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8801 | America the Beautiful "America the Beautiful" is an American patriotic song. The lyrics were written by Katharine Lee Bates, and the music was composed by church organist and choirmaster Samuel A. Ward at Grace Episcopal Church in Newark, New Jersey. The two never met. Bates originally wrote the words as a poem, "Pikes... | "America the Beautiful" | [
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8802 | first published until 1892. Ward's music combined with the Bates poem was first published in 1910 and titled "America the Beautiful". The song is one of the most popular of the many U.S. patriotic songs. In 1893, at the age of 33, Bates, an English professor at Wellesley College, had taken a train trip to Colorado Spri... | "America the Beautiful" | [
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8803 | future contained within its gleaming white buildings; the wheat fields of America's heartland Kansas, through which her train was riding on July 16; and the majestic view of the Great Plains from high atop Pikes Peak. On the pinnacle of that mountain, the words of the poem started to come to her, and she wrote them dow... | "America the Beautiful" | [
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8804 | first known melody written for the song was sent in by Silas Pratt when the poem was published in "The Congregationalist." By 1900, at least 75 different melodies had been written. A hymn tune composed in 1882 by Samuel A. Ward, the organist and choir director at Grace Church, Newark, was generally considered the best ... | "America the Beautiful" | [
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8805 | in New York City after a leisurely summer day and he immediately wrote it down. Supposedly, he was so anxious to capture the tune in his head, he asked fellow passenger friend Harry Martin for his shirt cuff to write the tune on. He composed the tune for the old hymn "O Mother Dear, Jerusalem," retitling the work "Mate... | "America the Beautiful" | [
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8806 | 1904. Bates was more fortunate since the song's popularity was well established by the time of her death in 1929. At various times in the more than 100 years that have elapsed since the song was written, particularly during the John F. Kennedy administration, there have been efforts to give "America the Beautiful" lega... | "America the Beautiful" | [
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8807 | adaptable to new orchestrations while still remaining as easily recognizable as "The Star-Spangled Banner." Some prefer "America the Beautiful" over "The Star-Spangled Banner" due to the latter's war-oriented imagery. Others prefer "The Star-Spangled Banner" for the same reason. While that national dichotomy has stymie... | "America the Beautiful" | [
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8808 | broadcast of the Tiangong-1 launch. The song is often included in songbooks in a wide variety of religious congregations in the United States. Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album "101 Gang Songs" (1961). In 1976, while the United States celebrated its bicentennial, a soulful version popularized by Ra... | "America the Beautiful" | [
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8809 | was by Charlie Rich, which went to number 22 in 1976. A second, by Mickey Newbury, peaked at number 82 in 1980. An all-star version of "America the Beautiful" performed by country singers Trace Adkins, Sherrié Austin, Billy Dean, Vince Gill, Carolyn Dawn Johnson, Toby Keith, Brenda Lee, Lonestar, Lyle Lovett, Lila McCa... | "America the Beautiful" | [
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8810 | band The Dictators, and released on their album "Every Day is Saturday". Popularity of the song increased greatly following the September 11 attacks; at some sporting events it was sung in addition to the traditional singing of the national anthem. During the first taping of the "Late Show with David Letterman" followi... | "America the Beautiful" | [
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8811 | from some conservatives, such as Glenn Beck. Despite the controversies, Coca-Cola later reused the Super Bowl ad during Super Bowl LI, the opening ceremonies of the 2014 Winter Olympics and 2016 Summer Olympics and for patriotic holidays. "From sea to shining sea," originally used in the charters of some of the English... | "America the Beautiful" | [
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8812 | the namesake of the Shining Sea Bikeway, a bike path in Bates's hometown of Falmouth, Massachusetts. The phrase is similar to the Latin phrase """" ("From sea to sea"), which serves as the official motto of Canada. "Purple mountain majesties" refers to the shade of the Pikes Peak in Colorado Springs, Colorado, which in... | "America the Beautiful" | [
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8813 | be sung interchangeably. Additionally, Sherr discusses the evolution of the lyrics, for instance, changes to the original third verse written by Bates. Melinda M. Ponder, in her 2017 biography "Katharine Lee Bates: From Sea to Shining Sea", draws heavily on Bates's diaries and letters to trace the history of the poem a... | "America the Beautiful" | [
