hodgesz/covid_qa_llama2 · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 0 749
<s>[INST] What is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children? [/INST] Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. </s>
<s>[INST] What plays the crucial role in the Mother to Child Transmission of HIV-1 and what increases the risk [/INST] DC-SIGNR plays a crucial role in MTCT of HIV-1 and that impaired placental DC-SIGNR expression increases risk of transmission. </s>
<s>[INST] How many children were infected by HIV-1 in 2008-2009, worldwide? [/INST] more than 400,000 children were infected worldwide, mostly through MTCT and 90% of them lived in sub-Saharan Africa. </s>
<s>[INST] What is the role of C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 Like 1 (CCL3L1) in mother to child transmission of HIV-1? [/INST] High copy numbers of CCL3L1, a potent HIV-1 suppressive ligand for CCR5, are associated with higher chemokine production and lower risk of MTCT of HIV-1 among South African infants </s>
<s>[INST] What is DC-GENR and where is it expressed? [/INST] Dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related (DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin (L-SIGN)) can interact with a plethora of pathogens including HIV-1 and is expressed in placental capillary endothelial cells </s>
<s>[INST] How does the presence of DC-SIGNR affect the MTCT of HIV-1? [/INST] the presence of DC-SIGNR at the placental endothelial cell surface may protect infants from HIV-1 infection by capturing virus and promoting its degradation/presentation. </s>
<s>[INST] Why do low levels of DC-SIGNR enhance Mother to Child Transmission of HIV-1? [/INST] in placenta containing low levels of DC-SIGNR, HIV-1 would preferentially binds CCR5 on endothelial cells resulting in a loss of placental barrier integrity and enhanced passage of maternal HIV-1-infected cells in foetal circulation leading to MTCT of HIV-1 </s>
<s>[INST] What is the percentage of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV-1, when there is no intervention? [/INST] Without specific interventions, the rate of HIV-1 mother-tochild transmission (MTCT) is approximately 15-45% </s>
<s>[INST] Does C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) affect the transmission of HIV-1? [/INST] Genetic variants in CCR5 have been shown to influence vertical transmission of HIV-1. CCR5 promoter variants resulting in higher expression of the receptor were associated with increased risk of MTCT of HIV-1 among sub-Saharan Africans </s>
<s>[INST] How does Mannanose Binding Lectin (MBL) affect elimination of HIV-1 pathogen? [/INST] Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an innate immune receptor synthesised in the liver and secreted in the bloodstream in response to inflammation signal. MBL promotes pathogen elimination by opsonization and phagocytosis, </s>
<s>[INST] How can CCR5's effect in HIV-1 transmission be reduced? [/INST] The 32-pb deletion polymorphism in CCR5 has be shown to protect from vertical transmission of HIV-1 </s>
<s>[INST] What is IFITM? [/INST] interferon-induced transmembrane </s>
<s>[INST] How many cysteine residues are contained in the first transmembrane domain of IFITM3? [/INST] three </s>
<s>[INST] What inhibits S-palmitoylation? [/INST] 2-bromopalmitic acid (2BP) </s>
<s>[INST] What interaction is inhibited by the presence of 2-bromopalmitic acid (2BP)? [/INST] IFITM5 with FKBP11 </s>
<s>[INST] What is a function associated with IFITM5? [/INST] bone formation factor. </s>
<s>[INST] What regulates the antiviral activity of IFITM3? [/INST] S-palmitoylation on the protein </s>
<s>[INST] What is another name for IFITM5? [/INST] bonerestricted IFITM-like (BRIL) protein </s>
<s>[INST] Why is the expression of IFITM5 not promoted by interferons? [/INST] the region upstream of the ifitm5 gene lacks the interferon regulatory elements </s>
<s>[INST] What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM5 and the other IFITM proteins? [/INST] ~ 65% similarity </s>
<s>[INST] What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM 1, IFITM 2, and IFITM 3? [/INST] ~ 85% similarity </s>
<s>[INST] What amino acid might be involved in calcium binding in the C-terminal region of a protein? [/INST] aspartate </s>
<s>[INST] What is the size of bovine coronavirus? [/INST] 31 kb </s>
<s>[INST] What is the molecular structure of bovine coronavirus? [/INST] single-stranded, linear, and nonsegmented RNA </s>
<s>[INST] How many nucleotides does bovine coronavirus contain? [/INST] 30,847 nucleotides </s>
