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human
|
Two positive real numbers have geometric mean $\sqrt{3}$ and harmonic mean $\frac{3}{2}.$ Enter the two numbers, separated by commas.
|
gpt
|
Let the two numbers be $a$ and $b.$ Then $\sqrt{ab} = \sqrt{3},$ so $ab = 3.$ Also,
\[\frac{2}{\frac{1}{a} + \frac{1}{b}} = \frac{2ab}{a + b} = \frac{3}{2},\]so $a + b = \frac{4}{3} ab = 4.$
Then by Vieta's formulas, $a$ and $b$ are the roots of the quadratic
\[x^2 - 4x + 3 = (x - 1)(x - 3),\]so the two numbers are $\boxed{1,3}.$
|
human
|
The graph of $y = f(x)$ is shown below.
[asy]
unitsize(0.5 cm);
real func(real x) {
real y;
if (x >= -3 && x <= 0) {y = -2 - x;}
if (x >= 0 && x <= 2) {y = sqrt(4 - (x - 2)^2) - 2;}
if (x >= 2 && x <= 3) {y = 2*(x - 2);}
return(y);
}
int i, n;
for (i = -5; i <= 5; ++i) {
draw((i,-5)--(i,5),gray(0.7));
draw((-5,i)--(5,i),gray(0.7));
}
draw((-5,0)--(5,0),Arrows(6));
draw((0,-5)--(0,5),Arrows(6));
label("$x$", (5,0), E);
label("$y$", (0,5), N);
draw(graph(func,-3,3),red);
label("$y = f(x)$", (3,-2), UnFill);
[/asy]
Which is the graph of $y = f(|x|)$?
[asy]
unitsize(0.5 cm);
picture[] graf;
int i, n;
real func(real x) {
real y;
if (x >= -3 && x <= 0) {y = -2 - x;}
if (x >= 0 && x <= 2) {y = sqrt(4 - (x - 2)^2) - 2;}
if (x >= 2 && x <= 3) {y = 2*(x - 2);}
return(y);
}
real funca(real x) {
return(func(abs(x)));
}
real funcb(real x) {
real y = max(0,func(x));
return(y);
}
real funcd(real x) {
return(abs(func(x)));
}
real funce(real x) {
return(func(-abs(x)));
}
for (n = 1; n <= 5; ++n) {
graf[n] = new picture;
for (i = -5; i <= 5; ++i) {
draw(graf[n],(i,-5)--(i,5),gray(0.7));
draw(graf[n],(-5,i)--(5,i),gray(0.7));
}
draw(graf[n],(-5,0)--(5,0),Arrows(6));
draw(graf[n],(0,-5)--(0,5),Arrows(6));
label(graf[n],"$x$", (5,0), E);
label(graf[n],"$y$", (0,5), N);
}
draw(graf[1],graph(funca,-3,3),red);
draw(graf[2],graph(funcb,-3,3),red);
draw(graf[3],reflect((0,0),(0,1))*graph(func,-3,3),red);
draw(graf[4],graph(funcd,-3,3),red);
draw(graf[5],graph(funce,-3,3),red);
label(graf[1], "A", (0,-6));
label(graf[2], "B", (0,-6));
label(graf[3], "C", (0,-6));
label(graf[4], "D", (0,-6));
label(graf[5], "E", (0,-6));
add(graf[1]);
add(shift((12,0))*(graf[2]));
add(shift((24,0))*(graf[3]));
add(shift((6,-12))*(graf[4]));
add(shift((18,-12))*(graf[5]));
[/asy]
Enter the letter of the graph of $y = f(|x|).$
|
gpt
|
If $x \ge 0,$ then $f(|x|) = f(x).$ And if $x < 0,$ then $f(|x|) = f(-x).$ Thus, the graph of $y = |f(x)|$ is obtained by taking the part of the graph of $y = f(x)$ that is to the right of the $y$-axis, and making a copy by reflecting it across the $y$-axis. The correct graph is $\boxed{\text{A}}.$
|
human
|
Let $f(x)=x^4+14x^3+52x^2+56x+16$. Let $z_1,z_2,z_3,z_4$ be the four roots of $f$. Find the smallest possible value of $|z_{a}z_{b}+z_{c}z_{d}|$ where $\{a,b,c,d\}=\{1,2,3,4\}$.
|
gpt
|
Note that
\[\frac{1}{16}f(2x)=x^4+7x^3+13x^2+7x+1.\]Because the coefficients of this polynomial are symmetric, if $r$ is a root of $f(x)$ then $\frac{4}{r}$ is as well. Further, $f(-1)=-1$ and $f(-2)=16$ so $f(x)$ has two distinct roots on $(-2,0)$ and two more roots on $(-\infty,-2)$. Now, if $\sigma$ is a permutation of $\{1,2,3,4\}$:
\[|z_{\sigma(1)} z_{\sigma(2)} + z_{\sigma(3)} z_{\sigma(4)}| \le \frac{1}{2} (z_{\sigma(1)} z_{\sigma(2)} + z_{\sigma(3)} z_{\sigma(4)} + z_{\sigma(4)} z_{\sigma(3)} + z_{\sigma(2)}z_{\sigma(1)}).\]Let the roots be ordered $z_1 \le z_2 \le z_3 \le z_4$, then by rearrangement the last expression is at least:
\[\frac{1}{2}(z_1z_4+z_2z_3+z_3z_2+z_4z_1).\]Since the roots come in pairs $z_1z_4=z_2z_3=4$, our expression is minimized when $\sigma(1)=1,\sigma(2)=4,\sigma(3)=3,\sigma(4)=2$ and its minimum value is $\boxed{8}$.
|
human
|
Find the smallest positive integer $a$ such that $x^4 + a^2$ is not prime for any integer $x.$
|
gpt
|
For $1 \le a \le 7,$ we give a value of $x$ for which $x^4 + a^2$ is prime:
\[
\begin{array}{c|c|c}
a & x & a^4 + x^2 \\ \hline
1 & 1 & 2 \\
2 & 1 & 5 \\
3 & 10 & 10009 \\
4 & 1 & 17 \\
5 & 2 & 41 \\
6 & 1 & 37 \\
7 & 20 & 160049
\end{array}
\]For $a = 8,$
\begin{align*}
x^4 + a^2 &= x^4 + 64 \\
&= x^4 + 16x^2 + 64 - 16x^2 \\
&= (x^2 + 8)^2 - (4x)^2 \\
&= (x^2 + 4x + 8)(x^2 - 4x + 8).
\end{align*}For any positive integer, both factors $x^2 + 4x + 8$ and $x^2 - 4x + 8$ are greater than 1, so $x^4 + 64$ is always composite. Thus, the smallest such $a$ is $\boxed{8}.$
|
human
|
Given that $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are the roots of $x^2 - 2x - 1 = 0,$ find $5 \alpha^4 + 12 \beta^3.$
|
gpt
|
If $x$ satisfies $x^2 - 2x - 1 = 0,$ then
\begin{align*}
x^2 &= 2x + 1, \\
x^3 &= x(2x + 1) = 2x^2 + x = 2(2x + 1) + x = 5x + 2, \\
x^4 &= x(5x + 2) = 5x^2 + 2x = 5(2x + 1) + 2x = 12x + 5.
\end{align*}Hence,
\begin{align*}
5 \alpha^4 + 12 \beta^3 &= 5(12 \alpha + 5) + 12 (5 \beta + 2) \\
&= 60 \alpha + 25 + 60 \beta + 24 \\
&= 60 (\alpha + \beta) + 49 \\
&= 60 \cdot 2 + 49 \\
&= \boxed{169}.
