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38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Air pollution from traffic and cancer incidence: a Danish cohort study. | ## BACKGROUND
Vehicle engine exhaust includes ultrafine particles with a large surface area and containing absorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, transition metals and other substances. Ultrafine particles and soluble chemicals can be transported from the airways to other organs, such as the liver, kidneys, and bra... | ## Methods
**Design and study participants**
During 1993-1997, 57,053 men (48%) and women (52%) aged 50-64 years and living in Copenhagen and Aarhus areas were recruited into the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort study [31]. The baseline examination included a self-administered questionnaire on dietary habits, which co... | **Results**
Of the 57,053 cohort members, 571 were excluded because of a cancer diagnosis before enrolment, 2 because of uncertain date of cancer diagnosis, 960 for which an address history was not available in the Central Population Registry or their baseline address could not be geocoded, and 1,216 because exposure ... | Selection | Representativeness of the exposed cohort (1 if the exposure level in the study population can represent environmental air pollution in the source population, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Air pollution from traffic and cancer incidence: a Danish cohort study. | ## BACKGROUND
Vehicle engine exhaust includes ultrafine particles with a large surface area and containing absorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, transition metals and other substances. Ultrafine particles and soluble chemicals can be transported from the airways to other organs, such as the liver, kidneys, and bra... | ## Methods
**Design and study participants**
During 1993-1997, 57,053 men (48%) and women (52%) aged 50-64 years and living in Copenhagen and Aarhus areas were recruited into the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort study [31]. The baseline examination included a self-administered questionnaire on dietary habits, which co... | **Results**
Of the 57,053 cohort members, 571 were excluded because of a cancer diagnosis before enrolment, 2 because of uncertain date of cancer diagnosis, 960 for which an address history was not available in the Central Population Registry or their baseline address could not be geocoded, and 1,216 because exposure ... | Selection | Selection of the non-exposed cohort | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Air pollution from traffic and cancer incidence: a Danish cohort study. | ## BACKGROUND
Vehicle engine exhaust includes ultrafine particles with a large surface area and containing absorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, transition metals and other substances. Ultrafine particles and soluble chemicals can be transported from the airways to other organs, such as the liver, kidneys, and bra... | ## Methods
**Design and study participants**
During 1993-1997, 57,053 men (48%) and women (52%) aged 50-64 years and living in Copenhagen and Aarhus areas were recruited into the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort study [31]. The baseline examination included a self-administered questionnaire on dietary habits, which co... | **Results**
Of the 57,053 cohort members, 571 were excluded because of a cancer diagnosis before enrolment, 2 because of uncertain date of cancer diagnosis, 960 for which an address history was not available in the Central Population Registry or their baseline address could not be geocoded, and 1,216 because exposure ... | Selection | Ascertainment of exposure (1 if the study used methods beyond air monitors to measure the air pollution concentration, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Air pollution from traffic and cancer incidence: a Danish cohort study. | ## BACKGROUND
Vehicle engine exhaust includes ultrafine particles with a large surface area and containing absorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, transition metals and other substances. Ultrafine particles and soluble chemicals can be transported from the airways to other organs, such as the liver, kidneys, and bra... | ## Methods
**Design and study participants**
During 1993-1997, 57,053 men (48%) and women (52%) aged 50-64 years and living in Copenhagen and Aarhus areas were recruited into the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort study [31]. The baseline examination included a self-administered questionnaire on dietary habits, which co... | **Results**
Of the 57,053 cohort members, 571 were excluded because of a cancer diagnosis before enrolment, 2 because of uncertain date of cancer diagnosis, 960 for which an address history was not available in the Central Population Registry or their baseline address could not be geocoded, and 1,216 because exposure ... | Selection | Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study (1 if the study removed participants who were diagnosed with cancer before enrolment, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Air pollution from traffic and cancer incidence: a Danish cohort study. | ## BACKGROUND
Vehicle engine exhaust includes ultrafine particles with a large surface area and containing absorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, transition metals and other substances. Ultrafine particles and soluble chemicals can be transported from the airways to other organs, such as the liver, kidneys, and bra... | ## Methods
**Design and study participants**
During 1993-1997, 57,053 men (48%) and women (52%) aged 50-64 years and living in Copenhagen and Aarhus areas were recruited into the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort study [31]. The baseline examination included a self-administered questionnaire on dietary habits, which co... | **Results**
Of the 57,053 cohort members, 571 were excluded because of a cancer diagnosis before enrolment, 2 because of uncertain date of cancer diagnosis, 960 for which an address history was not available in the Central Population Registry or their baseline address could not be geocoded, and 1,216 because exposure ... | Comparability | Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis (1 if the study accounted for age, sex, and smoking history in statistical analysis, and 2 stars if the study accounted for additional variables, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1, 2 | score | 2 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Air pollution from traffic and cancer incidence: a Danish cohort study. | ## BACKGROUND
Vehicle engine exhaust includes ultrafine particles with a large surface area and containing absorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, transition metals and other substances. Ultrafine particles and soluble chemicals can be transported from the airways to other organs, such as the liver, kidneys, and bra... | ## Methods
**Design and study participants**
During 1993-1997, 57,053 men (48%) and women (52%) aged 50-64 years and living in Copenhagen and Aarhus areas were recruited into the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort study [31]. The baseline examination included a self-administered questionnaire on dietary habits, which co... | **Results**
Of the 57,053 cohort members, 571 were excluded because of a cancer diagnosis before enrolment, 2 because of uncertain date of cancer diagnosis, 960 for which an address history was not available in the Central Population Registry or their baseline address could not be geocoded, and 1,216 because exposure ... | Outcome | Assessment of outcome | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Air pollution from traffic and cancer incidence: a Danish cohort study. | ## BACKGROUND
Vehicle engine exhaust includes ultrafine particles with a large surface area and containing absorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, transition metals and other substances. Ultrafine particles and soluble chemicals can be transported from the airways to other organs, such as the liver, kidneys, and bra... | ## Methods
**Design and study participants**
During 1993-1997, 57,053 men (48%) and women (52%) aged 50-64 years and living in Copenhagen and Aarhus areas were recruited into the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort study [31]. The baseline examination included a self-administered questionnaire on dietary habits, which co... | **Results**
Of the 57,053 cohort members, 571 were excluded because of a cancer diagnosis before enrolment, 2 because of uncertain date of cancer diagnosis, 960 for which an address history was not available in the Central Population Registry or their baseline address could not be geocoded, and 1,216 because exposure ... | Outcome | Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur (1 if the study followed participants > 5 years.) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Air pollution from traffic and cancer incidence: a Danish cohort study. | ## BACKGROUND
Vehicle engine exhaust includes ultrafine particles with a large surface area and containing absorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, transition metals and other substances. Ultrafine particles and soluble chemicals can be transported from the airways to other organs, such as the liver, kidneys, and bra... | ## Methods
**Design and study participants**
During 1993-1997, 57,053 men (48%) and women (52%) aged 50-64 years and living in Copenhagen and Aarhus areas were recruited into the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort study [31]. The baseline examination included a self-administered questionnaire on dietary habits, which co... | **Results**
Of the 57,053 cohort members, 571 were excluded because of a cancer diagnosis before enrolment, 2 because of uncertain date of cancer diagnosis, 960 for which an address history was not available in the Central Population Registry or their baseline address could not be geocoded, and 1,216 because exposure ... | Outcome | Adequacy of follow up of cohorts | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Outdoor air pollution and risk for kidney parenchyma cancer in 14 European cohorts. | Several studies have indicated weakly increased risk for kidney cancer among occupational groups exposed to gasoline vapors, engine exhaust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other air pollutants, although not consistently. It was the aim to investigate possible associations between outdoor air pollution at the resi... | ## Methods
### Design and participants
The ESCAPE study on lung cancer included 12 European areas where air pollution measurements were performed, land use regression (LUR) models were developed, and adult cohort studies with cancer incidence data were located. Our study included the 14 cohorts, located in 10 areas, w... | ## Results
Fourteen cohorts in seven European countries contributed to our study. Altogether 289,002 cohort members contributed 4,111,908 person-years at risk and 697 incident kidney parenchyma cases were registered during follow-up (mean, 14.2 years). The number of participants and cases varied considerably, the Aust... | Selection | Representativeness of the exposed cohort (1 if the exposure level in the study population can represent environmental air pollution in the source population, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Outdoor air pollution and risk for kidney parenchyma cancer in 14 European cohorts. | Several studies have indicated weakly increased risk for kidney cancer among occupational groups exposed to gasoline vapors, engine exhaust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other air pollutants, although not consistently. It was the aim to investigate possible associations between outdoor air pollution at the resi... | ## Methods
### Design and participants
The ESCAPE study on lung cancer included 12 European areas where air pollution measurements were performed, land use regression (LUR) models were developed, and adult cohort studies with cancer incidence data were located. Our study included the 14 cohorts, located in 10 areas, w... | ## Results
Fourteen cohorts in seven European countries contributed to our study. Altogether 289,002 cohort members contributed 4,111,908 person-years at risk and 697 incident kidney parenchyma cases were registered during follow-up (mean, 14.2 years). The number of participants and cases varied considerably, the Aust... | Selection | Selection of the non-exposed cohort | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Outdoor air pollution and risk for kidney parenchyma cancer in 14 European cohorts. | Several studies have indicated weakly increased risk for kidney cancer among occupational groups exposed to gasoline vapors, engine exhaust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other air pollutants, although not consistently. It was the aim to investigate possible associations between outdoor air pollution at the resi... | ## Methods
### Design and participants
The ESCAPE study on lung cancer included 12 European areas where air pollution measurements were performed, land use regression (LUR) models were developed, and adult cohort studies with cancer incidence data were located. Our study included the 14 cohorts, located in 10 areas, w... | ## Results
Fourteen cohorts in seven European countries contributed to our study. Altogether 289,002 cohort members contributed 4,111,908 person-years at risk and 697 incident kidney parenchyma cases were registered during follow-up (mean, 14.2 years). The number of participants and cases varied considerably, the Aust... | Selection | Ascertainment of exposure (1 if the study used methods beyond air monitors to measure the air pollution concentration, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Outdoor air pollution and risk for kidney parenchyma cancer in 14 European cohorts. | Several studies have indicated weakly increased risk for kidney cancer among occupational groups exposed to gasoline vapors, engine exhaust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other air pollutants, although not consistently. It was the aim to investigate possible associations between outdoor air pollution at the resi... | ## Methods
### Design and participants
The ESCAPE study on lung cancer included 12 European areas where air pollution measurements were performed, land use regression (LUR) models were developed, and adult cohort studies with cancer incidence data were located. Our study included the 14 cohorts, located in 10 areas, w... | ## Results
Fourteen cohorts in seven European countries contributed to our study. Altogether 289,002 cohort members contributed 4,111,908 person-years at risk and 697 incident kidney parenchyma cases were registered during follow-up (mean, 14.2 years). The number of participants and cases varied considerably, the Aust... | Selection | Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study (1 if the study removed participants who were diagnosed with cancer before enrolment, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Outdoor air pollution and risk for kidney parenchyma cancer in 14 European cohorts. | Several studies have indicated weakly increased risk for kidney cancer among occupational groups exposed to gasoline vapors, engine exhaust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other air pollutants, although not consistently. It was the aim to investigate possible associations between outdoor air pollution at the resi... | ## Methods
### Design and participants
The ESCAPE study on lung cancer included 12 European areas where air pollution measurements were performed, land use regression (LUR) models were developed, and adult cohort studies with cancer incidence data were located. Our study included the 14 cohorts, located in 10 areas, w... | ## Results
Fourteen cohorts in seven European countries contributed to our study. Altogether 289,002 cohort members contributed 4,111,908 person-years at risk and 697 incident kidney parenchyma cases were registered during follow-up (mean, 14.2 years). The number of participants and cases varied considerably, the Aust... | Comparability | Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis (1 if the study accounted for age, sex, and smoking history in statistical analysis, and 2 stars if the study accounted for additional variables, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1, 2 | score | 2 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Outdoor air pollution and risk for kidney parenchyma cancer in 14 European cohorts. | Several studies have indicated weakly increased risk for kidney cancer among occupational groups exposed to gasoline vapors, engine exhaust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other air pollutants, although not consistently. It was the aim to investigate possible associations between outdoor air pollution at the resi... | ## Methods
### Design and participants
The ESCAPE study on lung cancer included 12 European areas where air pollution measurements were performed, land use regression (LUR) models were developed, and adult cohort studies with cancer incidence data were located. Our study included the 14 cohorts, located in 10 areas, w... | ## Results
Fourteen cohorts in seven European countries contributed to our study. Altogether 289,002 cohort members contributed 4,111,908 person-years at risk and 697 incident kidney parenchyma cases were registered during follow-up (mean, 14.2 years). The number of participants and cases varied considerably, the Aust... | Outcome | Assessment of outcome | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Outdoor air pollution and risk for kidney parenchyma cancer in 14 European cohorts. | Several studies have indicated weakly increased risk for kidney cancer among occupational groups exposed to gasoline vapors, engine exhaust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other air pollutants, although not consistently. It was the aim to investigate possible associations between outdoor air pollution at the resi... | ## Methods
### Design and participants
The ESCAPE study on lung cancer included 12 European areas where air pollution measurements were performed, land use regression (LUR) models were developed, and adult cohort studies with cancer incidence data were located. Our study included the 14 cohorts, located in 10 areas, w... | ## Results
Fourteen cohorts in seven European countries contributed to our study. Altogether 289,002 cohort members contributed 4,111,908 person-years at risk and 697 incident kidney parenchyma cases were registered during follow-up (mean, 14.2 years). The number of participants and cases varied considerably, the Aust... | Outcome | Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur (1 if the study followed participants > 5 years.) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Outdoor air pollution and risk for kidney parenchyma cancer in 14 European cohorts. | Several studies have indicated weakly increased risk for kidney cancer among occupational groups exposed to gasoline vapors, engine exhaust, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other air pollutants, although not consistently. It was the aim to investigate possible associations between outdoor air pollution at the resi... | ## Methods
### Design and participants
The ESCAPE study on lung cancer included 12 European areas where air pollution measurements were performed, land use regression (LUR) models were developed, and adult cohort studies with cancer incidence data were located. Our study included the 14 cohorts, located in 10 areas, w... | ## Results
Fourteen cohorts in seven European countries contributed to our study. Altogether 289,002 cohort members contributed 4,111,908 person-years at risk and 697 incident kidney parenchyma cases were registered during follow-up (mean, 14.2 years). The number of participants and cases varied considerably, the Aust... | Outcome | Adequacy of follow up of cohorts | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Ambient Air Pollution and Cancer Mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II. | ## BACKGROUND
The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified both outdoor air pollution and airborne particulate matter as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) for lung cancer. There may be associations with cancer at other sites; however, the epidemiological evidence is limited.
