prompt stringlengths 57 5.45k | chosen stringlengths 83 5.88k | rejected stringlengths 81 5.9k | chosen_score int64 -18 9.62k | rejected_score int64 -32 706 |
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Human: Why does a firewalled system respond to NMAP scans? We have a PCIDSS segmentation test conducted and there is a firewall in place. I have tested this using nmap -sA targetIP and response back is that all ports are filtered which tells me there's some sort of filtering device in my case a firewall. I then proceed by issuing an nmap -sS -sV targetIP and I receive a response back from the system telling me that ports 22, 80, 443, 3389, and several other 100+ ports are open even though I have a firewall in place. Does this mean that this will happen and the firewall will not action my packets by filtering the scan? Is this only because it is only a handshake or SYN packet? I am baffled by why I am getting responses back on open ports by the system when the firewall is in place. The firewall has a default deny statement at the bottom of the rules and there aren't any specific rules to open these ports yet my nmap scan comes back with these ports being open. I did a packet capture and they're open and I used hping3 to test and I received the same results. If anyone can help me understand this phenomenon I would truly appreciate it. If this isn't the right forum I apologize and if there's another response about this I apologize and if you can point me to it. I thought I was trying to prove that by having the firewall in place then I am actually protecting these systems and proving that rules in place do in fact action blocks on the packets. I thought I would get a response back that my nmap scan of these ports would be filtered results and not open. Please help. The firewall in place is a Palo Alto Network firewall. Thank you in advance.
Assistant: |
Human: Why does a firewalled system respond to NMAP scans? We have a PCIDSS segmentation test conducted and there is a firewall in place. I have tested this using nmap -sA targetIP and response back is that all ports are filtered which tells me there's some sort of filtering device in my case a firewall. I then proceed by issuing an nmap -sS -sV targetIP and I receive a response back from the system telling me that ports 22, 80, 443, 3389, and several other 100+ ports are open even though I have a firewall in place. Does this mean that this will happen and the firewall will not action my packets by filtering the scan? Is this only because it is only a handshake or SYN packet? I am baffled by why I am getting responses back on open ports by the system when the firewall is in place. The firewall has a default deny statement at the bottom of the rules and there aren't any specific rules to open these ports yet my nmap scan comes back with these ports being open. I did a packet capture and they're open and I used hping3 to test and I received the same results. If anyone can help me understand this phenomenon I would truly appreciate it. If this isn't the right forum I apologize and if there's another response about this I apologize and if you can point me to it. I thought I was trying to prove that by having the firewall in place then I am actually protecting these systems and proving that rules in place do in fact action blocks on the packets. I thought I would get a response back that my nmap scan of these ports would be filtered results and not open. Please help. The firewall in place is a Palo Alto Network firewall. Thank you in advance.
Assistant: Firewalls can reply even when the port is blocked, or they can just drop the request. So change your deny/reject rule to a drop and no response from the firewall will go back the the scanning host. |
Human: Why does a firewalled system respond to NMAP scans? We have a PCIDSS segmentation test conducted and there is a firewall in place. I have tested this using nmap -sA targetIP and response back is that all ports are filtered which tells me there's some sort of filtering device in my case a firewall. I then proceed by issuing an nmap -sS -sV targetIP and I receive a response back from the system telling me that ports 22, 80, 443, 3389, and several other 100+ ports are open even though I have a firewall in place. Does this mean that this will happen and the firewall will not action my packets by filtering the scan? Is this only because it is only a handshake or SYN packet? I am baffled by why I am getting responses back on open ports by the system when the firewall is in place. The firewall has a default deny statement at the bottom of the rules and there aren't any specific rules to open these ports yet my nmap scan comes back with these ports being open. I did a packet capture and they're open and I used hping3 to test and I received the same results. If anyone can help me understand this phenomenon I would truly appreciate it. If this isn't the right forum I apologize and if there's another response about this I apologize and if you can point me to it. I thought I was trying to prove that by having the firewall in place then I am actually protecting these systems and proving that rules in place do in fact action blocks on the packets. I thought I would get a response back that my nmap scan of these ports would be filtered results and not open. Please help. The firewall in place is a Palo Alto Network firewall. Thank you in advance.
Assistant: Your Palo Alto Networks firewall rules may be configured to allow or deny certain applications across any port number. For example, if you allow Application: web-browsing and Service: any, the App-ID engine will allow all traffic through the firewall until it can properly identify it. This usually only takes a packet or two, but it's enough to show as open on an Nmap scan. Try setting your PAN firewall rules to allow the service on application-default or add a specific port number. | 30 | 2 |
Human: Why does a firewalled system respond to NMAP scans? We have a PCIDSS segmentation test conducted and there is a firewall in place. I have tested this using nmap -sA targetIP and response back is that all ports are filtered which tells me there's some sort of filtering device in my case a firewall. I then proceed by issuing an nmap -sS -sV targetIP and I receive a response back from the system telling me that ports 22, 80, 443, 3389, and several other 100+ ports are open even though I have a firewall in place. Does this mean that this will happen and the firewall will not action my packets by filtering the scan? Is this only because it is only a handshake or SYN packet? I am baffled by why I am getting responses back on open ports by the system when the firewall is in place. The firewall has a default deny statement at the bottom of the rules and there aren't any specific rules to open these ports yet my nmap scan comes back with these ports being open. I did a packet capture and they're open and I used hping3 to test and I received the same results. If anyone can help me understand this phenomenon I would truly appreciate it. If this isn't the right forum I apologize and if there's another response about this I apologize and if you can point me to it. I thought I was trying to prove that by having the firewall in place then I am actually protecting these systems and proving that rules in place do in fact action blocks on the packets. I thought I would get a response back that my nmap scan of these ports would be filtered results and not open. Please help. The firewall in place is a Palo Alto Network firewall. Thank you in advance.
Assistant: |
Human: Why does a firewalled system respond to NMAP scans? We have a PCIDSS segmentation test conducted and there is a firewall in place. I have tested this using nmap -sA targetIP and response back is that all ports are filtered which tells me there's some sort of filtering device in my case a firewall. I then proceed by issuing an nmap -sS -sV targetIP and I receive a response back from the system telling me that ports 22, 80, 443, 3389, and several other 100+ ports are open even though I have a firewall in place. Does this mean that this will happen and the firewall will not action my packets by filtering the scan? Is this only because it is only a handshake or SYN packet? I am baffled by why I am getting responses back on open ports by the system when the firewall is in place. The firewall has a default deny statement at the bottom of the rules and there aren't any specific rules to open these ports yet my nmap scan comes back with these ports being open. I did a packet capture and they're open and I used hping3 to test and I received the same results. If anyone can help me understand this phenomenon I would truly appreciate it. If this isn't the right forum I apologize and if there's another response about this I apologize and if you can point me to it. I thought I was trying to prove that by having the firewall in place then I am actually protecting these systems and proving that rules in place do in fact action blocks on the packets. I thought I would get a response back that my nmap scan of these ports would be filtered results and not open. Please help. The firewall in place is a Palo Alto Network firewall. Thank you in advance.
Assistant: Firewalls can reply even when the port is blocked, or they can just drop the request. So change your deny/reject rule to a drop and no response from the firewall will go back the the scanning host. |
Human: Why does a firewalled system respond to NMAP scans? We have a PCIDSS segmentation test conducted and there is a firewall in place. I have tested this using nmap -sA targetIP and response back is that all ports are filtered which tells me there's some sort of filtering device in my case a firewall. I then proceed by issuing an nmap -sS -sV targetIP and I receive a response back from the system telling me that ports 22, 80, 443, 3389, and several other 100+ ports are open even though I have a firewall in place. Does this mean that this will happen and the firewall will not action my packets by filtering the scan? Is this only because it is only a handshake or SYN packet? I am baffled by why I am getting responses back on open ports by the system when the firewall is in place. The firewall has a default deny statement at the bottom of the rules and there aren't any specific rules to open these ports yet my nmap scan comes back with these ports being open. I did a packet capture and they're open and I used hping3 to test and I received the same results. If anyone can help me understand this phenomenon I would truly appreciate it. If this isn't the right forum I apologize and if there's another response about this I apologize and if you can point me to it. I thought I was trying to prove that by having the firewall in place then I am actually protecting these systems and proving that rules in place do in fact action blocks on the packets. I thought I would get a response back that my nmap scan of these ports would be filtered results and not open. Please help. The firewall in place is a Palo Alto Network firewall. Thank you in advance.
Assistant: Are the reported ports random closed ports, or are they legitimately open? Assuming that the firewall has been configured properly, you shouldn’t be getting open/closed results from my exp | 30 | 1 |
Human: Why does a firewalled system respond to NMAP scans? We have a PCIDSS segmentation test conducted and there is a firewall in place. I have tested this using nmap -sA targetIP and response back is that all ports are filtered which tells me there's some sort of filtering device in my case a firewall. I then proceed by issuing an nmap -sS -sV targetIP and I receive a response back from the system telling me that ports 22, 80, 443, 3389, and several other 100+ ports are open even though I have a firewall in place. Does this mean that this will happen and the firewall will not action my packets by filtering the scan? Is this only because it is only a handshake or SYN packet? I am baffled by why I am getting responses back on open ports by the system when the firewall is in place. The firewall has a default deny statement at the bottom of the rules and there aren't any specific rules to open these ports yet my nmap scan comes back with these ports being open. I did a packet capture and they're open and I used hping3 to test and I received the same results. If anyone can help me understand this phenomenon I would truly appreciate it. If this isn't the right forum I apologize and if there's another response about this I apologize and if you can point me to it. I thought I was trying to prove that by having the firewall in place then I am actually protecting these systems and proving that rules in place do in fact action blocks on the packets. I thought I would get a response back that my nmap scan of these ports would be filtered results and not open. Please help. The firewall in place is a Palo Alto Network firewall. Thank you in advance.
Assistant: |
Human: Why does a firewalled system respond to NMAP scans? We have a PCIDSS segmentation test conducted and there is a firewall in place. I have tested this using nmap -sA targetIP and response back is that all ports are filtered which tells me there's some sort of filtering device in my case a firewall. I then proceed by issuing an nmap -sS -sV targetIP and I receive a response back from the system telling me that ports 22, 80, 443, 3389, and several other 100+ ports are open even though I have a firewall in place. Does this mean that this will happen and the firewall will not action my packets by filtering the scan? Is this only because it is only a handshake or SYN packet? I am baffled by why I am getting responses back on open ports by the system when the firewall is in place. The firewall has a default deny statement at the bottom of the rules and there aren't any specific rules to open these ports yet my nmap scan comes back with these ports being open. I did a packet capture and they're open and I used hping3 to test and I received the same results. If anyone can help me understand this phenomenon I would truly appreciate it. If this isn't the right forum I apologize and if there's another response about this I apologize and if you can point me to it. I thought I was trying to prove that by having the firewall in place then I am actually protecting these systems and proving that rules in place do in fact action blocks on the packets. I thought I would get a response back that my nmap scan of these ports would be filtered results and not open. Please help. The firewall in place is a Palo Alto Network firewall. Thank you in advance.
Assistant: Your Palo Alto Networks firewall rules may be configured to allow or deny certain applications across any port number. For example, if you allow Application: web-browsing and Service: any, the App-ID engine will allow all traffic through the firewall until it can properly identify it. This usually only takes a packet or two, but it's enough to show as open on an Nmap scan. Try setting your PAN firewall rules to allow the service on application-default or add a specific port number. |
Human: Why does a firewalled system respond to NMAP scans? We have a PCIDSS segmentation test conducted and there is a firewall in place. I have tested this using nmap -sA targetIP and response back is that all ports are filtered which tells me there's some sort of filtering device in my case a firewall. I then proceed by issuing an nmap -sS -sV targetIP and I receive a response back from the system telling me that ports 22, 80, 443, 3389, and several other 100+ ports are open even though I have a firewall in place. Does this mean that this will happen and the firewall will not action my packets by filtering the scan? Is this only because it is only a handshake or SYN packet? I am baffled by why I am getting responses back on open ports by the system when the firewall is in place. The firewall has a default deny statement at the bottom of the rules and there aren't any specific rules to open these ports yet my nmap scan comes back with these ports being open. I did a packet capture and they're open and I used hping3 to test and I received the same results. If anyone can help me understand this phenomenon I would truly appreciate it. If this isn't the right forum I apologize and if there's another response about this I apologize and if you can point me to it. I thought I was trying to prove that by having the firewall in place then I am actually protecting these systems and proving that rules in place do in fact action blocks on the packets. I thought I would get a response back that my nmap scan of these ports would be filtered results and not open. Please help. The firewall in place is a Palo Alto Network firewall. Thank you in advance.
Assistant: Are the reported ports random closed ports, or are they legitimately open? Assuming that the firewall has been configured properly, you shouldn’t be getting open/closed results from my exp | 2 | 1 |
Human: [Password Management] Do I have to change network devices' (firewall, router, etc) admin password every 'n' days? Is it necessary to follow a password management schemes for desktop computer users (change password every 'n' days) in network devices such as firewall, routers, and other appliances in the network?
Assistant: |
Human: [Password Management] Do I have to change network devices' (firewall, router, etc) admin password every 'n' days? Is it necessary to follow a password management schemes for desktop computer users (change password every 'n' days) in network devices such as firewall, routers, and other appliances in the network?
Assistant: Or better yet use two-factor auth for those systems. At least for the privileged access users. |
Human: [Password Management] Do I have to change network devices' (firewall, router, etc) admin password every 'n' days? Is it necessary to follow a password management schemes for desktop computer users (change password every 'n' days) in network devices such as firewall, routers, and other appliances in the network?
Assistant: Also secure where the credentials for these devices are stored. Having a compromised config can allow an attacker access to these devices. | 3 | 2 |
Human: [Password Management] Do I have to change network devices' (firewall, router, etc) admin password every 'n' days? Is it necessary to follow a password management schemes for desktop computer users (change password every 'n' days) in network devices such as firewall, routers, and other appliances in the network?
Assistant: |
Human: [Password Management] Do I have to change network devices' (firewall, router, etc) admin password every 'n' days? Is it necessary to follow a password management schemes for desktop computer users (change password every 'n' days) in network devices such as firewall, routers, and other appliances in the network?
Assistant: Or better yet use two-factor auth for those systems. At least for the privileged access users. |
Human: [Password Management] Do I have to change network devices' (firewall, router, etc) admin password every 'n' days? Is it necessary to follow a password management schemes for desktop computer users (change password every 'n' days) in network devices such as firewall, routers, and other appliances in the network?
Assistant: Probably not but they should be unique and VERY strong. I don't think they should be static but they dont need to changed as often as desktop/user passwords. | 3 | 1 |
Human: [Password Management] Do I have to change network devices' (firewall, router, etc) admin password every 'n' days? Is it necessary to follow a password management schemes for desktop computer users (change password every 'n' days) in network devices such as firewall, routers, and other appliances in the network?
Assistant: |
Human: [Password Management] Do I have to change network devices' (firewall, router, etc) admin password every 'n' days? Is it necessary to follow a password management schemes for desktop computer users (change password every 'n' days) in network devices such as firewall, routers, and other appliances in the network?
Assistant: Also secure where the credentials for these devices are stored. Having a compromised config can allow an attacker access to these devices. |
Human: [Password Management] Do I have to change network devices' (firewall, router, etc) admin password every 'n' days? Is it necessary to follow a password management schemes for desktop computer users (change password every 'n' days) in network devices such as firewall, routers, and other appliances in the network?
Assistant: Probably not but they should be unique and VERY strong. I don't think they should be static but they dont need to changed as often as desktop/user passwords. | 2 | 1 |
Human: Need help in understanding Network Interface in Promiscuous mode. A Network interface in promiscuous mode accepts and process all the packets, even if the packets were not destined for the host. So what I am doing is... I have created 3 LXC containers in my computer and their IP's are 10.248.150.60 ( c1 ) 10.248.150.235 ( c2 ) 10.248.150.197 ( c3 ) I have put c3 in promiscuous mode. When I ping c1 from c2 and run **tcpdump** on c3, I should be able to see the echo requests coming from c2 on c3 and echo replies going from c3 to c2 in tcpdump output. However I am not seeing any packets coming to c3. Am I *misunderstanding* the meaning of promisuous mode or is it some system fault because of which I am not seeing any output on c3??
Assistant: |
Human: Need help in understanding Network Interface in Promiscuous mode. A Network interface in promiscuous mode accepts and process all the packets, even if the packets were not destined for the host. So what I am doing is... I have created 3 LXC containers in my computer and their IP's are 10.248.150.60 ( c1 ) 10.248.150.235 ( c2 ) 10.248.150.197 ( c3 ) I have put c3 in promiscuous mode. When I ping c1 from c2 and run **tcpdump** on c3, I should be able to see the echo requests coming from c2 on c3 and echo replies going from c3 to c2 in tcpdump output. However I am not seeing any packets coming to c3. Am I *misunderstanding* the meaning of promisuous mode or is it some system fault because of which I am not seeing any output on c3??
Assistant: Promiscuous mode allows you to see traffic **crosses the interface** but is not destined for that machine. In other words, your sniffing machine must be somewhere along the route of the packet. Most NIC's will drop packets not destined for them, putting them in to promiscuous mode means it won't drop anything that hits it, but it doesn't turn your NIC in to a vacuum for packets on the network. |
Human: Need help in understanding Network Interface in Promiscuous mode. A Network interface in promiscuous mode accepts and process all the packets, even if the packets were not destined for the host. So what I am doing is... I have created 3 LXC containers in my computer and their IP's are 10.248.150.60 ( c1 ) 10.248.150.235 ( c2 ) 10.248.150.197 ( c3 ) I have put c3 in promiscuous mode. When I ping c1 from c2 and run **tcpdump** on c3, I should be able to see the echo requests coming from c2 on c3 and echo replies going from c3 to c2 in tcpdump output. However I am not seeing any packets coming to c3. Am I *misunderstanding* the meaning of promisuous mode or is it some system fault because of which I am not seeing any output on c3??
Assistant: It depends on how LXC's networking stack works, or on how you have it configured. I'm not familiar with the technology, but it may be that c3's interface never sees the packet, as the underlaying architecture is using some form of virtual switching to send the packet directly to c2 from c1. Or something like that. | 7 | 1 |
Human: Need help in understanding Network Interface in Promiscuous mode. A Network interface in promiscuous mode accepts and process all the packets, even if the packets were not destined for the host. So what I am doing is... I have created 3 LXC containers in my computer and their IP's are 10.248.150.60 ( c1 ) 10.248.150.235 ( c2 ) 10.248.150.197 ( c3 ) I have put c3 in promiscuous mode. When I ping c1 from c2 and run **tcpdump** on c3, I should be able to see the echo requests coming from c2 on c3 and echo replies going from c3 to c2 in tcpdump output. However I am not seeing any packets coming to c3. Am I *misunderstanding* the meaning of promisuous mode or is it some system fault because of which I am not seeing any output on c3??
Assistant: |
Human: Need help in understanding Network Interface in Promiscuous mode. A Network interface in promiscuous mode accepts and process all the packets, even if the packets were not destined for the host. So what I am doing is... I have created 3 LXC containers in my computer and their IP's are 10.248.150.60 ( c1 ) 10.248.150.235 ( c2 ) 10.248.150.197 ( c3 ) I have put c3 in promiscuous mode. When I ping c1 from c2 and run **tcpdump** on c3, I should be able to see the echo requests coming from c2 on c3 and echo replies going from c3 to c2 in tcpdump output. However I am not seeing any packets coming to c3. Am I *misunderstanding* the meaning of promisuous mode or is it some system fault because of which I am not seeing any output on c3??
Assistant: Promiscuous mode allows you to see traffic **crosses the interface** but is not destined for that machine. In other words, your sniffing machine must be somewhere along the route of the packet. Most NIC's will drop packets not destined for them, putting them in to promiscuous mode means it won't drop anything that hits it, but it doesn't turn your NIC in to a vacuum for packets on the network. |
Human: Need help in understanding Network Interface in Promiscuous mode. A Network interface in promiscuous mode accepts and process all the packets, even if the packets were not destined for the host. So what I am doing is... I have created 3 LXC containers in my computer and their IP's are 10.248.150.60 ( c1 ) 10.248.150.235 ( c2 ) 10.248.150.197 ( c3 ) I have put c3 in promiscuous mode. When I ping c1 from c2 and run **tcpdump** on c3, I should be able to see the echo requests coming from c2 on c3 and echo replies going from c3 to c2 in tcpdump output. However I am not seeing any packets coming to c3. Am I *misunderstanding* the meaning of promisuous mode or is it some system fault because of which I am not seeing any output on c3??
