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4,585,965 | Aircraft upset | Aircraft upset is an unacceptable condition, in aircraft operations, in which the aircraft flight attitude or airspeed is outside the normally intended limits. This may result in the loss of control (LOC) of the aircraft, and sometimes the total loss of the aircraft itself. Loss of control may be due to excessive altit... |
2,984,169 | Aviation archaeology | Aviation archaeology is a recognized sub-discipline within archaeology and underwater archaeology as a whole. It is an activity practiced by both enthusiasts and academics in pursuit of finding, documenting, recovering, and preserving sites important in aviation history. For the most part, these sites are aircraft wrec... |
7,092,977 | Aviation insurance | Aviation insurance is insurance coverage geared specifically to the operation of aircraft and the risks involved in aviation. Aviation insurance policies are distinctly different from those for other areas of transportation and tend to incorporate aviation terminology, as well as terminology, limits and clauses specifi... |
1,197,818 | Bird strike | A bird strike (sometimes called birdstrike, bird ingestion (for an engine), bird hit, or bird aircraft strike hazard (BASH)) is a collision between an airborne animal (usually a bird or bat) and a moving vehicle (usually an aircraft). The term is also used for bird deaths resulting from collisions with structures, such... |
11,917,956 | Brownout (aeronautics) | In aviation, a brownout (or brown-out) is an in-flight visibility restriction due to dust or sand in the air.
In a brownout, the pilot cannot see nearby objects which provide the outside visual references necessary to control the aircraft near the ground. This can cause spatial disorientation and loss of situational aw... |
10,630,682 | Coffin corner (aerodynamics) | Coffin corner (also known as the aerodynamic ceiling or Q corner) is the region of flight where a fast but subsonic fixed-wing aircraft's stall speed is near the critical Mach number, making it very difficult to keep an airplane in stable flight. Because the stall speed is the minimum speed required to maintain level f... |
1,612,558 | Compressor stall | A compressor stall is a local disruption of the airflow in the compressor of a gas turbine or turbocharger. A stall that results in the complete disruption of the airflow through the compressor is referred to as a compressor surge. The severity of the phenomenon ranges from a momentary power drop barely registered by t... |
66,722,214 | Continued VFR into IMC | Continued VFR into IMC is when an aircraft operating under visual flight rules intentionally or unintentionally enters into instrument meteorological conditions. Flying an aircraft without visual reference to the ground can lead to a phenomenon known as spatial disorientation, which can cause the pilot to misperceive t... |
406,231 | Control reversal | Control reversal is an adverse effect on the controllability of aircraft. The flight controls reverse themselves in a way that is not intuitive, so pilots may not be aware of the situation; to roll to the left, they have to push the control stick to the right, the opposite of the normal direction.
|
490,866 | Controlled flight into terrain | In aviation, a controlled flight into terrain (CFIT; usually SEE-fit) is an accident in which an airworthy aircraft, fully under pilot control, is unintentionally flown into the ground, a body of water or other obstacle. In a typical CFIT scenario, the crew is unaware of the impending collision until impact, or it is ... |
6,529,198 | Core lock | Core lock is a turbine engine failure that can happen to aircraft in flight. When an engine is shut down in flight, the design of the engine causes some parts to cool quicker than others. Since materials change sizes in different temperatures, this happens to the turbine engine. Core lock happens if the engine's parts ... |
1,428,177 | Deicing | De-icing is the process of removing snow, ice or frost from a surface. Anti-icing is the application of chemicals that not only de-ice but also remain on a surface and continue to delay the reformation of ice for a certain period of time, or prevent adhesion of ice to make mechanical removal easier.
De-icing can be acc... |
7,797,960 | Dissymmetry of lift | Dissymmetry of lift: 2–20 (also known as asymmetry of lift: 342 or asymmetric lift) in rotorcraft aerodynamics refers to an unequal amount of lift on opposite sides of the rotor disc. It is a phenomenon that affects single-rotor helicopters and autogyros in forward flight.
A rotor blade that is moving in the same dir... |
11,954,900 | Dynamic rollover | A helicopter is susceptible to a rolling tendency,
called dynamic rollover, when close to the ground,
especially when taking off or landing.