## OBJECTIVE
The aim of this st... | ### Methods
Study Population
Approximately 1.2 million CPS-II participants were enrolled by 77,000 volunteers in 1982 throughout the entire United States, Washington, DC, and Puerto Rico. Participants, largely friends and family members of volunteers, were ≥30 y old with a family member ≥45 y old. A detailed self-adm... | ### Results
From 1982 through 2004 there were a total of 743,543 (62.8%) participants who were alive and 438,123 (37.0%) who had died. Participants were excluded from analysis because of missing or invalid residence information (n = 385,422) or selected baseline covariate data (n = 130,119) (Jerrett et al. 2016; Pope e... | Selection | Representativeness of the exposed cohort (1 if the exposure level in the study population can represent environmental air pollution in the source population, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Ambient Air Pollution and Cancer Mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II. | ## BACKGROUND
The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified both outdoor air pollution and airborne particulate matter as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) for lung cancer. There may be associations with cancer at other sites; however, the epidemiological evidence is limited.
## OBJECTIVE
The aim of this st... | ### Methods
Study Population
Approximately 1.2 million CPS-II participants were enrolled by 77,000 volunteers in 1982 throughout the entire United States, Washington, DC, and Puerto Rico. Participants, largely friends and family members of volunteers, were ≥30 y old with a family member ≥45 y old. A detailed self-adm... | ### Results
From 1982 through 2004 there were a total of 743,543 (62.8%) participants who were alive and 438,123 (37.0%) who had died. Participants were excluded from analysis because of missing or invalid residence information (n = 385,422) or selected baseline covariate data (n = 130,119) (Jerrett et al. 2016; Pope e... | Selection | Selection of the non-exposed cohort | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Ambient Air Pollution and Cancer Mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II. | ## BACKGROUND
The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified both outdoor air pollution and airborne particulate matter as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) for lung cancer. There may be associations with cancer at other sites; however, the epidemiological evidence is limited.
## OBJECTIVE
The aim of this st... | ### Methods
Study Population
Approximately 1.2 million CPS-II participants were enrolled by 77,000 volunteers in 1982 throughout the entire United States, Washington, DC, and Puerto Rico. Participants, largely friends and family members of volunteers, were ≥30 y old with a family member ≥45 y old. A detailed self-adm... | ### Results
From 1982 through 2004 there were a total of 743,543 (62.8%) participants who were alive and 438,123 (37.0%) who had died. Participants were excluded from analysis because of missing or invalid residence information (n = 385,422) or selected baseline covariate data (n = 130,119) (Jerrett et al. 2016; Pope e... | Selection | Ascertainment of exposure (1 if the study used methods beyond air monitors to measure the air pollution concentration, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Ambient Air Pollution and Cancer Mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II. | ## BACKGROUND
The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified both outdoor air pollution and airborne particulate matter as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) for lung cancer. There may be associations with cancer at other sites; however, the epidemiological evidence is limited.
## OBJECTIVE
The aim of this st... | ### Methods
Study Population
Approximately 1.2 million CPS-II participants were enrolled by 77,000 volunteers in 1982 throughout the entire United States, Washington, DC, and Puerto Rico. Participants, largely friends and family members of volunteers, were ≥30 y old with a family member ≥45 y old. A detailed self-adm... | ### Results
From 1982 through 2004 there were a total of 743,543 (62.8%) participants who were alive and 438,123 (37.0%) who had died. Participants were excluded from analysis because of missing or invalid residence information (n = 385,422) or selected baseline covariate data (n = 130,119) (Jerrett et al. 2016; Pope e... | Selection | Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study (1 if the study removed participants who were diagnosed with cancer before enrolment, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 0 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Ambient Air Pollution and Cancer Mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II. | ## BACKGROUND
The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified both outdoor air pollution and airborne particulate matter as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) for lung cancer. There may be associations with cancer at other sites; however, the epidemiological evidence is limited.
## OBJECTIVE
The aim of this st... | ### Methods
Study Population
Approximately 1.2 million CPS-II participants were enrolled by 77,000 volunteers in 1982 throughout the entire United States, Washington, DC, and Puerto Rico. Participants, largely friends and family members of volunteers, were ≥30 y old with a family member ≥45 y old. A detailed self-adm... | ### Results
From 1982 through 2004 there were a total of 743,543 (62.8%) participants who were alive and 438,123 (37.0%) who had died. Participants were excluded from analysis because of missing or invalid residence information (n = 385,422) or selected baseline covariate data (n = 130,119) (Jerrett et al. 2016; Pope e... | Comparability | Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis (1 if the study accounted for age, sex, and smoking history in statistical analysis, and 2 stars if the study accounted for additional variables, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1, 2 | score | 2 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Ambient Air Pollution and Cancer Mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II. | ## BACKGROUND
The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified both outdoor air pollution and airborne particulate matter as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) for lung cancer. There may be associations with cancer at other sites; however, the epidemiological evidence is limited.
## OBJECTIVE
The aim of this st... | ### Methods
Study Population
Approximately 1.2 million CPS-II participants were enrolled by 77,000 volunteers in 1982 throughout the entire United States, Washington, DC, and Puerto Rico. Participants, largely friends and family members of volunteers, were ≥30 y old with a family member ≥45 y old. A detailed self-adm... | ### Results
From 1982 through 2004 there were a total of 743,543 (62.8%) participants who were alive and 438,123 (37.0%) who had died. Participants were excluded from analysis because of missing or invalid residence information (n = 385,422) or selected baseline covariate data (n = 130,119) (Jerrett et al. 2016; Pope e... | Outcome | Assessment of outcome | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Ambient Air Pollution and Cancer Mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II. | ## BACKGROUND
The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified both outdoor air pollution and airborne particulate matter as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) for lung cancer. There may be associations with cancer at other sites; however, the epidemiological evidence is limited.
## OBJECTIVE
The aim of this st... | ### Methods
Study Population
Approximately 1.2 million CPS-II participants were enrolled by 77,000 volunteers in 1982 throughout the entire United States, Washington, DC, and Puerto Rico. Participants, largely friends and family members of volunteers, were ≥30 y old with a family member ≥45 y old. A detailed self-adm... | ### Results
From 1982 through 2004 there were a total of 743,543 (62.8%) participants who were alive and 438,123 (37.0%) who had died. Participants were excluded from analysis because of missing or invalid residence information (n = 385,422) or selected baseline covariate data (n = 130,119) (Jerrett et al. 2016; Pope e... | Outcome | Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur (1 if the study followed participants > 5 years.) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Ambient Air Pollution and Cancer Mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II. | ## BACKGROUND
The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified both outdoor air pollution and airborne particulate matter as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) for lung cancer. There may be associations with cancer at other sites; however, the epidemiological evidence is limited.