Assistant: If you run tcpdump on the Server running LXC you will see other traffic. Promiscuous mode does not work in containers. | 7 | 0 |
Human: Need help in understanding Network Interface in Promiscuous mode. A Network interface in promiscuous mode accepts and process all the packets, even if the packets were not destined for the host. So what I am doing is... I have created 3 LXC containers in my computer and their IP's are 10.248.150.60 ( c1 ) 10.248.150.235 ( c2 ) 10.248.150.197 ( c3 ) I have put c3 in promiscuous mode. When I ping c1 from c2 and run **tcpdump** on c3, I should be able to see the echo requests coming from c2 on c3 and echo replies going from c3 to c2 in tcpdump output. However I am not seeing any packets coming to c3. Am I *misunderstanding* the meaning of promisuous mode or is it some system fault because of which I am not seeing any output on c3??
Assistant: |
Human: Need help in understanding Network Interface in Promiscuous mode. A Network interface in promiscuous mode accepts and process all the packets, even if the packets were not destined for the host. So what I am doing is... I have created 3 LXC containers in my computer and their IP's are 10.248.150.60 ( c1 ) 10.248.150.235 ( c2 ) 10.248.150.197 ( c3 ) I have put c3 in promiscuous mode. When I ping c1 from c2 and run **tcpdump** on c3, I should be able to see the echo requests coming from c2 on c3 and echo replies going from c3 to c2 in tcpdump output. However I am not seeing any packets coming to c3. Am I *misunderstanding* the meaning of promisuous mode or is it some system fault because of which I am not seeing any output on c3??
Assistant: It depends on how LXC's networking stack works, or on how you have it configured. I'm not familiar with the technology, but it may be that c3's interface never sees the packet, as the underlaying architecture is using some form of virtual switching to send the packet directly to c2 from c1. Or something like that. |
Human: Need help in understanding Network Interface in Promiscuous mode. A Network interface in promiscuous mode accepts and process all the packets, even if the packets were not destined for the host. So what I am doing is... I have created 3 LXC containers in my computer and their IP's are 10.248.150.60 ( c1 ) 10.248.150.235 ( c2 ) 10.248.150.197 ( c3 ) I have put c3 in promiscuous mode. When I ping c1 from c2 and run **tcpdump** on c3, I should be able to see the echo requests coming from c2 on c3 and echo replies going from c3 to c2 in tcpdump output. However I am not seeing any packets coming to c3. Am I *misunderstanding* the meaning of promisuous mode or is it some system fault because of which I am not seeing any output on c3??
Assistant: If you run tcpdump on the Server running LXC you will see other traffic. Promiscuous mode does not work in containers. | 1 | 0 |
Human: Why did camus mean by rebelling against the absurd aren't we suppose to accept the absurd and lives with it? my understanding of the absurd-We rational beings wanting clarity,wanting to know things about the world,for instance-inherent purposes.....and the universe's silent response to our questions. How do you rebel against that? (thank you)
Assistant: |
Human: Why did camus mean by rebelling against the absurd aren't we suppose to accept the absurd and lives with it? my understanding of the absurd-We rational beings wanting clarity,wanting to know things about the world,for instance-inherent purposes.....and the universe's silent response to our questions. How do you rebel against that? (thank you)
Assistant: I think Camus's ideas of rebelling against the absurd is to live in spite of the absurd. Rather than rejecting it or coming up with a "reason" for the universe, you accept it and keep going anyways. That's a sort of rebellion against it. |
Human: Why did camus mean by rebelling against the absurd aren't we suppose to accept the absurd and lives with it? my understanding of the absurd-We rational beings wanting clarity,wanting to know things about the world,for instance-inherent purposes.....and the universe's silent response to our questions. How do you rebel against that? (thank you)
Assistant: I would say for Camus rebelling against the absurd is how his ideal person, the "Absurd Man" defeats crushing existential dread. In the end of Myth he talks about some specific examples of who he considered to be rebels and also lists some occupations that he feels fit the bill. | 30 | 14 |
Human: Why did camus mean by rebelling against the absurd aren't we suppose to accept the absurd and lives with it? my understanding of the absurd-We rational beings wanting clarity,wanting to know things about the world,for instance-inherent purposes.....and the universe's silent response to our questions. How do you rebel against that? (thank you)
Assistant: |
Human: Why did camus mean by rebelling against the absurd aren't we suppose to accept the absurd and lives with it? my understanding of the absurd-We rational beings wanting clarity,wanting to know things about the world,for instance-inherent purposes.....and the universe's silent response to our questions. How do you rebel against that? (thank you)
Assistant: I think Camus's ideas of rebelling against the absurd is to live in spite of the absurd. Rather than rejecting it or coming up with a "reason" for the universe, you accept it and keep going anyways. That's a sort of rebellion against it. |
Human: Why did camus mean by rebelling against the absurd aren't we suppose to accept the absurd and lives with it? my understanding of the absurd-We rational beings wanting clarity,wanting to know things about the world,for instance-inherent purposes.....and the universe's silent response to our questions. How do you rebel against that? (thank you)
Assistant: I don't think he proposed rebelling against absurd. Do you have a quote in mind? | 30 | 3 |
Human: Why did camus mean by rebelling against the absurd aren't we suppose to accept the absurd and lives with it? my understanding of the absurd-We rational beings wanting clarity,wanting to know things about the world,for instance-inherent purposes.....and the universe's silent response to our questions. How do you rebel against that? (thank you)
Assistant: |
Human: Why did camus mean by rebelling against the absurd aren't we suppose to accept the absurd and lives with it? my understanding of the absurd-We rational beings wanting clarity,wanting to know things about the world,for instance-inherent purposes.....and the universe's silent response to our questions. How do you rebel against that? (thank you)
Assistant: I would say for Camus rebelling against the absurd is how his ideal person, the "Absurd Man" defeats crushing existential dread. In the end of Myth he talks about some specific examples of who he considered to be rebels and also lists some occupations that he feels fit the bill. |
Human: Why did camus mean by rebelling against the absurd aren't we suppose to accept the absurd and lives with it? my understanding of the absurd-We rational beings wanting clarity,wanting to know things about the world,for instance-inherent purposes.....and the universe's silent response to our questions. How do you rebel against that? (thank you)
Assistant: I don't think he proposed rebelling against absurd. Do you have a quote in mind? | 14 | 3 |
Human: Karl Popper called Marxism a pseudoscience, what other philosophical theories would be pseudoscientific according to his theory of demarcation?
Assistant: |
Human: Karl Popper called Marxism a pseudoscience, what other philosophical theories would be pseudoscientific according to his theory of demarcation?
Assistant: According to Karl Popper his own developed view on the scientific method is non-scientific, and this is completely fine. There is no automatically implied derogation in a mere fact that some theory is not a scientific theory, and in general Karl Popper's method is applicable just to empirical sciences, and for instance mathematics or philosophy are aside of it, this includes Marxism. |
Human: Karl Popper called Marxism a pseudoscience, what other philosophical theories would be pseudoscientific according to his theory of demarcation?
Assistant: Though not strictly philosophical, Astrology, psychology, climate science, all other sciences that involve intensive modelling, and quantum mechanics under most interpretations (especially the Copenhagen interpretation, the one most scientists accept) would all count as pseudoscience according to Popper’s view. | 53 | 10 |
Human: Karl Popper called Marxism a pseudoscience, what other philosophical theories would be pseudoscientific according to his theory of demarcation?
Assistant: |
Human: Karl Popper called Marxism a pseudoscience, what other philosophical theories would be pseudoscientific according to his theory of demarcation?
Assistant: According to Karl Popper his own developed view on the scientific method is non-scientific, and this is completely fine. There is no automatically implied derogation in a mere fact that some theory is not a scientific theory, and in general Karl Popper's method is applicable just to empirical sciences, and for instance mathematics or philosophy are aside of it, this includes Marxism. |
Human: Karl Popper called Marxism a pseudoscience, what other philosophical theories would be pseudoscientific according to his theory of demarcation?
Assistant: In short science looks to disprove itself, making claims that can be disproven but then if they aren't it supports the claim. Pseudoscience, to Popper, aims at claims that can twist or be twisted to fit the theory. That's the really short version, the honestly still pretty short nut also more entertaining than many think philosophy even can be version: https://thecrashcourse.com/courses/karl-popper-science-and-pseudoscience-crash-course-philosophy-8/ | 53 | 2 |
Human: Karl Popper called Marxism a pseudoscience, what other philosophical theories would be pseudoscientific according to his theory of demarcation?
Assistant: |
Human: Karl Popper called Marxism a pseudoscience, what other philosophical theories would be pseudoscientific according to his theory of demarcation?
Assistant: Though not strictly philosophical, Astrology, psychology, climate science, all other sciences that involve intensive modelling, and quantum mechanics under most interpretations (especially the Copenhagen interpretation, the one most scientists accept) would all count as pseudoscience according to Popper’s view. |
Human: Karl Popper called Marxism a pseudoscience, what other philosophical theories would be pseudoscientific according to his theory of demarcation?
Assistant: In short science looks to disprove itself, making claims that can be disproven but then if they aren't it supports the claim. Pseudoscience, to Popper, aims at claims that can twist or be twisted to fit the theory. That's the really short version, the honestly still pretty short nut also more entertaining than many think philosophy even can be version: https://thecrashcourse.com/courses/karl-popper-science-and-pseudoscience-crash-course-philosophy-8/ | 10 | 2 |
Human: Whats the difference between Nihilism and Zen Buddhism? Zen ideology and rituals as i understand them are supposed to be positive and empowering, achieving a state of „Zen“ means a person has learned to be at peace with the realization that no emotion *- positive or negative-* will ever be a permanent state of mind. Nihilists live with the exact same realization. They also acknowledge the fact that they cant hold on to any feeling, and that long-term happiness is an unachievable state of mind. So why is Zen Buddhism seen as a positive and enriching school of thought, when Nihilism offers essentially the same conclusion and is perceived to be a detrimental, gloomy and negative character trait? Both Zen and Nihilism seem to overlap in this conclusion that life has no intrinsic meaning at all. Im sorry if i sound ignorant, but i dont have much knowledge of Zen and would like to learn from others.
Assistant: |
Human: Whats the difference between Nihilism and Zen Buddhism? Zen ideology and rituals as i understand them are supposed to be positive and empowering, achieving a state of „Zen“ means a person has learned to be at peace with the realization that no emotion *- positive or negative-* will ever be a permanent state of mind. Nihilists live with the exact same realization. They also acknowledge the fact that they cant hold on to any feeling, and that long-term happiness is an unachievable state of mind. So why is Zen Buddhism seen as a positive and enriching school of thought, when Nihilism offers essentially the same conclusion and is perceived to be a detrimental, gloomy and negative character trait? Both Zen and Nihilism seem to overlap in this conclusion that life has no intrinsic meaning at all. Im sorry if i sound ignorant, but i dont have much knowledge of Zen and would like to learn from others.
Assistant: This isn’t an accurate characterization of nihilism. Nihilism is the position that existence is fundamentally meaningless, with some varieties also maintaining that meaning itself is incoherent - so existence isn’t just fundamentally meaningless, but also that any attempt to MAKE meaning is incoherent or absurd. Zen simply doesn’t make these claims whatsoever. That is to say, it isn’t nihilistic. |
Human: Whats the difference between Nihilism and Zen Buddhism? Zen ideology and rituals as i understand them are supposed to be positive and empowering, achieving a state of „Zen“ means a person has learned to be at peace with the realization that no emotion *- positive or negative-* will ever be a permanent state of mind. Nihilists live with the exact same realization. They also acknowledge the fact that they cant hold on to any feeling, and that long-term happiness is an unachievable state of mind. So why is Zen Buddhism seen as a positive and enriching school of thought, when Nihilism offers essentially the same conclusion and is perceived to be a detrimental, gloomy and negative character trait? Both Zen and Nihilism seem to overlap in this conclusion that life has no intrinsic meaning at all. Im sorry if i sound ignorant, but i dont have much knowledge of Zen and would like to learn from others.
Assistant: Uhh, one of them is religion and a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, and the other is a diffuse term from Western philosophy? The popular Western idea of Zen confuses a lot of people, but Zen is an orthodox school of Buddhism that affirms the same things that other Buddhists do. An ethical system, rebirth, seeking enlightenment, compassion, etc. It's the furthest thing from nihilism. | 30 | 13 |
Human: Whats the difference between Nihilism and Zen Buddhism? Zen ideology and rituals as i understand them are supposed to be positive and empowering, achieving a state of „Zen“ means a person has learned to be at peace with the realization that no emotion *- positive or negative-* will ever be a permanent state of mind. Nihilists live with the exact same realization. They also acknowledge the fact that they cant hold on to any feeling, and that long-term happiness is an unachievable state of mind. So why is Zen Buddhism seen as a positive and enriching school of thought, when Nihilism offers essentially the same conclusion and is perceived to be a detrimental, gloomy and negative character trait? Both Zen and Nihilism seem to overlap in this conclusion that life has no intrinsic meaning at all. Im sorry if i sound ignorant, but i dont have much knowledge of Zen and would like to learn from others.
Assistant: |
Human: Whats the difference between Nihilism and Zen Buddhism? Zen ideology and rituals as i understand them are supposed to be positive and empowering, achieving a state of „Zen“ means a person has learned to be at peace with the realization that no emotion *- positive or negative-* will ever be a permanent state of mind. Nihilists live with the exact same realization. They also acknowledge the fact that they cant hold on to any feeling, and that long-term happiness is an unachievable state of mind. So why is Zen Buddhism seen as a positive and enriching school of thought, when Nihilism offers essentially the same conclusion and is perceived to be a detrimental, gloomy and negative character trait? Both Zen and Nihilism seem to overlap in this conclusion that life has no intrinsic meaning at all. Im sorry if i sound ignorant, but i dont have much knowledge of Zen and would like to learn from others.
Assistant: This isn’t an accurate characterization of nihilism. Nihilism is the position that existence is fundamentally meaningless, with some varieties also maintaining that meaning itself is incoherent - so existence isn’t just fundamentally meaningless, but also that any attempt to MAKE meaning is incoherent or absurd. Zen simply doesn’t make these claims whatsoever. That is to say, it isn’t nihilistic. |
Human: Whats the difference between Nihilism and Zen Buddhism? Zen ideology and rituals as i understand them are supposed to be positive and empowering, achieving a state of „Zen“ means a person has learned to be at peace with the realization that no emotion *- positive or negative-* will ever be a permanent state of mind. Nihilists live with the exact same realization. They also acknowledge the fact that they cant hold on to any feeling, and that long-term happiness is an unachievable state of mind. So why is Zen Buddhism seen as a positive and enriching school of thought, when Nihilism offers essentially the same conclusion and is perceived to be a detrimental, gloomy and negative character trait? Both Zen and Nihilism seem to overlap in this conclusion that life has no intrinsic meaning at all. Im sorry if i sound ignorant, but i dont have much knowledge of Zen and would like to learn from others.
Assistant: The book Religion and Nothingness by Keiji Nishitani is about exactly this. | 30 | 10 |
Human: Whats the difference between Nihilism and Zen Buddhism? Zen ideology and rituals as i understand them are supposed to be positive and empowering, achieving a state of „Zen“ means a person has learned to be at peace with the realization that no emotion *- positive or negative-* will ever be a permanent state of mind. Nihilists live with the exact same realization. They also acknowledge the fact that they cant hold on to any feeling, and that long-term happiness is an unachievable state of mind. So why is Zen Buddhism seen as a positive and enriching school of thought, when Nihilism offers essentially the same conclusion and is perceived to be a detrimental, gloomy and negative character trait? Both Zen and Nihilism seem to overlap in this conclusion that life has no intrinsic meaning at all. Im sorry if i sound ignorant, but i dont have much knowledge of Zen and would like to learn from others.
Assistant: |
Human: Whats the difference between Nihilism and Zen Buddhism? Zen ideology and rituals as i understand them are supposed to be positive and empowering, achieving a state of „Zen“ means a person has learned to be at peace with the realization that no emotion *- positive or negative-* will ever be a permanent state of mind. Nihilists live with the exact same realization. They also acknowledge the fact that they cant hold on to any feeling, and that long-term happiness is an unachievable state of mind. So why is Zen Buddhism seen as a positive and enriching school of thought, when Nihilism offers essentially the same conclusion and is perceived to be a detrimental, gloomy and negative character trait? Both Zen and Nihilism seem to overlap in this conclusion that life has no intrinsic meaning at all. Im sorry if i sound ignorant, but i dont have much knowledge of Zen and would like to learn from others.
Assistant: This isn’t an accurate characterization of nihilism. Nihilism is the position that existence is fundamentally meaningless, with some varieties also maintaining that meaning itself is incoherent - so existence isn’t just fundamentally meaningless, but also that any attempt to MAKE meaning is incoherent or absurd. Zen simply doesn’t make these claims whatsoever. That is to say, it isn’t nihilistic. |
Human: Whats the difference between Nihilism and Zen Buddhism? Zen ideology and rituals as i understand them are supposed to be positive and empowering, achieving a state of „Zen“ means a person has learned to be at peace with the realization that no emotion *- positive or negative-* will ever be a permanent state of mind. Nihilists live with the exact same realization. They also acknowledge the fact that they cant hold on to any feeling, and that long-term happiness is an unachievable state of mind. So why is Zen Buddhism seen as a positive and enriching school of thought, when Nihilism offers essentially the same conclusion and is perceived to be a detrimental, gloomy and negative character trait? Both Zen and Nihilism seem to overlap in this conclusion that life has no intrinsic meaning at all. Im sorry if i sound ignorant, but i dont have much knowledge of Zen and would like to learn from others.
Assistant: Zen Buddhism has its roots in concepts like *Śūnyatā,* or "emptiness," which resembles nihilism in a state of lacking an inherent meaning or inherent self. But it also refers to reaching a state detached from all external conditions, where illumination and truth are attainable. Nihilism can wrestle with emptiness; Zen Buddhism embraces it as a cure for suffering. | 30 | 6 |
Human: Whats the difference between Nihilism and Zen Buddhism? Zen ideology and rituals as i understand them are supposed to be positive and empowering, achieving a state of „Zen“ means a person has learned to be at peace with the realization that no emotion *- positive or negative-* will ever be a permanent state of mind. Nihilists live with the exact same realization. They also acknowledge the fact that they cant hold on to any feeling, and that long-term happiness is an unachievable state of mind. So why is Zen Buddhism seen as a positive and enriching school of thought, when Nihilism offers essentially the same conclusion and is perceived to be a detrimental, gloomy and negative character trait? Both Zen and Nihilism seem to overlap in this conclusion that life has no intrinsic meaning at all. Im sorry if i sound ignorant, but i dont have much knowledge of Zen and would like to learn from others.
Assistant: |
Human: Whats the difference between Nihilism and Zen Buddhism? Zen ideology and rituals as i understand them are supposed to be positive and empowering, achieving a state of „Zen“ means a person has learned to be at peace with the realization that no emotion *- positive or negative-* will ever be a permanent state of mind. Nihilists live with the exact same realization. They also acknowledge the fact that they cant hold on to any feeling, and that long-term happiness is an unachievable state of mind. So why is Zen Buddhism seen as a positive and enriching school of thought, when Nihilism offers essentially the same conclusion and is perceived to be a detrimental, gloomy and negative character trait? Both Zen and Nihilism seem to overlap in this conclusion that life has no intrinsic meaning at all. Im sorry if i sound ignorant, but i dont have much knowledge of Zen and would like to learn from others.
Assistant: Uhh, one of them is religion and a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, and the other is a diffuse term from Western philosophy? The popular Western idea of Zen confuses a lot of people, but Zen is an orthodox school of Buddhism that affirms the same things that other Buddhists do. An ethical system, rebirth, seeking enlightenment, compassion, etc. It's the furthest thing from nihilism. |
Human: Whats the difference between Nihilism and Zen Buddhism? Zen ideology and rituals as i understand them are supposed to be positive and empowering, achieving a state of „Zen“ means a person has learned to be at peace with the realization that no emotion *- positive or negative-* will ever be a permanent state of mind. Nihilists live with the exact same realization. They also acknowledge the fact that they cant hold on to any feeling, and that long-term happiness is an unachievable state of mind. So why is Zen Buddhism seen as a positive and enriching school of thought, when Nihilism offers essentially the same conclusion and is perceived to be a detrimental, gloomy and negative character trait? Both Zen and Nihilism seem to overlap in this conclusion that life has no intrinsic meaning at all. Im sorry if i sound ignorant, but i dont have much knowledge of Zen and would like to learn from others.
