China accepts the Neo-Confucian teachings of the late Zhu Xi, including his commentary on the Four Boo... |
died (see 1241). England May – Isabella of Angoulême, mother of Henry III, persuades him to mount an expedition to retake Poitou. On May 20, Henry arrives at Royan and joins the rebelling French nobles – forming an army (some 30,000 men). Louis IX exchange letters with Henry to resolve the conflict, but the dispute esc... | of fortifications through his kingdom. Batu Khan establishes the Golden Horde at Sarai and withdraws his forces after messengers arrive with the news that the Great Khan Ögedei Khan has died (see 1241). England May – Isabella of Angoulême, mother of Henry III, persuades him to mount an expedition to retake Poitou. On M... |
(the Saint) and King Henry III agree to a truce that ends the Saintonge War. The truce does not stop the on-going clashes (and further tensions) between France and England. Siege of Viterbo: Emperor Frederick II besieges Viterbo on request of the rebel citizens. The defenders are able to set fire to the siege towers an... | June 6 – Alix of Brittany, Breton noblewoman (d. 1288) June 28 – Go-Fukakusa, emperor of Japan (d. 1304) September 2 Gilbert de Clare, English nobleman (d. 1295) Walter Langton, bishop of Coventry (d. 1321) Alfonso Fernández el Niño, Spanish nobleman (d. 1281) An Hyang (or Ahn Yu), Korean Confucian scholar (d. 1306) Au... |
James I (the Conqueror) and King Ferdinand III (the Saint) come to an agreement, on the distribution of Muslim lands yet to be conquered. All lands south of a line from the cities of Biar to Villajoyosa through Busot are reserved for the Crown of Castile. This ends further Aragonese expansion on the Iberian Peninsula. ... | Europe March 16 – Siege of Montségur: French forces capture and destroy Château de Montségur in Languedoc, after a 9-month siege. Some 200 heretics (perfecti and credentes) are burnt in a bonfire, near the foot of the castle. This marks the final defeat of the Cathars (or Albigensians), the followers become scattered f... |
of Brandenburg, archbishop of Magdeburg (d. 1295) Fujiwara no Saneko, Japanese empress consort (d. 1272) Giovanna da Signa, Italian miracle worker and saint (d. 1307) Kikuchi Takefusa, Japanese nobleman and samurai (d. 1285) Kunigunda of Halych, queen consort of Bohemia (d. 1285) Ma Duanlin, Chinese encyclopaedist and ... | and the Hauran. Ayyub is awarded the title of sultan by Caliph Al-Musta'sim in Baghdad. By topic Religion February 21 – Thomas, bishop of Turku (modern Finland), is granted resignation by Pope Innocent IV. He admits to committing several felonies, such as torturing and forging a papal letter. April 16 – Innocent IV sen... |
of Jerusalem, dies after a 3-year reign. She is succeeded by her son, Henry I of Cyprus (the Fat), who appoints Balian III of Beirut as his bailli and confirms Philip of Montfort in the possession of Tyre. Asia February 16 – Emperor Go-Saga abdicates the throne in favor of his 3-year-old son, Go-Fukakusa, who becomes t... | confirms Philip of Montfort in the possession of Tyre. Asia February 16 – Emperor Go-Saga abdicates the throne in favor of his 3-year-old son, Go-Fukakusa, who becomes the 89th Emperor of Japan. By topic Arts Robert Grosseteste translates Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics from Greek into Latin, which marks the true start ... |
15 – Egyptian forces under As-Salih Ayyub capture Ascalon by surprise – while a battering-ram forces a passageway under the walls right into the citadel. Most of the defenders are massacred, and the remainder of the garrison is taken prisoner. England The Bethlem Royal Hospital is founded in London during the reign of ... | Most of the defenders are massacred, and the remainder of the garrison is taken prisoner. England The Bethlem Royal Hospital is founded in London during the reign of King Henry III. Romford (located within Greater London) is chartered as a market town. Asia The Hōjō clan under Hōjō Tokiyori destroys the Miura family; a... |
opposite the Ayyubid camp near Mansourah, protected by a branch of the river and fortifications. Both camps use their catapults to bombard each other. December – Louis IX consolidates his forces at Mansourah. After the death of Sultan As-Salih Ayyub, Fakhr ad-Din becomes effectively the ruler of Egypt. He takes command... | to the Egyptian coast. Finally, the royal squadron arrives off Damietta on June 4. Aboard Louis' flagship the Montjoie. the king's advisers urges a delay until the rest of his transports arrive before attempting to disembark, but Louis refuses. June 5 – Siege of Damietta: Louis IX lands with a Crusader force and captur... |