## OBJECTIVE
The aim of this st... | ### Methods
Study Population
Approximately 1.2 million CPS-II participants were enrolled by 77,000 volunteers in 1982 throughout the entire United States, Washington, DC, and Puerto Rico. Participants, largely friends and family members of volunteers, were ≥30 y old with a family member ≥45 y old. A detailed self-adm... | ### Results
From 1982 through 2004 there were a total of 743,543 (62.8%) participants who were alive and 438,123 (37.0%) who had died. Participants were excluded from analysis because of missing or invalid residence information (n = 385,422) or selected baseline covariate data (n = 130,119) (Jerrett et al. 2016; Pope e... | Outcome | Adequacy of follow up of cohorts | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 0 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Chronic exposure to traffic-related air pollution and cancer incidence among 10,000 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: A historical prospective study. | Background Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is considered to have a carcinogenic effect. The authors previously reported a nonsignificant association between TRAP and cancer risk in a relatively small cohort of myocardial infarction survivors. This study assessed whether TRAP exposure is associated with... | ## Methods
### Study population
This study is designed as a historical prospective study comprising all consecutive patients (n ¼ 12,784) undergoing PCI at the cardiology department of Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson and Hasharon Hospitals) in central Israel from April 2004 to October 2014. Patients with a prior canc... | ## Results
Between 2004 and 2014, 12,784 patients underwent PCI at the Rabin Medical Center. Of those, 1395 (11%) who had a diagnosis of cancer before study entry and 55 who were non-Israeli residents were excluded from the study. Assessment of NOx exposure was available for 9816 (87%) study participants. Among the 15... | Selection | Representativeness of the exposed cohort (1 if the exposure level in the study population can represent environmental air pollution in the source population, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 0 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Chronic exposure to traffic-related air pollution and cancer incidence among 10,000 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: A historical prospective study. | Background Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is considered to have a carcinogenic effect. The authors previously reported a nonsignificant association between TRAP and cancer risk in a relatively small cohort of myocardial infarction survivors. This study assessed whether TRAP exposure is associated with... | ## Methods
### Study population
This study is designed as a historical prospective study comprising all consecutive patients (n ¼ 12,784) undergoing PCI at the cardiology department of Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson and Hasharon Hospitals) in central Israel from April 2004 to October 2014. Patients with a prior canc... | ## Results
Between 2004 and 2014, 12,784 patients underwent PCI at the Rabin Medical Center. Of those, 1395 (11%) who had a diagnosis of cancer before study entry and 55 who were non-Israeli residents were excluded from the study. Assessment of NOx exposure was available for 9816 (87%) study participants. Among the 15... | Selection | Selection of the non-exposed cohort | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Chronic exposure to traffic-related air pollution and cancer incidence among 10,000 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: A historical prospective study. | Background Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is considered to have a carcinogenic effect. The authors previously reported a nonsignificant association between TRAP and cancer risk in a relatively small cohort of myocardial infarction survivors. This study assessed whether TRAP exposure is associated with... | ## Methods
### Study population
This study is designed as a historical prospective study comprising all consecutive patients (n ¼ 12,784) undergoing PCI at the cardiology department of Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson and Hasharon Hospitals) in central Israel from April 2004 to October 2014. Patients with a prior canc... | ## Results
Between 2004 and 2014, 12,784 patients underwent PCI at the Rabin Medical Center. Of those, 1395 (11%) who had a diagnosis of cancer before study entry and 55 who were non-Israeli residents were excluded from the study. Assessment of NOx exposure was available for 9816 (87%) study participants. Among the 15... | Selection | Ascertainment of exposure (1 if the study used methods beyond air monitors to measure the air pollution concentration, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Chronic exposure to traffic-related air pollution and cancer incidence among 10,000 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: A historical prospective study. | Background Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is considered to have a carcinogenic effect. The authors previously reported a nonsignificant association between TRAP and cancer risk in a relatively small cohort of myocardial infarction survivors. This study assessed whether TRAP exposure is associated with... | ## Methods
### Study population
This study is designed as a historical prospective study comprising all consecutive patients (n ¼ 12,784) undergoing PCI at the cardiology department of Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson and Hasharon Hospitals) in central Israel from April 2004 to October 2014. Patients with a prior canc... | ## Results
Between 2004 and 2014, 12,784 patients underwent PCI at the Rabin Medical Center. Of those, 1395 (11%) who had a diagnosis of cancer before study entry and 55 who were non-Israeli residents were excluded from the study. Assessment of NOx exposure was available for 9816 (87%) study participants. Among the 15... | Selection | Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study (1 if the study removed participants who were diagnosed with cancer before enrolment, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Chronic exposure to traffic-related air pollution and cancer incidence among 10,000 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: A historical prospective study. | Background Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is considered to have a carcinogenic effect. The authors previously reported a nonsignificant association between TRAP and cancer risk in a relatively small cohort of myocardial infarction survivors. This study assessed whether TRAP exposure is associated with... | ## Methods
### Study population
This study is designed as a historical prospective study comprising all consecutive patients (n ¼ 12,784) undergoing PCI at the cardiology department of Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson and Hasharon Hospitals) in central Israel from April 2004 to October 2014. Patients with a prior canc... | ## Results
Between 2004 and 2014, 12,784 patients underwent PCI at the Rabin Medical Center. Of those, 1395 (11%) who had a diagnosis of cancer before study entry and 55 who were non-Israeli residents were excluded from the study. Assessment of NOx exposure was available for 9816 (87%) study participants. Among the 15... | Comparability | Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis (1 if the study accounted for age, sex, and smoking history in statistical analysis, and 2 stars if the study accounted for additional variables, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1, 2 | score | 2 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Chronic exposure to traffic-related air pollution and cancer incidence among 10,000 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: A historical prospective study. | Background Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is considered to have a carcinogenic effect. The authors previously reported a nonsignificant association between TRAP and cancer risk in a relatively small cohort of myocardial infarction survivors. This study assessed whether TRAP exposure is associated with... | ## Methods
### Study population
This study is designed as a historical prospective study comprising all consecutive patients (n ¼ 12,784) undergoing PCI at the cardiology department of Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson and Hasharon Hospitals) in central Israel from April 2004 to October 2014. Patients with a prior canc... | ## Results
Between 2004 and 2014, 12,784 patients underwent PCI at the Rabin Medical Center. Of those, 1395 (11%) who had a diagnosis of cancer before study entry and 55 who were non-Israeli residents were excluded from the study. Assessment of NOx exposure was available for 9816 (87%) study participants. Among the 15... | Outcome | Assessment of outcome | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Chronic exposure to traffic-related air pollution and cancer incidence among 10,000 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: A historical prospective study. | Background Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is considered to have a carcinogenic effect. The authors previously reported a nonsignificant association between TRAP and cancer risk in a relatively small cohort of myocardial infarction survivors. This study assessed whether TRAP exposure is associated with... | ## Methods
### Study population
This study is designed as a historical prospective study comprising all consecutive patients (n ¼ 12,784) undergoing PCI at the cardiology department of Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson and Hasharon Hospitals) in central Israel from April 2004 to October 2014. Patients with a prior canc... | ## Results
Between 2004 and 2014, 12,784 patients underwent PCI at the Rabin Medical Center. Of those, 1395 (11%) who had a diagnosis of cancer before study entry and 55 who were non-Israeli residents were excluded from the study. Assessment of NOx exposure was available for 9816 (87%) study participants. Among the 15... | Outcome | Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur (1 if the study followed participants > 5 years.) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Chronic exposure to traffic-related air pollution and cancer incidence among 10,000 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions: A historical prospective study. | Background Exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is considered to have a carcinogenic effect. The authors previously reported a nonsignificant association between TRAP and cancer risk in a relatively small cohort of myocardial infarction survivors. This study assessed whether TRAP exposure is associated with... | ## Methods
### Study population
This study is designed as a historical prospective study comprising all consecutive patients (n ¼ 12,784) undergoing PCI at the cardiology department of Rabin Medical Center (Beilinson and Hasharon Hospitals) in central Israel from April 2004 to October 2014. Patients with a prior canc... | ## Results
Between 2004 and 2014, 12,784 patients underwent PCI at the Rabin Medical Center. Of those, 1395 (11%) who had a diagnosis of cancer before study entry and 55 who were non-Israeli residents were excluded from the study. Assessment of NOx exposure was available for 9816 (87%) study participants. Among the 15... | Outcome | Adequacy of follow up of cohorts | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Outdoor air pollution, green space, and cancer incidence in Saxony: a semi-individual cohort study. | ## BACKGROUND
There are a few epidemiological studies that (1) link increased ambient air pollution (AP) with an increase in lung cancer incidence rates and (2) investigate whether residing in green spaces could be protective against cancer. However, it is completely unclear whether other forms of cancer are also affec... | ## Methods
AOK PLUS study population and case definitions
In Germany, approximately 90% of the population is covered by statutory health insurances. We used routine health care data from AOK PLUS, a large statutory health insurance in Saxony (area ~ 18,000 km[2], population ~ 4 Mio), which covers almost half of the ... | Results
Baseline characteristics of the study population
Of more than 1.9 million initially cancer-free persons included into the analysis (Table 1), 3107 people developed mouth and throat cancer, 33,178 NMSC, 9611 prostate cancer, 9577 breast cancer, and 11,975 colorectal cancer during the follow-up period (2010–2014)... | Selection | Representativeness of the exposed cohort (1 if the exposure level in the study population can represent environmental air pollution in the source population, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Outdoor air pollution, green space, and cancer incidence in Saxony: a semi-individual cohort study. | ## BACKGROUND
There are a few epidemiological studies that (1) link increased ambient air pollution (AP) with an increase in lung cancer incidence rates and (2) investigate whether residing in green spaces could be protective against cancer. However, it is completely unclear whether other forms of cancer are also affec... | ## Methods
AOK PLUS study population and case definitions
In Germany, approximately 90% of the population is covered by statutory health insurances. We used routine health care data from AOK PLUS, a large statutory health insurance in Saxony (area ~ 18,000 km[2], population ~ 4 Mio), which covers almost half of the ... | Results
Baseline characteristics of the study population
Of more than 1.9 million initially cancer-free persons included into the analysis (Table 1), 3107 people developed mouth and throat cancer, 33,178 NMSC, 9611 prostate cancer, 9577 breast cancer, and 11,975 colorectal cancer during the follow-up period (2010–2014)... | Selection | Selection of the non-exposed cohort | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Outdoor air pollution, green space, and cancer incidence in Saxony: a semi-individual cohort study. | ## BACKGROUND
There are a few epidemiological studies that (1) link increased ambient air pollution (AP) with an increase in lung cancer incidence rates and (2) investigate whether residing in green spaces could be protective against cancer. However, it is completely unclear whether other forms of cancer are also affec... | ## Methods
AOK PLUS study population and case definitions
In Germany, approximately 90% of the population is covered by statutory health insurances. We used routine health care data from AOK PLUS, a large statutory health insurance in Saxony (area ~ 18,000 km[2], population ~ 4 Mio), which covers almost half of the ... | Results
Baseline characteristics of the study population
Of more than 1.9 million initially cancer-free persons included into the analysis (Table 1), 3107 people developed mouth and throat cancer, 33,178 NMSC, 9611 prostate cancer, 9577 breast cancer, and 11,975 colorectal cancer during the follow-up period (2010–2014)... | Selection | Ascertainment of exposure (1 if the study used methods beyond air monitors to measure the air pollution concentration, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Outdoor air pollution, green space, and cancer incidence in Saxony: a semi-individual cohort study. | ## BACKGROUND
There are a few epidemiological studies that (1) link increased ambient air pollution (AP) with an increase in lung cancer incidence rates and (2) investigate whether residing in green spaces could be protective against cancer. However, it is completely unclear whether other forms of cancer are also affec... | ## Methods
AOK PLUS study population and case definitions
In Germany, approximately 90% of the population is covered by statutory health insurances. We used routine health care data from AOK PLUS, a large statutory health insurance in Saxony (area ~ 18,000 km[2], population ~ 4 Mio), which covers almost half of the ... | Results
Baseline characteristics of the study population
Of more than 1.9 million initially cancer-free persons included into the analysis (Table 1), 3107 people developed mouth and throat cancer, 33,178 NMSC, 9611 prostate cancer, 9577 breast cancer, and 11,975 colorectal cancer during the follow-up period (2010–2014)... | Selection | Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study (1 if the study removed participants who were diagnosed with cancer before enrolment, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Outdoor air pollution, green space, and cancer incidence in Saxony: a semi-individual cohort study. | ## BACKGROUND
There are a few epidemiological studies that (1) link increased ambient air pollution (AP) with an increase in lung cancer incidence rates and (2) investigate whether residing in green spaces could be protective against cancer. However, it is completely unclear whether other forms of cancer are also affec... | ## Methods
AOK PLUS study population and case definitions
In Germany, approximately 90% of the population is covered by statutory health insurances. We used routine health care data from AOK PLUS, a large statutory health insurance in Saxony (area ~ 18,000 km[2], population ~ 4 Mio), which covers almost half of the ... | Results
Baseline characteristics of the study population
Of more than 1.9 million initially cancer-free persons included into the analysis (Table 1), 3107 people developed mouth and throat cancer, 33,178 NMSC, 9611 prostate cancer, 9577 breast cancer, and 11,975 colorectal cancer during the follow-up period (2010–2014)... | Comparability | Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis (1 if the study accounted for age, sex, and smoking history in statistical analysis, and 2 stars if the study accounted for additional variables, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1, 2 | score | 0 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Outdoor air pollution, green space, and cancer incidence in Saxony: a semi-individual cohort study. | ## BACKGROUND
There are a few epidemiological studies that (1) link increased ambient air pollution (AP) with an increase in lung cancer incidence rates and (2) investigate whether residing in green spaces could be protective against cancer. However, it is completely unclear whether other forms of cancer are also affec... | ## Methods
AOK PLUS study population and case definitions
In Germany, approximately 90% of the population is covered by statutory health insurances. We used routine health care data from AOK PLUS, a large statutory health insurance in Saxony (area ~ 18,000 km[2], population ~ 4 Mio), which covers almost half of the ... | Results
Baseline characteristics of the study population
Of more than 1.9 million initially cancer-free persons included into the analysis (Table 1), 3107 people developed mouth and throat cancer, 33,178 NMSC, 9611 prostate cancer, 9577 breast cancer, and 11,975 colorectal cancer during the follow-up period (2010–2014)... | Outcome | Assessment of outcome | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Outdoor air pollution, green space, and cancer incidence in Saxony: a semi-individual cohort study. | ## BACKGROUND
There are a few epidemiological studies that (1) link increased ambient air pollution (AP) with an increase in lung cancer incidence rates and (2) investigate whether residing in green spaces could be protective against cancer. However, it is completely unclear whether other forms of cancer are also affec... | ## Methods
AOK PLUS study population and case definitions
In Germany, approximately 90% of the population is covered by statutory health insurances. We used routine health care data from AOK PLUS, a large statutory health insurance in Saxony (area ~ 18,000 km[2], population ~ 4 Mio), which covers almost half of the ... | Results
Baseline characteristics of the study population
Of more than 1.9 million initially cancer-free persons included into the analysis (Table 1), 3107 people developed mouth and throat cancer, 33,178 NMSC, 9611 prostate cancer, 9577 breast cancer, and 11,975 colorectal cancer during the follow-up period (2010–2014)... | Outcome | Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur (1 if the study followed participants > 5 years.) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Outdoor air pollution, green space, and cancer incidence in Saxony: a semi-individual cohort study. | ## BACKGROUND
There are a few epidemiological studies that (1) link increased ambient air pollution (AP) with an increase in lung cancer incidence rates and (2) investigate whether residing in green spaces could be protective against cancer. However, it is completely unclear whether other forms of cancer are also affec... | ## Methods
AOK PLUS study population and case definitions
In Germany, approximately 90% of the population is covered by statutory health insurances. We used routine health care data from AOK PLUS, a large statutory health insurance in Saxony (area ~ 18,000 km[2], population ~ 4 Mio), which covers almost half of the ... | Results
Baseline characteristics of the study population
Of more than 1.9 million initially cancer-free persons included into the analysis (Table 1), 3107 people developed mouth and throat cancer, 33,178 NMSC, 9611 prostate cancer, 9577 breast cancer, and 11,975 colorectal cancer during the follow-up period (2010–2014)... | Outcome | Adequacy of follow up of cohorts | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 0 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Is There an Association Between Ambient Air Pollution and Bladder Cancer Incidence? Analysis of 15 European Cohorts. | ## BACKGROUND
Ambient air pollution contains low concentrations of carcinogens implicated in the etiology of urinary bladder cancer (BC). Little is known about whether exposure to air pollution influences BC in the general population.
## OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association between long-term exposure to ambient air po... | ### 2. Materials and methods
#### 2.1. Study population
The European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) project included 36 European areas where air pollution measurements were performed, exposure models were developed, and cohort studies located. The present study included 15 population-based prospe... | ### 3. Results
#### 3.1. Study population
In total, the 15 cohorts contributed 4,275 936 person-years at risk, and 943 incident BC cases developed during mean follow-up of 14.1 yr (range 0.0–27.0; Table 1). The mean age at baseline was 48 yr, ranging from 43 to 57 yr across cohorts. Some 39% of the participants were ... | Selection | Representativeness of the exposed cohort (1 if the exposure level in the study population can represent environmental air pollution in the source population, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Is There an Association Between Ambient Air Pollution and Bladder Cancer Incidence? Analysis of 15 European Cohorts. | ## BACKGROUND
Ambient air pollution contains low concentrations of carcinogens implicated in the etiology of urinary bladder cancer (BC). Little is known about whether exposure to air pollution influences BC in the general population.
## OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association between long-term exposure to ambient air po... | ### 2. Materials and methods
#### 2.1. Study population
The European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) project included 36 European areas where air pollution measurements were performed, exposure models were developed, and cohort studies located. The present study included 15 population-based prospe... | ### 3. Results
#### 3.1. Study population
In total, the 15 cohorts contributed 4,275 936 person-years at risk, and 943 incident BC cases developed during mean follow-up of 14.1 yr (range 0.0–27.0; Table 1). The mean age at baseline was 48 yr, ranging from 43 to 57 yr across cohorts. Some 39% of the participants were ... | Selection | Selection of the non-exposed cohort | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Is There an Association Between Ambient Air Pollution and Bladder Cancer Incidence? Analysis of 15 European Cohorts. | ## BACKGROUND
Ambient air pollution contains low concentrations of carcinogens implicated in the etiology of urinary bladder cancer (BC). Little is known about whether exposure to air pollution influences BC in the general population.
## OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association between long-term exposure to ambient air po... | ### 2. Materials and methods
#### 2.1. Study population
The European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) project included 36 European areas where air pollution measurements were performed, exposure models were developed, and cohort studies located. The present study included 15 population-based prospe... | ### 3. Results
#### 3.1. Study population
In total, the 15 cohorts contributed 4,275 936 person-years at risk, and 943 incident BC cases developed during mean follow-up of 14.1 yr (range 0.0–27.0; Table 1). The mean age at baseline was 48 yr, ranging from 43 to 57 yr across cohorts. Some 39% of the participants were ... | Selection | Ascertainment of exposure (1 if the study used methods beyond air monitors to measure the air pollution concentration, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Is There an Association Between Ambient Air Pollution and Bladder Cancer Incidence? Analysis of 15 European Cohorts. | ## BACKGROUND
Ambient air pollution contains low concentrations of carcinogens implicated in the etiology of urinary bladder cancer (BC). Little is known about whether exposure to air pollution influences BC in the general population.
## OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association between long-term exposure to ambient air po... | ### 2. Materials and methods
#### 2.1. Study population
The European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) project included 36 European areas where air pollution measurements were performed, exposure models were developed, and cohort studies located. The present study included 15 population-based prospe... | ### 3. Results
#### 3.1. Study population
In total, the 15 cohorts contributed 4,275 936 person-years at risk, and 943 incident BC cases developed during mean follow-up of 14.1 yr (range 0.0–27.0; Table 1). The mean age at baseline was 48 yr, ranging from 43 to 57 yr across cohorts. Some 39% of the participants were ... | Selection | Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study (1 if the study removed participants who were diagnosed with cancer before enrolment, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Is There an Association Between Ambient Air Pollution and Bladder Cancer Incidence? Analysis of 15 European Cohorts. | ## BACKGROUND
Ambient air pollution contains low concentrations of carcinogens implicated in the etiology of urinary bladder cancer (BC). Little is known about whether exposure to air pollution influences BC in the general population.
## OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association between long-term exposure to ambient air po... | ### 2. Materials and methods
#### 2.1. Study population
The European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) project included 36 European areas where air pollution measurements were performed, exposure models were developed, and cohort studies located. The present study included 15 population-based prospe... | ### 3. Results
#### 3.1. Study population
In total, the 15 cohorts contributed 4,275 936 person-years at risk, and 943 incident BC cases developed during mean follow-up of 14.1 yr (range 0.0–27.0; Table 1). The mean age at baseline was 48 yr, ranging from 43 to 57 yr across cohorts. Some 39% of the participants were ... | Comparability | Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis (1 if the study accounted for age, sex, and smoking history in statistical analysis, and 2 stars if the study accounted for additional variables, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1, 2 | score | 2 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Is There an Association Between Ambient Air Pollution and Bladder Cancer Incidence? Analysis of 15 European Cohorts. | ## BACKGROUND
Ambient air pollution contains low concentrations of carcinogens implicated in the etiology of urinary bladder cancer (BC). Little is known about whether exposure to air pollution influences BC in the general population.
## OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association between long-term exposure to ambient air po... | ### 2. Materials and methods
#### 2.1. Study population
The European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) project included 36 European areas where air pollution measurements were performed, exposure models were developed, and cohort studies located. The present study included 15 population-based prospe... | ### 3. Results
#### 3.1. Study population
In total, the 15 cohorts contributed 4,275 936 person-years at risk, and 943 incident BC cases developed during mean follow-up of 14.1 yr (range 0.0–27.0; Table 1). The mean age at baseline was 48 yr, ranging from 43 to 57 yr across cohorts. Some 39% of the participants were ... | Outcome | Assessment of outcome | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Is There an Association Between Ambient Air Pollution and Bladder Cancer Incidence? Analysis of 15 European Cohorts. | ## BACKGROUND
Ambient air pollution contains low concentrations of carcinogens implicated in the etiology of urinary bladder cancer (BC). Little is known about whether exposure to air pollution influences BC in the general population.
## OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association between long-term exposure to ambient air po... | ### 2. Materials and methods
#### 2.1. Study population
The European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) project included 36 European areas where air pollution measurements were performed, exposure models were developed, and cohort studies located. The present study included 15 population-based prospe... | ### 3. Results
#### 3.1. Study population
In total, the 15 cohorts contributed 4,275 936 person-years at risk, and 943 incident BC cases developed during mean follow-up of 14.1 yr (range 0.0–27.0; Table 1). The mean age at baseline was 48 yr, ranging from 43 to 57 yr across cohorts. Some 39% of the participants were ... | Outcome | Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur (1 if the study followed participants > 5 years.) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Is There an Association Between Ambient Air Pollution and Bladder Cancer Incidence? Analysis of 15 European Cohorts. | ## BACKGROUND
Ambient air pollution contains low concentrations of carcinogens implicated in the etiology of urinary bladder cancer (BC). Little is known about whether exposure to air pollution influences BC in the general population.
## OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association between long-term exposure to ambient air po... | ### 2. Materials and methods
#### 2.1. Study population
The European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE) project included 36 European areas where air pollution measurements were performed, exposure models were developed, and cohort studies located. The present study included 15 population-based prospe... | ### 3. Results
#### 3.1. Study population
In total, the 15 cohorts contributed 4,275 936 person-years at risk, and 943 incident BC cases developed during mean follow-up of 14.1 yr (range 0.0–27.0; Table 1). The mean age at baseline was 48 yr, ranging from 43 to 57 yr across cohorts. Some 39% of the participants were ... | Outcome | Adequacy of follow up of cohorts | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long term effect of air pollution on incident hospital admissions: Results from the Italian Longitudinal Study within LIFE MED HISS project. | ## BACKGROUND
The LIFE MED HISS project aims at setting up a surveillance system on the long term effects of air pollution on health, using data from National Health Interview Surveys and other currently available sources of information in most European countries. Few studies assessed the long term effect of air pollut... | 2. Materials and methods
2.1. Health data
The ILS is a follow-up study based on the sample included in the 1999–2000 NHIS, carried out by the National Institute of Statistics, linked to mortality and hospital records (Marinacci et al., 2013). The original NHIS sample consists of 140,011 individuals belonging to 52,23... | **3. Results**
Analyses on association between air pollution and hospital admissions are performed on 74,989 individuals aged > 35 years and alive at 2001.
Table 1 shows the distribution of sample characteristics, overall and stratified by size of the municipality of residence. Due to space constraints, pollutants ar... | Selection | Representativeness of the exposed cohort (1 if the exposure level in the study population can represent environmental air pollution in the source population, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long term effect of air pollution on incident hospital admissions: Results from the Italian Longitudinal Study within LIFE MED HISS project. | ## BACKGROUND
The LIFE MED HISS project aims at setting up a surveillance system on the long term effects of air pollution on health, using data from National Health Interview Surveys and other currently available sources of information in most European countries. Few studies assessed the long term effect of air pollut... | 2. Materials and methods
2.1. Health data
The ILS is a follow-up study based on the sample included in the 1999–2000 NHIS, carried out by the National Institute of Statistics, linked to mortality and hospital records (Marinacci et al., 2013). The original NHIS sample consists of 140,011 individuals belonging to 52,23... | **3. Results**
Analyses on association between air pollution and hospital admissions are performed on 74,989 individuals aged > 35 years and alive at 2001.
Table 1 shows the distribution of sample characteristics, overall and stratified by size of the municipality of residence. Due to space constraints, pollutants ar... | Selection | Selection of the non-exposed cohort | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long term effect of air pollution on incident hospital admissions: Results from the Italian Longitudinal Study within LIFE MED HISS project. | ## BACKGROUND
The LIFE MED HISS project aims at setting up a surveillance system on the long term effects of air pollution on health, using data from National Health Interview Surveys and other currently available sources of information in most European countries. Few studies assessed the long term effect of air pollut... | 2. Materials and methods
2.1. Health data
The ILS is a follow-up study based on the sample included in the 1999–2000 NHIS, carried out by the National Institute of Statistics, linked to mortality and hospital records (Marinacci et al., 2013). The original NHIS sample consists of 140,011 individuals belonging to 52,23... | **3. Results**
Analyses on association between air pollution and hospital admissions are performed on 74,989 individuals aged > 35 years and alive at 2001.