Assistant: The book Religion and Nothingness by Keiji Nishitani is about exactly this. | 13 | 10 |
Human: Whats the difference between Nihilism and Zen Buddhism? Zen ideology and rituals as i understand them are supposed to be positive and empowering, achieving a state of „Zen“ means a person has learned to be at peace with the realization that no emotion *- positive or negative-* will ever be a permanent state of mind. Nihilists live with the exact same realization. They also acknowledge the fact that they cant hold on to any feeling, and that long-term happiness is an unachievable state of mind. So why is Zen Buddhism seen as a positive and enriching school of thought, when Nihilism offers essentially the same conclusion and is perceived to be a detrimental, gloomy and negative character trait? Both Zen and Nihilism seem to overlap in this conclusion that life has no intrinsic meaning at all. Im sorry if i sound ignorant, but i dont have much knowledge of Zen and would like to learn from others.
Assistant: |
Human: Whats the difference between Nihilism and Zen Buddhism? Zen ideology and rituals as i understand them are supposed to be positive and empowering, achieving a state of „Zen“ means a person has learned to be at peace with the realization that no emotion *- positive or negative-* will ever be a permanent state of mind. Nihilists live with the exact same realization. They also acknowledge the fact that they cant hold on to any feeling, and that long-term happiness is an unachievable state of mind. So why is Zen Buddhism seen as a positive and enriching school of thought, when Nihilism offers essentially the same conclusion and is perceived to be a detrimental, gloomy and negative character trait? Both Zen and Nihilism seem to overlap in this conclusion that life has no intrinsic meaning at all. Im sorry if i sound ignorant, but i dont have much knowledge of Zen and would like to learn from others.
Assistant: Uhh, one of them is religion and a school of Mahāyāna Buddhism, and the other is a diffuse term from Western philosophy? The popular Western idea of Zen confuses a lot of people, but Zen is an orthodox school of Buddhism that affirms the same things that other Buddhists do. An ethical system, rebirth, seeking enlightenment, compassion, etc. It's the furthest thing from nihilism. |
Human: Whats the difference between Nihilism and Zen Buddhism? Zen ideology and rituals as i understand them are supposed to be positive and empowering, achieving a state of „Zen“ means a person has learned to be at peace with the realization that no emotion *- positive or negative-* will ever be a permanent state of mind. Nihilists live with the exact same realization. They also acknowledge the fact that they cant hold on to any feeling, and that long-term happiness is an unachievable state of mind. So why is Zen Buddhism seen as a positive and enriching school of thought, when Nihilism offers essentially the same conclusion and is perceived to be a detrimental, gloomy and negative character trait? Both Zen and Nihilism seem to overlap in this conclusion that life has no intrinsic meaning at all. Im sorry if i sound ignorant, but i dont have much knowledge of Zen and would like to learn from others.
Assistant: Zen Buddhism has its roots in concepts like *Śūnyatā,* or "emptiness," which resembles nihilism in a state of lacking an inherent meaning or inherent self. But it also refers to reaching a state detached from all external conditions, where illumination and truth are attainable. Nihilism can wrestle with emptiness; Zen Buddhism embraces it as a cure for suffering. | 13 | 6 |
Human: Whats the difference between Nihilism and Zen Buddhism? Zen ideology and rituals as i understand them are supposed to be positive and empowering, achieving a state of „Zen“ means a person has learned to be at peace with the realization that no emotion *- positive or negative-* will ever be a permanent state of mind. Nihilists live with the exact same realization. They also acknowledge the fact that they cant hold on to any feeling, and that long-term happiness is an unachievable state of mind. So why is Zen Buddhism seen as a positive and enriching school of thought, when Nihilism offers essentially the same conclusion and is perceived to be a detrimental, gloomy and negative character trait? Both Zen and Nihilism seem to overlap in this conclusion that life has no intrinsic meaning at all. Im sorry if i sound ignorant, but i dont have much knowledge of Zen and would like to learn from others.
Assistant: |
Human: Whats the difference between Nihilism and Zen Buddhism? Zen ideology and rituals as i understand them are supposed to be positive and empowering, achieving a state of „Zen“ means a person has learned to be at peace with the realization that no emotion *- positive or negative-* will ever be a permanent state of mind. Nihilists live with the exact same realization. They also acknowledge the fact that they cant hold on to any feeling, and that long-term happiness is an unachievable state of mind. So why is Zen Buddhism seen as a positive and enriching school of thought, when Nihilism offers essentially the same conclusion and is perceived to be a detrimental, gloomy and negative character trait? Both Zen and Nihilism seem to overlap in this conclusion that life has no intrinsic meaning at all. Im sorry if i sound ignorant, but i dont have much knowledge of Zen and would like to learn from others.
Assistant: The book Religion and Nothingness by Keiji Nishitani is about exactly this. |
Human: Whats the difference between Nihilism and Zen Buddhism? Zen ideology and rituals as i understand them are supposed to be positive and empowering, achieving a state of „Zen“ means a person has learned to be at peace with the realization that no emotion *- positive or negative-* will ever be a permanent state of mind. Nihilists live with the exact same realization. They also acknowledge the fact that they cant hold on to any feeling, and that long-term happiness is an unachievable state of mind. So why is Zen Buddhism seen as a positive and enriching school of thought, when Nihilism offers essentially the same conclusion and is perceived to be a detrimental, gloomy and negative character trait? Both Zen and Nihilism seem to overlap in this conclusion that life has no intrinsic meaning at all. Im sorry if i sound ignorant, but i dont have much knowledge of Zen and would like to learn from others.
Assistant: Zen Buddhism has its roots in concepts like *Śūnyatā,* or "emptiness," which resembles nihilism in a state of lacking an inherent meaning or inherent self. But it also refers to reaching a state detached from all external conditions, where illumination and truth are attainable. Nihilism can wrestle with emptiness; Zen Buddhism embraces it as a cure for suffering. | 10 | 6 |
Human: Is it theoretically possible to find or create an atom as big as a tennis ball or anything else? Well, I think the title is enough. I was thinking that maybe there could exist atoms of the size of a planet, or a galaxy. If that is possible, does this bring you any thought?
Assistant: |
Human: Is it theoretically possible to find or create an atom as big as a tennis ball or anything else? Well, I think the title is enough. I was thinking that maybe there could exist atoms of the size of a planet, or a galaxy. If that is possible, does this bring you any thought?
Assistant: An atom or a molecule? Technically a molecule can be any size. I'm pretty sure there are limits to the size of a single atom. Wouldnt that be an atom of the mythical."unobtainium?" |
Human: Is it theoretically possible to find or create an atom as big as a tennis ball or anything else? Well, I think the title is enough. I was thinking that maybe there could exist atoms of the size of a planet, or a galaxy. If that is possible, does this bring you any thought?
Assistant: Woah that's like the idea behind the book ball lightning by liu cixin | 2 | 1 |
Human: Is it theoretically possible to find or create an atom as big as a tennis ball or anything else? Well, I think the title is enough. I was thinking that maybe there could exist atoms of the size of a planet, or a galaxy. If that is possible, does this bring you any thought?
Assistant: |
Human: Is it theoretically possible to find or create an atom as big as a tennis ball or anything else? Well, I think the title is enough. I was thinking that maybe there could exist atoms of the size of a planet, or a galaxy. If that is possible, does this bring you any thought?
Assistant: An atom or a molecule? Technically a molecule can be any size. I'm pretty sure there are limits to the size of a single atom. Wouldnt that be an atom of the mythical."unobtainium?" |
Human: Is it theoretically possible to find or create an atom as big as a tennis ball or anything else? Well, I think the title is enough. I was thinking that maybe there could exist atoms of the size of a planet, or a galaxy. If that is possible, does this bring you any thought?
Assistant: As big as a tennis ball, or just relatively as big as a tennis ball? | 2 | -9 |
Human: Is it theoretically possible to find or create an atom as big as a tennis ball or anything else? Well, I think the title is enough. I was thinking that maybe there could exist atoms of the size of a planet, or a galaxy. If that is possible, does this bring you any thought?
Assistant: |
Human: Is it theoretically possible to find or create an atom as big as a tennis ball or anything else? Well, I think the title is enough. I was thinking that maybe there could exist atoms of the size of a planet, or a galaxy. If that is possible, does this bring you any thought?
Assistant: An atom or a molecule? Technically a molecule can be any size. I'm pretty sure there are limits to the size of a single atom. Wouldnt that be an atom of the mythical."unobtainium?" |
Human: Is it theoretically possible to find or create an atom as big as a tennis ball or anything else? Well, I think the title is enough. I was thinking that maybe there could exist atoms of the size of a planet, or a galaxy. If that is possible, does this bring you any thought?
Assistant: Atoms are pretty much all similar size. They are not that big. | 2 | -14 |
Human: Is it theoretically possible to find or create an atom as big as a tennis ball or anything else? Well, I think the title is enough. I was thinking that maybe there could exist atoms of the size of a planet, or a galaxy. If that is possible, does this bring you any thought?
Assistant: |
Human: Is it theoretically possible to find or create an atom as big as a tennis ball or anything else? Well, I think the title is enough. I was thinking that maybe there could exist atoms of the size of a planet, or a galaxy. If that is possible, does this bring you any thought?
Assistant: Woah that's like the idea behind the book ball lightning by liu cixin |
Human: Is it theoretically possible to find or create an atom as big as a tennis ball or anything else? Well, I think the title is enough. I was thinking that maybe there could exist atoms of the size of a planet, or a galaxy. If that is possible, does this bring you any thought?
Assistant: As big as a tennis ball, or just relatively as big as a tennis ball? | 1 | -9 |
Human: Is it theoretically possible to find or create an atom as big as a tennis ball or anything else? Well, I think the title is enough. I was thinking that maybe there could exist atoms of the size of a planet, or a galaxy. If that is possible, does this bring you any thought?
Assistant: |
Human: Is it theoretically possible to find or create an atom as big as a tennis ball or anything else? Well, I think the title is enough. I was thinking that maybe there could exist atoms of the size of a planet, or a galaxy. If that is possible, does this bring you any thought?
Assistant: Woah that's like the idea behind the book ball lightning by liu cixin |
Human: Is it theoretically possible to find or create an atom as big as a tennis ball or anything else? Well, I think the title is enough. I was thinking that maybe there could exist atoms of the size of a planet, or a galaxy. If that is possible, does this bring you any thought?
Assistant: Atoms are pretty much all similar size. They are not that big. | 1 | -14 |
Human: Is it theoretically possible to find or create an atom as big as a tennis ball or anything else? Well, I think the title is enough. I was thinking that maybe there could exist atoms of the size of a planet, or a galaxy. If that is possible, does this bring you any thought?
Assistant: |
Human: Is it theoretically possible to find or create an atom as big as a tennis ball or anything else? Well, I think the title is enough. I was thinking that maybe there could exist atoms of the size of a planet, or a galaxy. If that is possible, does this bring you any thought?
Assistant: As big as a tennis ball, or just relatively as big as a tennis ball? |
Human: Is it theoretically possible to find or create an atom as big as a tennis ball or anything else? Well, I think the title is enough. I was thinking that maybe there could exist atoms of the size of a planet, or a galaxy. If that is possible, does this bring you any thought?
Assistant: Atoms are pretty much all similar size. They are not that big. | -9 | -14 |
Human: Does energy exist ? I have always thought of energy as essentially a (very useful) mathematical abstraction -- Just a quantity that stays constant. However, I've been told many times that energy is "real" since it "converts" to mass, but I haven't studied any advanced physics to answer that.
Assistant: |
Human: Does energy exist ? I have always thought of energy as essentially a (very useful) mathematical abstraction -- Just a quantity that stays constant. However, I've been told many times that energy is "real" since it "converts" to mass, but I haven't studied any advanced physics to answer that.
Assistant: Does mass exist? |
Human: Does energy exist ? I have always thought of energy as essentially a (very useful) mathematical abstraction -- Just a quantity that stays constant. However, I've been told many times that energy is "real" since it "converts" to mass, but I haven't studied any advanced physics to answer that.
Assistant: Energy is just like money (i.e. cash / currency / bitcoin). It is an abstract accounting system. With cash, there is some market value for which you can trade a pile of money for a Ferrari. Just like with energy, there is some value for which you can trade so much potential energy for so much kinetic energy. It's a trade of 'how much stuff can happen'. To me, this is by far the best analogy, because we are already familiar with money. | 3 | 2 |
Human: Does energy exist ? I have always thought of energy as essentially a (very useful) mathematical abstraction -- Just a quantity that stays constant. However, I've been told many times that energy is "real" since it "converts" to mass, but I haven't studied any advanced physics to answer that.
Assistant: |
Human: Does energy exist ? I have always thought of energy as essentially a (very useful) mathematical abstraction -- Just a quantity that stays constant. However, I've been told many times that energy is "real" since it "converts" to mass, but I haven't studied any advanced physics to answer that.
Assistant: Does mass exist? |
Human: Does energy exist ? I have always thought of energy as essentially a (very useful) mathematical abstraction -- Just a quantity that stays constant. However, I've been told many times that energy is "real" since it "converts" to mass, but I haven't studied any advanced physics to answer that.
Assistant: A better question would be: what energy _is_, exactly? Back when I was at school, we were told that it is not known what mass is. I.e. it used to be "measure of gravity and inertia" - ok, right, a measure, but what it is? Now, with Higgs boson detected, we can say that it originates from excitation of a certain special field, would that be correct? It is not like that with energy though, right? Do we know more about energy than "measure of work" or "something physical systems tend to minimize"? | 3 | 1 |
Human: Does energy exist ? I have always thought of energy as essentially a (very useful) mathematical abstraction -- Just a quantity that stays constant. However, I've been told many times that energy is "real" since it "converts" to mass, but I haven't studied any advanced physics to answer that.
Assistant: |
Human: Does energy exist ? I have always thought of energy as essentially a (very useful) mathematical abstraction -- Just a quantity that stays constant. However, I've been told many times that energy is "real" since it "converts" to mass, but I haven't studied any advanced physics to answer that.
Assistant: Energy is just like money (i.e. cash / currency / bitcoin). It is an abstract accounting system. With cash, there is some market value for which you can trade a pile of money for a Ferrari. Just like with energy, there is some value for which you can trade so much potential energy for so much kinetic energy. It's a trade of 'how much stuff can happen'. To me, this is by far the best analogy, because we are already familiar with money. |
Human: Does energy exist ? I have always thought of energy as essentially a (very useful) mathematical abstraction -- Just a quantity that stays constant. However, I've been told many times that energy is "real" since it "converts" to mass, but I haven't studied any advanced physics to answer that.
Assistant: A better question would be: what energy _is_, exactly? Back when I was at school, we were told that it is not known what mass is. I.e. it used to be "measure of gravity and inertia" - ok, right, a measure, but what it is? Now, with Higgs boson detected, we can say that it originates from excitation of a certain special field, would that be correct? It is not like that with energy though, right? Do we know more about energy than "measure of work" or "something physical systems tend to minimize"? | 2 | 1 |
Human: Where does the emitted electron come from in beta decay? When beta decay occurs, an electron is produced, but how exactly does that happen? I’m a chemist with a casual familiarity with physics, so a reasonably non-technical explanation would be appreciated. I’m pretty sure the answer could be found in a Feynman diagram if I knew how to read them, but I’m really looking for a conceptual answer (I’ll need to explain it to a high school student).
Assistant: |
Human: Where does the emitted electron come from in beta decay? When beta decay occurs, an electron is produced, but how exactly does that happen? I’m a chemist with a casual familiarity with physics, so a reasonably non-technical explanation would be appreciated. I’m pretty sure the answer could be found in a Feynman diagram if I knew how to read them, but I’m really looking for a conceptual answer (I’ll need to explain it to a high school student).
Assistant: Particles are thought to be quantized vibrations of "quantum fields" that exist throughout the universe. These fields are coupled, which gives rise to interactions, meaning energy can be exchanged between the fields. So beta decay means that quark fields ultimately transfer some of their energy to the electron and neutrino fields. |
Human: Where does the emitted electron come from in beta decay? When beta decay occurs, an electron is produced, but how exactly does that happen? I’m a chemist with a casual familiarity with physics, so a reasonably non-technical explanation would be appreciated. I’m pretty sure the answer could be found in a Feynman diagram if I knew how to read them, but I’m really looking for a conceptual answer (I’ll need to explain it to a high school student).
Assistant: > but how exactly does that happen? down quark (part of a neutron) -> up quark (part of a proton) + electron + antineutrino Physics can give you formulas to calculate how likely that process is, what the preferred direction of emissions of the particles is and so on, but there is no more detailed subprocess there (you can talk about virtual W bosons being involved but it doesn't change the overall picture). The electron just appears as part of the interaction. It was not there before. | 30 | 15 |
Human: Where does the emitted electron come from in beta decay? When beta decay occurs, an electron is produced, but how exactly does that happen? I’m a chemist with a casual familiarity with physics, so a reasonably non-technical explanation would be appreciated. I’m pretty sure the answer could be found in a Feynman diagram if I knew how to read them, but I’m really looking for a conceptual answer (I’ll need to explain it to a high school student).
Assistant: |
Human: Where does the emitted electron come from in beta decay? When beta decay occurs, an electron is produced, but how exactly does that happen? I’m a chemist with a casual familiarity with physics, so a reasonably non-technical explanation would be appreciated. I’m pretty sure the answer could be found in a Feynman diagram if I knew how to read them, but I’m really looking for a conceptual answer (I’ll need to explain it to a high school student).
Assistant: Particles are thought to be quantized vibrations of "quantum fields" that exist throughout the universe. These fields are coupled, which gives rise to interactions, meaning energy can be exchanged between the fields. So beta decay means that quark fields ultimately transfer some of their energy to the electron and neutrino fields. |
Human: Where does the emitted electron come from in beta decay? When beta decay occurs, an electron is produced, but how exactly does that happen? I’m a chemist with a casual familiarity with physics, so a reasonably non-technical explanation would be appreciated. I’m pretty sure the answer could be found in a Feynman diagram if I knew how to read them, but I’m really looking for a conceptual answer (I’ll need to explain it to a high school student).
Assistant: In beta minus decay, you start with an up quark and two down quarks (aka a neutron), and then via the weak interaction one of the down quark decays into a up quark (resulting in two up, one down, aka a proton) and releases an electron and an electron antineutrino. This decay process involves a W^(-) boson. | 30 | 2 |
Human: Where does the emitted electron come from in beta decay? When beta decay occurs, an electron is produced, but how exactly does that happen? I’m a chemist with a casual familiarity with physics, so a reasonably non-technical explanation would be appreciated. I’m pretty sure the answer could be found in a Feynman diagram if I knew how to read them, but I’m really looking for a conceptual answer (I’ll need to explain it to a high school student).
Assistant: |
Human: Where does the emitted electron come from in beta decay? When beta decay occurs, an electron is produced, but how exactly does that happen? I’m a chemist with a casual familiarity with physics, so a reasonably non-technical explanation would be appreciated. I’m pretty sure the answer could be found in a Feynman diagram if I knew how to read them, but I’m really looking for a conceptual answer (I’ll need to explain it to a high school student).
Assistant: > but how exactly does that happen? down quark (part of a neutron) -> up quark (part of a proton) + electron + antineutrino Physics can give you formulas to calculate how likely that process is, what the preferred direction of emissions of the particles is and so on, but there is no more detailed subprocess there (you can talk about virtual W bosons being involved but it doesn't change the overall picture). The electron just appears as part of the interaction. It was not there before. |
Human: Where does the emitted electron come from in beta decay? When beta decay occurs, an electron is produced, but how exactly does that happen? I’m a chemist with a casual familiarity with physics, so a reasonably non-technical explanation would be appreciated. I’m pretty sure the answer could be found in a Feynman diagram if I knew how to read them, but I’m really looking for a conceptual answer (I’ll need to explain it to a high school student).
Assistant: In beta minus decay, you start with an up quark and two down quarks (aka a neutron), and then via the weak interaction one of the down quark decays into a up quark (resulting in two up, one down, aka a proton) and releases an electron and an electron antineutrino. This decay process involves a W^(-) boson. | 15 | 2 |
Human: Are there any particles that don't occur in nature? I'm aware of hadrons which are largely studied in experiments at the LHC, but those are often created in natural processes. I'm asking about particles that don't or almost never occur naturally. I'd be willing to take hypothetical particles as an answer as well.
