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hemantvirmani
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gpt-training-dataset

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Hatfield , Mark O. ; Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2001 ) . Vice Presidents of the United States , 1789- 1993 ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . ISBN 9996439895 .
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"Because of National Security" really doesn't explain his suddenly Top-Secret globe-hopping. Bill was well helping Hill -- or so outward appearance would make it seem. So now Friends of Hill are helping Bill -- keeping his foreign fund-raising journeys far from the public's prying eyes ... [...] State turned over 14 pages of heavily redacted Bill Clinton schedules to the RNC in June amid a smattering of other records. Just about the only substantive information left in the daily calendars for the former president were weather forecasts for the Clintons' home in Chappaqua, New York. Last week, the State Department acknowledged that the 14 pages are only the tip of the iceberg: an estimated 5,400 pages of Bill Clinton schedules are due to be processed for release to the GOP — more than half the records covered by the suit. [...] "The record ... reflects that State Department officials and Clinton Foundation officials worked essentially hand in glove , coordinating President Clinton’s schedule and whom he would speak with, as well as talking points and even briefings with regard to political ramifications of certain meetings or events," wrote Jason Torchinsky, an attorney for the RNC. "The electronic calendar records at issue here merely are a function of, and inextricably intertwined with, that coordinated effort with the federal agency officials." While the thousands of pages of Bill Clinton's schedules could provide ample fodder for opposition researchers at the RNC, it's uncertain whether the GOP will get its hands on many of them before the November election. [...] New Clinton email fight: Bill Clinton's schedules An RNC lawsuit is trying to force release of the records, but it may not gain traction before the election. by Josh Gerstein, politico.com -- 08/09/16 So now we may have some idea why Hillary had to delete over HALF her official public-record emails -- OVER 30,000 of them -- could it be that a significant portion of those Deletions, had to do with her "private" shuttle-diplomacy Foundation business? Could they have been Hill telling Bill where the next Pokemon molehill was buried? Well if the recipients list of Clinton Foundation's chief ambassador itinerary is any indication, there was more "than Yoga" being discussed in those now-redacted/deleted travel plans: Based on the email distribution lists, Bill Clinton's schedules appear to have circulated regularly to dozens of people. A handful of them were State Department officials, including Chief of Staff Cheryl Mills, Deputy Chief of Staff Huma Abedin, Hillary Clinton scheduler Lona Valmoro, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Communications Philippe Reines and Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs Andrew Shapiro. Hmmm, just Bill getting this week's "Grocery List" ... we are left to presume?
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Bumblebees are varied in appearance , but are generally plump and densely furry . Compared to honeybees they are larger and stouter- bodied . Many species have broad bands of colour , the patterns helping to distinguish different species . Whereas honeybees have short tongues and therefore mainly pollinate open flowers , some bumblebee species have long tongues and collect nectar from flowers that are closed into a tube . Compared to a honeybee , a bumblebee has a broader body and a more rounded tip to the abdomen . Bumblebees have fewer stripes ( or none ) , and usually have part of the body covered in black fur , while honeybees have many stripes including several grey stripes on the abdomen . Sizes are very variable even within species ; the largest British species , B. terrestris , has queens up to 22 mm long , males up to 16 mm long , and workers between 11 and 17 mm long . The largest bumblebee species in the world is B. dahlbomii of Chile , up to about 40 mm long , and described as " flying mice " and " a monstrous fluffy ginger beast " .
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Results: Inulin decreased gas retention during the gas challenge test (by 22%; P=0.035 vs. baseline), while the placebo did not, but the intergroup difference was not statistically significant (P=0.343). Inulin and placebo reduced the perception of abdominal sensations in the gas challenge test to a similar extent (by 52% and 43%, respectively). Participants reported moderate gastrointestinal symptoms and normal bowel habits during baseline examination, and these findings remained unchanged in both groups during the intervention. Inulin led to a higher relative abundance of bifidobacteria counts (P=0.01 vs. placebo). Study: Placebo-controlled, parallel, randomized, double-blind trial. Subjects with abdominal symptoms and reduced tolerance of intestinal gas (selected by a pretest) received either inulin (8 g/d, n=18) or maltodextrin as a placebo (8 g/d, n=18) for 4 weeks. A gas challenge test (4 h jejunal gas infusion at 12 mL/min while measuring abdominal symptoms and gas retention for 3 h) was performed before and at the end of the intervention phase. Gastrointestinal symptoms and bowel habits (using daily questionnaires for 1 wk) and fecal bifidobacteria counts were measured before and at the end of the intervention. A large proportion of patients in clinical practice complain of functional digestive symptoms without any detectable cause. These symptoms are related to a poor tolerance of gut contents, which involves an impaired reflex control and hypersensitivity of the gastrointestinal tract. Recent data suggest that intestinal microbiota may play a role; indeed, microbiota has been shown to influence intraluminal content as well as both gut reflex activity and sensitivity.1 Prebiotics serve as substrate for gut microbiota, thereby influencing gut microbiota activity and composition and exerting beneficial effects for the host. In particular, inulin-type fructans are storage carbohydrates that are found in many plants, including chicory, leek, onion, wheat, garlic, and artichoke, which are part of the normal human diet. Orafti HSI inulin is a highly soluble inulin and is an ingredient in food derived from chicory. Inulin is a mixture of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides composed of fructose units connected by β (2→1) links.2 The total number of fructose and glucose units of chicory inulin ranges mainly between 2 and 70. It is a nondigestible carbohydrate, is a dietary fiber that reaches the colon intact and serves as a substrate for microbiota metabolism. The main characteristics of inulin are its prebiotic properties because it selectively stimulates beneficial bacteria, particularly bifidobacteria.2 Because of these properties, inulin is thought to have a stabilizing effect on the normal gastrointestinal function.3–5 We hypothesized that Orafti HSI inulin would improve functional digestive symptoms by influencing the key pathophysiological factors described above: gut content, reflex dysfunction, and hypersensitivity. The problem of investigating the effect of a treatment on clinical complaints related to gut function is the heterogeneity in pathophysiology, the intraindividual day-to-day variability of symptoms, and the high placebo response. To overcome these problems, our study applied very precise selection criteria through a comprehensive preentry selection process and measured symptoms during standard conditions and in response to a challenge test. Previous studies using the gas challenge test showed that patients with functional gut symptoms have impaired transit and poor tolerance to intestinal gas loads.6–9 MATERIALS AND METHODS Dietary Intervention and Experimental Design This was a single-center, placebo-controlled, parallel (n=18 per group), randomized and double-blind study conducted at the University Hospital Vall d´Hebron. Orafti HSI inulin (8 g/d; Beneo-Orafti, Tienen, Belgium) was tested against a placebo (maltodextrine 8 g/d) during a 4-week intervention period (Fig. 1). After a preliminary visit, potential participants entered a 1-week basal period. Those who fulfilled specific inclusion criteria (see below) were then randomized into inulin and placebo groups through a computer-generated randomization list and entered a 4-week intervention period. During the intervention period, either inulin or placebo was administered in 4-g sachets and was taken in 200 mL liquid (water, juice, milk, coffee, or tea) during breakfast and dinner. During the first 3 days of the intervention period, only half of the dose was administered for adaptation. Participants Patients (20 to 70 y of age) who presented in the gastroenterology outpatient clinic complaining of moderate abdominal discomfort without diarrhea followed a work-up by their attending physician, including blood test, endoscopy, and ultrasonography as indicated. Once organic disorders were ruled out, patients willing to participate in the study entered a 1-week basal evaluation period. At the end of the basal period, only the participants fulfilling the following inclusion criteria continued in the study and entered the intervention period: (a) a negative sensation of digestive well-being (score ≤1 on at least 2 of the 6 evaluation days, scored on a −5/+5 scale; see “Clinical evaluation” below); (b) poor tolerance of a gas challenge test (abdominal perception score ≥3, on a 0 to 6 scale, for at least three 15-minute time points over the last 90 minutes of the 180-minute long intestinal gas infusion test; see below). Over the preceding month antibiotic intake, exceptional diets, changes in dietary habits or intake of Ca supplements were not allowed. Medications that could interfere with intestinal motility or sensitivity as well as prebiotics and probiotics were discontinued before entering the study. Subjects gave written informed consent to participate in the study. Dietary and Lifestyle Instructions During the study (basal and intervention periods), the participants were instructed to consume at least 2 glasses of milk, 40 g of hard cheese, 80 g of soft cheese or 100 g of cream cheese per day, because colonic fermentation of inulin in individuals with low Ca intake may damage the epithelium and facilitate bacterial translocation.10,11 Participants were also told not to consume food labeled as “prebiotic,” “probiotic,” or “rich in fiber” to prevent confounding effects on microbiota activity, and were to avoid the excessive consumption of alcohol or coffee as well as changes in their physical activity or diet to standardize the testing conditions. Procedures At the end of the basal and intervention periods, the following procedures were performed: (a) clinical evaluation, (b) measurement of colonic transit time, (c) fecal sampling, and (d) measurement of intestinal gas transit and tolerance using a gas challenge test on the last day of each period. Clinical Evaluation Participants were instructed to fill out daily questionnaires on each of the last 6 days of the basal and intervention periods. The questionnaires evaluated digestive well-being using a scale graded from +5 to – 5; digestive symptoms (eg, abdominal bloating, distension, borborygmi, flatulence, and abdominal discomfort/pain) on a 0 to 10 score scale; and bowel habits (the number and form of stools using the Bristol scale).12 Measurement of Colonic Transit Colonic transit was measured by a standard technique using radioopaque markers. Markers were administered in a capsule for 3 consecutive days (20 markers per day), and a plain x-ray film of the abdomen was taken on the fourth day. The number of markers localized in the right, transverse, left and pelvic colonic segments was counted (using bone references) to calculate the total and segmental colonic transit times.13,14 Fecal Sampling and Analysis Fecal samples were collected at home, kept immediately at −20°C in the home freezer and delivered frozen to the laboratory using a freezer pack. They were stored at −80°C for later analysis. Subjects were instructed to collect fecal samples on the 2 days before their scheduled visit at the end of each study period (basal and intervention), and the last sample was used. Quantification of the fecal bifidobacteria and the total bacterial population in the samples was performed on DNA extracts from fecal specimens by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis using the Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) and a Bifidobacterium genus-specific PCR primer set (for Bifidobacterium: Forward: 5′ –TGG CTC AGG ATG AAC GCT G-3′; Reverse: 5′-TGA TAG GAC GCG ACC CCA T-3′; TaqMan