Table 1 shows the distribution of sample characteristics, overall and stratified by size of the municipality of residence. Due to space constraints, pollutants ar... | Selection | Ascertainment of exposure (1 if the study used methods beyond air monitors to measure the air pollution concentration, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long term effect of air pollution on incident hospital admissions: Results from the Italian Longitudinal Study within LIFE MED HISS project. | ## BACKGROUND
The LIFE MED HISS project aims at setting up a surveillance system on the long term effects of air pollution on health, using data from National Health Interview Surveys and other currently available sources of information in most European countries. Few studies assessed the long term effect of air pollut... | 2. Materials and methods
2.1. Health data
The ILS is a follow-up study based on the sample included in the 1999–2000 NHIS, carried out by the National Institute of Statistics, linked to mortality and hospital records (Marinacci et al., 2013). The original NHIS sample consists of 140,011 individuals belonging to 52,23... | **3. Results**
Analyses on association between air pollution and hospital admissions are performed on 74,989 individuals aged > 35 years and alive at 2001.
Table 1 shows the distribution of sample characteristics, overall and stratified by size of the municipality of residence. Due to space constraints, pollutants ar... | Selection | Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study (1 if the study removed participants who were diagnosed with cancer before enrolment, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long term effect of air pollution on incident hospital admissions: Results from the Italian Longitudinal Study within LIFE MED HISS project. | ## BACKGROUND
The LIFE MED HISS project aims at setting up a surveillance system on the long term effects of air pollution on health, using data from National Health Interview Surveys and other currently available sources of information in most European countries. Few studies assessed the long term effect of air pollut... | 2. Materials and methods
2.1. Health data
The ILS is a follow-up study based on the sample included in the 1999–2000 NHIS, carried out by the National Institute of Statistics, linked to mortality and hospital records (Marinacci et al., 2013). The original NHIS sample consists of 140,011 individuals belonging to 52,23... | **3. Results**
Analyses on association between air pollution and hospital admissions are performed on 74,989 individuals aged > 35 years and alive at 2001.
Table 1 shows the distribution of sample characteristics, overall and stratified by size of the municipality of residence. Due to space constraints, pollutants ar... | Comparability | Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis (1 if the study accounted for age, sex, and smoking history in statistical analysis, and 2 stars if the study accounted for additional variables, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1, 2 | score | 2 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long term effect of air pollution on incident hospital admissions: Results from the Italian Longitudinal Study within LIFE MED HISS project. | ## BACKGROUND
The LIFE MED HISS project aims at setting up a surveillance system on the long term effects of air pollution on health, using data from National Health Interview Surveys and other currently available sources of information in most European countries. Few studies assessed the long term effect of air pollut... | 2. Materials and methods
2.1. Health data
The ILS is a follow-up study based on the sample included in the 1999–2000 NHIS, carried out by the National Institute of Statistics, linked to mortality and hospital records (Marinacci et al., 2013). The original NHIS sample consists of 140,011 individuals belonging to 52,23... | **3. Results**
Analyses on association between air pollution and hospital admissions are performed on 74,989 individuals aged > 35 years and alive at 2001.
Table 1 shows the distribution of sample characteristics, overall and stratified by size of the municipality of residence. Due to space constraints, pollutants ar... | Outcome | Assessment of outcome | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long term effect of air pollution on incident hospital admissions: Results from the Italian Longitudinal Study within LIFE MED HISS project. | ## BACKGROUND
The LIFE MED HISS project aims at setting up a surveillance system on the long term effects of air pollution on health, using data from National Health Interview Surveys and other currently available sources of information in most European countries. Few studies assessed the long term effect of air pollut... | 2. Materials and methods
2.1. Health data
The ILS is a follow-up study based on the sample included in the 1999–2000 NHIS, carried out by the National Institute of Statistics, linked to mortality and hospital records (Marinacci et al., 2013). The original NHIS sample consists of 140,011 individuals belonging to 52,23... | **3. Results**
Analyses on association between air pollution and hospital admissions are performed on 74,989 individuals aged > 35 years and alive at 2001.
Table 1 shows the distribution of sample characteristics, overall and stratified by size of the municipality of residence. Due to space constraints, pollutants ar... | Outcome | Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur (1 if the study followed participants > 5 years.) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long term effect of air pollution on incident hospital admissions: Results from the Italian Longitudinal Study within LIFE MED HISS project. | ## BACKGROUND
The LIFE MED HISS project aims at setting up a surveillance system on the long term effects of air pollution on health, using data from National Health Interview Surveys and other currently available sources of information in most European countries. Few studies assessed the long term effect of air pollut... | 2. Materials and methods
2.1. Health data
The ILS is a follow-up study based on the sample included in the 1999–2000 NHIS, carried out by the National Institute of Statistics, linked to mortality and hospital records (Marinacci et al., 2013). The original NHIS sample consists of 140,011 individuals belonging to 52,23... | **3. Results**
Analyses on association between air pollution and hospital admissions are performed on 74,989 individuals aged > 35 years and alive at 2001.
Table 1 shows the distribution of sample characteristics, overall and stratified by size of the municipality of residence. Due to space constraints, pollutants ar... | Outcome | Adequacy of follow up of cohorts | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Cancer mortality risk, fine particulate air pollution, and smoking in a large, representative cohort of US adults. | ## PURPOSE
Air pollution and smoking are associated with various types of mortality, including cancer. The current study utilizes a publicly accessible, nationally representative cohort to explore relationships between fine particulate matter (PM
## METHODS
National Health Interview Survey and mortality follow-up data ... | ### Methods
#### Study subjects
Public National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and National Death Index data were used to construct a cohort of individuals aged 18–84 at the time of survey, living in the continental US, and completed the NHIS survey between 1987 and 2014 as documented elsewhere [5]. Participants repr... | ### Results
Table 1 presents summary statistics for both the full and never-smokers’ cohort groups. Individual mean estimated ambient PM2.5 exposure was 10.7 µg/m[3] (standard deviation 2.4) in both the full cohort and never-smokers’ cohort. The table also contains the average estimated PM2.5 exposure for the levels o... | Selection | Representativeness of the exposed cohort (1 if the exposure level in the study population can represent environmental air pollution in the source population, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Cancer mortality risk, fine particulate air pollution, and smoking in a large, representative cohort of US adults. | ## PURPOSE
Air pollution and smoking are associated with various types of mortality, including cancer. The current study utilizes a publicly accessible, nationally representative cohort to explore relationships between fine particulate matter (PM
## METHODS
National Health Interview Survey and mortality follow-up data ... | ### Methods
#### Study subjects
Public National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and National Death Index data were used to construct a cohort of individuals aged 18–84 at the time of survey, living in the continental US, and completed the NHIS survey between 1987 and 2014 as documented elsewhere [5]. Participants repr... | ### Results
Table 1 presents summary statistics for both the full and never-smokers’ cohort groups. Individual mean estimated ambient PM2.5 exposure was 10.7 µg/m[3] (standard deviation 2.4) in both the full cohort and never-smokers’ cohort. The table also contains the average estimated PM2.5 exposure for the levels o... | Selection | Selection of the non-exposed cohort | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Cancer mortality risk, fine particulate air pollution, and smoking in a large, representative cohort of US adults. | ## PURPOSE
Air pollution and smoking are associated with various types of mortality, including cancer. The current study utilizes a publicly accessible, nationally representative cohort to explore relationships between fine particulate matter (PM
## METHODS
National Health Interview Survey and mortality follow-up data ... | ### Methods
#### Study subjects
Public National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and National Death Index data were used to construct a cohort of individuals aged 18–84 at the time of survey, living in the continental US, and completed the NHIS survey between 1987 and 2014 as documented elsewhere [5]. Participants repr... | ### Results
Table 1 presents summary statistics for both the full and never-smokers’ cohort groups. Individual mean estimated ambient PM2.5 exposure was 10.7 µg/m[3] (standard deviation 2.4) in both the full cohort and never-smokers’ cohort. The table also contains the average estimated PM2.5 exposure for the levels o... | Selection | Ascertainment of exposure (1 if the study used methods beyond air monitors to measure the air pollution concentration, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Cancer mortality risk, fine particulate air pollution, and smoking in a large, representative cohort of US adults. | ## PURPOSE
Air pollution and smoking are associated with various types of mortality, including cancer. The current study utilizes a publicly accessible, nationally representative cohort to explore relationships between fine particulate matter (PM
## METHODS
National Health Interview Survey and mortality follow-up data ... | ### Methods
#### Study subjects
Public National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and National Death Index data were used to construct a cohort of individuals aged 18–84 at the time of survey, living in the continental US, and completed the NHIS survey between 1987 and 2014 as documented elsewhere [5]. Participants repr... | ### Results
Table 1 presents summary statistics for both the full and never-smokers’ cohort groups. Individual mean estimated ambient PM2.5 exposure was 10.7 µg/m[3] (standard deviation 2.4) in both the full cohort and never-smokers’ cohort. The table also contains the average estimated PM2.5 exposure for the levels o... | Selection | Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study (1 if the study removed participants who were diagnosed with cancer before enrolment, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 0 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Cancer mortality risk, fine particulate air pollution, and smoking in a large, representative cohort of US adults. | ## PURPOSE
Air pollution and smoking are associated with various types of mortality, including cancer. The current study utilizes a publicly accessible, nationally representative cohort to explore relationships between fine particulate matter (PM
## METHODS
National Health Interview Survey and mortality follow-up data ... | ### Methods
#### Study subjects
Public National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and National Death Index data were used to construct a cohort of individuals aged 18–84 at the time of survey, living in the continental US, and completed the NHIS survey between 1987 and 2014 as documented elsewhere [5]. Participants repr... | ### Results
Table 1 presents summary statistics for both the full and never-smokers’ cohort groups. Individual mean estimated ambient PM2.5 exposure was 10.7 µg/m[3] (standard deviation 2.4) in both the full cohort and never-smokers’ cohort. The table also contains the average estimated PM2.5 exposure for the levels o... | Comparability | Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis (1 if the study accounted for age, sex, and smoking history in statistical analysis, and 2 stars if the study accounted for additional variables, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1, 2 | score | 2 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Cancer mortality risk, fine particulate air pollution, and smoking in a large, representative cohort of US adults. | ## PURPOSE
Air pollution and smoking are associated with various types of mortality, including cancer. The current study utilizes a publicly accessible, nationally representative cohort to explore relationships between fine particulate matter (PM
## METHODS
National Health Interview Survey and mortality follow-up data ... | ### Methods
#### Study subjects
Public National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and National Death Index data were used to construct a cohort of individuals aged 18–84 at the time of survey, living in the continental US, and completed the NHIS survey between 1987 and 2014 as documented elsewhere [5]. Participants repr... | ### Results
Table 1 presents summary statistics for both the full and never-smokers’ cohort groups. Individual mean estimated ambient PM2.5 exposure was 10.7 µg/m[3] (standard deviation 2.4) in both the full cohort and never-smokers’ cohort. The table also contains the average estimated PM2.5 exposure for the levels o... | Outcome | Assessment of outcome | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Cancer mortality risk, fine particulate air pollution, and smoking in a large, representative cohort of US adults. | ## PURPOSE
Air pollution and smoking are associated with various types of mortality, including cancer. The current study utilizes a publicly accessible, nationally representative cohort to explore relationships between fine particulate matter (PM
## METHODS
National Health Interview Survey and mortality follow-up data ... | ### Methods
#### Study subjects
Public National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and National Death Index data were used to construct a cohort of individuals aged 18–84 at the time of survey, living in the continental US, and completed the NHIS survey between 1987 and 2014 as documented elsewhere [5]. Participants repr... | ### Results
Table 1 presents summary statistics for both the full and never-smokers’ cohort groups. Individual mean estimated ambient PM2.5 exposure was 10.7 µg/m[3] (standard deviation 2.4) in both the full cohort and never-smokers’ cohort. The table also contains the average estimated PM2.5 exposure for the levels o... | Outcome | Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur (1 if the study followed participants > 5 years.) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Cancer mortality risk, fine particulate air pollution, and smoking in a large, representative cohort of US adults. | ## PURPOSE
Air pollution and smoking are associated with various types of mortality, including cancer. The current study utilizes a publicly accessible, nationally representative cohort to explore relationships between fine particulate matter (PM
## METHODS
National Health Interview Survey and mortality follow-up data ... | ### Methods
#### Study subjects
Public National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and National Death Index data were used to construct a cohort of individuals aged 18–84 at the time of survey, living in the continental US, and completed the NHIS survey between 1987 and 2014 as documented elsewhere [5]. Participants repr... | ### Results
Table 1 presents summary statistics for both the full and never-smokers’ cohort groups. Individual mean estimated ambient PM2.5 exposure was 10.7 µg/m[3] (standard deviation 2.4) in both the full cohort and never-smokers’ cohort. The table also contains the average estimated PM2.5 exposure for the levels o... | Outcome | Adequacy of follow up of cohorts | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and bladder cancer incidence in a pooled European cohort: the ELAPSE project. | ## BACKGROUND
The evidence linking ambient air pollution to bladder cancer is limited and mixed.