\end{align*}
|
human
|
The parabola $y=ax^2+bx+c$ has vertex $(p,p)$ and $y$-intercept $(0,-p)$, where $p\ne 0$. What is $b$?
|
gpt
|
Since the vertex is $(p,p),$ the parabola is of the form
\[y = a(x - p)^2 + p.\]Setting $x = 0,$ we get $y = ap^2 + p = -p,$ so $a = -\frac{2}{p}.$ Then
\[y = -\frac{2}{p} (x^2 - 2px + p^2) + p = -\frac{2}{p} x^2 + 4x - p,\]so $b = \boxed{4}.$
|
human
|
Let $f(x) = \frac{3}{9^x + 3}.$ Find
\[f \left( \frac{1}{1001} \right) + f \left( \frac{2}{1001} \right) + f \left( \frac{3}{1001} \right) + \dots + f \left( \frac{1000}{1001} \right).\]
|
gpt
|
Note that
\begin{align*}
f(x) + f(1 - x) &= \frac{3}{9^x + 3} + \frac{3}{9^{1 - x} + 3} \\
&= \frac{3}{9^x + 3} + \frac{3 \cdot 9^x}{9 + 3 \cdot 9^x} \\
&= \frac{3}{9^x + 3} + \frac{9^x}{3 + 9^x} \\
&= \frac{3 + 9^x}{9^x + 3} \\
&= 1.
\end{align*}Thus, we can pair the 1000 terms in the sum into 500 pairs, such that the sum of the terms in each pair is 1. Therefore, the sum is equal to $\boxed{500}.$
|
human
|
Find all values of $k$ so that
\[x^2 - (k - 3) x - k + 6 > 0\]for all $x.$
|
gpt
|
If we graph $y = x^2 - (k - 3) x - k + 6,$ then we obtain an upward-facing parabola. Thus, the inequality
\[x^2 - (k - 3) x - k + 6 > 0\]holds as long as the discriminant of the quadratic is negative.
This gives us
\[(k - 3)^2 - 4(-k + 6) < 0.\]This simplifies to $k^2 - 2k - 15 < 0,$ which factors as $(k + 3)(k - 5) < 0.$ Thus, $k \in \boxed{(-3,5)}.$
|
human
|
Let $A := \mathbb{Q} \setminus \{0,1\}$ denote the set of all rationals other than 0 and 1. A function $f : A \rightarrow \mathbb{R}$ has the property that for all $x \in A$,
\[
f\left( x\right) + f\left( 1 - \frac{1}{x}\right) = \log\lvert x\rvert.
\]Compute the value of $f(2007)$. Enter your answer in the form "$\log(a)$", where $a$ is some number.
|
gpt
|
Let $g : A \to A$ be defined by $g(x) := 1-1/x$; the key property is that \[
g(g(g(x))) = 1-\frac{1}{1-\frac{1}{1-\frac{1}{x}}} = x.
\]The given equation rewrites as $f(x) + f(g(x)) = \log|x|$. Substituting $x=g(y)$ and $x=g(g(z))$ gives the further equations $f(g(y)) + f(g) g(y)) = \log|g(x)|$ and $f(g) g(z)) + f(z) = \log|g(g(x))|.$ Setting $y$ and $z$ to $x$ and solving the system of three equations for $f(x)$ gives \[
f(x) = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \left (\log|x| - \log|g(x)| + \log|g(g(x))| \right).
\]For $x=2007$, we have $g(x) = \frac{2006}{2007}$ and $g(g(x)) = \frac{-1}{2006}$, so that \[
f(2007) = \frac{\log|2007| - \log\left|\frac{2006}{2007}\right| + \log\left|\frac{-1}{2006}\right|}{2} = \boxed{\log\left(\frac{2007}{2006}\right)}.
\]
|
human
|
A real number $a$ is chosen randomly and uniformly from the interval $[-20, 18]$. Find the probability that the roots of the polynomial
\[x^4 + 2ax^3 + (2a - 2)x^2 + (-4a + 3)x - 2\]are all real.
|
gpt
|
Let $p(x)$ be the given polynomial. Notice that \[p(1) = 1 + (2a) + (2a-2) - (4a+3) - 2 = 0,\]so $1$ is a root of $p(x).$ Performing polynomial division, we then have \[p(x) = (x-1)(x^3+(2a+1)x^2+(4a-1)x+2).\]Notice that \[p(-2) = 1 \cdot (-8 + 4(2a+1) - 2(4a-1) + 2) = 0,\]so $-2$ is a root of $p(x)$ as well. Dividing the cubic term by $x+2,$ we then have \[p(x) = (x-1)(x+2)(x^2+(2a-1)x+1).\]Therefore, we want to find the probability that the roots of $x^2 + (2a-1)x + 1$ are all real. This occurs if and only if the discriminant is nonnegative: \[(2a-1)^2 - 4 \ge 0,\]or $(2a-1)^2 \ge 4.$ Thus, either $2a-1 \ge 2$ or $2a-1 \le -2.$ The first inequality is equivalent to $a \ge \tfrac{3}{2},$ and the second is equivalent to $a \le -\tfrac{1}{2}.$ This shows that all values of $a$ except those in the interval $\left(-\tfrac12, \tfrac32\right)$ satisfy the condition. This interval has length $2,$ and the given interval $[-20, 18],$ which contains it completely, has length $18 - (-20) = 38,$ so the probability is \[1 - \frac{2}{38} = \boxed{\frac{18}{19}}.\]
|
human
|
Compute the length of the segment tangent from the origin to the circle that passes through the points $(3,4),$ $(6,8),$ and $(5,13).$
|
gpt
|
Let $O = (0,0),$ $A = (3,4),$ $B = (6,8),$ and $C = (5,13).$ Let $T$ be a point on the circumcircle of triangle $ABC,$ so that $\overline{OT}$ is tangent to the circumcircle. Note that $O,$ $A,$ and $B$ are collinear.
[asy]
unitsize(0.4 cm);
pair A, B, C, O, T;
A = (3,4);
B = (6,8);
C = (5,13);
O = circumcenter(A,B,C);
T = intersectionpoints(Circle(O/2,abs(O)/2),circumcircle(A,B,C))[1];
draw(circumcircle(A,B,C));
draw((0,0)--(6,8));
draw((0,0)--T);
draw((-10,0)--(10,0));
draw((0,-2)--(0,18));
label("$O = (0,0)$", (0,0), SW);
dot("$A = (3,4)$", A, SE);
dot("$B = (6,8)$", B, E);
dot("$C = (5,13)$", C, NE);
dot("$T$", T, SW);
[/asy]
Then by power of a point, $OT^2 = OA \cdot OB = 5 \cdot 10 = 50,$ so $OT = \sqrt{50} = \boxed{5 \sqrt{2}}.$
|
human
|
Multiply $(2x^3-5y^2)(4x^6+10x^3y^2+25y^4)$.
|
gpt
|
The given product can be rewritten in the form $(a-b)(a^2+ab+b^2)$, which is the factorization of $a^3-b^3$ for $a=2x^3$ and $b=5y^2$. Therefore, the expression can be rewritten as $a^3-b^3=(2x^3)^3-(5y^2)^3=\boxed{8x^9-125y^6}$.
|
human
|
Find all values of $x$ that satisfy \[\frac{x^2}{x+1} \ge \frac{2}{x-1} + \frac{5}{4}.\]
|
gpt
|
Combining the terms on the right-hand side, we have \[\frac{x^2}{x+1} \ge \frac{5x+3}{4(x-1)}.\]Then, moving all the terms to the left-hand side and combining denominators again, we get \[\begin{aligned} \frac{x^2}{x+1} - \frac{5x+3}{4(x-1)} &\ge 0 \\ \frac{4x^2(x-1)-(x+1)(5x+3)}{(x+1)(x-1)} &\ge 0 \\ \frac{4x^3-9x^2-8x-3}{(x+1)(x-1)} &\ge 0. \end{aligned}\]We try to factor the numerator. Using the rational root theorem to test for rational roots, we see that $x=3$ is a root of $4x^3-9x^2-8x-3.$ Then, doing the polynomial division gives \[4x^3-9x^2-8x-3 = (x-3)(4x^2+3x+1),\]so we have \[\frac{(x-3)(4x^2+3x+1)}{(x+1)(x-1)} \ge 0.\]Since $4x^2+3x+1$ has a positive $x^2$ coefficient, and its discriminant is $3^2 - 4 \cdot 4= -7,$ which is negative, it follows that $4x^2 + 3x + 1 > 0$ for all $x.$ Thus, the above inequality is equivalent to \[f(x) = \frac{x-3}{(x+1)(x-1)} \ge 0.\]We make a sign table for $f(x)$: \begin{tabular}{c|ccc|c} &$x-3$ &$x+1$ &$x-1$ &$f(x)$ \\ \hline$x<-1$ &$-$&$-$&$-$&$-$\\ [.1cm]$-1<x<1$ &$-$&$+$&$-$&$+$\\ [.1cm]$1<x<3$ &$-$&$+$&$+$&$-$\\ [.1cm]$x>3$ &$+$&$+$&$+$&$+$\\ [.1cm]\end{tabular}We see that $f(x) > 0$ when $-1 < x < 1$ or $x > 3.$ Since the inequality is nonstrict, we also include the values of $x$ such that $f(x) = 0,$ that is, only $x = 3.$ Therefore, the solution to the inequality is \[x \in \boxed{(-1, 1) \cup [3, \infty)}.\]
|
human
|
Find all real values of $x$ that satisfy $\frac{1}{x+1} + \frac{3}{x+7} \ge \frac23.$ (Give your answer in interval notation.)