<s>[INST] What is the size of the orf1ab gene in bovine coronavirus? [/INST] 20kb </s>
<s>[INST] Is the orf1ab gene at the 3' or 5' end of the bovine coronavirus genome? [/INST] 5= side </s>
<s>[INST] What is a significant cause of Influenze like illness among healthy adolescents and adults presenting for medical evaluation? [/INST] HCoV </s>
<s>[INST] What is the most common species of Human Coronavirus among adults? [/INST] HCoV-OC43 </s>
<s>[INST] Which Human Coronavirus showed species specific clinical characteristics of its infection? [/INST] HCoV‐HKU1 </s>
<s>[INST] What causes the outbreak of SARS and MERS. [/INST] Highly virulent species of HCoV </s>
<s>[INST] What is the case fatality rate of SARS and MERS? [/INST] ranged from 14% to 45% </s>
<s>[INST] What were the common HCOV strains in the 5 year USA study? [/INST] HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-229E </s>
<s>[INST] Which species are more prevalent but less severe? [/INST] HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-229E </s>
<s>[INST] What is required for a Hepatitis B infection in cells? [/INST] both intracellular and cell-surface factors </s>
<s>[INST] What regulates the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction in a hepatitis B infection? [/INST] heparan sulfates in the membrane proteins </s>
<s>[INST] Which protein domain of the Hepatitis B envelope is necessary for infection? [/INST] Nterminus of HBV preS1 (amino acids 1-47) </s>
<s>[INST] Where is NTCP located in the body? [/INST] lateral surface (canalicular) of hepatocytes </s>
<s>[INST] What does the NTCP protein mediate? [/INST] bile acid transport </s>
<s>[INST] Is NTCP sufficient to allow HBV infection? [/INST] not sufficient </s>
<s>[INST] Why is NTCP thought to not be sufficient for HBV infection? [/INST] the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected </s>
<s>[INST] What kinds of viruses are Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV), eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), sindbis virus(SV), and dengue virus(DV)? [/INST] arboviruses </s>
<s>[INST] What are the current clinically-available methods to detect encephalitis viral antigens? [/INST] ELISA and IFA </s>
<s>[INST] What methods exist for detecting multiple antigens simultaneously in a one-sample, laboratory test? [/INST] two-dimensional gel electrophoresis , protein chip, mass spectrometry, and suspension array technology </s>
<s>[INST] How many antigens could be detected by Liew's multiplex ELISA test? [/INST] 9 </s>
<s>[INST] What kind of antibodies were used in the ELISA-array assay? [/INST] monoclonal </s>
<s>[INST] How was the ELISA assay validated? [/INST] using cultured viruses and inoculated chicken eggs with patient sera </s>
<s>[INST] What capture antibodies were used in the study? [/INST] 4D5, 2B5, 1F1, 2B8, 4F9, and 4E11 </s>
<s>[INST] What was the spotting concentration range for the capture antibodies? [/INST] from 0.2 to 0.0125 mg/ml </s>
<s>[INST] How was the proper spotting concentration determined? [/INST] combination of minimized cross reaction and higher signal intensity </s>
<s>[INST] How was cross reaction detection determined? [/INST] by applying JEV, YF, and DV cultures </s>
<s>[INST] How was the ELISA-array assay validated? [/INST] using cultured viruses and inoculated chicken eggs with patient sera </s>
<s>[INST] In 2010, how many cases of tuberculosis were estimated in China? [/INST] 108 per 100,000 </s>
<s>[INST] What is the population of Shandong province? [/INST] 94 million </s>
<s>[INST] What was the purpose of this study? [/INST] estimate the TB prevalence in Shandong </s>
<s>[INST] What was the age range for the people surveyed? [/INST] 15 years old or above </s>
<s>[INST] How was the survey designed? [/INST] in accordance with WHO recommendations </s>
<s>[INST] Was was the sample size? [/INST] 52500 </s>
<s>[INST] How were the clusters selected? [/INST] A stratified multi stage random sampling </s>
<s>[INST] How many people were in a community cluster? [/INST] 1250 to 1750 </s>
<s>[INST] Who was excluded from the study? [/INST] Military barracks and prisons </s>
<s>[INST] When was the study conducted? [/INST] March to June 2010 </s>
<s>[INST] Who conducted the study? [/INST] clinicians, public health doctors, radiologists, laboratory technicians and nurses </s>
<s>[INST] What medium was used to collect the sputum samples? [/INST] Löwenstein-Jensen medium </s>
<s>[INST] What was the response rate for the study? [/INST] 95% to 97% </s>
<s>[INST] What was the average age of a study participant? [/INST] 46 years </s>