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8814 | Assistive technology Assistive technology is an umbrella term that includes assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative devices for people with disabilities or elderly population while also including the process used in selecting, locating, and using them. People who have disabilities often have difficulty performing activ... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8815 | great difficulty accomplishing, by providing enhancements to, or changing methods of interacting with, the technology needed to accomplish such tasks. For example, wheelchairs provide independent mobility for those who cannot walk, while assistive eating devices can enable people who cannot feed themselves to do so. Du... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8816 | different terms. Assistive technology refers to "any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities", while adaptive technology covers items that are specifically... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8817 | Consequently, adaptive technology is a subset of assistive technology. Adaptive technology often refers specifically to electronic and information technology access. Wheelchairs are devices that can be manually propelled or electrically propelled, and that include a seating system and are designed to be a substitute fo... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8818 | manage motors and seating control actuators through a joystick, sip-and-puff control, or other input devices. Often there are handles behind the seat for someone else to do the pushing or input devices for caregivers. Wheelchairs are used by people for whom walking is difficult or impossible due to illness, injury, or ... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8819 | surgical, or examining tables). The most common devices are Patient lifts (for vertical transfer), Transfer benches, stretcher or convertible chairs (for lateral, supine transfer), sit-to-stand lifts (for moving patients from one seated position to another i.e., from wheelchairs to commodes), air bearing inflatable mat... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8820 | use since the early 1960s is still considered the state-of-the-art transfer device by OSHA and the American Nursing Association. A walker or walking frame or Rollator is a tool for disabled people who need additional support to maintain balance or stability while walking. It consists of a frame that is about waist high... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8821 | and abilities of the person using it. It is also common to see caster wheels or glides on the back legs of a walker with wheels on the front. A prosthesis, prosthetic, or prosthetic limb is a device that replaces a missing body part. It is part of the field of biomechatronics, the science of using mechanical devices wi... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8822 | the body, artificial heart valves are in common use with artificial hearts and lungs seeing less common use but under active technology development. Other medical devices and aids that can be considered prosthetics include hearing aids, artificial eyes, palatal obturator, gastric bands, and dentures. Prostheses are spe... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8823 | system to the residual limb — usually a "socket", and all the attachment hardware components all the way down to and including the terminal device. Keep this in mind as nomenclature is often interchanged. The terms "prosthetic" and "orthotic" are adjectives used to describe devices such as a prosthetic knee. The terms ... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8824 | Screen readers are used to help the visually impaired to easily access electronic information. These software programs run on a computer in order to convey the displayed information through voice (text-to-speech) or braille (refreshable braille displays) in combination with magnification for low vision users in some ca... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8825 | to describe what is happening on the screen. There are thirty languages to select from. It also has the capacity to read aloud file content, as well as web pages, E-mail messages, and word processing files. Braille is a system of raised dots formed into units called braille cells. A full braille cell is made up of six ... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8826 | a printer for braille. Instead of a standard printer adding ink onto a page, the braille embosser imprints the raised dots of braille onto a page. Some braille embossers combine both braille and ink so the documents can be read with either sight or touch. A refreshable braille display or braille terminal is an electro-... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8827 | use a camera and a display screen to perform digital magnification of printed materials. They enlarge printed pages for those with low vision. A camera connects to a monitor that displays real-time images, and the user can control settings such as magnification, focus, contrast, underlining, highlighting, and other scr... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8828 | the texts and graphics on their computer screens for easier viewing. Similar to desktop video magnifiers, this technology assists people with low vision. After the user loads the software into their computer's memory, it serves as a kind of "computer magnifying glass." Wherever the computer cursor moves, it enlarges th... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8829 | screen, or make the mouse cursor on the screen larger. The "bump dots" on the keys, installed in this case by the organization using the keyboards, help the user find the right keys in a tactile way. Assistive technology for navigation has exploded on the IEEE Xplore database since 2000, with over 7,500 engineering art... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8830 | engineering literature since 2000. Most of these articles were published within the past 5 years, and the number of articles in this area is increasing every year. GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes, and cameras can pinpoint the exact location of the user and provide information on what's in the immediate vicinity, and as... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8831 | systems (PERS), or Telecare (UK term), are a particular sort of assistive technology that use electronic sensors connected to an alarm system to help caregivers manage risk and help vulnerable people stay independent at home longer. An example would be the systems being put in place for senior people such as fall detec... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8832 | computer accessibility (also known as accessible computing) refers to the accessibility of a computer system to all people, regardless of disability or severity of impairment, examples include web accessibility guidelines. Another approach is for the user to present a token to the computer terminal, such as a smart car... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8833 | of this standard has been supported in Europe by SNAPI and has been successfully incorporated into the Lasseo specifications, but with limited success due to the lack of interest from public computer terminal suppliers. People in the d/Deaf and hard of hearing community have a more difficult time receiving auditory inf... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8834 | visual cues and improved technology access. Individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing utilize a variety of assistive technologies that provide them with different access to information in numerous environments. Most devices either provide amplified sound or alternate ways to access information through vision and/or v... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8835 | This type of assistive technology helps people with hearing loss participate more fully in their hearing communities by allowing them to hear more clearly. They amplify any and all sound waves through use of a microphone, amplifier, and speaker. There is a wide variety of hearing aids available, including digital, in-t... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8836 | easier to participate in. The assistive listening device usually uses a microphone to capture an audio source near to its origin and broadcast it wirelessly over an FM (Frequency Modulation) transmission, IR (Infra Red) transmission, IL (Induction Loop) transmission, or other transmission methods. The person who is lis... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8837 | and tone of a call to suit their individual hearing needs. Additionally, there is a wide variety of amplified telephones to choose from, with different degrees of amplification. For example, a phone with 26 to 40 decibel is generally sufficient for mild hearing loss, while a phone with 71 to 90 decibel is better for mo... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8838 | the user. They may be as basic as pictures on a board that are used to request food, drink, or other care; or they can be advanced speech generating devices, based on speech synthesis, that are capable of storing hundreds of phrases and words. Assistive Technology for Cognition (ATC) is the use of technology (usually h... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8839 | there is emerging evidence for efficacy, that a lot of scope exists to develop new ATC. Examples of ATC include: NeuroPage which prompts users about meetings, Wakamaru, which provides companionship and reminds users to take medicine and calls for help if something is wrong, and telephone Reassurance systems. Memory aid... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8840 | Users simply tap certain parts of their notes, the pen saves it, and reads it back to them. From there, the user can also download their notes onto a computer for increased accessibility. Digital voice recorders are also used to record "in the moment" information for fast and easy recall at a later time. Educational so... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8841 | by the general population like spoons and forks and plates. However they become assistive technology when they are modified to accommodate the needs of people who have difficultly using standard cutlery due to a disabling condition. Common modifications include increasing the size of the utensil handle to make it easie... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8842 | and enable them to eat independently. Assistive technology in sports is an area of technology design that is growing. Assistive technology is the array of new devices created to enable sports enthusiasts who have disabilities to play. Assistive technology may be used in adaptive sports, where an existing sport is modif... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8843 | be simple, or "low-tech", or they may use highly advanced technology. "Low-tech" devices can include velcro gloves and adaptive bands and tubes. "High-tech" devices can include all-terrain wheelchairs and adaptive bicycles. Accordingly, assistive technology can be found in sports ranging from local community recreation... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8844 | the school system. The first is Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the second being the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) which was first enacted in 1975 under the name The Education for All Handicapped Children Act. In 2004, during the reauthorization period for IDEA, the National Instr... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8845 | as follows: "any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of a child with a disability. (B) Exception.--The term does not include a medical device that is surgically implanted... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8846 | for reading. Mid tech supports used in the school setting include the use of handheld spelling dictionaries and portable word processors used to keyboard writing. High tech supports involve the use of tablet devices and computers with accompanying software. Software supports for writing include the use of auditory feed... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8847 | and auditory feedback of more complex equations using MathML and Daisy. One of the largest problems that affect people with disabilities is discomfort with prostheses. An experiment performed in Massachusetts utilized 20 people with various sensors attached to their arms. The subjects tried different arm exercises, and... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8848 | people with disabilities to use modern touch screen mobile computers such as the iPad, iPhone and iPod touch. The Pererro is a plug and play adapter for iOS devices which uses the built in Apple VoiceOver feature in combination with a basic switch. This brings touch screen technology to those who were previously unable... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8849 | the device's camera. Additional accessibility features include the use of Assistive Touch which allows a user to access multi-touch gestures through pre-programmed onscreen buttons. For users with physical disabilities a large variety of switches are available and customizable to the user's needs varying in size, shape... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8850 | may utilize single or multiple switch sites and the process often involves a scanning through items on a screen and activating the switch once the desired object is highlighted. The form of home automation called assistive domotics focuses on making it possible for elderly and disabled people to live independently. Hom... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8851 | towards elderly and disabled users. For example, automated prompts and reminders utilize motion sensors and pre-recorded audio messages; an automated prompt in the kitchen may remind the resident to turn off the oven, and one by the front door may remind the resident to lock the door. Overall, assistive technology aims... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8852 | and preschoolers, all with some kind of developmental, physical, sensory, or cognitive disability, the use of assistive technology created improvements in child development. These included improvements in "cognitive, social, communication, literacy, motor, adaptive, and increases in engagement in learning activities". ... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8853 | easier as the assistive technology frees them of having to perform certain tasks. There are several platforms that use machine learning to identify the appropriate assistive device to suggest to patients, making assistive devices more accessible. Assistive technology Assistive technology is an umbrella term that includ... | "Assistive technology" | [
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8854 | Abacus The abacus ("plural" abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool that was in use in Europe, China and Russia, centuries before the adoption of the written Hindu–Arabic numeral system. The exact origin of the abacus is still unknown. Today, abacuses are often constructed as a bamboo fr... | Abacus | [
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8855 | arithmetic, although they remain popular in the post-Soviet states as a tool. Other designs, such as the Japanese soroban, have been used for practical calculations even involving several digits. For any particular abacus design, there usually are numerous different methods to perform a certain type of calculation, whi... | Abacus | [
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8856 | countries. Merchants, traders and clerks in some parts of Eastern Europe, Russia, China and Africa use abacuses, and they are still used to teach arithmetic to children. Some people who are unable to use a calculator because of visual impairment may use an abacus. The use of the word "abacus" dates before 1387 AD, when... | Abacus | [
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8857 | has been suggested that it means "a square tablet strewn with dust", or "drawing-board covered with dust (for the use of mathematics)" (the exact shape of the Latin perhaps reflects the genitive form of the Greek word, ἄβακoς "abakos"). Whereas the table strewn with dust definition is popular, there are those that do n... | Abacus | [
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8858 | The preferred plural of "abacus" is a subject of disagreement, with both "abacuses" and "abaci" (hard "c") in use. The user of an abacus is called an "abacist". The period 2700–2300 BC saw the first appearance of the Sumerian abacus, a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of th... | Abacus | [
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8859 | of addition and subtraction; however, this primitive device proved difficult to use for more complex calculations". The use of the abacus in Ancient Egypt is mentioned by the Greek historian Herodotus, who writes that the Egyptians manipulated the pebbles from right to left, opposite in direction to the Greek left-to-r... | Abacus | [
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8860 | scholars concentrated on exchanging knowledge and inventions with the countries around them – India, China, and the Roman Empire, when it is thought to have been exported to other countries. The earliest archaeological evidence for the use of the Greek abacus dates to the 5th century BC. Also Demosthenes (384 BC–322 BC... | Abacus | [
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8861 | pebbles on an abacus. The Greek abacus was a table of wood or marble, pre-set with small counters in wood or metal for mathematical calculations. This Greek abacus saw use in Achaemenid Persia, the Etruscan civilization, Ancient Rome and, until the French Revolution, the Western Christian world. A tablet found on the G... | Abacus | [
