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637 BC — Sadyattes becomes king of Lydia. 636 BC — Duke Wen of Jin ascends to power in the State of Jin during the Zhou Dynasty of China. 635 BC — Alyattes becomes king of Lydia 632 BC — Cylon, Athenian noble, seizes | to become king. 632 BC — In the Battle of Chengpu, the Chinese kingdom of Jin and her allies defeat the kingdom of Chu and her allies. 631 BC — Founding of Cyrene, a Greek colony in Libya (North Africa) (approximate date). Significant people 638 BC—Birth of Solon, lawmaker of Athens (approximate date) 637 BC—Death of A... |
is now northern Shanqiu County, Henan Province. It was the first Chinese recording of meteors. 641 BC — Tullus Hostilius dies and interregnum starts (traditional date). 640 BC: Decisive victory of Assyria over Elamite Empire; Assurbanipal captures its last king Khumma-Khaldash III, annexes Elam, and lays waste to the c... | Queen in the garden, from the palace at Nineveh (modern Kuyunjik, Iraq) is made. It is now in The British Museum, London. 645 BC—In the Chinese book of the Spring and Autumn Annals, it was recorded that on December 24 of this year there were five meteors seen in the sky over what is now northern Shanqiu County, Henan P... |
his control over all of Egypt. End of Twenty-fifth Dynasty. 653 BC—Atta-Khumma-In-Shushinak and Khumbanigash II succeed Shilhak-In-Shushinak and Tempti-Khumma-In-Shushinak as kings of the Elamite Empire. 652 BC—Babylonia rises in revolt under Shamash-shum-ukin against the Assyrians. 652 BC—Guan Zhong urges the Duke of ... | Piedras Negras, Guatemala. First evidence of written Olmec language from the New World. Pyramid building continues. 657 BC—Cypselus becomes the first tyrant of Corinth. 657 BC—The Li Ji Unrest is a series of events from 657BC to 651BC that takes place during the Spring and Autumn Period, caused by Li Ji, the concubine ... |
BC: Ashurbanipal sends a small Assyrian army corps to Egypt which recovers Lower Egypt from Taharqa's forces. 664 BC: First naval battle in Greek recorded history, between Corinth and Corcyra. 664 BC: Tantamani succeeds his uncle Taharqa as king of Kush. He invades Egypt to try to take it back. 664 BC: Necho I, puppet ... | Egypt. 668 BC: Ashurbanipal, son of Esarhaddon, starts to rule Assyria. 668 BC: Shamash-shum-ukin, son of Esarhaddon, becomes King of Babylon. 668 BC: Nineveh, capital of Assyria becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Thebes in Egypt (estimation). 667 BC: Traditional date of the founding of Byzanti... |
by Taharqa, king of Kush and Egypt. In response, the Assyrians invade Egypt, but Taharqa is able to hold them off. 673 BC—Tullus Hostilius becomes the third King of Rome. 671 BC—Esarhaddon again invades Egypt, this time successfully, capturing Memphis as well as a number of the royal family. Significant people Esarhadd... | number of the royal family. Significant people Esarhaddon, King of Assyria and conqueror of Egypt (reigned 681–669 BC) Argaeus I, who acceded to the kingship of Macedon with his father's death; he reigned from c. 678 BC to c. 640 BC Zhou Hui Wang, ruler of China during the Zhou Dynasty Deaths 678 BC—approximate date of... |
the 24th Olympic Games. 680 BC—Esarhaddon succeeds Sennacherib as king of Assyria. 680 BC—Thalpis of Laconia wins the stadion race at the 25th Olympic Games. Deaths 682 BC—Death of Zhou zhuang wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China. | race at the 24th Olympic Games. 680 BC—Esarhaddon succeeds Sennacherib as king of Assyria. 680 BC—Thalpis of Laconia wins the stadion race at the 25th Olympic Games. Deaths 682 BC—Death of Zhou zhuang wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of |
given "gifts" (tribute) to King Sennacherib of Assyria. 692 BC—Pantacles wins the stadion race for a second time and the diaulos at the 22nd Olympic Games. 691 BC—King Sennacherib of Assyria defeats king Humban-nimena of Elam in the Battle of Halule. 690 BC—Taharqa, a king of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty, ascends the thron... | the Armenians. 696 BC—Pantacles of Athens wins the stadion race at the 21st Olympic Games. 692 BC—Karib'il Watar of Saba' is recorded as having given "gifts" (tribute) to King Sennacherib of Assyria. 692 BC—Pantacles wins the stadion race for a second time and the diaulos at the 22nd Olympic Games. 691 BC—King Sennache... |
Zheng defeats the armies of King Huan of Zhou, becoming the first vassal of the ruler of China to revolt. 706 BC—Traditional date when Spartan immigrants found Taras (Tarentum, the modern Taranto) colony in southern Italy. 706 BC—The Assyrian royal court is moved to Dur-Sharrukin. 705 BC—Sargon II, king of Assyria, die... | 709 BC—First reported use of the conducting staff in a performance by "Pherekydes of Patrae, giver of rhythm". 708 BC—Traditional date of the foundation of Croton (modern Crotone) by colonists from Achaea. 708 BC—Tellis of Sicyon wins the stadion race at the 18th Olympic Games. 707 BC—Spring and Autumn period: Duke Zhu... |
Carchemish. 717 BC — Sargon II founds a new capital for Assyria at Dur-Sharrukin. 717 BC – 716 BC — Sargon II leads his armies in a sweeping attack along the Philistine coast, where he defeats the pharaoh. 717 BC — Roman legend marks this as the date that Romulus ended his rule. Interregnum starts. 716 BC — Pythagoras ... | at the 16th Olympic Games. 715 BC — Interregnum ends. Start of the reign of the second King of Rome — Numa Pompilius. 715 BC — Conquest of Messenia by Sparta ends. 713 BC — Numa Pompilius, King of Rome, reforms the Roman calendar, introducing January and February and adding 5 days to the calendar. 713 BC — Olmecs estab... |
although the lack of continuous sampling of dioxin emissions causes concern about the understatement of emissions. In Belgium, through the introduction of a process called AMESA, continuous sampling showed that periodic sampling understated emissions by a factor of 30 to 50 times. Few facilities have continuous samplin... | of dioxins The United States Environmental Protection Agency inventory of sources of dioxin-like compounds is possibly the most comprehensive review of the sources and releases of dioxins, but other countries now have substantial research as well. Occupational exposure is an issue for some in the chemical industries, h... |
The Olmecs establish Monte Albán, the sacred city, and continue building pyramids. Founded toward the end of the Middle Formative period at around 500 BC, by the Terminal Formative (ca.100 BC-AD 200) Monte Albán soon becomes the capital of a large-scale expansionist polity that dominates much of the Oaxacan highlands a... | around this time, in Middle and Southern Africa. (approximate date) Hanno the Navigator's naval exploration of the western coast of Africa could have reached as far south as Gabon. Asia The first republic in Vaishali, Bihar, India is founded. States in existence include the Kingdom of Pratipalapura (centred on modern B... |