<s>[INST] What was the prevalence rate in Shandong in 2010 for sputum positive cases of tuberculosis? [/INST] 22.1 </s>
<s>[INST] What was the most striking finding of the study regarding tuberculosis patients? [/INST] a large proportion of TB patients did not present consistent cough </s>
<s>[INST] How many cases of sputum positive tuberculosis patients had no persistent cough? [/INST] 45% </s>
<s>[INST] How many tuberculosis patients in Shandong were over 65 years old? [/INST] over half </s>
<s>[INST] What enzymes have been reported to be linked with severity of infection and various pathological conditions caused by microorganisms? [/INST] cysteine proteases </s>
<s>[INST] At what temperatures was the assay completed? [/INST] 32uC, 37uC, 42uC </s>
<s>[INST] What criteria sets the guideline for drug-like properties? [/INST] Lipinski's ''Rule of five'' </s>
<s>[INST] What could be novel candidates as potent inhibitors of papain like cysteine proteases in resistant microorganisms? [/INST] 1-substituted pyridylimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine derivatives </s>
<s>[INST] What method is useful in administering small molecules for systemic delivery to the body? [/INST] Intranasal </s>
<s>[INST] Why is the nasal mucosa useful in the delivery of small molecules into the body? [/INST] the surface area can result in rapid absorption of the medication into the blood </s>
<s>[INST] What are the most common methods of inhaled delivery of medications? [/INST] Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) and dry powder inhalers (DPIs) </s>
<s>[INST] What medications have shown good promise to in vivo delivery via dry powder inhalers? [/INST] insulin [39] and low-molecular-weight heparin [40] </s>
<s>[INST] How are siRNAs typically delivered for systemic effect? [/INST] intratracheal or intranasal delivery </s>
<s>[INST] What structures form the human airway? [/INST] respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs </s>
<s>[INST] What size of particle has been shown to be most effective in the delivery to the lower airway? [/INST] 1-5 μm </s>
<s>[INST] What are the essential conditions in siRNA delivery to effectively produce gene silencing in the lungs? [/INST] delivered to their site of action, be stable, enter the target cells, and be present in the cytoplasm at sufficient concentration </s>
<s>[INST] How long is the SAIBK gene? [/INST] 27,534 nucleotides </s>
<s>[INST] How many open reading frames are in the SAIBK gene? [/INST] 10 </s>
<s>[INST] What virus has the closest genetic identity with the SAIBK gene? [/INST] Chinese IBV strain SC021202 </s>
<s>[INST] How many surgical masks or respirators have past studies projected will be required for a pandemic in the United States? [/INST] an estimated 7.3 billion </s>
<s>[INST] What is the acronym MERS-CoV? [/INST] Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus </s>
<s>[INST] What are the critical factors that determine the effect of an epidemic? [/INST] Transmissibility and severity </s>
<s>[INST] When did the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declare the 2019-nCoV epidemic as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern? [/INST] January 30, 2020 </s>
<s>[INST] What influenza virus was identified in China in 2013? [/INST] H7N9 </s>
<s>[INST] What past research has been done on severe, single-wave pandemics? [/INST] After a new influenza virus (H7N9) was identified in China in 2013, a series of modeling articles described the effect of, and level of preparedness for, a severe, single-wave pandemic in the United States. </s>
<s>[INST] What is a clinical attack rate? [/INST] the proportion of individuals who become ill with or die from a disease in a population initially uninfected </s>
<s>[INST] What was the clinical attack rate in the 2009 H1N1 pandemic? [/INST] 20% </s>
<s>[INST] What is the estimated R0 of COVID-19? [/INST] 2.2 </s>
<s>[INST] How many ventilators have past studies projected will be required for a pandemic in the United States? [/INST] 35 000 to 60 000 </s>
<s>[INST] How is exhaled breath condensate used in viral research? [/INST] the isolation of respiratory viruses </s>
<s>[INST] How many patients were i this study? [/INST] 102 </s>
<s>[INST] What was the conclusion of this study? [/INST] EBC collection using the RTube™ is not reliable for diagnosis of respiratory infections </s>
<s>[INST] How long did the patient breath into the RTube? [/INST] 10 minutes </s>
<s>[INST] What followed the reverse transcription step in the analysis? [/INST] denaturation step </s>