Assistant: |
Human: Are there any particles that don't occur in nature? I'm aware of hadrons which are largely studied in experiments at the LHC, but those are often created in natural processes. I'm asking about particles that don't or almost never occur naturally. I'd be willing to take hypothetical particles as an answer as well.
Assistant: Anyons which are neither fermions nor bosons and only live in two dimensions have yet to be detected as far as I know. I think that if they could exist in our universe at all they would be extremely rare and only under very specific conditions, although I don't know much about the topic honestly. |
Human: Are there any particles that don't occur in nature? I'm aware of hadrons which are largely studied in experiments at the LHC, but those are often created in natural processes. I'm asking about particles that don't or almost never occur naturally. I'd be willing to take hypothetical particles as an answer as well.
Assistant: Fundamental particles? No. Hadrons, baryons, and mesons? No. Composite particles such as atoms and molecules? Yes. | 2 | 1 |
Human: Are there any particles that don't occur in nature? I'm aware of hadrons which are largely studied in experiments at the LHC, but those are often created in natural processes. I'm asking about particles that don't or almost never occur naturally. I'd be willing to take hypothetical particles as an answer as well.
Assistant: |
Human: Are there any particles that don't occur in nature? I'm aware of hadrons which are largely studied in experiments at the LHC, but those are often created in natural processes. I'm asking about particles that don't or almost never occur naturally. I'd be willing to take hypothetical particles as an answer as well.
Assistant: Anyons which are neither fermions nor bosons and only live in two dimensions have yet to be detected as far as I know. I think that if they could exist in our universe at all they would be extremely rare and only under very specific conditions, although I don't know much about the topic honestly. |
Human: Are there any particles that don't occur in nature? I'm aware of hadrons which are largely studied in experiments at the LHC, but those are often created in natural processes. I'm asking about particles that don't or almost never occur naturally. I'd be willing to take hypothetical particles as an answer as well.
Assistant: Sterile neutrinos and axions might fit what you're looking for. | 2 | 0 |
Human: Are there any particles that don't occur in nature? I'm aware of hadrons which are largely studied in experiments at the LHC, but those are often created in natural processes. I'm asking about particles that don't or almost never occur naturally. I'd be willing to take hypothetical particles as an answer as well.
Assistant: |
Human: Are there any particles that don't occur in nature? I'm aware of hadrons which are largely studied in experiments at the LHC, but those are often created in natural processes. I'm asking about particles that don't or almost never occur naturally. I'd be willing to take hypothetical particles as an answer as well.
Assistant: Fundamental particles? No. Hadrons, baryons, and mesons? No. Composite particles such as atoms and molecules? Yes. |
Human: Are there any particles that don't occur in nature? I'm aware of hadrons which are largely studied in experiments at the LHC, but those are often created in natural processes. I'm asking about particles that don't or almost never occur naturally. I'd be willing to take hypothetical particles as an answer as well.
Assistant: Sterile neutrinos and axions might fit what you're looking for. | 1 | 0 |
Human: Why does the energy of a photon only depend on frequency and not amplitude, but the energy of any other kind of wave also depends on amplitude? Energy for all waves I can think of depend on the square of amplitude but with photons it only depends on frequency. Is it because every photon has the same amplitude and 'adding aptitude' is akin to superimposing multiple photons onto of each other?
Assistant: |
Human: Why does the energy of a photon only depend on frequency and not amplitude, but the energy of any other kind of wave also depends on amplitude? Energy for all waves I can think of depend on the square of amplitude but with photons it only depends on frequency. Is it because every photon has the same amplitude and 'adding aptitude' is akin to superimposing multiple photons onto of each other?
Assistant: a single photon doesn't have an amplitude amplitude is related to particle number |
Human: Why does the energy of a photon only depend on frequency and not amplitude, but the energy of any other kind of wave also depends on amplitude? Energy for all waves I can think of depend on the square of amplitude but with photons it only depends on frequency. Is it because every photon has the same amplitude and 'adding aptitude' is akin to superimposing multiple photons onto of each other?
Assistant: This is one of the key insights of Quantum Mechanics! | 7 | 4 |
Human: Why does the energy of a photon only depend on frequency and not amplitude, but the energy of any other kind of wave also depends on amplitude? Energy for all waves I can think of depend on the square of amplitude but with photons it only depends on frequency. Is it because every photon has the same amplitude and 'adding aptitude' is akin to superimposing multiple photons onto of each other?
Assistant: |
Human: Why does the energy of a photon only depend on frequency and not amplitude, but the energy of any other kind of wave also depends on amplitude? Energy for all waves I can think of depend on the square of amplitude but with photons it only depends on frequency. Is it because every photon has the same amplitude and 'adding aptitude' is akin to superimposing multiple photons onto of each other?
Assistant: a single photon doesn't have an amplitude amplitude is related to particle number |
Human: Why does the energy of a photon only depend on frequency and not amplitude, but the energy of any other kind of wave also depends on amplitude? Energy for all waves I can think of depend on the square of amplitude but with photons it only depends on frequency. Is it because every photon has the same amplitude and 'adding aptitude' is akin to superimposing multiple photons onto of each other?
Assistant: > Energy for all waves I can think of depend on the square of amplitude… Because you’re thinking wrong. Energy of a classical EM wave depends on its amplitude. Conversely, energy of a sound wave in the quantum limit also depends on the frequency of phonons. | 7 | 3 |
Human: Why does the energy of a photon only depend on frequency and not amplitude, but the energy of any other kind of wave also depends on amplitude? Energy for all waves I can think of depend on the square of amplitude but with photons it only depends on frequency. Is it because every photon has the same amplitude and 'adding aptitude' is akin to superimposing multiple photons onto of each other?
Assistant: |
Human: Why does the energy of a photon only depend on frequency and not amplitude, but the energy of any other kind of wave also depends on amplitude? Energy for all waves I can think of depend on the square of amplitude but with photons it only depends on frequency. Is it because every photon has the same amplitude and 'adding aptitude' is akin to superimposing multiple photons onto of each other?
Assistant: This is one of the key insights of Quantum Mechanics! |
Human: Why does the energy of a photon only depend on frequency and not amplitude, but the energy of any other kind of wave also depends on amplitude? Energy for all waves I can think of depend on the square of amplitude but with photons it only depends on frequency. Is it because every photon has the same amplitude and 'adding aptitude' is akin to superimposing multiple photons onto of each other?
Assistant: > Energy for all waves I can think of depend on the square of amplitude… Because you’re thinking wrong. Energy of a classical EM wave depends on its amplitude. Conversely, energy of a sound wave in the quantum limit also depends on the frequency of phonons. | 4 | 3 |
Human: Does electricity effect water freezing? If you put electrical current through water will it prevent it from freezing? Speed the freezing process up?
Assistant: |
Human: Does electricity effect water freezing? If you put electrical current through water will it prevent it from freezing? Speed the freezing process up?
Assistant: "effect" is most commonly used as a noun, but as a verb it means "bring about" or "produce as an effect", so it initially sounds like you are asking if water freezing is caused by electricity. "affect" is what you mean. ("a" for action) |
Human: Does electricity effect water freezing? If you put electrical current through water will it prevent it from freezing? Speed the freezing process up?
Assistant: Just a brief thing, but pure water doesn't actually conduct electricity as it is well known to do, it is impurities within water that actually conducts. This is because water has no free ions that can carry charge, and no delocalised electrons either, as they stay within each molecule and cannot move between. | 39 | 11 |
Human: Does electricity effect water freezing? If you put electrical current through water will it prevent it from freezing? Speed the freezing process up?
Assistant: |
Human: Does electricity effect water freezing? If you put electrical current through water will it prevent it from freezing? Speed the freezing process up?
Assistant: "effect" is most commonly used as a noun, but as a verb it means "bring about" or "produce as an effect", so it initially sounds like you are asking if water freezing is caused by electricity. "affect" is what you mean. ("a" for action) |
Human: Does electricity effect water freezing? If you put electrical current through water will it prevent it from freezing? Speed the freezing process up?
Assistant: Have a look at this amazing site which goes extremely in-depth regarding all sorts of physical properties of water. There is a whole section on electric and magnetic effects. In short, It's Complicated™. Electric fields can both facilitate or hinder freezing depending on their strength. Unfortunately the most massive fields can only be achieved right next to a surface (e.g. metal atoms in an electrode) so that also affects how the water behaves, and separating the effects is not trivial. | 39 | 3 |
Human: Does electricity effect water freezing? If you put electrical current through water will it prevent it from freezing? Speed the freezing process up?
Assistant: |
Human: Does electricity effect water freezing? If you put electrical current through water will it prevent it from freezing? Speed the freezing process up?
Assistant: Just a brief thing, but pure water doesn't actually conduct electricity as it is well known to do, it is impurities within water that actually conducts. This is because water has no free ions that can carry charge, and no delocalised electrons either, as they stay within each molecule and cannot move between. |
Human: Does electricity effect water freezing? If you put electrical current through water will it prevent it from freezing? Speed the freezing process up?
Assistant: Have a look at this amazing site which goes extremely in-depth regarding all sorts of physical properties of water. There is a whole section on electric and magnetic effects. In short, It's Complicated™. Electric fields can both facilitate or hinder freezing depending on their strength. Unfortunately the most massive fields can only be achieved right next to a surface (e.g. metal atoms in an electrode) so that also affects how the water behaves, and separating the effects is not trivial. | 11 | 3 |
Human: Why can't the Gardasil vaccine rid you of the HPV strains you have, but can give protection from the ones that you don't have?
Assistant: |
Human: Why can't the Gardasil vaccine rid you of the HPV strains you have, but can give protection from the ones that you don't have?
Assistant: The same reason any vaccine doesn’t cure a disease but can only prevent it. Vaccines basically teach your immune system what to watch out for, so your body can go ahead and make antibodies to fight it off should it ever appear. If not vaccinated, a disease appears and does whatever it does, and your immune system has been caught unprepared and can’t fight it off before the disease process starts. |
Human: Why can't the Gardasil vaccine rid you of the HPV strains you have, but can give protection from the ones that you don't have?
Assistant: Because it prevents the infection from taking hold. Once you get infected with a strain, it's already set up shop so the vaccine isn't going to do much for you. At that point, it's up to your immune system. It's either going to fight it off or it's not. For strains you haven't been infected with, the vaccines can prime your immune system to attack those strains and prevent their ever setting up shop in your cells. This prevents infection. | 5 | 3 |
Human: Why can't the Gardasil vaccine rid you of the HPV strains you have, but can give protection from the ones that you don't have?
Assistant: |
Human: Why can't the Gardasil vaccine rid you of the HPV strains you have, but can give protection from the ones that you don't have?
Assistant: The same reason any vaccine doesn’t cure a disease but can only prevent it. Vaccines basically teach your immune system what to watch out for, so your body can go ahead and make antibodies to fight it off should it ever appear. If not vaccinated, a disease appears and does whatever it does, and your immune system has been caught unprepared and can’t fight it off before the disease process starts. |
Human: Why can't the Gardasil vaccine rid you of the HPV strains you have, but can give protection from the ones that you don't have?
Assistant: The virus works by getting into DNA, which is inside the cell, to make more virus copies. The vaccine prevents new viruses from entering the cell to get to the DNA. If a virus is already in the DNA, the vaccine cannot undo that, only prevent different/new virus strains from also entering cells | 5 | 2 |
Human: Why can't the Gardasil vaccine rid you of the HPV strains you have, but can give protection from the ones that you don't have?
Assistant: |
Human: Why can't the Gardasil vaccine rid you of the HPV strains you have, but can give protection from the ones that you don't have?
Assistant: Because it prevents the infection from taking hold. Once you get infected with a strain, it's already set up shop so the vaccine isn't going to do much for you. At that point, it's up to your immune system. It's either going to fight it off or it's not. For strains you haven't been infected with, the vaccines can prime your immune system to attack those strains and prevent their ever setting up shop in your cells. This prevents infection. |
Human: Why can't the Gardasil vaccine rid you of the HPV strains you have, but can give protection from the ones that you don't have?
Assistant: The virus works by getting into DNA, which is inside the cell, to make more virus copies. The vaccine prevents new viruses from entering the cell to get to the DNA. If a virus is already in the DNA, the vaccine cannot undo that, only prevent different/new virus strains from also entering cells | 3 | 2 |
Human: If memories are synaptic connections in the brain, how are we able to learn/memorize things so quickly? As I understand it, synapses are neurons making contact with one another. So to make new synapses, the neurons would have to change on a cellular level. Surely this would take hours, or possibly days (or more) to happen. So why is it, if (for example) someone tells me their name, I'm sometimes able to remember it immediately for a very long time despite only being exposed to that information for far too short of a time for my brain to physically change?
Assistant: |
Human: If memories are synaptic connections in the brain, how are we able to learn/memorize things so quickly? As I understand it, synapses are neurons making contact with one another. So to make new synapses, the neurons would have to change on a cellular level. Surely this would take hours, or possibly days (or more) to happen. So why is it, if (for example) someone tells me their name, I'm sometimes able to remember it immediately for a very long time despite only being exposed to that information for far too short of a time for my brain to physically change?
Assistant: The simple answer is that synaptic modification does not take as long as you think. There are immediate processes which strengthen synapses via extremely fast chemical cascades AND there are longer processes in which the neurons remodel and increase the strength of the synapse. Initial strengthening can take seconds and remodelling may take hours to days |
Human: If memories are synaptic connections in the brain, how are we able to learn/memorize things so quickly? As I understand it, synapses are neurons making contact with one another. So to make new synapses, the neurons would have to change on a cellular level. Surely this would take hours, or possibly days (or more) to happen. So why is it, if (for example) someone tells me their name, I'm sometimes able to remember it immediately for a very long time despite only being exposed to that information for far too short of a time for my brain to physically change?
Assistant: The short version, memory isn’t memorization. Don’t think of it as time dependent on physical changes. The reason you can “sometimes” remember that name is due to how you encode that information. Memory is much more in depth and fascinating for me to do it justice here. If you are interested there is a textbook by Baddeley, Eysenck, & Anderson called Memory that I’d recommend. | 316 | 8 |
Human: If memories are synaptic connections in the brain, how are we able to learn/memorize things so quickly? As I understand it, synapses are neurons making contact with one another. So to make new synapses, the neurons would have to change on a cellular level. Surely this would take hours, or possibly days (or more) to happen. So why is it, if (for example) someone tells me their name, I'm sometimes able to remember it immediately for a very long time despite only being exposed to that information for far too short of a time for my brain to physically change?
Assistant: |
Human: If memories are synaptic connections in the brain, how are we able to learn/memorize things so quickly? As I understand it, synapses are neurons making contact with one another. So to make new synapses, the neurons would have to change on a cellular level. Surely this would take hours, or possibly days (or more) to happen. So why is it, if (for example) someone tells me their name, I'm sometimes able to remember it immediately for a very long time despite only being exposed to that information for far too short of a time for my brain to physically change?
Assistant: The simple answer is that synaptic modification does not take as long as you think. There are immediate processes which strengthen synapses via extremely fast chemical cascades AND there are longer processes in which the neurons remodel and increase the strength of the synapse. Initial strengthening can take seconds and remodelling may take hours to days |
Human: If memories are synaptic connections in the brain, how are we able to learn/memorize things so quickly? As I understand it, synapses are neurons making contact with one another. So to make new synapses, the neurons would have to change on a cellular level. Surely this would take hours, or possibly days (or more) to happen. So why is it, if (for example) someone tells me their name, I'm sometimes able to remember it immediately for a very long time despite only being exposed to that information for far too short of a time for my brain to physically change?
Assistant: Billions of neurons firing simultaneously and rapidly every second and after retrieving insane amount of stimulus it decides what to keep in long term memory hence you remember the name of the person because that might be important and not what he wore when he told you the name. Hope that answers :) | 316 | 7 |
Human: If memories are synaptic connections in the brain, how are we able to learn/memorize things so quickly? As I understand it, synapses are neurons making contact with one another. So to make new synapses, the neurons would have to change on a cellular level. Surely this would take hours, or possibly days (or more) to happen. So why is it, if (for example) someone tells me their name, I'm sometimes able to remember it immediately for a very long time despite only being exposed to that information for far too short of a time for my brain to physically change?
Assistant: |
Human: If memories are synaptic connections in the brain, how are we able to learn/memorize things so quickly? As I understand it, synapses are neurons making contact with one another. So to make new synapses, the neurons would have to change on a cellular level. Surely this would take hours, or possibly days (or more) to happen. So why is it, if (for example) someone tells me their name, I'm sometimes able to remember it immediately for a very long time despite only being exposed to that information for far too short of a time for my brain to physically change?
Assistant: The short version, memory isn’t memorization. Don’t think of it as time dependent on physical changes. The reason you can “sometimes” remember that name is due to how you encode that information. Memory is much more in depth and fascinating for me to do it justice here. If you are interested there is a textbook by Baddeley, Eysenck, & Anderson called Memory that I’d recommend. |
Human: If memories are synaptic connections in the brain, how are we able to learn/memorize things so quickly? As I understand it, synapses are neurons making contact with one another. So to make new synapses, the neurons would have to change on a cellular level. Surely this would take hours, or possibly days (or more) to happen. So why is it, if (for example) someone tells me their name, I'm sometimes able to remember it immediately for a very long time despite only being exposed to that information for far too short of a time for my brain to physically change?
Assistant: Billions of neurons firing simultaneously and rapidly every second and after retrieving insane amount of stimulus it decides what to keep in long term memory hence you remember the name of the person because that might be important and not what he wore when he told you the name. Hope that answers :) | 8 | 7 |
Human: Whenever I buy a lottery ticket I remind myself that 01-02-03-04-05-06 is just as likely to win as any other combination. But I can't bring myself to pick such a set of numbers as my mind just won't accept the fact that results will ever be so ordered. What is the science behind this misconception?
Assistant: |
Human: Whenever I buy a lottery ticket I remind myself that 01-02-03-04-05-06 is just as likely to win as any other combination. But I can't bring myself to pick such a set of numbers as my mind just won't accept the fact that results will ever be so ordered. What is the science behind this misconception?
Assistant: While it's true that 01-02-03-04-05-06 is just as likely to win as any other combination, you probably shouldn't choose that sequence, because it's likely that many other people have chosen the same sequence, and you'll have to split a top prize more ways if you win one. If you pick "random looking" numbers instead, your numbers are less likely to collide with someone else's random looking numbers. |
Human: Whenever I buy a lottery ticket I remind myself that 01-02-03-04-05-06 is just as likely to win as any other combination. But I can't bring myself to pick such a set of numbers as my mind just won't accept the fact that results will ever be so ordered. What is the science behind this misconception?
Assistant: Most likely it is due to a grouping issue. We consider 5-23-84-11-12 to be identical to 7-32-16-75-22 in that they are completely random set of numbers. However a number like 1-2-3-4-5-6 is "unique" and "ordered" in our minds. So our mind says "there are thousands of completely random sequences, but only a few perfectly ordered sequences like 3-4-5-6-7-8 or 10-8-6-4-2-0. Since we know the outcome is decided at random, we choose to pick a set of numbers that are random, not ordered. | 489 | 155 |
Human: Whenever I buy a lottery ticket I remind myself that 01-02-03-04-05-06 is just as likely to win as any other combination. But I can't bring myself to pick such a set of numbers as my mind just won't accept the fact that results will ever be so ordered. What is the science behind this misconception?
Assistant: |
Human: Whenever I buy a lottery ticket I remind myself that 01-02-03-04-05-06 is just as likely to win as any other combination. But I can't bring myself to pick such a set of numbers as my mind just won't accept the fact that results will ever be so ordered. What is the science behind this misconception?
Assistant: While it's true that 01-02-03-04-05-06 is just as likely to win as any other combination, you probably shouldn't choose that sequence, because it's likely that many other people have chosen the same sequence, and you'll have to split a top prize more ways if you win one. If you pick "random looking" numbers instead, your numbers are less likely to collide with someone else's random looking numbers. |
Human: Whenever I buy a lottery ticket I remind myself that 01-02-03-04-05-06 is just as likely to win as any other combination. But I can't bring myself to pick such a set of numbers as my mind just won't accept the fact that results will ever be so ordered. What is the science behind this misconception?