The proposal is vehemently opposed by the patricians including the other consul Proculus Verginius Tricostus Rutilus, and the plebs turn against the patricians. In the following year Cassius is condemned and executed for high treason. China The first part of the Grand Canal of China is built during the reign of King Fu... | revolts against Persian rule upon the death of king Darius I. The revolts, probably led by Libyans of the western Delta, are crushed the next year by Xerxes, who reduces Egypt to the status of a conquered province. Roman Republic Rome enters into a new treaty with the Hernici. During his third consulate, the Roman cons... |
the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Vibulanus and Cincinnatus (or, less frequently, year 274 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 480 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By plac... | rest of the Persian fleet is scattered, and as a result Xerxes has to postpone his planned land offensives for a year, a delay that gives the Greek city-states time to unite against him. Aeschylus fights on the winning side. An eclipse of the sun discourages the Greek army from following up the victory of Salamis. Xerx... |
article concerns the period | period 439 BC – 430 |
of the slave-trading vessel bearing the sub-lime name Jesus of Lübeck, into whose pestilent bowels, in partnership with Elizabeth I, Hawkins jammed 400 African slaves. In 1567 and 1568, Hawkins commanded two piratical smuggling expeditions, the last of which ended disastrously; he lost almost all of his ships and three... | At the beginning of the Holocene the northern part of South America was occupied by groups of small-game hunters, fishers and foragers. These groups occasionally resided in semi-permanent camp sites, while mostly being mobile in order to make use of a wide range of plant and animal resources in a variety of habitats. A... |
429 BC – 420 BC. | the period 429 |
Mexico, at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico's narrowest point, and the former country of Yucatán (1841–1848) was part of Central America. At the other end, before its independence in 1903 Panama was part of South America, as it was a Department of Colombia. At times Belize, a British colony until 1981, where English ... | as independence day by most Central American nations. The Spanish Captain General, Gabino Gaínza, sympathized with the rebels and it was decided that he should stay on as interim leader until a new government could be formed. Independence was short-lived, for the conservative leaders in Guatemala welcomed annexation by... |
modern-day Mexico. Significant people Euphemus of Athens, Archon of Athens. In office 417-416 BC Euripides of Athens, playwright Socrates of Athens, philosopher Sophocles of Athens, playwright Thucydides of Athens, historian and author of the History of the Peloponnesian War Hannibal Mago, King of Carthage, r. 440–406 ... | playwright Socrates of Athens, philosopher Sophocles of Athens, playwright Thucydides of Athens, historian and author of the History of the Peloponnesian War Hannibal Mago, King of Carthage, r. 440–406 BC Weilieh, Zhou dynasty king of China, r. 425–402 BC Tharrhypas, King of Epirus, r. 430–390 BC Perdiccas II, King of ... |
fights Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. April 6 – Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio and Juba I of Numidia at Thapsus. After the battle Caesar grants Legio V Alaudae the right to bear the elephant symbol on its shields and standards, for bravery against a c... | which went into effect in 45 BC. This year therefore had 445 days, and was nicknamed the annus confusionis ("year of confusion") and serves as the longest recorded calendar year in human history. The actual planetary orbit-year remained the same. Events By place Roman Republic Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Aemil... |
11 – Cao Pi receives the abdication of Emperor Xian of Han and proclaims himself emperor of Cao Wei. This ends the Han dynasty, the former emperor being created Duke of Shanyang. By topic Religion The Wei dynasty gave official recognition to Taoism as its religious sect, and the sect’s celestial masters reciprocated by... | visits the Roman emperor Elagabalus. Great frost in Roman Britain is said to have lasted for five months. Imperator Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (Elagabalus) and Publius Valerius Comazon become Roman consuls. Elagabalus divorces Julia Paula and marries Aquilia Severa, a Vestal Virgin. The wedding causes an enormo... |
and claims that the original divorce is invalid. The marriage is symbolic, because Elagabalus appears to be homosexual or bisexual. According to the historian Cassius Dio, he has a stable relationship with his chariot driver, the slave Hierocles. Asia May 15 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord and descendant of the imperial cla... | (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Gratus and Vitellius (or, less frequently, year 974 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 221 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the pr... |
indigenous peoples of North America were divided into many different polities, from small bands of a few families to large empires. They lived in numerous culture areas, which roughly correspond to geographic and biological zones. Societies adapted their subsistence strategies to their homelands, and some societies wer... | they migrated down the Pacific coast to South America. Evidence of the latter would since have been covered by a sea level rise of hundreds of meters following the last ice age. Archaeologists contend that Paleo-Indian migration out of Beringia (eastern Alaska), ranges from 40,000 to around 16,500 years ago. This time ... |
South America has a history that has a wide range of human cultures and forms of civilization. The Norte Chico civilization in Peru is the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the first six independent civilizations in the world; it was contemporaneous with the Egyptian pyramids. It predated the Mesoamerican ... | preliterate civilization, established a trade network and developed agriculture by 900 BCE, according to some estimates and archeological finds. Artifacts were found at a site called Chavín de Huantar in modern Peru at an elevation of 3,177 meters. Chavín civilization spanned 900 to 200 BCE. Moche The Moche thrived on ... |
399 BC | BC – 390 BC. |
the period 379 | the period 379 |
This article concerns the | article concerns |
co-ruler. Anatolia August 2 – Caesar defeats Pharnaces II of Pontus, king of the Bosphorus, in the Battle of Zela (the war Caesar tersely describes as veni, vidi, vici). Judea Battle at Mount Tabor in Judea: Roman troops, commanded by Gabinius, defeat the forces of Alexander, son of Aristobulus II of Judea, who is atte... | period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.... Events By place Roman Republic Consuls: Quintus Fufius Calenus, Publius Vatinius. Civil War: August – Julius Caesar quells a mutiny of his veterans in Rome. October – Caesar's invasion of Africa, against Metellus Scipio... |
medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years. Events By place Roman Republic Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar, without colleague. January 1 – The Julian calendar takes effect as the civil calendar of the Roman Empire, establishing a solar calendar that is, at the... | those of the 13th are given somewhat better lands in Italia itself. Caesar is named dictator for life. Caesar probably writes his Commentaries in this year. Asia Possible first year of the Azes I Era. Births Iullus Antonius, son of Mark Antony and Fulvia; consul 10 BC (d. 2 BC) Wang Mang, usurper of the Han Dynasty and... |
concerns the period 369 | 369 BC – 360 |
BC – 350 | the period 359 BC |
the period 339 BC | 339 BC |
320 BC. References | the period |
period 319 BC | 319 BC – 310 BC. |
concerns the period 309 | the period |
institution pursuing both research and consulting activities focussed on problems associated with growing crop plants. RICP is a subsidised organisation. Its basic purpose is the development of scientific knowledge in the field of integrated crop production, the production of wholesome foodstuffs, and the development o... | privatised in 1993, RICP is the only state-independent institution pursuing both research and consulting activities focussed on problems associated with growing crop plants. RICP is a subsidised organisation. Its basic purpose is the development of scientific knowledge in the field of integrated crop production, the pr... |
German footballer (b. 1942) March March 2 – Berta Cáceres, Honduran environmental activist and indigenous leader (b. 1971) March 5 Hassan Al-Turabi, Sudanese spiritual leader (b. 1932) Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Austrian conductor (b. 1929) Ray Tomlinson, American computer programmer (b. 1941) March 6 – Nancy Reagan, Americ... | – Ex-Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadžić is sentenced to 40 years in prison after being found guilty of genocide and crimes against humanity committed during the Bosnian War. April April 1–5 – 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes: Clashes occur along the Nagorno-Karabakh line of contact with the Artsakh Defense Army, backed ... |
aim to promote energy generation from biomass in all its forms: biopower, bioheat, or biofuels for transport. Bioenergy Europe is the umbrella organisation of the European Pellet Council (EPC), and the International Biomass Torrefaction Council (IBTC). Bioenergy Europe owns two international certifications for wood fue... | governance is ensured by its members (see list below) and structured around a General Assembly, a Board of Directors and a Core Groups that decide on the strategic orientations and political lines of the organisation based on the advises of Bioenergy Europe's Working Groups and Secretariat. See also Czech Biomass Assoc... |
injured and thousands more homeless. September 19–20 – Just two weeks after Hurricane Irma struck the Caribbean, Hurricane Maria strikes similar areas, making landfall on Dominica as a Category 5 hurricane, and Puerto Rico as a Category 4 hurricane. Maria caused over 3,000 deaths and damages estimated in excess of $91.... | International Olympic Committee, following an investigation into state-sponsored doping. December 6 – The United States officially recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital. December 9 – The Iraqi military announces that it has "fully liberated" all of Iraq's territory from "ISIS terrorist gangs" and retaken full contro... |
km/h) and a minimum pressure of . It is the most intense hurricane to hit the mainland United States since Camille in 1969. October 16 – Canada legalises the sale and use of cannabis, becoming the second country in the world to do so, after Uruguay in 2013. October 17 – A school shooting and bomb attack in Kerch, Crime... | $1 trillion. August 5 - A magnitude 6.9 earthquake struck the island of Lombok, Indonesia, killing 563 people and injuring more than a thousand people. August 7 – The United States reimposes sanctions on Iran. August 10–20 – Heavy rainfall causes severe floods in the Indian state of Kerala. It is the worst flood to hit... |
times above normal levels temporarily. August 10 Morogoro tanker explosion: A fuel tanker truck explodes in Morogoro, Tanzania, killing at least 89 people and injuring dozens more. 32 are killed and 1,000,000 evacuated as Typhoon Lekima makes landfall in Zhejiang, China. Earlier it had caused flooding in the Philippine... | Site. A train catches fire near Rahim Yar Khan in Pakistan. The blaze, sparked by gas used by passengers cooking on board, kills at least 74 people. Heavy rain and flooding leave 3 dead and 200,000 people are homeless in Beledweyne, Somalia. Meanwhile, 29 are dead and 29,000 homeless due to flooding in nearby Kenya. No... |
(CZ Biom - České sdružení pro biomasu) is a NGO, which supports the development of phytoenergetics (energy from plant material) in the Czech Republic. Members | BIOM, 2002 archive Bioenergy organizations Science and technology in the Czech Republic Environmental organizations based in the Czech Republic Biomass Nature conservation |
During the 290s BC, Hellenistic civilization begins its emergence throughout the successor states of the former Argead Macedonian Empire of Alexander the Great, resulting in the diffusion of Greek culture throughout the Levant and advances in science, mathematics, philosophy, etc. Meanwhile, the Roman Republic is embro... | r. 316-286 BC Huai, King of Chu, r. 328–299 BC Qingxiang, King of Chu, r. 299–263 BC Qu Yuan, poet, scholar, and minister from Chu Ptolemy I, Pharaoh of Egypt, r. 305–285 BC Euclid of Alexandria, mathematician and "Father of Geometry" Onias I High-Priest of Israel, held position 320–280 BC Neoptolemus II, King of Epiru... |
The ECB accepts Bulgaria and Croatia into ERM II, a mandatory stage for countries wishing to adopt the euro. This is the currency union's first major expansion in half a decade. Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan orders the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul to be reverted to a mosque following a supreme court annulment of ... | against the UK after it ignored their deadline to drop controversial sections from its internal market Bill. October 5 – COVID-19 pandemic: The number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 passes 35 million worldwide. The news coincides with the World Health Organization estimating that total worldwide cases may be around 760... |
SpaceX launches the Crew-2 mission, carrying four crew members of Expedition 65 and 66 to the International Space Station aboard Crew Dragon Endeavour. UEFA announces that due to a lack of guarantees regarding spectators caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Aviva Stadium in Dublin, Ireland would be removed as a tournament ... | COVID-19 surpasses 3 million. The Czech government concludes that the Russian GRU was responsible for the blast of two ammo warehouses in Vrbětice in 2014. 18 Russian diplomats and alleged spies are subsequently expelled. The Soyuz MS-17 mission concludes, returning three crewmembers of Expedition 64 to Earth from the ... |