<s>[INST] What is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children? [/INST] Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. </s>

<s>[INST] What plays the crucial role in the Mother to Child Transmission of HIV-1 and what increases the risk [/INST] DC-SIGNR plays a crucial role in MTCT of HIV-1 and that impaired placental DC-SIGNR expression increases risk of transmission. </s>

<s>[INST] How many children were infected by HIV-1 in 2008-2009, worldwide? [/INST] more than 400,000 children were infected worldwide, mostly through MTCT and 90% of them lived in sub-Saharan Africa. </s>

<s>[INST] What is the role of C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 Like 1 (CCL3L1) in mother to child transmission of HIV-1? [/INST] High copy numbers of CCL3L1, a potent HIV-1 suppressive ligand for CCR5, are associated with higher chemokine production and lower risk of MTCT of HIV-1 among South African infants </s>

<s>[INST] What is DC-GENR and where is it expressed? [/INST] Dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related (DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin (L-SIGN)) can interact with a plethora of pathogens including HIV-1 and is expressed in placental capillary endothelial cells </s>

<s>[INST] How does the presence of DC-SIGNR affect the MTCT of HIV-1? [/INST] the presence of DC-SIGNR at the placental endothelial cell surface may protect infants from HIV-1 infection by capturing virus and promoting its degradation/presentation. </s>

<s>[INST] Why do low levels of DC-SIGNR enhance Mother to Child Transmission of HIV-1? [/INST] in placenta containing low levels of DC-SIGNR, HIV-1 would preferentially binds CCR5 on endothelial cells resulting in a loss of placental barrier integrity and enhanced passage of maternal HIV-1-infected cells in foetal circulation leading to MTCT of HIV-1 </s>

<s>[INST] What is the percentage of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV-1, when there is no intervention? [/INST] Without specific interventions, the rate of HIV-1 mother-tochild transmission (MTCT) is approximately 15-45% </s>

<s>[INST] Does C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) affect the transmission of HIV-1? [/INST] Genetic variants in CCR5 have been shown to influence vertical transmission of HIV-1. CCR5 promoter variants resulting in higher expression of the receptor were associated with increased risk of MTCT of HIV-1 among sub-Saharan Africans </s>

<s>[INST] How does Mannanose Binding Lectin (MBL) affect elimination of HIV-1 pathogen? [/INST] Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an innate immune receptor synthesised in the liver and secreted in the bloodstream in response to inflammation signal. MBL promotes pathogen elimination by opsonization and phagocytosis, </s>

<s>[INST] How can CCR5's effect in HIV-1 transmission be reduced? [/INST] The 32-pb deletion polymorphism in CCR5 has be shown to protect from vertical transmission of HIV-1 </s>

<s>[INST] What is IFITM? [/INST] interferon-induced transmembrane </s>

<s>[INST] How many cysteine residues are contained in the first transmembrane domain of IFITM3? [/INST] three </s>

<s>[INST] What inhibits S-palmitoylation? [/INST] 2-bromopalmitic acid (2BP) </s>

<s>[INST] What interaction is inhibited by the presence of 2-bromopalmitic acid (2BP)? [/INST] IFITM5 with FKBP11 </s>

<s>[INST] What is a function associated with IFITM5? [/INST] bone formation factor. </s>

<s>[INST] What regulates the antiviral activity of IFITM3? [/INST] S-palmitoylation on the protein </s>

<s>[INST] What is another name for IFITM5? [/INST] bonerestricted IFITM-like (BRIL) protein </s>

<s>[INST] Why is the expression of IFITM5 not promoted by interferons? [/INST] the region upstream of the ifitm5 gene lacks the interferon regulatory elements </s>

<s>[INST] What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM5 and the other IFITM proteins? [/INST] ~ 65% similarity </s>

<s>[INST] What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM 1, IFITM 2, and IFITM 3? [/INST] ~ 85% similarity </s>

<s>[INST] What amino acid might be involved in calcium binding in the C-terminal region of a protein? [/INST] aspartate </s>

<s>[INST] What is the size of bovine coronavirus? [/INST] 31 kb </s>

<s>[INST] What is the molecular structure of bovine coronavirus? [/INST] single-stranded, linear, and nonsegmented RNA </s>

<s>[INST] How many nucleotides does bovine coronavirus contain? [/INST] 30,847 nucleotides </s>

<s>[INST] What is the size of the orf1ab gene in bovine coronavirus? [/INST] 20kb </s>