|
gpt
|
Moving all the terms to the left-hand side, we have \[\frac{1}{x+1} + \frac{3}{x+7} -\frac23 \ge 0.\]To solve this inequality, we find a common denominator: \[\frac{3(x+7) + 3 \cdot 3(x+1) - 2(x+1)(x+7)}{3(x+1)(x+7)} \ge 0,\]which simplifies to \[-\frac{2(x+4)(x-2)}{3(x+1)(x+7)} \ge 0.\]Therefore, we want the values of $x$ such that \[f(x) = \frac{(x+4)(x-2)}{(x+1)(x+7)} \le 0.\]To do this, we make the following sign table: \begin{tabular}{c|cccc|c} &$x+4$ &$x-2$ &$x+1$ &$x+7$ &$f(x)$ \\ \hline$x<-7$ &$-$&$-$&$-$&$-$&$+$\\ [.1cm]$-7<x<-4$ &$-$&$-$&$-$&$+$&$-$\\ [.1cm]$-4<x<-1$ &$+$&$-$&$-$&$+$&$+$\\ [.1cm]$-1<x<2$ &$+$&$-$&$+$&$+$&$-$\\ [.1cm]$x>2$ &$+$&$+$&$+$&$+$&$+$\\ [.1cm]\end{tabular}Because the inequality $f(x) \le 0$ is nonstrict, we must also include the values of $x$ such that $f(x) = 0,$ which are $x=-4$ and $x=2.$ Putting it all together, the solutions to the inequality are \[x \in \boxed{(-7, -4] \cup (-1, 2]}.\]
|
human
|
Is
\[f(x) = \frac{1}{2^x - 1} + \frac{1}{2}\]an even function, odd function, or neither?
Enter "odd", "even", or "neither".
|
gpt
|
We have that
\begin{align*}
f(-x) &= \frac{1}{2^{-x} - 1} + \frac{1}{2} \\
&= \frac{2^x}{1 - 2^x} + \frac{1}{2} \\
&= \frac{1 - (1 - 2^x)}{1 - 2^x} + \frac{1}{2} \\
&= \frac{1}{1 - 2^x} - 1 + \frac{1}{2} \\
&= \frac{1}{1 - 2^x} - \frac{1}{2} \\
&= -\frac{1}{2^x - 1} - \frac{1}{2} \\
&= -f(x),
\end{align*}so $f(x)$ is an $\boxed{\text{odd}}$ function.
|
human
|
Let $F_1 = (0,1)$ and $F_ 2= (4,1).$ Then the set of points $P$ such that
\[PF_1 + PF_2 = 6\]form an ellipse. The equation of this ellipse can be written as
\[\frac{(x - h)^2}{a^2} + \frac{(y - k)^2}{b^2} = 1.\]Find $h + k + a + b.$
|
gpt
|
We have that $2a = 6,$ so $a = 3.$ The distance between the foci is $2c = 4,$ so $c = 2.$ Hence, $b = \sqrt{a^2 - c^2} = \sqrt{5}.$
The center of the ellipse is the midpoint of $\overline{F_1 F_2},$ which is $(2,1).$ Thus, the equation of the ellipse is
\[\frac{(x - 2)^2}{3^2} + \frac{(y - 1)^2}{(\sqrt{5})^2} = 1.\]Hence, $h + k + a + b = 2 + 1 + 3 + \sqrt{5} = \boxed{6 + \sqrt{5}}.$
|
human
|
Complex numbers $a,$ $b,$ and $c$ are zeros of a polynomial $P(z) = z^3 + qz + r,$ and $|a|^2 + |b|^2 + |c|^2 = 250.$ The points corresponding to $a,$ $b,$ and $c$ in the complex plane are the vertices of a right triangle with hypotenuse $h.$ Find $h^2.$
|
gpt
|
By Vieta's formula, the sum of the roots is equal to 0, or $a+b+c=0$. Therefore, $\frac{a+b+c}{3}=0$. Since the centroid of any triangle is the average of its vertices, the centroid of this triangle is the origin.
Without loss of generality, let the right angle be at $b.$ Let $x = |b - c|$ and $y = |a - b|.$ The magnitudes of $a$, $b$, and $c$ are just $\frac{2}{3}$ of the medians because the origin, or the centroid in this case, cuts the median in a ratio of $2:1$.
Hence,
\[|a|^2=\frac{4}{9}\cdot \left( \left(\frac{x}{2} \right)^2+y^2 \right)=\frac{x^2}{9}+\frac{4y^2}{9}\]because $|a|$ is two thirds of the median from $a$. Similarly,
\[|c|^2=\frac{4}{9}\cdot \left(x^2 + \left( \frac{y}{2} \right)^2 \right)=\frac{4x^2}{9}+\frac{y^2}{9}.\]Furthermore,
\[|b|^2=\frac{4}{9}\cdot\frac{x^2+y^2}{4}=\frac{x^2}{9}+\frac{y^2}{9}.\]Hence,
\[|a|^2+|b|^2+|c|^2=\frac{6x^2+6y^2}{9}=\frac{2x^2+2y^2}{3}=250.\]Thus, $h^2=x^2+y^2=\frac{3}{2}\cdot 250=\boxed{375}.$
|
human
|
The graph of $y = f(x)$ is shown below.
[asy]
unitsize(0.5 cm);
real func(real x) {
real y;
if (x >= -3 && x <= 0) {y = -2 - x;}
if (x >= 0 && x <= 2) {y = sqrt(4 - (x - 2)^2) - 2;}
if (x >= 2 && x <= 3) {y = 2*(x - 2);}
return(y);
}
int i, n;
for (i = -5; i <= 5; ++i) {
draw((i,-5)--(i,5),gray(0.7));
draw((-5,i)--(5,i),gray(0.7));
}
draw((-5,0)--(5,0),Arrows(6));
draw((0,-5)--(0,5),Arrows(6));
label("$x$", (5,0), E);
label("$y$", (0,5), N);
draw(graph(func,-3,3),red);
label("$y = f(x)$", (3,-2), UnFill);
[/asy]
Which is the graph of $y = f(x + 2)$?