For dynamic rollover to occur, some factor has to first
cause the helicopter to roll or pivot around a skid, or
landing gear wheel, until its critical rollover angle is
reached. T... |
1,451,948 | Flameout | In aviation, a flameout (or flame-out) is the run-down of a jet engine or other turbine engine due to the extinguishment of the flame in its combustor. The loss of flame can have a variety of causes, such as fuel starvation, excessive altitude, compressor stall, foreign object damage deriving from birds, hail, or volca... |
20,723,955 | Flight envelope protection | Flight envelope protection is a human machine interface extension of an aircraft's control system that prevents the pilot of an aircraft from making control commands that would force the aircraft to exceed its structural and aerodynamic operating limits. It is used in some form in all modern commercial fly-by-wire airc... |
904,516 | Foreign object damage | In aviation and aerospace, the term foreign object damage (FOD) refers to any damage to an aircraft attributed to foreign object debris (also referred to as "FOD"), which is any particle or substance, alien to an aircraft or system which could potentially cause damage to it.
External FOD hazards include bird strikes, ... |
27,329,045 | Fume event | A fume event occurs when bleed air used for cabin pressurisation and air conditioning in a pressurised aircraft is contaminated by fluids such as engine oil, hydraulic fluid, anti-icing fluid, and other potentially hazardous chemicals. |
29,042,494 | Global Safety Information Exchange | The Global Safety Information Exchange (GSIE) is a system launched by ICAO in September 2010 to confidentially share information about aviation safety incidents; enabling ICAO to identify trends may make it possible to improve safety through risk reduction. |
8,216,292 | Graveyard spiral | In aviation, a graveyard spiral is a type of dangerous spiral dive entered into accidentally by a pilot who is not trained or not proficient in flying in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). Other names for this phenomenon include suicide spiral, deadly spiral, death spiral and vicious spiral.
Graveyard spirals ... |
72,805,505 | Ground collision | A ground collision (also known as a terrain collision, or simply GCOL) is a collision that occurs while an aircraft is taxiing to or from its runway. Ground collisions occur when an aircraft collides with another aircraft and/or structure on the runway. |
940,299 | Ground loop (aviation) | In aviation, a ground loop is a rapid rotation of a fixed-wing aircraft in the horizontal plane (yawing) while on the ground. Aerodynamic forces may cause the advancing wing to rise, which may then cause the other wingtip to touch the ground. In severe cases (particularly if the ground surface is soft), the inside wing... |
1,565,547 | Ground resonance | Ground resonance is an imbalance in the rotation of a helicopter rotor when the blades become bunched up on one side of their rotational plane and cause an oscillation in phase with the frequency of the rocking of the helicopter on its landing gear. The effect is similar to the behavior of a washing machine when the cl... |
9,468,288 | Hard landing | A hard landing occurs when an aircraft or spacecraft hits the ground with a greater vertical speed and force than in a normal landing. The terms hard landing and firm landing are often confused though are inherently different. A hard landing is never intended and if an aircraft has had a hard landing, it must be inspec... |
2,239,013 | Helicopter height–velocity diagram | The FAA states "The height–velocity diagram or H/V curve is a graph charting the safe/unsafe flight profiles relevant to a specific helicopter. As operation outside the safe area of the chart can be fatal in the event of a power or transmission failure it is sometimes referred to as the dead man's curve." The EASA refe... |
2,075 | Aircraft hijacking | Aircraft hijacking (also known as airplane hijacking, skyjacking, plane hijacking, plane jacking, air robbery, air piracy, or aircraft piracy, with the last term used within the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States) is the unlawful seizure of an aircraft by an individual or a group. Dating from the earlie... |
76,238,515 | In-flight fire | In aviation, an in-flight fire is a type of aviation accident where an aircraft catches on fire in-flight. They are considered one of the most dangerous hazards in aviation, with a report from the British Civil Aviation Authority showing that after a fire on an aircraft starts, flight crews only have on average 17 minu... |
3,252,568 | Inertia coupling | In aeronautics, inertia coupling, also referred to as inertial coupling and inertial roll coupling, is a potentially catastrophic phenomenon of high-speed flight in a long, thin aircraft, in which an intentional rotation of the aircraft about one axis prevents the aircraft's design from inhibiting other unintended rota... |
7,813,665 | Jet blast | Jet blast is the phenomenon of rapid air movement produced by the jet engines of aircraft, particularly on or before takeoff. A large jet-engine aircraft can produce winds of up to 100 knots (190 km/h; 120 mph) as far away as 60 metres (200 ft) behind it at 40% maximum rated power. Jet blast can be a hazard to people o... |