Carta in exchange for taxation. Asia April 28 – Nichiren, Japanese Buddhist monk, declares his intent to preach the Lotus Sutra and Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō as the true Buddhism, thus founding Nichiren Buddhism. May – Louis IX (the Saint) dispatches William of Rubruck from Constantinople, on a missionary journey to Karakor... | – Mindaugas and his wife Morta are crowned as king and queen of Lithuania, ruling between 300,000 and 400,000 subjects. October 10 – German imperial forces under King Conrad IV suppress the Sicilian rebellion and recapture Naples. England August 6 – King Henry III leads an expedition to Gascony, to repel a rumoured inv... |
funds and being needed at home, abandons the Seventh Crusade (which he had conducted first in Egypt and then Syria), and returns to France. The Japanese classic text Kokin Chomonjo is completed. The Mongols destroy the Kingdom of Dali, in modern Yunnan. The Mongols enslave 200,000 Koreans and take them away. Europe Nor... | brother Alfonso X of Castile. In England, an important step in the evolution of the Parliament and Peerage occurs as lesser barons are replaced on the King's Council by elected representatives from shires and cities. Pope Innocent IV excommunicates Conrad IV of Germany and Rudolph I of Germany (who is later elected Hol... |
of Rubruck from Constantinople returns to Cyprus from his missionary journey to convert the Tatars of central and eastern Asia, his efforts having been unsuccessful. June – Battle of Bryn Derwin: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd defeats his two brothers to become sole ruler of northern Wales. August The final Cathar stronghold in ... | II of Bohemia. Theodore II Laskaris, Byzantine Emperor (in exile in the Empire of Nicaea), conducts a military campaign to recover Thrace from the Bulgarians. He concludes the task successfully a year later, in 1256. The Duchy of Bavaria is split into Upper and Lower Bavaria. The lands of the House of Nassau are divide... |
confirms the foundation by his chaplain Robert de Sorbon of the College of Sorbonne in Paris, giving a formal college (and still-common name) to the already existing University of Paris. King Henry III of England orders the production of a twenty pence English coin of pure gold, the first high-denomination coin minted ... | pure gold, the first high-denomination coin minted in England, and the first to use gold. Unfortunately, the bullion value of the coins is about 20% higher than the nominal face value, leading to poor circulation, as coins are melted down by individuals for their gold content. Matthew Paris, English historian, personal... |
in Indonesia include the following anecdotal accounts: dry fog in France; lunar eclipses in England; severe winter in Europe; a "harsh" spring in northern Iceland; famine in England, western Germany, France, and northern Italy; and pestilence in London, parts of France, Austria, Iraq, Syria, and southeast Turkey. Asia ... | pestilence in London, parts of France, Austria, Iraq, Syria, and southeast Turkey. Asia February 10 – The Siege of Baghdad ends with a battle, in which Hulagu Khan's Mongol forces overrun Baghdad, at this time the leading center of Islamic culture and learning, and capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. They burn the imperi... |
defeats the Principality of Achaea, ensuring the eventual reconquest of Constantinople in 1261. December 4 – Kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England agree to the Treaty of Paris, in which Henry renounces his claims to French-controlled territory on continental Europe (including Normandy), in exchange for Loui... | Song Chinese official Li Zengbo writes in his Kozhai Zagao, Xugaohou that the city of Qingzhou is manufacturing one to two thousand strong iron-cased gunpowder bomb shells a month, dispatching to Xiangyang and Yingzhou about ten to twenty thousand such bombs at a time. Lannathai, a kingdom in the north of Thailand, is ... |