[asy]
unitsize(0.5 cm);
picture[] graf;
int i, n;
real func(real x) {
real y;
if (x >= -3 && x <= 0) {y = -2 - x;}
if (x >= 0 && x <= 2) {y = sqrt(4 - (x - 2)^2) - 2;}
if (x >= 2 && x <= 3) {y = 2*(x - 2);}
return(y);
}
real funcc(real x) {
return(func(x - 2));
}
real funce(real x) {
return(func(x + 2));
}
for (n = 1; n <= 5; ++n) {
graf[n] = new picture;
for (i = -5; i <= 5; ++i) {
draw(graf[n],(i,-5)--(i,5),gray(0.7));
draw(graf[n],(-5,i)--(5,i),gray(0.7));
}
draw(graf[n],(-5,0)--(5,0),Arrows(6));
draw(graf[n],(0,-5)--(0,5),Arrows(6));
label(graf[n],"$x$", (5,0), E);
label(graf[n],"$y$", (0,5), N);
}
draw(graf[1],shift((2,-1))*graph(func,-3,3),red);
draw(graf[2],shift((2,1))*graph(func,-3,3),red);
draw(graf[3],graph(funcc,-1,5),red);
draw(graf[4],shift((-2,-1))*graph(func,-3,3),red);
draw(graf[5],graph(funce,-5,1),red);
label(graf[1], "A", (0,-6));
label(graf[2], "B", (0,-6));
label(graf[3], "C", (0,-6));
label(graf[4], "D", (0,-6));
label(graf[5], "E", (0,-6));
add(graf[1]);
add(shift((12,0))*(graf[2]));
add(shift((24,0))*(graf[3]));
add(shift((6,-12))*(graf[4]));
add(shift((18,-12))*(graf[5]));
[/asy]
Enter the letter of the graph of $y = f(x + 2).$
|
gpt
|
The graph of $y = f(x + 2)$ is produced by taking the graph of $y = f(x)$ and shifting two units to the left. The correct graph is $\boxed{\text{E}}.$
|
human
|
Find the only real number that can be expressed in the form \[(a + bi)^3 - 107i,\]where $i^2 = -1,$ and $a$ and $b$ are positive integers.
|
gpt
|
We have \[\begin{aligned} (a+bi)^3 - 107i &= (a^3 + 3a^2bi - 3ab^2 - b^3i) - 107i \\ &=(a^3 - 3ab^2) + (3a^2b-b^3-107)i. \end{aligned}\]If this is a real number, then we must have \[0 = 3a^2b-b^3-107\]or \[107 = b(3a^2-b^2).\]Since $107$ is prime, either $b=1$ or $b=107.$ If $b=1,$ then we have $107 = 3a^2-1,$ so $a^2 = 36$ and $a=6.$ If $b = 107,$ then we have $1 = 3a^2 - 107^2,$ so $a^2 = \frac{1 + 107^2}{3}.$ But $107^2 \equiv 2^2 \equiv 1 \pmod{3},$ so the right-hand side is not an integer. Thus, $(a, b) = (6, 1)$ is the only possibility. Then the answer is \[a^3 - 3ab^2 = 6^3-3 \cdot 6 \cdot 1^2 = \boxed{198}.\]
|
human
|
Solve
\[-1 < \frac{x^2 - 14x + 11}{x^2 - 2x + 3} < 1.\]
|
gpt
|
We consider both inequalities separately.
The left inequality is equivalent to
\[\frac{x^2 - 14x + 11}{x^2 - 2x + 3} + 1 > 0,\]or
\[\frac{2x^2 - 16x + 14}{x^2 - 2x + 3} > 0.\]Then
\[\frac{x^2 - 8x + 7}{x^2 - 2x + 3} > 0.\]The numerator factors as
\[\frac{(x - 1)(x - 7)}{x^2 - 2x + 3} > 0.\]The denominator $x^2 - 2x + 3 = (x - 1)^2 + 2$ is always positive.
The quadratic $(x - 1)(x - 7)$ is positive precisely when $x < 1$ or $x > 7.$
The right inequality is equivalent to
\[1 - \frac{x^2 - 14x + 11}{x^2 - 2x + 3} > 0,\]or
\[\frac{12x - 8}{x^2 - 2x + 3} > 0.\]Then
\[\frac{3x - 2}{x^2 - 2x + 3} > 0.\]Since the denominator is always positive, this inequality holds if and only if $x > \frac{2}{3}.$
The solution is then
\[x \in \boxed{\left( \frac{2}{3}, 1 \right) \cup (7,\infty)}.\]
|
human
|
Find
\[\binom{100}{0} - \binom{100}{1} + \binom{100}{2} - \dots + \binom{100}{100}.\]
|
gpt
|
By the Binomial Theorem,
\[(x + y)^{100} = \binom{100}{0} x^{100} + \binom{100}{1} x^{99} y + \binom{100}{2} x^{98} y^2 + \dots + \binom{100}{100} y^{100}.\]Setting $x = 1$ and $y = -1,$ we get
\[\binom{100}{0} - \binom{100}{1} + \binom{100}{2} - \dots + \binom{100}{100} = \boxed{0}.\]
|
human
|
For what values of the constant $c$ does the graph of $f(x) = \frac{x^2-x+c}{x^2+x-20}$ have exactly one vertical asymptote?
Enter all possible values, separated by commas.
|
gpt
|
We can factor the denominator to get $$f(x) = \frac{x^2-x+c}{(x-4)(x+5)}.$$Hence, the graph of $f(x)$ has vertical asymptotes at $x=-5$ and $x=4$, unless there is a factor of $x-4$ or $x+5$ in the numerator that cancels out the corresponding factor in the denominator (in this case there will be a hole at that point rather than an asymptote). So, we need to find $c$ such that $x^2 - x + c$ has a factor of $x-4$ or $x + 5,$ but not both.
That is to say, we need $c$ such that either $4$ or $-5$ is a root. If $x = 4$ is a root, we must have $(4)^2-4+c=0$ which gives us $c=-12.$ If $-5$ is a root, then we must have $(-5)^2 - (-5) + c = 0,$ or $c = - 30.$
Thus, the values that work are $c = \boxed{-12 \text{ or } -30}.$
|
human
|
Find the value of $k$ so that
\[3 + \frac{3 + k}{4} + \frac{3 + 2k}{4^2} + \frac{3 + 3k}{4^3} + \dotsb = 8.\]
|
gpt
|
We have that
\[3 + \frac{3 + k}{4} + \frac{3 + 2k}{4^2} + \frac{3 + 3k}{4^3} + \dotsb = 8.\]Multiplying this equation by 4, we get
\[12 + (3 + k) + \frac{3 + 2k}{4} + \frac{3 + 3k}{4^2} + \dotsb = 32.\]Subtracting these equations, we get
\[12 + k + \frac{k}{4} + \frac{k}{4^2} + \frac{k}{4^3} + \dotsb = 24.\]Then
\[12 + \frac{k}{1 - 1/4} = 24.\]Solving for $k,$ we find $k = \boxed{9}.$
|
human
|
The sequence $\{a_n\}$ satisfies $a_1 = 1$ and $5^{a_{n + 1} - a_n} - 1 = \frac {1}{n + \frac {2}{3}}$ for $n \geq 1$. Find the least integer $k$ greater than $1$ for which $a_k$ is an integer.
|
gpt
|
We rewrite the given equation as \[5^{a_{n+1} - a_n} = 1 + \frac{1}{n +\frac{2}{3}} = \frac{3n+5}{3n+2}.\]Then, we observe a telescoping product: \[\begin{aligned} 5^{a_n - a_1} &= 5^{a_2 - a_1} \cdot 5^{a_3-a_2} \cdots 5^{a_n - a_{n-1}} \\ &= \frac{8}{5} \cdot \frac{11}{8} \cdots \frac{3n+2}{3n-1} \\ &= \frac{3n+2}{5}. \end{aligned}\]Since $a_1 = 1$, we have \[5^{a_n} = 3n+2\]for all $n \ge 1$. Thus, $a_k$ is an integer if and only if $3k+2$ is a power of $5$. The next power of $5$ which is of the form $3k+2$ is $5^3 = 125$, which is $3(41) + 2$. Thus $k = \boxed{41}$.
|
human
|
Write $x^{10} + x^5 + 1$ as the product of two polynomials with integer coefficients.
|
gpt
|
Let $\omega$ satisfy $x^2 + x + 1 = 0,$ so $\omega^2 + \omega + 1 = 0.$ Then $(\omega - 1)(\omega^2 + \omega + 1) = \omega^3 - 1 = 0,$ so $\omega^3 = 1.$ Also,
\begin{align*}
\omega^{10} + \omega^5 + 1 &= \omega^9 \cdot \omega + \omega^3 \cdot \omega^2 + 1 \\
&= \omega + \omega^2 + 1 \\
&= 0.