Assistant: Part of it is our misconception about what the word random means. When we use the word random, we use it in two different ways. "random" means both the way that the numbers are selected where each possible number has an equal probability, and it also means not having a pattern. People confuse those two definitions when thinking about the lottery numbers. For the lottery, the method of choosing the numbers is random. | 489 | 92 |
Human: Whenever I buy a lottery ticket I remind myself that 01-02-03-04-05-06 is just as likely to win as any other combination. But I can't bring myself to pick such a set of numbers as my mind just won't accept the fact that results will ever be so ordered. What is the science behind this misconception?
Assistant: |
Human: Whenever I buy a lottery ticket I remind myself that 01-02-03-04-05-06 is just as likely to win as any other combination. But I can't bring myself to pick such a set of numbers as my mind just won't accept the fact that results will ever be so ordered. What is the science behind this misconception?
Assistant: Most likely it is due to a grouping issue. We consider 5-23-84-11-12 to be identical to 7-32-16-75-22 in that they are completely random set of numbers. However a number like 1-2-3-4-5-6 is "unique" and "ordered" in our minds. So our mind says "there are thousands of completely random sequences, but only a few perfectly ordered sequences like 3-4-5-6-7-8 or 10-8-6-4-2-0. Since we know the outcome is decided at random, we choose to pick a set of numbers that are random, not ordered. |
Human: Whenever I buy a lottery ticket I remind myself that 01-02-03-04-05-06 is just as likely to win as any other combination. But I can't bring myself to pick such a set of numbers as my mind just won't accept the fact that results will ever be so ordered. What is the science behind this misconception?
Assistant: Part of it is our misconception about what the word random means. When we use the word random, we use it in two different ways. "random" means both the way that the numbers are selected where each possible number has an equal probability, and it also means not having a pattern. People confuse those two definitions when thinking about the lottery numbers. For the lottery, the method of choosing the numbers is random. | 155 | 92 |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: I'm Finn Brunton, and I wrote a book about the history of cryptocurrencies. Ask me anything! I'm a professor of science and technology studies at UC Davis and an expert in the history of cryptocurrencies. My latest book, "Digital Cash: The Unknown History of the Anarchists, Technologists, and Utopians Who Created Cryptocurrency," tells the story of the events, causes, and communities that led to the development of the contemporary crypto landscape. It dives into numerous utopian and radical subcultures, from cryptoanarchists, cypherpunks, and gold-standard libertarians to Extropians and transhumanists, all of whom - as it turned out - were tied into the project of trying to invent computational money. I was recently featured as one of the experts in NOVA's documentary film, "Crypto Decoded", about the history behind cryptography and cryptocurrency. You can watch it here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnavKPl5f9I Ask me anything about: + What does crypto teach us about what money is? + Will crypto change how we think about money? + Where else is cryptography used? + How did cryptocurrency begin? + Are cryptocurrencies hacker-proof? + What problems has cryptography solved? I'll be on at 3pm ET (20 UT), AMA! Username: /u/novapbs
Assistant: |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: I'm Finn Brunton, and I wrote a book about the history of cryptocurrencies. Ask me anything! I'm a professor of science and technology studies at UC Davis and an expert in the history of cryptocurrencies. My latest book, "Digital Cash: The Unknown History of the Anarchists, Technologists, and Utopians Who Created Cryptocurrency," tells the story of the events, causes, and communities that led to the development of the contemporary crypto landscape. It dives into numerous utopian and radical subcultures, from cryptoanarchists, cypherpunks, and gold-standard libertarians to Extropians and transhumanists, all of whom - as it turned out - were tied into the project of trying to invent computational money. I was recently featured as one of the experts in NOVA's documentary film, "Crypto Decoded", about the history behind cryptography and cryptocurrency. You can watch it here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnavKPl5f9I Ask me anything about: + What does crypto teach us about what money is? + Will crypto change how we think about money? + Where else is cryptography used? + How did cryptocurrency begin? + Are cryptocurrencies hacker-proof? + What problems has cryptography solved? I'll be on at 3pm ET (20 UT), AMA! Username: /u/novapbs
Assistant: How could a central bank digital cryptocurrency possibly ever work? How could a government possibly allow proof-of-work or proof-of-stake with a global distributed population potentially containing hostile foreign parties? And if they restricted it to supposedly non-hostile or domestic parties, wouldn’t that make it much easier to manipulate? Is there any reason a central bank would want to create a cryptocurrency besides FOMO? |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: I'm Finn Brunton, and I wrote a book about the history of cryptocurrencies. Ask me anything! I'm a professor of science and technology studies at UC Davis and an expert in the history of cryptocurrencies. My latest book, "Digital Cash: The Unknown History of the Anarchists, Technologists, and Utopians Who Created Cryptocurrency," tells the story of the events, causes, and communities that led to the development of the contemporary crypto landscape. It dives into numerous utopian and radical subcultures, from cryptoanarchists, cypherpunks, and gold-standard libertarians to Extropians and transhumanists, all of whom - as it turned out - were tied into the project of trying to invent computational money. I was recently featured as one of the experts in NOVA's documentary film, "Crypto Decoded", about the history behind cryptography and cryptocurrency. You can watch it here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnavKPl5f9I Ask me anything about: + What does crypto teach us about what money is? + Will crypto change how we think about money? + Where else is cryptography used? + How did cryptocurrency begin? + Are cryptocurrencies hacker-proof? + What problems has cryptography solved? I'll be on at 3pm ET (20 UT), AMA! Username: /u/novapbs
Assistant: How did bitcoin ended up gaining any values at all initially before it had enough momentum to get going? How widespread are the practice of using multiple wallets to manipulate the market, and is it possible to deal with that problem through cryptography? | 8 | 5 |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: I'm Finn Brunton, and I wrote a book about the history of cryptocurrencies. Ask me anything! I'm a professor of science and technology studies at UC Davis and an expert in the history of cryptocurrencies. My latest book, "Digital Cash: The Unknown History of the Anarchists, Technologists, and Utopians Who Created Cryptocurrency," tells the story of the events, causes, and communities that led to the development of the contemporary crypto landscape. It dives into numerous utopian and radical subcultures, from cryptoanarchists, cypherpunks, and gold-standard libertarians to Extropians and transhumanists, all of whom - as it turned out - were tied into the project of trying to invent computational money. I was recently featured as one of the experts in NOVA's documentary film, "Crypto Decoded", about the history behind cryptography and cryptocurrency. You can watch it here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnavKPl5f9I Ask me anything about: + What does crypto teach us about what money is? + Will crypto change how we think about money? + Where else is cryptography used? + How did cryptocurrency begin? + Are cryptocurrencies hacker-proof? + What problems has cryptography solved? I'll be on at 3pm ET (20 UT), AMA! Username: /u/novapbs
Assistant: |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: I'm Finn Brunton, and I wrote a book about the history of cryptocurrencies. Ask me anything! I'm a professor of science and technology studies at UC Davis and an expert in the history of cryptocurrencies. My latest book, "Digital Cash: The Unknown History of the Anarchists, Technologists, and Utopians Who Created Cryptocurrency," tells the story of the events, causes, and communities that led to the development of the contemporary crypto landscape. It dives into numerous utopian and radical subcultures, from cryptoanarchists, cypherpunks, and gold-standard libertarians to Extropians and transhumanists, all of whom - as it turned out - were tied into the project of trying to invent computational money. I was recently featured as one of the experts in NOVA's documentary film, "Crypto Decoded", about the history behind cryptography and cryptocurrency. You can watch it here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnavKPl5f9I Ask me anything about: + What does crypto teach us about what money is? + Will crypto change how we think about money? + Where else is cryptography used? + How did cryptocurrency begin? + Are cryptocurrencies hacker-proof? + What problems has cryptography solved? I'll be on at 3pm ET (20 UT), AMA! Username: /u/novapbs
Assistant: How could a central bank digital cryptocurrency possibly ever work? How could a government possibly allow proof-of-work or proof-of-stake with a global distributed population potentially containing hostile foreign parties? And if they restricted it to supposedly non-hostile or domestic parties, wouldn’t that make it much easier to manipulate? Is there any reason a central bank would want to create a cryptocurrency besides FOMO? |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: I'm Finn Brunton, and I wrote a book about the history of cryptocurrencies. Ask me anything! I'm a professor of science and technology studies at UC Davis and an expert in the history of cryptocurrencies. My latest book, "Digital Cash: The Unknown History of the Anarchists, Technologists, and Utopians Who Created Cryptocurrency," tells the story of the events, causes, and communities that led to the development of the contemporary crypto landscape. It dives into numerous utopian and radical subcultures, from cryptoanarchists, cypherpunks, and gold-standard libertarians to Extropians and transhumanists, all of whom - as it turned out - were tied into the project of trying to invent computational money. I was recently featured as one of the experts in NOVA's documentary film, "Crypto Decoded", about the history behind cryptography and cryptocurrency. You can watch it here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnavKPl5f9I Ask me anything about: + What does crypto teach us about what money is? + Will crypto change how we think about money? + Where else is cryptography used? + How did cryptocurrency begin? + Are cryptocurrencies hacker-proof? + What problems has cryptography solved? I'll be on at 3pm ET (20 UT), AMA! Username: /u/novapbs
Assistant: In your opinion, do cryptocurrencies aim to coopt the usefulness of cryptography by incorporating the terminology ("crypto-") in order to gain legitimacy? Why, in your opinion, the same did not happen with distributed systems terminology - arguably the only ~~other~~ scientific field to which cryptocurrencies sparked actual research - which is far less accessible to the public? | 8 | 4 |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: I'm Finn Brunton, and I wrote a book about the history of cryptocurrencies. Ask me anything! I'm a professor of science and technology studies at UC Davis and an expert in the history of cryptocurrencies. My latest book, "Digital Cash: The Unknown History of the Anarchists, Technologists, and Utopians Who Created Cryptocurrency," tells the story of the events, causes, and communities that led to the development of the contemporary crypto landscape. It dives into numerous utopian and radical subcultures, from cryptoanarchists, cypherpunks, and gold-standard libertarians to Extropians and transhumanists, all of whom - as it turned out - were tied into the project of trying to invent computational money. I was recently featured as one of the experts in NOVA's documentary film, "Crypto Decoded", about the history behind cryptography and cryptocurrency. You can watch it here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnavKPl5f9I Ask me anything about: + What does crypto teach us about what money is? + Will crypto change how we think about money? + Where else is cryptography used? + How did cryptocurrency begin? + Are cryptocurrencies hacker-proof? + What problems has cryptography solved? I'll be on at 3pm ET (20 UT), AMA! Username: /u/novapbs
Assistant: |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: I'm Finn Brunton, and I wrote a book about the history of cryptocurrencies. Ask me anything! I'm a professor of science and technology studies at UC Davis and an expert in the history of cryptocurrencies. My latest book, "Digital Cash: The Unknown History of the Anarchists, Technologists, and Utopians Who Created Cryptocurrency," tells the story of the events, causes, and communities that led to the development of the contemporary crypto landscape. It dives into numerous utopian and radical subcultures, from cryptoanarchists, cypherpunks, and gold-standard libertarians to Extropians and transhumanists, all of whom - as it turned out - were tied into the project of trying to invent computational money. I was recently featured as one of the experts in NOVA's documentary film, "Crypto Decoded", about the history behind cryptography and cryptocurrency. You can watch it here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnavKPl5f9I Ask me anything about: + What does crypto teach us about what money is? + Will crypto change how we think about money? + Where else is cryptography used? + How did cryptocurrency begin? + Are cryptocurrencies hacker-proof? + What problems has cryptography solved? I'll be on at 3pm ET (20 UT), AMA! Username: /u/novapbs
Assistant: How did bitcoin ended up gaining any values at all initially before it had enough momentum to get going? How widespread are the practice of using multiple wallets to manipulate the market, and is it possible to deal with that problem through cryptography? |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: I'm Finn Brunton, and I wrote a book about the history of cryptocurrencies. Ask me anything! I'm a professor of science and technology studies at UC Davis and an expert in the history of cryptocurrencies. My latest book, "Digital Cash: The Unknown History of the Anarchists, Technologists, and Utopians Who Created Cryptocurrency," tells the story of the events, causes, and communities that led to the development of the contemporary crypto landscape. It dives into numerous utopian and radical subcultures, from cryptoanarchists, cypherpunks, and gold-standard libertarians to Extropians and transhumanists, all of whom - as it turned out - were tied into the project of trying to invent computational money. I was recently featured as one of the experts in NOVA's documentary film, "Crypto Decoded", about the history behind cryptography and cryptocurrency. You can watch it here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnavKPl5f9I Ask me anything about: + What does crypto teach us about what money is? + Will crypto change how we think about money? + Where else is cryptography used? + How did cryptocurrency begin? + Are cryptocurrencies hacker-proof? + What problems has cryptography solved? I'll be on at 3pm ET (20 UT), AMA! Username: /u/novapbs
Assistant: In your opinion, do cryptocurrencies aim to coopt the usefulness of cryptography by incorporating the terminology ("crypto-") in order to gain legitimacy? Why, in your opinion, the same did not happen with distributed systems terminology - arguably the only ~~other~~ scientific field to which cryptocurrencies sparked actual research - which is far less accessible to the public? | 5 | 4 |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: I am Dr. Helen Okoye. As an attending physician and thrombosis specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, I am passionate about women's health and helping to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria. AMA! I am Dr. Helen Okoye, MBBS, FMCPath, FWACP. I am a haematologist currently working as an Attending Physician and Thrombosis Specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. My clinical work focuses on thrombosis and haemostasis with a special interest in women's health. I see all kinds of patients with thrombotic disorders including obstetric and cancer patients. I am passionate about women's health and helping my patients to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria, many of which are due to cost and/or lack of resources. I am here to answer your questions about what it is like to work as a female clinician in Nigeria. I will be here at 12 p.m. noon US ET (16 UT), AMA! Username: /u/WorldThrombosisDay
Assistant: |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: I am Dr. Helen Okoye. As an attending physician and thrombosis specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, I am passionate about women's health and helping to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria. AMA! I am Dr. Helen Okoye, MBBS, FMCPath, FWACP. I am a haematologist currently working as an Attending Physician and Thrombosis Specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. My clinical work focuses on thrombosis and haemostasis with a special interest in women's health. I see all kinds of patients with thrombotic disorders including obstetric and cancer patients. I am passionate about women's health and helping my patients to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria, many of which are due to cost and/or lack of resources. I am here to answer your questions about what it is like to work as a female clinician in Nigeria. I will be here at 12 p.m. noon US ET (16 UT), AMA! Username: /u/WorldThrombosisDay
Assistant: Thank you everyone for the great questions. I appreciate your enthusiasm. I am going to take a break but will come back and try to answer as many of your questions as I can. Thank you! |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: I am Dr. Helen Okoye. As an attending physician and thrombosis specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, I am passionate about women's health and helping to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria. AMA! I am Dr. Helen Okoye, MBBS, FMCPath, FWACP. I am a haematologist currently working as an Attending Physician and Thrombosis Specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. My clinical work focuses on thrombosis and haemostasis with a special interest in women's health. I see all kinds of patients with thrombotic disorders including obstetric and cancer patients. I am passionate about women's health and helping my patients to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria, many of which are due to cost and/or lack of resources. I am here to answer your questions about what it is like to work as a female clinician in Nigeria. I will be here at 12 p.m. noon US ET (16 UT), AMA! Username: /u/WorldThrombosisDay
Assistant: This is such an amazing AMA - Thank you so much for participating in this Dr. Okoye! | 17 | 5 |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: I am Dr. Helen Okoye. As an attending physician and thrombosis specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, I am passionate about women's health and helping to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria. AMA! I am Dr. Helen Okoye, MBBS, FMCPath, FWACP. I am a haematologist currently working as an Attending Physician and Thrombosis Specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. My clinical work focuses on thrombosis and haemostasis with a special interest in women's health. I see all kinds of patients with thrombotic disorders including obstetric and cancer patients. I am passionate about women's health and helping my patients to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria, many of which are due to cost and/or lack of resources. I am here to answer your questions about what it is like to work as a female clinician in Nigeria. I will be here at 12 p.m. noon US ET (16 UT), AMA! Username: /u/WorldThrombosisDay
Assistant: |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: I am Dr. Helen Okoye. As an attending physician and thrombosis specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, I am passionate about women's health and helping to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria. AMA! I am Dr. Helen Okoye, MBBS, FMCPath, FWACP. I am a haematologist currently working as an Attending Physician and Thrombosis Specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. My clinical work focuses on thrombosis and haemostasis with a special interest in women's health. I see all kinds of patients with thrombotic disorders including obstetric and cancer patients. I am passionate about women's health and helping my patients to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria, many of which are due to cost and/or lack of resources. I am here to answer your questions about what it is like to work as a female clinician in Nigeria. I will be here at 12 p.m. noon US ET (16 UT), AMA! Username: /u/WorldThrombosisDay
Assistant: Thank you everyone for the great questions. I appreciate your enthusiasm. I am going to take a break but will come back and try to answer as many of your questions as I can. Thank you! |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: I am Dr. Helen Okoye. As an attending physician and thrombosis specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, I am passionate about women's health and helping to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria. AMA! I am Dr. Helen Okoye, MBBS, FMCPath, FWACP. I am a haematologist currently working as an Attending Physician and Thrombosis Specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. My clinical work focuses on thrombosis and haemostasis with a special interest in women's health. I see all kinds of patients with thrombotic disorders including obstetric and cancer patients. I am passionate about women's health and helping my patients to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria, many of which are due to cost and/or lack of resources. I am here to answer your questions about what it is like to work as a female clinician in Nigeria. I will be here at 12 p.m. noon US ET (16 UT), AMA! Username: /u/WorldThrombosisDay
Assistant: Are you familiar with health issues of the NBA player Chris Bosh? I believe he had a deep vein thrombosis in his calf, that then turned into a pulmonary embolism. I have no specific question, I only figured the documented public incident may provide opportunities for your own insight and knowledge to take over from here. https://www.miamiherald.com/sports/nba/miami-heat/article228263974.html | 17 | 4 |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: I am Dr. Helen Okoye. As an attending physician and thrombosis specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, I am passionate about women's health and helping to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria. AMA! I am Dr. Helen Okoye, MBBS, FMCPath, FWACP. I am a haematologist currently working as an Attending Physician and Thrombosis Specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. My clinical work focuses on thrombosis and haemostasis with a special interest in women's health. I see all kinds of patients with thrombotic disorders including obstetric and cancer patients. I am passionate about women's health and helping my patients to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria, many of which are due to cost and/or lack of resources. I am here to answer your questions about what it is like to work as a female clinician in Nigeria. I will be here at 12 p.m. noon US ET (16 UT), AMA! Username: /u/WorldThrombosisDay
Assistant: |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: I am Dr. Helen Okoye. As an attending physician and thrombosis specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, I am passionate about women's health and helping to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria. AMA! I am Dr. Helen Okoye, MBBS, FMCPath, FWACP. I am a haematologist currently working as an Attending Physician and Thrombosis Specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. My clinical work focuses on thrombosis and haemostasis with a special interest in women's health. I see all kinds of patients with thrombotic disorders including obstetric and cancer patients. I am passionate about women's health and helping my patients to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria, many of which are due to cost and/or lack of resources. I am here to answer your questions about what it is like to work as a female clinician in Nigeria. I will be here at 12 p.m. noon US ET (16 UT), AMA! Username: /u/WorldThrombosisDay
Assistant: This is such an amazing AMA - Thank you so much for participating in this Dr. Okoye! |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: I am Dr. Helen Okoye. As an attending physician and thrombosis specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, I am passionate about women's health and helping to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria. AMA! I am Dr. Helen Okoye, MBBS, FMCPath, FWACP. I am a haematologist currently working as an Attending Physician and Thrombosis Specialist at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital in Enugu, Nigeria. My clinical work focuses on thrombosis and haemostasis with a special interest in women's health. I see all kinds of patients with thrombotic disorders including obstetric and cancer patients. I am passionate about women's health and helping my patients to overcome barriers to health care here in Nigeria, many of which are due to cost and/or lack of resources. I am here to answer your questions about what it is like to work as a female clinician in Nigeria. I will be here at 12 p.m. noon US ET (16 UT), AMA! Username: /u/WorldThrombosisDay
Assistant: Are you familiar with health issues of the NBA player Chris Bosh? I believe he had a deep vein thrombosis in his calf, that then turned into a pulmonary embolism. I have no specific question, I only figured the documented public incident may provide opportunities for your own insight and knowledge to take over from here. https://www.miamiherald.com/sports/nba/miami-heat/article228263974.html | 5 | 4 |
Human: I keep waking up 1-4 minutes before my alarm goes off, if my body can tell time that accurate, why do i need a watch? As it says in the title; I recently got a new job for which i need to wake up at 06:00. It has only been two weeks but already I've woken up several times 1-4 minutes before my alarm goes off. I go to bed at varying times, yet my internal clock knows pretty accurately when my alarm will go off (considering ~7 hours of sleep, apparantly i can tell time while being less than 1% off). If my internal clock during sleep is that accurate, how come I need a watch during the day? How come I can't tell time as accurate during the day?