San Miniato al Monte. German musical theorist Franco of Cologne publishes Ars Cantus Mensurabilis, in which he advances a new theory of musical notation, in which the length of a musical note is denoted by the shape of that note, a system still used today. Construction begins on the Dunkeld Cathedral in Perthshire, Sco... | Saxony-Lauenberg and Saxony-Wittenberg, marking the end of the first Saxon state. War breaks out in the Valais (in modern-day Switzerland), as the Bishopry of Sion defends against an invasion by the County of Savoy. Croatia is divided into two sub-regions ruled by ban: the Croatian region on the south and Slavonian reg... |
under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, thus ending the Latin Empire and re-establishing the Byzantine Empire. August 15 – The Nicaean ruler Michael VIII Palaiologos is crowned Byzantine Emperor in Constantinople. August 29 – Pope Urban IV succeeds Pope Alexander IV as the 182nd pope, the last man to do so without... | IV of Hungary repels a Tatar invasion. Kublai Khan, who became a Khagan claimant in the previous year, releases 75 Song dynasty Chinese merchants from captivity, after they had been captured along the border of his Empire and the Southern Song dynasty of China. This is an act to increase his reputation amongst the Chin... |
as its ruler. March 8 – Battle of Hausbergen. Strasbourg becomes an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire. By topic Arts and culture Adam de la Halle writes the first operetta, "Le Jeu de la Feuillee". Markets The Venetian Senate starts consolidating all of the city's outstanding debt into a single fund, later kn... | to Grand Duke of Lithuania. The Icelandic Commonwealth enters into the Old Covenant (Gissurarsáttmáli), establishing a union with Norway, and acknowledges King Haakon IV of Norway as its ruler. March 8 – Battle of Hausbergen. Strasbourg becomes an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire. By topic Arts and culture A... |
battle in the Scottish–Norwegian War fought in Scotland, between kings Haakon IV of Norway and Alexander III of Scotland. Mindaugas, the only Christian king of Lithuania, is assassinated by his cousin Treniota. The chieftains of the eastern part of Iceland become the last to pledge fealty to the King of Norway, bringin... | is founded by John I de Balliol. Markets Edward, heir to the throne of England, seizes £10,000, which had been deposited to the trust of the Knights Templar in London, by foreign merchants and English magnates. The Bonsignori firm gains the full market of the transfer of fiscal revenue, from the papal estates to Rome. ... |
Hertford, leads a massacre of the Jews at Canterbury; at about the same time, another of de Montfort's followers, John fitz John, leads a massacre of Jews in London. May 14 – Battle of Lewes, between Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester and King Henry III of England in Sussex. By the end of the battle, de Montfort'... | into sailing east to the Levant, the Genoese capture an entire Venetian trade convoy at the Battle of Saseno. October 9 – Mudéjar revolt: King Alfonso X of Castile "the Wise" recaptures the town of Jerez de la Frontera from the Muslim rebels. In Spain, King James I of Aragon reconquers the cities of Orihuela in Alicant... |
– Second Barons' War: The Battle of Evesham is fought in Worcestershire, with the army of Edward defeating the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, resulting in the death of Montfort and many of his allies. This is sometimes considered the death of chivalry in England. The Isle of Man comes under Scott... | Year 1265 (MCCLXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By topic War and politics January 20 – In Westminster, the first elected English parliament (called Montfort's Parliament) conducts its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster, later to be k... |
Region (this period is up until the year 1299), putting an end to the ancient Puebloans Civilization. By topic Economics In France, the gold écu and silver grosh coins are minted for the first time. Religion Ode de Pougy, Abbess of Notre Dame aux Nonnains, sends a gang to attempt to destroy the nearly-completed Church ... | states, and defeating the Armenians at Cilicia. Sang Sapurba and his younger brother Sang Ledhangwadja battle with Raidashir, on top of Bukit Siguntang in Palembang. The brothers win and Sang Sapurba is proclaimed Maharaja. America In today's United States, a period of drought begins in the Four Corners Region (this pe... |