\end{align*}Therefore, $x^2 + x + 1$ is a factor of $x^{10} + x^5 + 1.$
To bring out this factorization, we can write
\begin{align*}
x^{10} + x^5 + 1 &= x^{10} - x + x^5 - x^2 + x^2 + x + 1 \\
&= x(x^9 - 1) + x^2 (x^3 - 1) + x^2 + x + 1 \\
&= x(x^3 - 1)(x^6 + x^3 + 1) + x^2 (x - 1)(x^2 + x + 1) + x^2 + x + 1 \\
&= x(x - 1)(x^2 + x + 1)(x^6 + x^3 + 1) + x^2 (x - 1)(x^2 + x + 1) + x^2 + x + 1 \\
&= \boxed{(x^2 + x + 1)(x^8 - x^7 + x^5 - x^4 + x^3 - x + 1)}.
\end{align*}
|
human
|
The line with equation $y = x$ is an axis of symmetry of the curve with equation
\[y = \frac{px + q}{rx + s},\]where $p,$ $q,$ $r,$ $s$ are all nonzero. Which of the following statements must hold?
(A) $p + q = 0$
(B) $p + r = 0$
(C) $p + s = 0$
(D) $q + r = 0$
(E) $q + s = 0$
(F) $r + s = 0$
|
gpt
|
Since $y = x$ is an axis of symmetry, if point $(a,b)$ lies on the graph, then so does $(b,a).$ Thus, the equation of the graph can also be written as
\[x = \frac{py + q}{ry + s}.\]Substituting $y = \frac{px + q}{rx + s},$ we get
\[x = \frac{p \cdot \frac{px + q}{rx + s} + q}{r \cdot \frac{px + q}{rx + s} + s} = \frac{p(px + q) + q(rx + s)}{r(px + q) + s(rx + s)}.\]Cross-multiplying, we get
\[x[r(px + q) + s(rx + s)] = p(px + q) + q(rx + s).\]Expanding, we get
\[(pr + rs) x^2 + (s^2 - p^2) x - (pq + qs) = 0.\]We can take out a factor of $p + s$:
\[(p + s)(rx^2 + (s - p) x - q) = 0.\]This equation must holds for all $x.$ Since $r \neq 0,$ the quadratic $rx^2 + (s - p) x - q$ cannot be 0 for all $x,$ so we must have $p + s = 0.$ The correct statement is $\boxed{\text{(C)}}.$
|
human
|
Compute
\[\frac{2 + 6}{4^{100}} + \frac{2 + 2 \cdot 6}{4^{99}} + \frac{2 + 3 \cdot 6}{4^{98}} + \dots + \frac{2 + 98 \cdot 6}{4^3} + \frac{2 + 99 \cdot 6}{4^2} + \frac{2 + 100 \cdot 6}{4}.\]
|
gpt
|
Let
\[S = \frac{2 + 6}{4^{100}} + \frac{2 + 2 \cdot 6}{4^{99}} + \frac{2 + 3 \cdot 6}{4^{98}} + \dots + \frac{2 + 98 \cdot 6}{4^3} + \frac{2 + 99 \cdot 6}{4^2} + \frac{2 + 100 \cdot 6}{4}.\]Then
\[4S = \frac{2 + 6}{4^{99}} + \frac{2 + 2 \cdot 6}{4^{98}} + \frac{2 + 3 \cdot 6}{4^{97}} + \dots + \frac{2 + 98 \cdot 6}{4^2} + \frac{2 + 99 \cdot 6}{4} + \frac{2 + 100 \cdot 6}{1}.\]Subtracting these equations, we get
\[3S = 602 - \frac{6}{4} - \frac{6}{4^2} - \dots - \frac{6}{4^{98}} - \frac{6}{4^{99}} - \frac{8}{4^{100}}.\]From the formula for a geometric series,
\begin{align*}
\frac{6}{4} + \frac{6}{4^2} + \dots + \frac{6}{4^{98}} + \frac{6}{4^{99}} &= \frac{6}{4^{99}} (1 + 4 + \dots + 4^{97} + 4^{98}) \\
&= \frac{6}{4^{99}} \cdot \frac{4^{99} - 1}{4 - 1} \\
&= 2 \cdot \frac{4^{99} - 1}{4^{99}} \\
&= 2 - \frac{2}{4^{99}}.
\end{align*}Therefore,
\[3S = 602 - 2 + \frac{2}{4^{99}} - \frac{8}{4^{100}} = 602 - 2 + \frac{2}{4^{99}} - \frac{2}{4^{99}} = 600,\]so $S = \boxed{200}.$
|
human
|
Let $a,$ $b,$ $c$ be complex numbers such that
\[a + b + c = ab + ac + bc = abc = 1.\]Enter the values $a,$ $b,$ $c,$ separated by commas, in any order.
|
gpt
|
By Vieta's formulas, $a,$ $b,$ and $c$ are the roots of
\[x^3 - x^2 + x - 1 = 0.\]We can write this as $x^2 (x - 1) + (x - 1) = 0,$ or $(x - 1)(x^2 + 1) = 0.$ The roots are $\boxed{1,i,-i}.$
|
human
|
Given any two positive real numbers $x$ and $y$, then $x \, \Diamond \, y$ is a positive real number defined in terms of $x$ and $y$ by some fixed rule. Suppose the operation $x \, \Diamond \, y$ satisfies the equations $(xy) \, \Diamond \, y=x(y \, \Diamond \, y)$ and $(x \, \Diamond \, 1) \, \Diamond \, x = x \, \Diamond \, 1$ for all $x,y>0$. Given that $1 \, \Diamond \, 1=1$, find $19 \, \Diamond \, 98$.
|
gpt
|
Setting $y = 1$ in the first equation, we get
\[x \, \Diamond \, 1 = x (1 \, \Diamond \, 1) = x.\]Then from the second equation,
\[x \, \Diamond \, x = x \, \Diamond \, 1 = x.\]Then from the first equation,
\[(xy) \, \Diamond \, y=x(y \, \Diamond \, y) = xy.\]Therefore,
\[19 \, \Diamond \, 98 = \left( \frac{19}{98} \cdot 98 \right) \, \Diamond \, 98 = \frac{19}{98} \cdot 98 = \boxed{19}.\]
|
human
|
Let $a_0=-2,b_0=1$, and for $n\geq 0$, let
\begin{align*}a_{n+1}&=a_n+b_n+\sqrt{a_n^2+b_n^2},\\b_{n+1}&=a_n+b_n-\sqrt{a_n^2+b_n^2}.\end{align*}Find $\frac{1}{a_{2012}} + \frac{1}{b_{2012}}.$
|
gpt
|
We have that
\begin{align*}
\frac{1}{a_{n + 1}} + \frac{1}{b_{n + 1}} &= \frac{1}{a_n + b_n + \sqrt{a_n^2 + b_n^2}} + \frac{1}{a_n + b_n - \sqrt{a_n^2 + b_n^2}} \\
&= \frac{a_n + b_n - \sqrt{a_n^2 + b_n^2} + a_n + b_n + \sqrt{a_n^2 + b_n^2}}{(a_n + b_n)^2 - (a_n^2 + b_n^2)} \\
&= \frac{2a_n + 2b_n}{2a_n b_n} \\
&= \frac{1}{a_n} + \frac{1}{b_n}.
\end{align*}Thus, $\frac{1}{a_n} + \frac{1}{b_n}$ is a constant, which means
\[\frac{1}{a_{2012}} + \frac{1}{b_{2012}} = \frac{1}{a_0} + \frac{1}{b_0} = \boxed{\frac{1}{2}}.\]
|
human
|
Find the positive root of
\[x^3 - 3x^2 - x - \sqrt{2} = 0.\]
|
gpt
|
Since we have a coefficient of $\sqrt{2},$ we can guess that the positive root is of the form $a + b \sqrt{2},$ where $a$ and $b$ are integers. So, let $x = a + b \sqrt{2}.$ Substituting, we get
\[(a + b \sqrt{2})^3 - 3(a + b \sqrt{2})^2 - (a + b \sqrt{2}) - \sqrt{2} = 0.\]This expands as
\[(a^3 + 3a^2 b \sqrt{2} + 6ab^2 + 2b^3 \sqrt{2}) - 3(a^2 + 2ab \sqrt{2} + 2b^2) - (a + b \sqrt{2}) - \sqrt{2} = 0,\]so
\[(a^3 + 6ab^2 - 3a^2 - 6b^2 - a) + (3a^2 b + 2b^3 - 6ab - b - 1) \sqrt{2} = 0.\]Hence,
\begin{align*}
a^3 + 6ab^2 - 3a^2 - 6b^2 - a &= 0, \\
3a^2 b + 2b^3 - 6ab - b - 1 &= 0.