probe: 5′-FAM-CAT CCG GCA TTA CCA-MGB-3′; for total bacteria: Forward: 5′-GCC AGC AGC CGC GGT AA-3′, Reverse: 5′-GAC TACC AGG GTA TCT AAT-3′). Gas Challenge Test Participants were instructed to follow a diet that excluded legumes, vegetables, garlic, onions, nuts, cereals, whole meal bread, and fizzy drinks during the day before each challenge test.7–9 On the night before each test, participants had a light dinner (meat, fish, eggs, rice, pasta and/or white bread but avoided dairy products, salad, fruit, and alcoholic beverages). Studies were conducted in a quiet, isolated room. After an 8-hour fast, participants were orally intubated with a tube (1.6 mm internal diameter) that had multiple side holes scattered over the distal 2-cm segment; the tip of the tube was positioned under fluoroscopic control 5 cm caudal to the angle of Treitz. A rectal catheter (20 Fr Foley catheter, Bard, Barcelona, Spain) was introduced, and the subjects were then placed supine in a bed at an angle of 30° to the horizontal plane. The tubes were connected to infusion and collection systems (see below), and gas was perfused into the jejunum for 180 minutes while measuring anal gas evacuation, abdominal perception and changes in girth. Jejunal gas infusion: Gas was continuously infused into the proximal jejunum at 12 mL/min using a modified volumetric pump (Asid Bonz PP 50-300; Lubratronics, Unterschleissheim, Germany). The gas mixture infused (88% nitrogen, 6.5% carbon dioxide, and 5.5% oxygen, bubbled into water for saturation) mimicked the partial pressures of venous blood gases to minimize diffusion across the intestinal-blood barrier.15 Anal gas evacuation: Intestinal gas evacuation was collected by an intrarectal catheter connected to a barostat, and the volume of evacuated gas was recorded continuously and measured at 30-minute intervals. Perception measurements: The perception of abdominal sensations was measured at 15-minute intervals by using five graphic rating scales, each of which was graded from 0 (no perception) to 6 (maximum tolerable) and aimed to score 4 specific possible abdominal sensations: (a) pressure/bloating, (b) distension; (c) borborygmi/colicky sensations, (d) puncture/stingy sensations, and (e) other types of sensations (to be specified). Participants were asked to score any perceived sensations (one or more perceived simultaneously) on the scales. Measurements of abdominal girth changes: Once the subjects were positioned in bed, a 48-mm-wide, nonstretch belt with a metric scale was adjusted around the abdomen by means of 2 elastic bands. Girth changes were measured at 15-minute intervals during the gas test while the subjects were breathing comfortably, and the changes were referenced to the mid-point of respiratory displacements. Outcomes Measures The primary outcome was the effect of inulin intake (change from baseline with inulin vs. placebo) on the tolerance of the gas challenge test, which was measured as the perception of digestive sensations during the gas challenge test. At each time point, the highest score instead of the mean or cumulative scores was computed for comparisons; these scores were averaged over the last 60 minutes of the test in each subject16; the differences between basal and intervention periods (inulin or placebo) were also calculated. Secondary outcomes included the effects of inulin intake on (a) intestinal gas retention (volume infused minus evacuated), which was measured as the average value over the last 60 minutes of the test; (b) digestive well-being, digestive symptoms and bowel habits, which were measured as the average values of the 6 daily evaluations; and (c) colonic transit time. Sample Size Calculation Anticipating a positive response (defined as ≥30% improvement in perception during gas infusion) in 10% of the placebo control and 57% of the inulin group, a sample size of 14 subjects per group was estimated to detect differences between the groups with a power of 80% and a significance level of 5% (2 sided). To detect differences in the secondary outcomes of daily symptoms, we anticipated an improvement of ≥1 in the score of the digestive well-being scale in 15% of the placebo group and 58% of the inulin group; thus, 18 subjects per group were recruited. Statistical Analysis Daily data during the 6-day evaluation period, as well as repeated measures during the last 60 minutes of the gas challenge test, were averaged in each subject, and the grand mean values (±SE) in each group of subjects were calculated. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of data distribution. All statistical tests were conducted with nonparametric tests: the Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for paired data, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for unpaired data. Statistical significance was assumed for P<0.05 (2 sided). RESULTS Demographics One hundred twenty-three participants were assessed for eligibility; 67 participants were included in the basal phase, 40 were randomized, and 36 completed the study and were included in the analysis (18 per group) (Fig. 1). Responses to the Gas Infusion Test During the gas infusion test, part of the gas infused was retained within the gut (less gas evacuated than infused). At baseline, gas retention was not significantly different between the groups. However, a within-group comparison revealed that gas retention was significantly reduced by inulin intake but not by placebo (Figs. 2A, B). Because of the interindividual variability, the change in gas retention from baseline to intervention did not reach statistical significance between groups (−137±87 mL inulin vs. 19±128 mL placebo; P=0.343). During the basal infusion test, gas retention was associated with a moderate level of perception, which was similar in both groups. Both inulin and placebo significantly reduced the perception score to a similar extent (Figs. 2C, D). Abdominal girth increased during the basal gas infusion test in both groups. After the intervention, the magnitude of the increase in abdominal girth during the gas test was less pronounced in both groups: 1.8±0.4 cm basal to 1.2±0.2 cm with inulin (P=0.081) and 1.7±0.3 cm basal to 0.5±0.2 cm with placebo (P=0.001). Gastrointestinal Symptoms As required by the inclusion criteria of the study, all participants reported a negative sensation of digestive well-being during the 6-day clinical evaluation period before the intervention (basal period), which was associated with a sensation of flatulence, abdominal bloating, distension, borborygmi and abdominal discomfort/pain (Fig. 3). No group differences and no modification during the intake of either inulin or placebo were observed (Fig. 3). Bowel Habits and Colonic Transit Time During the basal period, the stool frequency and consistency and the total colonic transit time were similar in both groups. Of note, the stool frequency, stool consistency and colonic transit times were within the normal range and did not change during the intervention period in either group (Fig. 4). Microbiota Fecal collection during the basal period showed a similar abundance of bifidobacteria in both groups. Inulin significantly increased the abundance of bifidobacteria, whereas the placebo did not (Fig. 5), and the effect of inulin was significantly greater than that of the placebo (P=0.011). DISCUSSION Previous studies showed that in patients with functional gut disorders clinical complaints are influenced by the diet: symptoms worsen with high-residue diets and improve with low-residue diets. In this context, our study shows that inulin at a dose that induces significant proliferation of colonic bifidobacteria, is well tolerated by patients with digestive symptoms in daily life. The primary aim of our study was to prove the effect of inulin in improving the tolerance to a standard intestinal gas load. Inulin significantly reduced perception as compared with baseline. However, the effect was not significantly different than that of placebo, and hence, the primary outcome was not met. Characteristically, clinical symptoms in patients with functional gut disorders markedly improve in response to placebo.17 Since our primary aim was to measure perception in response to a standard challenge test in a selected population of patients, we assumed a smaller placebo response, but still under these conditions the placebo group showed a high improvement rate. However, a type II error related to underestimation of the placebo effect seems unlikely, because individual effects in both groups were similar. In previous studies repeat experiments yielded reproducible results, but the order effect of baseline and intervention test could explain the reduced perception with both inulin and placebo as compared with the initial baseline test. When measuring retention of the gas infused, as a physiological marker of intestinal function, inulin but not placebo, exhibited a significant effect versus the baseline tests. The difference between inulin and placebo did not reach statistical significance and this could be related to a type II error with the sample size calculation targeting perception. Inulin has been characterized as a prebiotic that influences intestinal microbiota with beneficial effects on the host. Indeed, as previously described,2 inulin in our study, induced the proliferation of bifidobacteria. Prebiotics are metabolized by the intestinal microbiota, and in this fermentation process, short-chain fatty acids and a series of gasses are normally produced.18 It has been shown that patients with functional gut disorders have intestinal hypersensitivity along with impaired gas handling.7,16,19,20 Under these conditions, increased gas production due to the fermentation of residues may worsen their symptoms. However, inulin intake did not cause any increase in symptoms such as bloating and flatulence or other side effects. Conceivably, the good response to inulin is related to the adaptation of microbiota activity. Prebiotics promote the proliferation of more efficacious microbiota such as bifidobacteria, which are able to ferment residues using metabolic pathways with lower gas release.21 Prebiotics may also stimulate the growth of gas-consuming microorganisms; thus, reduced gas production may also be associated with increased gas consumption, and this adaptation may take place a few days following treatment.18,22 Only patients with a negative sensation of digestive well-being were included in the study. Well-being was measured on a −5/+5 scale. This scale has been previously used in our laboratory and has been shown to provide a good discrimination between healthy subjects and patients with functional gut disorders and to detect changes in response to dietary interactions.22–25 In previous studies, the effects of inulin were investigated in a variety of gastrointestinal disorders, including constipation and irritable bowel syndrome. Chicory-derived inulin has been shown to improve bowel motor function in patients with functional constipation.4,5,26,27 In our cohort, stool frequency increased slightly, yet nonsignificantly, during the 4-week intervention period, and stool consistency remained stable. Because the bowel habits in participants were within the normal range at study entry, we did not expect any improvements. The fact that inulin improved, clearance of the gas overload without affecting normal fecal transit or bowel habits in these patients, suggests that gas and the transport of solids are modulated by different mechanisms. A recent trend involves advocating diets low in fermentable oligo-di- and monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) to treat functional gut symptoms.28 A low FODMAPs diet requires complex dietary advice, but a simple low-residue diet was proven to be effective in the short term22 and was even equal to FODMAPs restriction.29 However, a low FODMAPs diet may impoverish gut microbiota, which could be especially deleterious in patients who have been shown to harbor poor, less diverse and unstable microbiota.25 Indeed, subjects who followed a low FODMAPs diet were shown to harbor reduced numbers of bifidobacteria, which are indicative of a healthy gut microbiota.30 In this context, our study indicates that a daily dose of inulin, which promotes the proliferation of bifidobacteria, is well tolerated by hypersensitive subjects with gastrointestinal complaints and may have favorable effects on gut function. Hence, the current study would favor the use of inulin over restrictive dietary advice such as FODMAPs restriction to treat functional gastrointestinal symptoms, at least in patients with normal bowel habits or constipation. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank American Journal Experts for English editing of the manuscript (Certificate Verification Key: AA4E-7997-6881-2599-204D) funded by SAF 2013-43677-R. The authors thank Gloria Santaliestra for secretarial assistance.