Clement IV, who had requested it be written; the work contains wide-ranging discussion of mathematics, optics, alchemy, astronomy, astrology, and other topics, and includes what some believe to be the first description of a magnifying glass. Bacon also completes Opus Minus, a summary of Opus Majus, later in the same ye... | Montgomery: King Henry III of England acknowledges Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's title of Prince of Wales. The city of Ostrava is founded. Culture Roger Bacon completes his work Opus Majus and sends it to Pope Clement IV, who had requested it be written; the work contains wide-ranging discussion of mathematics, optics, alchem... |
becomes a vassal state of the Margrave of Brandenburg. New election procedures for the election of the doge are established in Venice, in order to reduce the influence of powerful individual families and possibly to prevent the popular Lorenzo Tiepolo from becoming elected. Pope Clement IV dies; the following papal ele... | Germany and Holy Roman Emperors, is executed, along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden, by Charles I of Sicily, a political rival and ally to the hostile Roman Catholic Church. King Stephen V of Hungary launches a war against Bulgaria. The County of Wernigerode becomes a vassal state of the Margrave of B... |
full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By area Africa End of the Almohad Dynasty: The Berber Marinid completes the conquest of Morocco, replacing the Almohad dynasty which it defeated in Marrakesh. The Almohad Dynasty of caliphs (not universally accepted), that once ruled most of North Africa and Al-Andalus (Moo... | dynasty which it defeated in Marrakesh. The Almohad Dynasty of caliphs (not universally accepted), that once ruled most of North Africa and Al-Andalus (Moorish Spain), is extinguished when Idris II is murdered in the dynasty's last remaining possession, Marrakesh. Europe June 19 – King Louis IX of France orders all Jew... |
begins. May 8 – Emperor Duanzong of Song China dies of illness, and is succeeded by his brother Zhao Bing, who becomes Emperor Huaizong of Song. Meanwhile, armed forces under the control of Mongol leader Kublai Khan draw closer to the remnants of the Song imperial court. A year later, at the Battle of Yamen, the Song D... | until the end of World War I in 1918. September 8 – The independence, boundaries, and political structure of Andorra are agreed to by the Catalan Bishop of Urgell and the Count of Foix. September 29 – Peter III of Aragon takes the Muslim stronghold of Montesa, putting an end to two years of Mudéjar rebellion. The defea... |
Yuan dynasty defeats and ends the Song dynasty after three centuries, and he becomes the emperor of all China. The Mongol Empire reaches its largest extent, although it has already partially fragmented. April 17 – Thawun Gyi settles at Taungoo (in modern-day Real Myanmar), and becomes its first ruler. October 12 – The ... | – Battle of Yamen: Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty defeats and ends the Song dynasty after three centuries, and he becomes the emperor of all China. The Mongol Empire reaches its largest extent, although it has already partially fragmented. April 17 – Thawun Gyi settles at Taungoo (in modern-day Real Myanmar), and becomes i... |
begin graduate school for architecture, but is having second thoughts and considering staying in town to continue working as a fisherman and, more importantly, to be near Natalie and her kids. Natalie's ex-husband, Richard Strout, tries to find a way into his ex-wife and children's lives, going to increasingly violent ... | Richard at gunpoint, saying he's arranged for Richard to jump bail and leave the state, so as to spare them the pain of seeing him in Camden. He forces Richard to “pack clothes for warm weather” and plants a train schedule in his apartment. He forces Richard to drive them out to the Grinnel cabin, where Willis is waiti... |
ending the Asen Dynasty in Bulgaria. Syria attempts to secede from the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, but Al Mansur Qalawun defeats the rebels, and keeps Syria within the Egyptian sultanate. The second of two main surveys of the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086, is... | – King Magnus III of Sweden founds a Swedish nobility, by enacting a law accepting a contribution of a cavalry-member in lieu of ordinary tax payments. Construction on the northern section of the Grand Canal of China is begun. The final expansion of Lincoln Cathedral in England is completed. Tsar Ivan Asen III of Bulga... |