\end{align*}From the first equation,
\[6ab^2 - 6b^2 = -a^3 + 3a^2 + a,\]so
\[6b^2 (a - 1) = -(a^3 - 3a^2 - a).\]Thus, $a - 1$ divides $a^3 - 3a^2 - a.$ Since $a - 1$ divides $(a - 1)(a - 3)(a + 1) = a^3 - 3a^2 - a + 3,$ $a - 1$ divides 3. This means $a - 1$ can be $-3,$ $-1,$ 1, or 3, so $a$ is $-2$, 0, 2, or 4.
If $a = -2,$ then $b^2 = -1,$ which has no solutions.
If $a = 0,$ then $b^2 = 0,$ so $b = 0,$ which does not work.
If $a = 2,$ then $b^2 = 1,$ so $b = -1$ or $b = 1.$ Only $a = 2$ and $b = 1$ satisfy the second equation.
If $a = 4,$ then $b^2 = -\frac{2}{3},$ which has no solutions.
Therefore, $a = 2$ and $b = 1$ works, so $x = \boxed{2 + \sqrt{2}}.$
|
human
|
Consider the function
\[f(x) = \max \{-11x - 37, x - 1, 9x + 3\}\]defined for all real $x.$ Let $p(x)$ be a quadratic polynomial tangent to the graph of $f$ at three distinct points with $x$-coordinates $x_1,$ $x_2,$ $x_3.$ Find $x_1 + x_2 + x_3.$
|
gpt
|
Since a parabola can be tangent to a given line in at most one point, the parabola must be tangent to all three lines $y = -11x - 37,$ $y = x - 1,$ and $y = 9x + 3.$ Thus, if $a$ is the leading coefficient of $p(x),$ then
\begin{align*}
p(x) - (-11x - 37) &= a(x - x_1)^2, \\
p(x) - (x - 1) &= a(x - x_2)^2, \\
p(x) - (9x + 3) &= a(x - x_3)^2.
\end{align*}Subtracting the first two equations, we get
\begin{align*}
12x + 36 &= a(x - x_1)^2 - a(x - x_2)^2 \\
&= a(x - x_1 + x - x_2)(x_2 - x_1) \\
&= 2a(x_2 - x_1) x + a(x_1^2 - x_2^2).
\end{align*}Matching coefficients, we get
\begin{align*}
2a(x_2 - x_1) &= 12, \\
a(x_1^2 - x_2^2) &= 36.
\end{align*}Dividing these equations, we get $-\frac{1}{2} (x_1 + x_2) = 3,$ so $x_1 + x_2 = -6.$
Subtracting other pairs of equations gives us $x_1 + x_3 = -4$ and $x_2 + x_3 = -1.$ Then $2x_1 + 2x_2 + 2x_3 = -11,$ so
\[x_1 + x_2 + x_3 = \boxed{-\frac{11}{2}}.\]
|
human
|
Find the number of functions $f : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ such that
\[f(x + f(y)) = x + y\]for all real numbers $x$ and $y.$
|
gpt
|
Setting $x = -f(y),$ we get
\[f(0) = -f(y) + y,\]so $f(y) = y - f(0)$ for all real numbers $x.$ Then the given functional equation becomes
\[f(x + y - f(0)) = x + y,\]or $x + y - f(0) - f(0) = x + y.$ Then $f(0) = 0,$ so $f(x) = x$ for all real numbers $x.$ This function does satisfy the given functional equation, giving us $\boxed{1}$ solution.
|
human
|
Let $a$ and $b$ be real numbers. Find the maximum value of $a \cos \theta + b \sin \theta$ in terms of $a$ and $b.$
|
gpt
|
By the Cauchy-Schwarz Inequality,
\[(a \cos \theta + b \sin \theta)^2 \le (a^2 + b^2)(\cos^2 \theta + \sin^2 \theta) = a^2 + b^2,\]so $a \cos \theta + b \sin \theta \le \sqrt{a^2 + b^2}.$
If $a = b = 0,$ then $a \cos \theta + b \sin \theta = 0$ for all $\theta.$ Otherwise, $a^2 + b^2 > 0,$ and we can find an angle $\theta$ such that
\[\cos \theta = \frac{a}{\sqrt{a^2 + b^2}} \quad \text{and} \quad \sin \theta = \frac{b}{\sqrt{a^2 + b^2}},\]which makes $a \cos \theta + b \sin \theta = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2}.$ Thus, the maximum value is $\boxed{\sqrt{a^2 + b^2}}.$
|
human
|
When the polynomial $x^4 - 6x^3 + 16x^ 2 - 25x + 10$ is divided by $x^2 - 2x + k,$ the remainder is $x + a.$ Enter the ordered pair $(k,a).$
|
gpt
|
The long division is shown below.
\[
\begin{array}{c|ccccc}
\multicolumn{2}{r}{x^2} & -4x & +(8 - k) & \\
\cline{2-6}
x^2 - 2x + k & x^4 & -6x^3 & +16x^2 & -25x & +10 \\
\multicolumn{2}{r}{x^2} & -2x^3 & + kx^2 \\
\cline{2-4}
\multicolumn{2}{r}{0} & -4x^3 & +(16 - k)x^2 \\
\multicolumn{2}{r}{} &- 4x^3 & +8x^2 & - 4kx \\
\cline{3-5}
\multicolumn{2}{r}{} & 0 & +(8 - k)x^2 & +(4k - 25)x \\
\multicolumn{2}{r}{} & & +(8 - k)x^2 & +(2k - 16)x & +k(8 - k) \\
\cline{4-6}
\multicolumn{2}{r}{} & & 0 & +(2k - 9)x & +(k^2 - 8k + 10) \\
\end{array}
\]Thus, the remainder is $(2k - 9)x + (k^2 - 8k + 10).$ We want this to be $x + a,$ so $2k - 9 = 1$ and $k^2 - 8k + 10 = a.$ Solving, we find $(k,a) = \boxed{(5,-5)}.$
|
human
|
The real numbers $a,$ $b,$ $c,$ and $d$ satisfy
\[a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + 1 = d + \sqrt{a + b + c - d}.\]Find $d.$
|
gpt
|
Let $x = \sqrt{a + b + c - d}.$ Then $x^2 = a + b + c - d,$ so $d = a + b + c - x^2,$ and we can write
\[a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + 1 = a + b + c - x^2 + x.\]Then
\[a^2 - a + b^2 - b + c^2 - c + x^2 - x + 1 = 0.\]Completing the square in $a,$ $b,$ $c,$ and $x,$ we get
\[\left( a - \frac{1}{2} \right)^2 + \left( b - \frac{1}{2} \right)^2 + \left( c - \frac{1}{2} \right)^2 + \left( x - \frac{1}{2} \right)^2 = 0.\]Hence, $a = b = c = x = \frac{1}{2},$ so
\[d = a + b + c - x^2 = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} - \frac{1}{4} = \boxed{\frac{5}{4}}.\]
|
human
|
Find the last three digits of $9^{105}.$
|
gpt
|
We can write $9^{105} = (10 - 1)^{105}.$ Then by the Binomial Theorem,
\[(10 - 1)^{105} = 10^{105} - \binom{105}{1} 10^{104} + \binom{105}{2} 10^{103} - \dots + \binom{105}{102} 10^3 - \binom{105}{103} 10^2 + \binom{105}{104} 10 - 1.\]All the terms up to $\binom{105}{102} 10^3$ are divisible by $10^3,$ so for the purpose of finding the last three digits, we can ignore them. We are left with
\begin{align*}
-\binom{105}{103} 10^2 + \binom{105}{104} 10 - 1 &= -\binom{105}{2} 10^2 + \binom{105}{1} 10 - 1 \\
&= -\frac{105 \cdot 104}{2} \cdot 10^2 + 105 \cdot 10 - 1 \\
&= -546000 + 1050 - 1 \\
&= -546000 + 1049.