34,002,651 | The leans | The leans is the most common type of spatial disorientation for aviators. Through stabilization of the fluid in the semicircular canals, a pilot may perceive straight and level flight while actually in a banked turn. This is caused by a quick return to level flight after a gradual, prolonged turn that the pilot failed ... |
15,789,615 | List of aircraft hijackings | The following is a list of notable aircraft hijackings. |
24,815,659 | List of aircraft upset factors | The U.S. FAA lists factors of aircraft upset in the Airplane Upset Recovery Training Aid as follows:
Turbulence causes:
Clear air turbulence
Mountain wave turbulence
Windshear
Thunderstorms
Microbursts
Wake turbulence
Aircraft icing
Systems anomalies:
Flight instruments
Autoflight systems
Flight control and other anom... |
34,461,092 | Loss of control (aeronautics) | In aeronautics, loss of control (LOC) is the unintended departure of an aircraft from controlled flight and is a significant factor in several aviation accidents worldwide. In 2015 it was the leading cause of general aviation accidents. Loss of control may be the result of mechanical failure, external disturbances, air... |
3,512,082 | Low-g condition | Low-g condition is a phase of aerodynamic flight where the airframe is temporarily unloaded. The pilot—and the airframe—feel temporarily "weightless" because the aircraft is in free-fall or decelerating vertically at the top of a climb. It may also occur during an excessively rapid entry into autorotation. This can h... |
1,467,543 | Mobile phones on aircraft | In the U.S., Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations prohibit the use of mobile phones aboard aircraft in flight. Contrary to popular misconception, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) does not actually prohibit the use of personal electronic devices (including cell phones) on aircraft. Paragraph (b)(... |
68,150,155 | Parts departing aircraft | In aviation safety, parts departing aircraft or parts detached from aeroplanes (PDA), also known as objects falling off airplanes (OFA), things falling off aircraft (TFOA), and other analogous variations, can range from small fasteners like screws and rivets up to major sub-assemblies like hatch covers and doors. PDA a... |
2,328,078 | Pilot error | In aviation, pilot error generally refers to an action or decision made by a pilot that is a substantial contributing factor leading to an aviation accident. It also includes a pilot's failure to make a correct decision or take proper action. Errors are intentional actions that fail to achieve their intended outcomes. ... |
365,362 | Pilot-induced oscillation | Pilot-induced oscillations (PIOs), as defined by MIL-HDBK-1797A, are sustained or uncontrollable oscillations resulting from efforts of the pilot to control the aircraft. They occur when the pilot of an aircraft inadvertently commands an often increasing series of corrections in opposite directions, each an attempt to ... |
5,096,257 | Pitch-up | In aerodynamics, pitch-up is an uncommanded nose-upwards rotation of an aircraft. It is an undesirable characteristic that has been observed mostly in experimental swept-wing aircraft at high subsonic Mach numbers or high angle of attack. |
43,342,601 | Propeller strike | In aviation, a propeller strike, or prop strike, also called a sudden stoppage, is an event in which an aircraft's propeller contacts any object and is forcibly stopped or slowed. Propeller strikes can be the result of the propeller contacting the ground due to landing gear collapse, failure to extend the landing gear,... |
607,446 | Ramp strike | A ramp strike or rampstrike is when an aircraft coming to land aboard an aircraft carrier impacts the rear of the carrier, also called the ramp, below the level of the flight deck.
Damage from a ramp strike to the aircraft can range from broken hook or undercarriage to total loss of airframe; damage to the carrier can ... |
1,565,409 | Retreating blade stall | Retreating blade stall is a hazardous flight condition in helicopters and other rotary wing aircraft, where the retreating rotor blade has a lower relative blade speed, combined with an increased angle of attack, causing a stall and loss of lift. Retreating blade stall is the primary limiting factor of a helicopter's ... |
8,731,144 | Runway excursion | A runway excursion is a runway safety incident in which an aircraft makes an inappropriate exit from the runway. This happens mainly due to late landings or inappropriate runway choice.
There are several types of runway excursions:
A departing aircraft fails to become airborne or successfully reject the takeoff befor... |
10,758,386 | Runway incursion | A runway incursion is an aviation incident involving improper positioning of vehicles or people on any airport runway or its protected area. When an incursion involves an active runway being used by arriving or departing aircraft, the potential for a collision hazard or instrument landing system (ILS) interference can ... |
3,526,639 | Sensory illusions in aviation | Human senses are not naturally geared for the in-flight environment. Pilots may experience disorientation and loss of perspective, creating illusions that range from false horizons to sensory conflict with instrument readings or the misjudging of altitude over water.