<s>[INST] Is the orf1ab gene at the 3' or 5' end of the bovine coronavirus genome? [/INST] 5= side </s>

<s>[INST] What is a significant cause of Influenze like illness among healthy adolescents and adults presenting for medical evaluation? [/INST] HCoV </s>

<s>[INST] What is the most common species of Human Coronavirus among adults? [/INST] HCoV-OC43 </s>

<s>[INST] Which Human Coronavirus showed species specific clinical characteristics of its infection? [/INST] HCoV‐HKU1 </s>

<s>[INST] What causes the outbreak of SARS and MERS. [/INST] Highly virulent species of HCoV </s>

<s>[INST] What is the case fatality rate of SARS and MERS? [/INST] ranged from 14% to 45% </s>

<s>[INST] What were the common HCOV strains in the 5 year USA study? [/INST] HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-229E </s>

<s>[INST] Which species are more prevalent but less severe? [/INST] HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-229E </s>

<s>[INST] What is required for a Hepatitis B infection in cells? [/INST] both intracellular and cell-surface factors </s>

<s>[INST] What regulates the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction in a hepatitis B infection? [/INST] heparan sulfates in the membrane proteins </s>

<s>[INST] Which protein domain of the Hepatitis B envelope is necessary for infection? [/INST] Nterminus of HBV preS1 (amino acids 1-47) </s>

<s>[INST] Where is NTCP located in the body? [/INST] lateral surface (canalicular) of hepatocytes </s>

<s>[INST] What does the NTCP protein mediate? [/INST] bile acid transport </s>

<s>[INST] Is NTCP sufficient to allow HBV infection? [/INST] not sufficient </s>

<s>[INST] Why is NTCP thought to not be sufficient for HBV infection? [/INST] the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected </s>

<s>[INST] What kinds of viruses are Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV), eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), sindbis virus(SV), and dengue virus(DV)? [/INST] arboviruses </s>

<s>[INST] What are the current clinically-available methods to detect encephalitis viral antigens? [/INST] ELISA and IFA </s>

<s>[INST] What methods exist for detecting multiple antigens simultaneously in a one-sample, laboratory test? [/INST] two-dimensional gel electrophoresis , protein chip, mass spectrometry, and suspension array technology </s>

<s>[INST] How many antigens could be detected by Liew's multiplex ELISA test? [/INST] 9 </s>

<s>[INST] What kind of antibodies were used in the ELISA-array assay? [/INST] monoclonal </s>

<s>[INST] How was the ELISA assay validated? [/INST] using cultured viruses and inoculated chicken eggs with patient sera </s>

<s>[INST] What capture antibodies were used in the study? [/INST] 4D5, 2B5, 1F1, 2B8, 4F9, and 4E11 </s>

<s>[INST] What was the spotting concentration range for the capture antibodies? [/INST] from 0.2 to 0.0125 mg/ml </s>

<s>[INST] How was the proper spotting concentration determined? [/INST] combination of minimized cross reaction and higher signal intensity </s>

<s>[INST] How was cross reaction detection determined? [/INST] by applying JEV, YF, and DV cultures </s>

<s>[INST] How was the ELISA-array assay validated? [/INST] using cultured viruses and inoculated chicken eggs with patient sera </s>

<s>[INST] In 2010, how many cases of tuberculosis were estimated in China? [/INST] 108 per 100,000 </s>

<s>[INST] What is the population of Shandong province? [/INST] 94 million </s>

<s>[INST] What was the purpose of this study? [/INST] estimate the TB prevalence in Shandong </s>

<s>[INST] What was the age range for the people surveyed? [/INST] 15 years old or above </s>

<s>[INST] How was the survey designed? [/INST] in accordance with WHO recommendations </s>

<s>[INST] Was was the sample size? [/INST] 52500 </s>

<s>[INST] How were the clusters selected? [/INST] A stratified multi stage random sampling </s>

<s>[INST] How many people were in a community cluster? [/INST] 1250 to 1750 </s>

<s>[INST] Who was excluded from the study? [/INST] Military barracks and prisons </s>

<s>[INST] When was the study conducted? [/INST] March to June 2010 </s>

<s>[INST] Who conducted the study? [/INST] clinicians, public health doctors, radiologists, laboratory technicians and nurses </s>

<s>[INST] What medium was used to collect the sputum samples? [/INST] Löwenstein-Jensen medium </s>