\end{align*}Hence, the last three digits are $\boxed{049}.$
|
human
|
Compute the value of the infinite series \[
\sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \frac{n^4+3n^2+10n+10}{2^n \cdot \left(n^4+4\right)}
\]
|
gpt
|
We factor the denominator: \[n^4+4 = (n^2+2)^2-(2n)^2 = (n^2-2n+2)(n^2+2n+2).\]Now,
\begin{eqnarray*}
\frac{n^4+3n^2+10n+10}{n^4+4} & = & 1 + \frac{3n^2+10n+6}{n^4+4} \\
& = & 1 + \frac{4}{n^2-2n+2} - \frac{1}{n^2+2n+2} \\
\Longrightarrow \sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \frac{n^4+3n^2+10n+10}{2^n \cdot \left(n^4+4\right)} & = & \sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \frac{1}{2^n} + \frac{4}{2^n\cdot(n^2-2n+2)} - \frac{1}{2^n\cdot(n^2+2n+2)} \\
& = & \frac{1}{2} + \sum_{n=2}^{\infty} \frac{1}{2^{n-2}\cdot\left((n-1)^2+1\right)} - \frac{1}{2^n\cdot\left((n+1)^2+1\right)}
\end{eqnarray*}The last series telescopes to $\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{10}$; thus, our our desired answer is $\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{10} = \boxed{\frac{11}{10}}$.
|
human
|
Let $f : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ be a function such that
\[f(f(x) - y) = f(x) + f(f(y) - f(-x)) + x\]for all real numbers $x$ and $y.$
Let $n$ be the number of possible values of $f(3),$ and let $s$ be the sum of all possible values of $f(3).$ Find $n \times s.$
|
gpt
|
Setting $x = y = 0,$ we get
\[f(f(0)) = 2f(0).\]Let $c = f(0),$ so $f(c) = 2c.$
Setting $x = 0$ and $y = c,$ we get
\[f(0) = f(0) + f(f(c) - c).\]Then $f(c) = 0,$ so $c = 0.$
Setting $x = 0,$ we get
\[f(-y) = f(f(y))\]for all $y.$
Setting $y = f(x),$ we get
\[0 = f(x) + f(f(f(x)) - f(-x)) + x.\]Since $f(f(x)) = f(-x),$ this becomes $f(x) = -x$ for all $x.$ We can check that this function works.
Thus, $n = 1$ and $s = -3,$ so $n \times s = \boxed{-3}.$
|
human
|
Find all solutions to the inequality \[\frac{x^2}{(x-3)^2} \ge 0.\](Give your answer in interval notation.)
|
gpt
|
As the quotient of two perfect squares, the left-hand side is always nonnegative when it is defined. The left-hand side is defined whenever $x \neq 3,$ so the solution set is $\boxed{ (-\infty, 3) \cup (3, \infty) }.$
|
human
|
Let $F(x)$ be a polynomial such that $F(6) = 15$ and\[\frac{F(3x)}{F(x+3)} = 9-\frac{48x+54}{x^2+5x+6}\]for $x \in \mathbb{R}$ such that both sides are defined. Find $F(12)$.
|
gpt
|
Combining denominators and simplifying,\[\frac{F(3x)}{F(x+3)} = \frac{9(x^2+5x+6)-48x-54}{x^2+5x+6} = \frac{9x^2 - 3x}{x^2 + 5x + 6}= \frac{3x(3x-1)}{(x+3)(x+2)}\]It becomes obvious that $F(x) = ax(x-1)$, for some constant $a$, matches the definition of the polynomial. To prove that $F(x)$ must have this form, note that\[(x+3)(x+2)F(3x) = 3x(3x-1)F(x+3)\]
Since $3x$ and $3x-1$ divides the right side of the equation, $3x$ and $3x-1$ divides the left side of the equation. Thus $3x(3x-1)$ divides $F(3x)$, so $x(x-1)$ divides $F(x)$.
It is easy to see that $F(x)$ is a quadratic, thus $F(x)=ax(x-1)$ as desired.
By the given, $F(6) = a(6)(5) = 15 \Longrightarrow a = \frac 12$. Thus, $F(12) = \frac{1}{2}(12)(11) = \boxed{66}$.
|
human
|
The expansion of $(x+1)^n$ has 3 consecutive terms with coefficients in the ratio $1:2:3$ that can be written in the form\[{n\choose k} : {n\choose k+1} : {n \choose k+2}\]Find the sum of all possible values of $n+k$.
|
gpt
|
By definition, ${n\choose k} = \frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}$. The ratio of the first two terms give us that\begin{align*}\frac{1}{2} &= \frac{\frac{n!}{k!(n-k)!}}{\frac{n!}{(k+1)!(n-k-1)!}} = \frac{k+1}{n-k}\\ 2&=n-3k\end{align*}The ratio of the second and third terms give us that\begin{align*}\frac{2}{3} &= \frac{\frac{n!}{(k+1)!(n-k-1)!}}{\frac{n!}{(k+2)!(n-k-2)!}} = \frac{k+2}{n-k-1}\\ 8&=2n-5k\end{align*}This is a linear system of two equations with two unknowns, indicating that there is a unique solution. Solving by substitution or multiplying the top equation and subtracting, we find $k = 4, n = 14$. Thus, $n+k=\boxed{18}$.
|
human
|
Let $S = (1+i)^{17} - (1-i)^{17}$, where $i=\sqrt{-1}$. Find $|S|$.
|
gpt
|
Rewriting the complex numbers in polar notation form, $1+i = \sqrt{2}\,\text{cis}\,\frac{\pi}{4}$ and $1-i = \sqrt{2}\,\text{cis}\,-\frac{\pi}{4}$, where $\text{cis}\,\theta = \cos \theta + i\sin \theta$. By De Moivre's Theorem,\begin{align*} \left(\sqrt{2}\,\text{cis}\,\frac{\pi}{4}\right)^{17} - \left(\sqrt{2}\,\text{cis}\,-\frac{\pi}{4}\right)^{17} &= 2^{17/2}\,\left(\text{cis}\,\frac{17\pi}{4}\right) - 2^{17/2}\,\left(\text{cis}\,-\frac{17\pi}{4}\right) \\ &= 2^{17/2}\left[\text{cis}\left(\frac{\pi}{4}\right) - \text{cis}\left(-\frac{\pi}{4}\right)\right] \\ &= 2^{17/2}\left(2i\sin \frac{\pi}{4}\right) \\ &= 2^{17/2} \cdot 2 \cdot 2^{-1/2}i = 2^9i = \boxed{512}\,i \end{align*}
|
human
|
A $\frac 1p$ -array is a structured, infinite, collection of numbers. For example, a $\frac 13$ -array is constructed as follows:
\begin{align*} 1 \qquad \frac 13\,\ \qquad \frac 19\,\ \qquad \frac 1{27} \qquad &\cdots\\ \frac 16 \qquad \frac 1{18}\,\ \qquad \frac{1}{54} \qquad &\cdots\\ \frac 1{36} \qquad \frac 1{108} \qquad &\cdots\\ \frac 1{216} \qquad &\cdots\\ &\ddots \end{align*}
In general, the first entry of each row is $\frac{1}{2p}$ times the first entry of the previous row. Then, each succeeding term in a row is $\frac 1p$ times the previous term in the same row. If the sum of all the terms in a $\frac{1}{2008}$ -array can be written in the form $\frac mn$, where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers, find the remainder when $m+n$ is divided by $2008$.
|
gpt
|
Note that the value in the $r$th row and the $c$th column is given by $\left(\frac{1}{(2p)^r}\right)\left(\frac{1}{p^c}\right)$. We wish to evaluate the summation over all $r,c$, and so the summation will be, using the formula for an infinite geometric series:\begin{align*}\sum_{r=1}^{\infty}\sum_{c=1}^{\infty} \left(\frac{1}{(2p)^r}\right)\left(\frac{1}{p^c}\right) &= \left(\sum_{r=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{(2p)^r}\right)\left(\sum_{c=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{p^c}\right)\\ &= \left(\frac{1}{1-\frac{1}{2p}}\right)\left(\frac{1}{1-\frac{1}{p}}\right)\\ &= \frac{2p^2}{(2p-1)(p-1)}\end{align*}Taking the denominator with $p=2008$ (indeed, the answer is independent of the value of $p$), we have $m+n \equiv 2008^2 + (2008-1)(2\cdot 2008 - 1) \equiv (-1)(-1) \equiv 1 \pmod{2008}$ (or consider FOILing). The answer is $\boxed{1}$.
