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PSYOP 9.pdf | Guild has been out in front demanding justice on this
issue. We have repeatedly called for the war crimes prosecution of the torture
lawyers and, on April 9, 2008, for Boalt Hall to end the disgraceful absurdity of
John Yoo lecturing to our next generation of lawyers and legal scholars on the
Constitution—a man who pu... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | home in the world untouched.”
One final note, this law review is changing its name. Starting next issue, it will
be National Lawyers Guild Review, a title more precisely describing its content and
purpose.
—Nathan Goetting, Editor-in-chief
____________
NOTES
1. ROBERT H. JACKSON CENTER, SPEECHES BY ROBERT H. JACKSON, T... |
PSYOP 9.pdf |
3. David Luban, David Margolis is Wrong, SLATE, February 22, 2010, at http://www.slate.com/
id/2245531/pagenum/all/#p2.
4. John Schwartz, Judge Allows Civil Lawsuit Over Claims of Torture, N.Y. TIMES, Jun. 13, 2009,
at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/14/us/politics/14yoo.html?_r=1&ref=global-home.
5. Richard Norton-Tay... |
PSYOP 9.pdf | icals
132 NASSAU STREET, SUITE 922 Postage Paid
NEW YORK, NY 10038
|
PSYOP 5.pdf | СУЧАСНА ІСТОРІЯ 231
УДК (UDC) 94 : 327.5 : 32.019.51] (479.24+479.25) “19/20”
DOI: DOI: https://doi.org/10.33782/eminak2023.4(44).684
INFORMATION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE
IN THE CONTEXT OF THE WAR BETWEEN AZERBAIJAN AND ARMENIA
Elvin Talishinsky
Azerbaijan University (Baku, Azerbaijan)
e-mail: elvintalishinsky@gmail.c... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | ation’, ‘propaganda’, ‘psychological warfare’, ‘psychological
operations’.
Within the scope of the study, the importance of psychological warfare in today’s
context has been examined using the example of Azerbaijan and Armenia. It has been
emphasized how Armenia effectively employed psychological warfare tactics and
pr... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | er lies in a comprehensive analysis of information and
psychological warfare and operations in the context of the Azerbaijan-Armenian
conflict.
Conclusions. In the 20th century information and psychological warfare and
operations became part of the military policy of states. Now, due to the current
situation on the wor... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | kely to
remain a key component of statecraft and international relations.
Keywords: information warfare, psychological warfare, information aggression,
propaganda, information operations, media
232 ЕМІНАК
ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-ПСИХОЛОГІЧНА ВІЙНА
У КОНТЕКСТІ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСЬКО-ВІРМЕНСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ
Ельвін Талішинський
Азербайджанський ... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | а», «психологічна війна», «психологічні операції».
У рамках дослідження на прикладі Азербайджану та Вірменії розглядається
важливість психологічної війни у сучасному контексті. Було підкреслено, як Вірменія
ефективно використовувала тактику психологічної війни та пропаганду, щоб отримати
вигідну позицію наприкінці 20 с... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | сновки. У ХХ ст. інформаційно-психологічні війни та операції стали частиною
військової політики держав. Зараз, у зв’язку зі сформованою ситуацією на світовій
арені, методи та засоби ведення інформаційної війни змінюються і з кожним роком
виходять на все більш високий рівень. Також можна констатувати, що у ХХІ ст.
інфор... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | анда, інформаційні операції, ЗМІ
INTRODUCTION
Currently, information problems are one of the most popular and frequently studied
scientific problems. Information problems are of interest to specialists in almost all
branches of science, and scientists of various specialties are engaged in its research. It
should be not... |
PSYOP 5.pdf |
for humanity is not only a condition, but also an incentive for further action, and
disinformation and information chaos cause a feeling of uncertainty and powerlessness.
Eminak, 2023, 4 (44)
СУЧАСНА ІСТОРІЯ 233
The degree to which the need for information is satisfied also plays a major role in the
well-being of soci... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | lity to conduct
geostrategic information warfare to achieve geopolitical success is steadily increasing.
Thus, the main axiom of the 21st century has become the long-known truth: “who owns
the information, owns the world”.