<s>[INST] What was the response rate for the study? [/INST] 95% to 97% </s>

<s>[INST] What was the average age of a study participant? [/INST] 46 years </s>

<s>[INST] What was the prevalence rate in Shandong in 2010 for sputum positive cases of tuberculosis? [/INST] 22.1 </s>

<s>[INST] What was the most striking finding of the study regarding tuberculosis patients? [/INST] a large proportion of TB patients did not present consistent cough </s>

<s>[INST] How many cases of sputum positive tuberculosis patients had no persistent cough? [/INST] 45% </s>

<s>[INST] How many tuberculosis patients in Shandong were over 65 years old? [/INST] over half </s>

<s>[INST] What enzymes have been reported to be linked with severity of infection and various pathological conditions caused by microorganisms? [/INST] cysteine proteases </s>

<s>[INST] At what temperatures was the assay completed? [/INST] 32uC, 37uC, 42uC </s>

<s>[INST] What criteria sets the guideline for drug-like properties? [/INST] Lipinski's ''Rule of five'' </s>

<s>[INST] What could be novel candidates as potent inhibitors of papain like cysteine proteases in resistant microorganisms? [/INST] 1-substituted pyridylimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine derivatives </s>

<s>[INST] What method is useful in administering small molecules for systemic delivery to the body? [/INST] Intranasal </s>

<s>[INST] Why is the nasal mucosa useful in the delivery of small molecules into the body? [/INST] the surface area can result in rapid absorption of the medication into the blood </s>

<s>[INST] What are the most common methods of inhaled delivery of medications? [/INST] Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) and dry powder inhalers (DPIs) </s>

<s>[INST] What medications have shown good promise to in vivo delivery via dry powder inhalers? [/INST] insulin [39] and low-molecular-weight heparin [40] </s>

<s>[INST] How are siRNAs typically delivered for systemic effect? [/INST] intratracheal or intranasal delivery </s>

<s>[INST] What structures form the human airway? [/INST] respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs </s>

<s>[INST] What size of particle has been shown to be most effective in the delivery to the lower airway? [/INST] 1-5 μm </s>

<s>[INST] What are the essential conditions in siRNA delivery to effectively produce gene silencing in the lungs? [/INST] delivered to their site of action, be stable, enter the target cells, and be present in the cytoplasm at sufficient concentration </s>

<s>[INST] How long is the SAIBK gene? [/INST] 27,534 nucleotides </s>

<s>[INST] How many open reading frames are in the SAIBK gene? [/INST] 10 </s>

<s>[INST] What virus has the closest genetic identity with the SAIBK gene? [/INST] Chinese IBV strain SC021202 </s>

<s>[INST] How many surgical masks or respirators have past studies projected will be required for a pandemic in the United States? [/INST] an estimated 7.3 billion </s>

<s>[INST] What is the acronym MERS-CoV? [/INST] Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus </s>

<s>[INST] What are the critical factors that determine the effect of an epidemic? [/INST] Transmissibility and severity </s>

<s>[INST] When did the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declare the 2019-nCoV epidemic as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern? [/INST] January 30, 2020 </s>

<s>[INST] What influenza virus was identified in China in 2013? [/INST] H7N9 </s>

<s>[INST] What past research has been done on severe, single-wave pandemics? [/INST] After a new influenza virus (H7N9) was identified in China in 2013, a series of modeling articles described the effect of, and level of preparedness for, a severe, single-wave pandemic in the United States. </s>

<s>[INST] What is a clinical attack rate? [/INST] the proportion of individuals who become ill with or die from a disease in a population initially uninfected </s>

<s>[INST] What was the clinical attack rate in the 2009 H1N1 pandemic? [/INST] 20% </s>

<s>[INST] What is the estimated R0 of COVID-19? [/INST] 2.2 </s>

<s>[INST] How many ventilators have past studies projected will be required for a pandemic in the United States? [/INST] 35 000 to 60 000 </s>

<s>[INST] How is exhaled breath condensate used in viral research? [/INST] the isolation of respiratory viruses </s>

<s>[INST] How many patients were i this study? [/INST] 102 </s>

<s>[INST] What was the conclusion of this study? [/INST] EBC collection using the RTube™ is not reliable for diagnosis of respiratory infections </s>

<s>[INST] How long did the patient breath into the RTube? [/INST] 10 minutes </s>

<s>[INST] What followed the reverse transcription step in the analysis? [/INST] denaturation step </s>