of Rayleigh's method of dimensional analysis. Loosely, the theorem states that if there is a physically meaningful equation involving a certain number n of physical variables, then the original equation can be rewritten in terms of a set of p = n − k dimensionless parameters 1, 2, ..., p constructed from the original v... | km? This question considers dimensioned variables: distance time and speed and we are seeking some law of the form These variables admit a basis of dimensions: time dimension and distance dimension Thus there is dimensionless quantity. The dimensional matrix is in which the rows correspond to the basis dimensions and a... |
behavior, spontaneous verbal or motor behavior Automatism (law), a defense used in criminal law Automatism (toxicology), when an individual repeatedly takes a medication because the individual forgets previous doses Automatic writing, the process, or product, of | material that does not come from the conscious thoughts of the writer Surrealist automatism, an art technique Automatism (medicine), repetitive unconscious gestures, such as |
of the House of Valois, who were the rulers of the Duchy of Burgundy. At the height of Burgundian influence, the Low Countries became the political, cultural, and economic centre of Northern Europe, noted for its crafts and luxury goods, notably early Netherlandish painting, which is the work of artists who were active... | of Charles V, the historic Low Countries, while Nederland (singular) is the normal Dutch name for the country of the Netherlands. However, in official use, the name of the Dutch kingdom is still Kingdom of the Netherlands, (plural). This name derives from the 19th-century origins of the kingdom which originally include... |
day have climbed the dome on a summer weekend, and about 50,000 hikers climb it every year. Since 2011, all hikers who intend to ascend the Cable Route must now obtain permits before entering the park when the cables are up between May and October. Permits are checked by a ranger on the trail, and no hikers without per... | granite stairs, the final pitch up the peak's steep but somewhat rounded east face is ascended with the aid of a pair of post-mounted steel cables originally constructed close to the Anderson route in 1919. Alternatively, over a dozen rock climbing routes lead from the valley up Half Dome's vertical northwest face. The... |
algebra also known as d'Alembert's theorem or the d'Alembert-Gauss theorem states that every non-constant single-variable polynomial with complex coefficients has at least one complex root. This includes polynomials with real coefficients, since every real number is a complex number with its imaginary part equal to zer... | Therefore, if we define and let , then for any sufficiently small positive number r (so that the bound M mentioned above holds), using the triangle inequality we see that When r is sufficiently close to 0 this upper bound for |p(z)| is strictly smaller than |a|, in contradiction to the definition of z0. (Geometrically,... |
the people, and to make his writing resonate with the common Greek citizen. Moreover, he wanted to prove that the common spoken language of Greek was able to produce artistic, literary works. Or, in his own words, "Why not show off all the possibilities of demotic Greek?" Furthermore, Kazantzakis felt that it was impor... | and entered the Greek government as Minister without Portfolio. He resigned this post the following year. In 1946, The Society of Greek Writers recommended that Kazantzakis and Angelos Sikelianos be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. In 1957, he lost the Prize to Albert Camus by one vote. Camus later said that Kaz... |
3) The situation arises from the way that the dissociation constants are named and defined, which is clearly stated in the text of the Pines paper, but not in the abstract. Note 2: The numbering of dissociation constants is the reverse of the numbering of the numbering of association constants, so pK2 (dissociation)= l... | amounts of coal and hydrocarbons. Expected change refers to predicted effect of continued ocean acidification. It has been estimated that the increase in dissolved carbon dioxide has caused the ocean's average surface pH to decrease by about 0.1 from pre-industrial levels. The stability constants database contains 136 ... |
definition. Alternatively, an integer sequence may be defined by a property which members of the sequence possess and other integers do not possess. For example, we can determine whether a given integer is a perfect number, even though we do not have a formula for the nth perfect number. Examples Integer sequences that... | The transitivity of M implies that the integers and integer sequences inside M are actually integers and sequences of integers. An integer sequence is a definable sequence relative to M if there exists some formula P(x) in the language of set theory, with one free variable and no parameters, which is true in M for that... |
as with both and coprime with . p-adic integers The -adic integers are the -adic numbers with a nonnegative valuation. Every integer is a -adic integer (including zero, since ). The rational numbers of the form with coprime with and are also -adic integers. The -adic integers form a commutative ring, denoted or , that ... | formally, for a given prime , the field of -adic numbers is a completion of the rational numbers. The field is also given a topology derived from a metric, which is itself derived from the -adic order, an alternative valuation on the rational numbers. This metric space is complete in the sense that every Cauchy sequenc... |
low rainfall. Summer temperatures in the region easily average over . However, temperatures come down during the winter, and both human and livestock populations increase dramatically in the region. The coastal range (Ogo) is a high plateau to the immediate south of Guban. Its elevation ranges from above sea level in t... | the temple reliefs at Deir el-Bahari, during the reign of the Puntite King Parahu and Queen Ati. In 2015, isotopic analysis of ancient baboon mummies from Punt that had been brought to Egypt as gifts indicated that the specimens likely originated from an area encompassing eastern Somalia and the Eritrea-Ethiopia corrid... |
the "cardinality of the continuum" and is usually denoted by or . An injection from T to R is given by mapping binary strings in T to decimal fractions, such as mapping t = 0111... to the decimal 0.0111.... This function, defined by , is an injection because it maps different strings to different numbers. Constructing ... | enumeration. However, if T is enumerated, then every member of T, including this s, is in the enumeration. This contradiction implies that the original assumption is false. Therefore, T is uncountable. Real numbers The uncountability of the real numbers was already established by Cantor's first uncountability proof, bu... |
Italian East Africa. On 26 June 1960, British Somaliland declared independence as the State of Somaliland. Five days later, on 1 July 1960, the State of Somaliland voluntarily united with the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somalia) to form the Somali Republic. The government of Somaliland, a self-declar... | remnants of the Italian guerrilla movement discontinued all resistance in British Somaliland by the autumn of 1943. 1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion The 1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion was a rebellion waged by tribesmen of the Habr Je'lo clan in the cities of Burao and Erigavo in the former British Somaliland protectorate aga... |