Assistant: |
Human: I keep waking up 1-4 minutes before my alarm goes off, if my body can tell time that accurate, why do i need a watch? As it says in the title; I recently got a new job for which i need to wake up at 06:00. It has only been two weeks but already I've woken up several times 1-4 minutes before my alarm goes off. I go to bed at varying times, yet my internal clock knows pretty accurately when my alarm will go off (considering ~7 hours of sleep, apparantly i can tell time while being less than 1% off). If my internal clock during sleep is that accurate, how come I need a watch during the day? How come I can't tell time as accurate during the day?
Assistant: Try a search: previous post |
Human: I keep waking up 1-4 minutes before my alarm goes off, if my body can tell time that accurate, why do i need a watch? As it says in the title; I recently got a new job for which i need to wake up at 06:00. It has only been two weeks but already I've woken up several times 1-4 minutes before my alarm goes off. I go to bed at varying times, yet my internal clock knows pretty accurately when my alarm will go off (considering ~7 hours of sleep, apparantly i can tell time while being less than 1% off). If my internal clock during sleep is that accurate, how come I need a watch during the day? How come I can't tell time as accurate during the day?
Assistant: I've had this happen many times but not regularly. It is possible that one sneaks a peak at the clock without consciously remembering doing it. As an experiment try putting the clock across the room and facing it away so you cannot see the time. | 18 | 4 |
Human: I keep waking up 1-4 minutes before my alarm goes off, if my body can tell time that accurate, why do i need a watch? As it says in the title; I recently got a new job for which i need to wake up at 06:00. It has only been two weeks but already I've woken up several times 1-4 minutes before my alarm goes off. I go to bed at varying times, yet my internal clock knows pretty accurately when my alarm will go off (considering ~7 hours of sleep, apparantly i can tell time while being less than 1% off). If my internal clock during sleep is that accurate, how come I need a watch during the day? How come I can't tell time as accurate during the day?
Assistant: |
Human: I keep waking up 1-4 minutes before my alarm goes off, if my body can tell time that accurate, why do i need a watch? As it says in the title; I recently got a new job for which i need to wake up at 06:00. It has only been two weeks but already I've woken up several times 1-4 minutes before my alarm goes off. I go to bed at varying times, yet my internal clock knows pretty accurately when my alarm will go off (considering ~7 hours of sleep, apparantly i can tell time while being less than 1% off). If my internal clock during sleep is that accurate, how come I need a watch during the day? How come I can't tell time as accurate during the day?
Assistant: Try a search: previous post |
Human: I keep waking up 1-4 minutes before my alarm goes off, if my body can tell time that accurate, why do i need a watch? As it says in the title; I recently got a new job for which i need to wake up at 06:00. It has only been two weeks but already I've woken up several times 1-4 minutes before my alarm goes off. I go to bed at varying times, yet my internal clock knows pretty accurately when my alarm will go off (considering ~7 hours of sleep, apparantly i can tell time while being less than 1% off). If my internal clock during sleep is that accurate, how come I need a watch during the day? How come I can't tell time as accurate during the day?
Assistant: Actually, it could be partially due to your alarm clock. A mechanical or electrical "click" tends to occur on some alarm clocks just before the bell rings or buzzer sounds, thus to you the person waking up, it appears that you wake up just before the main bell/buzzer. | 18 | 1 |
Human: I keep waking up 1-4 minutes before my alarm goes off, if my body can tell time that accurate, why do i need a watch? As it says in the title; I recently got a new job for which i need to wake up at 06:00. It has only been two weeks but already I've woken up several times 1-4 minutes before my alarm goes off. I go to bed at varying times, yet my internal clock knows pretty accurately when my alarm will go off (considering ~7 hours of sleep, apparantly i can tell time while being less than 1% off). If my internal clock during sleep is that accurate, how come I need a watch during the day? How come I can't tell time as accurate during the day?
Assistant: |
Human: I keep waking up 1-4 minutes before my alarm goes off, if my body can tell time that accurate, why do i need a watch? As it says in the title; I recently got a new job for which i need to wake up at 06:00. It has only been two weeks but already I've woken up several times 1-4 minutes before my alarm goes off. I go to bed at varying times, yet my internal clock knows pretty accurately when my alarm will go off (considering ~7 hours of sleep, apparantly i can tell time while being less than 1% off). If my internal clock during sleep is that accurate, how come I need a watch during the day? How come I can't tell time as accurate during the day?
Assistant: I've had this happen many times but not regularly. It is possible that one sneaks a peak at the clock without consciously remembering doing it. As an experiment try putting the clock across the room and facing it away so you cannot see the time. |
Human: I keep waking up 1-4 minutes before my alarm goes off, if my body can tell time that accurate, why do i need a watch? As it says in the title; I recently got a new job for which i need to wake up at 06:00. It has only been two weeks but already I've woken up several times 1-4 minutes before my alarm goes off. I go to bed at varying times, yet my internal clock knows pretty accurately when my alarm will go off (considering ~7 hours of sleep, apparantly i can tell time while being less than 1% off). If my internal clock during sleep is that accurate, how come I need a watch during the day? How come I can't tell time as accurate during the day?
Assistant: Actually, it could be partially due to your alarm clock. A mechanical or electrical "click" tends to occur on some alarm clocks just before the bell rings or buzzer sounds, thus to you the person waking up, it appears that you wake up just before the main bell/buzzer. | 4 | 1 |
Human: Evolution question: It said in my biology textbook that evolution never causes an individual to sacrifice their own ability to survive to increase the survivability of their group. But how do you explain poisonous mushrooms, or bees that die after losing their stinger? They seem to be examples of organisms sacrificing their own ability to reproduce in the future so that their group can survive, right? So is the textbook wrong? The book is Scott Freeman's Biological Science.
Assistant: |
Human: Evolution question: It said in my biology textbook that evolution never causes an individual to sacrifice their own ability to survive to increase the survivability of their group. But how do you explain poisonous mushrooms, or bees that die after losing their stinger? They seem to be examples of organisms sacrificing their own ability to reproduce in the future so that their group can survive, right? So is the textbook wrong? The book is Scott Freeman's Biological Science.
Assistant: OP, I also strongly recommend "The selfish gene" by Richard Dawkins. It will give you some really nice insights on modern evolution theory, presented in a very interesting and understandable way. |
Human: Evolution question: It said in my biology textbook that evolution never causes an individual to sacrifice their own ability to survive to increase the survivability of their group. But how do you explain poisonous mushrooms, or bees that die after losing their stinger? They seem to be examples of organisms sacrificing their own ability to reproduce in the future so that their group can survive, right? So is the textbook wrong? The book is Scott Freeman's Biological Science.
Assistant: EO Wilson more recently began favoring group selection to kin theory. I believe Dawkins and Pinker disagree. Multi-level selection suggests groups, even operating across species, which live in symbiotic environments might produce individuals willing to sacrifice themselves for the good of the others within the social circle, regardless of genetic relationship. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_selection | 7 | 4 |
Human: Evolution question: It said in my biology textbook that evolution never causes an individual to sacrifice their own ability to survive to increase the survivability of their group. But how do you explain poisonous mushrooms, or bees that die after losing their stinger? They seem to be examples of organisms sacrificing their own ability to reproduce in the future so that their group can survive, right? So is the textbook wrong? The book is Scott Freeman's Biological Science.
Assistant: |
Human: Evolution question: It said in my biology textbook that evolution never causes an individual to sacrifice their own ability to survive to increase the survivability of their group. But how do you explain poisonous mushrooms, or bees that die after losing their stinger? They seem to be examples of organisms sacrificing their own ability to reproduce in the future so that their group can survive, right? So is the textbook wrong? The book is Scott Freeman's Biological Science.
Assistant: OP, I also strongly recommend "The selfish gene" by Richard Dawkins. It will give you some really nice insights on modern evolution theory, presented in a very interesting and understandable way. |
Human: Evolution question: It said in my biology textbook that evolution never causes an individual to sacrifice their own ability to survive to increase the survivability of their group. But how do you explain poisonous mushrooms, or bees that die after losing their stinger? They seem to be examples of organisms sacrificing their own ability to reproduce in the future so that their group can survive, right? So is the textbook wrong? The book is Scott Freeman's Biological Science.
Assistant: The bee example is known as kin selection: the individual bee may not survive, but by sacrificing itself it gives other members of it's hive a higher chance of producing offspring. The first bee still gets to pass on some of its genes through it's siblings. A better example would be meerkats, one meerkat acts as a lookout and can ensure the survival (and therefore reproduction) of it's kin even though it's risking it is risking it's own life. | 7 | 3 |
Human: Evolution question: It said in my biology textbook that evolution never causes an individual to sacrifice their own ability to survive to increase the survivability of their group. But how do you explain poisonous mushrooms, or bees that die after losing their stinger? They seem to be examples of organisms sacrificing their own ability to reproduce in the future so that their group can survive, right? So is the textbook wrong? The book is Scott Freeman's Biological Science.
Assistant: |
Human: Evolution question: It said in my biology textbook that evolution never causes an individual to sacrifice their own ability to survive to increase the survivability of their group. But how do you explain poisonous mushrooms, or bees that die after losing their stinger? They seem to be examples of organisms sacrificing their own ability to reproduce in the future so that their group can survive, right? So is the textbook wrong? The book is Scott Freeman's Biological Science.
Assistant: EO Wilson more recently began favoring group selection to kin theory. I believe Dawkins and Pinker disagree. Multi-level selection suggests groups, even operating across species, which live in symbiotic environments might produce individuals willing to sacrifice themselves for the good of the others within the social circle, regardless of genetic relationship. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_selection |
Human: Evolution question: It said in my biology textbook that evolution never causes an individual to sacrifice their own ability to survive to increase the survivability of their group. But how do you explain poisonous mushrooms, or bees that die after losing their stinger? They seem to be examples of organisms sacrificing their own ability to reproduce in the future so that their group can survive, right? So is the textbook wrong? The book is Scott Freeman's Biological Science.
Assistant: The bee example is known as kin selection: the individual bee may not survive, but by sacrificing itself it gives other members of it's hive a higher chance of producing offspring. The first bee still gets to pass on some of its genes through it's siblings. A better example would be meerkats, one meerkat acts as a lookout and can ensure the survival (and therefore reproduction) of it's kin even though it's risking it is risking it's own life. | 4 | 3 |
Human: Could one say that our body is basically a biotechnic robot controlled by our brain? I started to think about it after watching this
Assistant: |
Human: Could one say that our body is basically a biotechnic robot controlled by our brain? I started to think about it after watching this
Assistant: Why the seperation between brain and body? |
Human: Could one say that our body is basically a biotechnic robot controlled by our brain? I started to think about it after watching this
Assistant: There is a whole field called cybernetics that thinks of self regulation in terms of feedback loops that monitor differences between current and desired states and direct behavior accordingly. They think that emotions fall into the feedback system as well. | 2 | 1 |
Human: Could one say that our body is basically a biotechnic robot controlled by our brain? I started to think about it after watching this
Assistant: |
Human: Could one say that our body is basically a biotechnic robot controlled by our brain? I started to think about it after watching this
Assistant: Why the seperation between brain and body? |
Human: Could one say that our body is basically a biotechnic robot controlled by our brain? I started to think about it after watching this
Assistant: No doubt our body works like a machine though. While a machine has its wires, gears, etc. we have our tissue and its systems. | 2 | 0 |
Human: Could one say that our body is basically a biotechnic robot controlled by our brain? I started to think about it after watching this
Assistant: |
Human: Could one say that our body is basically a biotechnic robot controlled by our brain? I started to think about it after watching this
Assistant: There is a whole field called cybernetics that thinks of self regulation in terms of feedback loops that monitor differences between current and desired states and direct behavior accordingly. They think that emotions fall into the feedback system as well. |
Human: Could one say that our body is basically a biotechnic robot controlled by our brain? I started to think about it after watching this
Assistant: No doubt our body works like a machine though. While a machine has its wires, gears, etc. we have our tissue and its systems. | 1 | 0 |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything! Four years after NASA's New Horizons flew by Pluto, and seven months after our flyby of 2104 MU69 in the Kuiper Belt, we have discovered more than ever before about the origins of the Solar System, but there is still so much more to explore! The team is meeting at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, the home of the New Horizons mission operations center, to share the latest science info we've learned in our epic voyage through our cosmic neighborhood. We will also cover the historic New Year's flyby of 2104 MU69, the farthest object ever explored by spacecraft! Team members answering your questions include: + Helene Winters, New Horizons project manager - JHUAPL + Chris Hersman, New Horizons mission systems engineer - JHUAPL + John Spencer, New Horizons deputy project scientist - SwRI + Kirby Runyon, New Horizons science team member - JHUAPL We'll sign on at 5pm EDT. Ask us anything!
Assistant: |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything! Four years after NASA's New Horizons flew by Pluto, and seven months after our flyby of 2104 MU69 in the Kuiper Belt, we have discovered more than ever before about the origins of the Solar System, but there is still so much more to explore! The team is meeting at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, the home of the New Horizons mission operations center, to share the latest science info we've learned in our epic voyage through our cosmic neighborhood. We will also cover the historic New Year's flyby of 2104 MU69, the farthest object ever explored by spacecraft! Team members answering your questions include: + Helene Winters, New Horizons project manager - JHUAPL + Chris Hersman, New Horizons mission systems engineer - JHUAPL + John Spencer, New Horizons deputy project scientist - SwRI + Kirby Runyon, New Horizons science team member - JHUAPL We'll sign on at 5pm EDT. Ask us anything!
Assistant: 1. How often do you receive messages from New Horizon? 2. How much data (in MB) do you receive in one go? 3. What is the onboard computer running on? (Linux or something completely new from the ground up?) 4. Is the entire path pre-programmed or do you make micro-adjustments to its path? Thanks a lot for your contribution to science! |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything! Four years after NASA's New Horizons flew by Pluto, and seven months after our flyby of 2104 MU69 in the Kuiper Belt, we have discovered more than ever before about the origins of the Solar System, but there is still so much more to explore! The team is meeting at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, the home of the New Horizons mission operations center, to share the latest science info we've learned in our epic voyage through our cosmic neighborhood. We will also cover the historic New Year's flyby of 2104 MU69, the farthest object ever explored by spacecraft! Team members answering your questions include: + Helene Winters, New Horizons project manager - JHUAPL + Chris Hersman, New Horizons mission systems engineer - JHUAPL + John Spencer, New Horizons deputy project scientist - SwRI + Kirby Runyon, New Horizons science team member - JHUAPL We'll sign on at 5pm EDT. Ask us anything!
Assistant: What’s the current scientific standpoint on the likelihood of a “Planet X”? | 77 | 23 |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything! Four years after NASA's New Horizons flew by Pluto, and seven months after our flyby of 2104 MU69 in the Kuiper Belt, we have discovered more than ever before about the origins of the Solar System, but there is still so much more to explore! The team is meeting at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, the home of the New Horizons mission operations center, to share the latest science info we've learned in our epic voyage through our cosmic neighborhood. We will also cover the historic New Year's flyby of 2104 MU69, the farthest object ever explored by spacecraft! Team members answering your questions include: + Helene Winters, New Horizons project manager - JHUAPL + Chris Hersman, New Horizons mission systems engineer - JHUAPL + John Spencer, New Horizons deputy project scientist - SwRI + Kirby Runyon, New Horizons science team member - JHUAPL We'll sign on at 5pm EDT. Ask us anything!
Assistant: |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything! Four years after NASA's New Horizons flew by Pluto, and seven months after our flyby of 2104 MU69 in the Kuiper Belt, we have discovered more than ever before about the origins of the Solar System, but there is still so much more to explore! The team is meeting at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, the home of the New Horizons mission operations center, to share the latest science info we've learned in our epic voyage through our cosmic neighborhood. We will also cover the historic New Year's flyby of 2104 MU69, the farthest object ever explored by spacecraft! Team members answering your questions include: + Helene Winters, New Horizons project manager - JHUAPL + Chris Hersman, New Horizons mission systems engineer - JHUAPL + John Spencer, New Horizons deputy project scientist - SwRI + Kirby Runyon, New Horizons science team member - JHUAPL We'll sign on at 5pm EDT. Ask us anything!
Assistant: 1. How often do you receive messages from New Horizon? 2. How much data (in MB) do you receive in one go? 3. What is the onboard computer running on? (Linux or something completely new from the ground up?) 4. Is the entire path pre-programmed or do you make micro-adjustments to its path? Thanks a lot for your contribution to science! |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything! Four years after NASA's New Horizons flew by Pluto, and seven months after our flyby of 2104 MU69 in the Kuiper Belt, we have discovered more than ever before about the origins of the Solar System, but there is still so much more to explore! The team is meeting at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, the home of the New Horizons mission operations center, to share the latest science info we've learned in our epic voyage through our cosmic neighborhood. We will also cover the historic New Year's flyby of 2104 MU69, the farthest object ever explored by spacecraft! Team members answering your questions include: + Helene Winters, New Horizons project manager - JHUAPL + Chris Hersman, New Horizons mission systems engineer - JHUAPL + John Spencer, New Horizons deputy project scientist - SwRI + Kirby Runyon, New Horizons science team member - JHUAPL We'll sign on at 5pm EDT. Ask us anything!
Assistant: I really love the work that you guys do and i hope to see more like it, possibly even an orbiter to Uranus or Neptune. One question - Do you regularly take photos with the camera on New Horizons and if you do, what are you aiming it at? | 77 | 20 |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything! Four years after NASA's New Horizons flew by Pluto, and seven months after our flyby of 2104 MU69 in the Kuiper Belt, we have discovered more than ever before about the origins of the Solar System, but there is still so much more to explore! The team is meeting at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, the home of the New Horizons mission operations center, to share the latest science info we've learned in our epic voyage through our cosmic neighborhood. We will also cover the historic New Year's flyby of 2104 MU69, the farthest object ever explored by spacecraft! Team members answering your questions include: + Helene Winters, New Horizons project manager - JHUAPL + Chris Hersman, New Horizons mission systems engineer - JHUAPL + John Spencer, New Horizons deputy project scientist - SwRI + Kirby Runyon, New Horizons science team member - JHUAPL We'll sign on at 5pm EDT. Ask us anything!
Assistant: |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything! Four years after NASA's New Horizons flew by Pluto, and seven months after our flyby of 2104 MU69 in the Kuiper Belt, we have discovered more than ever before about the origins of the Solar System, but there is still so much more to explore! The team is meeting at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, the home of the New Horizons mission operations center, to share the latest science info we've learned in our epic voyage through our cosmic neighborhood. We will also cover the historic New Year's flyby of 2104 MU69, the farthest object ever explored by spacecraft! Team members answering your questions include: + Helene Winters, New Horizons project manager - JHUAPL + Chris Hersman, New Horizons mission systems engineer - JHUAPL + John Spencer, New Horizons deputy project scientist - SwRI + Kirby Runyon, New Horizons science team member - JHUAPL We'll sign on at 5pm EDT. Ask us anything!
Assistant: 1. How often do you receive messages from New Horizon? 2. How much data (in MB) do you receive in one go? 3. What is the onboard computer running on? (Linux or something completely new from the ground up?) 4. Is the entire path pre-programmed or do you make micro-adjustments to its path? Thanks a lot for your contribution to science! |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything! Four years after NASA's New Horizons flew by Pluto, and seven months after our flyby of 2104 MU69 in the Kuiper Belt, we have discovered more than ever before about the origins of the Solar System, but there is still so much more to explore! The team is meeting at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, the home of the New Horizons mission operations center, to share the latest science info we've learned in our epic voyage through our cosmic neighborhood. We will also cover the historic New Year's flyby of 2104 MU69, the farthest object ever explored by spacecraft! Team members answering your questions include: + Helene Winters, New Horizons project manager - JHUAPL + Chris Hersman, New Horizons mission systems engineer - JHUAPL + John Spencer, New Horizons deputy project scientist - SwRI + Kirby Runyon, New Horizons science team member - JHUAPL We'll sign on at 5pm EDT. Ask us anything!