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Gov. Rick Scott announced plans Wednesday to expand Medicaid coverage to roughly 900,000 more people under the federal health overhaul, a surprise decision from the vocal critic of President Barack Obama's plan. Scott said he will ask the Legislature to expand the program under a bill that would expire in three years, after which it would require renewed legislative support. He's the seventh Republican governor so far to propose expanding the taxpayer-funded health insurance program. Scott said he would support the expansion as long as the federal government pays 100 percent of the increased costs, which is the deal offered to states by the Obama administration. After that, the federal government said it would pay 90 percent of the cost for the additional enrollees. The governor said he gained new perspective after his mother's death last year, calling his decision to support a key provision of the Affordable Care Act a "compassionate, common sense step forward." "Before I ever dreamed of standing here today as governor of this great state, I was a strong advocate for better ways to improve healthcare than the government-run approach taken in the President's healthcare law. I believe in a different approach. But, regardless of what I — or anyone else — believes, a Supreme Court decision and a presidential election made the President's healthcare mandates the law of the land," Scott said at a news conference. The governor said he still worries that the president's plan could "lead to less patient choice, worse care, and higher costs" but he can't "in good conscience, deny the uninsured access to care." Scott stressed he won't simply deny new Medicaid recipients health insurance after the three years are up, but said he will spend that time measuring how the expansion impacts healthcare costs, quality and access. Scott, a former CEO of the HCA hospital chain, entered politics in 2009 running national cable TV commercials criticizing the president's plan. Florida led the way in challenging the ACA in a lawsuit that went all the way to the Supreme Court. Scott also made the rounds on conservative talk shows repeatedly expressing concern that expanding Medicaid would put too much of a strain on Florida taxpayers. At one point, he said the expansion would cost $26 billion over the next decade, but the state's health care agency slashed its estimate to $3 billion after backlash from lawmakers over how the initial figure was calculated. After Obama was re-elected, Scott toned down his rhetoric, signaling he wanted to work with federal health officials. He even flew to Washington to meet with Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius last month to discuss the expansion. Florida lawmakers must still sign off on Scott's decision; the Legislature doesn't meet until next month. Florida House Speaker Will Weatherford noted he's still skeptical about the federal health overhaul. The other six GOP governors who plan to expand the program are the leaders of Michigan, Ohio, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada and North Dakota. So far 21 states plus Washington, D.C., plan to expand their Medicaid programs under the health care law. Fourteen states have said they'll turn it down, although the debate is still going in several of them. Another 15 are weighing options. Scott's announcement came hours after federal health officials said they plan to approve the state's longstanding request to privatize its Medicaid program statewide if they agree to beef up transparency and accountability measures. He said that decision signaled that feds were willing to work with the state to give them the flexibility they need. Copyright Associated Press
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Paweł Ksawery Brzostowski , Catholic priest , pioneer of agricultural reforms
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Iron Nugget Type Raw materials Renewable Yes Stackable Yes (64) Data value dec: 452 hex: 1C4 bin: 111000100 Name iron_nugget An iron nugget is an item obtained by smelting iron tools, weapons, or iron/chainmail armor. Obtaining [ edit ] Crafting [ edit ] Smelting [ edit ] Durability and enchantments do not affect the ability to smelt iron tools, weapons, and armor into iron nuggets. Natural generation [ edit ] Iron nuggets can be found in 94.5% of shipwreck treasure chests in stacks of 1–10. In 1.14‌[upcoming] they can be found in 9.7% of village house chests in stacks of 1–5. Usage [ edit ] Iron nuggets are used to craft iron ingots and lanterns.‌[upcoming: JE 1.14 & BE 1.10] Crafting ingredient [ edit ] History [ edit ] Issues [ edit ] Issues relating to "Iron Nugget" are maintained on the bug tracker. Report issues there. See also [ edit ]
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NY 146B began at an intersection with NY 146 in Rexford , a small riverside hamlet in the town of Clifton Park . The route headed southeastward on Riverview Road , following the northern bank of the Mohawk River ( also part of the Erie Canal ) through the town . It passed to the south of the Edison Country Club and remained on the riverbank to an intersection with Grooms Road approximately 1 mile ( 1. 6 km ) southeast of Rexford . Here , NY 146B turned eastward to follow Grooms Road to the hamlet of Groom Corners , a community based around the intersection of Grooms , Miller and Sugarhill roads . NY 146B ended at this junction ; however , Grooms Road continued eastward to a junction with U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) in the town of Halfmoon .
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Sheldon Richardson stood at midfield on Saturday night, chosen by Jets coach Todd Bowles as a team captain for their game against the Dolphins. If only Bowles had known what happened a little while earlier in the Jets locker room. Richardson, the 26-year-old defensive lineman, filmed a profane Snapchat video that was captured by people and shared across the internet late Saturday and early Sunday. It is not 100 percent clear what Richardson says in the video, which was posted to teammate Rontez Miles’ account. It is clear he says, “Where the hoes at?” He then says something that could be “Don’t f—k this guy,” referring to Miles. Others interpreted it as “F—k this game,” which would call into question his desire and commitment to the Jets. Either way, Jets coach Todd Bowles was not pleased with Richardson’s act. “I was just made aware of it, and me and Sheldon will have a conversation very soon,” Bowles said on Sunday morning on a conference call with reporters. “We don’t condone any of that. We’re going to have a discussion and take care of it.” This is the latest misstep by Richardson, who likely will be on his way out after this season. It is possible Bowles could sit him down for the final two games after this incident or at least Saturday’s game against the Patriots. It is another embarrassing moment for the Jets in a season littered with them. They lost 34-13 on Saturday to the Dolphins to drop to 4-10 this season. The Jets tried to trade Richardson in October before the trading deadline, but could not reach a deal. Since then, Richardson has looked uninterested at times. The Jets are expected to try to trade him this offseason. But who is going to want Richardson and what are they going to be willing to give the Jets for him? Richardson’s trade value might be at an all-time low right now. He has just 1.5 sacks this season. He was benched against Miami last month for being late to meetings repeatedly. He was suspended for the first game of this season for violating the league’s personal conduct policy in a highly publicized speeding incident where he had a child in the car, which police said smelled like marijuana, and a registered gun under his seat. This came after he was suspended the first four games of the 2015 season for violating the league’s drug policy. The Jets reportedly were seeking a first-round pick for Richardson in October. That is laughable. They will be lucky if they can get a mid-round pick for Richardson, who is entering the final year of his contract, which pays him $8.1 million in 2017. The question about whether Richardson says “game” or “guy” is significant because the former calls into question his effort, something Bowles defended. “Sheldon plays hard,” Bowles said. “Inappropriate comments should have never been said. It’s inexcusable, but he plays hard.” Bowles was asked if he will discipline Richardson. “We’ll take care of it here,” he said. “That’s not something we condone or we encourage. That’s unacceptable.” Richardson was the 2013 Defensive Rookie of the Year after the Jets took him with the 13th overall pick that year. He made the Pro Bowl in 2014. But his play has slipped the last two years under Bowles. He has been asked to play out of position for some of the time, but he has played on the interior of the line, his natural position, for most of the past two months.
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Various reviewers called the writing intelligent and sharp . The review in the Pittsburgh Post- Gazette called it a " succinct , short and comprehensible volume ... full of sharp , almost aphoristic , amusing observations " . John Ikenberry of Foreign Affairs saw Zakaria 's characteristic elegance and insight reflected in the book . The reviewers in Policy and Economic Affairs identified Zakaria 's strengths as being the breadth of evidence used to support the points and his use of personal accounts to summarize the research . The reviewer for USA Today Magazine wrote that " Zakaria analyzes problems brilliantly " . The ability to communicate complex situations clearly in plain language made the book accessible to a wide range of readers . Several media outlets picked up the story of Barack Obama reading this book while campaigning for the 2008 presidential election .
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Members of the mollusk family use intracellular digestion to function . Most molluscs have muscular mouths with radulae , " tongues " , bearing many rows of chitinous teeth , which are replaced from the rear as they wear out . The radula primarily functions to scrape bacteria and algae off rocks , and is associated with the odontophore , a cartilaginous supporting organ . The radula is unique to the molluscs and has no equivalent in any other animal .
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The diversionary attacks went well , with Soviet forces acting under the impression that the Poles had targets other than Vilnius . Despite their diversionary intent , these attacks succeeded in their own right , with Generał Józef Adam Lasocki taking Lida in two days despite unexpectedly strong resistance , and Generał Stefan Mokrzecki taking Nowogrodek in three days and Baranowicze in four .
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It had happened countless times to her before, but when Myra el-Mir shared her anger at being followed by a car full of men and verbally abused, a chance response from a friend gave her cause for reflection. “She told me I should report it on a new site she’d heard about,” said el-Mir, who, coincidentally, had just launched the site in question – HarassTracker, Lebanon’s first online tool mapping sexual harassment. It is exactly the kind of exchange that those behind the website, which went online just two weeks ago, want to generate. In doing so, they want to help women in Lebanon overcome a culture of acceptance and speak out about a topic that, for many, is as taboo as it is prevalent. "It's Something You Expect" “The main problem we face is that you’re supposed to accept it whether walking down the street or taking a taxi,” said el-Mir. “It’s something you expect.” HarassTracker, which includes resources and links, aims to play a role in helping change that. It allows victims to anonymously pinpoint where in Beirut they have experienced sexual harassment and include a brief description of what happened. The hope is that the online map will be rolled out to Lebanon more widely after three months. “We want to allow people to speak anonymously as we know how vicious and virulent the shaming culture is,” added Nay el-Rahi, who also worked on the site alongside friend and fellow activist Sandra Hassan. “The idea is that in saying this is wrong and this is happening, the act of reporting itself is empowering.” Inspiration from Egypt The inspiration behind HarassTracker can be found in Cairo, where a similar site was set up in 2010, just before Egypt was swept up in revolution. Since then, the site in Egypt, HarassMap, has accumulated around 1,500 reports documenting harassment in categories ranging from catcalls to rape and mob attacks. “It remains a huge problem, but now the issue is more in the open and it is being discussed,” said Noora Flinkman, a spokeswoman for HarassMap. “There are lot of reasons why, but HarassMap played a part in that,” she added. Some