All this determines the relevance of studying the problem of information warfare
within the frame... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | tation is a
continuation of state policy. Thus, the purpose of the paper is to highlight the
development of information-psychological warfare, its history, concepts, technologies
and methods, which are one of the most important areas of work in the field of
international relations.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The fundamental and... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | nd
1939-1945. The second edition in 1954 was expanded to include an analysis of
propaganda campaigns during the Korean War, 1950-19532.
It is noteworthy that in the work ‘Psychological Warfare: International Propaganda
and Communications’ P. Linebarger analyzes methods of processing the enemy’s mass
consciousness using... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | various government agencies and departments of the United
States and Great Britain, to which he had access during the years of his military
service3.
1 Талышинский Э.Б. Современные информационные войны и Азербайджан. Баку: Мутарджим,
2016. C. 11.
2 Linebarger Paul M.A. Psychological Warfare: International Propaganda a... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | in New Zealand and a
janitor at American headquarters in Chongqing. I learned from all these people and
tried to make this book a reflection of the collective experience… I also owe a lot to the
officers of the General Staff of the Ministry of Defense, who introduced me to the details
of psychological warfare. The cir... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | ed
psycholinguistics, psychology of propaganda and mass communications.
Some works by scientists highlight general and specific concepts of propaganda and
psychological wars: among them we can note, for example, the historians Philip Taylor
and Scot MacDonald. P. Taylor, in his work ‘Munitions of the Mind: War propagan... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | such as the
Thirty Years’ War and the English Civil War.
S. MacDonald’s book ‘Propaganda and Information Warfare in the Twenty-First
Century’6 analyzes the history of the manipulation of visual means that were used in
psychological warfare. The author provides an informative history of both
psychological operations and... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | the analysis of various
operations of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition against Nazi Germany during the
World War II. Among them are the British scientist Ellick Paul Howe7; a former combat
liaison officer in the Psychological Warfare Branch Edward Boehm8; English historian
and civil servant Michael Balfour9,... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | outledge,
2007. 204 p.
7 Howe E. The Black Game: British Subversive Operations Against the Germans During the Second World
War. London: Michael Joseph, 1982. 276 p.
8 Boehm E. Behind Enemy Lines: WWII Allied/Axis Propaganda. New York: Wellfleet Press, 1989. 203 p.
9 Balfour M. Propaganda in War 1939-1945: Organizations... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | between
political actors for dominance over representatives of the political identity of Karabakh.
He comes to the conclusion that the largest political actors trying to influence the
conflict are not only regional interests, but also Russia and the United States”11. It
should be noted that S. Fedorchenko in his work ... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | f the parties to the Karabakh conflict’12, he defines the methods of
information warfare between the parties to the conflict for dominance over its intra-
country, regional and global assessments.
The information actions of Armenia emanating from Azerbaijan were studied by the
Azerbaijani scientist Chingiz Mamedov and ... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | tion-psychological war of Azerbaijan and Armenia. The author
especially notes that the Armenian-Azerbaijani war became a new step in the
development of media technologies of confrontation. It should be noted that, unlike
most military operations of the last 10 years, in this case there was not a rebel struggle
against ... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | абах в ракурсе информационных войн // Постсоветские
исследования. 2018. T. 1. № 2. С. 209.
12 Гордиевич А.А. Информационная война как составная часть стратегии сторон Карабахского
конфликта // 78-я научная конференция студентов и аспирантов Белорусского государственного
университета: материалы конф. Ч. 2, Минск, 10-21 ... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | XXI. 2023. Вип.: Special Issue. C. 93-104. DOI:
10.26693/ahpsxxi2023.si.093; Калінічева Г. Використання інформаційно-психологічної зброї в
умовах російсько-української війни // Acta De Historia & Politica: Saeculum XXI. 2023. Вип. 6. С. 53-
65. DOI: 10.26693/ahpsxxi2023.06.053; Звездова О. Психологічна війна як гібрид... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | s of hybrid wars and the use
of information and psychological warfare.
CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES TO THE CONTENT OF INFORMATION AND PSYCHOLOGICAL
WARFARE
In almost all wars that have occurred from the past to the present, psychological
warfare techniques have been used. Before examining these wars and the techniques
used in... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | ’16 categorizes the concept of
psychological warfare into four headings. According to him, psychological warfare can
be divided into four types: ‘strategic psychological warfare’, ‘tactical psychological
warfare’, ‘reinforcement psychological warfare’, and ‘provocation-type psychological
warfare’. Examining psychologic... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | ing in that country are the targets.
During strategic psychological warfare, propaganda is used against the opposing
side. The preferred type of propaganda here is ‘white propaganda’ because the source
of white propaganda is clear, and it always provides the public with true information. In
this type of propaganda, the... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | outcome. Tarhan explains this situation in his book ‘Psychological Warfare’
as follows: “Friend, foe is directed at all communities. The rear of the battle lines is
primarily planned. White propaganda is preferred. Credibility increases as the news
turns out to be true. The public does not listen to the radio they do n... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | opaganda that $100,000 in American dollars would be given to
the Korean pilot who brought the Mig aircraft reduced the number of raids”18.
16 Tarhan N. Psikolojik Savaş. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları, 1996. 352 s.
17 Erkiş I.U., Summak M.E. Propaganda ve Dış Politika // Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek
Yüksekokul... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | his type of psychological warfare
can be described as increasing obedience within society and raising the fear factor to
prevent negative reactions, directing and misleading the international public opinion,
and creating a rift between the local government and the people. Generally, one of the
goals of tactical psychol... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | otential uprisings or
rebellions. The scope of this psychological warfare type includes assisting in the
protection of transportation lines and aiding military governments in establishing law
in occupied or liberated areas. It also involves collaborating with civilians and assisting
in post-war reconstruction efforts i... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | red resentment primarily towards Stalin and
his army. However, due to the Germans’ harsh treatment, they were forced to assist
Stalin’s army. Before the war, the Russian people viewed the Germans as liberators. But
as a result of the mistreatment they witnessed, they changed their views, cut off supply
routes, and cont... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | ar, managed the
significant task of staying out of it. However, during this period, the population was
treated very poorly, and people were marginalized through a second-class citizen
treatment. People wearing traditional clothing like ‘potur’ and ‘çarık’ were not allowed
to enter the city by the governor of Ankara at ... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | .). Psychological Operations: Principles and Case Studies. Alabama: Air University Press, 1996. P. 77.
20 Güneri Münir. Psikolojik Savaşın Önemi ve Yöntemi. İstanbul: K.K.K. Askerî Basımevi, 1967. S. 307.
21 Tarhan N. Psikolojik Savaş… S. 26-27.
238 ЕМІНАК
‘The public arrived, and citizens were left out’. In the free e... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | e during rallies, funerals,
and demonstrations blend into the crowd and make provocative statements on
sensitive issues. Provocation-type psychological warfare generally affects uneducated,
unhappy, unemployed, and impoverished groups. The statements of provocateurs who
use this method are not only false but also have ... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | f propaganda is quite explanatory. Propaganda is an
initiative aimed at influencing the views and behaviors of people in the societal sphere
to encourage them to adopt a particular view or behavior24. Historically, states, political
organizations, and other actors have used propaganda to steer society and gain their
su... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | ate information to create the desired effect25. White propaganda always sources
its information from specific, reliable, and official sources, which enhances its
credibility. This type of propaganda aims to use real and accurate information,
preventing the dissemination of false or misleading information to the public.... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | opagandist and diminish the
effectiveness of the propaganda. White propaganda aims to assist people in making
their own informed choices by presenting information openly and honestly. Unlike
other forms of propaganda, white propaganda is based on a foundation of greater
transparency and honesty. However, the concept of... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | type of propaganda that has the power to influence people’s thoughts and
behaviors and can steer society is gray propaganda. In this type of propaganda, the
information source is not officially known. For this reason, it is not entirely clear
whether the information provided is true or false. According to Nevzad Tarha... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | fluences societal structure is black propaganda.
In this type of propaganda, the source is entirely uncertain. However, those who use
black propaganda attempt to make the source appear reliable. Furthermore, the target
audience is directed to believe that the information is obtained from their own sources.
The most imp... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | rt of the military policy of states.