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8862 | a set of 5 parallel lines equally divided by a vertical line, capped with a semicircle at the intersection of the bottom-most horizontal line and the single vertical line. Below these lines is a wide space with a horizontal crack dividing it. Below this crack is another group of eleven parallel lines, again divided int... | Abacus | [
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8863 | Vase" was unearthed in 1851. It was covered with pictures including a "treasurer" holding a wax tablet in one hand while manipulating counters on a table with the other. The earliest known written documentation of the Chinese abacus dates to the 2nd century BC. The Chinese abacus, known as the "suanpan" (算盤, lit. "calc... | Abacus | [
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8864 | a hardwood. The beads are counted by moving them up or down towards the beam; beads moved toward the beam are counted, while those moved away from it are not. The "suanpan" can be reset to the starting position instantly by a quick movement along the horizontal axis to spin all the beads away from the horizontal beam a... | Abacus | [
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0.036317061632... |
8865 | known as Japanese style abacus, "you can make a number by hand," and "beads are counted", which can be expressed as a decimal number. Therefore, the abacus is designed as a four-bead abacus. In the early Ming Dynasty, the abacus began to appear in the form of 1:5 abacus. The upper deck had one bead and the bottom had f... | Abacus | [
-0.197987899184227,
-0.06009318307042122,
0.14886261522769928,
-0.04298782721161842,
-0.40227949619293213,
0.7153652310371399,
0.1521885097026825,
-0.21411840617656708,
-0.8765551447868347,
-0.42069298028945923,
0.10703841596841812,
-0.03807845339179039,
-0.4188728630542755,
0.238990053534... |
8866 | that appeared in the form of 2:5. The upper deck had two beads, and the bottom had five beads. "You can make a number by hand," and "Beads are counted." It can be expressed in hexadecimal or any of the following numbers, and because the calculation method at that time is a Chinese catty equal to sixteen tael（一斤十六兩）whic... | Abacus | [
-0.38959822058677673,
-0.09174536168575287,
0.13409115374088287,
-0.10077378898859024,
-0.5372742414474487,
0.586835503578186,
0.16700440645217896,
-0.06225257366895676,
-0.33165496587753296,
-0.04364929720759392,
0.1609262228012085,
-0.03342634439468384,
-0.18388406932353973,
-0.084389016... |
8867 | root and cube root operations at high speed. There are currently schools teaching students how to use it. In the long scroll "Along the River During the Qingming Festival" painted by Zhang Zeduan during the Song dynasty (960–1297), a "suanpan" is clearly visible beside an account book and doctor's prescriptions on the ... | Abacus | [
-0.43546345829963684,
0.21639466285705566,
-0.3461770713329315,
-0.33892592787742615,
-0.16103336215019226,
0.9759780168533325,
0.1974826604127884,
0.12903083860874176,
-0.471116840839386,
-0.7557251453399658,
0.08322450518608093,
-0.3324211537837982,
-0.15472964942455292,
0.01575718261301... |
8868 | of the abacuses may be coincidental, both ultimately arising from counting with five fingers per hand. Where the Roman model (like most modern Korean and Japanese) has 4 plus 1 bead per decimal place, the standard "suanpan" has 5 plus 2. (Incidentally, this allows use with a hexadecimal numeral system, which was used f... | Abacus | [
-0.18994610011577606,
-0.054448798298835754,
-0.012040418572723866,
0.000210489088203758,
-0.3666701316833496,
0.6340453028678894,
0.2724716067314148,
-0.16234032809734344,
-0.6249858736991882,
-0.003864416154101491,
0.20472443103790283,
-0.20033995807170868,
-0.25822576880455017,
0.044647... |
8869 | decimal system but lacked the concept of zero as a place holder. The zero was probably introduced to the Chinese in the Tang dynasty (618–907) when travel in the Indian Ocean and the Middle East would have provided direct contact with India, allowing them to acquire the concept of zero and the decimal point from Indian... | Abacus | [
-0.3432992696762085,
0.043646182864904404,
-0.16591115295886993,
0.24221168458461761,
-0.3786265552043915,
0.7414947748184204,
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0.36570870876312256,
-0.15711811184883118,
-0.13127633929252625,
0.18541252613067627,
0.003640700364485383,
0.0387052446603775,
0.272961527109... |
8870 | the Roman numeral system. This system of 'counter casting' continued into the late Roman empire and in medieval Europe, and persisted in limited use into the nineteenth century. Due to Pope Sylvester II's reintroduction of the abacus with modifications, it became widely used in Europe once again during the 11th century... | Abacus | [
0.12044234573841095,
-0.035949915647506714,
0.16066844761371613,
0.07582604140043259,
-0.2672405540943146,
0.6082096099853516,
0.11285960674285889,
0.0007337694405578077,
-0.8546960353851318,
-0.33239614963531494,
0.3438355326652527,
0.005357025656849146,
-0.7536027431488037,
0.20734705030... |
8871 | inscribed using a stylus. One example of archaeological evidence of the Roman abacus, shown here in reconstruction, dates to the 1st century AD. It has eight long grooves containing up to five beads in each and eight shorter grooves having either one or no beads in each. The groove marked I indicates units, X tens, and... | Abacus | [
-0.09030189365148544,
0.2859940826892853,
-0.11891993135213852,
0.017979562282562256,
-0.2767504155635834,
1.06559157371521,
0.1109384149312973,
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-0.45290058851242065,
-0.2548914849758148,
0.435973584651947,
-0.03365910053253174,
-0.3025890290737152,
0.227835044264793... |