the birth of the Ottoman Empire. An offensive by the Byzantine Empire significantly reduces the size of the Kingdom of Albania, as it recaptures land seized from the Despotate of Epirus by Charles I of Sicily 10 years earlier. Europe New Pope Martin IV excommunicates Michael VIII Palaiologos, who has newly re-establish... | Empire in Constantinople, and authorizes Charles I of Anjou to make a Crusade against him, but this will be suspended the following year by the outbreak of the War of the Sicilian Vespers. July – Niccolò Bonsignori heads a hundred of Ghibelline exiles, in a failed attempt to topple the Sienese government. By topic Mark... |
Yuan Dynasty invades the Khmer Empire of present-day Cambodia; King Jayavarman VIII decides to pay tribute rather than fight the invasion, buying peace and preserving the empire. Construction on the northern section of the Grand Canal of China is completed. The city of Guiyang is founded, in Yuan Dynasty China. Mesoame... | claim on the Duchies of Austria and Styria to his elder brother, Albert I of Germany. July 8 – Battle of Malta at Valletta: An Angevin fleet, sent to help put down a rebellion on Malta, is defeated by the fleet of Roger of Lauria. October 3 – Death by hanging, drawing and quartering is first used as a form of capital p... |
England, defines the jurisdictions of church and state in England, thereby limiting the church's judicial powers to ecclesiastical cases only. By topic Arts The English romantic poem The Lay of Havelok the Dane is written (approximate date). Markets The first record is made of an emission of life annuities, by the city... | Mali Empire. Asia April 25 – Mamluk sultan Al Mansur Qalawun begins a siege of the Crusader fortress of Margat (in modern-day Syria), a major stronghold of the Knights Hospitaller thought to be impregnable; he captures the fortress a month later. June 14 – Trần Hưng Đạo leads Vietnamese forces in victory over an invadi... |
to negotiate an alliance against the Muslim states, specifically the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt. Mamluk sultan Al-Mansur Qalawun captures the port city of Latakia in present-day Syria. Europe January 17 – The Treaty of San Agayz is signed. King Alfonso III of Aragon conquers the island of Menorca from the Moors. Februar... | which creates the Zuider Zee inlet and kills over 50,000 people; it also gives sea access to Amsterdam, allowing its development as an important port city. In England, parts of Norfolk are flooded; the port of Dunwich in Suffolk is further devastated; and in The Fens through the vehemence of the wind and the violence o... |
steel-tipped bamboo stakes in the Bach Dang River near Ha Long Bay. The Japanese era Koan ends, and the Shōō era begins. Japan: Prince Subaru conquers the provinces of Gunma and Tochigi. Li Ting leads troops and portable cannon of Kublai Khan against the rebel prince Nayan, at Banlachengzi in Manchuria. Europe January ... | one of the largest battles in Europe of the Middle Ages, thus winning possession of the Duchy of Limburg. The battle also liberates the city of Cologne from rule by the Archbishopric of Cologne; it had previously been one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire. August 8 – Pope Nicholas IV p... |
Fall of Tripoli: Mamluk sultan Qalawun captures the County of Tripoli (in present-day Lebanon) after a month-long siege, thus extinguishing the Crusader State. Asia Prince Subaru of Japan conquers the province of Saitama. Europe June 11 – Battle of Campaldino: The Italian Guelph and Ghibelline factions fight; the Guelp... | Markets In Siena, twenty three partners, including five members of the Bonsignori family, re-create the Gran Tavola, formerly the most successful European bank, which had ceased its operations after the death of its creator and manager, Orlando Bonsignori, in 1273. Religion Franciscan friars begin missionary work in Ch... |