of these victories are more tangible than others. In 2014, sexual harassment in Egypt was made a crime punishable by up to five years in jail. Lack of recognition In Lebanon, there is no law against sexual harassment. Laws relating to gender and violence are all too often unaltered relics from the time of the French mandate well over half a century ago, while the country’s extensive network of religious courts often proves less than progressive on the issue. Meanwhile, lack of recognition both among the public and by authorities means that statistics are hard to come by. A 2012 study, however, reported that more than a third of women experienced ‘rude, vulgar or harassing noises and gestures’ toward them ‘most or every time’ they go out in public. “The issue is massively undocumented,” said el-Rahi, who said that harassment and sexism are not just local problems, but global ones. “We think that by having it on a map it will allow us to be able to quantify it and gather information that is a bit more concrete. This should make it easier to prove what is happening.” No one to go to Beirut resident Haya Farah welcomes the arrival of the site. The 25-year-old recalled how she felt after a driver of one of the city’s many taxis performed a sexual act in front of her. “I was shocked. I consider myself rebellious but felt very weak at the time,” said Farah, who told VOA that eight years on she still blamed herself for not reacting differently. Farah didn’t go to the authorities at the time – she said she wouldn’t trust them to help and would be better off posting about her experiences on social media instead. Many women who spoke to VOA about the issue said they did not feel authorities would necessarily take them seriously. Meanwhile, within these authorities, the gender bias is clear - a source from the Internal Security Forces, (ISF), which oversees policing in the country, revealed that of 26,100 staff, around 1,000 were women. Beyond the activists Pins documenting harassment are already scattered across the HarassTracker map of Beirut. Roula Masri, who works with gender equality-focused non-governmental organization Abaad, warns that while the tool could be very useful, the real challenge will be to reach “beyond activists.” Last month, Amnesty International detailed the harassment faced by Syrian refugee women in Lebanon, who it said were at high risk of exploitation because of their financial situation. And all of those pushing for women’s rights are fully aware that, while the site can give much-needed visibility to the issue, the fight is a far bigger one. “There is such a burden on women all the time,” added Masri. “This is one step, and we must always be taking steps forward.”
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At the same time , Verna visits Jack in hopes of getting the rest of the money he promised to give her in the episode " Verna " — as Jack paid her off to be a good mother to her daughter Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) and to visit her daughter on a regular basis — but Jack will give her the rest of the money once he believes Jenna is happy around her . While discussing what to wear for the Mother 's Day episode , Verna suggests that Jenna wear an outfit that she made , but Jenna does not want to . Nonetheless , Verna and Jenna make up and wear each other 's clothes on the broadcast . Meanwhile , TGS producer Pete Hornberger ( Scott Adsit ) learns that Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) does not know where his mother is , so he decides to cast actress Novella Nelson to be his mother for the Mother 's Day episode . Tracy and Novella have a dislike to one another , however , the two make amends with each other and sing together on the holiday episode .
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The Gwinnett County Police Department has released surveillance video of a raging gun battle that erupted in the 500 block of North Gwinnett Street in Buford on February 5, as the search continues for shooting suspect Quinton Wansley. Gwinnett police said Wansley wounded 70-year-old Jerry Cantrell outside his Buford home during the shootout. Cantrell died about a week and a half later. Cantrell's nephew was also wounded, but survived the shooting. The elderly man's son, Bryce Cantrell, said he has no idea what sparked the violent confrontation. "When I came out the house I just saw my dad laying in the yard," Bryce Cantrell said. "I don't know, there was a big commotion before all that happened, but the shooting part I don't know how that happened and why shots got fired." Authorities said 32-year-old Wansley was engaged in a gun battle with Cantrell, who was armed with a rifle. The whole thing was caught on surveillance cameras at a make-shift bar operating just across the street from Cantrell's home. "This shooting took place in a residential area. There were a lot of people around when it happened, and we are very fortunate no one who was around when it happened was shot," Gwinnett Police Corporal Deon Washington said. Wansley has an extensive criminal record and there are active warrants for his arrest for aggravated assault, possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon during the commission of a crime. As police search for the suspect, Jerry Cantrell's son spent the week making funeral arrangements. "It's devastating to me and I got a cousin up there like a brother," Bryce Cantrell said. "He was raised with us, so you know we're just trying to get through it the best way we can and prepare him to send him on to be with God and my mom."
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On 14 May 1945 , Galland was flown to England and interrogated by RAF personnel about the Luftwaffe , its organisation , his role in it and technical questions . Galland returned to Germany on 24 August and was imprisoned at Hohenpeissenberg . On 7 October , Galland was returned to England for further interrogation . Galland was eventually released on 28 April 1947 .
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Publix Super Markets After months of speculation, Publix Super Markets has announced that it will be the new occupant of a much-coveted block just across from the Morean Arts Center, perfectly situated to feed hungry hipsters and future condo dwellers. For years, that prime piece of real estate on Central Avenue between Seventh and Eighth streets served as a parking lot for an office building. Now it'll be home to downtown St. Pete's second Publix, the first being south of Central near USF St. Petersburg's campus. "It's very exciting to be part of a vibrant downtown area which continues to grow as a popular destination," said Brian West, a spokesman for the grocery giant, in a written statement. "We're really looking forward to opening the doors of this new addition to downtown St. Petersburg and serving the needs of our customers." For St. Pete Mayor Rick Kriseman, the new site is another sign of the city's development. "We are pleased to have Publix opening a new location soon in downtown St. Petersburg," he said in a press release. "The Sunshine City continues to grow in new and exciting ways, and I am glad Publix recognizes the opportunities in our city and wants to be a part of that growth. This investment makes downtown even a better place to live, work and play. On behalf of the citizens of the City of St Petersburg, we welcome Publix." The new store, currently under construction, will comprise 28,000 square feet and include three levels of parking above the store. We advise the managers to stock at least double the Pabst Blue Ribbon and Ballatore they normally do.
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the Mega Mushroom grows Mario to an incredible size for a short time ( the amount of damage inflicted as Mega- Mario corresponds to extra lives received after returning to normal size ) . The Mega Mushroom provides complete invincibility , and is capable of destroying many enemies ( excluding boss enemies ) with one hit . It even grants Mario the power to kick down the flagpole at the end of any given level .
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Fresh off the committee passage of a bill that would allow doctors to withhold information from pregnant women out of suspicion that they might seek an abortion, the Arizona Senate Judiciary Committee has passed another bill which would allow employers to fire you if you fail to prove that you sought contraception for non-reproductive purposes. In other words, give employers a right to fire you for having sex on your own time in your own home. And this applies specifically to women, as men don't typically seek birth control. Arizona House Bill 2625, authored by Majority Whip Debbie Lesko, R-Glendale, would permit employers to ask their employees for proof of medical prescription if they seek contraceptives for non-reproductive purposes, such as hormone control or acne treatment. “I believe we live in America. We don’t live in the Soviet Union,” Lesko said. “So, government should not be telling the organizations or mom and pop employers to do something against their moral beliefs.” Perhaps the most idiotic element of this bill is the fact that providing contraception coverage is a hell of a lot cheaper than maternity leave. Are there small employers out there who would actually fire someone based on a "moral" objection to birth control? Maybe. That doesn't mean we should enable them to do so.
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A number of Republican senators Tuesday either didn’t know or wouldn’t say if they consider the Voting Rights Act to be constitutional, even though many of them voted to reauthorize it in 2006 and the Supreme Court is currently considering whether to invalidate a key section of it. As they entered and exited weekly party luncheons Tuesday afternoon, I and other reporters asked many GOP senators if they consider a centerpiece of the law, which was battered by conservative justices during Supreme Court oral arguments last week, should be upheld. Every one of them dodged the questions, some more artfully than others. “Uh,” said Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-SC), before a long, awkward pause, “I haven’t even thought about it.” He laughed and said, “I’ll leave that to the courts. I’m having a hard enough time being a senator, much less a Supreme Court justice.” I asked the same question to Sen. James Inhofe (R-OK), who, like Graham, voted to renew the law in 2006. “The Voting Rights Act?” he asked. Yes, I said. Should it be upheld? “Oh, I don’t know,” Inhofe replied. “I’ll let someone else answer that.”The landmark 1965 law has been reauthorized four times by Congress and was most recently renewed by a 98-0 vote in the Senate. Now some of the same senators who voted for it then aren’t sure about the validity of the law’s requirement that specific parts of the country with a history of racial discrimination win federal pre-approval before changing their voting laws. That requirement is at the heart of the current challenge to the law that is pending before the Supreme Court. The court’s five conservative justices — a majority — appear prepared to invalidate that portion of the landmark, half-century-old law which is widely considered one of the most successful civil rights law and a key instrument in ending Jim Crow in the South. “I haven’t — I’m worried about other things,” said Sen. John McCain (R-AZ), nodding his head as he entered an elevator. I asked Sen. Pat Toomey (R-PA), who was exiting a conference meeting and walking into the same senators-only elevator, if the law should be upheld. “Uh, I’m not…” he said. As the elevator door closed, he shrugged his shoulders. Sen. Lamar Alexander (R-TN), a former leadership member who also voted to reauthorize the Voting Rights Act in 2006, similarly declined to answer. “No, I am not going to try to be a Supreme Court [justice] and senator at the same time,” he told reporters. Is it constitutional? “That’s the question before the Supreme Court.” Sen. Roy Blunt (R-MO), the vice chairman of the GOP conference, also wouldn’t answer. “I think you asked me that already,” he said. I told him I had not. “Oh. I’m not following that court case. I’m interested in the topic. I used to be the chief election official for our state, but we weren’t under the Voting Rights Act and I haven’t been following the case.” Sen. John Boozman (R-AR) said he hasn’t looked at or thought about the case. “Somebody asked me about that earlier, and to be honest, I just haven’t looked at kinda what’s going on there,” he said. Asked if he agrees with Justice Antonin Scalia’s remark that Section 5 reflects a “perpetuation of racial entitlement,” Boozman said, “Well again, like I said, I haven’t thought about it or looked at it.” Blunt and Boozman were members of the House in 2006 and voted for reauthorization. Sen. Kelly Ayotte (R-NH) declined to provide a straight answer, but she got closer to addressing the substance than other GOP senators, saying laws should be reviewed “as times change” — a central argument that opponents of Section 5 advanced in court. “My thought is the Supreme Court should evaluate it and make the decision and I’ll certainly respect that decision,” Ayotte told reporters. Asked if she has any feeling either way on the case, she said, “I think it’s always important as times change to review laws, and this is obviously what the Supreme Court will be doing with respect to the Voting Rights Act.” Pressed a third time, the freshman senator said, “This will be litigated and addressed by the Supreme Court, which is the appropriate body to decide this.” Democrats, in contrast, have clearly stated that the law should be upheld. One month ago, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid filed an amicus brief urging the justices to vote in its favor. “Voting is the most fundamental of our rights as Americans, and the Voting Rights Act is one of the most important laws Congress has ever passed. The Voting Rights Act, and in particular Section 5 of the law, provides crucial protection for minority voters living in jurisdictions with a history of racial discrimination,” Reid wrote. “This law was reauthorized in 2006 and passed the U.S. Senate by a vote of 98-0, based on an extensive legislative record. Congress recognized that unfortunately bigotry still exists in this nation, and that there are still those who would seek to suppress the vote on the basis of race. Indeed, during the 2012 election cycle, insidious efforts were made in various states to suppress voter turnout in minority communities.”