|
75,431,441 | Servo transparency | In aviation, and in particular in helicopters, servo transparency (also called servo reversibility or jack stall), is a phenomenon affecting the servomechanisms (or servos) that assist a helicopter's flight controls, which, in certain flight conditions, can result in a significant stiffening of the controls handled by ... |
888,928 | Spatial disorientation | Spatial disorientation is the inability to determine position or relative motion, commonly occurring during periods of challenging visibility, since vision is the dominant sense for orientation. The auditory system, vestibular system (within the inner ear), and proprioceptive system (sensory receptors located in the sk... |
341,083 | Spin (aerodynamics) | In flight dynamics a spin is a special category of stall resulting in autorotation (uncommanded roll) about the aircraft's longitudinal axis and a shallow, rotating, downward path approximately centred on a vertical axis. Spins can be entered intentionally or unintentionally, from any flight attitude if the aircraft ha... |
81,511 | Stall (fluid dynamics) | In fluid dynamics, a stall is a reduction in the lift coefficient generated by a foil as angle of attack exceeds its critical value. The critical angle of attack is typically about 15°, but it may vary significantly depending on the fluid, foil – including its shape, size, and finish – and Reynolds number.
Stalls in fi... |
43,930,834 | Steep turn (aviation) | A steep turn in aviation, performed by an aircraft (usually fixed wing), is a turn that involves a bank of more than 30 degrees. This means the angle created by the axis running along both wings and the horizon is more than 30 degrees. Generally, for training purposes, steep turns are demonstrated and practiced at 45 d... |
30,401,564 | Stray animals at Indian airports | Stray animals are common on the runways of Indian airports. They can pose a major threat to air safety in most airports across the nation. According to the Airports Authority of India (AAI) officials, animals straying onto the runway are routine at many airports in India.
Animals found in the runways of Indian airports... |
46,233,624 | Suicide by pilot | Suicide by pilot is an aviation event in which a pilot deliberately crashes or attempts to crash an aircraft as a suicide act, with or without the intention of causing harm to passengers on board or people on the ground. If others are killed, it may be considered a type of murder–suicide. It is suspected to have been a... |
3,057,926 | Tailstrike | In aviation, a tailstrike or tail strike occurs when the tail or empennage of an aircraft strikes the ground or other stationary object. This can happen with a fixed-wing aircraft with tricycle undercarriage, in both takeoff where the pilot rotates the nose up too rapidly, or in landing where the pilot raises the nose ... |
760,810 | Traffic collision avoidance system | A traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS), pronounced TEE-kas), also known as an Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS), is an aircraft collision avoidance system designed to reduce the incidence of mid-air collision (MAC) between aircraft. It monitors the airspace around an aircraft for other aircraft... |
11,709,087 | Turbine engine failure | A turbine engine failure occurs when a gas turbine engine unexpectedly stops producing power due to a malfunction other than fuel exhaustion. It often applies for aircraft, but other turbine engines can also fail, such as ground-based turbines used in power plants or combined diesel and gas vessels and vehicles.
|
8,886,080 | Unstart | In supersonic aerodynamics, an unstart refers to a generally violent breakdown of the supersonic airflow. The phenomenon occurs when mass flow rate changes significantly within a duct. Avoiding unstarts is a key objective in the design of the engine air intakes of supersonic aircraft that cruise at speeds in excess of ... |
22,811,297 | Volcanic Ash Advisory Center | A Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) is a group of experts responsible for coordinating and disseminating information on atmospheric volcanic ash clouds that may endanger aviation. As at 2019, there are nine Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers located around the world, each one focusing on a particular geographical region. ... |
33,253,560 | Volcanic ash and aviation safety | Plumes of volcanic ash near active volcanoes are a flight safety hazard, especially for night flights. Volcanic ash is hard and abrasive, and can quickly cause significant wear to propellers and turbocompressor blades, and scratch cockpit windows, impairing visibility. The ash contaminates fuel and water systems, can j... |
828,001 | Vortex ring | A vortex ring, also called a toroidal vortex, is a torus-shaped vortex in a fluid; that is, a region where the fluid mostly spins around an imaginary axis line that forms a closed loop. The dominant flow in a vortex ring is said to be toroidal, more precisely poloidal.
Vortex rings are plentiful in turbulent flows of ... |
1,565,482 | Vortex ring state | The vortex ring state (VRS) is a dangerous aerodynamic condition that may arise in helicopter flight, when a vortex ring system engulfs the rotor, causing severe loss of lift. Often the term settling with power is used as a synonym, e.g., in Australia, the UK, and the US, but not in Canada, which uses the latter term f... |
670,783 | Wake turbulence | Wake turbulence is a disturbance in the atmosphere that forms behind an aircraft as it passes through the air. It includes several components, the most significant of which are wingtip vortices and jet-wash, the rapidly moving gases expelled from a jet engine.