During the First World War, the so-called War Propaganda Bureau was created in Great
Britain (1914), which was later renamed the Office of War Information. In France,
under the second department of the General Staff of the Ministry of Defense, a
department of the Military Propaganda... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | the expeditionary forces. The main means of conducting
information warfare at that time were leaflets, postcards, newspapers. The Russian
army used loudspeakers as technical means28. Other countries, to one degree or
another, tried to exert information and psychological influence on the enemy troops
and population, bu... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | ont line using balloons.
26 Tarhan N. Psikolojik Savaş… S. 37.
27 Ibid. S. 38.
28 Медовкина Л.Ю. Эволюция информационных войн от древности к современности // Известия
Тульского государственного университета. Гуманитарные науки. № 3. С. 16.
240 ЕМІНАК
When the ban was lifted and Germany began mass publishing leaflets on... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | f printed materials (500 to 1000 copies of leaflets).
Immediately after the World War I, interest in information warfare increased.
Works on psychological methods of warfare began to appear in many countries around
the world29. The generalized experience and accumulated theoretical knowledge in the
field of military pr... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | is
only one of the means to achieve this goal”30.
Thus, the theory of information and psychological warfare began to be developed
during and after the World War I. Before World War II, there was active propaganda of
the regimes: in Germany 1933-1941 – Nazi propaganda, in the USSR – communist and
anti-capitalist, in the... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | Thus, in 1950, the Department of Psychological Warfare was created in the
United States, which conducted an active propaganda campaign (including with the
help of so-called ‘propaganda shells’) during the Korean War. In turn, the propaganda
organs of the Korean People’s Army and the People’s Liberation Army of China, w... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | я форм, средств и методов // Социология власти.
2005. № 5. C. 132-133.
30 Cit. for: Медовкина Л.Ю. Эволюция информационных войн… С. 16; Медовкина Л.Ю. История
возникновения информационных войн // European journal of law and political sciences. 2016. № 3.
С. 11.
31 Колесов Э.Е. Информационная война в военных конфликтах ... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | ording to L. Medovkina, “In the modern era, politics is an integral component of
the dynamism of processes in society, which are expressed in a rapidly changing
environment, in the ambiguity, unforeseenness and paradox of both social processes
and their outcome. In turn, globalization, large-scale computerization, and ... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | urs mainly due to the media. The media influences the psyche of people, their
personality and mass, introducing psychological techniques into the subconscious,
which is reflected in their behavior. In accordance with the impact that the means of
disseminating information, as subjects of electrical manipulation, limit s... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | establish global information
control over other countries of the world, thereby establishing their own rules in the
real world. In addition, geocultural technologies play a significant role in propaganda,
as they are a way of disseminating culture and values that are beneficial to the
initiator35. This fact worries le... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | as possible, and the
radius of destruction as wide as possible. This means that the effect of these messages
is aimed at affecting as many elements and connections between them as possible in
the information system, which is influenced by the media. But there is a significant
obstacle to messages that are sent in all ... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | the goals of psychological warfare. Parties utilizing psychological warfare
techniques have made significant progress through technological devices such as
33 Медовкина Л.Ю. Эволюция информационных войн… С. 18-19.
34 Talishinsky Bahruz E. Manipulation as a form of information-psychological war // Universidad Y
Socieda... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | l warfare employ various propaganda techniques and strategic maneuvers
to achieve their objectives.
With the evolving world, the boundaries of psychological warfare have expanded.
Starting from the 20th century, technological elements have taken a prominent role in
psychological warfare. The emergence of the internet a... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | ociety was quickly noticed by the United States. In
addition to using various propaganda technologies in war-torn territories, military
circles in the United States began to develop strategies for manipulating consciousness
through the press, using rather crude methods: bribery, blackmail, threats, the use of
various n... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | s, information warfare plays a significant role.
AZERBAIJAN AND ARMENIA: INFORMATION-PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE
The ongoing tensions between Azerbaijan and Armenia, which remain relevant
today, contain many elements of psychological warfare. Each party uses all
communication channels to continue their psychological warfare.... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | o conduct psychological warfare before and after the First and
Second Nagorno-Karabakh wars. The historical roots of this tension date back to the
late 19th and early 20th centuries.