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The Boat Race is a side- by- side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4. 2 miles ( 6. 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford were the reigning champions , having beaten Cambridge by three- and- a- quarter lengths in the previous year 's race . However , Cambridge held the overall lead , with 68 victories to Oxford 's 59 . The race was sponsored by Ladbrokes ; the winner was awarded the Ladbrokes Trophy .
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A new £ 15 million leisure centre on the town 's Esplanade opened its doors in September 2013 . This has replaced the old Kirkcaldy Swimming Pool from the 1970s . The decision to build a new leisure centre on this site was controversial , as it resulted in the loss of a public car park . A petition organised by the campaign group Save The Car Park collected over 7, 000 signatures in favour of keeping the car park open . The group said that the closure of the car park would discourage shoppers from coming to the High Street and raised issues over the loss of shopowners ' right of access to the car park . This decision was severely criticised in an internal audit report .
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Songwriting – Richard " Biff " Stannard , Tim Powell , Ash Howes , Perrie Edwards , Jesy Nelson , Leigh- Anne Pinnock , Jade Thirlwall
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By FRED SIEGEL September 14, 2001 -- IT was predictable. The sad sacks at the BBC were sure that if only President Bush had done more to curb Arab-Israeli tensions, the World Trade Center attacks might have been avoided. And no doubt we will be hearing more of this in the coming weeks as the apologists for Arab terrorism at the Economist, the Nation and the New York Review of Books weigh in with equally flimsy explanations. The issue is not Israel. Osama bin Laden blew up a U.S. embassy when the Oslo "peace process" was at the height of its "success." The issue is the inability of Islamic regimes around the globe to come to grips with the modern world. What did Israel have to do with the recent Islamic jihad murders in Nigeria? While Islamic terrorists were hitting New York, Muslim militants in northern Nigeria were killing Christians. The violence occurred in the majority Christian city of Jos, where the Nigerian government has imposed the Sharia (Islamic law) on the largely Christian population. The violence began when a Christian woman was attacked after she had the temerity to cross the street in front of a group of Muslim men who had gathered near a Mosque. What followed was three days of killing and burning churches. Around the world Islamic militants are engaging in a holy war against the infidels - from Coptic Christians in Egypt and the Dinkas in the Sudan, to Hindus in Kashmir, Bahais in Iran, Catholics in the southern Philippines and Christians in East Timor. In Sudan, the Islamic militants impose slavery on captured Dinkas - but wherever radical Islam is in power, it subjugates people it regards as infidels. The Coalition for the Defense of Human Rights, an organization supporting those persecuted by militant Islam, argues that "radical Islamism is a world ideology, fielding a world terror-army, which oppresses millions with a racist ideology" that deems non-Muslims less than fully human. Here in New York, it was easy to get angry listening to Egyptians, Palestinians and the Arabs of nearby Paterson, N.J., celebrate as they received word of the murderous attacks in New York and Washington. But Mayor Giuliani (who has been tireless and magnificent in this crisis) rightly warned New York- ers that it would be wrong to take their anger out on the city's Arab and Muslim residents. Attacks on Arab-Americans in Paterson or elsewhere are utterly indefensible. Omar, a Muslim New Yorker and former student of mine at Cooper Union, e-mailed me to say he was "sickened to watch Middle Easterners celebrate our sorrow." He is an American who has imbibed our values while maintaining his Muslim faith. He wants no truck with those who kill in the name of Islam. But it's fair to ask this of those non-Muslims at the BBC, the Nation, the New York Review of Books and other rationalizers of Palestinian and Islamic terror: Why is it that everywhere in the world where Muslims are in the majority, their minorities are persecuted? And where were these publications, not to mention respectable European leaders, when Yasser Arafat, ranting in front of a world conference at Davos, insisted that Israel was using depleted uranium and nerve gas against Palestinian civilians? And where were the Europeans at the U.N. "hate" conference in Durban, when Islamophobia was denounced, while Muslim discrimination against non-Muslims was passed over in silence? It's also time to ask Arab-American spokesmen like James Zogby, who rightly criticizes anti-Arab bigotry, why he's silent about the hate that spews daily from the Egyptian and Palestinian media, as with the current hit song "I Hate Israel." In Commentary, Fiamma Nirenstein asks if the silence from the West isn't what Bush, in another context, called "the soft bigotry of low expectations." No doubt our multiculturalists will explain that, while even mild anger at Arabs by Americans is sign of deep-seated racism, venomous hatred in the Arab world is merely a part of a different culture that can't be judged by our standards. For all their grievances against America, there have been no Cuban, Vietnamese or Serbian suicide bombers bringing death to our shores, and their people haven't been celebrating in the streets at the sight of American blood. America, not Israel, is The Great Satan. It was hard to acknowledge before the World trade Center attacks, but radical Islam has been at war with us for a long time. Fred Siegel teaches history at the Cooper Union.
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In the late 1990s Credit Suisse executed an aggressive acquisition strategy . The bank acquired Bank Leu , known as Switzerland 's oldest bank , in 1990 . In 1993 Credit Suisse outbid UBS for a controlling stake in Switzerland 's fifth largest bank , Swiss Volksbank in a $ 1. 1 billion deal . It also merged with Winterthur Group in 1997 for about $ 9 billion and acquired the asset management division of Warburg , Pincus & Co. in 1999 for $ 650 million . Donaldson , Lufkin & Jenrette was purchased for $ 11. 5 billion in 2000 .
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The 2011 White House shooting occurred on November 11 , 2011 , when Oscar Ramiro Ortega- Hernandez , an unemployed 21- year- old man who was obsessed with U.S. President Barack Obama , fired a semi- automatic rifle at the White House , the official residence of the U.S. Presidency in Washington , D.C. At least seven bullets hit the second floor . Neither the president nor First Lady Michelle Obama were home at the time , although their younger daughter , Sasha , and the first lady 's mother , Marian Shields Robinson , were . No one was injured . It took four days for the Secret Service to realize that bullets had struck the White House . Michelle Obama learned of the shooting from an usher , then summoned Mark J. Sullivan , director of the Secret Service , to find out why the first family had not been informed .
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Both sides compete for the ball and players may lift their teammates . A jumping player cannot be tackled until they stand and only shoulder- to- shoulder contact is allowed ; deliberate infringement of this law is dangerous play , and results in a penalty kick .
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In January 1448 , the terms of the previous Captains and Defenders ended , and in the following election the Guelphs rose to political prominence . Being especially adverse to Sforza , they entered peace negotiations with Venice , which , also threatened by Sforza 's growing power , was willing to come to terms , albeit dictated by herself . Two of the Ghibellines who helped to found the Republic , namely Lampugnano and Bossi , stirred the populace against the Guelphs in a massive demonstration before the Court of Arengo . The Council of Nine Hundred was forced to abandon its plans for peace , and Sforza was given the go- ahead for his next campaign to seize the Adda River . Sforza 's plans were voted down by the Republic in favor of more traditional tactics , namely besieging Lodi directly . While this happened , the Venetian fleet under Andrea Quirini assaulted the bridge of Cremona . However , Sforza 's wife Bianca was there , and led the defense until her husband relieved the city . The Venetian fleet withdrew and entrenched while it waited for the arrival of the Venetian army . Sforza trapped the fleet behind its defenses and , with his unorthodox use of artillery , utterly destroyed or captured every one of the seventy ships . This victory was celebrated in Milan , but the leaders of the Republic still feared Sforza , and sent him off to occupy him with the Ghiarad 'adda while Lodi and Caravaggio were besieged , hoping that their fall would end the war .
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By Express News Service NEW DELHI: The Union Home Ministry on Friday submitted a report to the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) saying "no substance" was found in the allegations by a BSF jawan that poor quality rations were supplied to the security personnel in the bordering areas of Jammu and Kashmir. In the report to the PMO, the Home Ministry said that there was no shortage of rations at any paramilitary post and "there was no widespread discontent" in the constabulary over the quality of food served to them. The Home Ministry report further said that quality checks were conducted regularly, official sources said. The PMO had directed the Ministry to thoroughly look into the allegations made in a video by BSF jawan Tej Bahadur Yadav who had claimed that poor quality food was being served to the jawans. The PMO had also sought a detailed report on the issue. Earlier, the BSF has maintained that there was no shortage of rations at any post and security personnel deployed along the border had never complained about food. The Home Ministry has also conveyed to the PMO that a directive has been issued to the paramilitary forces to take all complaints of jawans seriously and that corrective steps should be taken to improve their working conditions and food, the sources added. In the video posted online, Yadav had claimed that while government procures essential items for them, the officers "sell them off" in an "illegal" manner in the open market and the jawans suffer as a result of this. Yadav had also claimed that the quality of food served was very poor.
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In commemoration of his poems and spiritual writings , Thomas Traherne is venerated as a saint within Anglicanism and is included in the Calendar of Saints in many national churches within the Anglican Communion . The Anglican Communion does not have a formal process of sainthood and canonisation as is found in the Roman Catholic tradition , but has frequently " recognised or ' canonised ’ people of great holiness , sometimes by a formal process and sometimes by popular acclamation or local custom . The commemoration of Traherne is held on either 27 September ( the date of his death ) or 10 October ( the date of his burial ) . In 2009 the General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States approved the following Collect for the observation of Traherne 's feast day :