8872 | (i.e. fractions). The decimal number system invented in India replaced the abacus in Western Europe. The "Abhidharmakośabhāṣya" of Vasubandhu (316-396), a Sanskrit work on Buddhist philosophy, says that the second-century CE philosopher Vasumitra said that "placing a wick (Sanskrit "vartikā") on the number one ("ekāṅka... | Abacus | [
-0.2869468629360199,
0.1377764493227005,
-0.2754471004009247,
0.0002969612833112478,
-0.4569876492023468,
0.6411697268486023,
0.26696252822875977,
-0.09758520871400833,
-0.27434614300727844,
-0.16974550485610962,
0.21397528052330017,
0.04116656631231308,
-0.13834749162197113,
0.33134216070... |
8873 | of the Abacus. Hindu texts used the term "śūnya" (zero) to indicate the empty column on the abacus. In Japanese, the abacus is called "soroban" (, lit. "Counting tray"), imported from China in the 14th century. It was probably in use by the working class a century or more before the ruling class started, as the class s... | Abacus | [
-0.3583326041698456,
0.04423018917441368,
0.04727684333920479,
-0.1085447445511818,
-0.3634859323501587,
0.604499101638794,
-0.0681454986333847,
-0.020909031853079796,
-0.6105532646179199,
-0.24956630170345306,
0.21002386510372162,
-0.06344419717788696,
-0.3757355213165283,
0.2642073929309... |
8874 | which was still common in China. Today's Japanese abacus is a 1:4 type, four-bead abacus was introduced from China in the Muromachi era. It adopts the form of the upper deck one bead and the bottom four beads. The top bead on the upper deck was equal to five and the bottom one is equal to one like the Chinese or Korean... | Abacus | [
-0.14510247111320496,
-0.12779277563095093,
0.32070282101631165,
-0.023059628903865814,
-0.49389806389808655,
0.6189985871315002,
0.07739260047674179,
-0.14224742352962494,
-0.7352986931800842,
-0.16588206589221954,
0.04896122217178345,
0.08450090885162354,
-0.4958900809288025,
0.311673730... |
8875 | method; at the same time, in order to make the multiplication and division digits consistently use the division multiplication. Later, Japan had a 3:5 abacus called天三算盤, which is now the Ize Rongji collection of Shansi Village in Yamagata City. There were also had 2:5 beads abacus. With the four-bead abacus spread, it ... | Abacus | [
-0.012239249423146248,
0.01662612147629261,
-0.10055584460496902,
-0.1830030083656311,
-0.3691789209842682,
0.6320392489433289,
0.14036104083061218,
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0.021686237305402756,
0.038084905594587326,
-0.3847259283065796,
0.1610589623... |
8876 | clearing button, immediately put the upper bead to the upper position, the lower bead is dialed to the lower position, immediately clearing, easy to use. The abacus is still manufactured in Japan today even with the proliferation, practicality, and affordability of pocket electronic calculators. The use of the soroban ... | Abacus | [
-0.4526422917842865,
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0.10744086652994156,
0.011514926329255104,
-0.28385597467422485,
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0.08635590970516205,
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-0.23214717209339142,
0.027554765343666077,
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-0.18921375... |
8877 | China to Korea around 1400 AD. Koreans call it "jupan" (주판), "supan" (수판) or "jusan" (주산). The four beads abacus( 1:4 ) was introduced to Korea Goryeo Dynaty from the China during Song Dynasty, later the five beads abacus (5:1) abacus was introduced to Korean from China during the Ming Dynasty. Some sources mention the... | Abacus | [
-0.24542221426963806,
0.36480575799942017,
0.39766719937324524,
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-0.550115704536438,
0.5672423839569092,
0.2252362221479416,
0.20410378277301788,
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0.1540202647447586,
0.03458380326628685,
-0.332191526889801,
0.087864428758621... |
8878 | – small similar elements. Its complete meaning was taken as: counting with small similar elements by somebody. Its use was taught in the Calmecac to the "temalpouhqueh" , who were students dedicated to take the accounts of skies, from childhood. The Nepōhualtzintzin was divided in two main parts separated by a bar or i... | Abacus | [
-0.09077338129281998,
0.3271558880805969,
0.2027934044599533,
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-0.6710954308509827,
0.5308998227119446,
0.4742145836353302,
0.14231820404529572,
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0.32734841108322144,
0.2867819368839264,
-0.14646072685718536,
-0.0753661543130... |
8879 | the respective beads of the upper rows, it is enough to multiply by 20 (by each row), the value of the corresponding account in the first row. Altogether, there were 13 rows with 7 beads in each one, which made up 91 beads in each Nepōhualtzintzin. This was a basic number to understand, 7 times 13, a close relation con... | Abacus | [
0.028074784204363823,
0.6121429800987244,
0.24151498079299927,
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0.34874457120895386,
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0.3480547070503235,
0.10860849916934967,
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0.156697392463684... |
8880 | sowing to its harvest, three Nepōhualtzintzin (273) is the number of days of a baby's gestation, and four Nepōhualtzintzin (364) completed a cycle and approximate a year (1 days short). When translated into modern computer arithmetic, the Nepōhualtzintzin amounted to the rank from 10 to the 18 in floating point, which ... | Abacus | [
-0.11922202259302139,
0.4300866425037384,
0.00345811084844172,
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1.0992650985717773,
0.41593828797340393,
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0.2090766429901123,
0.3896261155605316,
0.060784291476011276,
0.1461440622806549,
0.336936354637146,... |