## METHODS
We assessed the associations of bladder cancer incidence with residential exposure to fine particles (PM
## RESULTS
During an average of 18.2 years follow-up, 967 bladder cancer cases occurred. We observed a posi... | ### METHODS
We assessed the associations of bladder cancer incidence with residential exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), warm season ozone (O3) and eight PM2.5 elemental components (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc) in a pooled cohort (N =... | ### RESULTS
After excluding 17.7% of the total population, the pooled study consisted of 302,493 individuals, of whom 967 developed bladder cancers during 5,505,372 person-years of follow-up (Table 1). The exclusions were due to fail in logical checks (e.g. date of death before date of cancer diagnosis; 0.9%), cancer d... | Selection | Representativeness of the exposed cohort (1 if the exposure level in the study population can represent environmental air pollution in the source population, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and bladder cancer incidence in a pooled European cohort: the ELAPSE project. | ## BACKGROUND
The evidence linking ambient air pollution to bladder cancer is limited and mixed.
## METHODS
We assessed the associations of bladder cancer incidence with residential exposure to fine particles (PM
## RESULTS
During an average of 18.2 years follow-up, 967 bladder cancer cases occurred. We observed a posi... | ### METHODS
We assessed the associations of bladder cancer incidence with residential exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), warm season ozone (O3) and eight PM2.5 elemental components (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc) in a pooled cohort (N =... | ### RESULTS
After excluding 17.7% of the total population, the pooled study consisted of 302,493 individuals, of whom 967 developed bladder cancers during 5,505,372 person-years of follow-up (Table 1). The exclusions were due to fail in logical checks (e.g. date of death before date of cancer diagnosis; 0.9%), cancer d... | Selection | Selection of the non-exposed cohort | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and bladder cancer incidence in a pooled European cohort: the ELAPSE project. | ## BACKGROUND
The evidence linking ambient air pollution to bladder cancer is limited and mixed.
## METHODS
We assessed the associations of bladder cancer incidence with residential exposure to fine particles (PM
## RESULTS
During an average of 18.2 years follow-up, 967 bladder cancer cases occurred. We observed a posi... | ### METHODS
We assessed the associations of bladder cancer incidence with residential exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), warm season ozone (O3) and eight PM2.5 elemental components (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc) in a pooled cohort (N =... | ### RESULTS
After excluding 17.7% of the total population, the pooled study consisted of 302,493 individuals, of whom 967 developed bladder cancers during 5,505,372 person-years of follow-up (Table 1). The exclusions were due to fail in logical checks (e.g. date of death before date of cancer diagnosis; 0.9%), cancer d... | Selection | Ascertainment of exposure (1 if the study used methods beyond air monitors to measure the air pollution concentration, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and bladder cancer incidence in a pooled European cohort: the ELAPSE project. | ## BACKGROUND
The evidence linking ambient air pollution to bladder cancer is limited and mixed.
## METHODS
We assessed the associations of bladder cancer incidence with residential exposure to fine particles (PM
## RESULTS
During an average of 18.2 years follow-up, 967 bladder cancer cases occurred. We observed a posi... | ### METHODS
We assessed the associations of bladder cancer incidence with residential exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), warm season ozone (O3) and eight PM2.5 elemental components (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc) in a pooled cohort (N =... | ### RESULTS
After excluding 17.7% of the total population, the pooled study consisted of 302,493 individuals, of whom 967 developed bladder cancers during 5,505,372 person-years of follow-up (Table 1). The exclusions were due to fail in logical checks (e.g. date of death before date of cancer diagnosis; 0.9%), cancer d... | Selection | Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study (1 if the study removed participants who were diagnosed with cancer before enrolment, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and bladder cancer incidence in a pooled European cohort: the ELAPSE project. | ## BACKGROUND
The evidence linking ambient air pollution to bladder cancer is limited and mixed.
## METHODS
We assessed the associations of bladder cancer incidence with residential exposure to fine particles (PM
## RESULTS
During an average of 18.2 years follow-up, 967 bladder cancer cases occurred. We observed a posi... | ### METHODS
We assessed the associations of bladder cancer incidence with residential exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), warm season ozone (O3) and eight PM2.5 elemental components (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc) in a pooled cohort (N =... | ### RESULTS
After excluding 17.7% of the total population, the pooled study consisted of 302,493 individuals, of whom 967 developed bladder cancers during 5,505,372 person-years of follow-up (Table 1). The exclusions were due to fail in logical checks (e.g. date of death before date of cancer diagnosis; 0.9%), cancer d... | Comparability | Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis (1 if the study accounted for age, sex, and smoking history in statistical analysis, and 2 stars if the study accounted for additional variables, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1, 2 | score | 2 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and bladder cancer incidence in a pooled European cohort: the ELAPSE project. | ## BACKGROUND
The evidence linking ambient air pollution to bladder cancer is limited and mixed.
## METHODS
We assessed the associations of bladder cancer incidence with residential exposure to fine particles (PM
## RESULTS
During an average of 18.2 years follow-up, 967 bladder cancer cases occurred. We observed a posi... | ### METHODS
We assessed the associations of bladder cancer incidence with residential exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), warm season ozone (O3) and eight PM2.5 elemental components (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc) in a pooled cohort (N =... | ### RESULTS
After excluding 17.7% of the total population, the pooled study consisted of 302,493 individuals, of whom 967 developed bladder cancers during 5,505,372 person-years of follow-up (Table 1). The exclusions were due to fail in logical checks (e.g. date of death before date of cancer diagnosis; 0.9%), cancer d... | Outcome | Assessment of outcome | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and bladder cancer incidence in a pooled European cohort: the ELAPSE project. | ## BACKGROUND
The evidence linking ambient air pollution to bladder cancer is limited and mixed.
## METHODS
We assessed the associations of bladder cancer incidence with residential exposure to fine particles (PM
## RESULTS
During an average of 18.2 years follow-up, 967 bladder cancer cases occurred. We observed a posi... | ### METHODS
We assessed the associations of bladder cancer incidence with residential exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), warm season ozone (O3) and eight PM2.5 elemental components (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc) in a pooled cohort (N =... | ### RESULTS
After excluding 17.7% of the total population, the pooled study consisted of 302,493 individuals, of whom 967 developed bladder cancers during 5,505,372 person-years of follow-up (Table 1). The exclusions were due to fail in logical checks (e.g. date of death before date of cancer diagnosis; 0.9%), cancer d... | Outcome | Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur (1 if the study followed participants > 5 years.) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and bladder cancer incidence in a pooled European cohort: the ELAPSE project. | ## BACKGROUND
The evidence linking ambient air pollution to bladder cancer is limited and mixed.
## METHODS
We assessed the associations of bladder cancer incidence with residential exposure to fine particles (PM
## RESULTS
During an average of 18.2 years follow-up, 967 bladder cancer cases occurred. We observed a posi... | ### METHODS
We assessed the associations of bladder cancer incidence with residential exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), warm season ozone (O3) and eight PM2.5 elemental components (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc) in a pooled cohort (N =... | ### RESULTS
After excluding 17.7% of the total population, the pooled study consisted of 302,493 individuals, of whom 967 developed bladder cancers during 5,505,372 person-years of follow-up (Table 1). The exclusions were due to fail in logical checks (e.g. date of death before date of cancer diagnosis; 0.9%), cancer d... | Outcome | Adequacy of follow up of cohorts | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Relationships among green space, ambient fine particulate matter, and cancer incidence in Taiwan: A 16-year retrospective cohort study. | ## INTRODUCTION
Green space and air pollution have been recognized as vital health determinants. There is a paucity of studies examining the interplay between green space, fine particulate matter (PM
## OBJECTIVE
We aimed to explore the contributions of green space and ambient PM
## MATERIALS AND METHODS
This retrospec... | **2. Material and methods**
_2.1. Study population and design_
We conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort study using data from the 2000–2015 Mei Jau (MJ) Health Examination Database, which is a large cohort in Taiwan that has been described in other publications (Wu et al., 2017). To obtain individual cancer a... | **3. Results**
_3.1. Baseline characteristics_
Baseline characteristics are listed in Table 1. The mean age was 39.5 ± 12.8 years. The proportion of female participants was slightly greater (53.5%) and the majority of the individuals had higher levels of education (63.0%). The mean NDVI and PM2.5 were 0.35 ± 0.12 and... | Selection | Representativeness of the exposed cohort (1 if the exposure level in the study population can represent environmental air pollution in the source population, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Relationships among green space, ambient fine particulate matter, and cancer incidence in Taiwan: A 16-year retrospective cohort study. | ## INTRODUCTION
Green space and air pollution have been recognized as vital health determinants. There is a paucity of studies examining the interplay between green space, fine particulate matter (PM
## OBJECTIVE
We aimed to explore the contributions of green space and ambient PM
## MATERIALS AND METHODS
This retrospec... | **2. Material and methods**
_2.1. Study population and design_
We conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort study using data from the 2000–2015 Mei Jau (MJ) Health Examination Database, which is a large cohort in Taiwan that has been described in other publications (Wu et al., 2017). To obtain individual cancer a... | **3. Results**
_3.1. Baseline characteristics_
Baseline characteristics are listed in Table 1. The mean age was 39.5 ± 12.8 years. The proportion of female participants was slightly greater (53.5%) and the majority of the individuals had higher levels of education (63.0%). The mean NDVI and PM2.5 were 0.35 ± 0.12 and... | Selection | Selection of the non-exposed cohort | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Relationships among green space, ambient fine particulate matter, and cancer incidence in Taiwan: A 16-year retrospective cohort study. | ## INTRODUCTION
Green space and air pollution have been recognized as vital health determinants. There is a paucity of studies examining the interplay between green space, fine particulate matter (PM
## OBJECTIVE
We aimed to explore the contributions of green space and ambient PM
## MATERIALS AND METHODS
This retrospec... | **2. Material and methods**
_2.1. Study population and design_
We conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort study using data from the 2000–2015 Mei Jau (MJ) Health Examination Database, which is a large cohort in Taiwan that has been described in other publications (Wu et al., 2017). To obtain individual cancer a... | **3. Results**
_3.1. Baseline characteristics_
Baseline characteristics are listed in Table 1. The mean age was 39.5 ± 12.8 years. The proportion of female participants was slightly greater (53.5%) and the majority of the individuals had higher levels of education (63.0%). The mean NDVI and PM2.5 were 0.35 ± 0.12 and... | Selection | Ascertainment of exposure (1 if the study used methods beyond air monitors to measure the air pollution concentration, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Relationships among green space, ambient fine particulate matter, and cancer incidence in Taiwan: A 16-year retrospective cohort study. | ## INTRODUCTION
Green space and air pollution have been recognized as vital health determinants. There is a paucity of studies examining the interplay between green space, fine particulate matter (PM
## OBJECTIVE
We aimed to explore the contributions of green space and ambient PM
## MATERIALS AND METHODS
This retrospec... | **2. Material and methods**
_2.1. Study population and design_
We conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort study using data from the 2000–2015 Mei Jau (MJ) Health Examination Database, which is a large cohort in Taiwan that has been described in other publications (Wu et al., 2017). To obtain individual cancer a... | **3. Results**
_3.1. Baseline characteristics_
Baseline characteristics are listed in Table 1. The mean age was 39.5 ± 12.8 years. The proportion of female participants was slightly greater (53.5%) and the majority of the individuals had higher levels of education (63.0%). The mean NDVI and PM2.5 were 0.35 ± 0.12 and... | Selection | Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study (1 if the study removed participants who were diagnosed with cancer before enrolment, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Relationships among green space, ambient fine particulate matter, and cancer incidence in Taiwan: A 16-year retrospective cohort study. | ## INTRODUCTION
Green space and air pollution have been recognized as vital health determinants. There is a paucity of studies examining the interplay between green space, fine particulate matter (PM
## OBJECTIVE
We aimed to explore the contributions of green space and ambient PM
## MATERIALS AND METHODS
This retrospec... | **2. Material and methods**
_2.1. Study population and design_
We conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort study using data from the 2000–2015 Mei Jau (MJ) Health Examination Database, which is a large cohort in Taiwan that has been described in other publications (Wu et al., 2017). To obtain individual cancer a... | **3. Results**
_3.1. Baseline characteristics_
Baseline characteristics are listed in Table 1. The mean age was 39.5 ± 12.8 years. The proportion of female participants was slightly greater (53.5%) and the majority of the individuals had higher levels of education (63.0%). The mean NDVI and PM2.5 were 0.35 ± 0.12 and... | Comparability | Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis (1 if the study accounted for age, sex, and smoking history in statistical analysis, and 2 stars if the study accounted for additional variables, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1, 2 | score | 2 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Relationships among green space, ambient fine particulate matter, and cancer incidence in Taiwan: A 16-year retrospective cohort study. | ## INTRODUCTION
Green space and air pollution have been recognized as vital health determinants. There is a paucity of studies examining the interplay between green space, fine particulate matter (PM
## OBJECTIVE
We aimed to explore the contributions of green space and ambient PM
## MATERIALS AND METHODS
This retrospec... | **2. Material and methods**
_2.1. Study population and design_
We conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort study using data from the 2000–2015 Mei Jau (MJ) Health Examination Database, which is a large cohort in Taiwan that has been described in other publications (Wu et al., 2017). To obtain individual cancer a... | **3. Results**
_3.1. Baseline characteristics_
Baseline characteristics are listed in Table 1. The mean age was 39.5 ± 12.8 years. The proportion of female participants was slightly greater (53.5%) and the majority of the individuals had higher levels of education (63.0%). The mean NDVI and PM2.5 were 0.35 ± 0.12 and... | Outcome | Assessment of outcome | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Relationships among green space, ambient fine particulate matter, and cancer incidence in Taiwan: A 16-year retrospective cohort study. | ## INTRODUCTION
Green space and air pollution have been recognized as vital health determinants. There is a paucity of studies examining the interplay between green space, fine particulate matter (PM
## OBJECTIVE
We aimed to explore the contributions of green space and ambient PM
## MATERIALS AND METHODS
This retrospec... | **2. Material and methods**
_2.1. Study population and design_
We conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort study using data from the 2000–2015 Mei Jau (MJ) Health Examination Database, which is a large cohort in Taiwan that has been described in other publications (Wu et al., 2017). To obtain individual cancer a... | **3. Results**
_3.1. Baseline characteristics_
Baseline characteristics are listed in Table 1. The mean age was 39.5 ± 12.8 years. The proportion of female participants was slightly greater (53.5%) and the majority of the individuals had higher levels of education (63.0%). The mean NDVI and PM2.5 were 0.35 ± 0.12 and... | Outcome | Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur (1 if the study followed participants > 5 years.) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Relationships among green space, ambient fine particulate matter, and cancer incidence in Taiwan: A 16-year retrospective cohort study. | ## INTRODUCTION
Green space and air pollution have been recognized as vital health determinants. There is a paucity of studies examining the interplay between green space, fine particulate matter (PM
## OBJECTIVE
We aimed to explore the contributions of green space and ambient PM
## MATERIALS AND METHODS
This retrospec... | **2. Material and methods**
_2.1. Study population and design_
We conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort study using data from the 2000–2015 Mei Jau (MJ) Health Examination Database, which is a large cohort in Taiwan that has been described in other publications (Wu et al., 2017). To obtain individual cancer a... | **3. Results**
_3.1. Baseline characteristics_
Baseline characteristics are listed in Table 1. The mean age was 39.5 ± 12.8 years. The proportion of female participants was slightly greater (53.5%) and the majority of the individuals had higher levels of education (63.0%). The mean NDVI and PM2.5 were 0.35 ± 0.12 and... | Outcome | Adequacy of follow up of cohorts | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Different Mortality Risks of Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Matter across Different Cancer Sites. | Particulate matter (PM) air pollution has challenged the global community and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified airborne particulate matter as carcinogenic to humans. However, while most studies of cancer examined a single cancer type using different cohorts, few studies compared the ass... | **2. Materials and Methods**
_2.1. Study Population_
Our study population includes 87,608 subjects selected from the NHIS–NSC. Since South Korea accomplished universal healthcare coverage for all citizens in 2000, the NHIS database has been expanded by containing enormous amounts of information on healthcare utilizat... | **3. Results**
_3.1. Study Population and Individual Characteristics_
In 87,608 NHIS–NSC subjects living in the SMA, most participants were middle-aged adults (46.58 years old on average) and more than half of participants had never smoked (67.43%), never or rarely consumed alcohol (54.73%), did not exercise (50.60%)... | Selection | Representativeness of the exposed cohort (1 if the exposure level in the study population can represent environmental air pollution in the source population, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Different Mortality Risks of Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Matter across Different Cancer Sites. | Particulate matter (PM) air pollution has challenged the global community and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified airborne particulate matter as carcinogenic to humans. However, while most studies of cancer examined a single cancer type using different cohorts, few studies compared the ass... | **2. Materials and Methods**
_2.1. Study Population_
Our study population includes 87,608 subjects selected from the NHIS–NSC. Since South Korea accomplished universal healthcare coverage for all citizens in 2000, the NHIS database has been expanded by containing enormous amounts of information on healthcare utilizat... | **3. Results**
_3.1. Study Population and Individual Characteristics_
In 87,608 NHIS–NSC subjects living in the SMA, most participants were middle-aged adults (46.58 years old on average) and more than half of participants had never smoked (67.43%), never or rarely consumed alcohol (54.73%), did not exercise (50.60%)... | Selection | Selection of the non-exposed cohort | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Different Mortality Risks of Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Matter across Different Cancer Sites. | Particulate matter (PM) air pollution has challenged the global community and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified airborne particulate matter as carcinogenic to humans. However, while most studies of cancer examined a single cancer type using different cohorts, few studies compared the ass... | **2. Materials and Methods**
_2.1. Study Population_
Our study population includes 87,608 subjects selected from the NHIS–NSC. Since South Korea accomplished universal healthcare coverage for all citizens in 2000, the NHIS database has been expanded by containing enormous amounts of information on healthcare utilizat... | **3. Results**
_3.1. Study Population and Individual Characteristics_
In 87,608 NHIS–NSC subjects living in the SMA, most participants were middle-aged adults (46.58 years old on average) and more than half of participants had never smoked (67.43%), never or rarely consumed alcohol (54.73%), did not exercise (50.60%)... | Selection | Ascertainment of exposure (1 if the study used methods beyond air monitors to measure the air pollution concentration, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Different Mortality Risks of Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Matter across Different Cancer Sites. | Particulate matter (PM) air pollution has challenged the global community and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified airborne particulate matter as carcinogenic to humans. However, while most studies of cancer examined a single cancer type using different cohorts, few studies compared the ass... | **2. Materials and Methods**
_2.1. Study Population_
Our study population includes 87,608 subjects selected from the NHIS–NSC. Since South Korea accomplished universal healthcare coverage for all citizens in 2000, the NHIS database has been expanded by containing enormous amounts of information on healthcare utilizat... | **3. Results**
_3.1. Study Population and Individual Characteristics_
In 87,608 NHIS–NSC subjects living in the SMA, most participants were middle-aged adults (46.58 years old on average) and more than half of participants had never smoked (67.43%), never or rarely consumed alcohol (54.73%), did not exercise (50.60%)... | Selection | Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study (1 if the study removed participants who were diagnosed with cancer before enrolment, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 0 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Different Mortality Risks of Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Matter across Different Cancer Sites. | Particulate matter (PM) air pollution has challenged the global community and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified airborne particulate matter as carcinogenic to humans. However, while most studies of cancer examined a single cancer type using different cohorts, few studies compared the ass... | **2. Materials and Methods**
_2.1. Study Population_
Our study population includes 87,608 subjects selected from the NHIS–NSC. Since South Korea accomplished universal healthcare coverage for all citizens in 2000, the NHIS database has been expanded by containing enormous amounts of information on healthcare utilizat... | **3. Results**
_3.1. Study Population and Individual Characteristics_
In 87,608 NHIS–NSC subjects living in the SMA, most participants were middle-aged adults (46.58 years old on average) and more than half of participants had never smoked (67.43%), never or rarely consumed alcohol (54.73%), did not exercise (50.60%)... | Comparability | Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis (1 if the study accounted for age, sex, and smoking history in statistical analysis, and 2 stars if the study accounted for additional variables, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1, 2 | score | 2 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Different Mortality Risks of Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Matter across Different Cancer Sites. | Particulate matter (PM) air pollution has challenged the global community and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified airborne particulate matter as carcinogenic to humans. However, while most studies of cancer examined a single cancer type using different cohorts, few studies compared the ass... | **2. Materials and Methods**
_2.1. Study Population_
Our study population includes 87,608 subjects selected from the NHIS–NSC. Since South Korea accomplished universal healthcare coverage for all citizens in 2000, the NHIS database has been expanded by containing enormous amounts of information on healthcare utilizat... | **3. Results**
_3.1. Study Population and Individual Characteristics_
In 87,608 NHIS–NSC subjects living in the SMA, most participants were middle-aged adults (46.58 years old on average) and more than half of participants had never smoked (67.43%), never or rarely consumed alcohol (54.73%), did not exercise (50.60%)... | Outcome | Assessment of outcome | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Different Mortality Risks of Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Matter across Different Cancer Sites. | Particulate matter (PM) air pollution has challenged the global community and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified airborne particulate matter as carcinogenic to humans. However, while most studies of cancer examined a single cancer type using different cohorts, few studies compared the ass... | **2. Materials and Methods**
_2.1. Study Population_
Our study population includes 87,608 subjects selected from the NHIS–NSC. Since South Korea accomplished universal healthcare coverage for all citizens in 2000, the NHIS database has been expanded by containing enormous amounts of information on healthcare utilizat... | **3. Results**
_3.1. Study Population and Individual Characteristics_
In 87,608 NHIS–NSC subjects living in the SMA, most participants were middle-aged adults (46.58 years old on average) and more than half of participants had never smoked (67.43%), never or rarely consumed alcohol (54.73%), did not exercise (50.60%)... | Outcome | Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur (1 if the study followed participants > 5 years.) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Different Mortality Risks of Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Matter across Different Cancer Sites. | Particulate matter (PM) air pollution has challenged the global community and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified airborne particulate matter as carcinogenic to humans. However, while most studies of cancer examined a single cancer type using different cohorts, few studies compared the ass... | **2. Materials and Methods**
_2.1. Study Population_
Our study population includes 87,608 subjects selected from the NHIS–NSC. Since South Korea accomplished universal healthcare coverage for all citizens in 2000, the NHIS database has been expanded by containing enormous amounts of information on healthcare utilizat... | **3. Results**
_3.1. Study Population and Individual Characteristics_
In 87,608 NHIS–NSC subjects living in the SMA, most participants were middle-aged adults (46.58 years old on average) and more than half of participants had never smoked (67.43%), never or rarely consumed alcohol (54.73%), did not exercise (50.60%)... | Outcome | Adequacy of follow up of cohorts | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long term exposure to air pollution and kidney parenchyma cancer - Effects of low-level air pollution: a Study in Europe (ELAPSE). | ## BACKGROUND
Particulate matter (PM) is classified as a group 1 human carcinogen. Previous experimental studies suggest that particles in diesel exhaust induce oxidative stress, inflammation and DNA damage in kidney cells, but the evidence from population studies linking air pollution to kidney cancer is limited.