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As globalisation progresses and India and the Punjab 's economies continue to expand , the question is whether the Sikh diaspora 's focus will shift from inward- looking identity and Khalistan issues to outword- looking global trade and homeland investment like the successful Jewish and Chinese diasporas .
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In the Domesday Book Middlewich is spelt " Mildestvich " ; the termination wic or wyc in Old English refers to a settlement , village or dwelling . It is also supposed that " wich " or " wych " refers to a salt town , with Middlewich being the middle town between Northwich and Nantwich .
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Despite its oil- rich Gulf neighbors , Bahrain 's oil , discovered in 1932 , has " virtually dried up " making it poorer than other countries in its region . In recent decades , Bahrain has moved towards banking and tourism making it one of the most important financial hubs in the region ; it has since held some of the top international rankings in economic freedom and business- friendly countries , making it the freest economy in the Middle East . However , Bahrainis suffer from relative poverty . Semi- official studies found that the poverty threshold ( the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a given country . ) in the country in 1995 was .د.ب 308 . The Bahrain Centre for Human Rights said that by 2007 it had increased to .د.ب 400 at least , putting half of Bahrainis under the poverty line . In 2008 , the government rejected the UN 's conclusion that 2 % of Bahrainis lived in " slum- like conditions " . Poor families receive monthly financial support . In 2007 , CNN produced a documentary titled " Poverty in Bahrain " , which was criticized by pro- government newspaper , Gulf Daily News . Al Jazeera produced a similar documentary in 2010 .
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She was introduced to Ukip conference as Oxford-educated teacher But it emerged she sent him flirty texts two days after harassment claims The star Ukip candidate accusing one of Nigel Farage's closets allies of being a sex pest was facing further embarrassing revelations tonight - after her claim to have been a teacher was thrown into doubt. Natasha Bolter was introduced to the Ukip conference earlier this year as a Labour defector who had gone into teaching after a stellar education culminating in a degree from Oxford University. But her claim to have read politics, philosophy and economics at Oxford unravelled yesterday when the institution took the rare step of denying she had ever attended. It then emerged today that she was only a ‘cover supervisor’ at a comprehensive school in east London - and not a teacher - as Ukip supporters were led to believe. Mrs Bolter, seen above leaving her home, misspelt her supposed Oxford alma mater Wadham College as ‘Wadam’ on her CV – and said she was aged 35, rather than 39 In fact Ms Bolter had not worked at any school in the borough since Spring 2013, a spokesman for Barking and Dagenham council told the Telegraph. It also emerged today that she did not ‘defect’ from Labour – and was in fact thrown out for failing to pay her membership fees. Ms Bolter's decision to quit Ed Miliband's party was hailed as a major coup for Ukip. But the divorced mother-of-five was only a Labour member for just eight months, party sources confirmed. The revelations came after the Mail learnt she even misspelt her supposed Oxford alma mater Wadham College as ‘Wadam’ on her CV – and said she was aged 35, rather than 39. Mrs Bolter claims she was sexually harassed by Roger Bird, one of Nigel Farage’s key lieutenants. Mr Bird has said the pair were in a relationship. Mrs Bolter told the BBC’s Newsnight: ‘I didn’t sleep with Roger Bird, end of.’ But he insisted: ‘For the record, yes she did.’ Yesterday it emerged she sent him flirty text messages two days after the harassment claims were made. One said: ‘Love or infatuation made me lose my brain.’ Roger Bird said he was in a relationship with Mrs Bolter, who denied she had slept with him. She was a dream candidate for male-dominated Ukip because she is female, the daughter of immigrants and a former Labour supporter. But she exploded a grenade in the party by claiming in The Times that Mr Bird had propositioned her at his club. On Monday, Ukip said Mr Bird had been suspended while it looked at claims of ‘impropriety’. At Ukip’s September conference, Mr Bird introduced Mrs Bolter, saying: ‘She got five A grades at A-levels and went on to read PPE at Wadham College, Oxford.’ She repeated the Oxford claims in an unpublished interview with The Times, it is understood. But the university said it could find no evidence Mrs Bolter – then Natasha Ahmed – was a student. It said: ‘Oxford University has no record of a Natasha Ahmed with a birthday of 12 July 1975.’
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As a bass player , Adam Clayton 's most recognizable basslines include " New Year 's Day " , which evolved out of an attempt to play Visage 's song " Fade to Grey " , and " With or Without You " . His style includes Motown and reggae influences , and cites artists such as Paul Simonon of The Clash as influences on his musical style . When Clayton first joined the fledgling U2 , he did not have formal training in the bass . In the band 's early years , he generally played simple parts in 4 / 4 time . Bono said of Clayton 's early bass playing , " Adam used to pretend he could play bass . He came round and started using words like ' action ' and ' fret ' and he had us baffled . He had the only amplifier , so we never argued with him . We thought this guy must be a musician ; he knows what he 's talking about . And then one day , we discovered he wasn 't playing the right notes . That 's what 's wrong , y 'know ? "
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Carla is the eldest of the four daughters . As is common for the oldest sibling , she is somewhat seen as the mediator between the four sisters in the novel . " As the therapist in the family Carla likes to be the one who understands everything " and " has a tendency to lace all her compliments with calls to self- improvement " . However to her sisters , this creates a somewhat dominating character at times reminiscent of their mother . Her criticism goes farther when she writes an autobiographical paper calling her mother mildly anal- retentive . In Carla ’ s first and perhaps most prominent story in the novel , " Trespass " , as she is walking home from school in New York , a man exposes himself to her and attempts to lure her into his car . Alvarez uses Carla 's character to display the language difficulties faced with only having " classroom English " , and how communication barriers affect immigrants .
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In hours- long discussions with Bennett and Nimoy , Horner agreed with the director that the " romantic and more sensitive " cues were more important than the " bombastic " ones . Horner had written Spock 's theme to give the character more dimension : " By putting a theme over Spock , it warms him and he becomes three- dimensional rather than a collection of schticks , " he said . The theme was expanded in The Search for Spock to represent the ancient alien mysticism and culture of Spock and Vulcan .
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Superman as originally conceived came from an unnamed planet whose inhabitants were millions of years more evolved than humans . When they reached maturity , " the people of his race became gifted with titanic strength " . Their advanced evolution and great strength accounted for Superman 's superhuman abilities on earth . As Siegel described them : " When maturity was reached , he discovered he could easily : leap 1 ⁄ 8th of a mile ; hurdle a twenty- story building ... raise tremendous weights ... run faster than an express train ... and that nothing less than a bursting shell could penetrate his skin ! "
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On March 8 , 2011 , a demo version of the game was released for download globally , initially exclusively for PlayStation Plus members . The demo ( an arcade ladder with single- or two- player capability ) showcases four characters ( Johnny Cage , Mileena , Scorpion and Sub- Zero ) and the stages The Living Forest and The Pit . Performance Design Products sponsored the inaugural National Mortal Kombat Championship , which took place in Las Vegas in May 2011 . Mortal Kombat was also internationally presented in the 2011 Evolution Championship Series ( Evo ) , being recognized as a " main tournament fighting game " . Professional gamers Justin Wong ( winner of the PDP championship ) and Carl ' Perfect Legend ' White ( the Evo 2011 champion ) spoke positively of Mortal Kombat 's place in future tournament events .
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Square released an enhanced port of Chrono Trigger developed by Tose in Japan for the Sony PlayStation in 1999 . Square timed its release before that of Chrono Cross , the 1999 sequel to Chrono Trigger , to familiarize new players with story leading up to it . This version included anime cut scenes created by original character designer Akira Toriyama 's Bird Studio and animated by Toei Animation , as well as several bonus features , accessible after achieving various endings in the game . Scenarist Masato Kato attended planning meetings at Bird Studio to discuss how the ending cut scenes would illustrate subtle ties to Chrono Cross . The port was later released in North America in 2001 — along with a newly translated version of Final Fantasy IV — under the package title Final Fantasy Chronicles . Reviewers criticized Chronicles for its lengthy load times and an absence of new in- game features . This same iteration was also re- released as a downloadable game on the Playstation Network on October 4 , 2011 , for the PlayStation 3 , PlayStation Vita , and PlayStation Portable .
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It is also available for Nintendo 3DS , Wii and Wii U as part of Angry Birds Trilogy .
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Ladislaus launched a campaign against Finta Aba and seized his castles in the summer of 1281 . According to the Austrian Rhymed Chronicle , Bishop Philip of Fermo left Hungary around the same time , stating that he would never come back , " not for the sake of the Holy Father " . A Cuman army invaded the southern parts of Hungary in 1282 . The Illuminated Chronicle writes that Ladislaus , " like the brave Joshua , went out against " the Cumans " to fight for his people and his realm . " He vanquished the invaders 's army at Lake Hód , near Hódmezővásárhely .
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" Johnny 's Theme " earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Instrumental Performance , losing to " Top Gun Anthem " at the awards presentation in 1987 . The Tonight Show Band was honored for Best Jazz Instrumental Performance , Big Band .
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By the morning of October 29 , a tropical wave , tracking towards the west , began to interact with the depression and leading to forecasters discussing a possible merger of the two systems . An upper- level anticyclone over the eastern Caribbean produced significant wind shear over the depression , preventing the center from moving under the deep convection . However , a large convective banding feature developed to the north of the system . Several hours later , hurricane hunters flew through the storm and recorded surface winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) and a barometric pressure of 999 mbar ( hPa ; 29. 5 inHg ) , leading to the upgrade of the depression to a tropical storm . At this time , the storm received the name Katrina and peaked in intensity . By 0000 UTC on October 30 , the center of Katrina made landfall near Puerto Cabezas , Nicaragua at peak intensity . Within three hours , the storm weakened to a depression due to interaction with the mountains of Nicaragua and convection was limited to a small area on the western side of the center of circulation .