standard part of an infinite sum on a hyperfinite lattice defined as , where dx is infinitesimal, n is an infinite hypernatural, and the lower and upper bounds of integration are a and b = a + n dx. Properties The hyperreals *R form an ordered field containing the reals R as a subfield. Unlike the reals, the hyperreals... | infinitesimals. Similarly, the casual use of 1/0 = ∞ is invalid, since the transfer principle applies to the statement that division by zero is undefined. The rigorous counterpart of such a calculation would be that if ε is a non-zero infinitesimal, then 1/ε is infinite. For any finite hyperreal number x, its standard ... |
converge, but the limit may be either a number or a gap that can be expressed as with aα decreasing and having no lower bound in . (All such gaps can be understood as Cauchy sequences themselves, but there are other types of gap that are not limits, such as ∞ and ). Exponential function Based on unpublished work by Kru... | of x is smaller than y), and There is no yR ∈ YR such that yR ≤ x (every element in the right part of y is bigger than x). A comparison y ≤ c between a form y and a surreal number c is performed by choosing a form z from the equivalence class c and evaluating y ≤ z; and likewise for c ≤ x and for comparison b ≤ c betwe... |
the Cayley–Dickson construction, the sedenions contain the algebra they were constructed from. So, they contain the octonions (generated by to in the table below), and therefore also the quaternions (generated by to ), complex numbers (generated by and ) and real numbers (generated by ). The sedenions have a multiplica... | Every sedenion is a linear combination of the unit sedenions , , , , ..., , which form a basis of the vector space of sedenions. Every sedenion can be represented in the form Addition and subtraction are defined by the addition and subtraction of corresponding coefficients and multiplication is distributive over additi... |
their non-associativity, octonions cannot be represented by a subalgebra of a matrix ring over , unlike the real numbers, complex numbers and quaternions. The octonions do retain one important property shared by , , and : the norm on satisfies This equation means that the octonions form a composition algebra. The highe... | in the diagram completely defines the multiplicative structure of the octonions. Each of the seven lines generates a subalgebra of isomorphic to the quaternions . Conjugate, norm, and inverse The conjugate of an octonion is given by Conjugation is an involution of and satisfies (note the change in order). The real part... |
give a basis such that: Imposing closure under multiplication generates a multivector space spanned by a basis of 2k elements, {1, e1, e2, e3, ..., e1e2, ..., e1e2e3, ...}. These can be interpreted as the basis of a hypercomplex number system. Unlike the basis {e1, ..., ek}, the remaining basis elements need not anti-c... | exchanges must be carried out to swap the two factors. So , but . Putting aside the bases which contain an element ei such that (i.e. directions in the original space over which the quadratic form was degenerate), the remaining Clifford algebras can be identified by the label Clp,q(R), indicating that the algebra is co... |
is the same as the Euclidean norm on considered as the vector space . Multiplying a quaternion by a real number scales its norm by the absolute value of the number. That is, if is real, then This is a special case of the fact that the norm is multiplicative, meaning that for any two quaternions and . Multiplicativity i... | not overtaken rotation groups. Definition A quaternion is an expression of the form where , , , , are real numbers, and , , , are symbols that can be interpreted as unit-vectors pointing along the three spatial axes. In practice, if one of , , , is 0, the corresponding term is omitted; if , , , are all zero, the quater... |
of integers . Take for the ring all additive maps from to , with pointwise addition and composition as the ring operations. (That is, our ring is , the endomorphism ring of the additive group .) Three examples of elements of this ring are the right shift , the left shift , and the projection map onto the first factor .... | left zero divisor: the composite is the identity. is a two-sided zero-divisor since , while is not in any direction. Non-examples The ring of integers modulo a prime number has no zero divisors. Since every nonzero element is a unit, this ring is a finite field. More generally, a division ring has no zero divisors exce... |
of Zorn's lemma is Hausdorff's maximum principle which states that every totally ordered subset of a given partially ordered set is contained in a maximal totally ordered subset of that partially ordered set. Motivation To prove the existence of a mathematical object that can be viewed as a maximal element in some part... | in 1935. It occurs in the proofs of several theorems of crucial importance, for instance the Hahn–Banach theorem in functional analysis, the theorem that every vector space has a basis, Tychonoff's theorem in topology stating that every product of compact spaces is compact, and the theorems in abstract algebra that in ... |
is said to be singular if it has the following properties: f is continuous on [a, b]. (**) there exists a set N of measure 0 such that for all x outside of N the derivative f ′(x) exists and is zero, that is, the derivative of f vanishes almost everywhere. f is non-constant on [a, b]. A standard example of a singular f... | function is the Cantor function, which is sometimes called the devil's staircase (a term also used for singular functions in general). There are, however, other functions that have been given that name. One is defined in terms of the circle map. If f(x) = 0 for all x ≤ a and f(x) = 1 for all x ≥ b, then the function ca... |
Iran and Pakistan. In 1975, his government nationalized all banks in Afghanistan, including Da Afghanistan Bank. Khan wanted to lessen the country's dependence on the Soviet Union and attempted to promote a new foreign policy. In 1975 he visited some countries in the Middle East including Egypt, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, a... | for the arrest. In 1974 he signed one of two economic packages that aimed to greatly increase the capability of the Afghan military. At this time, there were increasing concerns that Afghanistan lacked a modern army comparable to the militaries of Iran and Pakistan. In 1975, his government nationalized all banks in Afg... |
list structure, and settable symbols, lacking in such regular Lisp features as macro system, records definition facilities, arrays, functions with variable number of arguments or let bindings. Aside from the core language, most of the primitive functions are for geometry, accessing AutoCAD's internal DWG database, or m... | of more fashionable development environments like Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), .NET Framework, and ObjectARX. However, it has remained AutoCAD's main user customizing language. Vital-LISP, a considerably enhanced version of AutoLISP including an integrated development environment (IDE), debugger, compiler, and ... |