8881 | them made in gold, jade, encrustations of shell, etc. There have also been found very old Nepōhualtzintzin attributed to the Olmec culture, and even some bracelets of Mayan origin, as well as a diversity of forms and materials in other cultures. George I. Sanchez, "Arithmetic in Maya", Austin-Texas, 1961 found another ... | Abacus | [
-0.5262035131454468,
0.28827211260795593,
0.02959834411740303,
0.23278963565826416,
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0.720014750957489,
0.27509909868240356,
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0.4422389268875122,
0.027755584567785263,
0.07486972957849503,
0.054461780935525894... |
8882 | beginning and end of the two cycles. Sanchez worked with Sylvanus Morley, a noted Mayanist. The quipu of the Incas was a system of colored knotted cords used to record numerical data, like advanced tally sticks – but not used to perform calculations. Calculations were carried out using a yupana (Quechua for "counting t... | Abacus | [
-0.292277455329895,
0.15804748237133026,
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0.1477942019701004,
-0.3372396230697632,
0.5845407247543335,
0.21780911087989807,
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0.23853503167629242,
0.28231281042099,
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8883 | yupanas, researchers found that calculations were based using the Fibonacci sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5 and powers of 10, 20 and 40 as place values for the different fields in the instrument. Using the Fibonacci sequence would keep the number of grains within any one field at a minimum. The Russian abacus, the "schoty" (счё... | Abacus | [
-0.1545221507549286,
0.07653222978115082,
0.14764299988746643,
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0.031601760536432266,
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0.2582063674... |
8884 | used vertically, with wires from left to right in the manner of a book. The wires are usually bowed to bulge upward in the center, to keep the beads pinned to either of the two sides. It is cleared when all the beads are moved to the right. During manipulation, beads are moved to the left. For easy viewing, the middle ... | Abacus | [
-0.04029658064246178,
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0.30606696009635925,
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0.384939581155777,
0.2134590595960617,
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0.3917523920536041,
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0.0158917251974... |
8885 | color. As a simple, cheap and reliable device, the Russian abacus was in use in all shops and markets throughout the former Soviet Union, and the usage of it was taught in most schools until the 1990s. Even the 1874 invention of mechanical calculator, Odhner arithmometer, had not replaced them in Russia and likewise th... | Abacus | [
-0.3437056839466095,
0.31155070662498474,
0.19903378188610077,
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0.5176794528961182,
0.3502584397792816,
0.19706471264362335,
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-0.31036314368247986,
0.29968175292015076,
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0.287330597639... |
8886 | archaism and replaced by the handheld calculator. The Russian abacus was brought to France around 1820 by the mathematician Jean-Victor Poncelet, who served in Napoleon's army and had been a prisoner of war in Russia. The abacus had fallen out of use in western Europe in the 16th century with the rise of decimal notati... | Abacus | [
-0.4356580674648285,
0.3047695755958557,
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0.8227840662002563,
0.08881127089262009,
0.04218077287077904,
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0.06319433450698853,
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0.1183798089... |
8887 | by the Turks and a "choreb" by the Armenians. Around the world, abacuses have been used in pre-schools and elementary schools as an aid in teaching the numeral system and arithmetic. In Western countries, a bead frame similar to the Russian abacus but with straight wires and a vertical frame has been common (see image)... | Abacus | [
0.2504202127456665,
0.11777225881814957,
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0.002622848143801093,
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0.6316786408424377,
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0.196051359176635... |
8888 | can be represented by shifting all beads on 7 wires and 4 beads on the 8th wire, so numbers up to 100 may be represented). In the bead frame shown, the gap between the 5th and 6th wire, corresponding to the color change between the 5th and the 6th bead on each wire, suggests the latter use. The red-and-white abacus is ... | Abacus | [
0.07330553233623505,
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0.10339202731847763,
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0.26726585626602173,
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-0.0342511273... |
8889 | By learning how to calculate with abacus, one can improve his mental calculation which becomes faster and more accurate in doing large number calculations. Abacus‐based mental calculation (AMC) was derived from the abacus which means doing calculation, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, in m... | Abacus | [
-0.1586330085992813,
0.20203813910484314,
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0.6158968210220337,
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0.1363227814435959,
0.6907321214675903,
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8890 | visuospatial and visuomotor processing which generate the visual abacus and perform the movement of the imagery bead. Since the only thing needed to be remembered is the finial position of beads, it takes less memory and less computation time. An adapted abacus, invented by Tim Cranmer, called a Cranmer abacus is still... | Abacus | [