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Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) decides to start painting her mural in the warehouse , but has a hard time getting started as she is afraid of it not being perfect . Meanwhile , bored with having to fill out customer complaint cards ( which he finds redundant because the complaints are already in the computer ) , Pete ( Jake Lacy ) uses them to build a card tower in the annex with other employees . The card tower takes on a deeper meaning for the employees when Pete points out that it is composed of failures made by every one of them ( excepting only Pam ) , and thus proves that they should not be ashamed of their failures . They decide to try to make it go all the way to the ceiling , but end up one complaint card short . Not wanting to use a blank card as it would defy the point of the tower , Pam offers to complete the tower by getting her first customer complaint . She calls one of their smaller clients , delivers a yo mama joke , and hangs up . The client , whose mother was actually obese and is now deceased , drops Dunder Mifflin as their paper supplier , leaving them simultaneously excited over getting that last complaint and disappointed over losing a client . After celebrating the completion of the card tower , Pam finally starts painting the mural , saying artists should not care too much in what others think , further asserting this by telling off Hide ( Hidetoshi Imura ) when he insults her artwork .
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The Grand Duchy of Lithuania to which Jogaila succeeded as Grand Duke in 1377 was a political entity composed of two leading , but very different nationalities and two political systems : ethnic Lithuania in the north- west and the vast Ruthenian territories of former Kievan Rus ' , comprising the lands of modern Ukraine , Belarus , and parts of western Russia . At first , Jogaila — like his father — based his rule in the southern and eastern territories of Lithuania , while his uncle , Kęstutis , the Duke of Trakai , continued to rule the north- western region . Jogaila 's succession , however , soon placed this system of dual rule under strain .
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The most definitive replication attempts were performed by Sir Charles Algernon Parsons . A prominent scientist and engineer known for his invention of the steam turbine , he spent about 40 years ( 1882 – 1922 ) and a considerable part of his fortune trying to reproduce the experiments of Moissan and Hannay , but also adapted processes of his own . Parsons was known for his painstakingly accurate approach and methodical record keeping ; all his resulting samples were preserved for further analysis by an independent party . He wrote a number of articles — some of the earliest on HPHT diamond — in which he claimed to have produced small diamonds . However , in 1928 , he authorized Dr. C.H. Desch to publish an article in which he stated his belief that no synthetic diamonds ( including those of Moissan and others ) had been produced up to that date . He suggested that most diamonds that had been produced up to that point were likely synthetic spinel .
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9 May 1892 – 21 October 1911 : Her Royal Highness Princess Zita of Bourbon- Parma
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Media playback is unsupported on your device Media caption The heckle and Dylan's response were caught on tape and later released on a live album by the singer Fifty years ago, Bob Dylan was at the centre of a storm, with arguments raging on both sides of the Atlantic about whether his decision to play electric sets meant he had sold out his folk roots. The controversy began at the 1965 Newport Folk Festival in the US, where he was booed when he played electric and it came to a head, unexpectedly, towards the end of his 1966 world tour at a concert in Manchester on 17 May. Frustrated by what he was hearing, one man decided to vent his fury as the sound ebbed before Dylan's final song of the set with a heckle that has become one of the most famous in musical history. He shouted a single word - "Judas". Musician and author Dr CP Lee was in the crowd that night and has since written a book about the world tour. He says it has been "reckoned to be one of the pivotal moments in popular music in the 20th Century, on a par with the riot at Stravinsky's Rite of Spring in Paris". Image copyright Mark Makin Image caption Mark Makin took the only known photographs of the gig from his seat in the fourth row At the time, he was a 16-year-old schoolboy, eager to see Dylan after missing his concert in the city the year before. He says from the start, the gig had a distinct atmosphere and - with no pun intended - it was "electric". "That night, standing outside, there were people arguing, lots of speculation and quite a sense of an impending event. "We'd read in 1965 about booing at Newport and the impression we got was that Dylan had come back on with an acoustic guitar and everything was alright. "The side door opened and in we went. We could see amplifiers and a drum kit on the stage and people were going 'oh no'. "Some of us had read Melody Maker that week, which said there had been booing in Dublin and people wondered what Dylan was going to do." 'Bewildered, shell-shocked' Mark Makin, who "by chance" took the only known photographs of the show, remembers the sense of "trepidation" but adds that it "wasn't as if people didn't know what was about to happen". "We had all read that this was going to be electric. They were all just hopeful that it might not." The gig had two halves: the first saw Dylan taking the stage alone and acoustic, while in the second, he played with the backing of his band, The Hawks. Makin, who was in the fourth row with his school friends, says the audience was "delighted" with the acoustic set. "Everybody was whisper quiet. These days, everyone roars with the recognition of the first line. It never happened then. You didn't dare miss a second of it. "I suppose there was an expectation that he might not [play electric], he just might carry on - because we had such a good first half, he might just do more of the same." Bob Dylan goes electric Image copyright Getty Images Dylan found fame as an acoustic folk singer in the early 1960s. His first four albums had more chart success in the UK than in the US, with 1963's The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan reaching number one He introduced an electric sound on his 1965 releases, Bringing It All Back Home - which had an acoustic and an electric side - and the fully-electric Highway 61 Revisited. They peaked at number one and four respectively in the UK Dylan played an acoustic set on 24 July 1965 at the Newport Folk Festival before returning to play an electric set the following day The set was met with a mixture of cheering and booing. Dylan and his band left the stage, before the singer was persuaded to return and play two acoustic numbers He went on to face similar responses on his 1966 world tour, which used the same format of an acoustic set, followed by a electric show His next five studio albums - Blonde On Blonde, John Wesley Harding, Nashville Skyline, Self Portrait and New Morning - all reached the top 10 on both sides of the Atlantic, with all but Blonde On Blonde hitting the UK top spot BBC World Service: Witness - Dylan goes electric Lee remembers people in the intermission "breathing a sigh of relief and I heard somebody say 'oh, he's seen sense. He's not going to use the band, he's realised he's wrong'." Little did they know what was to come. Returning for the second half, Lee says drummer Mickey Jones "blasted into Tell Me, Momma [and] it was the loudest thing I'd ever heard". He says that at the end of that first number, "people were bewildered, shell-shocked even", but shortly after, the protests began. "Throughout the second half, people started slow hand-clapping. Groups of people were standing up, facing the stage accusingly and then walking out. "There were random shouts here, there and everywhere." And then there was a shout from the circle - "Judas". Lee says the heckle stung Dylan "to the quick". "He lets the guy have it. You can really see that he has rankled Dylan. "The look on his face... he turned around and said 'I don't believe you'. It was an incredibly antagonistic moment." Lee says Dylan then stepped away from the microphone, swore as he told the band to "play it loud" and they "lurched into Like A Rolling Stone, which was this giant juggernaut". Image copyright Mark Makin Image caption Makin says Dylan's opening electric number - Tell Me, Momma - 'hit like a freight train' Makin saw what happened in that second half differently. "When he came on, he'd got a smirk on his face, because he knew what was going to happen. "He'd had this elsewhere in the months prior to this and he had it completely under control and was not going to be dissuaded by anybody. "He piled in with Tell Me, Momma, and it hit like a freight train, because it was a real rocker and screamer. "People sat there stunned." 'I shouted Judas' Makin points to a problem with the sound as the reason for the abuse Dylan received, an issue which it has also been claimed was behind the discord in Newport too. "I think the problem was the Free Trade Hall's total lack of musicality - it was a square-sided building and when the sound was projected from a PA like that, it hit the wall at the back and came straight back at you with an echo and a reverb. "All you could hear was this mush of sound. I think that was what hurt people. "It wasn't that we didn't expect him to be electric, but if if he had just come in at three quarters of the decibels, it might have worked." It is not known whether it was the electric set or the sound quality that vexed the famous heckler - in fact, as Lee explains, it is not even known for certain who shouted. "Andy Kershaw and myself made a documentary for BBC Radio 1 in 1999 and were contacted by a guy who had emigrated to Canada called Keith Butler, who said 'yes, I shouted Judas'. "But there was always an element of doubt. He had shouted something but I think he was confused about whether he had shouted that. "After the broadcast, we got a call from a very irate person who said 'my husband shouted Judas and here he is now'. "He was called John Cordwell. Andy and I met John and he had a lot of people who were with him who said 'yes, he shouted it out and we all applauded and thought he was great for having done it'. "Sadly, both of them have passed away now, but it's funny - you wait 30-odd years for Judas to turn up and you get two at once." Image copyright Mark Makin Image caption Makin took an entire roll of film at the concert, managing to get 'about nine usable shots' Lee says Dylan reacted so viciously because of the word used in the heckle. "I think being called Judas was the point. Betraying what? It's quite ridiculous. "That level of antagonism against an artist is unimaginable nowadays. It couldn't happen now - people would just either like it or not. "This was not a bad set, it was absolutely fantastic what they played. "It was eye-opening and revolutionary. I'm so glad there is a record of it." The recording of the concert surfaced as a bootleg at the end of the 1960s and was officially released by Dylan in 1998. Lee says it was an "incendiary" performance and that what happened that night - the heckle, Dylan's response and the ferocity with which he played the second half - changed music forever. "In essence, it's the night that pop music became rock music. "It was heavy metal, it was thrash metal, it was death metal, it was everything that's come since then. "I was totally aware, the moment it finished, I knew I had been present at something that was seismic. "I knew, from that night on, that things would never quite be the same again." Electric 50, a celebration of the Free Trade Hall show by Manchester's musical community, takes place at Manchester Academy 3 on 17 May.
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Most of the sand- mining activity in the NCR region , comprising Noida ( Uttar Pradesh ) , Faridabad ( Haryana ) and Delhi , is illegal as no environment impact assessment ( EIA ) has been carried out , and it is estimated that about 250 to 350 truckloads of sand is illegally dredged every day . The cost of this sand varies from ₹ 1 billion ( US $ 15 million ) per month to ₹ 5 billion ( US $ 74 million ) per annum . According to environmentalists and engineers , the massive amount of mining is responsible for soil- erosion and changing the natural flow of the Hindon and Yamuna , which shifted its course by about 500 metres toward east and posed a threat to flood embankments in six sectors of Noida . A " Special Mining Squad " was established by the Noida district administration to curb sand mining and was expected to succeed , but high demand of sand for increased construction activity , police inaction and the political nexus with the " sand mafia " has ensured that various rules to safeguard the environment are regularly flouted .
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End of preview. Expand in Data Studio