and joins the North Platte River near the city of North Platte. The South Platte River through Denver is on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (US EPA) list of impaired waterbodies for pathogen impairment, with E. coli as the representative pathogen species. Other water issues involve the appearance of the New ... | grassland basin by the confluence of the South Fork and Middle Fork, about southeast of Fairplay. Both forks rise along the eastern flank of the Mosquito Range, on the western side of South Park, which is drained by the tributaries at the headwaters of the river. From South Park, it passes through of the Platte Canyon ... |
drive motors forming the actuators of mechanical systems. Engine: The word engine derives from "ingenuity" and originally referred to contrivances that may or may not be physical devices. A steam engine uses heat to boil water contained in a pressure vessel; the expanding steam drives a piston or a turbine. This princi... | practical wind-powered machines, the windmill and wind pump, first appeared in the Muslim world during the Islamic Golden Age, in what are now Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, by the 9th century AD. The earliest practical steam-powered machine was a steam jack driven by a steam turbine, described in 1551 by Taqi al-Din... |
or the Plains states. In Canada the term is rarely used; Natural Resources Canada, the government department responsible for official mapping, treats the Interior Plains as one unit consisting of several related plateaux and plains. There is no region referred to as the "Great Plains" in the Atlas of Canada. In terms o... | the term is rarely used; Natural Resources Canada, the government department responsible for official mapping, treats the Interior Plains as one unit consisting of several related plateaux and plains. There is no region referred to as the "Great Plains" in the Atlas of Canada. In terms of human geography, the term prai... |
XIII the posts of "" ("valet of the King's chamber and keeper of carpets and upholstery"). His son assumed the same posts in 1641. The title required only three months' work and an initial cost of 1,200 livres; the title paid 300 livres a year and provided a number of lucrative contracts. Molière also studied as a prov... | many, but it was not a popular success. He then asked Fiorillo to teach him the techniques of Commedia dell'arte. His 1660 play Sganarelle, ou Le Cocu imaginaire (The Imaginary Cuckold) seems to be a tribute both to Commedia dell'arte and to his teacher. Its theme of marital relationships dramatizes Molière's pessimist... |
energy not through photosynthesis but from the organic matter on which they live, utilizing heterotrophy. Typically, molds secrete hydrolytic enzymes, mainly from the hyphal tips. These enzymes degrade complex biopolymers such as starch, cellulose and lignin into simpler substances which can be absorbed by the hyphae. ... | oncom Penicillium spp. – various cheeses including Brie and Blue cheese Rhizomucor miehei – microbial rennet for making vegetarian and other cheeses Rhizopus oligosporus – tempeh Rhizopus oryzae – tempeh, jiuqu for jiuniang or precursor for making Chinese rice wine Pharmaceuticals from molds Alexander Fleming's acciden... |
a fungus absorbs nutrients from its environment. It does this in a two-stage process. First, the hyphae secrete enzymes onto or into the food source, which break down biological polymers into smaller units such as monomers. These monomers are then absorbed into the mycelium by facilitated diffusion and active transport... | with the fungi. Mycelium is a primary factor in a plant's health, nutrient intake, and growth, with mycelium being a major factor to plant fitness. "Mycelium", like "fungus", can be considered a mass noun, a word that can be either singular or plural. The term "mycelia", though, like "fungi", is often used as the prefe... |
gamete to form a zygote before developing further. The main difference between spores and seeds as dispersal units is that spores are unicellular, the first cell of a gametophyte, while seeds contain within them a developing embryo (the multicellular sporophyte of the next generation), produced by the fusion of the mal... | have complex patterns or ornamentation on their exterior surfaces. A specialized terminology has been developed to describe features of such patterns. Some markings represent apertures, places where the tough outer coat of the spore can be penetrated when germination occurs. Spores can be categorized based on the posit... |
Sweden. Unbelted occupants sustained fatal injuries throughout the whole speed scale, whereas none of the belted occupants were fatally injured at accident speeds below 60 mph. No belted occupant was fatally injured if the passenger compartment remained intact. Bohlin was granted for the device. The first compulsory se... | Saab introduced seat belts as standard equipment in 1958. After the Saab GT 750 was introduced at the New York Motor Show in 1958 with safety belts fitted as standard, the practice became commonplace. Vattenfall, the Swedish national electric utility, did a study of all fatal, on-the-job accidents among their employees... |
to Leningrad, where he was Senior Scientific Expert at the Botanical Garden of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. During his time at the Academy, Singer made many expeditions to Siberia, the Altai Mountains, and Karelia. In 1941, Singer emigrated to the United States. He was offered a position at Harvard University's... | in Germany. There he met his wife, Martha Singer. From Vienna, Singer and his wife went to Barcelona, Spain, where Singer was appointed assistant professor at the Autonomous University of Barcelona. Persecution by the Spanish authorities on behalf of the German government forced Singer to leave Spain for France in 1934... |
structural polymer in fungal cell walls is typically chitin, in contrast to plants and oomycetes that have cellulosic cell walls. Some fungi have aseptate hyphae, meaning their hyphae are not partitioned by septa. Hyphae have an average diameter of 4–6 µm. Growth Hyphae grow at their tips. During tip growth, cell walls... | many different ways to serve specific functions. Some parasitic fungi form haustoria that function in absorption within the host cells. The arbuscules of mutualistic mycorrhizal fungi serve a similar function in nutrient exchange, so are important in assisting nutrient and water absorption by plants. Ectomycorrhizal ex... |
scholarnot necessarily with a formal qualification in law or a legal practitioner, although in the United States the term "jurist" may be applied to a judge. With reference to Roman law, a "jurist" (in English) is a jurisconsult (jurisconsulta). The English term jurist is to be distinguished from similar terms in other... | comments on law. This person is usually a specialist legal scholarnot necessarily with a formal qualification in law or a legal practitioner, although in the United States the term "jurist" may be applied to a judge. With reference to Roman law, a "jurist" (in English) is a jurisconsult (jurisconsulta). The English ter... |