|
human
|
Consider the following function $g(x)$ defined as\[(x^{2^{2008}-1}-1)g(x) = (x+1)(x^2+1)(x^4+1)\cdots (x^{2^{2007}}+1) - 1\]Find $g(2)$.
|
gpt
|
Multiply both sides by $x-1$; the right hand side collapses by the reverse of the difference of squares.
\begin{align*}(x-1)(x^{2^{2008}-1}-1)g(x) &= (x-1)(x+1)(x^2+1)(x^4+1)\cdots (x^{2^{2007}}+1) - (x-1)\\ &= (x^2-1) (x^2+1)(x^4+1)\cdots (x^{2^{2007}}+1) - (x-1)\\ &= \cdots\\ &= \left(x^{2^{2008}}-1\right) - (x-1) = x^{2^{2008}} - x \end{align*}Substituting $x = 2$, we have\[\left(2^{2^{2008}-1}-1\right) \cdot g(2) = 2^{2^{2008}}-2 = 2\left(2^{2^{2008}-1}-1\right)\]Dividing both sides by $2^{2^{2008}-1}$, we find $g(2) = \boxed{2}$.
|
human
|
Let $S$ denote the value of the sum\[\sum_{n=0}^{668} (-1)^{n} {2004 \choose 3n}\]Determine the remainder obtained when $S$ is divided by $1000$.
|
gpt
|
Consider the polynomial\[f(x)=(x-1)^{2004}=\sum_{n=0}^{2004}\binom{2004}{n}\cdot(-1)^n x^{2004-n}.\]
Let $\omega^3=1$ with $\omega\neq 1$. We have
\begin{align*} \frac{f(1)+f(\omega)+f(\omega^2)}{3} &= \frac{(1-1)^{2004}+(\omega-1)^{2004}+(\omega^2-1)^{2004}}{3} \\ &= \frac{1}{3}\sum_{n=0}^{2004}\binom{2004}{n}\cdot(-1)^n\cdot(1^{2004-n}+\omega^{2004-n}+(\omega^2)^{2004-n}) \\ &= \sum_{n=0}^{668}(-1)^n \binom{2004}{3n}. \end{align*}
where the last step follows because $1^k+\omega^k+\omega^{2k}$ is 0 when $k$ is not divisible by 3, and $3$ when $k$ is divisible by 3.
We now compute $\frac{(1-1)^{2004}+(\omega-1)^{2004}+(\omega^2-1)^{2004}}{3}$. WLOG, let $\omega = \frac{-1+\sqrt{3}i}{2}, \omega^2=\frac{-1-\sqrt{3}i}{2}$. Then $\omega-1=\frac{-3+\sqrt{3}i}{2} = \sqrt{3}\cdot \frac{-\sqrt{3}+i}{2}$, and $\omega^2-1=\sqrt{3}\cdot\frac{-\sqrt{3}-i}{2}$. These numbers are both of the form $\sqrt{3}\cdot\varphi$, where $\varphi$ is a 12th root of unity, so both of these, when raised to the 2004-th power, become $3^{1002}$. Thus, our desired sum becomes $2\cdot3^{1001}$.
To find $2\cdot3^{1001} \pmod{1000}$, we notice that $3^{\phi{500}}\equiv 3^{200}\equiv 1 \pmod{500}$ so that $3^{1001}\equiv 3 \pmod{500}$. Then $2\cdot3^{1001}=2(500k+3)=1000k+6$. Thus, our answer is $\boxed{6}$.
|
human
|
Let $a$ and $b$ be the two real values of $x$ for which\[\sqrt[3]{x} + \sqrt[3]{20 - x} = 2\]The smaller of the two values can be expressed as $p - \sqrt{q}$, where $p$ and $q$ are integers. Compute $p + q$.
|
gpt
|
Let $a=\sqrt[3]{x}, b = \sqrt[3]{20-x}$. Then $a+b = 2$ and $a^3 + b^3 = 20$. Factoring,\[a^3 + b^3 = (a+b)((a+b)^2-3ab) = 2(4-3ab)= 8-6ab=20 \Longrightarrow ab = -2\]
Solving $a+b=2, ab=-2$ gives us the quadratic $a^2 - 2a - 2 = 0$. The quadratic formula yields $a = \frac{2 - \sqrt{12}}{2} = 1 - \sqrt{3}$, and $x = a^3 = (1-\sqrt{3})^3 = 1 - 3\sqrt{3} + 9 - 3\sqrt{3} = 10 - \sqrt{108}$. Therefore, $p+q=\boxed{118}$.
|
human
|
If $p, q,$ and $r$ are three non-zero integers such that $p + q + r = 26$ and\[\frac{1}{p} + \frac{1}{q} + \frac{1}{r} + \frac{360}{pqr} = 1,\] compute $pqr$.
|
gpt
|
\begin{align*} \frac {1}{p} + \frac {1}{q} + \frac {1}{r} + \frac {360}{pqr} & = 1 \\ pq + pr + qr + 360 & = pqr \\ 360 & = pqr - pq - pr - qr \\ & = (p - 1)(q - 1)(r - 1) - (p + q + r) + 1 \\ & = (p - 1)(q - 1)(r - 1) - 25 \\ 385 & = (p - 1)(q - 1)(r - 1) \\ \end{align*}
From here, you can factor $385$ as $5 \cdot 7 \cdot 11$, giving corresponding values of $6, 8,$ and $12$. The answer is $6 \cdot 8 \cdot 12=\boxed{576}$.
|
human
|
$x$ is a real number with the property that $x+\tfrac1x = 3$. Let $S_m = x^m + \tfrac{1}{x^m}$. Determine the value of $S_7$.
|
gpt
|
We can calculate\[x^2 + \dfrac{1}{x^2} = \left(x + \dfrac{1}{x}\right)^2 - 2 = 3^2 -2 = 7.\]Similarly,\[x^3 + \dfrac{1}{x^3} = \left(x + \dfrac{1}{x}\right) \left(x^2 + \dfrac{1}{x^2}\right) - \left(x + \dfrac{1}{x}\right) = 3 \cdot 7 - 3 = 18\]and\[x^4 + \dfrac{1}{x^4} = \left(x^2 + \dfrac{1}{x^2}\right)^2 - 2 = 7^2 - 2 = 47.\]Finally,\[x^7 + \dfrac{1}{x^7} = \left(x^3 + \dfrac{1}{x^3}\right) \left(x^4 + \dfrac{1}{x^4}\right) - \left(x + \dfrac{1}{x}\right) = 18 \cdot 47 - 3 = \boxed{843}.\]
|
human
|
A function $f(x)$ is defined for all real numbers $x$. For all non-zero values $x$, we have
\[2f\left(x\right) + f\left(\frac{1}{x}\right) = 5x + 4\]
Let $S$ denote the sum of all of the values of $x$ for which $f(x) = 2004$. Compute the integer nearest to $S$.
|
gpt
|
Substituting $\frac{1}{x}$, we have
\[2f\left(\frac 1x\right) + f\left(x\right) = \frac{5}{x} + 4\]
This gives us two equations, which we can eliminate $f\left(\frac 1x\right)$ from (the first equation multiplied by two, subtracting the second):
\begin{align*} 3f(x) &= 10x + 4 - \frac 5x \\ 0 &= x^2 - \frac{3 \times 2004 - 4}{10}x + \frac 52\end{align*}
Clearly, the discriminant of the quadratic equation $\Delta > 0$, so both roots are real. By Vieta's formulas, the sum of the roots is the coefficient of the $x$ term, so our answer is $\left[\frac{3 \times 2004 - 4}{10}\right] = \boxed{601}$.
|
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