four characters allowed by the typewriter, such as "GGGG", "mATh", or "q%8e". The probability that 100 randomly typed keys will consist of the first 99 digits of pi (including the separator key), or any other particular sequence of that length, is much lower: (1/90)100. If the monkey's allotted length of text is infini... | 20 letters it already has only a chance of one in 2620 = 19,928,148,895,209,409,152,340,197,376 (almost 2 × 1028). In the case of the entire text of Hamlet, the probabilities are so vanishingly small as to be inconceivable. The text of Hamlet contains approximately 130,000 letters. Thus there is a probability of one in... |
Rollo had a brother named Gurim, such names are onomastic evidence for a family connection: Icelandic sources name Ketill Flatnose's father as Björn Grímsson, and – the implied name of Ketill Flatnose's paternal grandfather – was likely cognate with . In addition, both Irish and Icelandic sources suggest that Rollo, as... | country with which the Norse had contact, as Dudo is a highly unreliable source who may have written his chronicle primarily as a didactic text to teach courtly values. There are few contemporary mentions of Rollo. In 911, Robert I of France, brother of Odo, again defeated another band of Viking warriors in Chartres wi... |
used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place China Sima Shi quells Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin's rebellion. March 23 – Sima Shi passes away. Sima Zhao, Sima Shi's younger brother, inherits his brother's authority. By topic S... | 23 – Sima Shi passes away. Sima Zhao, Sima Shi's younger brother, inherits his brother's authority. By topic Science Ma Jun, Chinese mechanical engineer from Cao Wei, invents the south-pointing chariot, a path-finding directional compass vehicle that uses a differential gear, not magnetics. Births January 6 – Marcellus... |
While living in New York City, Richter directed two feature films, Dreams That Money Can Buy (1947) and 8 x 8: A Chess Sonata in 8 Movements (1957) in collaboration with Max Ernst, Jean Cocteau, Paul Bowles, Fernand Léger, Alexander Calder, Marcel Duchamp, and others, which was partially filmed on the lawn of his summe... | New York City, Richter directed two feature films, Dreams That Money Can Buy (1947) and 8 x 8: A Chess Sonata in 8 Movements (1957) in collaboration with Max Ernst, Jean Cocteau, Paul Bowles, Fernand Léger, Alexander Calder, Marcel Duchamp, and others, which was partially filmed on the lawn of his summer house in South... |
1075 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 322 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By topic Technology The first dependable representation of a horse rider with paired stirrups is found in China, in a ... | or Shitong), Chinese emperor (d. 344) Xun Xian (or Lingze), Chinese general (d. 359) Deaths Philogonius (or Filogonius), bishop of Antioch Rabbah bar Rav Huna, Jewish Talmudist Xu Kan, Chinese bandit leader and warlord Yang Xianrong, Chinese |
that Jesus of Nazareth was not of the same substance as God but rather had a finite nature. As an ascetic, he leads a Christian community near Alexandria, and comes under suspicion of heresy. Arius writes to his former schoolmate Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia, asking for support. Eusebius writes to other bishops, and w... | Religion The poetic work Banquet (Thalia) by the Libyan-born Egyptian Christian priest Arius, age 73, expresses the doctrine that Jesus of Nazareth was not of the same substance as God but rather had a finite nature. As an ascetic, he leads a Christian community near Alexandria, and comes under suspicion of heresy. Ari... |
and Lollianus Mavortius begin their term as Roman consuls. August 11 – Claudius Silvanus, accused of treason, proclaims himself Roman Emperor. After 28 days, Ursicinus arrives from Rome and has Silvanus murdered. November 6 – In Mediolanum (Italy), Emperor Constantius II raises his cousin Julian the Apostate to the ran... | of the western provinces and marries Constantius' sister, Helena. Europe The Lentienses, a Germanic tribe, are fined by the Roman commander Arbetio under Constantius II for several incursions against the Roman Empire. The Franks besiege Colonia Agrippinensium for ten months. Asia The Huns of Central Asia begin their gr... |