📚 GPT Training Dataset (WikiText + OpenWebText Mix)

Overview

This dataset is a cleaned and curated text corpus designed for training small to mid-sized GPT-style language models.

It combines:

WikiText-103 (high-quality structured text)
OpenWebText (real-world web text, sampled)

The goal is to provide a balanced dataset that: - trains quickly - produces coherent text - avoids excessive noise from large web corpora

Dataset Composition

The final corpus is a mixture of high-quality encyclopedic text and diverse web content, designed to balance factual density with natural conversational flow.

Source	Proportion	Description
WikiText-103	~75%	High-quality, verified articles from Wikipedia. Provides structured knowledge.
OpenWebText	~25%	Sampled web content filtered for quality. Provides stylistic variety.

Data Splits

The dataset is provided as a single dataset.txt file, intended to be split as follows:

Training (80%): Primary data for model weight updates.
Validation (20%): Used for calculating perplexity and monitoring over-fitting during training.

Total size: ~1.33 GB (uncompressed text).

Technical Specifications

Raw Text: dataset.txt (1.33 GB) Tokenized Data (binary): dataset.bin (574 MB) — Contiguous token IDs for training *Tokenized Data (numpy): tokens.npy (574 MB) — Same tokens as dataset.bin, stored as a NumPy array

Preprocessing Pipeline

The dataset was generated using a custom script with the following steps:

1. Cleaning

Removed section headers (e.g., == Title ==)
Normalized spacing and punctuation artifacts
Stripped malformed tokens

2. Filtering

Removed very short or low-quality lines
Ensured minimum text length and structure

3. Deduplication

Removed duplicate entries (keeping one copy per unique sample)

4. Shuffling

Randomized dataset order for better training distribution

5. Document Separation

Each sample is separated using:

<|endoftext|>

Files

`dataset.txt`

Cleaned text dataset
One document per <|endoftext|> separator
Recommended for:
- custom tokenization
- experimentation

`dataset.bin`

Pre-tokenized binary file
Format: uint16
Tokenizer: GPT-2 (tiktoken)

Load example:

import numpy as np

data = np.memmap("dataset.bin", dtype=np.uint16, mode="r")

`tokens.npy`

Same tokenized data in NumPy format
Useful for debugging and inspection

Load example:

import numpy as np

tokens = np.load("tokens.npy", mmap_mode="r")

Tokenization

Pre-tokenization (for .bin and .npy) uses:

GPT-2 tokenizer via tiktoken

import tiktoken
enc = tiktoken.get_encoding("gpt2")

⚠️ Important:
If using dataset.bin, you must use the same tokenizer for inference.

Usage (PyTorch Example)

import numpy as np
import torch

data = np.memmap("dataset.bin", dtype=np.uint16, mode="r")
data = torch.from_numpy(data.astype(np.int64))

block_size = 128
batch_size = 32

def get_batch():
    ix = torch.randint(len(data) - block_size, (batch_size,))
    x = torch.stack([data[i:i+block_size] for i in ix])
    y = torch.stack([data[i+1:i+block_size+1] for i in ix])
    return x, y