Assistant: How to you successfully guide the craft to the destination over such insane distances? Even with beautiful math, surely you don't just aim the rocket perfectly. But then how can you steer with more than pinpoint precision something leaving earth's orbit? Maybe it scans for stars and aims towards a suitable one? No idea and it confuses and fascinates me. | 77 | 15 |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything! Four years after NASA's New Horizons flew by Pluto, and seven months after our flyby of 2104 MU69 in the Kuiper Belt, we have discovered more than ever before about the origins of the Solar System, but there is still so much more to explore! The team is meeting at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, the home of the New Horizons mission operations center, to share the latest science info we've learned in our epic voyage through our cosmic neighborhood. We will also cover the historic New Year's flyby of 2104 MU69, the farthest object ever explored by spacecraft! Team members answering your questions include: + Helene Winters, New Horizons project manager - JHUAPL + Chris Hersman, New Horizons mission systems engineer - JHUAPL + John Spencer, New Horizons deputy project scientist - SwRI + Kirby Runyon, New Horizons science team member - JHUAPL We'll sign on at 5pm EDT. Ask us anything!
Assistant: |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything! Four years after NASA's New Horizons flew by Pluto, and seven months after our flyby of 2104 MU69 in the Kuiper Belt, we have discovered more than ever before about the origins of the Solar System, but there is still so much more to explore! The team is meeting at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, the home of the New Horizons mission operations center, to share the latest science info we've learned in our epic voyage through our cosmic neighborhood. We will also cover the historic New Year's flyby of 2104 MU69, the farthest object ever explored by spacecraft! Team members answering your questions include: + Helene Winters, New Horizons project manager - JHUAPL + Chris Hersman, New Horizons mission systems engineer - JHUAPL + John Spencer, New Horizons deputy project scientist - SwRI + Kirby Runyon, New Horizons science team member - JHUAPL We'll sign on at 5pm EDT. Ask us anything!
Assistant: What’s the current scientific standpoint on the likelihood of a “Planet X”? |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything! Four years after NASA's New Horizons flew by Pluto, and seven months after our flyby of 2104 MU69 in the Kuiper Belt, we have discovered more than ever before about the origins of the Solar System, but there is still so much more to explore! The team is meeting at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, the home of the New Horizons mission operations center, to share the latest science info we've learned in our epic voyage through our cosmic neighborhood. We will also cover the historic New Year's flyby of 2104 MU69, the farthest object ever explored by spacecraft! Team members answering your questions include: + Helene Winters, New Horizons project manager - JHUAPL + Chris Hersman, New Horizons mission systems engineer - JHUAPL + John Spencer, New Horizons deputy project scientist - SwRI + Kirby Runyon, New Horizons science team member - JHUAPL We'll sign on at 5pm EDT. Ask us anything!
Assistant: I really love the work that you guys do and i hope to see more like it, possibly even an orbiter to Uranus or Neptune. One question - Do you regularly take photos with the camera on New Horizons and if you do, what are you aiming it at? | 23 | 20 |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything! Four years after NASA's New Horizons flew by Pluto, and seven months after our flyby of 2104 MU69 in the Kuiper Belt, we have discovered more than ever before about the origins of the Solar System, but there is still so much more to explore! The team is meeting at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, the home of the New Horizons mission operations center, to share the latest science info we've learned in our epic voyage through our cosmic neighborhood. We will also cover the historic New Year's flyby of 2104 MU69, the farthest object ever explored by spacecraft! Team members answering your questions include: + Helene Winters, New Horizons project manager - JHUAPL + Chris Hersman, New Horizons mission systems engineer - JHUAPL + John Spencer, New Horizons deputy project scientist - SwRI + Kirby Runyon, New Horizons science team member - JHUAPL We'll sign on at 5pm EDT. Ask us anything!
Assistant: |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything! Four years after NASA's New Horizons flew by Pluto, and seven months after our flyby of 2104 MU69 in the Kuiper Belt, we have discovered more than ever before about the origins of the Solar System, but there is still so much more to explore! The team is meeting at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, the home of the New Horizons mission operations center, to share the latest science info we've learned in our epic voyage through our cosmic neighborhood. We will also cover the historic New Year's flyby of 2104 MU69, the farthest object ever explored by spacecraft! Team members answering your questions include: + Helene Winters, New Horizons project manager - JHUAPL + Chris Hersman, New Horizons mission systems engineer - JHUAPL + John Spencer, New Horizons deputy project scientist - SwRI + Kirby Runyon, New Horizons science team member - JHUAPL We'll sign on at 5pm EDT. Ask us anything!
Assistant: What’s the current scientific standpoint on the likelihood of a “Planet X”? |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything! Four years after NASA's New Horizons flew by Pluto, and seven months after our flyby of 2104 MU69 in the Kuiper Belt, we have discovered more than ever before about the origins of the Solar System, but there is still so much more to explore! The team is meeting at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, the home of the New Horizons mission operations center, to share the latest science info we've learned in our epic voyage through our cosmic neighborhood. We will also cover the historic New Year's flyby of 2104 MU69, the farthest object ever explored by spacecraft! Team members answering your questions include: + Helene Winters, New Horizons project manager - JHUAPL + Chris Hersman, New Horizons mission systems engineer - JHUAPL + John Spencer, New Horizons deputy project scientist - SwRI + Kirby Runyon, New Horizons science team member - JHUAPL We'll sign on at 5pm EDT. Ask us anything!
Assistant: How to you successfully guide the craft to the destination over such insane distances? Even with beautiful math, surely you don't just aim the rocket perfectly. But then how can you steer with more than pinpoint precision something leaving earth's orbit? Maybe it scans for stars and aims towards a suitable one? No idea and it confuses and fascinates me. | 23 | 15 |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything! Four years after NASA's New Horizons flew by Pluto, and seven months after our flyby of 2104 MU69 in the Kuiper Belt, we have discovered more than ever before about the origins of the Solar System, but there is still so much more to explore! The team is meeting at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, the home of the New Horizons mission operations center, to share the latest science info we've learned in our epic voyage through our cosmic neighborhood. We will also cover the historic New Year's flyby of 2104 MU69, the farthest object ever explored by spacecraft! Team members answering your questions include: + Helene Winters, New Horizons project manager - JHUAPL + Chris Hersman, New Horizons mission systems engineer - JHUAPL + John Spencer, New Horizons deputy project scientist - SwRI + Kirby Runyon, New Horizons science team member - JHUAPL We'll sign on at 5pm EDT. Ask us anything!
Assistant: |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything! Four years after NASA's New Horizons flew by Pluto, and seven months after our flyby of 2104 MU69 in the Kuiper Belt, we have discovered more than ever before about the origins of the Solar System, but there is still so much more to explore! The team is meeting at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, the home of the New Horizons mission operations center, to share the latest science info we've learned in our epic voyage through our cosmic neighborhood. We will also cover the historic New Year's flyby of 2104 MU69, the farthest object ever explored by spacecraft! Team members answering your questions include: + Helene Winters, New Horizons project manager - JHUAPL + Chris Hersman, New Horizons mission systems engineer - JHUAPL + John Spencer, New Horizons deputy project scientist - SwRI + Kirby Runyon, New Horizons science team member - JHUAPL We'll sign on at 5pm EDT. Ask us anything!
Assistant: I really love the work that you guys do and i hope to see more like it, possibly even an orbiter to Uranus or Neptune. One question - Do you regularly take photos with the camera on New Horizons and if you do, what are you aiming it at? |
Human: AskScience AMA Series: We're the New Horizons team that flew past Pluto and are studying some of the oldest, farthest objects in the Solar System. Ask us anything! Four years after NASA's New Horizons flew by Pluto, and seven months after our flyby of 2104 MU69 in the Kuiper Belt, we have discovered more than ever before about the origins of the Solar System, but there is still so much more to explore! The team is meeting at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, the home of the New Horizons mission operations center, to share the latest science info we've learned in our epic voyage through our cosmic neighborhood. We will also cover the historic New Year's flyby of 2104 MU69, the farthest object ever explored by spacecraft! Team members answering your questions include: + Helene Winters, New Horizons project manager - JHUAPL + Chris Hersman, New Horizons mission systems engineer - JHUAPL + John Spencer, New Horizons deputy project scientist - SwRI + Kirby Runyon, New Horizons science team member - JHUAPL We'll sign on at 5pm EDT. Ask us anything!
Assistant: How to you successfully guide the craft to the destination over such insane distances? Even with beautiful math, surely you don't just aim the rocket perfectly. But then how can you steer with more than pinpoint precision something leaving earth's orbit? Maybe it scans for stars and aims towards a suitable one? No idea and it confuses and fascinates me. | 20 | 15 |
Human: Is it possible to generate every possible combination of every pixel on your screen to create every image that could ever be taken? (For a specific resolution, anyways) Theoretically possible I mean. I know the amount of data and computational power necessary for that far exceeds what we can currently do... but how much data would it be? How long would it take with current technology? And again, is it possible?
Assistant: |
Human: Is it possible to generate every possible combination of every pixel on your screen to create every image that could ever be taken? (For a specific resolution, anyways) Theoretically possible I mean. I know the amount of data and computational power necessary for that far exceeds what we can currently do... but how much data would it be? How long would it take with current technology? And again, is it possible?
Assistant: I created simulation in JavaScript here. It clearly shows how ludicrous amount of time it would take. |
Human: Is it possible to generate every possible combination of every pixel on your screen to create every image that could ever be taken? (For a specific resolution, anyways) Theoretically possible I mean. I know the amount of data and computational power necessary for that far exceeds what we can currently do... but how much data would it be? How long would it take with current technology? And again, is it possible?
Assistant: Assume 320 x 200 with four colors, i.e. CGA circa 1981. That is 64,000 pixels, each with one of four color states. This is 4^64000 different screen images. That is approximately 7 x 10^38531. That is a horrific number and well beyond anything you handle if you are talking about physical reality. The algorithm is simple, it just takes essentially infinity time. | 9 | 5 |
Human: Is it possible to generate every possible combination of every pixel on your screen to create every image that could ever be taken? (For a specific resolution, anyways) Theoretically possible I mean. I know the amount of data and computational power necessary for that far exceeds what we can currently do... but how much data would it be? How long would it take with current technology? And again, is it possible?
Assistant: |
Human: Is it possible to generate every possible combination of every pixel on your screen to create every image that could ever be taken? (For a specific resolution, anyways) Theoretically possible I mean. I know the amount of data and computational power necessary for that far exceeds what we can currently do... but how much data would it be? How long would it take with current technology? And again, is it possible?
Assistant: I created simulation in JavaScript here. It clearly shows how ludicrous amount of time it would take. |
Human: Is it possible to generate every possible combination of every pixel on your screen to create every image that could ever be taken? (For a specific resolution, anyways) Theoretically possible I mean. I know the amount of data and computational power necessary for that far exceeds what we can currently do... but how much data would it be? How long would it take with current technology? And again, is it possible?
Assistant: I think that this thread would interest you. | 9 | 4 |
Human: Is it possible to generate every possible combination of every pixel on your screen to create every image that could ever be taken? (For a specific resolution, anyways) Theoretically possible I mean. I know the amount of data and computational power necessary for that far exceeds what we can currently do... but how much data would it be? How long would it take with current technology? And again, is it possible?
Assistant: |
Human: Is it possible to generate every possible combination of every pixel on your screen to create every image that could ever be taken? (For a specific resolution, anyways) Theoretically possible I mean. I know the amount of data and computational power necessary for that far exceeds what we can currently do... but how much data would it be? How long would it take with current technology? And again, is it possible?
Assistant: Assume 320 x 200 with four colors, i.e. CGA circa 1981. That is 64,000 pixels, each with one of four color states. This is 4^64000 different screen images. That is approximately 7 x 10^38531. That is a horrific number and well beyond anything you handle if you are talking about physical reality. The algorithm is simple, it just takes essentially infinity time. |
Human: Is it possible to generate every possible combination of every pixel on your screen to create every image that could ever be taken? (For a specific resolution, anyways) Theoretically possible I mean. I know the amount of data and computational power necessary for that far exceeds what we can currently do... but how much data would it be? How long would it take with current technology? And again, is it possible?
Assistant: I think that this thread would interest you. | 5 | 4 |
Human: Why is the electric field perpendicular to the magnetic field in EM wave? It seems a bit unlikely to me that they just happened to be 90 degree to each other by chance
Assistant: |
Human: Why is the electric field perpendicular to the magnetic field in EM wave? It seems a bit unlikely to me that they just happened to be 90 degree to each other by chance
Assistant: An e.m. wave can sustain its own propagation because a time-varying electric field generates a magnetic field perpendicular to itself, and a time-varying magnetic field generates an electric field perpendicular to itself. |
Human: Why is the electric field perpendicular to the magnetic field in EM wave? It seems a bit unlikely to me that they just happened to be 90 degree to each other by chance
Assistant: Because there's a cross product in Maxwell's equations. | 8 | 7 |
Human: Why is the electric field perpendicular to the magnetic field in EM wave? It seems a bit unlikely to me that they just happened to be 90 degree to each other by chance
Assistant: |
Human: Why is the electric field perpendicular to the magnetic field in EM wave? It seems a bit unlikely to me that they just happened to be 90 degree to each other by chance
Assistant: An e.m. wave can sustain its own propagation because a time-varying electric field generates a magnetic field perpendicular to itself, and a time-varying magnetic field generates an electric field perpendicular to itself. |
Human: Why is the electric field perpendicular to the magnetic field in EM wave? It seems a bit unlikely to me that they just happened to be 90 degree to each other by chance
Assistant: Why does that seem unlikely to you? If you pull on that thread some more, wouldn't any other angle be equally unlikely? How much math/physics background do you have? Have you heard of Maxwell's equations? This information would help other redditors in crafting an appropriate reply. | 8 | 4 |
Human: Why is the electric field perpendicular to the magnetic field in EM wave? It seems a bit unlikely to me that they just happened to be 90 degree to each other by chance
Assistant: |
Human: Why is the electric field perpendicular to the magnetic field in EM wave? It seems a bit unlikely to me that they just happened to be 90 degree to each other by chance
Assistant: Because there's a cross product in Maxwell's equations. |
Human: Why is the electric field perpendicular to the magnetic field in EM wave? It seems a bit unlikely to me that they just happened to be 90 degree to each other by chance
Assistant: Why does that seem unlikely to you? If you pull on that thread some more, wouldn't any other angle be equally unlikely? How much math/physics background do you have? Have you heard of Maxwell's equations? This information would help other redditors in crafting an appropriate reply. | 7 | 4 |
Human: Why do we see Red and Purple as similar colors that blend together when they are at opposite sides of the spectrum in terms of wavelength?
Assistant: |
Human: Why do we see Red and Purple as similar colors that blend together when they are at opposite sides of the spectrum in terms of wavelength?
Assistant: Your brain interprets colors without any knowledge of wavelength being a linear scale. A cone cell sensitive to the middle of the spectrum and one at the bottom both returning medium signals is interpreted as a color midway between their peak sensitivities. A medium signal from both the cells sensitive to the top and bottom of the spectrum, but no signal from the middle is interpreted as a color despite it having no real wavelength. Magenta is an example of this. |
Human: Why do we see Red and Purple as similar colors that blend together when they are at opposite sides of the spectrum in terms of wavelength?
Assistant: Violet is part of the visible spectrum, Purple is not. Purple is a mixture of blue and red and thus can visually "mix" with red. Same with orange and yellow. | 7 | 2 |
Human: Why do we see Red and Purple as similar colors that blend together when they are at opposite sides of the spectrum in terms of wavelength?
Assistant: |
Human: Why do we see Red and Purple as similar colors that blend together when they are at opposite sides of the spectrum in terms of wavelength?
Assistant: Your brain interprets colors without any knowledge of wavelength being a linear scale. A cone cell sensitive to the middle of the spectrum and one at the bottom both returning medium signals is interpreted as a color midway between their peak sensitivities. A medium signal from both the cells sensitive to the top and bottom of the spectrum, but no signal from the middle is interpreted as a color despite it having no real wavelength. Magenta is an example of this. |
Human: Why do we see Red and Purple as similar colors that blend together when they are at opposite sides of the spectrum in terms of wavelength?
Assistant: If you look at the short wavelength side of the visible spectrum, such as this, it's blue or dark blue. | 7 | 1 |
Human: Why do we see Red and Purple as similar colors that blend together when they are at opposite sides of the spectrum in terms of wavelength?
Assistant: |
Human: Why do we see Red and Purple as similar colors that blend together when they are at opposite sides of the spectrum in terms of wavelength?
Assistant: Violet is part of the visible spectrum, Purple is not. Purple is a mixture of blue and red and thus can visually "mix" with red. Same with orange and yellow. |
Human: Why do we see Red and Purple as similar colors that blend together when they are at opposite sides of the spectrum in terms of wavelength?
Assistant: If you look at the short wavelength side of the visible spectrum, such as this, it's blue or dark blue. | 2 | 1 |
Human: What is the air inside a bell pepper composed of?
Assistant: |
Human: What is the air inside a bell pepper composed of?
Assistant: No idea what all the crazy talk is here but there are small holes near the stem so air can flow freely. Seriously put a pepper under water and give it a gentle squeeze. |
Human: What is the air inside a bell pepper composed of?
Assistant: Approximately 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% Argon, 0.04% Carbon Dioxide and other trace gasses (forgive my rounding). It's the same composition as the air outside the bell pepper. Taking from the top answer of a very similar previous question: > The air in the void mostly has the same composition as the atmosphere and the air got there largely by diffusion through the fruit's tissues as the fruit (and the space) grew bigger. | 246 | 109 |
Human: What is the air inside a bell pepper composed of?
Assistant: |
Human: What is the air inside a bell pepper composed of?
Assistant: No idea what all the crazy talk is here but there are small holes near the stem so air can flow freely. Seriously put a pepper under water and give it a gentle squeeze. |
Human: What is the air inside a bell pepper composed of?
Assistant: [Reddit says there's already 21 comments here, but I can't see them, so I'll answer anyway.] The bell pepper flesh is semi-permeable. The air inside it is mostly just air. | 246 | 15 |
Human: What is the air inside a bell pepper composed of?
Assistant: |
Human: What is the air inside a bell pepper composed of?
Assistant: Approximately 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% Argon, 0.04% Carbon Dioxide and other trace gasses (forgive my rounding). It's the same composition as the air outside the bell pepper. Taking from the top answer of a very similar previous question: > The air in the void mostly has the same composition as the atmosphere and the air got there largely by diffusion through the fruit's tissues as the fruit (and the space) grew bigger. |
Human: What is the air inside a bell pepper composed of?
Assistant: [Reddit says there's already 21 comments here, but I can't see them, so I'll answer anyway.] The bell pepper flesh is semi-permeable. The air inside it is mostly just air. | 109 | 15 |
Human: Does vapour pressure depend on external pressure? My understanding of vapour pressure is that it is the pressure exerted by a vapour above a liquid when at equilibrium. Physically, this arises because some molecules have enough energy to escape from the liquid phase in to the gas phase, and at equilibrium the number of molecules vapourising is the same as the number condensing. My question is does the vapour pressure depend on the external pressure? For example, if a volatile solvent was placed in a sealed flask, and it was pressurised with an inert gas, would the additional gas molecules hinder the evaporation from the liquid phase?
Assistant: |
Human: Does vapour pressure depend on external pressure? My understanding of vapour pressure is that it is the pressure exerted by a vapour above a liquid when at equilibrium. Physically, this arises because some molecules have enough energy to escape from the liquid phase in to the gas phase, and at equilibrium the number of molecules vapourising is the same as the number condensing. My question is does the vapour pressure depend on the external pressure? For example, if a volatile solvent was placed in a sealed flask, and it was pressurised with an inert gas, would the additional gas molecules hinder the evaporation from the liquid phase?
Assistant: I answered the same question quantitatively here and here. Assuming a surrounding ideal gas and no dissolution into the condensed phase, there is generally a (very small) positive dependence of the vapor pressure on the atmospheric pressure, which is often assumed to be negligible. The origin is that a greater surrounding pressure squeezes the condensed phase, raising its energy and therefore making the gaseous phase more energetically favorable. You can find a similar discussion here. |
Human: Does vapour pressure depend on external pressure? My understanding of vapour pressure is that it is the pressure exerted by a vapour above a liquid when at equilibrium. Physically, this arises because some molecules have enough energy to escape from the liquid phase in to the gas phase, and at equilibrium the number of molecules vapourising is the same as the number condensing. My question is does the vapour pressure depend on the external pressure? For example, if a volatile solvent was placed in a sealed flask, and it was pressurised with an inert gas, would the additional gas molecules hinder the evaporation from the liquid phase?