produced a host of lesser artists, but no really major figures. Etching is still widely practiced today. Variants Aquatint uses acid-resistant resin to achieve tonal effects. Soft-ground etching uses a special softer ground. The artist places a piece of paper (or cloth etc. in modern uses) over the ground and draws on ... | controversial. He used the technique to print texts and images together, writing the text and drawing lines with an acid-resistant medium. Carborundum etching (sometimes called carbograph printing) was invented in the mid-20th century by American artists who worked for the WPA. In this technique, a metal plate is first... |
the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Agricola and Eustathius (or, less frequently, year 1174 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 421 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method ... | Placidia becomes, for the second time, a widow. She departs with her children Grata Honoria and Valentinian to the court of Constantinople. Europe Rugila, chieftain of the Huns, attacks the dioceses of Dacia and Thrace (Balkans). Theodosius II allows Pannonian Ostrogoths to settle in Thrace, to defend the Danube fronti... |
soft. They are then washed away using a water spray, leaving behind a clean area in the mesh with the identical shape as the desired image, which will allow passage of ink. It is a positive process. In fabric printing, the surface supporting the fabric to be printed (commonly referred to as a pallet) is coated with a w... | a multi-coloured image or design. Traditionally, silk was used in the process. Currently, synthetic threads are commonly used in the screen printing process. The most popular mesh in general use is made of polyester. There are special-use mesh materials of nylon and stainless steel available to the screen-printer. Ther... |
his stories, told using the language and humor of the area and not excluding himself from either outcome. It is often said that he studied at Cornell University and in England but Cornell University has no record of this, and he did not ever become a certified or licensed doctor of veterinary medicine according to reco... | be cheated"is reflected in his stories, told using the language and humor of the area and not excluding himself from either outcome. It is often said that he studied at Cornell University and in England but Cornell University has no record of this, and he did not ever become a certified or licensed doctor of veterinary... |
Italy. Berengar flees again to Verona and Rudolph is crowned King of Italy at Pavia. By topic Religion March 26 – Mansur al-Hallaj, a Persian mystic writer, is sentenced to death for heresy after a long trial at Baghdad. Having supported reform in the Abbasid Caliphate, he has been seen as a rabble-rouser, and is flogg... | – Battle of Constantinople: Emperor Romanos I sends Byzantine troops to repel another Bulgarian raid at the outskirts of Constantinople. The Byzantines storm the Bulgarian camp, but are defeated when they are confronted by the main Bulgarian forces. Having won the battle, the Bulgarians lack the maritime power to condu... |
can vary considerably, whether intentionally or not. Master printmakers are technicians who are capable of printing identical "impressions" by hand. Historically, many printed images were created as a preparatory study, such as a drawing. A print that copies another work of art, especially a painting, is known as a "re... | painting on a smooth, non-absorbent surface. The surface, or matrix, was historically a copper etching plate, but in contemporary work it can vary from zinc or glass to acrylic glass. The image is then transferred onto a sheet of paper by pressing the two together, usually using a printing-press. Monotypes can also be ... |
implementation initially consisted of just an interpreter, but a compiler was added later. Curl combines text markup (as in HTML), scripting (as in JavaScript), and heavy-duty computing (as in Java, C#, or C++) within one unified framework. It is used in a range of internal enterprise, B2B, and B2C applications. Curl p... | difficult — hurdle has been getting all of these blocks to communicate with each other in a consistent manner. Curl attempts to side-step these problems by providing a consistent syntactic and semantic interface at all levels of web content creation: from simple HTML to complex object-oriented programming. Curl is a ma... |