## M... | **METHODS:** We pooled six European cohorts (N = 302,493) to assess the association of residential exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), warm season ozone (O3) and eight elemental components of PM2.5 (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc) with can... | **3. Results**
After initial exclusions - primarily due to cancer before baseline, missing exposure, and missing covariates (17.7%), the pooled study population included 302,493 individuals and 847 cases of kidney parenchyma cancer during 5,497,514 person-years of follow-up (Table 1). The participants’ baseline ranged... | Selection | Representativeness of the exposed cohort (1 if the exposure level in the study population can represent environmental air pollution in the source population, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long term exposure to air pollution and kidney parenchyma cancer - Effects of low-level air pollution: a Study in Europe (ELAPSE). | ## BACKGROUND
Particulate matter (PM) is classified as a group 1 human carcinogen. Previous experimental studies suggest that particles in diesel exhaust induce oxidative stress, inflammation and DNA damage in kidney cells, but the evidence from population studies linking air pollution to kidney cancer is limited.
## M... | **METHODS:** We pooled six European cohorts (N = 302,493) to assess the association of residential exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), warm season ozone (O3) and eight elemental components of PM2.5 (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc) with can... | **3. Results**
After initial exclusions - primarily due to cancer before baseline, missing exposure, and missing covariates (17.7%), the pooled study population included 302,493 individuals and 847 cases of kidney parenchyma cancer during 5,497,514 person-years of follow-up (Table 1). The participants’ baseline ranged... | Selection | Selection of the non-exposed cohort | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long term exposure to air pollution and kidney parenchyma cancer - Effects of low-level air pollution: a Study in Europe (ELAPSE). | ## BACKGROUND
Particulate matter (PM) is classified as a group 1 human carcinogen. Previous experimental studies suggest that particles in diesel exhaust induce oxidative stress, inflammation and DNA damage in kidney cells, but the evidence from population studies linking air pollution to kidney cancer is limited.
## M... | **METHODS:** We pooled six European cohorts (N = 302,493) to assess the association of residential exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), warm season ozone (O3) and eight elemental components of PM2.5 (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc) with can... | **3. Results**
After initial exclusions - primarily due to cancer before baseline, missing exposure, and missing covariates (17.7%), the pooled study population included 302,493 individuals and 847 cases of kidney parenchyma cancer during 5,497,514 person-years of follow-up (Table 1). The participants’ baseline ranged... | Selection | Ascertainment of exposure (1 if the study used methods beyond air monitors to measure the air pollution concentration, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long term exposure to air pollution and kidney parenchyma cancer - Effects of low-level air pollution: a Study in Europe (ELAPSE). | ## BACKGROUND
Particulate matter (PM) is classified as a group 1 human carcinogen. Previous experimental studies suggest that particles in diesel exhaust induce oxidative stress, inflammation and DNA damage in kidney cells, but the evidence from population studies linking air pollution to kidney cancer is limited.
## M... | **METHODS:** We pooled six European cohorts (N = 302,493) to assess the association of residential exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), warm season ozone (O3) and eight elemental components of PM2.5 (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc) with can... | **3. Results**
After initial exclusions - primarily due to cancer before baseline, missing exposure, and missing covariates (17.7%), the pooled study population included 302,493 individuals and 847 cases of kidney parenchyma cancer during 5,497,514 person-years of follow-up (Table 1). The participants’ baseline ranged... | Selection | Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study (1 if the study removed participants who were diagnosed with cancer before enrolment, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long term exposure to air pollution and kidney parenchyma cancer - Effects of low-level air pollution: a Study in Europe (ELAPSE). | ## BACKGROUND
Particulate matter (PM) is classified as a group 1 human carcinogen. Previous experimental studies suggest that particles in diesel exhaust induce oxidative stress, inflammation and DNA damage in kidney cells, but the evidence from population studies linking air pollution to kidney cancer is limited.
## M... | **METHODS:** We pooled six European cohorts (N = 302,493) to assess the association of residential exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), warm season ozone (O3) and eight elemental components of PM2.5 (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc) with can... | **3. Results**
After initial exclusions - primarily due to cancer before baseline, missing exposure, and missing covariates (17.7%), the pooled study population included 302,493 individuals and 847 cases of kidney parenchyma cancer during 5,497,514 person-years of follow-up (Table 1). The participants’ baseline ranged... | Comparability | Comparability of cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis (1 if the study accounted for age, sex, and smoking history in statistical analysis, and 2 stars if the study accounted for additional variables, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1, 2 | score | 2 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long term exposure to air pollution and kidney parenchyma cancer - Effects of low-level air pollution: a Study in Europe (ELAPSE). | ## BACKGROUND
Particulate matter (PM) is classified as a group 1 human carcinogen. Previous experimental studies suggest that particles in diesel exhaust induce oxidative stress, inflammation and DNA damage in kidney cells, but the evidence from population studies linking air pollution to kidney cancer is limited.
## M... | **METHODS:** We pooled six European cohorts (N = 302,493) to assess the association of residential exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), warm season ozone (O3) and eight elemental components of PM2.5 (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc) with can... | **3. Results**
After initial exclusions - primarily due to cancer before baseline, missing exposure, and missing covariates (17.7%), the pooled study population included 302,493 individuals and 847 cases of kidney parenchyma cancer during 5,497,514 person-years of follow-up (Table 1). The participants’ baseline ranged... | Outcome | Assessment of outcome | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long term exposure to air pollution and kidney parenchyma cancer - Effects of low-level air pollution: a Study in Europe (ELAPSE). | ## BACKGROUND
Particulate matter (PM) is classified as a group 1 human carcinogen. Previous experimental studies suggest that particles in diesel exhaust induce oxidative stress, inflammation and DNA damage in kidney cells, but the evidence from population studies linking air pollution to kidney cancer is limited.
## M... | **METHODS:** We pooled six European cohorts (N = 302,493) to assess the association of residential exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), warm season ozone (O3) and eight elemental components of PM2.5 (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc) with can... | **3. Results**
After initial exclusions - primarily due to cancer before baseline, missing exposure, and missing covariates (17.7%), the pooled study population included 302,493 individuals and 847 cases of kidney parenchyma cancer during 5,497,514 person-years of follow-up (Table 1). The participants’ baseline ranged... | Outcome | Was follow-up long enough for outcomes to occur (1 if the study followed participants > 5 years.) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Long term exposure to air pollution and kidney parenchyma cancer - Effects of low-level air pollution: a Study in Europe (ELAPSE). | ## BACKGROUND
Particulate matter (PM) is classified as a group 1 human carcinogen. Previous experimental studies suggest that particles in diesel exhaust induce oxidative stress, inflammation and DNA damage in kidney cells, but the evidence from population studies linking air pollution to kidney cancer is limited.
## M... | **METHODS:** We pooled six European cohorts (N = 302,493) to assess the association of residential exposure to fine particles (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), warm season ozone (O3) and eight elemental components of PM2.5 (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulfur, silicon, vanadium, and zinc) with can... | **3. Results**
After initial exclusions - primarily due to cancer before baseline, missing exposure, and missing covariates (17.7%), the pooled study population included 302,493 individuals and 847 cases of kidney parenchyma cancer during 5,497,514 person-years of follow-up (Table 1). The participants’ baseline ranged... | Outcome | Adequacy of follow up of cohorts | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Mortality and morbidity in a population exposed to multiple sources of air pollution: A retrospective cohort study using air dispersion models. | ## BACKGROUND AND AIMS
A landfill, an incinerator, and a refinery plant have been operating since the early 1960s in a contaminated site located in the suburb of Rome (Italy). To evaluate their potential health effects, a population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted using dispersion modeling for exposure a... | ## Methods
2.1. The study plants and the area of investigation
The landfill, one of the largest in Europe (15 ha of surface, 1.46 million t MSW/year), began officially in 1984 receiving unprocessed municipal waste; however, the unofficial use of the landfill dates back at least 10–15 years. The closure of the landfil... | ## Results
Fig. 1 illustrates the study area (a) and results of the dispersion model for H2S originating from the landfill (b), SOX, from refinery (c), and PM10 from the incinerator (d). The dispersion model for H2S shows the highest concentration of the pollutant on the landfill itself with a regular dispersion in th... | Selection | Representativeness of the exposed cohort (1 if the exposure level in the study population can represent environmental air pollution in the source population, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 0 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Mortality and morbidity in a population exposed to multiple sources of air pollution: A retrospective cohort study using air dispersion models. | ## BACKGROUND AND AIMS
A landfill, an incinerator, and a refinery plant have been operating since the early 1960s in a contaminated site located in the suburb of Rome (Italy). To evaluate their potential health effects, a population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted using dispersion modeling for exposure a... | ## Methods
2.1. The study plants and the area of investigation
The landfill, one of the largest in Europe (15 ha of surface, 1.46 million t MSW/year), began officially in 1984 receiving unprocessed municipal waste; however, the unofficial use of the landfill dates back at least 10–15 years. The closure of the landfil... | ## Results
Fig. 1 illustrates the study area (a) and results of the dispersion model for H2S originating from the landfill (b), SOX, from refinery (c), and PM10 from the incinerator (d). The dispersion model for H2S shows the highest concentration of the pollutant on the landfill itself with a regular dispersion in th... | Selection | Selection of the non-exposed cohort | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Mortality and morbidity in a population exposed to multiple sources of air pollution: A retrospective cohort study using air dispersion models. | ## BACKGROUND AND AIMS
A landfill, an incinerator, and a refinery plant have been operating since the early 1960s in a contaminated site located in the suburb of Rome (Italy). To evaluate their potential health effects, a population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted using dispersion modeling for exposure a... | ## Methods
2.1. The study plants and the area of investigation
The landfill, one of the largest in Europe (15 ha of surface, 1.46 million t MSW/year), began officially in 1984 receiving unprocessed municipal waste; however, the unofficial use of the landfill dates back at least 10–15 years. The closure of the landfil... | ## Results
Fig. 1 illustrates the study area (a) and results of the dispersion model for H2S originating from the landfill (b), SOX, from refinery (c), and PM10 from the incinerator (d). The dispersion model for H2S shows the highest concentration of the pollutant on the landfill itself with a regular dispersion in th... | Selection | Ascertainment of exposure (1 if the study used methods beyond air monitors to measure the air pollution concentration, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 1 |
38879581 | Ambient air pollution and urological cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. | Mortality and morbidity in a population exposed to multiple sources of air pollution: A retrospective cohort study using air dispersion models. | ## BACKGROUND AND AIMS
A landfill, an incinerator, and a refinery plant have been operating since the early 1960s in a contaminated site located in the suburb of Rome (Italy). To evaluate their potential health effects, a population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted using dispersion modeling for exposure a... | ## Methods
2.1. The study plants and the area of investigation
The landfill, one of the largest in Europe (15 ha of surface, 1.46 million t MSW/year), began officially in 1984 receiving unprocessed municipal waste; however, the unofficial use of the landfill dates back at least 10–15 years. The closure of the landfil... | ## Results
Fig. 1 illustrates the study area (a) and results of the dispersion model for H2S originating from the landfill (b), SOX, from refinery (c), and PM10 from the incinerator (d). The dispersion model for H2S shows the highest concentration of the pollutant on the landfill itself with a regular dispersion in th... | Selection | Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at start of study (1 if the study removed participants who were diagnosed with cancer before enrolment, otherwise 0) | Rate the given study and provide the most suitable score from 0, 1 | score | 0 |
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