0.17120271921157837,
0.04049886763095856,
0.07750507444143295,
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0.5675568580627441,
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-0.060996592044830... |
8891 | multiplication, division, addition, subtraction, square root and cube root. Although blind students have benefited from talking calculators, the abacus is still very often taught to these students in early grades, both in public schools and state schools for the blind. The abacus teaches mathematical skills that can ne... | Abacus | [
-0.38814058899879456,
0.5152193307876587,
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0.03557773679494858,
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0.43353989720344543,
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-0.46861472... |
8892 | students a tool to compute mathematical problems that equals the speed and mathematical knowledge required by their sighted peers using pencil and paper. Many blind people find this number machine a very useful tool throughout life. The binary abacus is used to explain how computers manipulate numbers. The abacus shows... | Abacus | [
0.28296852111816406,
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0.19099061191082,
0.20139048993587494,
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0.1304994523525238,
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0.14724169671535... |
8893 | Acid An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion H), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid). The first category of acids is the proton donors or Brønsted acids. In the special case of aqueous solutions, proton donors form the hydr... | Acid | [
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0.64230889081954... |
8894 | Aqueous Arrhenius acids have characteristic properties which provide a practical description of an acid. Acids form aqueous solutions with a sour taste, can turn blue litmus red, and react with bases and certain metals (like calcium) to form salts. The word "acid" is derived from the Latin "acidus/acēre" meaning "sour"... | Acid | [
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0.017960356548428535,
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0.80438446998... |
8895 | in the solution. Chemicals or substances having the property of an acid are said to be acidic. Common aqueous acids include hydrochloric acid (a solution of hydrogen chloride which is found in gastric acid in the stomach and activates digestive enzymes), acetic acid (vinegar is a dilute aqueous solution of this liquid)... | Acid | [
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0.2976362407207489,
-0.43678542971611023,
0.4756157994270... |
8896 | concentrated weak acids are corrosive, but there are exceptions such as carboranes and boric acid. The second category of acids are Lewis acids, which form a covalent bond with an electron pair. An example is boron trifluoride (BF), whose boron atom has a vacant orbital which can form a covalent bond by sharing a lone ... | Acid | [
-0.3195493519306183,
0.3959755301475525,
-0.10579709708690643,
-0.2896423935890198,
-0.7346041202545166,
-0.4123692512512207,
0.42310795187950134,
-0.29698750376701355,
0.29897579550743103,
-0.04359554871916771,
-0.6271920204162598,
-0.056670352816581726,
-0.5577315092086792,
0.50966531038... |
8897 | (H) into the solution, which then accept electron pairs. However, hydrogen chloride, acetic acid, and most other Brønsted-Lowry acids cannot form a covalent bond with an electron pair and are therefore not Lewis acids. Conversely, many Lewis acids are not Arrhenius or Brønsted-Lowry acids. In modern terminology, an "ac... | Acid | [
-0.2639232873916626,
0.6682192087173462,
0.11686594039201736,
-0.27591803669929504,
-0.4818279445171356,
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0.019442183896899223,
-0.5573788285255432,
0.73917973041534... |
8898 | water, so the Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry definitions are the most relevant. The Brønsted-Lowry definition is the most widely used definition; unless otherwise specified, acid-base reactions are assumed to involve the transfer of a proton (H) from an acid to a base. Hydronium ions are acids according to all three defi... | Acid | [
-0.33894044160842896,
0.5254189968109131,
0.023691250011324883,
-0.29232364892959595,
-0.7452824711799622,
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-0.15260638296604156,
-0.28096097707748413,
-0.19456394016742706,
-0.44989755749702454,
0.79121452... |
8899 | a substance that, when added to water, increases the concentration of H ions in the water. Note that chemists often write H("aq") and refer to the hydrogen ion when describing acid-base reactions but the free hydrogen nucleus, a proton, does not exist alone in water, it exists as the hydronium ion, HO. Thus, an Arrheni... | Acid | [
-0.00962809193879366,
0.7109162211418152,
0.009429973550140858,
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0.020858516916632652,
-0.518339991569519,
0.709722876548... |
8900 | (OH) ions when dissolved in water. This decreases the concentration of hydronium because the ions react to form HO molecules: HO + OH ⇌ HO + HO Due to this equilibrium, any increase in the concentration of hydronium is accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of hydroxide. Thus, an Arrhenius acid could also be sa... | Acid | [
-0.6217276453971863,
0.564816951751709,
0.19972950220108032,
-0.026018714532256126,
-0.325130432844162,
0.048373498022556305,
0.3372330069541931,
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-0.2429761290550232,
-0.03982958570122719,
-0.5832343697547913,
0.60700982809066... |
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