Wake turbulence is especially hazardous in the region behin... |
5,690,654 | Wheel-barrowing | Wheel-barrowing is a problem that may occur in an aeroplane with a tricycle gear configuration during takeoff or landing. As the aeroplane gains speed during takeoff the wing generates an increasing amount of lift although not enough to raise the aeroplane off the ground. The lift reduces the weight supported by the ae... |
1,170,314 | Wingtip vortices | Wingtip vortices are circular patterns of rotating air left behind a wing as it generates lift.: 5.14 The name is a misnomer because the cores of the vortices are slightly inboard of the wing tips.: 369 Wingtip vortices are sometimes named trailing or lift-induced vortices because they also occur at points other than... |
10,958,349 | Air-mass thunderstorm | An air-mass thunderstorm, also called an "ordinary", "single cell", "isolated" or "garden variety" thunderstorm, is a thunderstorm that is generally weak and usually not severe. These storms form in environments where at least some amount of Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) is present, but with very low lev... |
2,644,038 | Carburetor icing | In engine design, carburetor icing is an icing condition which can affect carburetors under certain atmospheric conditions. The problem is most notable in aviation engines using float-type carburetors.
Carburetor icing is caused by the temperature drop in the carburetor, as an effect of fuel vaporization, and the tempe... |
2,014,417 | Clear-air turbulence | In meteorology, clear-air turbulence (CAT) is the turbulent movement of air masses in the absence of any visual clues such as clouds, and is caused when bodies of air moving at widely different speeds meet.
The atmospheric region most susceptible to CAT is the high troposphere at altitudes of around 7,000–12,000 m (23,... |
6,153,352 | Cloud suck | Cloud suck is a phenomenon commonly known in paragliding, hang gliding, and sailplane flying where pilots experience significant lift due to a thermal under the base of cumulus clouds, especially towering cumulus and cumulonimbus. The vertical extent of a cumulus cloud is a good indicator of the strength of lift beneat... |
51,560,627 | Cumulonimbus and aviation | Numerous aviation accidents have occurred in the vicinity of thunderstorms due to the density of clouds. It is often said that the turbulence can be extreme enough inside a cumulonimbus to tear an aircraft into pieces, and even strong enough to hold a skydiver. However, this kind of accident is relatively rare. Moreove... |
586,610 | Downburst | In meteorology, a downburst is a strong downward and outward gushing wind system that emanates from a point source above and blows radially, that is, in straight lines in all directions from the area of impact at surface level. It originates under deep, moist convective conditions like cumulus congestus or cumulonimbus... |
58,991 | Fog | Fog is a visible aerosol consisting of tiny water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near the Earth's surface. Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud usually resembling stratus and is heavily influenced by nearby bodies of water, topography, and wind conditions. In turn, fog affects many human... |
70,996,357 | Ground deicing of aircraft | In aviation, ground deicing of aircraft is the process of removing surface frost, ice or frozen contaminants on aircraft surfaces before an aircraft takes off. This prevents even a small amount of surface frost or ice on aircraft surfaces from severely impacting flight performance. Frozen contaminants on surfaces can a... |
2,644,317 | Icing (aeronautics) | In aeronautics, icing is the formation of water ice on an aircraft.
Icing has resulted in numerous fatal accidents in aviation history.
Ice accretion and accumulation can affect the external surfaces of an aircraft – in which case it is referred to as airframe icing – or the engine, resulting in carburetor icing, air ... |
79,284,128 | Storm Adam | Storm Adam is a severe polar weather system affecting Lebanon on February 2025 and the surrounding region. |
70,807 | Thunderstorm | A thunderstorm, also known as an electrical storm or a lightning storm, is a storm characterized by the presence of lightning and its acoustic effect on the Earth's atmosphere, known as thunder. Relatively weak thunderstorms are sometimes called thundershowers. Thunderstorms occur in a type of cloud known as a cumuloni... |
610,527 | Whiteout (weather) | Whiteout or white-out is a weather condition in which visibility and contrast are severely reduced by snow, fog, or sand. The horizon disappears from view while the sky and landscape appear featureless, leaving no points of visual reference by which to navigate.
A whiteout may be due simply to extremely heavy snowfall ... |
454,209 | Wind gradient | In common usage, wind gradient, more specifically wind speed gradient
or wind velocity gradient,
or alternatively shear wind,
is the vertical component of the gradient of the mean horizontal wind speed in the lower atmosphere. It is the rate of increase of wind strength with unit increase in height above ground level. ... |
223,992 | Wind shear | Wind shear (; also written windshear), sometimes referred to as wind gradient, is a difference in wind speed and/or direction over a relatively short distance in the atmosphere. Atmospheric wind shear is normally described as either vertical or horizontal wind shear. Vertical wind shear is a change in wind speed or dir... |
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