the fish defend the anemones against butterflyfish (family Chaetodontidae), which eat anemones. However, in common with many mutualisms, there is more than one aspect to it: in the anemonefish-anemone mutualism, waste ammonia from the fish feeds the symbiotic algae that are found in the anemone's tentacles. Therefore, ... | ecosystem function as about 80% of land plants species rely on mycorrhizal relationships with fungi to provide them with inorganic compounds and trace elements. As another example, the estimate of tropical rainforest plants with seed dispersal mutualisms with animals ranges at least from 70–93.5%. In addition, mutualis... |
week. At the time when Hitler joined the party, there were no membership numbers or cards. It was in January 1920 when a numeration was issued for the first time and listed in alphabetical order Hitler received the number 555. In reality, he had been the 55th member, but the counting started at the number 501 in order ... | Thule Society. Drexler's wish was for a political party which was both in touch with the masses and nationalist. With the DAP founding in January 1919, Drexler was elected chairman and Harrer was made Reich Chairman, an honorary title. On 17 May, only ten members were present at the meeting, and a later meeting in Augu... |
six years, which may explain Allende's haste to restructure the economy. Not only was a major restructuring program organized (the Vuskovic plan), he had to make it a success if a socialist or communist successor to Allende was going to be elected. In the first year of Allende's term, the short-term economic results of... | nearly 3.5% of GDP. According to Jennifer E. Pribble, the new spending "was reflected not only in public health campaigns, but also in the construction of health infrastructure". Small programs targeted at women were also experimented with, such as cooperative laundries and communal food preparation, together with an e... |
and France Rhône (department), a department in France along the river Rhône Glacier, the source of the Rhone River and one of the primary contributors to Lake Geneva in the far eastern end of the canton of Valais in | far eastern end of the canton of Valais in Switzerland Rhone Glacier (Antarctica) Rhône wine, a wine grown in France Le Rhône, a type of aircraft engine initially created in 1910 by Société des Moteurs Le Rhône Gnome et Rhône (1915–1945), a French aircraft engine |
king Henry III came for a visit, and, although some townspeople grumbled about the licentious behaviour of his entourage, Henry smoothed things over with a warm speech acknowledging their allegiance and thanking them for it.2 In this era, the mayor of Poitiers was preceded by sergeants wherever he went, consulted delib... | in 507, and the town thus came under Frankish dominion. Middle Ages During most of the Early Middle Ages, the town of Poitiers took advantage of its defensive tactical site and of its location, which was far from the centre of Frankish power. As the seat of an évêché (bishopric) since the 4th century, the town was a ce... |
the following: Duties (deontology) Value (axiology) Virtue (virtue ethics) Consequences (consequentialism, e.g. utilitarianism) Rights ethics has had considerable influence on political and social thinking. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights gives some concrete examples of widely accepted rights. Criticism Some ... | rights, patient rights and prisoners' rights. With increasing monitoring and the information society, information rights, such as the right to privacy are becoming more important. Some examples of groups whose rights are of particular concern include animals, and amongst humans, groups such as children and youth, paren... |
The city came under imperial Russian rule after the citadel had been taken by a force under Colonel Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman in 1868. Shortly thereafter the small Russian garrison of 500 men were themselves besieged. The assault, which was led by Abdul Malik Tura, the rebellious elder son of the Bukharan Emir, ... | China and Europe. There is no direct evidence of when it was founded. Researchers at the Institute of Archaeology of Samarkand date the city's founding to the 8th–7th centuries BCE. Archaeological excavations conducted within the city limits (Syob and midtown) as well as suburban areas (Hojamazgil, Sazag'on) unearthed ... |
a municipality in the Setúbal Santiago de Piães, a parish in the municipality of Cinfães Vale de Santiago, a parish in the municipality of Odemira Santiago Maior (Beja), a parish in the municipality of Beja, Portugal Puerto Rico Santiago River (Puerto Rico), a short river in Naguabo Caño de Santiago, a channel in Yabuc... | León, Nicaragua or Santiago de los Caballeros de León Panama Santiago District, Veraguas, a district of Veraguas Province Santiago (corregimiento), the seat of Santiago District Santiago de Veraguas, the capital of Veraguas Province Paraguay Santiago, Paraguay, a town and district in Misiones Department Peru Santiago D... |
Driant was killed, fighting with the 56th and 59th and only the Chasseurs managed to escape. Poor communications meant that only then did the French High Command realise the seriousness of the attack. The Germans managed to take the village of Haumont but French forces repulsed a German attack on the village of . On 23... | directive of the General Staff of 5 August 1915, the RFV was to be stripped of batteries and of ammunition. Plans to demolish forts Douaumont and Vaux to deny them to the Germans were made and of explosives had been laid by the time of the German offensive on 21 February. The forts and other batteries around Verdun wer... |
million casualties, and the Battle of Passchendaele, in 1917, with 487,000 casualties. To break the deadlock of trench warfare on the Western Front, both sides tried new military technology, including poison gas, aircraft, and tanks. The adoption of better tactics and the cumulative weakening of the armies in the west ... | with an effective armament. Max Immelmann scored the first confirmed kill in an Eindecker on 1 August. Both sides developed improved weapons, engines, airframes and materials, until the end of the war. It also inaugurated the cult of the ace, the most famous being Manfred von Richthofen (the Red Baron). Contrary to the... |
in the music of British bands such as Traffic, Colosseum and If, together with Canterbury scene bands such as Soft Machine and Caravan. Canterbury scene bands emphasised the use of wind instruments, complex chord changes and long improvisations. Martin writes that in 1968, "full-blown progressive rock" was not yet in e... | Future Passed together with the London Festival Orchestra, and Procol Harum began to use a greater variety of acoustic instruments, particularly on their 1969 album A Salty Dog. Classical influences sometimes took the form of pieces adapted from or inspired by classical works, such as Jeff Beck's "Beck's Bolero" and pa... |