Assistant: The solvent would vaporize until its pressures were in equilibrium. The inert gas would dissolve into the solvent as much as it could until it is also in equilibrium as well. Changing the pressure just changes the equilibrium point, but you treat each substance independent of the others. You could put 100 atmos of N2 on water, water will still turn into vapor and the N2 will dissolve into the water. | 8 | 3 |
Human: Does vapour pressure depend on external pressure? My understanding of vapour pressure is that it is the pressure exerted by a vapour above a liquid when at equilibrium. Physically, this arises because some molecules have enough energy to escape from the liquid phase in to the gas phase, and at equilibrium the number of molecules vapourising is the same as the number condensing. My question is does the vapour pressure depend on the external pressure? For example, if a volatile solvent was placed in a sealed flask, and it was pressurised with an inert gas, would the additional gas molecules hinder the evaporation from the liquid phase?
Assistant: |
Human: Does vapour pressure depend on external pressure? My understanding of vapour pressure is that it is the pressure exerted by a vapour above a liquid when at equilibrium. Physically, this arises because some molecules have enough energy to escape from the liquid phase in to the gas phase, and at equilibrium the number of molecules vapourising is the same as the number condensing. My question is does the vapour pressure depend on the external pressure? For example, if a volatile solvent was placed in a sealed flask, and it was pressurised with an inert gas, would the additional gas molecules hinder the evaporation from the liquid phase?
Assistant: I answered the same question quantitatively here and here. Assuming a surrounding ideal gas and no dissolution into the condensed phase, there is generally a (very small) positive dependence of the vapor pressure on the atmospheric pressure, which is often assumed to be negligible. The origin is that a greater surrounding pressure squeezes the condensed phase, raising its energy and therefore making the gaseous phase more energetically favorable. You can find a similar discussion here. |
Human: Does vapour pressure depend on external pressure? My understanding of vapour pressure is that it is the pressure exerted by a vapour above a liquid when at equilibrium. Physically, this arises because some molecules have enough energy to escape from the liquid phase in to the gas phase, and at equilibrium the number of molecules vapourising is the same as the number condensing. My question is does the vapour pressure depend on the external pressure? For example, if a volatile solvent was placed in a sealed flask, and it was pressurised with an inert gas, would the additional gas molecules hinder the evaporation from the liquid phase?
Assistant: From openstax college physics, "water evaporates and ice sublimates when their vapor pressures exceed the partial pressure of water vapor in the surrounding mixture of gases". In a sealed vessel, that partial pressure will be higher, perhaps higher than the vapour pressure. | 8 | 2 |
Human: Does vapour pressure depend on external pressure? My understanding of vapour pressure is that it is the pressure exerted by a vapour above a liquid when at equilibrium. Physically, this arises because some molecules have enough energy to escape from the liquid phase in to the gas phase, and at equilibrium the number of molecules vapourising is the same as the number condensing. My question is does the vapour pressure depend on the external pressure? For example, if a volatile solvent was placed in a sealed flask, and it was pressurised with an inert gas, would the additional gas molecules hinder the evaporation from the liquid phase?
Assistant: |
Human: Does vapour pressure depend on external pressure? My understanding of vapour pressure is that it is the pressure exerted by a vapour above a liquid when at equilibrium. Physically, this arises because some molecules have enough energy to escape from the liquid phase in to the gas phase, and at equilibrium the number of molecules vapourising is the same as the number condensing. My question is does the vapour pressure depend on the external pressure? For example, if a volatile solvent was placed in a sealed flask, and it was pressurised with an inert gas, would the additional gas molecules hinder the evaporation from the liquid phase?
Assistant: The solvent would vaporize until its pressures were in equilibrium. The inert gas would dissolve into the solvent as much as it could until it is also in equilibrium as well. Changing the pressure just changes the equilibrium point, but you treat each substance independent of the others. You could put 100 atmos of N2 on water, water will still turn into vapor and the N2 will dissolve into the water. |
Human: Does vapour pressure depend on external pressure? My understanding of vapour pressure is that it is the pressure exerted by a vapour above a liquid when at equilibrium. Physically, this arises because some molecules have enough energy to escape from the liquid phase in to the gas phase, and at equilibrium the number of molecules vapourising is the same as the number condensing. My question is does the vapour pressure depend on the external pressure? For example, if a volatile solvent was placed in a sealed flask, and it was pressurised with an inert gas, would the additional gas molecules hinder the evaporation from the liquid phase?
Assistant: From openstax college physics, "water evaporates and ice sublimates when their vapor pressures exceed the partial pressure of water vapor in the surrounding mixture of gases". In a sealed vessel, that partial pressure will be higher, perhaps higher than the vapour pressure. | 3 | 2 |
Human: How come the voltage drop across two parallel resistors on a circuit is the same even if the resistors have different resistances?
Assistant: |
Human: How come the voltage drop across two parallel resistors on a circuit is the same even if the resistors have different resistances?
Assistant: Put a black box covering the resistors such that only the two terminals are coming out. There's either a single voltage differential or there isn't one regardless of what's in the box. There cannot be two values. |
Human: How come the voltage drop across two parallel resistors on a circuit is the same even if the resistors have different resistances?
Assistant: The only thing that matters is the end result. A lakeat the top of the mountain flows into the lake at the bottom. It flows through a wide river and a narrow creek. The difference between the flow of the creek and the river doesn't matter, only the amount of water per second in total. Voltage! | 6 | 4 |
Human: How come the voltage drop across two parallel resistors on a circuit is the same even if the resistors have different resistances?
Assistant: |
Human: How come the voltage drop across two parallel resistors on a circuit is the same even if the resistors have different resistances?
Assistant: Put a black box covering the resistors such that only the two terminals are coming out. There's either a single voltage differential or there isn't one regardless of what's in the box. There cannot be two values. |
Human: How come the voltage drop across two parallel resistors on a circuit is the same even if the resistors have different resistances?
Assistant: Because the amount potential energy that the charge has is the same no matter how long or how fast it goes through the circuit. So if there is a 1.5 volt battery connected to 2 resistors in parallel. The potential difference of the battery is 1.5 volts on the positive and 0 on the negative. So pretty much if it goes through either resistor it is going from 1.5 volts to 0. The only difference would be the speed of the flow/current or amperage which is calculated by ohms law. | 6 | 1 |
Human: How come the voltage drop across two parallel resistors on a circuit is the same even if the resistors have different resistances?
Assistant: |
Human: How come the voltage drop across two parallel resistors on a circuit is the same even if the resistors have different resistances?
Assistant: The only thing that matters is the end result. A lakeat the top of the mountain flows into the lake at the bottom. It flows through a wide river and a narrow creek. The difference between the flow of the creek and the river doesn't matter, only the amount of water per second in total. Voltage! |
Human: How come the voltage drop across two parallel resistors on a circuit is the same even if the resistors have different resistances?
Assistant: Because the amount potential energy that the charge has is the same no matter how long or how fast it goes through the circuit. So if there is a 1.5 volt battery connected to 2 resistors in parallel. The potential difference of the battery is 1.5 volts on the positive and 0 on the negative. So pretty much if it goes through either resistor it is going from 1.5 volts to 0. The only difference would be the speed of the flow/current or amperage which is calculated by ohms law. | 4 | 1 |
Human: Why do lasers have a "grainy texture" on the light that they produce? I was shining a laser on the ceiling and the reflections that came down seemed to have a somewhat grainy quality about them, and I'm not sure why. Is it the material that it is reflecting off of, is it the fact that me holding it isn't stable enough to keep the light consistent, or is that a property of laser beams? Thanks!
Assistant: |
Human: Why do lasers have a "grainy texture" on the light that they produce? I was shining a laser on the ceiling and the reflections that came down seemed to have a somewhat grainy quality about them, and I'm not sure why. Is it the material that it is reflecting off of, is it the fact that me holding it isn't stable enough to keep the light consistent, or is that a property of laser beams? Thanks!
Assistant: You are describing laser speckle. It occurs basically because the light of the laser interferes with itself due to incoherence (Therefore you see brighter and darker spots). Also, the roughness of the surface you are shining the laser on plays a role. This video explains it in detail: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qzRUduby3mw |
Human: Why do lasers have a "grainy texture" on the light that they produce? I was shining a laser on the ceiling and the reflections that came down seemed to have a somewhat grainy quality about them, and I'm not sure why. Is it the material that it is reflecting off of, is it the fact that me holding it isn't stable enough to keep the light consistent, or is that a property of laser beams? Thanks!
Assistant: If you project a laser onto a moving surface, the speckles move. If you're focus is farsighted, they move in one direction, if you're nearsighted they reverse direction. Refraction (eyeglass prescriptions) can be determined very precisely this way but you have to identify and correct the major astigmatism meridians independently. | 14 | 11 |
Human: Why do lasers have a "grainy texture" on the light that they produce? I was shining a laser on the ceiling and the reflections that came down seemed to have a somewhat grainy quality about them, and I'm not sure why. Is it the material that it is reflecting off of, is it the fact that me holding it isn't stable enough to keep the light consistent, or is that a property of laser beams? Thanks!
Assistant: |
Human: Why do lasers have a "grainy texture" on the light that they produce? I was shining a laser on the ceiling and the reflections that came down seemed to have a somewhat grainy quality about them, and I'm not sure why. Is it the material that it is reflecting off of, is it the fact that me holding it isn't stable enough to keep the light consistent, or is that a property of laser beams? Thanks!
Assistant: You are describing laser speckle. It occurs basically because the light of the laser interferes with itself due to incoherence (Therefore you see brighter and darker spots). Also, the roughness of the surface you are shining the laser on plays a role. This video explains it in detail: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qzRUduby3mw |
Human: Why do lasers have a "grainy texture" on the light that they produce? I was shining a laser on the ceiling and the reflections that came down seemed to have a somewhat grainy quality about them, and I'm not sure why. Is it the material that it is reflecting off of, is it the fact that me holding it isn't stable enough to keep the light consistent, or is that a property of laser beams? Thanks!
Assistant: Further question: I bought a cheap laser off amazon which has started to split the beam into bits. I mean when you press the button it shows a single beam, but if you press and hold for more than 5 seconds, it breaks up into two beams, sort of connected in the middle. Why is this happening? It's a green laser with a <100mW output | 14 | 5 |
Human: Why do lasers have a "grainy texture" on the light that they produce? I was shining a laser on the ceiling and the reflections that came down seemed to have a somewhat grainy quality about them, and I'm not sure why. Is it the material that it is reflecting off of, is it the fact that me holding it isn't stable enough to keep the light consistent, or is that a property of laser beams? Thanks!
Assistant: |
Human: Why do lasers have a "grainy texture" on the light that they produce? I was shining a laser on the ceiling and the reflections that came down seemed to have a somewhat grainy quality about them, and I'm not sure why. Is it the material that it is reflecting off of, is it the fact that me holding it isn't stable enough to keep the light consistent, or is that a property of laser beams? Thanks!
Assistant: If you project a laser onto a moving surface, the speckles move. If you're focus is farsighted, they move in one direction, if you're nearsighted they reverse direction. Refraction (eyeglass prescriptions) can be determined very precisely this way but you have to identify and correct the major astigmatism meridians independently. |
Human: Why do lasers have a "grainy texture" on the light that they produce? I was shining a laser on the ceiling and the reflections that came down seemed to have a somewhat grainy quality about them, and I'm not sure why. Is it the material that it is reflecting off of, is it the fact that me holding it isn't stable enough to keep the light consistent, or is that a property of laser beams? Thanks!
Assistant: Further question: I bought a cheap laser off amazon which has started to split the beam into bits. I mean when you press the button it shows a single beam, but if you press and hold for more than 5 seconds, it breaks up into two beams, sort of connected in the middle. Why is this happening? It's a green laser with a <100mW output | 11 | 5 |
Human: Alcohol wipes contaminated with bacteria. How is that possible? How effective is alcohol at disinfection and how many pathogens are resistant to alcohol? http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42240430/ns/health-infectious_diseases/t/two-thirds-alcohol-wipes-test-contaminated-bacteria/ Alcohol wipes contaminated with bacteria. How is that possible? How effective is alcohol at disinfection and how many pathogens are resistant to alcohol?
Assistant: |
Human: Alcohol wipes contaminated with bacteria. How is that possible? How effective is alcohol at disinfection and how many pathogens are resistant to alcohol? http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42240430/ns/health-infectious_diseases/t/two-thirds-alcohol-wipes-test-contaminated-bacteria/ Alcohol wipes contaminated with bacteria. How is that possible? How effective is alcohol at disinfection and how many pathogens are resistant to alcohol?
Assistant: We have a hell of a time getting rid of this in the hospital because of the spores it produces. Alcohol based sanitizer just doesn't cut it. |
Human: Alcohol wipes contaminated with bacteria. How is that possible? How effective is alcohol at disinfection and how many pathogens are resistant to alcohol? http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42240430/ns/health-infectious_diseases/t/two-thirds-alcohol-wipes-test-contaminated-bacteria/ Alcohol wipes contaminated with bacteria. How is that possible? How effective is alcohol at disinfection and how many pathogens are resistant to alcohol?
Assistant: The problem is usually the bacterial biofilm which bacteria produce to protect themselves. If it was just bacteria 70% alcohol would kill most, if not all of them. 100% alcohol however doesn't work as well because water is needed to get past the membrane. | 6 | 5 |
Human: Alcohol wipes contaminated with bacteria. How is that possible? How effective is alcohol at disinfection and how many pathogens are resistant to alcohol? http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42240430/ns/health-infectious_diseases/t/two-thirds-alcohol-wipes-test-contaminated-bacteria/ Alcohol wipes contaminated with bacteria. How is that possible? How effective is alcohol at disinfection and how many pathogens are resistant to alcohol?
Assistant: |
Human: Alcohol wipes contaminated with bacteria. How is that possible? How effective is alcohol at disinfection and how many pathogens are resistant to alcohol? http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42240430/ns/health-infectious_diseases/t/two-thirds-alcohol-wipes-test-contaminated-bacteria/ Alcohol wipes contaminated with bacteria. How is that possible? How effective is alcohol at disinfection and how many pathogens are resistant to alcohol?
Assistant: We have a hell of a time getting rid of this in the hospital because of the spores it produces. Alcohol based sanitizer just doesn't cut it. |
Human: Alcohol wipes contaminated with bacteria. How is that possible? How effective is alcohol at disinfection and how many pathogens are resistant to alcohol? http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42240430/ns/health-infectious_diseases/t/two-thirds-alcohol-wipes-test-contaminated-bacteria/ Alcohol wipes contaminated with bacteria. How is that possible? How effective is alcohol at disinfection and how many pathogens are resistant to alcohol?
Assistant: Good old soap and water is the best way to get rid of active and endospore bacteria and other pathogens on your skin and reduce your risk of infection. The alcohol wipes and gels on the market are great for active bacteria, and when soap and water are not available, but won't protect you from everything. | 6 | 3 |
Human: Alcohol wipes contaminated with bacteria. How is that possible? How effective is alcohol at disinfection and how many pathogens are resistant to alcohol? http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42240430/ns/health-infectious_diseases/t/two-thirds-alcohol-wipes-test-contaminated-bacteria/ Alcohol wipes contaminated with bacteria. How is that possible? How effective is alcohol at disinfection and how many pathogens are resistant to alcohol?
Assistant: |
Human: Alcohol wipes contaminated with bacteria. How is that possible? How effective is alcohol at disinfection and how many pathogens are resistant to alcohol? http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42240430/ns/health-infectious_diseases/t/two-thirds-alcohol-wipes-test-contaminated-bacteria/ Alcohol wipes contaminated with bacteria. How is that possible? How effective is alcohol at disinfection and how many pathogens are resistant to alcohol?
Assistant: The problem is usually the bacterial biofilm which bacteria produce to protect themselves. If it was just bacteria 70% alcohol would kill most, if not all of them. 100% alcohol however doesn't work as well because water is needed to get past the membrane. |
Human: Alcohol wipes contaminated with bacteria. How is that possible? How effective is alcohol at disinfection and how many pathogens are resistant to alcohol? http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42240430/ns/health-infectious_diseases/t/two-thirds-alcohol-wipes-test-contaminated-bacteria/ Alcohol wipes contaminated with bacteria. How is that possible? How effective is alcohol at disinfection and how many pathogens are resistant to alcohol?
Assistant: Good old soap and water is the best way to get rid of active and endospore bacteria and other pathogens on your skin and reduce your risk of infection. The alcohol wipes and gels on the market are great for active bacteria, and when soap and water are not available, but won't protect you from everything. | 5 | 3 |
Human: How was the Soyuz able to get to the ISS in 6 hours instead of 2 days? I have seen several news reports that talk about a quicker route or new technology but no elaboration. Thanks
Assistant: |
Human: How was the Soyuz able to get to the ISS in 6 hours instead of 2 days? I have seen several news reports that talk about a quicker route or new technology but no elaboration. Thanks
Assistant: This may be the wrong place to ask but what did the astronauts do before while waiting to dock - t2o days is a long time - did they have jobs to do or just sit back and admire the view? Also how have I only discovered KSP now? Looks awesome! |
Human: How was the Soyuz able to get to the ISS in 6 hours instead of 2 days? I have seen several news reports that talk about a quicker route or new technology but no elaboration. Thanks
Assistant: Good article: http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/03/29/175693743/commute-from-earth-to-space-station-just-got-shorter?utm_source=NPR&utm_medium=facebook&utm_campaign=20130329 | 23 | 6 |
Human: How was the Soyuz able to get to the ISS in 6 hours instead of 2 days? I have seen several news reports that talk about a quicker route or new technology but no elaboration. Thanks
Assistant: |
Human: How was the Soyuz able to get to the ISS in 6 hours instead of 2 days? I have seen several news reports that talk about a quicker route or new technology but no elaboration. Thanks
Assistant: This may be the wrong place to ask but what did the astronauts do before while waiting to dock - t2o days is a long time - did they have jobs to do or just sit back and admire the view? Also how have I only discovered KSP now? Looks awesome! |
Human: How was the Soyuz able to get to the ISS in 6 hours instead of 2 days? I have seen several news reports that talk about a quicker route or new technology but no elaboration. Thanks
Assistant: So I'm not sure of the profile used but for a fast transfer like this will involve launching the rocket, matching orbital planes, and then a burn into an elliptical orbit that is either outside or inside the orbit of the ISS depending on whether the craft is ahead of or behind the ISS, then a second burn to match orbits once it is near the ISS. | 23 | 2 |
Human: How was the Soyuz able to get to the ISS in 6 hours instead of 2 days? I have seen several news reports that talk about a quicker route or new technology but no elaboration. Thanks
Assistant: |
Human: How was the Soyuz able to get to the ISS in 6 hours instead of 2 days? I have seen several news reports that talk about a quicker route or new technology but no elaboration. Thanks
Assistant: Good article: http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/03/29/175693743/commute-from-earth-to-space-station-just-got-shorter?utm_source=NPR&utm_medium=facebook&utm_campaign=20130329 |
Human: How was the Soyuz able to get to the ISS in 6 hours instead of 2 days? I have seen several news reports that talk about a quicker route or new technology but no elaboration. Thanks
Assistant: So I'm not sure of the profile used but for a fast transfer like this will involve launching the rocket, matching orbital planes, and then a burn into an elliptical orbit that is either outside or inside the orbit of the ISS depending on whether the craft is ahead of or behind the ISS, then a second burn to match orbits once it is near the ISS. | 6 | 2 |
Human: So, if lenses work by bending light, and gravity can also bend light, could a gravitational lense be possible? Or for that matter, a cosmic gravitational telescope constructed out of black holes?
Assistant: |
Human: So, if lenses work by bending light, and gravity can also bend light, could a gravitational lense be possible? Or for that matter, a cosmic gravitational telescope constructed out of black holes?
Assistant: Yes. The "gravitational lens" you are talking about is called a gravitational lens. |
Human: So, if lenses work by bending light, and gravity can also bend light, could a gravitational lense be possible? Or for that matter, a cosmic gravitational telescope constructed out of black holes?
Assistant: Interestingly enough, ARS published an article on this a few minutes ago, discussing Hubble using galaxies as gravitational lenses. The article states that, using this method, Hubble may have found the oldest, farthest away object yet observed. Link | 4 | 2 |
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