been served by a permanent international Secretariat that is located in Stockholm, Sweden and funded by the Member States. The highest institution of CBSS is the conference of foreign ministers, which convenes once per year. Member states The CBSS has 11 member states as well as the European Union: (1995) Observer stat... | all CBSS structures. The period chaired by each country rotates on an annual basis and follows the Council Presidency. The CSO Chairman is a representative, usually at ambassadorial level, appointed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the country which holds the Council Presidency. A number of CBSS structures are ope... |
slaves by St. Thomians would frustrate British authorities. Law and order Even after British control of the Territory became complete, population infiltration was slow. Settlers lived in fear of possible Spanish attack, and there was the constant possibility that diplomatic efforts might fail and the Territory might re... | the vested interests ensured that Suckling could still not take up his position, and the islands had a court but no judge. Suckling finally left the islands without ever taking up his post (or ever being paid) on 2 May 1788, impoverished and embittered, due to the machinations of local interests which were fearful of t... |
Cerava, and one of the five great seaports on the island of Borneo), though under the influence of the Brunei, was self-governed under Sultan Tengah before being fully integrated into the Bruneian Empire upon the Tengah's death in 1641. Relations with Europeans Brunei's relations varied with the different European powe... | Srivijaya referring to Brunei, was known to Arabic sources as "Sribuza". In the aftermath of the Indian Chola invasion of Srivijaya, Datu Puti lead some dissident datus from Sumatra and Borneo in a rebellion against Rajah Makatunao who was a Chola appointed local Rajah or the descendant of Seri Maharajah (In Chinese re... |
asks for refuge in Constantinople and wants to know which Byzantine spies can help him. Knowing their names, he slaughters every agent in the capital. His rule marked the end of the political crisis. Under the warrior Khan Krum (802–814) Bulgaria expanded north-west and south, occupying the lands between the middle Dan... | I, Bulgaria became officially Christian, and the Ecumenical Patriarch agreed to allow an autonomous Bulgarian Archbishop at Pliska. Missionaries from Constantinople, Cyril and Methodius, devised the Glagolitic alphabet, which was adopted in the Bulgarian Empire around 886. The alphabet and the Old Bulgarian language th... |
to perpetuate neo-colonialism by favoring French political and economic interests which had allowed politicians to enrich themselves but not the nation's peasants or small class of urban workers. The government lasted until 1966 when—after much unrest including mass demonstrations and strikes by students, labor unions,... | and road construction and the outlawing of female genital mutilation, forced marriages and polygamy. Sankara pushed for agrarian self-sufficiency and promoted public health by vaccinating 2,500,000 children against meningitis, yellow fever, and measles. His national agenda also included planting over 10,000,000 trees t... |
deep authoritarian streak even before then, however; between the time he became prime minister of Upper Volta while it was still a French colony and independence two years later, opposition parties were subjected to increased harassment. On 3 January 1966, Yaméogo was overthrown in a coup d'état led by army chief of st... | Sankara then came to power through a military coup d'état on 4 August 1983. After the coup, he formed the National Council for the Revolution (CNR), with himself as president. Under the direction of Sankara, the country changed its name on 4 August 1984, from Upper Volta to Burkina Faso, which means "Land of Incorrupti... |
highly centralized political and administrative structure under three successive rulers, but it finally split into smaller chiefdoms. Despite the breakup of their kingdom, the Baoulé strongly resisted French subjugation. The descendants of the rulers of the Agni kingdoms tried to retain their separate identity long aft... | the present inhabitants. Peoples who arrived before the 16th century include the Ehotilé (Aboisso), Kotrowou (Fresco), Zéhiri (Grand Lahou), Ega, and Diès (Divo). Prehistory and early history Little is known about the original inhabitants of Côte d'Ivoire. Historians believe that they were all either displaced or absor... |
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