Oregon. Hymes believes that all narratives in the world are organized around implicit principles of form which convey important knowledge and ways of thinking and of viewing the world. He argues that understanding narratives will lead to a fuller understanding of the language itself and those fields informed by storyte... | career can be divided into at least two phases. In his early career Hymes adapted Prague School Functionalism to American Linguistic Anthropology, pioneering the study of the relationship between language and social context. Together with John Gumperz, Erving Goffman and William Labov, Hymes defined a broad multidiscip... |
Tungning. The later ruler Qing empire inherited this type of administrative divisions. With the increase of Han Chinese population in Taiwan, the number of counties also grew by time. By the end of Qing era, there were 11 counties in Taiwan. Protestant missionaries in China first romanized the term as hien. When Taiwan... | seat is the entire county). Ellicott City, the county seat of Howard County, is the largest unincorporated county seat in the United States, followed by Towson, the county seat of Baltimore County, Maryland. Likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated muni... |
is composed mainly of fibroin and is produced by certain insect larvae to form cocoons. The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity (sericulture). The shimmering appearance of silk is due to the triangular prism-like structure of the silk fibre... | The Roman Empire knew of and traded in silk, and Chinese silk was the most highly priced luxury good imported by them. During the reign of emperor Tiberius, sumptuary laws were passed that forbade men from wearing silk garments, but these proved ineffectual. The Historia Augusta mentions that the third-century emperor ... |
and other overseas territories and otherwise adopted by rather westernized societies elsewhere (e.g. Haiti). Applying these essentially western concepts, and terminology, to other cultures even when they don't do so, is common but in many respects rather dubious. Different (historical, religious...) backgrounds have al... | prince was borne by rulers of territories that were either substantially smaller than those of or exercised fewer of the rights of sovereignty than did emperors and kings. A lord of even a quite small territory might come to be referred to as a prince before the 13th century, either from translations of a native title ... |
a social network, and that a person's manners are a means of negotiation from that social position. From the perspective of public health, in The Healthy Citizen (1996), Alana R. Petersen and Deborah Lupton said that manners assisted the diminishment of the social boundaries that existed between the public sphere and t... | code that delineates the expected and accepted social behaviours that accord with the conventions and norms observed by a society, a social class, or a social group. In modern English usage, the French word étiquette (ticket) dates from the year 1750. History In the third millennium BCE, the Ancient Egyptian vizier Pta... |
high fletching to stabilize them against the aerodynamic effect of the head. Fletchings may also be cut in different ways, the two most common being parabolic (i.e. a smooth curved shape) and shield (i.e. shaped as one-half of a very narrow shield) cut. In modern archery with screw-in points, right-hand rotation is gen... | "fletch," meaning to provide an arrow with its feathers. Glue and thread are the traditional methods of attaching fletchings. A "fletching jig" is often used in modern times, to hold the fletchings in exactly the right orientation on the shaft while the glue hardens. Whenever natural fletching is used, the feathers on ... |
program." Small dams can be dangerous individually (i.e., they can fail), but also collectively, as an aggregation of small dams along a river or within a geographic area can multiply risks. Graham's 1999 study of US dam failures resulting in fatalities from 1960–1998 concluded that the failure of dams between 6.1 and ... | of its kind. Concrete-face rock-fill dams A concrete-face rock-fill dam (CFRD) is a rock-fill dam with concrete slabs on its upstream face. This design provides the concrete slab as an impervious wall to prevent leakage and also a structure without concern for uplift pressure. In addition, the CFRD design is flexible f... |
air-cooled, radial design. Pratt & Whitney Machine Tool was going through a period of self-revision at the time to prepare itself for the post-World War I era, discontinuing old product lines and incubating new ones. World War I had been profitable to P&WMT, but the peace brought a predictable glut to the machine tool ... | Japan Airlines, with Japan Airlines owning 33.4 percent of the venture, and Pratt & Whitney owning the rest. In July 2011 Pratt bought out Japan Airlines' share in the venture. The facility is located in the town of Taiei near the city of Narita in the Chiba Prefecture and it primarily repairs V2500, JT8D engine parts.... |
of guidelines for fasting LDL-Cholesterol levels, estimated or measured, and risk for heart disease. As of about 2005, these guidelines were: Over time, with more clinical research, these recommended levels keep being reduced because LDL reduction, including to abnormally low levels, was the most effective strategy for... | the water outside cells. Each particle contains a single apolipoprotein B-100 molecule (Apo B-100, a protein that has 4536 amino acid residues and a mass of 514 kDa), along with 80 to 100 additional ancillary proteins. Each LDL has a highly hydrophobic core consisting of polyunsaturated fatty acid known as linoleate an... |
were singled out for handover to the allies in their terms of the armistice agreement) and the Fokker D.VIII parasol monoplane. Return to the Netherlands In 1919, Fokker, owing large sums in back taxes (including 14,250,000 marks of income tax), returned to the Netherlands and founded a new company near Amsterdam with ... | fly in his home country. Taking advantage of better opportunities in Germany, he moved to Berlin, where in 1912, he founded his first company, Fokker Aeroplanbau, later moving to the Görries suburb just southwest of Schwerin (at ), where the current company was founded, as Fokker Aviatik GmbH, on 12 February 1912. Worl... |
Inspector Clouseau and were directed and co-written by Blake Edwards. As detailed in the director's commentary for the first film, the Inspector Clouseau character was originally conceived as a vehicle for David Niven, but once written it was decided he should play the raconteur/thief. Then the role was offered to Pete... | in the series, even when the jewel did not figure in the plot. The jewel ultimately appeared in six of the 11 films. The first film in the series had an animated opening sequence, created by DePatie–Freleng Enterprises, featuring "The Pink Panther Theme" by Mancini, as well as the Pink Panther character. This character... |
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