The Armenian terrorist organizations that have emerged throughout history have
carried out horrifying massacres against the Azerbaijani p... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | rganizations’ acts of terrorism
36 Çanakçı D. Geçmişten Günümüze ASALA ve PKK Terör Örgütü Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi // Orta
Doğu ve Orta Asya-Kafkaslar Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi. 2022. sy. 2 (2) (Kasım). S. 6.
Eminak, 2023, 4 (44)
СУЧАСНА ІСТОРІЯ 243
was directed against the Turks. Their objective w... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | y Societies’ should gather under one flag. All Armenians should
come together to declare war against the Ottoman government and fight for their
political and economic independence in Turkey, even if it means sacrificing their last
drop of blood for freedom”38. As can be understood from this speech, the Armenian
terrori... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | nians had destroyed 199 Azerbaijani villages in Erivan, and by 1919, they had
ravaged 62 villages in the Echmiadzin district. Armenian terrorists killed 600 civilians
in the village of Güzeldere near Erivan on March 20-21, 1918, and between August 17
and 31, they destroyed 50 villages. As a result of these terrorist ac... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | nians were not limited to these events alone. In the late
20th century, during the First Karabakh War, they occupied 20% of Azerbaijani territory
and committed massacres against the civilian population. The First Karabakh War
resulted in horrifying massacres in Nagorno-Karabakh and its surrounding seven
districts, whic... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | were taken captive,
and 150 people went missing41.
The acts of terrorism carried out by Armenians against Azerbaijanis since the early
20th century have indeed generated a sense of defeat among the Azerbaijani population
and, conversely, a sense of triumph among the Armenian population. Armenians have
37 Uras E. Tarih... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | erbaycan ve Ermenistan Arasındaki Karabağ Sorunu. Yüksek Lisans tezi. Bursa:
Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2010. S. 88.
244 ЕМІНАК
used this situation as a psychological warfare tactic. Utilizing communication channels
such as the media and social media, Armenians conducted both domestic and
internatio... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | an’s defeat as a
propaganda tool. This continued until the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War. Armenians
presented themselves as a victorious people who had won the war, displaying a strong
stance both to their own community and to Azerbaijanis. It’s important to note that
there were various factors contributing to Armenia’s ... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | a stronger state than
Azerbaijan, both on the national and international stage. They effectively utilized radio,
television, newspapers, and the internet for this purpose. Their black propaganda
efforts instilled confidence and courage among their own people.
Armenia did indeed use black propaganda effectively, not on... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | Talish and Lezgian populations in
Azerbaijan, alleging that they were eager to leave the military and didn’t want to engage
in conflict with Armenia. However, the Azerbaijani side swiftly intervened, clarifying
that this information was disinformation42. Armenia indeed used propaganda tactics to
spread many false news... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | e First Karabakh War, Armenia had gained a superior position, but it lost it
during the Second Karabakh War. The psychological warfare techniques it had used to
influence both its own society and Azerbaijanis lost their effectiveness after the Second
Karabakh War. Consequently, from the date of its defeat in the war, t... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | 2023, 4 (44)
СУЧАСНА ІСТОРІЯ 245
prime minister to resign. This is because the propaganda techniques that had been used
to influence their own people until the Second Karabakh War had lost their impact. The
people had become aware of the black propaganda conducted by the government and
rebelled against the existing reg... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | aijan is not only better at utilizing
information-psychological warfare tactics, but also more effectively controls
communication channels and social media. Furthermore, one of Azerbaijan’s major
advantages is that they have never used gray or black propaganda during the war.
Using white propaganda tactics in all circu... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | ns of conducting
information-psychological warfare are changing and every year they are reaching a
higher level.
It can also be stated that in the 21st century, information-psychological wars have
become more widespread. In summary, the historical context and evolution of
information-psychological warfare demonstrate i... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | logical, etc.) that make it possible to exert
massive pressure in order to influence behavior enemy and achieving certain goals.
If the use of conventional weapons and means of warfare by countries in relation to
each other is sufficiently fully regulated by international law (protection of individual
rights; the right... |
PSYOP 5.pdf | lete absence
compliance with international legal (which have not yet been developed) and moral
and ethical standards.
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